text:
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
The design, synthesis and screening of diversity-oriented peptide libraries using a "libraries from libraries" strategy for the development of inhibitors of α1-antitrypsin deficiency are described. The major buttress of the biochemical approach presented here is the use of well-established solid-phase split-and-mix method for the generation of mixture-based libraries. The combinatorial technique iterative deconvolution was employed for library screening. While molecular diversity is the general consideration of combinatorial libraries, exquisite design through systematic screening of small individual libraries is a prerequisite for effective library screening and can avoid potential problems in some cases. This review will also illustrate how large peptide libraries were designed, as well as how a conformation-sensitive assay was developed based on the mechanism of the conformational disease. Finally, the combinatorially selected peptide inhibitor capable of blocking abnormal protein aggregation will be characterized by biophysical, cellular and computational methods.
Combinatorial chemistry in drug discovery represents an amalgamation of chemistry and biology, which generally involves the practice of chemical synthetic methods and coupled with biological screening assays. It allows rapid preparation and high-throughput screening of compound libraries for the identification of drug candidates or optimization of lead compounds. This technology has been widely and routinely used by researchers in industry and academia since the 1990s, and holds promise to accelerate the protracted time of drug development process. The first combinatorially identified drug (sorafenib) was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for clinical treatment of kidney cancer, liver cancer and thyroid carcinoma in 2005 [
Peptide libraries are a key research tool for the search of bioactive compounds by screening large numbers (tens of thousands or even billions) of peptides that is not practically attainable by traditional chemical approach. These synthetic libraries can be prepared as either mixtures or sets of individual peptides by using
AATD is an inherited condition that causes liver cirrhosis and lung emphysema. Because of the unspectacular progression of its symptoms, AATD remains one of the most hidden killers in the world. Laurell and Eriksson first described AATD from young patients with emphysema in Sweden in 1963 [
Targeting the s4A site on the β-sheet of α1-antitrypsin (AT). The native AT (PDB code: 1QLP) contains a reactive center loop (yellow) and a β-sheet A (red) which are the starting points of the pathogenic polymerization. The five strands of the β-sheet are termed as s1A, s2A, s3A, s5A and s6A (from left to right). The synthetic peptide (blue) inserts into the s4A position to form binary complex (BC) and thus blocks the propagation of polymerization.
AATD is a protein conformational disorder (also known as protein misfolding disease or simply proteopathy) along with other notorious clinical conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, amyloidosis, Parkinson's disease, prion disease and type 2 diabetes [
The disease mechanism of AATD has a close connection with the mobility nature of inhibitory serpins. The tertiary structure of serpins shares a conserved core domain, which includes the three dominant β-sheets and about nine α-helices [
Abnormal protein aggregation is the culprit of AATD. The pathogenic aggregates are derived from the intermolecular linkages of mutated AT, in which the spontaneous phenomenon is coined as "loop-sheet polymerization" [
Loop-sheet polymerization of α1-antitrypsin (AT). This abstract sketch illustrates how a dimer and an oligomer of several AT molecules are linked through their reactive center loop (yellow) and β-sheet (green). Drawing courtesy of Ms. Lucie Drdova.
In view of the conserved structure of serpins, it is not surprising that the same mechanism of disease have been identified among serpinopathies, such as α1-antichymotrypsin (ACT; Leu55Pro and Pro228Ala), antithrombin (ATIII; Pro54Thr and Asn158Asp), C1 inhibitor (Phe52Ser, Pro54Leu, Ala349Thr, Val366Met, Phe370Ser and Pro391Ser) and neuroserpin (Ser49Pro) in association with emphysema, thrombosis, angio-oedema and dementia, respectively. Crystallographic structures of serpins support the hypothesis of loop-sheet polymerization and provide insights into the propagation of pathogenic polymers. While loop-sheet polymerization remains a classic model for serpinopathies, a recent crystal structure of a stable antithrombin dimer provides a plausible elucidation for serpin polymerization [
The peptide annealing method is basically an "eye for an eye" strategy. Given that the inhibitory mechanism and pathogenic polymerization of serpins are both conducted by the incorporation of RCL, it appears that RCL peptides can compete with endogenous RCL at the same binding site and thus intervene in the propagation of polymerization. In retrospect, RCL peptides raging from 8-mer to 16-mer of AT, ATIII and PAI-1 were synthesized to probe the structural transition, inhibitory activity, conformational stability, polymerization mechanism and physical properties of serpins in the 1990s [
A short 6-mer RCL peptide (Ac-FLEAIG-OH) was used to explore the structural differences between the pathogenic Z-AT and normal M-AT [
Research focused on understanding the underlying characteristics of a disease can often lead to promising strategies for drug development. Considering "loop-sheet polymerization" is the disease mechanism of AATD and the fact that RCL peptides bind to serpins, targeting the s4A site with peptide libraries is therefore intriguing [
The peptide (Ac-FLEAIG-OH) corresponds to the P7-P2 segment of AT RCL was selected as the starting point for the combinatorial approach. First, this benchmark peptide binds to Z-AT and blocks its polymerization. Second, this sequence is likely to play a pivotal role in both binding affinity and specificity for each protease inhibitor system, as P7-P2 is the only region that is not conserved among RCL of inhibitory serpins [
Gel patterns of polymerizing α1-antitrypsin (AT). 8% (
8% (
Truncation libraries of the two 6-mer peptides identified from alanine scanning were prepared to determine the minimum peptide length required for binding [
8% (
Through the systematic screening of small individual peptide libraries, the scaffold for the mixture-based peptide libraries was defined. The next step was the selection of building blocks for the chemical synthesis of libraries. In principle, a peptide library can attain the maximum molecular diversity if all the 20 proteinogenic amino acids are incorporated. It is an aesthetic goal to synthesize a fully combinatorial library consists of all the possible peptide sequences, but some practical issues may arise in some cases if the library was not design judiciously. Based on the previous screening conditions, a conservative estimate indicated a potential solubility issue may occur if the library size was not well controlled. As a result, a selection criterion of building blocks was needed to avoid futile screening.
Insights into the inhibitory mechanism of serpins provided an excellent criterion for the selection of building blocks. In light of the inhibitory mechanism, RCLs are flexible and can adopt a number of diverse conformations, but upon snaring their cognate enzymes, each RCL inserts into their corresponding β-sheet and render it a fully anti-parallel β-sheet conformation. Therefore, the residues within RCL of inhibitory serpins must be compatible with the β-sheet to complete the inhibitory mechanism, which are most likely the β-sheet preferred amino acids. To confirm this hypothesis, the RCL sequence of 34 human serpins was analyzed in conjunction with the Chou–Fasman helix and sheet propensities in the prediction of secondary structure [
Targeting the s4A site with β-strand-directed libraries. The 10 β-sheet preferred amino acids (A, F, H, I, L, M, T, V, W and Y) are selected for the building blocks of the acetylated tetrapeptide library to probe the s4A site of α1-antitrypsin.
Iterative deconvolution was employed to stepwise determine the optimal residues for M- and Z-AT binding by cycles of synthesis and screening of libraries. A virtue of this iterative method is the enrichment process, in which the diversity of components decreases upon each step of screening and therefore active individual hits can be identified from active pool of mixtures eventually [
The primary assay for deconvolution was a conformation-sensitive native-PAGE containing urea [
8% (
Positional scanning libraries are useful tools for peptide sequence optimization [
Ever since AATD was first described in 1963, researchers have been fascinated by the molecular events related to the serpin superfamily. It has been a mystery on how RCL peptides bind to serpins, and we were curious about the binding kinetics of the combinatorally selected peptide. The main question was why it took hours of incubation, but once the binary complex was formed, it seemed hardly fell apart? In virtue of the end-point gel assay was not able to answer the question due to its discontinuous nature. As a result, the peptide Ac-TTAI-NH2 was further assessed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to dissect the binding events to Z-AT. In addition, this chip-based biosensor is a powerful tool for biomolecular interaction analysis and can serve as an excellent platform to validate the gel-based library screening. The monitoring of protein-peptide interaction by SPR is real-time and without the need of tags or labels [
Surface plasmon resonance showing the binding of the combinatorially selected peptide to a Z α1-antitrypsin (AT) chip. Overlay plot demonstrating the specific binding of Ac-TTAI-NH2 (125 and 250 μM), as the control Ac-WWWH-NH2 (250 μM) is not recognizedby the immobilized Z-AT. The sensorgrams of Ac-TTAI-NH2 were shifted (10 RU) for clarity.
The effects of the 4-mer peptide on cells were investigated. The cytotoxicity of Ac-TTAI-NH2 was determined by MTT assays against two normal lung epithelial cell lines (BEAS-2B and NL20), two normal lung fibroblast cell lines (WI-38 and IMR-90) and one cancer cell line (A2058). The viability of cells was not affected by the peptide even at a high concentration of 10 μM [
Cell models of M- and Z-AT were developed to evaluate the cellular effect on targeting the s4A site as a strategy to inhibit polymerization and restore plasma secretion by synthetic peptides [
A structure of the binary complex was proposed to elucidate the possible binding interactions between the identified peptide and the s4A site of AT [
Proposed structure of Ac-TTAI-NH2 binding to α1-antitrypsin (AT). The peptide inserts into the β-sheet (labeled in blue) of AT and interacts with its nearby residues. The NH and CO groups from the backbone of incorporated peptide are hydrogen bonded to the backbones of adjacent strands (resides in yellow) of AT and render the β-sheet into a 6-stranded antiparallel β-sheet. The circle panel on the upper right reveals the hydrogen bond (light green dashed line) between the N-terminal theronine of Ac-TTAI-NH2 and Ser56. Additional hydrogen bonds derive from the acetyl group of peptide with His334 (light green dashed line) and its backbone NH group (light green dashed line) are also illustrated. The other circle panel on the lower right shows the hydrophobic side chain of isoleucine occupies a pocket surrounding by residues K331, E175, L176 and Ala183. Carbon, nitrogen and oxygen atoms are shown in white, light blue and red, respectively.
The biochemical approach described herein represents a practical example of how chemistry and biology are complementary to shed light on an underdiagnosed clinical problem.
Supplementary materials can be accessed at:
We thank Chien-Hung Chen and Kai-Chun Lin from laboratories of Wun-Shaing Wayne Chang (National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan) for their assistance in protein purification. We also thank for the artwork of Ms. Lucie Drdova in
The authors declare no conflict of interest.


