text:
Dysregulation of the expression and secretion of inflammation-related adipokines by hypoxia in human adipocytes
The effect of hypoxia, induced by incubation under low (1%) oxygen tension or by exposure to CoCl2, on the expression and secretion of inflammation-related adipokines was examined in human adipocytes. Hypoxia led to a rapid and substantial increase (greater than sevenfold by 4 h of exposure to 1% O2) in the hypoxia-sensitive transcription factor, HIF-1α, in human adipocytes. This was accompanied by a major increase (up to 14-fold) in GLUT1 transporter mRNA level. Hypoxia (1% O2 or CoCl2) led to a reduction (up to threefold over 24 h) in adiponectin and haptoglobin mRNA levels; adiponectin secretion also decreased. No changes were observed in TNFα expression. In contrast, hypoxia resulted in substantial increases in FIAF/angiopoietin-like protein 4, IL-6, leptin, MIF, PAI-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA levels. The largest increases were with FIAF (maximum 210-fold), leptin (maximum 29-fold) and VEGF (maximum 23-fold); these were reversed on return to normoxia. The secretion of IL-6, leptin, MIF and VEGF from the adipocytes was also stimulated by exposure to 1% O2. These results demonstrate that hypoxia induces extensive changes in human adipocytes in the expression and release of inflammation-related adipokines. Hypoxia may underlie the development of the inflammatory response in adipocytes, leading to obesity-associated diseases.
KeywordsAdipokines Adipose tissue Hypoxia Inflammation Obesity Metabolic syndrome
fasting-induced adipose factor
- HIF-1α
hypoxia inducible factor 1α
monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
monocyte migration inhibitory factor
plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
RNA II polypeptide A
- TNFα
tumour necrosis factor-α
vascular endothelial growth factor
White adipose tissue has traditionally been considered as primarily a vehicle for the storage of fuel in the form of triacylglycerols, but several other functions are now recognised for the tissue. In particular, adipose tissue is a major endocrine organ secreting several key hormones, notably leptin and adiponectin [11, 26, 29, 37, 38]. These hormones are part of the large group of protein signals and factors secreted by adipocytes, termed adipokines, many of which are linked to immunity and the inflammatory response [14, 26, 29, 38]. These encompass major cytokines and chemokines, including TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, MCP-1 and MIF [11, 26, 38].
Obesity, which is characterised by a major expansion in adipose tissue mass, is associated with a state of chronic mild inflammation, there being increased circulating levels of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, IL-6, IL-18, haptoglobin, MIF and PAI-1 [11, 14, 26, 38]. The production of a number adipokines increases during the expansion of adipose tissue mass in the obese (for example, leptin, MIF, TNFα and PAI-1), with the result that there is an inflammatory state within the tissue [11, 14, 26, 38]. An exception is adiponectin, which has an anti-inflammatory action [25, 49]. Inflammation in WAT is considered to be causal in the development of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome linked to obesity [11, 14, 26, 29]. There has, however, been little focus on why the rise in adipose tissue mass in the obese should lead to the increased production of inflammatory adipokines. One possibility, which we have recently suggested, is that it is a response to relative hypoxia in clusters of adipocytes distant from the vasculature, inflammation serving to increase blood flow and stimulate angiogenesis [38, 39].
Hypoxia, which occurs, for example, in solid tumours and during wound healing, induces a series of adaptive responses by cells, and a key role in the transmission of the hypoxic response is played by the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors, particularly hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) [6, 13, 32, 33, 44]. HIF-1 is composed of two subunits, HIF-1β, which is constitutively expressed, and HIF-1α, which is recruited in response to low O2 tension to yield the functional transcription factor [6, 32, 44]. HIF-1α is present in murine clonal adipocytes, and hypoxia has been shown to induce an increase in the expression of leptin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in these cells [21]. Recently, hypoxia has also been reported to induce the production of PAI-1 and to inhibit the synthesis of adiponectin by 3T3-L1 adipocytes [4]; it is also reported to induce the expression of visfatin in these cells [31]. HIF-1α has been identified in human adipose tissue and is reported to be increased in obesity [3]. However, the extent to which human adipocytes respond to hypoxia and which genes are hypoxia-sensitive are unknown.
In the present study, we have examined the effects of hypoxia on the expression and secretion of key adipokines linked to inflammation in human adipocytes differentiated from fibroblastic preadipocytes in culture. The results demonstrate that hypoxia, whether through low O2 tension or induced chemically by CoCl2, leads to a marked recruitment of HIF-1α in human adipocytes and that expression of the GLUT1 facilitative glucose transporter in adipocytes is hypoxia-sensitive. Importantly, the expression and secretion of several adipokines, including FIAF/angiopoietin-like protein 4, IL-6, leptin, MIF and VEGF, is stimulated by hypoxia in human adipocytes, while adiponectin and haptoglobin are inhibited.
Materials and methods
Human adipocyte culture
Human subcutaneous preadipocytes, derived from adipose tissue pooled from seven female subjects, were obtained (together with culture media) from Zen-Bio (USA). The patients had a mean body mass index of 25 (range 22.5–28.2) and average age of 41 years (range 27–51 years).
Cells were trypsinized from a 75-cm2 flask and plated at a density of 40,000/cm2 in a 24-well plate and maintained in preadipocyte medium containing Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM)/Ham's F12 (1:1, v/v), 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), 15 mM HEPES, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin and 0.25 μg/ml amphotericin B at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 95% air/5% CO2. Cells were induced at confluence by incubation in differentiation medium composed of adipose medium (AM) supplemented with 0.25 mM isobutyl methylxanthine and 10 μM of a PPARγ agonist for 4 days. The cells were then cultured with AM containing DMEM/Ham's F-12 (1:1, v/v), 3% FCS, 1 μM dexamethasone, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin and 0.25 μg/ml amphotericin B. The medium was changed every 3 days.
Fully differentiated cells at day 15 post-induction were treated with CoCl2 or exposed to 1% O2 for up to 24 h. For CoCl2 treatment, wells incubated without CoCl2 were used as controls; 75–200 μM CoCl2 was used in initial experiments, and 100 μM CoCl2 was employed in a time course study. For exposure to hypoxia, the cells were transferred to a MIC-101 modular incubator chamber (Billups-Rosenberg, USA), which was flushed with 1% O2, 94% N2 and 5% CO2, and sealed and placed at 37°C for up to 24 h as indicated. The control cells were cultured in a standard incubator (21% O2 and 5% CO2). The cells were harvested in 700 μl of Trizol (Invitrogen, UK) or 150 μl of lysis buffer per well at the stated time points. Media were collected and centrifuged at 1,000 rpm for 10 min to remove cell debris and the supernatant stored at −20°C until required for analysis. All incubations at each time point were performed in replicates of up to six wells.
RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis
Total RNA was isolated from cells using Trizol, and 1 μg of RNA was treated with DNase I (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. RNA concentration was quantified from the absorbance at 260 nm; all samples had a 260/280 nm absorbance ratio of 1.7–1.9.
One microgram of DNase I-treated RNA was reverse-transcribed using a Reverse-iT™ 1ST strand synthesis kit (Abgene, UK) in the presence of anchored oligo dT in a total volume of 20 μl.
Real-time PCR
Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) were carried out in a final volume of 12.5 μl consisting of 12.5–50 ng of reverse-transcribed cDNA mixed with optimal concentrations of primers and probe and qPCR™ core kit (Eurogentec, UK) in 96-well plates on a Mx3005P detector (Stratagene, USA).
The primer and probe sets were designed using Primer Express software (Applied Biosystems) and synthesized commercially; the primers and TaqMan probes were from Eurogentec. TaqMan probes were labelled with a reporter fluorescent dye (FAM: 6-carboxyfluorescein) at the 5′-end and a fluorescent dye quencher (TAMRA: 6-carboxy-tetramethyl-rhodamine) at the 3′-end. The sequence and optimal concentrations of primers and probes, together with the size of products, are as detailed previously [41, 42], with the exception of GLUT1, FIAF, HIF-1α, MIF and POLR2A which were as follows.
GLUT1 (93 bp): 5′-ATACTCATGACCATCGCGCTAG-3′ (forward), 5′-AAAGAAGGCCACAAAGCCAAAG-3′ (reverse) and 5′-FAM-TGGAGCAGCTACCCTGGATGTCCTATCTGA-TAMRA-3′ (probe);
FIAF (117 bp): 5′-GATGGCTCAGTGGACTTCAACC-3′ (forward), 5′-CCCGTGATGCTATGCACCTTC-3′ (reverse) and 5′-FAM-CCAGACCCAGCCAGAACTCGCCGT-TAMRA-3′ (probe);
HIF-1α (75 bp): 5′-TCCAGTTACGTTCCTTCGATCA-3′ (forward), 5′-TTTGAGGACTTGCGCTTTCA-3′ (reverse) and 5′-FAM-CACCATTAGAAAGCAGTTCCGCAAGCC-TAMRA-3′ (probe);
MIF (74 bp): 5′-AGCCCGGACAGGGTCTACA-3′ (forward), 5′-GCGAAGGTGGAGTTGTTCCA-3′ (reverse) and 5′-FAM-CTATTACGACATGAACGCGGCCAATGT-TAMRA-3′ (probe);
POLR2A (81 bp): 5′-ATGGAGATCCCCACCAATATCC-3′ (forward), 5′-CATGGGACTGGGTGCTGAAC-3′ (reverse) and 5′-FAM-TGCTGGACCCACCGGCATGTTC TAMRA-3′ (probe).
Typically, the amplification started with 2 min at 50°C, 10 min at 95°C and then 40 cycles of the following: 15 s at 95°C and 1 min at 60°C.
Human POLR2A was used as an endogenous reference. This housekeeping gene was selected based on comparison with β-actin, where POLR2A demonstrated no significant changes in expression when exposed to CoCl2 and 1% O2 (data not shown). Relative quantitation values were expressed using the \( 2^{{ - \Delta \Delta \operatorname{Ct} }} \) method (see user bulletin no. 2, ABI Prism 7700, pp 11–15, Applied Biosystems), as fold changes in the target gene normalised to the reference gene (POLR2A) and related to the expression of the untreated controls. The PCR efficiency in all runs was close to 100%, and all samples were analysed in at least duplicate.
Measurement of HIF-1α and adipokines by ELISA
Total HIF-1α in cell lysates was measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (R&D Systems, UK) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Cells were solubilised in lysis buffer consisting of 50 mM Tris (pH 7.4), 300 mM NaCl, 10% (w/v) glycerol, 3 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 1 mM MgCl2, 20 mM β-glycerophosphosphate, 25 mM NaF, 1% Triton X-100, 25 μg/ml leupeptin, 25 μg/ml pepstatin and 3 μg/ml aprotinin. Before measuring HIF-1α by ELISA, the total protein content of the lysates was determined by the BCA protein assay reagent (Sigma, UK).
Adiponectin, IL-6, leptin, MIF and VEGF were measured in cell culture media using commercial ELISA kits (R&D Systems). The assays were conducted in 96-well microplates according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Measurement of HIF-1α by Western blotting
Samples were prepared as described above for the HIF-1α ELISA assay. Fifteen micrograms of protein were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and then transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. The membranes were blocked and probed with polyclonal goat anti-human HIF-1α (R&D Systems) or mouse monoclonal anti-α-tubulin (Sigma, UK) as the primary antibody, then subjected to HRP-conjugated anti-goat IgG (R&D systems) or anti-mouse IgG (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) as the secondary antibody. Specific proteins were visualised with the enhanced chemiluminescence reagent (Amersham, UK).
Statistical analysis
The results are expressed as mean values±SE. Differences between groups were analysed by unpaired two-tailed Student's t tests.
HIF-1α expression during differentiation of human adipocytes
HIF-1α protein expression was examined at day 0 and day 14 using a specific ELISA and was detected at both time points. In parallel with the mRNA level, HIF-1α protein was substantially higher in preadipocytes than in adipocytes (Fig. 1c).
Response to CoCl2 treatment
To assess whether human adipocytes respond to the CoCl2-induced increase in HIF-1α protein by increasing the expression of 'classical' hypoxia-sensitive genes, the mRNA level of the GLUT1 facilitative glucose transporter was examined as a reference; this gene is recognised in other cells to be upregulated under hypoxic conditions. Treatment with CoCl2 induced a sixfold increase in GLUT1 mRNA level in the adipocytes (Fig. 2b).
The expression of a series of inflammation-related adipokine genes was then examined in the CoCl2-treated adipocytes, and three distinct responses were observed. No effect was found on TNFα or adipsin mRNA level at either of the two doses of CoCl2. There was, however, a significant reduction in mRNA level for adiponectin, MCP-1 and haptoglobin (Fig. 2b). Adiponectin mRNA level was decreased three to fourfold, MCP-1 by up to fivefold and haptoglobin mRNA by less than half with both concentrations. In the case of IL-6, the high dose of CoCl2 reduced mRNA level threefold, but there was no response with the lower dose (Fig. 2b). In contrast, CoCl2 treatment resulted in a marked increase in mRNA level for FIAF, leptin, MIF, PAI-1 and VEGF. The increase was six to sevenfold for VEGF and FIAF, and two to fourfold for PAI-1, MIF and leptin (Fig. 2b).
Time course of response to CoCl2
GLUT1 was again used as a hypoxia-sensitive reference gene, and the pattern of the time course of the changes in GLUT1 mRNA level was similar to that of HIF-1α protein. The mRNA level was significantly increased (2.3-fold) by 2 h, peaking at 8 h, at which point it was 14-fold higher, gradually declining thereafter (Fig. 3c).
In contrast, to the genes described so far, no effect was found on mRNA level throughout the 24-h incubation period in the case of adipsin (Fig. 4b), while TNFα mRNA was also unchanged except for a transitory increase at 2 h only (Fig. 4a). There was, however, a significant reduction in mRNA level for adiponectin and haptoglobin after 8–16 h of the treatment; by 24 h, adiponectin and haptoglobin mRNA was decreased by 15.7-fold and threefold, respectively (Fig. 4).
Induction of HIF-1α protein and GLUT1 gene expression by low O2 tension
GLUT1 mRNA level was markedly increased (fivefold) after 4 h of exposure to 1% O2 (Fig. 5c) and reached a peak at 24 h, being 14-fold higher than in cells maintained under normoxia. After exposure to hypoxia for 8 h, the level of GLUT1 mRNA returned to normal after 16 h in 21% O2 (Fig. 5c).
Regulation of adipokine gene expression by low O2 tension
IL-6, MIF and PAI-1 mRNA levels also showed significant increases in response to hypoxia, but these increases (2.5-fold to fivefold at 24 h), were less than those exhibited by FIAF, leptin and VEGF. Returning the adipocytes to 21% O2 led to a reversal by 16 h of the hypoxia-induced increases in IL-6, MIF and PAI-1 mRNA levels; in the case of IL-6, the mRNA was lower than in control cells at 16 h after the transfer from hypoxic to normoxic conditions.
In contrast to the genes described so far, there was a significant reduction in adiponectin and haptoglobin mRNA levels by the end of the 24-h exposure period, the decrease being two to threefold (Fig. 6b). This reduction was reversed after 1 h of reexposure to 21% O2, but surprisingly was evident again after 16 h of reexposure. Adipsin mRNA level showed a significant, but very small, increase at 8 and 16 h (1.5 and 1.7-fold, respectively). There were no significant changes in the level of TNFα mRNA during exposure to 1% O2, while MCP-1 mRNA was also unchanged after 4 and 24 h of hypoxia. For reasons that are not apparent, there was a significant reduction in MCP-1 mRNA at 8 h, and this was sustained 1 h after return to normoxia (Fig. 6b).
Adipokine secretion in hypoxia
In marked contrast to adiponectin, there was a significant increase in leptin, MIF and VEGF release after both 8 and 24 h exposure to hypoxia (Fig. 7c–e). The increases in secretion were modest for MIF, but substantial in the case of both leptin and VEGF. Thus, after 24 h of hypoxia, leptin release was tenfold higher, while that of VEGF was fourfold greater. Elevated rates of secretion were still evident after transfer of the adipocytes from hypoxic to normoxic conditions, indicating a long-term carryover effect of low O2 tension. The secretion of IL-6 was not altered after 8 h of exposure to hypoxia, but it was significantly increased at 24 h (Fig. 7).
An important recent development in our understanding of obesity is the emergence of the concept that it is characterised by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation [7, 9, 38]. White adipose tissue produces a number of adipokines linked to inflammation, including adiponectin, IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, MCP-1 and MIF [11, 14, 26, 38], and their synthesis is generally substantially increased in obesity—with the exception of adiponectin whose production and circulating levels fall [15, 45]. We have recently proposed that hypoxia may occur in adipocytes distant from the vasculature as adipose tissue mass expands and that this underlies the inflammatory response exhibited by the tissue [38]. The central aim of the present study was to examine the effects of hypoxia on the expression and secretion of key inflammation-related adipokines in human adipocytes.
The transcription factor HIF-1 is a key signal in the cellular response to hypoxia, the α-subunit of which is highly induced by hypoxia [13, 32, 44]. HIF-1α expression was evident in human adipocytes, as noted previously in murine fat cells, and the level of both the mRNA and the protein fell after the induction of differentiation. It has been reported previously that HIF-1α mRNA level in 3T3-L1 cells peaked at 3 h after the addition of induction medium and then rapidly decreased [16]. Immunoreactive HIF-1α has been reported in murine adipocytes, and hypoxia results in an increase in the amount of the protein in cultured fat cells [4, 21]. We have observed that the HIF-1α gene is expressed in human, mouse and rat WAT depots, and expression occurs in both the mature adipocytes and in the cells of the stromal vascular fraction. A previous study has suggested that HIF-1α is predominantly expressed in the stromal vascular fraction of obese subjects [3].
Hypoxia stabilises HIF-1α protein, which is otherwise (under normoxic conditions) degraded by an ubiquitin-dependent proteasome [32]. Total HIF-1α protein level in human adipocytes increased rapidly and substantially under hypoxic condition, both with 1% O2 and by treatment with CoCl2. The elevated HIF-1α protein rapidly fell on return to 21% O2, and the level was even decreased compared to controls after 1 h of reoxygenation. Thus, the accumulated HIF-1α in human adipocytes is rapidly degraded on returning to normoxia. Indeed, it was observed in another human adipocyte system (SGBS cells) that HIF-1α protein declined to control levels by just 10 min after return to 21% O2 (Wang, unpublished results).
CoCl2, a known inducer of HIF-1α, has been widely employed as a hypoxia mimic and was used here to examine the effects of chemically induced hypoxia on adipokine gene expression. Previous studies have shown that at a global gene expression level, both CoCl2 and ambient hypoxia regulate a similar group of genes, and the observed similarity in gene expression appears to be dependent on functional HIF-1α [40]. CoCl2 stabilises HIF-1α under normoxia via inhibition of the iron-containing HIF prolyl hydroxylase enzyme, which plays a critical role in mediating normal hypoxic signalling by modifying HIF-1α and targeting it for degradation.
Our results demonstrate that CoCl2 rapidly induces an accumulation of HIF-1α and influences the expression of key inflammation-related adipokines in human adipocytes. Other studies have also found that CoCl2 (100 μM) causes HIF-1α accumulation in various cell types, including bone marrow stromal cells, cancer cells and brown adipocytes [20, 24, 27]. In contrast to protein levels, HIF-1α mRNA level was inhibited by CoCl2 treatment. This indicates that CoCl2 modulates HIF-1α at the posttranslational rather than the transcriptional level. There is, however, evidence for hypoxic induction of HIF-1α mRNA in some cells [17, 43].
Under hypoxia, GLUT1 gene expression has been shown to increase in several cell types, including rat liver cell lines and fibroblasts [1, 5], Chinese hamster ovary cells [48] and in human cancer cells [12]. Our data demonstrate that GLUT1 expression is also substantially upregulated by hypoxic conditions in human adipocytes. Measurement by Western blotting (using a specific antibody) of GLUT1 in total tissue lysates of adipocytes exposed to 1% O2 demonstrated that the level of the protein was also increased by hypoxia; at 24 h, GLUT1 protein was eightfold higher than in the normoxic controls (Wood, unpublished results). This phenomenon presumably reflects an adaptation of glucose metabolism to hypoxic conditions, with a marked stimulation of glycolysis in the face of a fall in aerobic metabolism.
During the adaptive response to hypoxia, the expression of several genes encoding glycolytic enzymes is recognised to increase [34]. To sustain higher levels of glycolysis, there is a need for an increase in glucose uptake, and this would be aided by an increase in the level of GLUT1 expression in hypoxia. GLUT1 is a key facilitative glucose transporter in white adipocytes, but other transporter isoforms such as GLUT4, GLUT8, GLUT10 and GLUT12 are also expressed in the cells [46, 47].
The main focus of the present study was the effects of hypoxia on the expression and secretion of adipokines, and qualitatively similar results were obtained over the same time scale with both 1% O2 and CoCl2 treatment. Given the mechanism of action of CoCl2, this is consistent with the effects of hypoxia on adipokine production being mediated by HIF-1. Of the adipokines studied, the expression of TNFα and adipsin were not altered, and these genes would seem not to be hypoxia-sensitive. However, the expression of both adiponectin and haptoglobin (an acute phase protein) in human adipocytes was reduced by hypoxic conditions, and in the case of adiponectin, this was also evident at the level of the secretion of the protein into the medium. The reduction, albeit modest, in adiponectin production in human adipocytes by hypoxia is consistent with a recent report in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes [4]. There was a discrepancy in the present study between the changes in the scale of alterations in adiponectin mRNA level and the amount of adiponectin secreted into the medium. This may, however, reflect the lag between changes in mRNA and alterations in secreted protein.
In marked contrast to adiponectin, hypoxia stimulated the expression of the genes encoding FIAF, IL-6, leptin, MIF, PAI-1 and VEGF. VEGF is involved in the development of the vascular system, promoting angiogenesis, and is well known to be activated by hypoxia [50]. In the present study, an increase in VEGF protein secretion, as well as mRNA level, was observed in human adipocytes with hypoxia. This is in agreement with studies on rat omental adipose tissue and on murine 3T3-F442A adipocytes [21, 51].
Leptin is the most extensively studied adipokine, and adipose tissue is quantitatively the main leptin-producing organ. Activation of leptin gene expression by hypoxia resulted in a substantial increase in leptin release by human adipocytes. This would be expected to reduce food intake and stimulate energy expenditure, and as such, hypoxia could provide a mechanistic basis for the increase in leptin as adipose tissue mass expands in obesity. Leptin has been reported to be an angiogenic factor [35], and the physiological significance of a hypoxia-mediated induction of leptin secretion by adipocytes may relate to a local effect to stimulate the development of new blood vessels during adipose tissue expansion. Therefore, increased leptin production, together with that of VEGF, under hypoxic conditions could also reflect an adaptive process to promote angiogenesis, allowing appropriate oxygenation of adipose tissue. It has been previously established that leptin is a hypoxia-inducible hormone, and its production is increased by hypoxia in tissues such as the placenta, cardiac myocytes and cancer cells [8, 10, 23] as well as in murine 3T3-F442A adipocytes [21].
FIAF (also known as angiopoietin-like protein 4) is expressed particularly in adipose tissue and the liver, and has been suggested to play a role in adipose differentiation, systemic lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis [18]. In parallel with the activation of leptin and VEGF, FIAF expression was highly activated by hypoxia in human adipocytes; FIAF expression has also been shown to be hypoxia-sensitive in cardiomyocytes through a HIF-1-dependent pathway [2]. The major upregulation of FIAF by hypoxia in adipocytes may again relate to angiogenesis, this being one of the functions suggested for this protein [22]. However, a major effect of FIAF is in the clearance of plasma triglycerides through an inhibition of lipoprotein lipase, and it also appears to stimulate lipolysis [18]. Thus, the hypoxia-induced stimulation of FIAF production may alter lipid utilisation.
The present study shows that the expression and release of MIF, a potent macrophage migration inhibitory factor which has recently been shown to be secreted from human adipocytes [36], was also stimulated by hypoxia. MIF has been described as a pro-inflammatory agent, and elevated expression has been seen in many inflammatory pathologies. Although MIF may play a role in the normal adaptive response to hypoxia, it is likely that exaggerated expression of MIF may contribute to the inflammatory state. It has also been proposed that MIF may play an important role in oncogenic transformation and tumour survival, and recent studies have implicated MIF in the regulation of VEGF expression [28]. In this context, during hypoxia, elevated MIF expression may play an important role in enhancing angiogenesis as well as macrophage recruitment. In contrast to MIF, no consistent pattern was observed with MCP-1, an important factor in macrophage recruitment; the acute, but transitory, increase in MCP-1 mRNA observed with CoCl2 may reflect an effect of the metal unrelated to hypoxia.
The expression and release of the classic inflammatory factor IL-6 was significantly upregulated by hypoxia. Thus, hypoxia can directly affect key components of the inflammatory cascade within adipose tissue. The expression of PAI-1, an acute phase protein involved in fibrinolysis, was modestly increased in human adipocytes by hypoxia, consistent with the effects observed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes [4]. Induction of PAI-1 expression by hypoxia has also been reported in HepG2 cells [19] and in vascular smooth muscle cells [30].
Overall, the present results indicate that a number of genes are hypoxia-sensitive in human adipocytes and suggest that HIF-1 is involved in the transmission of the response to low O2 tension in these, as in other, cell types. The hypoxia-sensitive genes in adipocytes include those involved in basic metabolic processes, such as glucose transport, as well as those linked to energy balance, inflammation and angiogenesis. The stimulation of IL-6, leptin, MIF, PAI-1 and VEGF expression, together with the downregulation of adiponectin synthesis, is consistent with our recent proposal that hypoxia may underlie the inflammatory response in adipose tissue in obesity and play a causal role in the development of obesity-associated diseases [38]. There was, however, no effect of hypoxia on the expression of TNFα, a key pro-inflammatory cytokine. The hypoxia-induced changes in IL-6 and adiponectin, with its anti-inflammatory action, in particular, might be expected to impact on insulin sensitivity.
We are grateful to Dr. Aphrodite Vasilaki and Professor Malcolm Jackson for providing access to the hypoxic chamber and to Mr. Leif Hunter for his help. We also gratefully acknowledge the receipt of funding from the BBSRC (UK).


