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TOM HOLDSTOCK was the two-goal hero as FC Clacton eased their relegation worries with a convincing 3-0 victory against Diss.
The striker was joined on the score-sheet by Jake Clowsley.
Clacton are now out of relegation zone in the Thurlow Nunn League premier division, sitting 16th but only a point above third-from-bottom Thetford.
For reaction, see Monday's Daily Gazette and Thursday's Clacton Gazette.

subset: commoncrawl


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Painted Pendant Necklace
Painted Pendant Necklace
Mary Mooney is a Nashville-based artist who began creating jewelry out of the painted studies she does for her larger works. Completed on a museum-grade acrylic sheeting and finished with a gold filled chain and a sealed brass bail, each pendant us a small, shiny piece of a larger painting. Handmade in Nashville, TN with entirely USA-sourced materials.
After spending the last two decades in New York, boutique owners Ivy and Josh Elrod relocated to Nashville to open up Wilder. As artists, performers, parents and dreamers, they bring a unique vision to creating provocative spaces. Their experiences living in New York and performing around the globe have cultivated an appreciation for eclecticism which is expressed in every facet of their shop. The curated selection of products includes abstract lighting, unique artwork, the perfect his and hers gifts, and more, reflecting Ivy and Josh's love for nature and the unexpected. Wilder is much more than just a lifestyle boutique, it's a design shop and art space for your home and life.
Do you have questions about this product? We're here to help!


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We combine design, software development, and data into one business-oriented entity together with the customer, for the benefit of the customer.
Take a peek into our world
Siili is Wärtsilä's trusted partner in digital marketing and sales. We've taken Wartsila.com from a static, quite rigid and costly web platform into a responsive, customer-oriented lead generator.
Siili has supported one of the worlds leading geo technology provider, HERE in defining the future of automotive HMIs.
An agile and reliable insourcing partner that provided a team of proven and high-performing mobile software professionals to increase Rovio's product development velocity and output.
Siili has been the trusted partner in digital service development, including e-commerce, 'My Moi' and mobile apps.
With a strong business case for a new website, key to which was the goal to serve Metso customers better online, Siili renewed global metso.com and local country sites.
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A custom tailored portal solutions for developers to gain access to HERE tools and APIs for mapping solutions.
Siili is a long-term partner for NLS and via a frame agreement has participated in hundreds of projects from a small-scale technical assistance to full-scale agile UX and implementation teams.
Siili has a frame agreement with Kuntahankinnat that allows municipal buyers to combine their powers when buying IT systems and resources.


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TAG's Elgeti Will Transfer Private Properties After Allegations
TAG Immobilien AG (TEG) Chief Executive Officer Rolf Elgeti will transfer his private properties to trustees after the company's supervisory board said it's investigating accusations about conflicts of interest.
"I want to counteract the uncertainty that has arisen with all the means at my disposal and underscore that the future of TAG is my top priority," Elgeti said in a company statement today. "This is my personal decision and I see it as an unequivocal commitment to TAG."
Welt am Sontag reported on Oct. 6 that Elgeti owns stakes in about 20 companies that buy and manage real estate like the company he heads, causing the shares to fall the next day by the most in four years. On Oct. 9, TAG said it will hire a firm to conduct an external review of the accusations.
TAG, based in Hamburg, is Germany's sixth-largest residential landlord by market value. It owns 57,000 apartments, most of them in Hamburg and eastern German cities including Berlin.
TAG was little changed at 8.5 euros at 4:35 p.m. in Frankfurt trading.
Elgeti will transfer his properties to trustees by the end of the year, according to today's statement.
"The legal details of this transfer will be fine-tuned in the weeks ahead," TAG said.
To contact the reporter on this story: Dalia Fahmy in Berlin at email@example.com
To contact the editor responsible for this story: Andrew Blackman at email@example.com


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About this font family
These four typefaces, Berlinette NB, Lyonette NB, Marseillette NB and Parisette NB, were designed from the same basic shape, a fanciful geometric form that avoids strict horizontals and uses more offbeat triangular shapes. Marseillette is the nasty one, with sharp hook terminations that require careful use. Don't slip and accidentally stick one in your hand — it will hurt pretty bad and make you blubber like a baby. It's good for surreal warning signs on dark, forbidding docks where gooey monsters live.
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text: Show Hide image Politics 11 June 2013 Sony unveils PlayStation 4 gaming console PS4 console priced $100 lower than the Microsoft's new Xbox system. Sign up for our weekly email * The Japanese electronics giant Sony Corporation has unveiled its PlayStation 4 (PS4), a day after Microsoft unveiled its Xbox all-in-one entertainment system. The new PS4 will be available in jet black colour in the US and Europe for $399 and €399 respectively by the end of 2013, and will join Nintendo's Wii U that failed to attract customers in the recent past. The PS4 features a simple but modern design accentuated by its linear flat form factors. The surface of the PS4 body is subdivided into four sections, with disc slot, buttons, power indicator and vent placed within the slim interspace created between the sections. Sony's PS4 launch could begin price battle in gaming console area as PS4 is priced $100 lower than the Microsoft's new Xbox system. PS4 peripherals include the stand-alone Wireless Controller for PlayStation4 (DUALSHOCK4) and PlayStationCamera. Meanwhile, Microsoft said that its new Xbox One console will go for sale in 21 markets starting November 2013 and will feature a 500Gb hard drive, a Blu-ray player and built-in Wi-Fi, one Xbox One wireless controller and a free 14-day trial of Xbox Live Gold for new members. It will be available for $499 in the US, £429 in the UK, and €499 in Europe. In addition, Microsoft has also unveiled a redesigned Xbox 360, which is immediately available. Marc Whitten, head of Xbox Live, told the Financial Times, that he was very optimistic about holiday sales of the Xbox One and the 360 in the market. "It's really great to have this family that we can present to customers," he added. Subscribe from just £1 per issue More


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Learn how to protect yourself from Internet scams. Read our online fraud prevention tips
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Seeking experienced teacher assistants to work with children from three months to three years of age. Applicant must have prior childcare setting experience, outgoing personality, enjoy working with young children and wanting to make a difference in their lives. Must be able to work in a team environment and be able to follow instructions and guidance from Supervisors and Head Teacher. Applicant must be able to effectively communicate with parents and children daily. Must be able to read and write the English Language. Job responsibilities will include but not limited too: implementing daily lesson plans, assist in maintaining a clean and healthy environment for the children, maintaining student records, participate in all classroom activities, interaction with the children in a small group or large group activities, feeding and diapering. Hours for position are Monday through Friday from 2:30-6:30
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Le Mystère des Voix Bulgares
Last Modified:
Part of WM1 World Music
Dora Hristova, artistic director and conductor (Le Mystère des Voix Bulgares)
About This Performance
Dressed in striking traditional costumes, the multi-instrumental quartet from Ukraine DakhaBrakha ("give/take" in Ukrainian) mixes Eastern Europe's folklore and rhythms with the urban avant-garde. Le Mystère des Voix Bulgares (The Mystery of Bulgarian Voices), the celebrated all-female folk choir, opens the evening with harmonies and arrangements that showcase the characteristic timbres and rhythms of traditional Bulgarian music.
The LA Phil has partnered with the Ukrainian Culture Center of Los Angeles and the Bulgarian Society PCHELA so you can sample the cultures of Ukraine and Bulgaria. See beautiful artwork, traditional Pysanka eggs and the opulent colors of traditional folk costumes. Taste complimentary samplings of beers from Bulgaria and Ukraine, and try Ukrainian honey liqueur. Experience these culturally rich countries without ever leaving L.A.!
7pm in BP Hall
Programs, artists, dates, prices and availability subject to change.