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A 5.8 magnitude earthquake rattled Washington DC, Philadelphia and Richmond. It was centered 87 miles south of the Capitol. Many buildings are being evacuated in Washington including the Pentagon. It is extremely rare for seismic activity in this locale. It was felt as far north as New York. Buildings in New York have been evacuated. The Capitol building has been evacuated. It was centered in Mineral, Virginia and was only 3.7 miles deep. That is extremely shallow. Up to 11million people felt this quake in some way. There have been only two dozen quakes in Virginia state history. There are no immediate reports of damage or injuries. Again, buildings up and down the east coast have been evacuated.
Nine nuclear power plants along the east coast have declared an "unusual event." That is the lowest level in a four level alert. A plant run by Dominion Power located 11 miles from the epicenter is running on emergency power to keep fuel rods cooled. The reactors auto shut down. Numerous reports are now coming in about reports of structural damage in the town of Mineral. The National Cathedrals pinnacles have collapsed. Mayor Bloomberg is to speak at 1:00PM Eastern in NYC.

subset: commoncrawl


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I was wondering how long it takes on average to boot up the nucore system.
So from the moment you switch on your p2k machine till the moment you can start pinballing.
As my system takes (in my opinion) too long to start.
Looking for ways to improve the loading times. And I do not want to buy a solid state drive


text:
Expert antiques appraiser Dr. G. Marchelos offers valuable insight for spotting modern commemorative souvenirs, while still learning something from history, in the latest installment of Ask the Experts.
antique pipes
Clemens sand art bottle caps off $22,800
With a full house and intensely active online bidding, its no surprise Cowan's Auctions' July 13-14 Fine and Decorative Art Auction realized $1.3 million in sales. Among the lots garnering the most attention was this sand art bottle which sold for...
Totemic dance paddle and Shaman's pipe headlining sale
A totemic dance paddle, Inuit soapstone figures and a Shaman's pipe are up for bids during Willis Henry Auctions' American Indian & Ethnographic Art Auction May 26


text:
Here's how you can download the textPlus Free Text + Calls app free for Android devices.
1. Go to the Google Play page for the free app textPlus Free Text + Calls.
2. Tap the Install button.
Here's a description of textPlus Free Text + Calls:
"Text, Talk + Share for free with textPlus to anyone, anywhere in the world from your Android phone or tablet. Save up to $1100/ year on phone plans & even more on international calls. Works on WiFi, 3G & 4G."
This article is published as part of the IDG Contributor Network. Want to Join?


text:
I have a old PCs HP KAYAK.XA.6/266 with 64MB RAM and 4,3GB or 3,4GB HDD. Type - D4796N.
I use physdiskwrite to write PC image onto HDD on various new PC under Windows XP. When i try
booting that HDD on KAYAK, then i get message READ ERROR.And don`t boot. I trayed change into BIOS
setup DOS/WIN or OTHER under HDD configuration,Still don`t work.
When I place the some HDD with MONO burned onto HDD to another PC - forexample old COMPAQ or on any
new PC, MONOWALL booting ok.
Can anybody help me. I will tray versions 1.1, 1.7 and 1.8.
I bought four that KAYAKs as routers for monowall an i`m in the hell now.
I don`t want boot from CDROM with writing to floppy disk !!!!
I need bootinh from HDD.
http://mail.centrum.sk/ - Chce¹ nový e-mail, zriaï si ho!


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National rankings reflect commitment of students, faculty and staff
October 03, 2013
by Jere W. Morehead, President
The good work of our students, faculty and staff continues to result in recognition of UGA by various magazines and other ranking organizations. While I am cautious about putting too much stock in any one ranking, UGA's presence near the top of many lists in recent years speaks to the quality of the educational experience here.
In its 2014 "Best Colleges" issue, U.S. News & World Report ranks UGA #20 among public research universities, up from 21st last year. Washington Monthly has us at #2 on the "Bang for the Buck" list of value for tuition paid, and we are on the "Public Ivies" list for the second year in a row.
Recognitions such as these are pleasing, of course, but it is important to remember that recognition should flow from a commitment to mission, and that mission is to provide the best possible academic experience for our students in an environment that supports our faculty in their instruction, research and service functions. As long as we are focused on our mission, recognition will follow.


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Photos of Gavin Rossdale Playing with His Son Kingston Rossdale in LA
Gavin and Kingston Like Hot Cars and Painting Pottery
Kingston Rossdale looked like one cool cat in his sunglasses and flip-flops out with dad Gavin for a visit to paint some pottery at Color Me Mine in LA yesterday. After their artistic interlude, the boys checked out car magazines at a newsstand. The whole Stefani-Rossdale family hit the beach together over the weekend, but Gavin and Kingston are two peas in a pod these days before they hit the road together while Zuma sticks with Gwen.


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NEW-ZEALAND-L ArchivesArchiver > NEW-ZEALAND > 2003-01 > 1042911242
From: "David Lamb" <>
Subject: Re: [NZ] St Helliers name origin
Date: Sat, 18 Jan 2003 17:34:02 -0000
References: <03c801c2becc$9572a6c0$f7dcadcb@drew0cdx6aev9p>
....or could it have been named after St Hellier, the capital of Jersey in
the Channel Islands? Many Australian and New Zealand place-names come from
the UK and its surrounding islands (Perth, Nelson, Canterbury, Auckland and
Wellington are just 5 examples which spring to mind). This is only a
suggestion - I may be completely wrong!
David Lamb (Paignton, Devon, UK)
NZ Interest: Descendants of Thomas BERRY (1796-1872)
----- Original Message -----
From: "Drew" <>
To: <>
Sent: Saturday, January 18, 2003 8:35 AM
Subject: [NZ] St Helliers name origin
> Hi all,
> During the holiday tour of the rellies, one of many titbits I collected
> suggested that St Helliers in Auck was named after our HELLIER ancestors.
> Perhaps somebody has info on St Helliers history and could confirm this -
> otherwise.
> TIA for any help.
> Cheers
> Drew
> Whangarei
> ______________________________
This thread:
|Re: [NZ] St Helliers name origin by "David Lamb" <>


text:
Subject: Re: [htdig] what does --host in configure do?
From: Geoff Hutchison (firstname.lastname@example.com)
Date: Thu Jan 04 2001 - 10:35:35 PST
On Thu, 4 Jan 2001, Gilles Detillieux wrote:
> According to Foskett Roger:
> > Hi, according to this post, http://www.htdig.org/mail/1998/12/0169.html
> >
> > using ./configure --host=POSIX.2 sorts out a compile problem I am having on
> >
> > However, configure complains that 'POSIX.2' is invalid when used. Can
> > anyone please tell me what options can be specified for '--host' as I have
> > been unable to find anything explaining it
Sorry, somehow I missed the original question. The explanation is:
I don't know which switches POSIX.2 would set (if it does anything), but I
can't imagine it would do much that CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS shouldn't do
anyway. Configure is complaining because it's definitely *not* a standard
-- -Geoff Hutchison Williams Students Online http://wso.williams.edu/
------------------------------------ To unsubscribe from the htdig mailing list, send a message to firstname.lastname@example.com You will receive a message to confirm this. List archives: <http://www.htdig.org/mail/menu.html> FAQ: <http://www.htdig.org/FAQ.html>
This archive was generated by hypermail 2b28 : Thu Jan 04 2001 - 10:47:44 PST