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Customer reviews for 25 Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee
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Showing 1 to 5 of 9 reviews
36 of 48 people found the following review helpful:
Way funnier than I expected!!, Jul 16, 2007
from Fort Wayne, Indiana USA
Seeing that I saw it in Chicago and not NYC, I'll just do a review on the show. I'm a teenager who loves musicals but I didn't know if I was ready to see a bunch of nerds spell in one. I was baffled by how they preformed and loved how the whole show was put together. They stayed in character the whole time! Marcy kept a straight face through all of the funny words, Logainne's gay dads were hilarious and Will Barfée and Leaf Coneybear were both funny! The audience interaction was pretty neat! Poor Robin Alexis Childress (Olive Ostrovsky, Chicago) almost tripped over my Dad's backpack and ended up leaping over it! All of the cast members autographed my second playbill and were very nice. I would recommend any musical fan to see it!
38 of 50 people found the following review helpful:
intimate sweet and edgy, Jun 01, 2007
Cam Sawzin
from Boston
I was the cellist who played the Boston run of Spelling Bee. I've
played many runs of "big hit shows" and am here to tell you the
musicans never were bored or tired of participating in this very
magical production. It was never quite the same each night, and
often came close to performance art. Funny, gorgeous score I loved
playing and talented actors who were child-like without pretence.
This show never got old in 3 months of performances. You will love
35 of 54 people found the following review helpful:
Boo to unexpected "Adult" version of Bee show, Jan 23, 2007
from nyc, ny
We had tickets for a recent Sunday evening and arrived at the theater to find many groups of parents and children huddled in bewilderment outside because when they went go in with their previously bought tickets they were met by a sign that said: "This show is for adults only". I asked what that meant and was told that the language was going to be a bit racier than usual. Although I was dismayed for those parents who had traveled far, eagerly anticipating a fun family night at the theater; we adults, no prudes, went in. None of us had seen the lauded show before and although the first 15-20 minutes were funny we all soon found ourselves bored and uncomfortable with the predictable, gratuituous, sophmoric jokes. Where were the sweet characters, the touching story we had paid to see. Buried in somebody's idea of a joke on the audience because they got bored of playing the show as it was originally presented? If I'd want burlesque,I'd pay for it. Foul play. Boooo, Who can I complain to?
37 of 55 people found the following review helpful:
Disrespectful of American Symbols, Nov 23, 2006
from Anytown, AT 55555
They begin the play by being disrespectful of both the American flag and the National Anthem. If American do not display respect for our National symbols, why should other nations? Then in the middle they insert political putdowns that have nothing to do with a spelling bee or young students. The teacher sings way too much not to have a better voice. She attempts to carry the play and simply is not a strong enough singer.
45 of 57 people found the following review helpful:
VERY FUNNY!, Nov 22, 2006
from Anytown, AT 55555
This show was absolutley hilarious. Though there was no meaning or plot the humor surpassed that. The language of origin and definition parts were very funnyas well as all the songs, and the gym was cleverly designed. It was definitley a show the whole family would love.
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Louisville, Kentucky
I am a freelance photographer currently based in Louisville, Ky. So far, I have finished 2 books - 1 of my brother's wedding and the other of my trip to Scotland.
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The Catholic Church Is Training New Exorcists To Handle All The Demand
The Catholic Church in the U.S. is having serious issues with supply-and-demand right now. Apparently, the DEVIL is possessing more people than ever . . . and they just don't have the fleet of EXORCISTS they need to fight back.
–According to the Catholic News Service, demand for exorcisms in the U.S. is HUGE. But there are only about five or six exorcists certified by the Catholic Church right now . . . and they can't get to everyone.
–So over the weekend, the Church held a special workshop in Baltimore, to get a bunch of new bishops and priests certified in exorcisms. Fifty-six bishops and 66 priests showed up.
–And the workshop wasn't just for training . . . it was to help the clergymen learn the signs that someone really DOES need an exorcism, not just psychiatric help.
–Bishop Thomas Paprocki of Springfield, Illinois organized the conference. He says the biggest signs that someone's possessed include speaking in tongues, feats of strength, a fear of Holy water, and cutting or biting the skin.
–The Church hasn't said WHY there's been a rise in exorcism requests lately. Yeah, the movie "The Last Exorcism" was a hit this year, but exorcism movies have been coming out regularly for decades, and it's never led to an increase before.
–Under the law of the Catholic Church, only priests who have been trained and certified can perform exorcisms, and even then they can only do it with permission from their bishop.


