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Funeral service will be held 1 p.m. Saturday, Sept. 15 at the Sellars Funeral Home Lebanon at Stones Mansion, 416 Rome Pike, for Mr. Jones, 46.
He died Sept. 11, 2012 at age 46.
The family will be receiving friends Friday from 4-8 p.m. and on Saturday from 11 a.m. until the service.
Arrangements by Sellars Funeral Home at Stone Mansion, Lebanon.
Funeral services were held Friday morning, Sept. 14 at Bond Memorial Chapel for renowned dairy farmer and agriculture educator Charles Willoughby, 82, of Mt. Juliet. The son of the late, A.H. and Edna Earl Pennington Willoughby, he died Tuesday, Sept. 11, 2012.
Funeral services for Mrs. Lori Boyer Crowder are scheduled for 2 p.m. Sunday, Sept. 16 at Hillcrest Baptist Church with Bro. Glenn Denton officiating. Interment will follow at the Cedar Grove Cemetery.
Visitation Saturday 12 Noon8 p.m at Ligon & Bobo Funeral Home and Sunday 1-1:45 PM at Hillcrest Baptist Church. Mrs. Crowder, 43 of Lebanon, passed away Tuesday, Sept. 11, 2012, at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville.
Visitation will be 6-8 p.m. Monday, Sept. 17, at Bond Memorial Chapel, Mt. Juliet for Ms. Villareale, 91. She died Monday, Sept. 10, 2012.
In lieu of flowers, memorials may be made to the charity of your choice.
Survivors include: children Lucy Rosa and Renato Villareale.
Arrangements by Bond Memorial Chapel, Mt. Juliet.
A memorial service will be held 4 p.m. Friday, Sept. 14 at Sellars Funeral Home at Mt. Juliet for Mr. Fuqua, 56.
Born May 16, 1956, Mr. Fuqua died Tuesday, Sept. 11, 2012.
Visitation with the family will be two hours prior to the service.
Arrangements by Sellars Funeral Home at Mt. Juliet.
Funeral services will be conducted 1 p.m. Saturday, Sept. 15 at Bond Memorial Chapel in Mt. Juliet for Mr. Hughes, 65, of Lebanon. A member of the West Hills Baptist Church, he died Thursday, Sept. 13, 2012.
Funeral services are scheduled for 1 p.m. Friday, Sept. 14 at Ligon & Bobo Funeral Home for Mr. Watson, 92, of Lebanon. A veteran of World War II, having served with the the U.S. Army's 7th Infantry Division, he died Tuesday, Sept. 11, 2012, at Quality Care in Lebanon.
It started with an antelope hunt in New Mexico with a muzzleloader. It was a long shot that first morning. Even at 7:15, it was hot. At 213-yards with a strong crosswind, I had to hold high and to the left. Still, it was a good shot and my hunt on the Tres Sombreros ranch was over.
DAR promotes Constitution Week awareness
{phocagallery view=category|categoryid=5|imageid=579|displayname=0|float=left}The national celebration of Constitution Week begins Monday, Sept. 17.The weeklong commemoration of Americas most important document is one of the countrys least known official observances. The Constitution stands as a testament to the tenacity of Americans throughout history to maintain their liberties and freedom, and to ensure those inalienable rights to every American.
By PATRICK HALL
The Wilson Post
Four Lebanon City Council members laid the groundwork Wednesday night during a work session for how a half-cent sales tax increase would be spent if that increase passes a referendum of the people on Nov. 6.
Ward 2 Councilor Kevin Huddleston noted during the councils most recent regular meeting on Tuesday, Sept. 4, that council needed to explicitly state where the sales tax increase would be spent so citizens could be more informed.
Council proposed allocating 50 percent of the funds generated from the increase to return to the Rainy Day Fund and the other 50 percent to go into a fund for street paving work and to solve drainage and flooding issues.
If you dont put it out there cut and dry, its going nowhere, Huddleston said.
By PATRICK HALL
The Wilson Post
Hartmann Luggage, one of the first businesses to locate in the William D. Baird Industrial Subdivision, will close its entire Lebanon operation in December.
According to documents filed with the Tennessee Department of Labor and Workforce Development on Wednesday, Hartmann will close down its Lebanon factory on Friday, Dec. 14.