text:
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
In a practical deployment, mobile sensor network (MSN) suffers from a low performance due to high node mobility, time-varying wireless channel properties, and obstacles between communicating nodes. In order to tackle the problem of low network performance and provide a desired end-to-end data transfer quality, in this paper we propose a novel
A mobile sensor network (MSN) [
For example, in search and rescue operations, mobile sensors which are carried by unmanned vehicles or emergency crew members need to send task-related data such as continuous images or real-time videos to the sink (base station) or other mobile sensors to share findings or status of the wounded personnel. Unfortunately, in a practical deployment for those operations, the performance of MSN is significantly degraded due to poor quality wireless links and link breakage, resulting from high node mobility, time-varying channel properties, and geographical constraints (e.g., obstacles). As a result, the network may not be able to provide a desired quality for the end-to-end data transfer.
Due to high node mobility, routing protocols [
In this paper, the use of robotic nodes is considered to overcome the limitations of existing ad hoc routing protocols. More specifically, in order to address of the low performance of MSN and provide a high-quality and mission-critical data transfer service, we propose a novel routing and relaying architecture namely
To achieve the objective, RoCoMAR repeatedly performs
As also shown in
It is worthwhile to note that there have been studies that considered controllable mobility of nodes in mobile wireless sensor networks due to its potentials in many applications. For example, nodes' controllable mobility can be used to reduce energy consumption while relaying data packets in a multi-hop fashion [
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we present the related work and contrast with proposed algorithms. The system model and general assumptions are presented in Section 3. Section 4 presents the detail algorithms of RoCoMAR and an analytical model. In Section 5, simulation setup and analysis are presented. Finally, Section 6 concludes the paper.
In this section, we present an overview of recent studies related to mobile sensor networks and controllable mobility based routing protocols.
Recently, many studies have considered applications of MSN where mobile sensors are equipped with sensing, computing and communication capabilities, and powerful batteries for complex processing tasks. For example, a network of distributed mobile sensors can be developed as a solution for searching immobile human victims, following gradients of temperature, investigating dangerous area [
One distinct advantage of mobile nodes comes with their possibly controlled mobility, which has been extensively studied to address research challenges in MSNs [
In [
Mobile robot networks where all nodes are robotic nodes have also been studied for decomposition, allocation, search&rescue, and planetary exploration which are traditionally performed by human teams [
Our work differs from those works in that the objective of RoCoMAR is to improve the performance of routing protocols for MSN using controllable mobility of robotic nodes rather than coverage maximization, exploration and localization.
Some traditional routing protocols proposed for mobile ad hoc networks (e.g., AODV [
There have been studies that considered controllable mobility in designing routing protocols for MSNs [
In [
A controllable mobility based geographic routing, CoMNet, was proposed in [
However, those works differ from ours in that they assume that all nodes in the network are robotic agents,
RoCoMAR is designed for MSNs where mobile sensors are deployed to monitor and track the area of interest for various applications such as emergency search & rescue and environment monitoring operations. The MSN under consideration consists of multiple regular mobile sensors (hereafter referred to as regular nodes or simply nodes) and autonomous robotic nodes (or RNs) for relaying communication data.
Regular nodes are sensors carried by unmanned vehicles or humans (e.g., emergency crew members). Note that the mobility of regular nodes depends on the operation they perform. For example, regular nodes may cooperate with other regular nodes in a given area to track a target, or perform a search&rescue, which leads to the group mobility. On the other hand, the self-propelled robotic node controls its movement based on network status in order to improve the network performance. Once a robotic node decides to move to a target position, it uses an equipped navigation system to travel.
For simplicity, in this paper, it is assumed that a robotic node moves towards the target position on a straight line with a given speed. Obstacle avoidance while moving is not a targeted problem of this work, and for this problem existing navigation algorithms [
It is also assumed that mobile sensors are equipped with sensing devices and a video camera to collect information from the monitored area. Collected data include video frames that are encoded and streamed to the sink for further analysis along with other user data. For example, video frames can be encoded using MPEG-4 technology that can control the output data rate from 9.6 Kbps to 1.024 Mbps [
Mobile sensors and robotic nodes are both equipped with a high bandwidth communication device. They can use IEEE 802.11b/a/g based communication devices which can provide a data rate of 1–54 Mbps (can be higher than 100 Mbps with IEEE 802.11n).
It is also assumed that each node can know its geographic position using positioning systems, such as global positioning system (GPS) or other localization technologies [
In this section, we describe the algorithms of RoCoMAR in detail. The RoCoMAR is comprised of
We first describe the link reinforcement algorithm, and then extend the discussion to the adaptive link maintenance algorithm. We also describe the PDR (packet delivery ratio) based link quality estimation, which is used in link reinforcement and adaptive link maintenance algorithms to quantify the quality of wireless links. Finally, we numerically analyze the link quality gain obtained by the link reinforcement processes.
In RoCoMAR, each node maintains two lists of geographical positions: one list for its neighboring nodes, and another for its one-hop and two-hop neighboring RNs. In order for nodes to obtain the two-hop neighboring RNs' information, each node in the network appends the one-hop RN information to its
Suppose that the source node
Then, node
Upon receiving
After the REI node determines the position of new relay, it looks up the list of neighboring RNs and chooses a RN that is closest to the position where a new relay should be placed. When a RN is selected, the REI node sends a move request
When a RN receives
Each RN has two states:
The repeated link reinforcement process algorithm for a destination node is presented in Algorithm 1. Let
In order to initiate a new reinforcement process,
RoCoMAR enables the network not only to keep high quality links but also to prevent links from being broken, which results in a significant improvement of routing protocol performance. In this subsection, we describe RoCoMAR's adaptive link maintenance algorithm, which allows RNs to adjust their positions according to the network topology change and to prevent link breakage by working with the link reinforcement algorithm.
RNs perform the adaptive link maintenance when they work as relay nodes. After each RN becomes a relay node, it periodically updates the positions of its predecessor (referred to as PRE node hereafter) and its next-hop node (referred to as NEXT node hereafter) on the path from the source to the destination, using the information obtained from the received
It is possible that the PRE and NEXT nodes of a RN become close each other as they move, and hence the PRE and NEXT nodes could establish a high quality direct link. RoCoMAR's adaptive link maintenance allows a RN to detect this situation and resign as a relay. More specifically, the NEXT node calculates the PDR value of the potential link with the PRE node based on
Note that the PRE and NEXT nodes may be either RNs or regular nodes. In other words, in RoCoMAR, multiple RNs can work as relay nodes in a row between two regular nodes. This feature of RoCoMAR is particulary useful when one or a group of nodes moves far away (e.g., for searching or following some events in the operation) and still needs a communication link with the rest nodes in the network. Also note that when those nodes are returning to the rest nodes, the RNs detect this and
The link reinforcement and adaptive link maintenance algorithms for a RN is presented in Algorithm 2.
In summary, for improving the quality of data transfer in the route, RoCoMAR first performs the link reinforcement process to identify the poorest link and to place one RN in the midpoint position of the link. After the RN is successfully placed in the midpoint position, it works as a relay node on the route by continuously performing the adaptive link maintenance in order to adjust its position and movement according to the network topology change.
In RoCoMAR, each node estimates the quality of links that it shares with its neighboring nodes. The PDR based link quality estimation method [
More specifically, if the sender sends
Note that the size of time window,
On the other hand, with a small value of
Therefore, in order to consider both the accuracy of PDR value and the promptness in reaction, we use a window based approach that also uses previous PDR values, that is
One of major advantages of applying RoCoMAR to MSN is that RoCoMAR can greatly improve the quality of links in a mobile environment by using multiple robotic nodes. In order to gain analytical insight into the link quality gain of RoCoMAR, we consider a simple numerical model. To facilitate discussion and simplify the problem, we assume that the network is unsaturated, and hence the packet loss due to inter-node interference is negligible or can be recovered by using ARQ (Automatic Repeated reQuest) or other MAC technologies without significantly impairing the network throughput and packet delivery ratio.
As shown in [
Then, the received signal to noise ratio,
Assuming that DBPSK (Differential Binary Phase Shift Keying) is used as the modulation scheme, as discussed in [
Also, let
Now, consider a route that has
Suppose that
In this section, we first present a simulation architecture namely ConMoSim that can simulate nodes' controllable mobility in a network environment. Then, we evaluate the performance of RoCoMAR by comparing it with other on-demand, proactive, and geographical forwarding based ad hoc routing protocols, such as AODV, DSR, OLSR, and Greedy Forwarding Routing (GFR).
It is obvious that algorithms using controllable mobility need to be simulated and tested for various scenarios before they are actually applied for real world situations. Unfortunately, existing network simulators do not support controllable mobility. In order to evaluate the performance of RoCoMAR, we developed ConMoSim, a controllable mobility simulation architecture that can operate with a network simulator. ConMoSim is designed to co-operate with a well-known network simulator, QualNet.
The mobility manager determines whether or not the node moves and, if it decides to move, the speed and direction based on given objectives of the network and the collected information from the network protocol stack
In order to evaluate the performance of RoCoMAR, we consider a mobile sensor network where multiple regular nodes (e.g., sensors that are carried by unmanned vehicles or humans) are deployed. Those nodes sense environment to collect task-related data and send the data to the sink at a given position for further analysis. Since those nodes move cooperatively with other nodes to perform the duty (e.g., target tracking and search&rescue operation), they move in a group. In this paper, reference point group mobility model (RPGM) [
In RPGM, a group has a logical group center that moves according to group movement vector, which determines the group-wise movement. Each member node in a group is assigned with a reference point which determines the relative mobility of the node. Reference points move using the group movement vector. In addition, each member node has a random movement vector that allows the node to move randomly in the group. Note that movements of member nodes in the group are also limited by the group boundary. The random waypoint model (RWP) [
The terrain dimension is 1000 meters × 1000 meters, and nodes are randomly placed in a circular group area with the radius of 400 meters. Network size in terms of the number of nodes is set to 25 for AODV, DSR, OLSR and GFR. On the other hand, for a fair comparison, the network contains 20 nodes and 5 RNs for RoCoMAR.
A network simulator QualNet 5.1, integrated with ConMosim, is used for simulation. In the scenario under consideration, mobile sensors transmit video data to the sink to share their findings and report the status. MPEG-4 is used for video data encoding, and in this paper, from 300 Kbps to 1.2 Mbps video streaming rate is used. In order to emulate the MPEG-4 data transmission, constant bit rate traffics with 1500 bytes data packets on top of UDP is used.
RoCoMAR is compared with AODV, DSR, OLSR and GFR routing protocols. IEEE 802.11 DCF is used as a MAC layer protocol. For the Physical layer, IEEE 802.11g radio is used with the maximum data rate of 54 Mbps. Also, the Rician model is used as a fading model to make the simulation environment more realistic. The average transmission radio range is set to approximately 225 meters. The average throughput and average end-to-end delay are chosen as performance metrics.
Some important simulation parameters are shown in the
In this subsection, we first present simulation results that show the end-to-end PDR gain in a simple network configuration. Then, in order to evaluate the network performance of RoCoMAR in a more realistic environment, we compare the performance of RoCoMAR with those of other routing protocols using the mobility model presented in Section 5.2.
In this subsection, we measure by simulation the end-to-end PDR gain when one relay node is placed at the mid-point position between the stationary source and destination nodes. Simulation setups presented in Section 5.2 are used except for network topology and node mobility. Both interference and non-interference cases are considered. The load of the source is set to 900 Kbps. For the case with interference, another source-destination pair, which has two intermediate nodes on the path, is placed in the neighborhood.
Note that the values of the gain in
In this subsection, we analyze the effects of node mobility, network load, and the number of data flows on the selected performance metrics: the average throughput and end-to-end delay. We also analyze the effect of transmission ranges and the parameter
First, we analyze the effect of node mobility on the network performance. The movements of the group and each node inside the group is simulated according random waypoint model with the same pause time of 30 s. The group speed is randomly chosen in (
As shown in
RoCoMAR's throughput improvement tends to decrease as the maximum group speed grows higher than 30 m/s as shown in
GFR shows the highest average end-to-end delay compared with others, as shown in
In order to be effective for a practical deployment, a network should be scalable in terms of network loads. To analyze the effect of the network load on the performance, RoCoMAR is compared with other protocols under various network loads. There are three data flows in the network, and each source transmits data at the rate from 300 Kbps to 1200 Kbps, which results in the total network load from 900 Kbps to 3.6 Mbps. The maximum speed of group and member movements are set to 20 m/s.
As we can see in
We also analyze the effect of the number of data flows on the network performance. The number of data flows is varied from 1 to 5 while keeping the node load as 900 Kbps. Recall that there are 5 RNs with the speed of 20 m/s. The maximum speeds of the group's movement and nodes inside the group are also set to 20 m/s.
As shown
RoCoMAR alleviates the problem of low quality links and frequent route discovery. More specifically, when the quality of links on the route becomes poor, RoCoMAR detects this and places RNs until the quality of route meets the specific requirements, which makes the route more reliable and stable.
In order to analyze the effect of the transmission range on the network performance, the radii of transmission range are varied from 200 m to 300 m. The maximum speed of group and member movements are set to 20 m/s. Each source transmits data at the rate of 900 Kbps. The terrain dimension is 1,000 m × 1,000 m and 25 nodes are randomly deployed in a circular group area with the radius of 400 m.
As discussed in Section 4.1, the value of parameter
As shown in
In this paper, we have proposed a novel ad hoc routing and relay architecture called RoCoMAR (Robots' Controllable Mobility Aided Routing) that uses robotic nodes' controllable mobility, in order to tackle the problem of low network performance and provide a desired end-to-end data transfer quality. RoCoMAR repeatedly performs link reinforcement process with the objective of maximizing the network throughput, where the link with lowest quality on the path is replaced with high quality links be placing a robotic node as a relay at an optimal position. Once placed as relay, the robotic node performs adaptive link maintenance by adjusting its position according to the movements of regular nodes. According to the simulation results, RoCoMAR outperforms existing ad hoc routing protocols for MSN in terms of network throughput and end-to-end delay.
For future work, we plan to design an analytical model to estimate the speed of link reinforcement considering RNs' distribution and moving speed. We also intend to extend RoCoMAR to find and establish an optimal path in terms of energy consumption and throughput in a network that consists of multiple RN and regular nodes. The recovery of failure of RNs will also be considered. In addition, we also plan to investigate optimal positions for RNs considering communication parameters such as RSSI and SNR.
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF 2011-0023805).
The preliminary results of this paper have been presented in [
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
An example of mobile sensor network with robotic relays.
An example of link reinforcement process.
An example of an adaptive link maintenance process over time.
Link quality gain.
The structure of ConMoSim.
End-to-end PDR gain by using a robotic relay.
Effects of node mobility on average throughput.
Effects of node mobility on average end-to-end delay.
Effects of network traffic on average throughput.
Effects of network traffic on average end-to-end delay.
Effects of the number of data flows on average throughput.
Effects of the number of data flows on average end-to-end delay.
Effects of transmission range on average throughput.
Effects of of transmission range on average end-to-end delay.
Effects of value of
Effects of value of
Simulation Parameters and Values.
|Simulation time
|600 s
|RPGM model
|Simulation area
|1,000 m × 1,000 m
|Group area radius
|400 m
|Transmission range
|225 m
|Traffic source
|MPEG-4 Video Streaming (CBR/UDP)
|Packet size
|1,500 bytes
|Routing protocols
|RoCoMAR, AODV, OLSR, DSR, GFR
|MAC layer
|Physical layer IEEE
|Maximum Bit rate
|54 Mbps
|Fading model
|Ricean fading with K = 10
|Number of nodes
|Number of RNs