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Think of a martini any flavor and spirit combination and Kristauf's Martini Bar probably serves it.
The bar menu has more than 80 drinks, including classic martinis made from high-end vodka or gin, designer cocktails and martinis, as well as a full bar with all varieties of top-shelf liquor. The menu has switched recently to showcase a Top 10 list as well as the bar's 12 new martini selections.
The décor is simple, but appealing. There's a trio of comfortable couches which three friends and I managed to secure recently bar seating and tables with a mostly black and silver theme. There are unobtrusive prints and photographs on the walls, and colored lights over the bar. This fairly minimalist interior is welcoming and says Kristauf's is more about the people and the drinks.
Ah, the drinks! I tried a Banana Split ($8.50), while one friend tried the Pin-Up Girl ($8.50), a selection from the Top 10 list. Later we split a Crisp Pear ($8.50). All were outstanding. My male guest went for a top-shelf classic: Bombay Gin with vermouth, dry ($9 for an ounce-and-a-half), which he declared to be perfectly concocted. The bartender also whipped up a fruity concoction ($3) for a friend who doesn't drink.
Those perfectly mixed drinks are one reason Justin Nelson-Carruth enjoys Kristauf's. She also finds the bar enjoyable and welcoming without being pretentious.
Sisters Jill and Lisa Christoffersen, who opened the bar 13 years ago, say the original idea came while vacationing in San Diego.
"While there we visited the Martini Ranch; we had such a good time and were impressed with the theme of the bar," said Jill, who noted that at the time Salt Lake had few upscale conversation bars somewhere to go for a drink before or after dinner or the theater. "Most bars at the time were either large dance clubs or dinner clubs."
After returning from vacation, the siblings hunted for a location and opened one year later. They opened a second location in Park City in 2006 but sold it in 2009. In 2011, they expanded to Holladay and sold that location in February of this year. It is still being operated under the Kristauf's name.
The Christoffersens say their original downtown location is really "two bars in one."
On most evenings, the bar offers a low-key lounge vibe, where guests can relax and converse while enjoying a cocktail. On Fridays and Saturdays, starting about 9:30 p.m., the vibe kicks up a notch as Salt Lake DJs spin old-school soul, funk and Top 40 dance music.
The Christoffersens pride themselves on excellent customer service and their ability to host large groups. They've had engagement parties, bachelorette and bachelor parties, birthdays, wakes. … "We have even hosted two weddings for couples that met here," Jill said.
The bar offers private martini classes and has teamed with two Salt Lake City businesses, AmberMay and Mystical Match, to offer monthly dating and relationship advice as well as mystical-themed events. The next event is May 9.
"The events are different every month and Jill and I usually try to come up with a fun and new themes with a mystical twist, of course," said Pamela Michael, creator of Mystical Match. Past themes have included Psychic Dating, Mystical Mojo and Psychic Stoplight Party.
Baya Voce, co-founder of AmberMay, wanted to work with Kristauf's because of its appeal to the 30-plus age group and its classic ambience.
"The atmosphere is mellow and fun," she said. "You can come with a group of friends and scope out the hotties or come on your own and have a great time mingling with new people."
Kristauf's Martini Bar
The cocktail menu includes more than 80 drinks. There are DJs on weekends, plus special dating and mystical-themed events.
Where • 16 W. Market St., Salt Lake City; 801-366-9490
Open • Monday through Saturday, 4:30 p.m. to 1 a.m.
Online • martinibarslc.com