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Three Year Professional Acting
(9 terms) starting Sept – July Fees are £2,500 per term. There are 3 terms per year, resulting in 9 terms in total over your three years here. A refundable deposit of £2,500 is required to secure place.
One Year Foundation Course
(3 terms) starting Sept – July. Fees are £2,500 per term. There are 3 terms in this year, with the opportunity to join the Senior Company upon completion.
A refundable deposit of £2,500 is required to secure place.
To apply: Cygnet Audition Application Form
Cygnet cannot currently offer any help with finances- although in some cases our current students can apply to our Trustees in cases of financial hardship. There are other ways you can source funding for your training here. We advise all students to contact your local education authority via your Council in the first instance to find out what funding might be available for you to apply to. We are not an accredited course, therefore student loans and DADA awards cannot be applied for. However, you can apply for a Professional and Career Development Loan – for details click here.
Cygnet is not an accredited course because we choose to operate as a professional company to give our students practical experience in acting- resulting in longevity of their careers. Learning now how to apply for funding is beneficial to any actor's career, and a valuable tool for anyone wanting to work within the industry.
It is possible to raise funds from charities, trusts and foundations, however it is a time consuming project and needs careful planning and research. There are many ways of raising funds: applications to grant-making trusts and public bodies for grants and subsidies; and to commercial companies for sponsorship.
We also advise students to find out about local charities and charitable trusts that offer grants and donations to actors and students.
When applying for a grant, it is important to target prospective funders effectively. Trusts, companies, local authorities, and statutory bodies do not respond well to circular letters or untargeted phone calls, and they are unlikely to succeed. It is important to approach those funders whose priorities and concerns are directly relevant to your situation, needs and aims. Below is a list of organisations offering advice who can help applicants target appropriate funders and sponsors.
It is important to prepare funding applications carefully. In applying to charities and trusts you need to be specific about how your needs and aims meet the
objectives of the organisation. Seek detailed advice on writing applications, and request any information and guidance notes that the charity or trust provides
before making a written application.
Consider approaching local businesses or trusts that may support training in the arts: ask your local library for more information. Try contacting trade unions and other professional bodies and approach family contacts that could be useful. You could try approaching individuals in the profession, but remember that well known actors and directors receive hundreds of requests from students every year – what makes your application different?
Organisations Offering Advice
Association of Charitable Foundations
Tel: 020 7255 44992
Central House, Upper Woburn Walk, London WC1H 0AE
The UK's support organisation for grant making trusts and foundations of all types. Contains useful information on the website but cannot give advice about individual applications, nor help grant-seekers find suitable funders.
Family Welfare Association
501-505 Kingsland Road, London E8 4AU
Set up to help students and parents by putting them in touch with likely sources of financial aid, also offering information about welfare grants. The Service advises students and parents faced with difficulties in their negotiations with LEAs and provide liaison with educational charities. There is also a useful online database which will search for charities appropriate for your course.
The Foundation for Sport and the Arts
Tel: 0151 259 5505, PO Box 20, Liverpool L13 1HB
Occasionally makes awards for dance and drama studies.
The University of London Careers Service
Stewart House, 32 Russell Square, London WC1B 5DN
Maintains a reference library containing information from various educational trusts and foundations who may offer assistance to students,endowed scholarships and details and guidance on all grants available from LEAs.
The Central Advisory for Trusts and Scholarships
7-11 Kensington High Street, London W8 5NP
Centre for Creative Communities
Tel: 0845 111 1711
Regent House Business Centre, 24/25 Nutford Place, London W1H 5YN
Library which you can use by appointment. Mon – Thurs, 10am-4pm.
Charitable Trusts and Foundations
Below is a list of some charitable trusts and Foundations that have awarded grants to students in the past. However it is not a definitive list and you should also refer to the books and directories of Trusts and Foundations listed below.
The Altrusa Careers Trust
PO Box 6160,
Orkney KW16 3HA
The Trust was established to help women in the UK and Eire further their career prospects or to retrain after bringing up a family. Present loan maximum is £500. Applications received are reviewed after 31 March each year.
The Crescent Trust
Tel: 020 7730 5420
The Crescent Trust, 27a Sloane Square, London SW1W 8AB
Contact Ms C Akehurst
Equity Trust Fund
Tel: 020 7404 6041
222 Africa House, 64 Kingsway, London WC2B 6BD
Only able to help professional performers, but some students may be able to meet the criteria set by the trust.
Fame Academy Bursary to fund West End Dreams
Tel: 020 8576 8043
Offering up to 20 awards worth a total of £150,000 to aspiring performers to kick start or continue their musical theatre studies. Open for applications early spring.
The Fenton Arts Trust
PO Box 135, East Horsley, Surrey KT24 9AB
Grants are made towards the creative arts, principally painting and drama. Applications in writing to Ms Shelley Baxter.
The Follett Trust
Tel: 01934 838337
17 Chescombe Road, Yatton, Bristol BS19 4EE
Contact M D Follett.
Mackintosh Foundation
Tel: 020 7637 8866
1 Bedford Square, London WC1B 3RA
Awards scholarships to promote and develop theatre and the performing arts.
The Rosemary Bugden Charitable Trust
Tel: 0117 917 3922
Osbourne Clarke, 50 Queen Charlotte Street, Bristol BS1 4HE
Contact J W Sharpe. Funding for performing arts in U.K
Sydney Dean Whitehead's Charitable Trust
Moore Stephens, 30 Gay Street, Bath, BA1 2PD
Tel: 01225 486100 Fax: 01225 448198
Ernest & Young Sydney Dean Whitehead's Charitable Trust
1 Barbirolli Square, Manchester ME 3EY
Apply to the Secretary, in writing (including SAE). The trustees apply their funds towards supporting parents with the educational costs of their children and respond more readily to appeals relating to children with special talents, particularly in the artistic fields. They also respond more readily to appeals which show that there is an element of self-help already in operation and where a lack of finance could preclude children from receiving the type of education their particular 'gift' merits.
The Sidney Perry Foundation
PO Box 889, Oxford OX1 9PT
Assistance to those of great promise, under 35 at the start of their course, who would be unable to proceed with their studies through lack of means. Average grant in the region of £500. Application form available from Mrs L A Owens enclosing a stamped, self-addressed envelope.
The Talbot House Trust
White Horse Court, 25C North Street, Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire CM23 2LD
Assistance for individuals undertaking courses in the performing arts.
Grants to help with the cost of equipment/instruments, fees or maintenance/living expenses. No grants are made to Postgraduates.Forms should be submitted by March for consideration in May. Contact: Mrs Jane Day.
Winterbourne Charitable Trust
9 Wilton Row, London SW1X 7NR
Contact A S D Barrett.
Helpful Books
Some of the books listed should be available in large public libraries, many of them can be purchased from the Directory of Social Change (DSC) including the Educational Grants Directory, A Guide to the Major Trusts, Grants for Individuals in Need and The Arts Funding Guide.
The Educational Grants Directory
By Michael Eastwood and David Casson. Available from Directory of Social Change Ltd, 24 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2DP. 020 7391 4800 http://www.dsc.org.uk
Sponsorship for Students
This publication lists 2,500 scholarships and bursaries from 200 different organisations. Published and distributed by Hobsons Publishing plc (in conjunction with COIC/CRAC ) Available from: Customer Services, Biblios PDS Ltd. Star Road, Partridge Green, West Sussex RH13 8LD.
The Grants Register
This publication lists over 4,000 awards for students studying both in the UK and abroad. Apply online: http://www.grants.gov/web/grants/register.html
The Directory of Grant Making Trusts
Published by the Charities Aid Foundation. Available at most public libraries and from Directory of Grant Making Trusts, Kingshill, West Malling, Kent ME19 4TA
Sponsorship and Funding Directory
Published annually by Hobsons. Listing of employers and companies offering sponsorship and placement opportunities. Available from: Hobsons, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LZ.
Charities Digest
Contains a chapter on education which includes details of scholarships. Available from http://www.wlrstore.com/charity-choice/charities-digest.aspx
Money To Study: The Complete Guide to Student Finance
Available from Family Welfare Association, 501-505 Kingsland Road, Dalston, London E8 4AU
Useful Websites
Professional and Career Development Loan
For further queries please contact Cygnet office on 01392 277189


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Trip through space with your very own time machine. The Tardis transforms your ungainly treadly into a compact bundle - handy when smuggling it onto planes and trains. Unbolt the stem to release handlebars, whip off the pedals and rear derailleur, then remove the wheels and seat. The frame is cunningly placed upside down with the wheels loaded on either side to protect the fragile bits. Shrinks into a compact package when you get to where you're going. Doctor Who?
▹ Cordura
▹ Weight
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|135 cm x 80 cm
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|Disassembly Required
▹ Packing your Tardis?
▹ Packing your Body Bag?
▹ Differences between the Body Bag and Tardis?
▹ Pros & cons of a bike bag, bike box or hard case.
▹ Will my bike fit in this bag?