text:
Michael Lohan & Kate Major: Celebrity Boxing Event
What a sleeze. The End.
Holy shit. For a moment there I thought she might be kind of pretty, but never mind!
I'm really getting fed up with these Hollywood Cocksuckers. Fame whores? Fine. Plastic surgery addicts. Well, OK. But there isn't ONE that isn't a lying piece of shit. This fuck-bubble Michael Lohan really should do the world a favor and start using a .9mm Berretta semi-automatic as a bong.


text:
Click for for the 2017 Ladies Programme Book and/or for the 2017 Ladies Programme for February to April i.e. including any late changes.
Click HERE for golf prices Click HERE for our refund/raincheck policy
Please take the opportunity to enjoy a round at our beautiful golf course. Tee times can be accommodated 7 days a week - please contact the Pro Shop for assistance in organising your playing times. Golf passports (left) can also be purchased from our Pro Shop for those visiting the area for a few days to a week and wish to play the course multiple times.
All our Club competitions are open to visiting members. On Wednesday we have a Men's competition, with Saturday being a Male and Female Competition day. Our Ladies compete on Tuesday and Thursday mornings, Veterans (men) on Mondays, and we have a Mixed competition on Sundays. And every 3rd Friday we have our backmarker challenge, playing off the challenging back tees. Social play is available daily around competition times.
We cater for golf groups of all sizes. Please contact the Pro Shop (02 6685 6977) to talk to our professional staff about your specific needs.
Byron Bay is the host club of the Australian Schweppes Legends Tour Championship. This event is held annually in December.
Our course has many challenging holes, none more so than our signature hole: the 4th. A Par 5, it measures 538 metres from the white tees, with ocean views from the teeing ground.
It is truly a 3-shot hole, for advanced players, to reach the green. The fun then begins with your approach to a huge green with water protecting left, right and behind. The green is set below the clubhouse, so the possibility of having a gallery watching your play is likely - so make sure you are on your game!
Tee times: Contact our professional staff to help organise your game at Byron Bay: Tel: (02) 6685 6977 email: email@example.com
Visitors Fees:18 holes: $499 holes: $29
one of our affiliated accommodation providers, contact them on (02) 6685 6751 or visit their website
Important Information for Club Members
© 2017 Byron Bay GC. All rights reserved.


text:
Calling global warming "the defining issue of our time," UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon urged immediate international action to counteract the "imminent threat" of climate change.
In a wide-ranging speech this afternoon at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, Ban said it was crucial to ratify an international treaty on greenhouse-gas emissions before the Kyoto Accord expires in 2012.
Climate change "is no longer theory, it has become a fact," he told an audience of several hundred. "We cannot afford to delay any action."
Read more...
Find out more about ITU's actvities on climate change
© Copyright 2017, International Telecommunication Union
The information presented within this blog comes from various organizations around the world. ITU encourages users to seek more detailed information from the original source through the links provided.
Links to third-party websites are provided for the convenience of all users. The ITU is not responsible for the accuracy, currency or the reliability of the content on these third-party websites. ITU does not offer any guarantee in that regard nor does ITU endorse the third-party organizations, their sites or content.