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USA Today published an article today that revealed their vote for "Quarterback of the Decade". Tom Brady edged out Peyton Manning by a single vote. As much as I would like to argue this, I cannot. I can try, but it's probably futile. FML.
What put Brady over the edge was his 3 Super Bowl Rings and 2 Super Bowl MVP's. For most of the decade, Manning couldn't get over the hump, and although this could be his 2nd ring next weekend, he still falls a hair short. Statistically, Manning owns Brady. He has more yards, more TD's, and more commercials. Quite frankly, Manning's numbers are ridiculous, but when you think of this decade you think of the New England Patriots and their signal caller.
If Manning had gone 2-1 against the Pats in the playoffs as opposed to 1-2, I promise you I would be going bonkers in favor of Manning.Ā The number differential is unable to eclipse the championships and the weight that is put on a QB in winning them. Peyton took home 4, repeat 4, regular season MVP's to Brady's 1, but everything always comes back to big games. This point is made clear in the article.
A player's greatness is always validated by his championships. Peyton Manning on the cusp of his 2nd Super Bowl ring may go down as the best quarterback that ever lived. He will undoubtedly be considered a better quarterback than Tom Brady when it's all said and done. For this decade, it's the New England Patriots and Tom Brady is reeping the benefits of that.


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1998 Honda Accord Reviews and Owner Comments
1998 Honda Accord owners review and rate their 1998 Honda Accord.
Login to Review This Car
1998 Honda Accord (9 Reviews)
Crashed on the freeway, man-- this car saved my life. Nothing all too bad to the car, fixable. But, cost-let's not discuss onto that. Overall always great with me. I will ONLY love this Honda.
1998 Honda has been a great car! My third accord, the only real complaint is paint issue had peeling of clear coat. I did a repaint and is going strong. Plan on driving for quite awhile
I've driven about 100 cars and some I've driven for a while. Out of all of those cars none come close to how good this car is all around. I have maintained this car perfectly and it has never disappointed. The interior is still perfect and the engine runs great. great gas mileage and power. it is 98' Vtec 4 cylinder but it gets up and goes. this car is very easy to fix and not expensive compared to other vehicles. The only cars that i have driven that are better cost about 30,000 more than this one did. Great first car, very safe and yet a great family car and overall beauty.
When I bought this car it was 3 yrs old from the dealer. Its been a wonderful car. Fantastic milage (still 34mi per gallon on the highway). Very realiable. I give it due maintenance and it has paid me back very well. No problems. I love it. A few year ago my husband bought a 2007 Honda accord. Its also great. But I love the 1998 Honda. I love the way it sounds when I turn it on. Very clean, crisp sound. Better than the 2007 model we have. This is the 3 honda in our family. My son has a 1997 Accord .
Super. Bought new. All factory still except brake work,filters, whipers.
Knock on wood...for another 200k+
Knock on wood...for another 200k+
I've got this car since 1998... overall the body was seem to be cheap. after just 5 years, visible rusting in side panels occurred. power windows is so slow when it moves, interiors doesn't seem great. feels very spartan and plastic. engine knocks, valve cover leaks, distributor failure, ECU failure, alternator twice, and etc. what a headache.
This is a 6cyl Honda Accord ES. We have had no warranty work done on it and have the oil and filter changed by the Honda dealer. We had another 1998 Honda Accord 4 cyl on which there was only 46,000 miles when I purchased a Honda S2000, 1997 model. All vehicles are serviced by the Stockton Honda dealer. The 6cyl one will soon be due for a timing belt replacement. It has a little over 90,000 miles on it. As things stand now we would not purchase any other make than a Honda. We always purchase the top of the line model for the engine type that we get and only buy new vehicles.
Great car, suspension is kinda soft! Very reliable
Very reliable, I would buy another one next time.