On Dec. 14, 2012, Hartmann will permanently close their facility, said Department of Labor Communications Director Jeff Hentschel.
The closing will leave 93 employees without a job, including 14 temporary workers, six Parts and Repair Operators, five Order Pullers, four Customer Service Representatives and many more. The positions range from office workers to shipping and maintenance.
By PATRICK HALL
The Wilson Post
Maps of the Lebanon Special School District used by the school system, Wilson County Planning Department and County Election Commission showed differences from the same map in the Wilson County Property Assessors office, causing confusion during the August election.
The issue came to light during a hearing in Chancery Court on Friday, Sept. 7, where LSSD Board of Education Chairman Steve Jones was contesting the Aug. 2 election, which he lost to Johnie Payton by one vote.
Administrator of Elections Phillip Warren told Chancellor C.K. Smith during the hearing that a voter came in during Early Voting and said he lived inside the LSSD boundaries but the Election Commission map didnt show his property within the boundary.Warren said he contacted LSSD Director of Schools Scott Benson and asked about the voters address. Warren indicated the LSSD maps also showed the voter as living outside the district.
Lebanon Mayoral candidate Robert J. Bob OBrien invites all residents of Hillview Farms as well as any Lebanon resident to Tea & Cookies with him from 6 until 8 p.m., Monday, Sept. 17, in the Community Clubhouse.
Hillview Farms is located off Leeville Pike.
OBrien will discuss Leadership for Lebanon: A Vision for a New Chapter, and will listen and learn about what matters to local citizens.
UPDATE--Detectives from the Mt. Juliet Police Department recovered Hailey Privette around 12 p.m. in Hermitage.
The department said Hailey is now safe, and the investigation continues into possible criminal charges for the male acquaintance that she was with.
"The Tennessee Bureau of Investigation played a very instrumental role in the safe recovery of Hailey. The TBI staff is top-notch, and are always willing to assist in investigations to ensure Tennesseans remain safe," said Community Policing Director Sgt. Tyler Chandler.
By PATRICK HALL
The Wilson Post
Registration cards issued to Wilson County voters earlier this year do not indicate whether a resident lives within the Lebanon Special School District boundary.
As part of the redistricting process that was carried out by all levels of government, new registration cards were issued to voters in the spring, but the new card no longer tells voters if they are able to vote in the LSSD School Board elections.We left that off just for space, said Wilson County Administrator of Elections Phillip Warren.
Taste of Wilson County supports new 'Guide'
New schools. New faces. Unfamiliar streets. Different stores and buildings.
When a family relocates to a new place, getting acclimated can be as hard for children as it is for their parents.Thanks to one teacher and a group of sixth graders at Winfree-Bryant Middle School, and financial backing from a Lebanon/Wilson County Chamber teacher grant, the Kids Guide to Wilson County is a helpful new resource for kids and families who are new to Wilson County, or for any child who wants to learn more about the area.
By PATRICK HALL
The Wilson Post
The first of 17 members of the Vice Lords gang pleaded guilty and was sentenced in federal court to charges of conspiracy to distribute crack cocaine, cocaine and marijuana after he was indicted following a three-year investigation by local, state and federal law enforcement.
Lebanon Police Chief Scott Bowen said Christopher Nicholson, a.k.a. Chris Lopez, 35, of Nashville, pleaded guilty and was sentenced on Thursday, Sept. 6, to 151 months in federal prison with three years of supervised parole.
He was the first of the 17 indicted for conspiracy to distribute crack cocaine, cocaine and marijuana, Bowen said.
Briana Barnes, a Wilson Central High School student, was recently selected to participate in the 2012 Miss Teen Nashville competition that will take place on Sunday, Sept. 23.
Briana learned of her acceptance into this years competition when the judges announced their selections after reviewing hundreds of applications and going through an interview session which took place in Nashville on Aug. 29.Briana will be competing in the Miss Jr. Teen division, one of the four divisions that have young ladies 7 to 19 competing in modeling routines, which include casual wear and a formal wear. Most important, Briana will display her personality and interviewing skills during her interviews with this years Nashville judging panel. Personality and character are the number one aspects that each contestant is judged on during all phases of competition.
In what is being billed as one of the marquee games in the state, Mt. Juliet hosts Beech Friday night in a game that should provide the winner a leg up toward the District 9AAA regular season crown. Kickoff is set for 7 p.m.