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Home > Engineering Studies > Engineering Application Modules > Civil Stuctures > Corrosion
This unit addresses aspects of the following syllabus outcomes:
H6.1 domonstrates skills in research and problem-solving related to engineering
H6.2 domonstrates skills in analysis, synthesis and experimentation related to engineering
Source: Board of Studies (1999) Stage 6 engineering studies syllabus preliminary and HSC courses. Sydney: Board of Studies
You are out in the backyard and you are using a nice steel hammer. You become distracted and leave it outside overnight. When you find it the next day a thin brown film has formed on the surface which you know to be 'rust', a specific product of corrosion in iron and steel.The dew forming on the hammer overnight has allowed corrosion to occur quickly. At this stage the corrosion will not be catastrophic but you can see how quickly the process begins. Or, your old car is showing bubbling under the paintwork along the door sills, when you scratch away the paint, you find a corrosion cell full of rust, and a hole in your door sill. Corrosion is degrading your car.
Corrosion may be considered to be the degradation of a material by chemical means. Although all materials will degrade in some way, the term corrosion is usually applied to metals, hence metallic corrosion.When considering metals, corrosion is essentially the reverse of the refining process. When metals are extracted from the earth they are refined into pure metals from the various ores (metal oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, etc).As a result of corrosion, the metal reacts with chemicals in the environment and progressively returns to the combined form, rust is a form of iron oxide.
There are two main mechanisms of corrosion direct chemical attack which generally produces a uniform film over a surface, like the hammer in the example above.The other mechanism is electrochemical corrosion which generally operates in cells, like the car door example. Most serious corrosion results from an electrochemical process. It is chemical in nature and involves a transfer of electrons from one place to another. When corrosion occurs some part of a structure becomes the anode while another part becomes the cathode. The anode loses electrons while the cathode gains them. The result is that the anode will progressively be dissolved. If we place a piece of copper in a beaker of dilute sodium chloride (salt solution) connected to a piece of iron then the iron will be attacked and the copper will gain the electrons the iron loses.
Figure1: An electrochemical cell of copper and iron.
In the example above the iron became the anode because iron is more reactive than copper. Whenever two metals in electrical contact are put together it will always be the more reactive metal that is dissolved. To assist the engineer a table called the Galvanic Series is prepared. This table allows the engineer to see which material is more reactive than another, in the presence of a specific electrolyte - in this case, seawater. It should be noted that there are variations in the rating of materials depending on the type of electrolyte involved. Another table the EMF series has slight variations in the positions of metals, but it does not take into account alloying elements on a metal.
Table1: The Galvanic series in Seawater
|Magnesium alloys
|Galvanised Steel
|Aluminium Alloys
|Mild Steel, Cast iron
|410 stainless Steel (active)
|50%Pb-50%Sn solder
|316 stainless steel (active)
|Cu-40%Zn Brass
|Nickel base alloys (active)
|Cu-35%Zn Brass
|Aluminium Bronze
|Nickel base alloys (passive)
|Stainless Steels (passive)
For the engineer of civil structures, corrosion can be a huge problem. Some materials corrode in a destructive way; some corrode in a way that protects them from further corrosion. Coupled with this, the civil structure is usually exposed to weather conditions which promote the ingress of water and the sun which also degrades coatings that are designed to protect the metal.
If we take a steel object, coat it in thick paint and put it in a dry and dark place it is unlikely to corrode. This is an unrealistic environment for most engineered objects particularly civil structures. Destructive corrosion can, in most instances, be minimised, but it requires careful planning and often continual maintenance to keep the systems that protect the material from corrosion effective. Some environments are more corrosive than others, for example a building situated near the sea will be exposed to salt spray from the ocean which will add to the likelihood of corrosion compared to a similar building in the far west of the state. Likewise the existence of rain acting on most civil structures means water can get into locations that are likely to promote corrosion.
We are aware corrosion occurs, but how does it occur? What situation must the engineer avoid if we are to avoid catastrophic results due to corrosion?
Wet Corrosion
This form of corrosion occurs when a conductive liquid (electrolyte) is introduced into the environment. This can set up an electrochemical cell caused by differential concentration within the electrolyte which allows some form of corrosion.
Uniform Attack (Direct chemical attack)
Uniform attack occurs as a form of corrosion when a material is exposed to the environment. Usually the presence of air and moisture. The metal reacts with the environment to form a corrosion product all over the surface and not in localised cells. This is particularly prevalent in steels where the different phases act as the anode and cathode contributing to the corrosion reaction. Another good example is the uniform corrosion on copper roofing.
Copper dome on St. Thomas church Lewisham. Source: J.Gibson
Galvanic Corrosion (also called Composition Cells)
Occurs when dissimilar metals are placed in electrical contact with one another in the presence of an electrolyte. In a civil structure the electrolyte may come from the ground water, or from rain that is high in pollutants or from water with dissolved salts in it. Here the Galvanic Series becomes important.
If a stainless steel bolt is used with a mild steel plate then the stainless steel bolt will become cathodic, as it is less active than the mild steel.The mild steel plate will become anodic and start to corrode. Couple this with the presence of an electrolyte either due to rain or moisture in the air and corrosion of the mild steel plate will occur quite seriously.If this is not addressed by either a redesign or by some coating on the mild steel the result will be failure of the joint.If a copper pipe has a steel sleeve placed over it – what will be the result?
Corrosion can be demonstrated quite well using small samples of material in an electrolyte. The only disadvantage is that it takes a time to see some results.The results can be accelerated if you use saltwater instead of tap water.
To see a galvanic cell in action a piece of tinplate is ideal.Tinplate is mild steel sheet coated with tin to protect it from corrosion. When the tinplate is cut into a small strip it exposes the steel plate at the edges and the tin is in electrical contact with the steel. If we consult Table 1 we can see that mild steel is more anodic than tin, therefore the mild steel will become the anode and the tin the cathode. Place the tinplate in a glass or beaker with a mild salt water solution as the electrolyte.What happens? Record the results and explain what has happened.
Galvanic cells can also occur within the grains of multi phase alloys; this type of corrosion is called intergranular corrosion. Intergranular corrosion occurs when one phase of the metalstructure becomes anodic compared to an adjacent area. Multi phase alloys almost always have lower resistance to intergranular corrosion than single phase materials. Intergranular corrosion occurs in steels, because ferrite is anodic compared to cementite. Another example are zinc alloys where a second phase of impurities may have collected at the grain boundaries, making the grain boundaries anodic compared to the remainder of the grains.
Concentration Cells
These occur when there is a differential in the composition of an electrolyte. Thus corrosion occurs without the need for dissimilar metals. If there is a differential in the level of oxygen in an electrolyte the area of high oxygen concentration will become the cathode, while the area of low oxygen concentration becomes the anode. A classic example is when the bottom of a car door rusts, because the electrolyte that accumulates at the bottom of the door has varying oxygen levels within it, which leads to corrosion.
This is also a problem in any civil structure whenever water may accumulate in crevices or joints.Typically this crevice corrosion is caused by the varying composition of oxygen within the electrolyte.
Figure 2: A crevice showing the locations of the anode and cathode caused by differences in oxygen concentration.
Serious crevice Corrosion in an Aircraft panel. Source: J. Gibson
If a material or object becomes stressed then a corrosion cell may be set up. For example if a nail is bent and then placed in an electrolyte then the area that was bent will have higher levels of mechanical stress and become the anode, while the areas away from the bend with lower stress will become the cathode.This means that situations where corrosion should not occur may in fact become corrosion situations due to varying stress levels.
Get two unplated mild steel nails, bend one into a right angle, and leave the other as purchased. Place each one into a mild salt solution and leave them there for a few days.Observe the results.Take careful note if the unbent nail has corrosion near the head where some stress from forming may exist.
Concrete Cancer is a rather emotive name for a process called spalling, where a reinforced concrete structure becomes compromised by the corrosion of the steel reinforcing within the concrete.The addition of steel reinforcement to concrete greatly adds to its ability to span greater distances and carry greater tensile loads.This is because the steel within the concrete can carry the tensile stresses much more effectively than the concrete.
When steel reinforcing is placed within concrete careful planning and design usually means that the steel does not contact the outside air nor does it corrode in-situ due to air pockets in the concrete.
Spalling occurs when steel reinforcement becomes exposed to the atmosphere, or is contacted by salt rich water percolating through the concrete mass. Once this occurs the steel will begin to corrode. As the corrosion occurs, the corrosion product, rust, forms on the steel. The corroded steel can occupy up to 7 times the volume of the non-corroded steel, this causes the concrete to be stressed in tension and results in the concrete breaking away from the steel.The corrosion weakens the steel, but also, as the concrete cracks it breaks the bond between the steel and the concrete, hence seriously reducing the load capacity of the reinforced concrete.As the corrosion process continues the concrete will break away from the structure exposing more steel to the corrosive environment and weakening the structure.
Three factors can cause spalling: poor design, poor manufacturing and weathering of the concrete. Poor design means that the steel reinforcing has been placed in the concrete such that it is exposed to the air already. Poor manufacturing can occur when a slab is poured the steel reinforcing is not properly placed within the slab, or it may be touching the ground underneath the slab. The slab may be porous, thus allowing water to percolate through it, dissolving salts, and reacting with the steel. Finally weathering occurs as the concrete is exposed to the atmosphere.
Spalling may also be made worse by the Alkali Silica reaction.
Once concrete is poured, it is the alkali silica reaction that develops the concrete strength. This reaction draws moisture out of the concrete to form the gel that binds the concrete together. Unfortunately, if the levels of alkali are too high then the reaction between the alkali and the acidic silica may cause the concrete to crack. Once this occurs the concrete will expose the steel reinforcing to the ingress of water and then more destructive deterioration can occur.
Concrete Cancer in Verandah Slab
One solution to spalling is to use a different material for reinforcing. Bamboo is one option, in some parts of the world it is a readily available and renewable resource and it has a favourable strength to weight ratio when compared to steel. There are, however, problems with the bamboo bonding to the concrete due to moisture absorption and bamboo shrinkage. Also due to its low modulus of elasticity the bamboo will deflect up to 50 % more than steel. Finally the bamboo will take up 10 times more volume than the steel, 5% of the concretes volume compared to 0.5% for the steel.
It is possible to use glass or polymer fibres to reinforce concrete but these are only used as a last resort or in applications where maximum tensile strength may not be needed.
Some metals when they corrode actually form an oxide layer that protects them from further corrosion. Good examples of this are stainless steel, aluminium and titanium. These metals react with the oxygen in the atmosphere to form a non-porous oxide layer that protects the material from further corrosion. Additionally this oxide layer forms quickly and heals itself if scratched. In the case of passive metals corrosion is desirable as it protects the reactive metal from corroding any further.
Conversely iron and steel are examples of materials that form a porous oxide coating. The well known rust (iron oxide) that forms when iron or steel corrodes actually exposes the material to further corrosion and eventually eats away at the material. Stainless steel is a high alloy steel that has chromium and nickel added. The reason stainless steel is "stainless" is because the chromium in the alloy forms a passive layer over the surface of the stainless steel. If Austenitic stainless steel is welded it is possible to form chromium carbides which will mean areas of the alloy have reduced Chromium to form oxides, hence that area will not have a passive layer to protect the steel from corroding.
It should be noted that in some cases passive materials will not always be protected, for example if aluminium is put into a situation where it is the more anodic material it may readily corrode. Also if typically passive materials are put into a corrosive environment where their oxide layer cannot form they may rapidly degrade.
Since many civil structures are made using steel it is essential to find ways to protect them. It is impractical in terms of cost and engineering properties to use stainless steel in lieu of mild or high tensile steels. So we must investigate ways of protecting the steel structures.
One of the most obvious ways is to paint the civil structure. This is what was done to the Harbour Bridge; in fact over 3000 litres of paint are required to cover the bridge. Since 1932 the Sydney Harbour Bridge has repeatedly been painted and as such it has never suffered from serious corrosion. Another example, although not in the field of civil structures, are the millions of cars around the world. Nearly all cars use steel panels and these are protected from corrosion by paint. How well the steel is protected by primers and undercoats often decides how well the paint protects the car.
It is possible to coat metals that are susceptible to destructive corrosion with metals that will protect them from further corrosion. Probably the best known coated material is galvanised steel, which is steel coated with zinc. Zinc is a good choice for two reasons: it forms a passive layer that prevents further corrosion and it is anodic when compared to steel, so in the event of the underlying steel becoming exposed the zinc will still corrode to protect the steel.
Table 2 below outlines the way metal coatings may be applied.
Table 2: Methods of Metal Coating
|Coating method
|Hot dipping
|Where one metal is cleaned in acid then dipped into the coating material which is molten.
|This involves the use of an electric current to deposit and layer of protective metal onto a surface; metals often used for plating are gold, silver and chromium.
|Another way to apply a protective metal coating and it involves rolling the coating onto the base material, Alclad, which is aluminium coating over reactive duralumin, is a good example of this.
|Here an electric arc melts a zinc electrode and is then blasted by air onto the surface top be coated.
|Zinc powder is deposited onto a heated object. Used when hot dipping may clog fine details such as threads.
This is a protection method where anodes that are placed onto a structure deliberately to make the structure cathodic.This method of protection is used extensively on ships where the steel hull needs to be protected from the corrosive sea water, particularly around the propeller as the bronze propeller is cathodic compared to the steel hull. Zinc blocks are mounted to the hull, they are anodic compared to the steel hull, and hence they will corrode in preference to the steel. This could also be done on exposed metal civil structures.
This method of protection involves passing a DC current through the civil structure that tends to oppose the loss of electrons from the object that typically would be the anode. This makes the object cathodic resulting in little or no corrosion at all.
Figure 3: An impressed EMF used to protect a submerged pipe from becoming anodic.
The last way to avoid corrosion is to design the structure such that concentration cells and composition cells are avoided. If mixed materials are used spacers and insulating washers of polymeric materials may be used.Alternatively designing a structure so that water can get away and not pool is also important. Finally to avoid corrosion, crevices should be avoided where possible. These should be filled so water cannot seep into them and cause corrosion that is out of sight.
With reference to Table 1 answer the following question: a submerged brass pipe is to be soldered; will the solder or the brass become the anode? Explain why.
With the aid of a diagram explain why galvanised steel does not rust even if the zinc coating is scratched.
Discuss materials that could be used in lieu of carbon steel for use in concrete reinforcement, so that the concrete is less susceptible to concrete cancer?
Why does concrete cancer cause the concrete to spall (crack and break away)?
The steel pier shown below is immersed in the water to support a jetty. Identify where the cathode and the anode will be on the pier. Explain your choices.
An aluminium structure has been riveted unwittingly with austenitic stainless steel rivets. The structure is then used at a salt water pool; determine will happen to the structure in terms of corrosion.
Askeland, D., (1989), The Science and Engineering of Materials, Chapman and Hall, London
Avner, S., (1983), Introduction to Physical Metallurgy 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill, Tokyo
Copeland, P. L. (2001). Engineering Studies: The Definitive Guide Volume 2. Anno Domini 2000. Helensburgh
Various, (2002). Engineering Studies HSC Course Stage 6 – Civil Structures. Open Training and Education Network.
Higgins, R., (1997), Materials for the Engineering Technician 3rd Edition, ArnoldLondon
http://www.inbar.int/publication/txt/INBAR_Technical_Report_No16.htm (23/10/05)
http://www.rainforestinfo.org.au/good_wood/nont_bld.htm (23/10/05)
http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A4014172 (13/10/05)
Smith, W., (1990), Principles of Materials Science and Engineering,McGraw Hill New York