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Get an update on changes of the IACR web-page here. For questions, contact newsletter (at) iacr.org. You can also receive updates via:
To receive your credentials via mail again, please click here.
You can also access the full news archive.
Further sources to find out about changes are CryptoDB, ePrint RSS, ePrint Web, Event calender (iCal).
Our ideas seem to be particularly suitable for signature schemes whose security, in the random oracle model, is based on standard worst-case computational assumptions. Our signatures are shorter than any previous proposal for provably-secure signatures based on standard lattice problems: at the 128-bit level we improve signature size from (more than) 16500 bits to around 9000 to 12000 bits.
Motivated by this result, we investigate the minimal number of stateless tokens needed for universally composable OT/secure computation. We prove that our protocol is optimal in this regard for constructions making black-box use of the tokens (in a sense we define). We also show that nonblack-box techniques can be used to obtain a construction using only a single stateless token.
assigned to the Web Public Key Infrastructure (Web PKI) and trusted
by current browsers imposes severe security issues. Apart from being
impossible for relying entities to assess whom they actually trust, the
current binary trust model implemented with the Web PKI makes each
CA a single point of failure. In this paper, we present the concept of
trust views to manage variable trust levels for exactly those CAs actually
required by a relying entity. This reduces the set of trusted CAs
and minimizes the risk to rely on malicious certicates issued due to CA
failures or compromises.
the services, decision making, mining, and the incident resolution processes in Bitcoin. We also show that third-party entities can unilaterally decide to \"devalue\" any specific set of Bitcoin addresses pertaining to any entity participating in the system. Finally, we explore possible avenues to enhance the decentralization in the Bitcoin system.
They defined several security notions for {\\PPE} and studied their relationship. They also proposed a concrete scheme which preserves
the orthogonality of encrypted vectors. The proposed construction is claimed to achieve the strongest security notion
of property preserving encryption, called {\\LoR} security. In this work, we take a critical look at the three security theorems in the context of {\\PPE} from~\\cite{PR12}. In particular, we show
that the Pandey-Rouselakis construction does not even satisfy the weakest notion of security for {\\PPE}. We also note that
their separation results between different notions of security for {\\PPE} stand vacuous in the absence of any concrete example. We fill up this gap in the separation results of~\\cite{PR12} by suggesting an example construction of
Provable security has been an area of contention. Some, such as Koblitz and Menezes, give little credit to the potential extra security provided and argue that it is a distracting goal. However, others believe that an algorithm with a security proof is superior to one without it, and are prepared to accept the impact to performance that their use might involve. Goldreich has been notable for his defence of the security proof, and for his opposition to the view of Koblitz and Menezes.
This paper is designed to help the reader make their own decisions on security proofs. We achieve this by giving an introduction to the typical security model used, then give a description of the EDL signature scheme and its tight reduction to the CDH problem in the Random Oracle Model, then analyse the proof\'s assumptions, meaning, validity and overhead for real world security.
In this paper we revisit the DSSE problem. We propose the first DSSE scheme that achieves the best of both worlds, i.e., both small leakage and efficiency. In particular, our DSSE scheme leaks significantly less information than any other previous DSSE construction and supports both updates and searches in sublinear time in the worst case, maintaining at the same time a data structure of only linear size. We finally provide an implementation of our construction, showing its practical efficiency.


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I cannot overemphasize how unimpressed I was by her over the course of two hours.
It would be hard to overemphasize the importance of this particular service which missions are rendering.
I do not think it possible to overemphasize Gourmont's sense of beauty.
Sevčik was in many ways a wonderful teacher, yet inclined to overemphasize the mechanical side of the art.
The difficulty lies chiefly in the temptation to overemphasize.
Over and under do not ordinarily call for a hyphen; overemphasize, underfed, but over-careful, over-spiritualistic.
We cannot overemphasize the importance of squeezing your trigger.
These examples are rather bald, and overemphasize the method in order to make it clear.
It is practically impossible to overemphasize the importance of the boy's vocational choice.
In general we overemphasize that side of morality which consists in abstinence and not doing wrong.


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Anytime you want to break my heart, you can just have Don call her "birdie."
Four years old, and I was on the subway, the old BMT from Brooklyn to Manhattan, just making the matinee of Bye, Bye, birdie.
Mego knew, as well as did the Woman and "Scotty," that birdie meant no harm.
Please dig some roots up, Lucy, and we'll plant them on birdie's grave.
birdie swung herself to the side of the bed; her wealth of crow-blue hair fell over her shoulders; sleep trembled on her lashes.
birdie laughed dutifully, but her retort was rather disconcerting.
And he said—it was so like him—'We'll offer her a grandfather, anyhow, birdie.'
"Aboot the cross-bow an' the birdie, ye ken," answered David, in a tone of surprise.
birdie and my own Staff disliked the idea of chancing mines with million pound ships.
I shouted to birdie and we turned and ran for it—for our lives, I mean.
Strange, possibly crazy: acts birdy during her period


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The dipsomaniac and the abstainer are not only both mistaken, but they both make the same mistake.
Why do they not ring the bell and remove the dipsomaniac prize-fighter?
The drunkard who drinks in spite of himself is, strictly speaking, a dipsomaniac, and is diseased and insane.
I liked him very much, but, unlike most Mahomedans, he was a dipsomaniac.
The present Duke had none of the spirit or sense of his ancestors, and was, moreover, a dipsomaniac.
When he came up he was within arm's reach of the dipsomaniac.
Nelda is the nymphomaniac sister, and Geraldine is the dipsomaniac.
In England a spendthrift or dipsomaniac can only be controlled when he has spent all his money.
Remember what I said as to the phenomena presented by the dreamer, the hypnotic subject, the dipsomaniac, the narcomaniac.
He must no more trifle with the girl than a dipsomaniac with the brandy bottle!


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The Land Before Time - Ultimate Box Set 1-13 Complete
Shipping Destinations for this item
Sorry, this product is currently unavailable.
Includes the films:
The Land Before Time
The Great Valley Adventure
Time of Great Giving
Journey Through the Mist
The Mysterious Island
The Secret Of Saurus Rock
The Stone of Cold Fire
The Big Freeze
Journey to Big Water
The Great Longneck Migration
Invasion of Tinysauruses
The Great Day Of Flyers
The Wisdom of Friends
Region 2
Sound: Dolby Digital
Main Language: English
For more information and our Delivery Policy see here.
For more information and our Returns Policy see here.


text:
Polar Heat™ Heated and Cooled Quad Chair with Two Arm Rest Coolers (Blue)
by Polar Heat | Item #: 213328 | Model #: 000632 |
Non-members pay 10% surchargeJoin now!
- Free Pickup
Delivery estimates, taxes, and fees are based on ZIP Code. Club Pickup orders are based on your club's current price and item availability on the day of payment.
About this itemPolar Heat™ heated and cooled quad chairs have two arm rest coolers that allow you to store an entire 24 pack in your seat!
Polar Heat™ heated and cooled quad chairs allow you to control your own climate using a Polar Heat™ Hot Pack in the seating surface when it is cold, and a Polar Heat™ Cold Pack in the seating surface when it is hot. These seats feature two integrated, arm rest coolers and insulated drink holders. The coolers allow you to store up to 24 canned beverages. This seat has a comfortable oversized seating area. Transport is easy with the oversized carry bag with padded backpack style shoulder straps. The armrest coolers are detachable and attach to the outside of the carrying bag to allow transport of the coolers already loaded with beverages.
For additional questions or concerns regarding this product, please contact the Manufacturer's Customer Service Department at 1.620.229.9800 or e-mail email@example.com.
Assembled Country
Assembled Size
Open seat dimensions: 22.5"L X 37"W x 38"H
Component Country


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Doctor of Philosophy
The Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing degree at The University of Southern Mississippi prepares scholars with a leadership focus to contribute to the science, practice, and profession of nursing through systematic research inquiry and theory development. Our program is designed to prepare scholars for research, academic careers, and leadership positions in universities or health related organizations. We embrace a student-centered learning approach with flexible learning strategies and the use of technology to facilitate meaningful scholarly interactions. Students work closely with faculty mentors who guide and oversee their educational program from admission through completion of degree requirements.
The PhD program offers two tracks: Post-Masters and BSN to PhD. The Post-Masters track requires 48 hours credits during a minimum of 24-30 months of full-time study. The BSN to PhD track requires 60 hours credit during a minimum of 36-42 months of full-time study. Both full-time and part-time study is available.
Admission Application Deadlines
March 1, May 1, September 1, or November 1
Admission Requirements:
- Completed application to The University of Southern Mississippi Graduate School and College of Nursing.
- Graduate from a baccalaureate or master's program accredited by the National League for Nursing Accreditation Commission or the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education.
- Minimum 3.0 GPA for the most recent nursing degree.
- Completion of the Graduate Record Examination (verbal, quantitative, and analytical writing sections).
- An unencumbered registered nurse (RN) license.
- Curriculum vitae or professional résumé.
- Submission of three (3) letters of reference from individuals (doctoral level nursing individuals preferred ) familiar with the applicant's academic/professional background and experience in nursing practice, specifying in detail the applicant's capability for doctoral study.
- Cover letter of introduction and a personal statement of research interests submitted with application.
- An interview (face-to-face or via telephone).
- Proof of current CPR certification, criminal background check, hepatitis, Tdap, and MMR immunizations, and TB test or titer.
- TOEFL or IELTS if International applicant.
Additional Information:
Apply to the PhD Program


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(Aug. 8, 2011) The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) in Strasbourg is the main court defending human rights in Europe and applying the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHRFF). Pursuant to article 46 of the Convention, States Parties "undertake to abide by the final judgments of the Court in any case to which they are parties." (ECHRFF, CETS No 005, Council of Europe website (last visited Aug. 5, 2011).) Hence, at the national level, states must ensure implementation of ECHR judgments by taking action to redress the unjust situation of those found to have been wronged, through paying "just satisfaction," that is, compensation, to the victim, abolishing or amending impugned legislation, and/or changing illegal practices. (ECHRFF, art. 41, id.)
Execution of the judgments rendered by the ECHR is assigned to the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, the 47-member European international organization that promotes rule of law and human rights. The respondent state prepares "action reports" to inform the Committee of measures it plans to take at the national level. Since the entry into force of Protocol No. 14 to the ECHRFF on June 1, 2010, the Committee of Ministers has the authority to refer a respondent state to the ECHR if the state refuses to abide by an ECHR decision or if there are problems in interpreting that decision. (Execution of Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, Council of Europe website (last visited July 29, 2011).)
Although most of the Council of Europe Member States comply promptly with ECHR judgments, some states are chronically slow in implementation. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe has often criticized the delayed implementation of ECHR judgments in nine states: Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine. Thomas Hammarberg, the Council of Europe Commissioner on Human Rights, recently pointed out that slow implementation of ECHR judgments is a serious issue, because "a prompt, full and effective execution of the Court's judgments is a key for the effective implementation of the European Convention's standards in domestic law." (Judgments Issued by the European Court Cannot Be Ignored, THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE COMMISSIONER'S HUMAN RIGHTS COMMENT (July 19, 2011).)
Detailed information on the implementation of ECHR judgments is published in the annual report prepared by the Committee of Ministers. The 2010 report was published on April 19, 2011. (COUNCIL OF EUROPE COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS, SUPERVISION OF THE EXECUTION OF JUDGMENTS OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS: 4th ANNUAL REPORT 2010 (Apr. 2011).)