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This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (
We report on the design and characterization of the building blocks of a single-chip wireless chemical sensor fabricated with a commercial complementary metal-oxide-silicon (CMOS) technology, which includes two types of transducers for impedimetric measurements (4-electrode array and two interdigitated electrodes), instrumentation circuits, and a metal coil and circuits for inductive power and data transfer. The electrodes have been formed with a polycrystalline silicon layer of the technology by a simple post-process that does not require additional deposition or lithography steps, but just etching steps. A linear response to both conductivity and permittivity of solutions has been obtained. Wireless communication of the sensor chip with a readout unit has been demonstrated. The design of the chip was prepared for individual block characterization and not for full system characterization. The integration of chemical transducers within monolithic wireless platforms will lead to smaller, cheaper, and more reliable chemical microsensors, and will open up the door to numerous new applications where liquid mediums that are enclosed in sealed receptacles have to be measured.
The combination of wireless readout and single-chip integration features is particularly attractive for chemical and biochemical sensors fabricated using microtechnologies. Such single-chip systems will not require wire-bond or any other type of electrical connection to external components or circuits, thereby enabling full packaging at the wafer level. Packaging has always been one of the most critical aspects of chemical microsensors due to the difficulty in reliably protecting their electrical connections while exposing part of the chip to the liquid environments they are meant to measure. Hence, avoiding such electrical connections should be very advantageous in terms of cost and reliability. On the other hand, their small size and wireless readout capability should be very convenient for many applications requiring the measurement of liquid mediums enclosed in sealed receptacles. Single-chip wireless chemical sensors based on passive resonant structures have been reported in the past [
Here we present the design, fabrication and characterization of a single chip wireless chemical sensor based on a commercial 0.35 μm CMOS technology. The focus of our approach has been to keep the post-processing simple, with no additional deposition or lithography steps. The chip includes two types of impedimetric transducers, a 4-electrode array and a pair of interdigitated electrodes, for the implementation of chemical sensors. Impedimetric transducers are easy to integrate because they do not require a reference electrode, unlike potentiometric or amperometric ones. By measurement of changes in conductivity or permittivity of a solution, this transducers have been used to acquire chemical parameters, like pCO2 [
The block diagram of the system is depicted in
The 3.5 × 3.5 mm chip (
The electrodes for the impedimetric transducers have been formed in polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon). One or two layers of this material are typically used in CMOS technologies for the transistor gate and capacitor electrodes. Polysilicon has the advantage over the metal interconnection layers (made of aluminum or copper) that does not degrade in contact with aqueous solution. A passivating thin layer (∼3 nm) of native oxide grows spontaneously and stops further corrosion of the material. This thin layer of native oxide prevents using faradic processes for chemical detection. However it does not prevent their use in measuring conductivity and permittivity of the media between electrodes [
The modulus of this impedance decreases with increasing frequency, so that above a given frequency its value is small compared to the impedances associated with the solution.
As already mentioned, two types of impedimetric transducers are tested: a 4-electrode array and a pair of interdigitated electrodes. The 4-electrode design is suitable for precise conductometric measurements in a wide range of conductivities. Injection of current through the external electrodes and measurement of voltage across the internal ones allows measurement of the conductance without interference of the interface impedance. However, due to a much higher capacitance through the silicon substrate than through the solution, this 4-electrode transducer is not suitable for measurement of permittivity. On the other hand, interdigitated electrodes can measure both conductivity and permittivity. In this case the impedance of the electrodes is in series with the impedance being measured, and thus, they are not suitable for measurements of very high conductivity media, which yields lower impedance than the electrodes themselves. Due to the short penetration depth of the currents generated by these electrodes, they are especially suited for the measurement of thin membranes and phenomena occurring close to the surface [
The area of the electrodes for both 4-electrode and interdigitated designs was chosen large enough so as to allow measurement of their impedance in a wide range of solution conductivities with reasonable values of injected currents and measured voltages within the 3.3 V of the voltage supply. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulations (Comsol Multiphysics™) were used to estimate the values of the impedance for different geometries and solution parameters. Each electrode of the 4-electrode array is a 500 × 100 μm2 rectangle. Distance between external and internal electrodes is 100 μm, and between internal electrodes is 200 μm. The interdigitated electrodes consist of 70 fingers spaced 3 μm, each having a length of 400 μm and a width of 3 μm.
The post-process steps are performed at the chip level. However, wafer-level processing would be identical. The post-process to form the 4-electrode array in the CMOS chip consists on just one plasma etch (
The post-process to form the interdigitated electrodes is slightly different. The area of the interdigitated electrodes to be exposed to the solution is again defined in the pad layer. In this case, a line of the first metal layer has been included between the polysilicon fingers as an etch-stop to avoid exposing the silicon substrate by over-etching of the SiO2 layers. Once the SiO2 on top of the electrodes has been removed with the RIE step, an additional etch is necessary to remove the metal line (
The block diagram of the measurement circuit is included in
Power and data for the integrated system are transferred wirelessly by classical telemetry at 13.56 MHz, which is in an Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) radio band. This frequency is suitable for transmission through aqueous solutions without significant losses by induced eddy currents. In the present system the receiver coil is monolithically integrated, and therefore the readout distance is limited to a few millimeters [
The readout coil is implemented as a square copper spiral in a printed circuit board, having 9 turns, external diameter of 20 mm, and internal diameter of 2 mm. A load modulation technique is used for the transmission of data from the sensor chip to the readout unit. The analog impedance values are converted to the digital domain with a simple pulse width modulation (PWM) technique.
Two different measurement ranges (i.e. excitation currents) were used, so that a total measurement range of two orders of magnitude could be achieved. The conductance shown in
The interdigitated electrodes exhibit a linear response to conductivity and permittivity as shown in
Until recently, polysilicon had not been considered as a suitable material for electrodes in electrochemical sensors due to its rapid oxidation in wet environments. However, in impedimetric measurements of the electric properties of solutions, which are not affected by the electrode-solution interface phenomena, the use of polysilicon electrodes has been demonstrated to be suitable for many applications [
The different components and blocks involved in the wireless transfer of power and data to and from the sensor chip were also tested individually. The integrated coil parameters were measured with the impedance analyzer, yielding an inductance of 6.81 μH, a series resistance of 628 Ω, and a corresponding Q of 1.12, in good agreement with the calculated values. With the readout coil at a distance of 3 mm, the integrated coil received a power of 5 mW. This power is sufficient to supply the system during the programming, measuring, and back telemetry stages. The transfer of measurement parameters was performed by amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulation with a class E amplifier controlled by a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The measurement parameters were successfully transferred to the chip.
At the same distance (3 mm) a load modulation test was performed to validate the back telemetry system. A modulation index of 3.5% was achieved, which is more than necessary for a correct data reception.
The different components of the wireless sensor were characterized separately by attaching the chip to a printed circuit board (PCB) and connecting the test pads with wire-bonds. The pads and wires were protected with Epoteck H77 epoxy resin. In this way, the impedimetric transducers could be tested while immersed in different solutions. Solutions with conductivities in the range from 0.1 mS/cm to 10 mS/cm were prepared by diluting a concentrated KCl solution. The conductivity was measured with a CRISON μCM 2202 conductimeter. Solvents with different permittivity, including water (εr = 80.1), acetonitrile (εr = 36.6), ethanol (εr = 25.3), isopropanol (εr = 21.0) and hexane (εr = 1.89), were used to test the response of the interdigitated electrodes to permittivity. All chemicals are of reagent grade. The integrated electrodes were measured both with a commercial impedance analyzer (SI 1260 SOLARTRON) using an alternating excitation voltage amplitude of 10 mV, and with the integrated impedance measurement circuit included in the same chip using the predefined excitation currents mentioned in the previous section.
The results presented here demonstrate that polysilicon impedimetric transducers can be fabricated with a commercial CMOS technology and they yield linear responses to variations of conductivity and permittivity. By adding proper recognition components, implementation of single-chip chemical sensors and biosensors is possible. Integration of the transducers with circuits and components for wireless powering and data transfer has also been demonstrated. The maximum working distance for the present prototype is 3 mm, which is enough for many "through the wall" measurements. A distance in the order of centimeters could be achieved by adding an external independent resonator [
This work is supported by the Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica, Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica of the D.G.I.-S.G.P.I (TEC2004-00068 and TEC2007-67145). The authors would like to dedicate this paper to the memory of Tere Osés, who not only contributed with her work, but also with her kindheartedness to the creation and growth of this research line.
(a) Block diagram of the wireless chemical sensor measuring in the solution of a sealed container. (b) Distribution of blocks and components on the actual chip design (represented as the superposition of fabrication masks).
Distribution of electric potential in the 4-electrode array for a current of 10 μA through the external electrodes and a 1 mS/cm solution at the surface (a) and at a cross-section (b).
Post-process of the CMOS chip: (a) A simple RIE etch is used to expose the large polysilicon electrodes. (b) SEM image of the 4-electrode array. (c) To expose the interdigitated electrodes, a metal layer is used to protect the silicon oxide between fingers during the RIE etch. (d) SEM image of the interdigitated electrodes.
Characterization results of the 4-electrode array: (a) Impedance spectra for 0.97 mS/cm (green), 9.10 mS/cm (blue) and 96.7 mS/cm (red) as measured with an impedance analyzer. (b) Conductance at the electrodes for different solution conductivities measured with the integrated circuit using two different excitation currents (circles) and calculated response from simulations (dashed line).
Characterization results of the interdigitated electrodes: (a) Measured conductance for different solution conductivities. (b) Measured capacitance for different solution permittivities. Dashed lines show the response estimated from FEA simulations.


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Jasonwrote a review of Fox Racing Dirtpaw Gloves on October 17, 2008
Cool, but Sizing is Off.
I've needed a new pair of gloves for sometime after the dog ate the wrist straps off the old ones. So I decided to get a pair of Oakley's. I like them, they are comfortable, but after following the instructions to measure for the correct size, I actually needed an extra large. So if you are going to get them, get one size larger than usual. Other than that. They are ok.