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Oak Park 2015 OLB Junior McMullen has committed to Western Michigan University. #TheDZone
— The D Zone (@TheD_Zone) March 7, 2014
Post by The D Zone.
The D Zone - Being the first commit for Western Michigan, how does it feel to commit to WMU?
Junior McMullen - "It feels good being the first commit in their Class of 2015 and also being their top LB and prospect."
The D Zone - Being the first and only commit as of today, what kind of impact using communication with other recruits do you hope to have on bringing in others to WMU?
Junior McMullen - "As their top recruit I plan on bringing in some close friends that I've known since little league and hopefully it goes as planned."
The D Zone - What stands out about the campus and program of Western Michigan?
Junior McMullen - "The campus and facility is brand new and it's a comfortable place to be but I'm going there to play football and make an impact, other things will just fall in place."
The D Zone - What have the Western Michigan coaches discussed with you on things they like about the way you play?
Junior McMullen - "Western Michigan University says they like the way I play and that I fit in their program and to just continue on improving on the minor things."
The D Zone - When you informed the Western Michigan coaches you committed, how excited were they and how was their reaction once you committed?
Junior McMullen - "When I committed to WMU the coaches were very excited to have me and since I'm their only LB they said they are done offering LBs at my position."
The D Zone - It's safe to say you'll be getting more calls, mail, offers, etc. these next few months, how do you handle all of that now that you committed to Western?
Junior McMullen - "I'm planning on seeing how the recruiting process goes and as of now WMU shows the most interest so I'll let things play out. I'm more focused on my teammates and winning."
The D Zone - You have several other teammates with Division 1 offers and more possibly to come, how could you see your teammates possibly committing to Western or to another MAC rival?
Junior McMullen - "As of now I'm the only one going to WMU because my teammate Bellamy likes CMU."
The D Zone - Now you know you'll have a college to play at next year, how do you remain focused during the offseason when that huge question mark, is answered?
Junior McMullen - "Now that I know I'm playing on the next level. I can focus more on our program and win games and hopefully the state title."
The D Zone - Want to give a shout to anyone who helped you get to this point, etc.?
Junior McMullen - "I want to thank my coach Greg Carter because because he's a great mentor and a man that wants the best for all of his players. I also want to shout all my teammates out and hopefully my teammates receive offers. WR Juan Hernandez, DB Marvin White and partner in crime LB Derrick Harris and Martez Morton. I love my Mom and thanks a lot to coach Wynns."
The D Zone Profile
Hudl Highlights


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Click here to see the Fast Traffic Training overview
Click here to see the Fast Traffic Training overview
How many up-sells does Fast Traffic Formula have??
Hi i would just like to know if this purchase price is all i need or is this also like the Big Idea Mastermind as where they dont tell you before the time that after purchasing the "program" that you would actually have to SELL THEIR PRODUCT TO MAKE YOUR MONEY AND THAT THERE ARE GOING TO BE MORE PRODUCTS TO PURCHASE TO GO ON HIGHER LEVELS? (R50 000 LATER)? 😕
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Junior Andrews, 24, is alleged to have fired shots that hit the 14-year-old as she and friends walked through St Ann's, Nottingham, on 9 October 2004.
He claims he was in a nightclub and heard about it on TV the next morning.
Mr Andrews, of no fixed address, and Mark Kelly, 20, of Wilford Grove, Nottingham, both deny murder.
'Smoking weed'
Birmingham Crown Court has heard that Mr Andrews, and Mr Kelly who is alleged to have been driving the car, were from The Meadows, a rival area of the city, and members of a local street gang.
Questioned by his lawyer, Orlando Pownall QC, Mr Andrews told the court he had gone to the Toll Bridge pub on the evening of 8 October to celebrate a friend's birthday and been driven to the Clifton area to buy cannabis.
The defendant, who is alleged to have dealt drugs, including heroin, said he was "in quite a state" after smoking "weed" in the pub car park and snorting cocaine in the toilets.
Mr Andrews said he had spent the rest of the evening until 3am at The Bomb nightclub in the city, where he had rapped to the crowd and become embroiled in a scuffle with another reveller.
Partner's 'rage'
He told the jury he then went to a friend's house before taking a taxi to his girlfriend's home.
Mr Andrews said he awoke to find his partner throwing CDs at him, in a rage about allegations that another woman with whom he had had a relationship was pregnant.
Mr Pownall asked Andrews, who sat in the witness box: "When was the first time you heard that a girl, or anybody, had been shot in St Ann's?"
He replied: "It will have been in the morning when me and Natalie (his girlfriend) were arguing... on TV."
Born in Northampton, Mr Andrews lived in St Ann's, Nottingham, until he was 13 before moving to The Meadows. The trial continues.