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3 Recommendations
DesignDingo's recommendation
It's dark, you can't see, but the glow of the toilet paper leads you to the magic throne. Or something like that. Leave it in your guest bathroom and don't say a word...
gr33n3y3s's recommendation
Perfect for TP-ing, ohh the middle school days. I guess it would be nice for those middle of the night trips as well
Lainy77's recommendation
In a world where scientific discovery and exploration is slowly but surely unravelling the myriad mysteries of the universe, it's gratifying to know that some idiot can still find time to come up with such a ludicrous invention as Glow In The Dark Loo Roll.


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Product Information
Dogs can't wait to face the cold in this cuddly PuppyPAWer Striped Hoodie by Dogo!
Why We Love It:
Everyday fleece pullover hoodie with stripe sweater sleeves makes for a warmer winter. Sweatshirt has a pocket on back and a pointy hood. Made of 100% polyester. Leash hole at neck for easy attachment.
Sizing Information:
X-Small: Chest 11-14" Neck 7-9" Length 7-9"
Small: Chest 14-17" Neck 9-11" Length 9-11"
Medium: Chest 17-19" Neck 11-12" Length 11-13"
Large: Chest 19-21" Neck 12-14" Length 13-15"
X-Large: Chest 21-23" Neck 14-15" Length 15-17"


text:
Free Download
Beed Reporter continues to keep the honors. From news, to information, to entertainment, our offerings have something for everyone.all news of our district from beed,Georai,ambejogai,parli,majalgaon,patoda,wadwani,kaij,dharur,shirur, ashti, national and international as well. Beed Reporter Marathi covers international, national and local news, politics, business and sports.
Reporter is the largest read & circulated Marathi language evening newspaper in beed. Newspapers are the important part of our daily lives as they give us insight to the recent news and happenings occurring across the country and world. Going with its philosophy Beed Reporter covers international, national and local news, politics, business and sports. Since more than two decade,now Beed Reporter is highlighting the every aspect of growing and developing India.
Beed Reporter is continuously making inroads into Maharashtra and expanding its reach to maximum readers in the region. In a way to attract maximum attention of its readers, the daily Marathi newspaper also attach specialized supplements with the newspaper. The supplement along with the newspaper engages the readers in a better way as they are highly focused on addressing specific reader needs. In addition, the daily Marathi newspaper also brings daily love horoscope, bollywood gossips, jokes, business news, latest updates from sports, recipes and many more for its Marathi readers. With a sole aim to offer latest news updates on a diverse range of topics such as business, politics, sports, entertainment, finance etc, the team of Beed Reporter is working hard. The newspaper brings in expert views of eminent editor on various issues. Marathi Beed Reporter has expanded its network in various cities of Maharashtra. Currently, the daily Marathi newspaper is enjoying circulation in beed,Georai,ambejogai,parli,majalgaon,patoda,wadwani,kaij,dharur,shirur, ashti. At present, Beed Reporter has 1 million reader bases.
News coverage is regional, city, national and international. Read the latest developments in politics, business and finance, society, entertainment, lifestyle, photos, science and technology and sports. City news covers major cities like New Delhi, Mumbai, Pune, Bangalore, Chandigarh, Ahemdabad, Bhopal etc. States are extensively profiled, some of the major states being Maharasthra, Gujarat, Punjab, Madhya Paradesh, Uttar Pradesh etc.
We are sticklers for being number 1. Voted as Beed's number 1 evening news paper in 2013, This is the Beed Reporters Electronic paper version.Electronic paper is also known as e-paper and is a technology designed to imitate the look and style of ordinary ink and paper.News can travel almost instantly around the world.Environmentally friendly alternative to newsprint.Extremely fast news,Completely Free,No personal information required Interactive news.In India's news magazine Express Computer you can find an interesting overview of how electronic paper could become a usable digital alternative to real paper in the long run.The Beed Reporter independent editorial stand and its reliable and balanced presentation of the news have over the years, won for it the serious attention and regard of the people who matter in India and abroad.Beed Reporter uses modern facilities for news gathering, page composition and printing.


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Would you like to save as your currency permanently or for this visit only?
Beautiful view, friendly staff, the spa is great, good breakfast ... etc.
Fantastic location, friendly staff, great spa and gym facilities, fantastic pool, good restaurant, free wifi, great rates. Only criticism is the tiny shower in the room. The ensuite shower was too small.
The service was excellent and immediate. The staff and hotel management were very friendly. The view is spectacular and the room was perfect! Clean, cosy and renovated to the latest detail. The food in the restaurant was very good and the prices very reasonable. We enjoyed the Spa which has everything you might think so much! The breakfast buffet had a lot of things but weren't as tasteful as the restaurant experience. The quality of the breakfast wasn't so bad but could have been better for such a hotel.
The Ambrosia restaurant that is inside
Beautifully located family run hotel with stunning outlook Good but expensive food Bed was very uncomfortable
The views are beautiful. Breakfast is very good. The room was relatively big with adequate closet space and many hangers. The pool area and spa building with salt water hydrapool are very nice. The shower is very small. It was difficult to shower without allowing the shower curtain, which did not look very clean, to touch my body. The hotel is a bit of a hike from the port. The hotel provided transportation and pick-up when asked, but did not inform us until check out that there was a charge for the service.
Nice environment, all services available in the hotel Transportation prices from and to hotel (compared to local buses)
Pool complex and location are wonderful but the hotel looks and feels like it was built say 30 years ago and some of the rooms need a serious make over. Itis such a shame that the stunning location of the hotel that the owners dont expend some money on the rooms. With thought and imagination this hotel could be top notch. The staff were lovely and could not have been nicer and I really appreciate The bedrooms rooms need some attention.


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The Trading EQ: 24 Money Psychology Hacks - FREE until October 17th (10/13/2016)
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Governor Cuomo Announces Joint Agreement Between OPWDD and State Police To Reform Abuse Reporting System
Governor Andrew M. Cuomo today announced an agreement between the Office for People With Developmental Disabilities (OPWDD) and the New York Division of State Police to establish consistent guidelines for which incidents of abuse against any of the 126,000 individuals receiving support from the Office for People With Developmental Disabilities and its network of nonprofit providers should be reported as potential crimes. This joint protocol is another step in a comprehensive agenda being pursued by the Governor and OPWDD Commissioner Courtney Burke to assure the safety, cost effectiveness, and quality of care of those individuals and to streamline government in a way that puts New Yorkers first.
"Government programs operate effectively and provide better services for taxpayers when they work together," Governor Cuomo said. "This cooperative agreement between OPWDD and the State Police will strengthen care and protections for individuals with developmental disabilities, and is another step forward in our comprehensive plan for a government which runs better in a cost-effective way."
A report to law enforcement is to be made in instances such as:
· Intentional hitting, slapping, pinching, kicking, hurling, strangling or shoving of an individual receiving services by a staff member;
· Any sexual contact that occurs between a person receiving services and an employee;
· Any sexual contact that occurs between two persons receiving services in which one person uses force or coercion;
· Any situation where a staff member knowingly fails to act or acts in a manner that is injurious to the physical or mental welfare of an individual unable to care for himself or herself;
· Any instance where a person dies in a manner in which the cause of death is unknown, or in which the individual is not under the care of a physician and the death is not due to natural causes; and
· Theft and property crimes against people receiving services.
The directors of OPWDD's 13 regionally-based Developmental Disabilities Services Offices (DDSOs), as well as executive directors of nonprofit provider agencies, will partner with their local law enforcement entities to develop consistent procedures for reporting incidents—including how reports are processed and incidents are investigated, as well as designating a staff liaison for local law enforcement. OPWDD will provide training to recruits and other members of the State Police Academy regarding the challenges of interviewing witnesses and investigating crimes against people with developmental disabilities.
For incidents in which there is a question on whether law enforcement should be involved, a designated member of the State Police's Bureau of Criminal Investigations Special Victims Unit will assist in a review. This individual will participate in meetings with local State Police units to provide guidance in the development of reporting procedures.
The agreement between OPWDD and the State Police goes into effect on August 15.