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Your browser does not support iframes.
Reece Murphy
The sale of troubled Indian Land residential development Edenmoor has resulted in a financial boon for Lancaster County School District, school board members learned during Tuesday night's monthly board meeting.
The sale of the 850-acre development last month after years in limbo meant the county collected on more than $8.7 million in outstanding and current property taxes, penalties and assessments accrued between 2008 and 2010.
Man wins $100k
Phillips bought ticket at IL station
Reece Murphy
A stop at an Indian Land convenience store turned lucky for a Concord, N.C., man last month – $100,000 worth of luck, to be exact.
James Phillips, 27, said he was on his way to help his dad, Jim Phillips of Van Wyck, with yard work Oct. 26 when he stopped to buy a $5 Cold Hard Cash lottery ticket at the Indian Land Amoco at the corner of Charlotte Highway and River Road.
Think of the terms "restraint and seclusion" and you wouldn't be faulted if images of unruly prisoners, shackles and solitary confinement came to mind.
While those images may be realistic in a law-enforcement situation, for schools, the term is much more nuanced.
In an educational environment, restraint and seclusion describe techniques that seek to balance the need to stop disturbed or agitated students from hurting themselves or others, while doing the least harm possible to the students.
Jesef Williams
The fate of two well-known nonprofit agencies was front and center Monday as Lancaster County Council discussed their respective housing situations.
Council held a required public hearing during the early part of Monday's meeting for anyone to share concerns about plans to lease part of the county's Covenant Street property to Lancaster County Red Cross.
The county is buying the building from the city of Lancaster. It will be the future home of Lancaster County Emergency Management.
Jesef Williams
Multiple agencies are looking into an incident in which a woman reportedly assaulted a girl at Palmetto Place Apartments on Pardue Street.
A man waved down a police officer Nov. 3 after witnessing an assault about 5:30 p.m. that day, according to a Lancaster Police Department incident report.
The man said he saw a 51-year-old woman exit her home in the 700 block of Pardue Street and chase the girl into the grassy area between the apartment and the road.
Warrants have been issued for a man who drove his car into the yard of a Lancaster home and knocked down a telephone pole.
The commotion began shortly after 1 p.m. Oct. 29 as police were called to a home in the 1200 block of Gladstone Road about a car accident.
According to a police department incident report, a white Ford Mustang was speeding on Gladstone Road when it drove off the road into a yard and struck a telephone pole.
Law enforcement officers swarmed the area around a Lancaster restaurant Thursday evening after a Lancaster County sheriff's deputy was shot.
The shooting happened after 7 p.m. at the Shrimp Boat restaurant, 1668 Memorial Park Road. Detectives with the sheriff's office said a deputy was shot in the stomach and flown from the area by helicopter for treatment.
No details were available about the shooting or any suspects as of Thursday evening.
The family of 3-year-old Jaylen Jackson held each other and sobbed as a verdict was read Thursday afternoon in the murder trial of Marico Lamont Stevens, who was found not guilty of murder and two related charges.
The verdict came after a morning filled with theories as to what hap-
pened along a stretch of gravel road in a small trailer park May 3, 2010, the day Jaylen Jackson was shot in the head while sitting in the back seat of a car during a gunfight. She died at a hospital early the next morning.
Nettie Mae Lewis Gary, 85
Nettie Mae Lewis Gary, 85, died Thursday, Nov. 10, 2011.
She was the daughter of the late Thomas and Minnie Jones Lewis.
Survivors include two stepchildren, Janie Rivers and Joseph Gary Jr.; five grandchildren; and seven great-grandchildren.
Services were Wednesday, Nov. 16, 2011, at Ebenezer AME Zion Church.
Kirkland-McCray Funeral Home was in charge.
John D. 'Duddy' Varnadore Sr., 86
Copyright © 2017
The Lancaster News is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Lancaster County and Lancaster, South Carolina, and the surrounding area..


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Insense - Givenchy ~$40/(half size, 50ml?)
Gucci pour homme original 1976 ~$39/30ml
Also saw a pure malt for $105, not a great price as compared to online shops but I'd rather get it in the brick and morter store, so should I get the two small vintage bottles or the pure malt? Thanks for your thoughts guys!


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Criminal Law
Criminal Law Questions? Ask a Criminal Lawyer.
He is still in jail. I dont know if there were witnesses. Not sure about the medical documentation.
What happend where did you go
Right now the bond on hlm is 50000, nobody can afford even 5000 to get him out, in that case what happens next
Can i call the Public defenders office in Maricopa county in Az and talk with them.


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horton crossbow, excalibur crossbow, tenpoint crossbow, barnett crossbow
Searching for a new crossbow can be overwhelming at times. Not really knowing where to go and what prices you may find. I came across this site and found the selection to be good, but also very reasonably priced. I give them a thumbs up!


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TOP STORY >>Jacksonville budget grows
By RICK KRON
Leader staff writer
The first public draft of Jack-sonvilles 2007 budget has the city spending about $500,000 than itll take in.
Mayor Tommy Swaim and Finance Director Paul Mushrush presented the budget to the city council Thursday night. Both Swaim and Mushrush called the draft a very rough draft.
The budget projects 2007 revenues for the citys general fund to be just over $15 million, up about 5 percent from 2006. Expendi-tures total $15,555,680, for a deficit of $466,253. Expenditures are up about $1 million over 2006.
Part of the increase, the mayor explained, has to do with health insurance for city employees, which is jumping up more than $200,000. Our insurance is going up because it seems insurance always goes up, but also because our claims are greater than the premiums being collected, Mush-rush explained.
Based on latest figures, city employees have filed for 26 percent more in claims than what they have paid in premiums.
It makes it hard for us to get competitive rates when that happens, Mushrush said.
The council discussed splitting the health insurance increase next year with its employees rather than picking up the entire increase. Its got to be some kind of split, Aldermen Kenny Elliot said.
The other big expense, Mushrush said, is the cost of oil and gasoline, which has already taken a 10-cent turn upwards in the past two weeks.
We get together and brainstorm and try to make sure we have enough in the budget so we dont have to cut services late in the year, Mushrush explained.
Nearly $190,000 is budgeted for vehicle gas and oil, and another $20,920 for tires and tire repair, up from the $160,402 and $14,536 from the 2006 budget.
Budgets for both the fire and police department are going up. The fire department is going from a 2006 budget of $3.08 million to a proposed 2007 budget of $3.23 million.
The police budget is going from $5.1 million to $5.4 million.
Theres no surprises in there, Mushrush said. Most of the increase is either additional personnel or insurance increases.
The proposed 2007 street fund expenditures are estimated at $2.13 million, while revenues are slated at $1.78 million.
The sanitation fund expenses for 2007 are estimated to be $1.49 million, while revenues are being placed at $1.25 million.
Proposed expenses for the 2007 emergency medical services fund are nearly twice as much as the estimated revenue.
Expenditures are slated at $813,806, while revenues are estimated at $499,100.
In other council business:
- Alderman gave the mayor permission to pursue efforts to buy a lot of land adjacent the Splash Zone. The council said the mayor could spend up to $20,000 of city money for the land. The land is needed for a possible parking lot. The water park has become so popular since opening up two years ago that patrons are having to park in a nearby church parking lot.
- Fire Chief John Vanderhoof, in his monthly report, told the council that his department responded to 92 rescue calls, 50 still alarms, 21 general alarms and had 184 ambulance runs during October.
Fire loss for the month was estimated at $63,100, while fire savings was placed at $179,400.


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Remember the good old days, when adventures were underground, NPCs were there to be killed, and the finale of every dungeon was the dragon on the 20th level? Those days are back. Dungeon Crawl Classics don't waste your time with long-winded speeches, weird campaign settings, or NPCs who aren't meant to be killed. Each adventure is 100% good, solid dungeon crawl, with the monsters you know, the traps you fear, and the secret doors you know are there somewhere.
In Dungeon Crawl Classics #1: Idylls of the Rat King, our heroes defeated a vicious wererat and his minions. Now the Rat King is back! Investigating a ring of slavers, the heroes find themselves in the city's slums. Unknown to them, the entire dungeon is a ruse designed to lure them into the Rat King's clutches. Baited deep underground, the PCs square off against an army of wererats and slavers. When they face unbeatable odds, they can't avoid being captured and tossed into a dungeon cell!
Other Items from Dungeons and Dragons
Tome of Horrors 3 -
Winter Runes, BR I (d20 Companion Book w/map) -
Heart of Glass (d20 Companion Book w/map) -
L2: Vampires and Liches (Necromancer Games D20 Adventure) -
B2: The Lost City of Barakus (Necromancer D20 3.5 Sourcebook & Adv., Hardback -
F-1: Vindication (Necromancer d20 Adventure) -
G-4: Crystal Skull (Necromancer d20 Adventure) -
The Mother Of All Encounter Tables (3.5 Comp. Necromancer Sourcebook, Hardback) -
Vampires and Liches -
Gary Gygax's Extraordinary Book of Names -
Mother of All Encounter Tables HC -


text:
Under 30 Minutes16
Fresh Papaya with Coconut-Lime Yogurt
This recipe is from "Martha Stewart's Dinner at Home" cookbook.
- Prep:
- Total Time:
- Servings: 4
Photography: ANTONIS ACHILLEOS
Source: Martha Stewart Living, September 2003
- 1/4 cup shredded sweetened coconut
- 1 container (7 ounces) Greek-style yogurt
- 1 tablespoon honey
- 1 tablespoon freshly squeezed lime juice
- 1 large or 3 small ripe papayas, peeled, halved lengthwise, and seeded
- Lime wedges, for serving
Spread coconut evenly over bottom of a small skillet, and cook over medium heat, tossing occasionally, until just golden, about 2 minutes. Let cool completely.
In a medium bowl, whisk together coconut, yogurt, honey, and lime juice. Slice papaya into 1-inch-thick wedges. Serve papaya with yogurt and lime wedges on the side.
Cook's Notes
Papayas are native to Central America. Choose fruit with almost completely reddish-orange skin that yields slightly to the touch. Avoid green papayas because they have been picked too early and will not ripen.