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The perfect gift set for the Wallace and Gromit fan. All three of animator Nick Park's first adventures featuring the dotty inventor and his loyal but laconic dog--The Wrong Trousers, A Close Shave, and A Grand Day Out--come wrapped together and ready for multiple viewings. This is truly one of the rare gift sets that will entertain the entire family. --Doug Thomas
The first three Wallace & Gromit shorts are grouped together in a single volume.
A Grand Day Out Nominated for an Academy Award in 1990, this was the first short-film adventure starring Wallace & Gromit. This 24-minute comedy was created by clay animator Nick Park over a six-year period at the National Film and Television School in London and at the Aardman Animation studios, which Park boosted to international acclaim. In their debut adventure, Wallace and his furry pal Gromit are planning a vacation, but first they've got a crisis to solve: they've got plenty of crackers but no cheese! Undeterred, Wallace comes up with an extreme solution to the cheese shortage: since the moon is made of cheese (we all know that's true, right?), he decides to build a rocket and blast off for a cheesy lunar picnic! Gromit's only too happy to help, and before long the inventive duo is on the moon, where they encounter a clever appliance that's part oven, part robot, part lunar skiing enthusiast... Well, you just have to see the movie to understand how any of this whimsical lunar-cy can make any sense! It's a grand tale of wonderful discoveries, fantastic inventions--and really great cheese!
The Wrong Trousers Clay-animation master Nick Park deservedly won the 1993 Academy Award for Best Animated Short for this 30-minute masterpiece, in which the good-natured inventor Wallace and his trusty dog, Gromit, return for another grand adventure. It all begins on the morning of Gromit's birthday, when Wallace gives his beloved pooch a rather selfish gift that (to Gromit's chagrin) is more useful to Wallace--a pair of mechanical "techno-trousers" ("ex-NASA," says Wallace, duly impressed) that can be programmed to take Gromit out for "walkies" while Wallace sits comfortably at home. Gromit's not exactly thrilled with the new gadget, and things go from bad to worse when Wallace rents a room to a new boarder--a rather suspicious-looking penguin--to offset his rising expenses. As it turns out, the penguin's a notorious thief, and the amazing techno-trousers provide a foolproof method of pulling off a diamond heist! It's Gromit's big opportunity for canine heroics, and The Wrong Trousers turns into one of the funniest, most inventive caper-comedies ever made, with an action-packed climax on a speeding miniature train. Will the notorious "Feathers" wind up in jail, where he belongs? Will Gromit finally get his due recognition? Watch this amazing marvel of clay animation to see why Wallace & Gromit have become global celebrities--this is comedic ingenuity at its finest.
A Close Shave Hot from the international triumph of The Wrong Trousers, clay animator Nick Park knew that his third Wallace & Gromit film was going to have to be the biggest and best adventure yet for the mild-mannered inventor Wallace and his perceptive pooch, Gromit. With the ambitiously zany plot of A Close Shave, Park and his fellow animators rose to the occasion, and their film won the 1995 Academy Award (Park's second Oscar) for Best Animated Short. This time out, Wallace & Gromit have teamed up to provide a window-washing service, and that's how Wallace meets the lovely Wendolene Ramsbottom, a wool-shop owner whose malevolent dog, Preston, turns out to be the mastermind of a sheep-napping scheme! Of course, no Wallace & Gromit adventure can be without a grandiose gadget, so Wallace's latest invention is the Knit-O-Matic, a yarn-making machine capable of shearing a whole flock of sheep just a bit too efficiently! When the villainous Preston gains control of the mechanical knitting marvel, Gromit must race to the rescue, and A Close Shave reaches new heights of clay-animation mastery. Every shot is a testament to Nick Park's patience, his clever ingenuity, and his filmmaking flair. The movie's so technically impressive, in fact, that the whole world wondered where Park could go next. It was clear that Wallace & Gromit would eventually star in an animated feature-length movie, since this marvelous 30-minute film represents its own kind of short-form perfection. --Jeff Shannon


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Celiac Safe... all Vegan and Gluten free. That's the good stuff. Beyond that. Their pastries were overly cake textures, dry, and way too sweet. I would say avoid this place. We can't be picky as GF ... but I do hope they work on their recipes a bit more.
All gluten free and vegan. They suggested the cinnamon roll, and it was one of the best things I've eaten. Highly recommend.
Great breakfast, a real treat for coeliac from the UK
I've had sweet and savory items here and didn't get sick. I'm a sensitive celiac and I'd feel safe eating at Flying Apron anytime.
Quaint cafe for breakfast/lunch/pastries. Feel like a kid in a candy store with it all being celiac-friendly GF !
Pretty good gf desserts. It's hit or miss. The brownies are great. Some of the cakes and cookies can be crumbly but still taste good. I never noticed a weird after taste like another reviewer mentioned. A hippy vibe. Not nut allergy safe.
Heaven! I can eat yummy things here. Got a blueberry scone & macaroon with a coconut milk latte - just bc I could! GF certified and EVERYTHING is labeled with the ingredients. So, I could be comfortable with my choices. That is no easy task bc I am not only GF but also dairy, egg, yeast, chocolate, nuts, mushroom & seafood sensitive. Very used to finding nothing that works for me. So ... Heaven bc I can know without causing a scene that I can eat safely. 😊😊😊
Completely gluten free, pie was excellent and we picked up some goodies to go!
Really fabulous gf baked goods & some great breakfasts also. & of course nice espresso & coffee too. Really enjoy a place I can go into and not have to worry about options. Would definitely recommend!
The muffins are delicious. As was the coffee cake was also super tasty :-)
Loved it. Like an oasis of yum. Everything I can never eat neatly displayed behind a glass case. Donuts were yum, bread was awesome to find. I have egg and milk allergies too and it's near impossible to find baked goods or bread that are also free of those. Pizza pockets are ultra yum. We are grabbing a few on our way out of town for our trip home! Highly recommend.
Most of their food is mediocre. Their baked goods tend to be really dry and crumbly. Some of their savory foods are decent. I used to love this place until I had really awesome gf, vegan baked goods (check out Petunia's in Portland). I've recently discovered their sugar cookies, which are surprisingly tasty.
100% GF location but a lot of things have oats if you are sensitive. Food is just ok, but it's nice to order a cinnamon roll out.
This is the perfect spot for gluten-free and vegan treats in the Fremont neighborhood of Seattle. Be sure to grab a top selling cinnamon roll! you will not be disappointed.
Being a person who can't have any gluten, did I get sick? Yes but not from the gluten. Not only is it extremely expensive, something that's forgivable if its good, it is by far the most revolting thing I've ever eaten. It is my belief that people eat here not because its really good but simply because there's not many other options. Do yourself a favor don't go here go to the store and buy a package of muffins or something. They'll be roughly the same price taste much better and you'll get more for your money.
The food is great, I've tried many different items. My only complaint is the customer service. Every time I've been there the workers have been aloof and unfriendly. While not blatantly rude, the vibe from the servers is not one that matches the up-beat, friendly tone of their website/Facebook and Twitter posts. Luckily the food is too good to let that keep me away but it is a bummer I have to steel myself to feel uncomfortable in order to enjoy it.
Good bread. Bad cupcakes and pies. Odd textures with overpowering flavors.
Amazing pastries! Soups, salads and even pasta dishes that are truly delicious- my gluten eating companion loved every bite. This will be a new regular place for sure!
It all had a weird after taste. I was very disappointed.
The Flying Apron Bakery is a Gluten-Free & Vegan Bakery, making mouth-watering bakery & savory items that everyone craves. It's not about what you can't eat!
Awesome selection of product!
Love the scones with tea. The bread isn't really for me though.
I only tried the bakery items, but all of them were amazing! The apricot thumbprint and berry tea biscuit (or something) were so delicious. I would highly recommend.
Great food! All gluten free! Their chocolate chip cookies are amazing!
Love!! Amazing food
amazing gf and vegan options. delicious desserts. stop by to pick up a loaf od day old gf bread for half price. awesome deal and still delicious next day!
Absolutely love this place both for savory AND sweet, yum!
Stopped here for lunch. It was really nice to have a place so knowledgeable about making GF foods and desserts. Good for GF allergies and vegan eaters but not ideal for people with multiple allergies like myself (corn, soy, yeast). Nevertheless, I was still able to order a lot of food. Had their usual stand- by items like Mac and Chez, which was pretty good, kids liked it too. Their veggie lasagna was good but tasted like it had been in the fridge too long (dry noodles & veggies). Also had their veggie pizza (crust was really dry and hard) . I couldn't order dessert because almost everything was dusted with powdered sugar (corn allergy). My big complaint is the food wasn't fresh . This Redmond location gets its food made in their Seattle cafe then gets delivered here. All of our lunch items were poorly reheated in a toaster oven and the lasagna was half warm and half cold so it tasted terrible. The Mac n chez was barely warm. Considering each item was around $8-9 , I wanted at the least hot food. It was like paying to eat reheated leftovers. I love their effort to provide a great place for allergy folks, but they need to make fresh food, not reheating stuff that's been sitting for days. The desserts looked better than the savory items. Also, there are signs that says they share equipment with peanuts. Overall, an A for concept, but a C grade for quality and lack of freshness.
Good GF desserts.
Love this place! GF heaven.
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I've just spent a couple of days in Warsaw at the annual conference of the European Council on Foreign Relations – a pan-European think tank, which is strongly "pro-European". The conference brought together the EU elite to discuss the current mess. There was no single message to emerge from the conference – but there was quite a lot of anguish and argument. Read more
© The Financial Times Ltd 2016 FT and 'Financial Times' are trademarks of The Financial Times Ltd.