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Help me save my Kobo Glo
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Device: Kobo glo
Help me save my Kobo Glo
I have been using my Kobo Glo as a comic reader (and have been loving it) with cbz files.
Today, after copying a very large file (about 700 MB) on it, it froze while rebuilding the library; I tried rebooting the device, which has made things worse: my Kobo never managed to boot at all, instead just getting stuck and I had no way of even accessing its memory to remove the file I believe was causing all this.
After reading that the Glo's back is clipped in and that internally it has a standard microsd card storing the firmware and user accessible memory, I opened it and tried mounting it directly on my pc. Unfortunately, it appears the memory card has been corrupted, since neither windows nor freebsd can recognize the partition table anymore.
Is there any kind soul who has made an image of the Kobo Glo's internal microSD and who could post it so that I could try reimaging it with dd and see if I can get my device back to life?
Thanks a lot in advance.
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Hispanics want chief fired
Blunt staffer under fire for comments.
Published Tuesday, September 11, 2007
JEFFERSON CITY (AP) - Some Hispanic groups called for Gov. Matt Blunt's chief of staff to be fired yesterday for a remark they said was offensive but that the governor's office said has been misinterpreted.
Blunt's chief of staff, Ed Martin, remains on the job, but a state employee offended by his comment has resigned.
At issue is a remark Martin made during an Aug. 17 meeting of the Missouri Housing Development Commission while Martin was representing Blunt as a member of the board.
Commission members were questioning an attorney for developer Pete Hennessey, whose company has been accused by O'Fallon city officials of hiring a subcontractor using illegal immigrants for a taxpayer-subsidized housing project. Hennessey has denied the assertion.
Hennessey's attorney was saying that an electronic means of verifying the workers' legal status wasn't available at the time, when Martin cut him off and chastised him for trying to debate the availability of the computer program.
"I'll tell you what's available is every frigging developer can figure out who is illegal, and when he says - like he told them - there's a bunch of Mexicans out there, I guess some of them are probably not legal," Martin said, according to a transcript of the meeting.
Jim Torres, the commission's secretary and legislative liaison, sent Blunt a letter Wednesday taking offense at Martin's "inflammatory comment" and asking the governor to order Martin to publicly apologize at the commission's September meeting. Torres said he was the grandson of Mexican immigrants and noted his uncles and father all served in the U.S. military.
"I am extremely proud of my Mexican heritage, culture and especially my family, and I will not let anyone demean or degrade it, least of all Mr. Martin," Torres wrote.
Torres submitted his resignation the next day - the same day that Martin sent his boss, housing commission director Pete Ramsel, a letter describing Torres' letter as "both unprofessional and inappropriate."
Martin wrote that his remark was directed only at the O'Fallon development, "where illegal workers from Mexico were at issue."
"I was paraphrasing what I had been told there and acknowledge I could have been clearer," Martin wrote. "I certainly meant no harm to Jim or anyone else."
But some Hispanic leaders aren't satisfied with that explanation.
Nothing short of Martin's firing and an apology from the governor's office will suffice, said Rita Valenciano, president of the Coalition of Hispanic Organizations, who was joined by other Kansas City-area Hispanic leaders at a news conference.
"This statement made by the chief of staff and the governor's office in 2007 makes it one of the most profiling and racist statements to come from the governor's office in recent history in Missouri," she said.
Valenciano drew little distinction between whether Martin was speaking on his own behalf or paraphrasing a developer at the hearing. She said that even if Martin were paraphrasing the comments of someone else, he should have gone out of his way to distance himself and Blunt's office from suggesting that some Mexicans at work sites are likely to be illegal immigrants.
Torres is on paid vacation pending his official resignation on Sept. 20. Today, he declined to say whether he resigned as a result of Martin's remark.
"I find it ironic that Mr. Martin would characterize my comments in my letter of Sept. 5, 2007, as 'both unprofessional and inappropriate,' " Torres said. "I think anyone in attendance at the Aug. 27, 2007, commission meeting would find his inflammatory comments and behavior in a public meeting extremely unprofessional and inappropriate for someone representing the governor of the state."
Blunt spokeswoman Jessica Robinson stressed that "no one meant any harm to Mr. Torres" and noted the director of the housing commission "felt compelled to apologize to our office for his former employee's claims."
Ramsel, who was at the August meeting, said he did not initially recall Martin's remark. But after reading the transcript, Ramsel concurred with Martin's explanation that it appeared to address the alleged use of illegal workers at that particular O'Fallon work site.
Ramsel said he saw a draft of Torres letter before it was sent and thought it was inappropriate for Torres to complain to Blunt about Martin while signing the letter in his official capacity instead of as a private citizen.
"I told him it was his choice, but I did not encourage it," Ramsel said.
He declined to say whether Torres resigned voluntarily or was asked to do so.
Copyright 2007 Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
Copyright © 2007 The Columbia Daily Tribune. All Rights Reserved.
The Columbia Daily Tribune


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Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 is more proof that operating systems aren't dead, they're becoming vessels for containerized applications. RHEL 7 performed well in our testing, but it's worth noting that this no longer just a simple OS it's an increasingly abstracted component in the larger Red Hat ecosystem.
Although Red Hat took a long time between the RHEL 6 and 7 releases, during that period they've been sending numerous updates poised towards stable infrastructure.
Another key point -- Red Hat's virt/virtualization core seems to have taken a back seat to LinuXContainers (LXC), as Red Hat has embraced and financially sponsored Docker containerizing components in a number of ways.
Red Hat has increased support for hosting Windows products in this release. For Red Hat, Microsoft is less of a target and more of a grumbling ally in terms of systems support. Overall support for hosting virtualized Windows Server Editions is less obscure than when we tested RHEL 6.
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text: After-market Movers For April 4 (BBBY, SHLM, RT, CKEC, PSMT) 4/4/2012 7:20 PM ET Shares of Bed Bath & Beyond Inc. (BBBY) surged more than 5% in after hours trading after the home furnishing retailer reported better than expected fourth quarter results.A. Schulman Inc. (SHLM) shares slipped more than 9% in extended hours trading after the chemicals maker reported second quarter earnings that missed analysts' estimate.Ruby Tuesday Inc. (RT) shares dropped more than 12% in late trading after the casual dining chain reported lower than expected third quarter revenue and forecast full year adjusted earnings below analysts' current consensus estimate.Shares of Carmike Cinemas, Inc. (CKEC) fell more than 7% in after hours trading after the digital cinema and 3D motion picture exhibitor said that it it has commenced an underwritten public offering of 4 million shares of its common stock.PriceSmart Inc. (PSMT) shares lost more than 2% in extended hours trading after the operator of membership shopping warehouse clubs reported second quarter earnings below Wall Street expectations. by RTT Staff WriterFor comments and feedback: email@example.com News 10 Best Cites For Start-Ups The 10 Richest Football Clubs In The World Top Ten Luxury Destinations In Africa


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In 2010, Mike Daisey -- who had previously garnered acclaim for 21 Dog Years, a book and monologue about his experiences working for Amazon in the late '90s -- published a new monologue titled The Agony and the Ecstasy of Steve Jobs. In it, Daisey discusses his geekiness, his love for Apple products, and even his admiration for Steve Jobs's ability to "[make] us need things we never even knew we wanted."His love and admiration took a hit, however, when he read about someone purchasing an iP … [Read more...]
This American Lie: The Ecstasy and Agony of Mike Daisey
April 9, 2012 by 4 Comments