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DUR-NBL-L ArchivesArchiver > DUR-NBL > 2009-03 > 1237722118
From: "Jackie Searl" <>
Subject: [DUR-NBL] BONARIUS/HARDY
Date: Sun, 22 Mar 2009 11:41:58 -0000
I am researching my husband's BONARIUS ancestors, Johann Daniel, a
soldier in the Kings German Legion at the Battle of Waterloo, and his
wife Charlotte Rebecca HARDING. It is thought that all people bearing
the surname BONARIUS in the UK are descended from this couple.
Between 1815 and 1833 Johann Daniel (known as Daniel) and Charlotte
had nine children - Daniel, Mary Ann, Charles, Walter Devereux, James,
William John, Philip, Rebecca Ellen and John Charles.
Most of the family remained in and around the London area for an
extended period of time but one son, John Charles, emigrated to
Australia and started a line in New South Wales. My husband's descent
is from William John.
Another son, James, went to Co. Durham and founded a large family in
that area. It is this family which intrigues us as, between 1871 and
1881, some members of the family started to use the surname HARDY
whilst others kept their original surname. Census entries between as
late as 1911 appear to show that descendents of James continue to swap
between the two surnames. Some members of this extended family are
shown in the GRO birth indexes as BONARIUS with marriages or deaths
registered in either surname. Others may have been registered at
birth as HARDY and reverted to BONARIUS.
The surname BONARIUS is also frequently mistranscribed in Census
entries and FreeBMD and I have corrected many as I come across them.
Some entries are incorrectly spelt in the original GRO indexes!
I would be very interested to hear from anyone from the County Durham
area (or elsewhere) who carries the surname BONARIUS or who has
knowledge of the duel use of BONARIUS and HARDY surnames.
We have a great deal of information concerning the ancestry of Johann
Daniel BONARIUS to share with proven descendents.
This thread:
|[DUR-NBL] BONARIUS/HARDY by "Jackie Searl" <>


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Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 21/2/2014 (1250 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
The days of using ultrasound to find out a baby's gender for entertainment or a keepsake video should end, says a joint policy statement released this month by Canada's pregnancy specialists and radiologists.
Underlying that recommendation is that female feticide -- the abortion of a female fetus because she is not male -- is happening in Canada and must be stopped.
The joint policy statement, released this month by the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC) and the Canadian Association of Radiologists (CAR), said ultrasounds should only be used if there is a medical reason for the scan.
'We don't do lengthy ultrasounds at all, and we don't reveal gender until 17 weeks. We're very, very, very firm on the 17 weeks'-- Chandra Malegus, who owns Babymoon Ultrasound, which provides a non-diagnostic service offering photos
"The fetus should not be exposed to ultrasound for commercial and entertainment purposes and it could be considered unethical to perform these scans," it stated.
The SOGC and CAR said it was necessary to issue a new joint policy statement after "recent media coverage of non-medical clinics performing gender determination in the first trimester."
In Manitoba, an abortion can be performed at up to 16 weeks of gestation. In rare cases, it can be done at 17 weeks or later.
Chandra Malegus, who owns Babymoon Ultrasound, said her company provides a non-diagnostic service offering photos and a DVD and allows friends and family to attend the procedure to share in the experience.
"We don't do lengthy ultrasounds at all, and we don't reveal gender until 17 weeks," Malegus said, referring to the second trimester. "We're very, very, very firm on the 17 weeks. Younger than that, it's easy to get it (the gender) wrong. But the other part is we want enough time so that baby is safe. We don't want anybody making decisions based on gender."
The joint policy statement noted "fetal ultrasound is a valuable tool in modern obstetrical care," as the imaging technique uses sound waves to monitor the baby's growth and development if performed by properly trained individuals in a carefully monitored and medically supervised environment."
A spokeswoman for Manitoba Health said regional health authorities "do not perform ultrasounds as keepsakes, but rather to ensure and monitor the health of the fetus."
"It should be noted keepsake ultrasound clinics do not have physicians on staff and are not accredited by the CPSM (the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Manitoba) since they do not perform diagnostic ultrasound," the spokeswoman said.
Concerns raised in the policy statement are non-medical ultrasounds could subject the fetus to "targeted energy exposure" for long periods of time to get video. While it stated there is no definitive proof diagnostic ultrasound can have harmful effects -- the machines emit high-frequency, low-energy sound waves -- it cautioned use of the ultrasound for non-medical reasons is an unapproved use of a medical device under Health Canada's guidelines.
"Of particular concern are recent studies in animal models that report subtle effects on the physiology and development of the fetal brain," the joint policy statement said.
Malegus said 10 to 20 minutes is the maximum amount of time expectant moms are exposed to the ultrasound procedure, similar to the medical ultrasound.
"It doesn't replace a medical (ultrasound) and that's not what we're there for," Malegus said. "The medical procedure is not there to promote bonding, there's no bonding at the hospital (during an ultrasound) whatsoever and that's where we come in.
"It's not just Mom and Dad that come in, it's their (other) children, their parents, grandparents, aunties, uncles, cousins, whoever they want to involve in this life event."
An editorial in the Canadian Medical Association Journal in January 2012 stated "Research in Canada has found the strongest evidence of fetal sex selection among some Canadians of Asian descent, including people from India, China, Korea, Vietnam and the Philippines."
The CMAJ editorial said a possible solution is for information on the gender of a fetus to be withheld until after 30 weeks when "an unquestioned abortion is all but impossible." The editorial noted the gender of a baby is "medically irrelevant information, except when dealing with gender-related illnesses."


text:
Chris Brown says he is retiring from music. The singer took to his Twitter page to announce that his upcoming album "X" might just be his last.
Posts Tagged: Frank Ocean
Frank Ocean Cancels Australian Tour After Vocal Cord Tear
Frank Ocean has been forced to cancel his sold-out Australian tour after suffering a tear on his vocal cords. The singer began the tour, but suffered through the opening night. He has since been advised by doctors to cancel the remainder of the tour.
Ellen DeGeneres Tops Out Magazine's Gay Power List
Out Magazine released their Power List honoring the US's 50 most powerful gay men and women. Ellen DeGeneres, Anderson Cooper and Frank Ocean made the list.
Justin Timberlake and Jay-Z to Headline London Music Festival
Justin Timberlake and Jay-Z are teaming up once again to co-headline the Wireless festival in London. The festival will take place in July at the Olympic Park; the news has been confirmed by Live Nation.
The Celebs.com Seven Tweets of the Day – Mariah Carey, Jennifer Hudson, Frank Ocean
Celebs tweet the darndest things. Every weekday, Celebs.com filters out the fluff to bring you Celebs.com's Seven Celebrity Tweets of the Day. From the funny to the controversial and the plain old weird, check back each day to get a handle on our top tweets!
Celebs.com Junk Drawer: Frank Ocean, Justin Bieber and Oprah Winfrey
This edition of the Celebs.com Junk Drawer roundup features stories about Frank Ocean, Justin Bieber and Oprah Winfrey.


text:
This comfortable and fully air-conditioned hotel comprises a total of 450 rooms spread over 5 floors. Guests are welcomed in the inviting lobby, where there is a 24-hour reception desk, currency exchange facilities, and a lift. Further facilities include a newspaper stand, a shop, a small supermarket, a playroom and a hairdressing salon. Dining options include a snug bar and an air-conditioned restaurant with highchairs for children. In the restaurant there are cookery demonstrations and, once a week, a theme evening with specialities from Mexico or the Canary Islands. There is also a kids' club and playground. In the Internet area guests may use the public Internet terminals. Laundry services, medical facilities and a launderette round up the offerings. Those arriving by car may use the hotel car park.
This attractive hotel is located in the south of the island of Gran Canaria, near the famous dunes and on the edge of the Campo Internacional. The nearest public transport stop is located some 500 m from the hotel. The popular Faro II shopping centre, with its numerous restaurants, bars and pubs, is around 700 m away. The beautiful dune landscape and long, sandy beach of Maspalomas are only 1.5 km away.
The tastefully decorated, comfortable rooms come with a bathroom with a bathtub and hairdryer, a direct dial telephone, satellite/cable TV, a minibar and a hire safe. Air conditioning can be individually controlled. Each room also features a balcony or a terrace.
In the hotel grounds, guests will find a man-made pool landscape with 6 swimming pools, a paddling pool, a poolside snack bar and a sun terrace with parasols and sun loungers. A sauna, a Turkish bath and various massage treatments are also available. Sports enthusiasts may play tennis, table tennis, boccie, beach volleyball, billiards/ snooker and minigolf, try out archery, or work out in the fully-equipped gym. An activity programme, including a special programme for children, keeps guests entertained. The hotel is ideal for keen golfers, since there is an 18-hole course nearby.
Guests may select their breakfast, lunch and dinner from buffets. Guests may book either a half-board or a full board stay.
American Express, Diners Club, Mastercard and VISA are accepted methods of payment.
Room Facilities:
Direct dial telephone
Mini fridge
Central airconditioned