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Kit Harington - Zero to hero
Kit Harington didn't expect to land any leading man jobs after her left drama school.
The English star landed the role of Jon Snow in Game of Thrones three years after graduating, and it marked his first ever work in television.
Far from believing in his own ability, Kit thought he'd be relegated to the roles that were less than desirable.
"I didn't really think I'd be a leading man in any respect whatsoever. At drama school in my third year I was resigned to the fate of being Young Male Rape Victim No. 2. That was the kind of category I was put in," Kit, 27, told GQ magazine.
The female characters in Game of Thrones have fast become known for their enviable curves and toned physiques and are often featured wearing little or no clothes.
But the male cast mates are seen in fewer states of undress, something Kit thinks should change.
"It's only right, if you're going to make a show where nudity and sex is a large part of it, that you be a part of that
"I wouldn't say I'd be happy about it… It would have to be f**king well deserved," he laughed when asked if he'd mind getting naked.
The show has launched its stars into worldwide fame, and garnered a global audience.
The fantasy drama is based on the novels A Song of Ice and Fire series, by George R. R. Martin.
"It's getting worse," Kit said of the dark nature of the show. "What I wonder is how people can deal with something going dark and dark and darker. Being unrelenting in how pessimistic things are. They really push it."
© Cover Media


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Mort Zuckerman on Entitlements
Clip: Mort Zuckerman argues for the motion "Grandma's Benefits Imperil Junior's Future."
Howard Dean on Entitlements
Clip: Howard Dean argues against the motion "Grandma's Benefits Imperil Junior's Future."
Debate Details
Commitments made to seniors decades ago failed to foresee the harsh economic realities of the present. Do entitlements saddle our children with unmanageable debt, asking them to sacrifice their future for the sake of the elderly? Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid were created to provide a social safety net. But if we cut these programs, are we balancing the budget on the backs of the aged and sick, leaving behind society's most vulnerable?
The Debaters
For the motion
Margaret Hoover
Margaret Hoover is a Fox News Contributor and the author of the book American Individualism: How A New Generation of Conservatives Can Save the Republican... Read More
Mort Zuckerman
Mort Zuckerman is Chairman and Editor-in-Chief of U.S. News & World Report and Publisher of the New York Daily News. He is also the co-founder... Read More
Against the motion
Howard Dean
In 1982 Howard Dean transitioned from a full-time practicing physician to an elected representative in Vermont, serving as Governor for 12 years.... Read More
Jeff Madrick
A former economics columnist for The New York Times, and current Editor of Challenge Magazine, Jeff Madrick is a regular contributor to The New York... Read More
- Live Audience
- Online Audience
- Results
- Breakdown


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Collection is open for research.
Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection.
All or portions of this collection may be housed off-site in Duke University's Library Service Center. The library may require up to 48 hours to retrieve these materials for research use.
Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library to use this collection.
The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to Duke University. For more information, consult the copyright section of the Regulations and Procedures of the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library.
[Identification of item], Cronly Family Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University
The Cronly Family Papers were received by the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library as a gift and purchase between 1968-1969.
Processed by Rubenstein Library Staff,
Encoded by Kimberly Sims, June 2010
The Cronly family of Wilmington, N.C. includes Michael Cronly, Sr., auctioneer and real estate broker, and his wife, Margaret McLaurin Cronly as well as their nine children.
Correspondence, financial records, legal and other papers of the Cronly family. Subjects include auctions and auctioneering, Wilmington social life, Civil War experiences, the Wilmington, Charlotte and Rutherford Railway Company, railroad bonds issued in North Carolina during Reconstruction, an earthquake that struck the Carolinas in 1886, the Democratic Party and politics in North Carolina, and blacks during Reconstruction. Includes information on the Beatty, McLaurin and Murphy families of North Carolina, and descriptions of Charleston, Atlantic City (N.J.), Denver, Genoa (Italy), and the Hudson Fulton Celebration in New York City (1909). Correspondents include Thomas Walter Bickett, Jr., Harley Lyman Clarke, Stephen William Cole, Newton Martin Curtis, William Darius Jamieson, Herbert Putnam, Don Carlos Seitz, William Nathan Harrell Smith, Waddy Thompson, and Platt Dickinson Walker. The collection ranges in date from 1806-1944.
Collection also contains numerous bound volumes, ledgers, and account books that have not been inventoried or described.
Ledgers, account books, and other bound volumes relating chiefly to the business interests of the Cronly family. Volumes have not been individually identified or described.


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TWC plots Crouching Tiger series
Harvey Weinstein plans to make a Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon franchise, it emerged during a showreel presentation in Cannes on Friday evening [17].
"We are going to do all five books," the co-chairman of The Weinstein Company said, referring to the Crane-Iron Pentalogy books that spawned the 2000 original — released by SPC — and an upcoming sequel by The Weinstein Company to star Michelle Yeoh called Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon II – The Green Destiny.
Earlier on in the event held at the Majestic Hotel, Weinstein hailed his senior executives for making 2012 "as good [a year] as any we had at Miramax" and along with COO David Glasser introduced his slate for the remainder of the year.
The executives highlighted potential awards contenders such as The Butler, Grace Of Monaco, August Osage County, Sundance hits Fruitvale Station and Ain't Them Bodies Saints (also a Critics Week selection), the documentary Salinger and Cannes competition entry The Immigrant.
Weinstein said he had always wanted to adapt Salinger's The Catcher In The Rye and revealed that his ambition was shared at one time or another by around "9,000 others" including Elia Kazan and Mike Nichols. He has not made the film thus far but appeared thrilled with the documentary.
The room of buyers and select press also watched footage from Palme d'Or contender Only God Forgives, as well as Grandmaster and One Chance, the feelgood story of Britain's Got Talent winner Paul Potts.
Grace Of Monaco star Nicole Kidman, with whom Weinstein has made seven films, took to the stage in a quick break from competition jury duties. "It's almost two decades of working with Harvey and I have not gotten to do this for a while so it's good to be doing this," Kidman said. "I got to know Grace very, very well — researched her, fell in love with her — and I got to work with a French crew and Olivier Dahan, whom I adore."
"I was going to bring George Clooney who produced August Osage County, but I am still pissed off about losing," Weinstein joked, referring to the Oscar success of Argo at the expense of Weinstein's Silver Linings Playbook.
Weinstein invited several others on to the stage including Rooney Mara, Octavia Spencer, the Crouching Tiger sequel director Yuen Wo Ping, and Naomie Harris, who plays Winnie Mandela opposite Idris Elba in the awards season release Mandela.
Footage of the Nelson Mandela biopic was fast-paced, physical and gripping. "This is the kick-ass version," Weinstein said, "and it's true because it's based on the book [Mandela's autobiography Long Walk To Freedom]."
In an emotional segment Weinstein recalled how shortly after Mandela's release from imprisonment on Robben Island the former ANC leader visited New York to meet with a group of entertainment industry leaders. "He told us that every Thursday night [in prison] they took them to [watch a movie] and it helped them get through that time."
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Reese Witherspoon's Disneyland Family Adventure
Making for a magical afternoon, Reese Witherspoon spent the day at Disneyland in Anaheim with her loving family on Saturday (November 26).
The "Water for Elephants" actress looked as cute as can be in her Minnie Mouse ears cap as she and husband Jim Toth led Ava and Deacon around the wondrous grounds while enjoying the theme parks rides and sights.
The family trip comes just days after it was announced that Miss Witherspoon will be presented with the Gene Siskel Film Center Renaissance Award by SAIC President Dr. Walter E. Massey during a gala to be held next June.
Executive Director of the Gene Siskel Film Center of the SAIC, Jean de St. Aubin, said, "It is a privilege to honor Witherspoon with the Gene Siskel Film Center's annual award. Her wide range of performances have won the hearts of many, including her unforgettable roles as Tracy Flick in 'Election,' Elle Woods in 'Legally Blonde,' and her Oscar-winning portrayal of June Carter Cash in 'Walk the Line.' We are also excited to talk with her about this year's release 'Water for Elephants' and 'This Means War' which will be coming out in February.' "
Dr. Massey added, "I'm thrilled to have the opportunity to present Ms. Witherspoon with this award. She is truly a renaissance woman, and as such embodies the interdisciplinary focus of both the Film Center and SAIC. She is a perfect recipient for this award."
Enjoy the pictures of Reese Witherspoon and husband Jim Toth spending the day at Disneyland with their family (November 26).
Photo Credit: Wenn.com


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That is a picture of one of the exhaust pipes at the muffler. I dont know if im using the term right but could this be considered a vacuum leak? I have been having problems with my 1987 F-150 re-starting a short time after i turn it off. I have to wait about an hour before it starts back up. i noticed this problem more after i put a sound system in so i think that might be the culprit. what could be the source of the starting problem and how can i fix it? Also I just got new plugs and a new alternator. Any help is greatly appreciated!
have the same problem?
Sunday, May 21st, 2006 AT 8:06 PM


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Target: Mayor of Portland, Oregon Sam Adams
Goal: Encourage citizens to participate in the EPA's Adopt Your Watershed program on an effective local level.
Portland, OR is home to five watersheds that jointly fill the city's water needs. These drainage basins are precious, diverse regions that require active protection to ensure that they continue to provide safe liquid. This is largely done through volunteer action. Praising the work of current volunteers and encouraging new citizens to join that community would be very beneficial to the city.
A watershed is an area where all the precipitation that falls drains to a single exit point, where a body of water such as a river, lake, wetland or reservoir lies. These regions are saturated with diverse ecosystems, home to many plants and animals. Challenges that watersheds face are numerous, including issues such as loss of habitat due to commercial land use and erosion, the threat of invasive species, aging pipe systems and sewage overflow.
The EPA has created a program called Adopt Your Watershed to encourage citizens to step up and help in preserving their natural resource of water. Volunteers can participate on the front lines, restoring problem sites and performing quality control work, or do something as simple as spreading information and greenscaping their own lawns.
There are no massive immediate threats to Portland's watersheds, but they only continue to provide good water with the constant dedication of many hardworking volunteers and government employees. Sign this petition to ask Portland Mayor Sam Adams to praise the work of current volunteers and encourage more citizens to participate in the Adopt Your Watershed program.
Dear Mayor Adams,
The city of Portland is provided with clean water from its five watersheds through the help of many judicious, hardworking volunteers and government employees. These watersheds not only provide us with a precious resource, but are filled with diverse habitats populated with wildlife. Doing our best as a city to preserve these areas is massively beneficial to the entire community of Portland.
The EPA sponsors a program called Adopt Your Watershed, encouraging citizens to participate on a local level in ensuring the care of this resource. I urge you to make certain there are always helping hands to protect Portland's watersheds by encouraging citizens to participate in this program, and praising the work of those who already contribute.
[Your Name Here]
Photo Credit: cheyenne via TimeMachine blog