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My Princess Jess muscled her way through a narrow opening in deep stretch on the inner turf course to register a three-quarter length victory in the $150,000 Lake George Stakes (gr. IIT) (VIDEO) at Saratoga July 25. She earned her third straight victory for Roy and Gretchen Jackson's Lael Stable.
Ridden by Eibar Coa, the daughter of Stormy Atlantic has posted back-to-back graded stakes wins since being moved to the barn of Barclay Tagg this spring. My Princess Jess took advantage of a narrow gap between the fading pacesetter Stealin' Kisses and the leader Alwajeeha inside the eighth pole. Replays showed she jostled Stealin' Kisses while cutting back to the hedge and engaging for the lead. She outfought Alwajeeha from there to take control in the final strides.
An inquiry was held into the stretch run, but stewards decided not to make a change in the order of finish. They left My Princess Jess ($6.10, $3.40, $2.30) on top and Alwajeeha ($6.40, $3.70) in second. Zee Zee ($2.80) finished third.
"You don't like to lose races, especially after you win them," Tagg said of the inquiry. "I wasn't too worried about her getting through. She's pretty gutsy. She has run on soft turf, but not against this type of competition. She has a lot of ability and courage, and she showed that today."
Tagg said that My Princess Jess would be given a break and he would aim for the Belmont's Garden City (gr. IT) at nine furlongs Sept. 6 and Keeneland's Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup (gr. IT) over the same distance Oct. 11.
Favored Mousse Au Chocolat had a miserable trip in her first try on American soil. She balked after the starting gate opened and spotted the field several lengths, then found more trouble in the stretch and gave way, finishing last.
"My filly couldn't pick it up," said jockey Christophe Lemaire, over from France to ride the 9-5 choice for trainer Jean-Claude Rouget. "The inside horse (Receipt) crossed my line (In the stretch) and I nearly fell down" after clipping heels.
Stealin' Kisses, with Alwajeha in close attendance and My Princess Jess stalking on the inside, loped along through the opening six furlongs in quarter-mile clips of :25.24, :50.14 and 1:14.59. Alwajeha, ridden by John Velazquez, made a bid for the lead on the outside coming into the stretch and edged away approaching the furlong pole. But My Princess Jess, who steadied on the first turn, managed to squeeze through as Stealin' Kisses, who clipped heels with the winner, gave way in the lane.
Coa described an eventful trip aboard the winner.
"She was a little closer than I wanted her to be, and I had to take a kind of big hold on her. She didn't like it. That's why she was throwing her head up (on the first turn). But I think (on the backstretch) she relaxed and I was in a good position all the way to the quarter-pole. Then, I had nowhere to go. I needed to wait for a little bit of room. When I finally got it, she helped me out, splitting horses nice. She ran like much the best."
Zee Zee, with jockey Kent Desormeaux looking for his 5,000th victory, advanced three wide in the stretch but lacked the needed finish, and wound up two lengths behind the runner-up. Receipt, Stealin' Kisses and Mousse Au Chocolat trailed. Forest Trail was entered for the main track only.
The time for the 1 1/16-mile event for 3-year-old fillies was 1:44 flat over soft going.
My Princess Jess has four wins and three runner-up finishes in seven career starts (all on turf) with earnings of $285,420. Her victories have all come this year over different turf courses. My Princess Jess captured the Boiling Springs (gr. IIIT) at Monmouth Park in her last start for Tagg. Prior to that, the dark bay filly won Belmont Park's Gaviola Stakes for trainer Robert Barbara.
Bred by Adena Springs, she was sold for $50,000 at the breeder's 2-year-old sale in April 2007.
(Chart, Equibase)
My Princess Jess Muscles to Lake George
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Joya Hairs was born in Honduras before moving as a child to Jamaica, where she lived in Winefield. As an adult, Hairs lived in Guatemala and Jamaica, while making frequent trips to Mexico and various Central American countries. Hairs became a photographer at a young age, when she accompanied her father's boss, Mr. Dantoni on a trip with the Standard Fruit Company. Mr. Dantoni gave Hairs her first camera, a Rollei Cord. Over her career as a photographer, she produced varied commercial and artistic work, as well as prolific documentation of Mayan archaeology.
During Hairs' career as a commercial photographer, she often worked with Guatemalan government agencies as well as private companies. As part of these projects, she occasionally did non-photographic design projects, including logos. She also worked as a portrait photographer, specializing in families, children, and weddings. Eventually Hairs formed a photography and design company called "Detalles."
The bulk of Hairs' photography, however, was focused on Mayan archaeology and Guatemalan culture, as she accompanied many expeditions to Tikal and other sites. This work was closely connected to her later endeavors as the co-owner of Sakbé Wilderness Travel, Inc. With Suzanne W. Miles, an archaeologist, Hairs led safari-type trips through the Central American rainforests to Mayan ruins. Hairs took a special interest in the problem of artifact theft, participating in efforts to document stelae. She joined the Asociación Tikal, and worked with their Operacion Rescate, focused on the protection of Tikal.
In addition, Hairs recorded many Guatemalan traditions, including textiles, kite-making, and the Todos Santos and Semana Santa celebrations. Of particular note in this area are her photography of San Juan Comalapa, home of Andres Churuchich ("naive" artist) and his family, and the Todos Santos (All Saints Day) kite festival in Santiago Sacatepequez.
Hairs also translated these interests into writing, producing several manuscripts, one of which was published as
Joya Hairs passed away in Jamaica in 2014.
Containing photographs, slides, negatives, correspondence, research materials, and writings, the collection documents the life and work of Joya Hairs, photographer and writer. Much of the material concerns Mayan archaeology and modern Guatemala. The collection is organized into thirteen series, following Hairs' original organization where possible. The series are Archaeology, Sakbé, Comalapa, David Ordoñez, Commercial Work, Writings, Albums, Slides, Personal Materials, Collected Publications, Papers and Photographs of Sue W. Miles, Cassette Tapes, and Negatives. The Archaeology series includes two sub-series: Tikal and Operacion Rescate. The Sakbé series includes one sub-series: Sakbé Negatives. The Writings series includes two sub-series: Manuscripts and Notebooks. Researchers should note that materials on a certain subject or location may be distributed throughout the collection; they are encouraged to peruse the complete folder list.
Series One, Archaeology, includes photographs, slides, negatives, and other materials regarding archaeology in Central America. This is one of the larger series in the collection, and includes materials on sites such as Dos Pilas, Seibal, Yaxchilan, Kaminal-Juyu and Chichen Itza. It also includes materials not associated with a specific site, including photographs and slides of private and museum collections of artifacts. The series also includes two sub-series. The Tikal sub-series includes all the photographs and slides of Tikal archaeology, as well as materials for some projects linked to Associacion Tikal, including one audio-cassette. The Operacion Rescate sub-series includes images of Naranjo, El Peru, and Peten, taken by Hairs for Operacion Rescate's work, as well as an article written by Hairs about OR's activities.
Series Two, Sakbé, contains photographs and slides from Sakbé expeditions, mostly organized by year. Many of the expeditions are to the Peten area. The series also includes the Sakbé Guest Book and Ledger. The sub-series, Sakbé Negatives, contains mostly 120-format negatives, many of which are severely damaged. For this reason, the sub-series has not been entirely processed, but an initial inventory is provided for researchers.
Series Three, San Juan Comalapa, contains many images of Andres Churuchich and his family. Andres Churuchich was a "naïve" painter, whose work eventually gained popularity outside of Guatemala. His work and family are both documented in this series, through photographs and slides, as well as correspondence about Churuchich. The series also includes other images of San Juan Comalapa village life, including the Christmas Market (Mercado Navideño) and the aftermath of the 1976 earthquake, which destroyed many buildings in the area.
Series Four, David Ordoñez, contains mostly slides and accompanying audio. Ordoñez, an artist who depicts Guatemalan life and culture, asked Hairs to help him document his work for an exhibit/presentation entitled "Luz, Color, Textura." This series contains those slides, organized as they were in the original carousels, as well as other slides of Ordoñez at work. The cassettes in the series contain the audio that accompanied the presentations. The series also contains an exhibit catalog inscribed to Hairs from Ordoñez.
Series Five, Commercial Work, comprises Hairs' work for corporations and government agencies. The entities included are the Asociation Nacional de Café (ANACAFE), the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), Caterpillar, Empresa Electrica de Guatemala, The Episcopalian, Exploraciones y Explotaciones Mineras Izabal, S.A. (EXMIBAL), the Instituto Guatemalteco de Turismo, the Nello Teer concrete company, Tabacalera Centroamericana, S.A. (TACASA), and the Teatro Nacional de Guatemala. Most of the material is slides and photographs, but there are also some folders of correspondence, clippings, and other materials. At the end of the series are other published photos, organized by decade.
Series Six, Writings, contains written materials produced
by Hairs. The Manuscripts sub-series includes the drafts and layouts for "Chito"
Series Seven, Albums, contains photographs and a few writings that are (or were) housed in albums created by Hairs. Some albums contain a particular type of material (e.g. portraits), while some are focused on a location (e.g. France). Of particular note is the album of the Standard Fruit trip, on which Hairs received her first camera; the pictures in this album were taken with that camera.
Series Eight, Slides, contains all the slides that are not archaeological or commercial in nature. Some are labeled by location and some are labeled by subject; the two types of folders are intermingled in alphabetical order. Notable subjects include churches, portraits, textiles, and Todos Santos celebrations. Notable locations include Jamaica, Guatemala City, Lake Atitlan, Peten, and Santiago Sacatepequez. This is the largest series in the collection. Researchers are particularly encouraged to read the full folder list of this series, as many folders include slides of more than one subject or location.
Series Nine, Personal, comprises photographs and other materials from Hairs' personal life. In particular, there are materials from two exhibits of Hairs' photography, as well as hundreds of prints of places and people, particularly from the 1950s. Many of the prints are unlabeled, so this series includes several folders of prints whose subjects and/or dates are unclear. In addition to photographs, the series also includes notes, research, and correspondence. Hairs' personal interests in the artifact trade and pre-Hispanic Guatemala are represented.
Series Ten, Collected Publications, contains published materials which were owned by Hairs, but which do not contain her work. Most of the publications are on archaeological subjects, but a few are about photography. The final folder in the series contains publications on various subjects (the Maya, photography, and folklore), which contain inscriptions written to Hairs.
Series Eleven, Papers and Photographs of Suzanne W. Miles, contains the personal materials of Suzanne W. Miles, co-owner of Sakbé. The series includes negatives, photographs, writings, clippings, and correspondence. Of particular note is a manuscript in journal form, about Todos Santos celebrations, written in 1955. There are also prints and clippings on the subject. Miles' correspondence spans from 1962-1965, and covers both personal and professional topics.
Series Twelve, Cassette Tapes, contains 18 cassettes, mostly recorded by Hairs. They include recordings of a symposium at the Museo Nacional de Arqueologia y Etnologia called "Before Cortez", led by J.E.S. Thompson, as well as Thompson's BBC/Chronicle program, "Return to the Maya". Other recorded lecturers on archaeology and Meso-America include: Dr. Ignacio Bernal, Dr. Michael Coe, Dr. Herbert Quirin, Dr. Peter Turst, and Dr. H. Nicholson. There are also two tapes of narration to accompany a collection of slides called "Guatemala es Muchas Cosas", which can be found in the Slides series.
Series Thirteen, Negatives, is currently unprocessed because of the level of damage to most of the negatives. The negatives are mostly 120-format portraits, labeled by family name, though some commercial work and archaeological photography is also represented. Researchers wishing to view the negatives should contact an archivist.
Access to most material is unrestricted. Access to parts of the collection may be limited by preservation and conservation concerns.
Standard copyright restrictions apply.
Cite as: Joya Hairs Papers and Photographs, Benson Latin American Collection, University of Texas Libraries, the University of Texas at Austin.
The Joya Hairs Papers and Photographs Collection is classified under the following


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Breville Die Cast Blender Hemisphere 800BLXL Review


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VIDEO: 'Twilight' Documentary Trailer
A Twilight documentary? Why not?
In a new interview with MTV, the creators of the first ever documentary dedicated to the vampire sensation explain what fans can expect.
Director Jason Brown reveals, "One of the things that you'll see in the film is how vampires actually relate to Forks, and whether there's some truth to the characters that you're familiar with. This teaser gives you a glimpse at that."
He goes on, saying, "You'll see shots of the forest and some shots of signs about vampires. You'll meet a real-life Bella and a real-life Alice that are in Forks."
Wow. Just wow. Watch the trailer below:
Twilight in Forks will be released on DVD on October, with plenty of juicy town secrets revealed.
Excited to see the documentary? Share your thoughts in the comments section.