text:
Philippine Association Of National Advertisers (PANA)
Philippine Association of National Advertisers (PANA) is one of the sectoral members of Adboard which was established on January 30, 1958. It is a non-stock, non-profit organization committed to the promotion of Truth in Advertising. PANA was formed by adverisers for advertisers uniting the users of advertising. It was founded on four basic principles namely: belief in advertising as an important tool in marketing goods and services; belief that consumer's interest should prevail by making it the advertiser's primary concern; belief in the promotion and protection of the public's confidence in advertising and advertised goods and services; and the belief in the upliftment of advertising standards and practices.
PANA's mission is to practice fair and honest advertising to protect the interests of the consumers as well as to develop its members to be a responsible and market-sensitive practitioners through relevant educational programs and interaction. Presently, PANA has a total of 319 member companies. It also aims to partner with other industry organizations in nation building through responsible advertising and media content.
- Abenson
- Asia Brewery
- Ayala Corporation
- Bank of the Philippine Islands
- Cebu Pacific
- Del Monte Philippines
- Enchanted Kingdom
- Goldilocks Bakeshop
- Nokia Philippines
- Petron Corporation
- San Miguel Corporation
- Unilever Philippines Incorporated
To see the complete listing of PANA's members. http://www.pana.com.ph/memdirectory.php.
- "Members." Advertising Board of the Philippines. http://www.adboard.com.ph/members.php?id=20 (accessed on October 09, 1997).
- PANA. http://www.pana.com.ph/missionvision.php (accessed on October 09, 2007).
- "2007 Member's Directory." PANA. http://www.pana.com.ph/memdirectory.php (accessed on October 09, 2007).
Original content from WikiPilipinas. under GNU Free Documentation License. See full disclaimer.


text:
Lilly Vocation Discernment Initiative
Historic Grant will allow students
to reflect on values and the future
By Phyllis Hanlon
After years of reflection, planning and hard
work, Holy Cross recently announced the largest single foundation
grant in the College's history. The Lilly Endowment Inc.
recently awarded Holy Cross a $2 million grant with which
the College will implement the Lilly Vocation Discernment
Initiative, a five-year plan to promote its Jesuit mission
of intellectual enrichment, service to others and spiritual
Gretchen Wolfram, communications department
director for the Lilly Endowment, explains the purpose behind
the disbursement. "This initiative encourages liberal
arts schools to consider ways in which to help students make
career decisions based on a number of factors, namely, faith,
values and religion," says Wolfram. "A lot of decisions
are made in college, so this is when you want to promote
this kind of thinking."
Holy Cross takes that purpose seriously. According
to Charles S. Weiss, director of the office of grants and
corporate and foundation giving, the College invested great
thought while crafting the award-winning grant. "Every
relevant department and staff member had input. A massive
amount of information and opinion was collected," he
says. A committee comprising academic affairs, the Chaplains'
Office, student affairs and the Center for Religion, Ethics
and Culture shaped an initial draft.
Weiss notes that in fine-tuning the grant,
the mission of the College, as expressed by valedictorian
Ryan Collar at the 2001 graduation ceremony, was most apt
in conveying the message that the Jesuit purpose is to find
God in all things, and that one's years at the school should
be spent in serious reflection.
"I recall listening to Ryan's speech
last year, while we were putting the proposal together," says
Weiss, "and it occurred to me that his words were a
fine embodiment of what we're all about."
"I believe the Jesuit ideal of Holy Cross
sets it apart from other schools of high academic standing," said
Collar on graduation day. "We are an intimate community;
we share daily celebrations of prayer; we reach out to the
homeless, hungry, abused and forgotten ... We are constantly
reminded of the Jesuit ideal to be for others. Truly, both
this mission rooted in service and the academic element of
our College inform and enhance the other, together providing
us with far more than a typical educationthey have
given us direction as well, a design for what we might do
with our acquired knowledge and the power it entails."
Serendipitous Timing
According to Weiss, the grant from the Lilly Endowment
arrived at a momentous time in Holy Cross history. He
notes four important developments at the College
that coincided with the timing of the grant opportunity:
Four cornerstones form the foundation of the
project: 1). First-year student orientation and community-wide,
mission-oriented convocations; 2). Curricular projects and
courses on reflective practice and vocational discernment;
3). Faculty and staff development on reflective practice
and vocational discernment; and 4). Spiritual formation and
ministerial service, including programs to serve an increasingly
diverse community.
The Office of Student Affairs, led by Jacqueline
D. Peterson, vice president and dean of students, is charged
with implementing programs associated with the first cornerstone. "We
are looking at strategies to introduce students to leadership
development from the first year on," she says. "We
want to teach the students good decision making, reflective
thinking, civic responsibility and service to others. Our
role is to encourage and reinforce the Ignatian ideal outside
of the classroom."
Holy Cross' recently implemented Gateways
program offers summer and fall orientations to new students
wrapped around the theme of "Live the mission," and
may also play a pivotal role in reinforcing the leadership
component, according to Peterson. "We'd like students
to be able to see clearly and articulate the wholeness of
their educational experience," she says. "Students
tend to compartmentalize the college experience. Our role
is to help students make the connections between the ongoing
areas of life. As we begin, this is a program. It will become
an educational process, a part of the fabric of the full
The second and third cornerstones of the initiative
concentrate on innovation in the curriculum and faculty and
staff development. Special retreats that address the question,
How then shall we live?, as well as many other such queries,
will investigate ways to incorporate the College's mission
statement into the curriculum. Faculty members will be encouraged
to integrate reflective practice into their course work.
Stephen C. Ainlay, vice president for academic affairs and
dean of the College, says, "Students are so busy pursuing
course work and outside-of-class-activities, there's a short
supply of time to reflect on personal transformation and
understand those changes. This grant will provide the structure
for that kind of thinking."
With the retirement of 23 faculty members,
Holy Cross intends to replace those teachers as well as add
as many as 25 additional positions. New faculty will be exposed
to expanded orientation programs and more in-depth involvement
with academic vocation as well as growing opportunities to
mentor, attend retreats and obtain spiritual direction. "This
dramatically improved student-faculty ratio will allow faculty
more time to spend with students, giving them the opportunities
for directed research under supervision," says Ainlay.
Rooted in the Ignatian tradition, the fourth
cornerstone speaks to spirituality, service and ministry.
Katherine M. McElaney '76, director of the Office of College
Chaplains, identifies three distinct parts of the grant on
which her office will focus. One major initiative is the
development of 22 summer internships targeted for service
and ministry. McElaney explains that 10 students will undertake
service internships coordinated under Students for Urban
Development (SPUD) and will receive a stipend. "We proposed
a high stipend to make the ministries and service internships
more commensurate with other internships on campus," says
McElaney. "We wanted to be able to give the students
a decent wage so their summer earnings wouldn't take precedence." Twelve
students will engage in ministerial internships: two contemplating
the priesthood, two non-Catholics interested in pursing some
type of Christian ministry and eight Catholics seeking work
in ministerial apostolate. "Our hope is to help 22 students
discern more seriously the meaning of work and their future
direction," says McElaney. "All internships will
include a reflective component."
The "Got dreams?" sessions will provide
fourth-year students the opportunity to explore questions
that have particular significance as they prepare for life
after college, such as "What are my dreams?" "Who
am I?" "How does God fit into all of this?" The
program is designed to assemble all the pieces of the students'
Holy Cross experience as they graduate and assume roles in
the Church and in life, according to McElaney. "These
students need to see how family, faith and work coalesce."
Lilly Vocation Fellow
Under the terms of the grant, Elizabeth Johns, professor
emerita of art history at the University of Pennsylvania,
will become Lilly Vocation Fellow. She
will direct seminars at the end of each semester as well as days of reflection
and various prayer series. "Holy Cross will get a richer and more explicit
combination of intellectual life and faith life," she says. "The
major purpose of the grant is to address vocation in the largest sense. Live
your life in the light of faith, whether it be business or medicine or homemaking," she
says. "Your work expresses your faith. This initiative is so wonderfully
congruent with the Holy Cross mission statement. It's the fundamental meaning
at the heart of the courses we teach."
Adhering to the Ignatian spirituality that
is integral to Holy Cross, according to David J. O'Brien,
Loyola Professor of Roman Catholic Studies, director of the
Center for Religion, Ethics and Culture and, also, project
director for the Lilly Grant, is a highlight of the grant. "This
will enrich the Jesuit tradition of the College," he
says, adding that the universal applicability of the techniques
of discernment will enable students to determine how faith,
values and social responsibility fit into their life decisions.
Weiss agrees and points, once again, to Ryan
Collar's valedictory address. "Ryan wished for his classmates
a 'life principle, a calling, a standard that might give
a spiritual purpose to all of our distinct ambitions,'" recalls
Weiss. "I think the Lilly Grant will be instrumental
in helping us make that wish a reality for our students."


text:
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