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What is it they say about first impressions? Oh yeah, they last a lifetime. Nothing says pressure like meeting the parents of your significant other, especially if you see this going somewhere in the long run. It can't be stressed enough how important your first impression is. Aside from his parents judging how you talk, eat and breathe, the first thing they will notice is how you're dressed, but no need to worry. With this Fashionista's amazing style, you'll be able to grab your man and walk into his parents house with the confidence to impress them immensely.
The last thing you want to do when first meeting the parents is throw on the first T-shirt and pair of leggings you see; you'll definitely want to aim for a more put together look. This Fashionista's ensemble is ideal no matter what the situation is for your first encounter. She's not underdressed, but she's not too overdressed, just a perfectly happy medium. Her sweater dress is on point—a great option for looking casual but still fashionable. I would pair it with a belt to add more shape to your body, just like this Fashionista did. This Lauren Conrad sweater dress would be a perfect pick, and I love the details. Another addition to this outfit could be a pair of sheer or textured tights.
As I say every week, absolutely always accessorize! I love, love, love what this Fashionista did with her dangling necklace and knotted headband, giving her a boho-chic look. Although I adore how this Fashionista kept her outfit all neutral, adding a bright floral twisted headband would give you the chance to add a fun color. You also couldn't go wrong if you opted for more of a statement necklace, which could give you another opportunity to add a pop of color. The neutral look is great for winter right now, but as spring approaches these colors would be fabulous swaps.
Using the basis of this Fashionista's style is a wonderful place to start when picking out your outfit to meet the parents. Just remember a few things: don't stress, be confident and look put together, and you'll be sure to leave an impeccable and everlasting impression.
One Simple Change: Add a leather jacket and ankle booties to this look, plus a few more fun accessories, and you're ready for a girls' night out.


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Sponsored Post
No matter what the length you are susceptible to hair damage. Not too long ago my hair was getting extremely long. Going off on a change bender I went ahead and had my hair girl make me extremely blonde. It was gorgeous and I was definitely happy with the results, but the one thing I didn't expect was the hair coloring damage that would happen. I tried to fix this by cutting about 7 inches off of my hair. That didn't help, because the damage from the treatment was much higher. All the cut did, in my mind, was make the hair breakage and dullness that much more apparent.
If it's too late to prevent said damage (and, unfortunately, it probably is) there are steps you can take to fix it. Most important in your corrective steps is finding a line of product that will make your hair healthy and beautiful at any length. Because of all of this, I was extremely happy to give Neutrogena Triple Repair Hair Care a try. Anything that states that it is clinically proven to make hair 3x stronger after one use of the trio of Shampoo, Conditioner and Leave-In Treatment is okay by me. What makes it even more okay is that this line actually works.
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Will you give the Neutrogena Triple Repair Hair Care a try? For more information check out the Neutrogena Facebook page!
***This post is sponsored by Single Edition Media on behalf of Neutrogena.


text: a few bug fixes, a little tidying up.. from the NEWS file: changes in sbcl-0.6.1 relative to sbcl-0.6.0: * changed build optimization from (SAFETY 1) to (SAFETY 3) as a short-term fix for various type-unsafety bugs, e.g. failures with (LENGTH 123) and (MAKE-LIST -1). In the longer term, it ought to become true that declarations are assertions even at SAFETY 1. For now, it's not quite true even at SAFETY 3, but it's at least more nearly true.. (Note that this change seems to increases the size of the system by O(5%) and to decrease the speed of the compiler by 20% or more.) * changed ALIEN printing to be much more abbreviated, as a short-term fix for the problem of printing dozens of lines of distracting information about low-level system machinery as part of the top stack frame on entry to the debugger when an undefined function was called. * tweaked the debugger's use of WITH-STANDARD-IO-SYNTAX so that *PACKAGE* is not reset to COMMON-LISP-USER. * Compilation of stuff related to dyncount.lisp has been made conditional on the :SB-DYNCOUNT target feature, so that the ordinary core system is smaller. The various dyncount-related symbols have been moved into a new "SB-DYNCOUNT" package. * tty-inspect.lisp has been renamed to inspect.lisp. * unix-glibc2.lisp has been renamed to unix.lisp, and the :GLIBC2 feature has gone away. (When we eventually port to other flavors of libc and/or Unix, we'll try to make the differences between flavors invisible at the user level.) * Various other *FEATURES* tags, and/or their associated conditionals, have been removed if obsolescent, or given better documentation, or sometimes given more-mnemonic names. -- William Harold Newman <william.newman@...> software consultant PGP key fingerprint 85 CE 1C BA 79 8D 51 8C B9 25 FB EE E0 C3 E5 7C


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User Galleries
Main Gallery
Memories of Mom
Designer: lposey01
Tags: Monochromatic challenge, blue, mother
|Add to Favorites | Tell a Friend
These are some of my favorite pictures of my Mom taken the year she married Dad.
Additional Images:
Comments: You must be logged in to leave a comment.
|audosborne, at 07:05PM on Wednesday January 21, 2009
Very pretty!! That's the year I got married...Yeah!..I'm OLD!!!
|weblg, at 07:59PM on Wednesday January 21, 2009
This is just LOVELY!!! Love that main picture of your MOM..She is very pretty, so is the LO.
|lposey01, at 03:36PM on Thursday January 22, 2009
Thank you! That was the year she and my dad were married too, and I believe he took the pics.


text:
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Petra Spitzfaden backs campaignery as founder with more than 15 years of experience in the field of international marketing.


text:
Delicious Toppings
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Warm Topic Archives: axl rose
Guns N' Roses Tour Began 2 Years Ago – Minus Axl
By DJ Salinger, TAMPA – Troubling signs that the band formerly known as Guns N' Roses (the group officially changed their name to N' earlier this year) mistakenly began the worldwide tour for their semen release album "Chinese Democracy" minus lead singer Axl Rose continue to pop up online.
Posted in Thinking Man's Rock Tagged axl rose, chinese democracy, chinese democracy tour, dj salinger, guns and roses, guns n roses, N', slash, the brutal times, yoyogi koen 2 Comments
New Fear for Michael:Rock n' Roll Heaven is 'Full'
By DJ Salinger, LOS ANGELES – Kurt Cobain, Jimi Hendrix, The Notorious B.I.G., Cindi Lauper – all were stars trying to make it in the City of Angels who died trying before they ever got an honest break.
And now added to the list, former Jackson 5 frontman, singing sensation Michael Jackson.
Posted in Thinking Man's Rock Tagged axl rose, barista, bun e carlos, celebrity deaths, cindi lauper, dj salinger, eco whites, euythmics, g n' r, guns and roses, jackson 5, jimi hendrix, king of pop, los angeles, michael jackson, new fear for michael, north korea, phil collins, rock and roll heaven, rockn roll heaven, talk talk, the brutal times, the notorious b.i.g., Thinking Man's Rock, tupaccheap trick 4 Comments
'I Went Camping with Axl Rose' Cock Blocker Insists
By Cock Blocker, Honorable Prime Minister du Canada, Special to The Brutal Times, Tender Foot Provincial Park, Northern Ont. CANADA –
So, seriously I know it was him!
I prefer to camp alone because my job is shit and my wife's a bitch and she hates camping. I like to come out as soon as the locks thaw out enough to get the doors open.
Posted in Presidential Daily Brief Tagged axl rose, camping, canada, cock blocker, cockblocker, guns n roses, the brutal times 1 Comment
Guns N' Roses Change Name to N'
By DJ Salinger, LOS ANGELES – This city of Angels, made popular by the once popular Red Hot Chili Peppers, was shock-rocked late this afternoon when Horace the town crier, who has replaced the LA Times as the most-often consulted news source, cried "GN'R change name to N', GN'R change name to N'".
Chinese Democracy Bail-out to Cost $986 Billion
As details of the Democrats' 1 trillion dollar budget request continue to leak out the president-elect has been mulling the final touches of what amounts to the priciest financial bail-out plan made in US political history.
George Lucas to Shoot Chinese Democracy Videos
George Lucas is ready to rumble. Locked and loaded with energy after the stunning success of his latest act of self-sabotage Indiana Jones and the Crystal Skull, the gruff-as-ever Lucas confirmed Monday that he is slated to direct the first of seven videos from Guns N' Roses fresh out the oven Chinese Democracy album.


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There is a featured exhibit at the High Point Museum about John Coltrane, which includes: 1) his piano; 2) some of his sheet music, and 3) pictures of where he lived on Underhill St., where he went to school and learned to play woodwinds and etc. It's a nice exhibit but could use some expanding. I am including by way of pictures here some of the images and items. Coltrane actually went to the same elementary school I did for a couple of years (until Northwood Elementary was opened).
The High Point of Saxaphone Playing– Part Three
September 6, 2013 by


text:
I have suspected that :)
Is there a simple (I mean without compiling an immage) way to change this
sysctl variable?
Don't you think guys it would be worth having this option on the GUI?
-----Original Message-----
From: Dinesh Nair [mailto:dinesh at alphaque dot com]
Sent: 2004 m. geguþës 17 d. 08:23
To: Arturas Satkovskis
Cc: m0n0wall at lists dot m0n0 dot ch
Subject: RE: [m0n0wall] Advanced traffic shaping
On Mon, 17 May 2004, Arturas Satkovskis wrote:
> /sbin/sysctl net.inet.ip.fw.one_pass=0
in m0n0wall, net.inet.ip.fw.one_pass is set to 1, so only the first matching
rule for a pipe/queue is utilized and the search terminates after one is
Regards, /\_/\ "All dogs go to heaven."
dinesh at alphaque dot com (0 0) http://www.alphaque.com/
| for a in past present future; do |
| for b in clients employers associates relatives neighbours pets; do |
| echo "The opinions here in no way reflect the opinions of my $a $b." |
| done; done |


text: The Brian Lehrer Show Published by The Brian Lehrer Show City Quiz Download this audio Want to embed this player? Use the code below. More info. <iframe frameborder="0" scrolling="no" height="130" width="100%" src="https://www.wnyc.org/widgets/ondemand_player/wnyc/#file=/audio/json/24183/&share=1"></iframe> Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Email a Friend Alison Rosen, associate features editor, Time Out New York andBillie Cohen, contributing editor, Time Out New York - let listeners prove their knowledge of the City Test yourself. Take the Time Out New York Quiz


text:
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PRECAUTIONS: Before taking this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to aspirin, caffeine, codeine, or butalbital; or to other barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital), salicylates (e.g., salsalate), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., ibuprofen), narcotic pain medications (e.g., morphine) or xanthine derivatives (e.g., theophylline); or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: asthma (including a history of worsening breathing with runny/stuffy nose after taking aspirin or other NSAIDs), brain disorders (e.g., seizures, head injury, tumor, increased intracranial pressure), breathing problems (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-COPD, sleep apnea), bleeding/blood clotting disorders (e.g., hemophilia, von Willebrand's disease, thrombocytopenia), a certain enzyme disorder (porphyria), disease of the pancreas (e.g., pancreatitis), heart disease (e.g., irregular heartbeat, recent heart attack), certain enzyme deficiencies (pyruvate kinase or G6-PD deficiency), gout, liver disease, kidney disease, heartburn, growths in the nose (nasal polyps), a certain spinal problem (kyphoscoliosis), gallbladder disease, personal or family history of regular use/abuse of drugs/alcohol, mental/mood disorders, stomach/intestinal problems (e.g., stomach/intestinal ulcers, infectious diarrhea, colitis), adrenal gland problem (e.g., Addison's disease), difficulty urinating (e.g., due to enlarged prostate or urethral stricture), underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), recent bowel/abdominal surgery.Before having surgery, tell your doctor or dentist that you are using this medication.This drug may make you dizzy or drowsy. Do not drive, use machinery, or do any activity that requires alertness until you are sure you can perform such activities safely. Avoid alcoholic beverages.This medicine may cause stomach bleeding. Daily use of alcohol and tobacco, especially when combined with this medicine, may increase your risk for stomach bleeding. Limit alcohol and stop smoking. Consult your doctor or pharmacist for more information.This medication contains aspirin. Children and teenagers less than 18 years old should not take aspirin if they have chickenpox, flu, or any undiagnosed illness, or if they have just been given a live virus vaccine, without first consulting a doctor about Reye's syndrome, a rare but serious illness.Some children may be more sensitive to very serious side effects of the codeine in this product, such as extreme sleepiness, confusion, or slow/shallow/noisy breathing. (See also Warning section.)Older adults may be more sensitive to the side effects of this drug, especially confusion, dizziness, drowsiness, slow/shallow breathing, stomach/intestinal bleeding and ulcers, and trouble falling asleep. Confusion, dizziness, drowsiness and trouble falling asleep can increase the risk of falling.Before using this medication, women of childbearing age should talk with their doctor(s) about the risks and benefits. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or if you plan to become pregnant. This medication is not recommended for use during pregnancy. It may harm an unborn baby and interfere with normal labor/delivery. Consult your doctor for more details.This drug passes into breast milk and could have undesirable effects on a nursing infant. Therefore, breast-feeding is not recommended while using this drug. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding.
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text:
HAND-L ArchivesArchiver > HAND > 2004-08 > 1092454151
From: Nancy Jo Price <>
Subject: Re: [HAND] Jesse Fletcher Hand 1816 - 1899
Date: Fri, 13 Aug 2004 23:29:18 -0400 (EDT)
I am wondering if the researcher has used the abrevation for WI in place of NY in her e-mail
The following is the forward printed in my familie's Hand genealogy.
"Prepared by Alice L. Reed in Dec. of 1976."
"My (Alice's) great Grandfather was Jesse Hand, born in New Jersey. Jesse's wife, Charlotte was born in Pennsylvania. They moved to Tuscarawas County, Ohio, where my gradnpa Daniel Hand was born April 8, 1830. They later settled in Kosciusko Co., Indiana, where Amos, Nancy Jane, Elemuel, and Prudence were born.
Grandpa Daniel Hand enlisted in the Civil War, Co. K, 88th Indiana, was wounded and later discharged.
Great Uncle Elemuel Hand, 5' 7", blue eyes, enlisted in Civil War when 15 years old, Aug. 20, 1861, and was discharged Feb. 14, 1865. In 1863 he married Martha Jane Deardorf.
The following material is of interest to this Genealogy record and is from a letter written to Sheila Kay Hand, a granddaughter of Uncle Will Hand, and dated June 23, 1967. The letter was given to Alice Reed by Uncle Will. It was written by Phyllis Hand Rose, (Mrs. Frederick C. Rose, Sr., 226 East Warnimont Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53207
""My great-great grandfather was Heman Hand, born in New Lebanon, N. York, the son of Lt. Abraham
Hand of the Revolutionary War. He had the following brothers: Jesse, John, Abraham, Elias and
Joseph. Last year, quite by accident, I found the grave of Jesse at Lyons, Wisc. near Lake Geneva and
consequently have considerble data on on all of his descendants. (meaning Phyllis Hand Rose has info.).
Jesse was a magistratae and one of the founders of Lyons. He was born in 1784. Heman Hand had the
following sons: William, Joseph, Heman, Hosea, Henry and Alva. I (Phyllis) am descended from William
who was born in Onondaga County, N. York and settled in Allen County, Ind. He married Sabrina
Phoebe Chapman..........
The Hand family has been a very illustrious on down through the centuries but unfortunately not much
history a out them has been printed because no one cared enough to take the time to write a history of
the family. The Hand name first appears in the 11th Century in Ireland as O'Hand, then became DeHand
during the Norman invasion of England and finally the English name Hand. We also have many royal
blood lines in the family, one of whom is Egbert, the first English king.
The wife of Lt. Abraham Hand traces her lineage back to John and Priscila Alden of the Mayflower. I
(Phyllis) joined the DAR through Lt. Abraham and my (Phyllis's) son is a member of the SAR.""
I can't verify any of the above quoted information. The "Hand Family Tree" was given to me by my mother shortly after it was published. Neither Alice Reed nor Phyllis Hand Rose sight any sources for their information. If anyone knows of errors that I have shared, please notify the list so we can all correct what I have shared.
Nancy Price
-----Original Message-----
From: Steve <>
Sent: Aug 13, 2004 6:29 PM
Subject: Re: [HAND] Jesse Fletcher Hand 1816 - 1899
I would like to ask you a question.
Where did you get the information about John Hand being killed at sea by
I am a direct decedent of John Hand who died at sea, who had a son John and
who settled in East Hampton Long Island NY.
Now maybe this is not the same John Hand who died at sea who had a son named
John Hand but it sure sounds the same.
If it is the same person then I don't think John #2 settled in Wi. I don't
even think Wi. was settled back then.
Please clarify...
Steve Hand
----- Original Message -----
From: "Patricia Benison" <>
To: <>
Sent: Friday, August 13, 2004 3:29 PM
Subject: Re: [HAND] Jesse Fletcher Hand 1816 - 1899
> There are lots of Jesse's out there
> My grand father Jesse Richard Hand was born in Lyons, Walworth Co., Wi.
> in 1876.
> His lineage startes in England. With a John Hand who was killed by
> pirates and buried at sea.
> His son John came to America and settled in Lebanon, Columbia County,
> Wi.
> From there I was able to trace them back to Walworth County, Wi. town
> of Lyons.
> Thus my grandpa, Jesse Richard.
> My finding has been Cape May, NY
> and Columbia county, (Lebanon and a place called (back then) Hand
> Hollow.
> I do have lots of names but are filed away and will go through them as
> time permits.
> Will say "Fletcher" rings a bell
> In meantime do check Columbia Co. Ny.
> ==== HAND Mailing List ====
==== HAND Mailing List ====
Please keep chat mail private. The reply automatically goes to the list.
Please reply to the list if it includes any Hand data and may be of
interest to other researchers. However, you will need to change the
"reply to" address if it is ONLY to the sender.
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This thread:
|Re: [HAND] Jesse Fletcher Hand 1816 - 1899 by Nancy Jo Price <>