Two Wilson County teams seemingly headed in opposite directions will clash tonight as Wilson Central and Lebanon get together in a District 9AAA contest. Kickoff is set for 7 p.m. at Tribble Field / Watkins Stadium on the LHS campus.
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Joint Formula Buying Guide 2013
We tested over 20 products. More than half didn't even have all the ingredients they claimed
By, Keith Lesbin
Senior Editor
Consumers Guides
If you've suffered from joint pain, then you know exactly how much it can impact your life. Even the slightest movement can send pain shooting through your entire body, making even the simplest tasks incredibly painful.
In order to meet the demands of this huge market, many companies have made joint support formulas to ease the pain and support healthy joints.The problem with this is, many of them don't work. We've had dozens of readers write into us, asking us to find out why these products aren't living up to their promises…and to find one that will.
When we dug deeper into this problem, we were shocked by what we found. Many of the top supplements on the market didn't even have all the ingredients they claimed! And others didn't use the most effective ingredients, most likely because the manufacturers wanted to cut costs.
Luckily, we did find a few products that give users great results: less pain, more mobility, and healthier joints. Read on to find out which products you should use if you finally want to leave joint pain behind.
First, Why Your Joints Hurt – And How To Make Them Stop
Scientists have long believed that the cause of chronic joint pain is a breakdown of the cartilage and connective tissue in the joints. When this tissue breaks down, the joints grind on each other, making even the most basic movement an agonizing ordeal.
What researchers are learning is that, to prevent cartilage from breaking down, you need to boost your body's production of the compounds that make up cartilage and connective tissue. This is where a joint formula comes in.
One of the richest sources of the nutrients your joints need is in eggshell membrane. Not only is this membrane filled with glucosamine and chondroitin, two of the most proven joint health ingredients, it's also jam-packed with other joint-protecting compounds like collagen and hyaluronic acid.
In a study published in Clinical Rheumatology, joint pain sufferers who were given a daily supplement of eggshell membrane saw an incredible 72% reduction in pain after 30 days! In addition, they also saw a 43% increase in flexibility, allowing them to go about their daily tasks with much less pain and discomfort than before.
All of this combines to make eggshell membrane the most effective natural solution to joint pain. That means that, if you want to finally get relief for your aching joints, you need a supplement that's full of eggshell membrane.
Finding the Best Supplement
Of course, the #1 question that people have is: how do you decide which supplement is best?
There are a few things you can look for that boost your chances of getting the most effective joint supplement possible. You need to carefully read the label of any product you're considering, and look for the following things:
With these criteria in mind, we evaluated almost two dozen joint supplements to find out which one was most effective. Read on to find out who was crowned #1.
Our Research Method
We used two factors to determine a supplement's qualities: the ingredients, and the experiences that real people had with it.
First off, if a product didn't have the ingredients mentioned above, there was virtually no chance that it would score well in user reviews or our tests. You simply can't have an effective product without effective ingredients.
Then we looked at the company itself and evaluated the company based on whether or not they're attempting to cash in on the new joint health trend, how long they've been around, and some other metrics, such as their return policy.
And finally, we talked to customers directly to see if they enjoyed their experience working with the company–especially the most important question: would they buy from them again?
What Our Research Found
As we suspected, a lot of products failed to pass the initial ingredient test. Lots of companies offer inferior products that are don't have the ingredients necessary to make a difference, including the all-important eggshell membrane.
What's worse, some of the products that did have eggshell membrane listed on the label didn't have nearly as much as they claimed. One supplement even claimed to have "over 500 mg of eggshell membrane"- but when we tested it, we found it only had half that much!
Other companies were rejected because they were difficult to contact, and often only offered one product, which always sets off the alarm bells in our heads. Naturally, we'd never recommend one of these brands to our readers.
This left us with only a handful of high-quality supplements from trusted suppliers. Of this group, though, one joint supplement stood out from the rest of the pack.
This supplement:
So which product do we recommend over any other? The answer is below.
Our Top Picks
#1 Top Choice: Whole Body Joint Stimuflex
If you've been looking for a joint health supplement that could offer you fast relief, then this is the one for you.
Out of every product we looked at, Whole Body Research had the highest quality supplement, making it the only one we can safely recommend you purchase.
They include all the ingredients we wanted to see, in the most effective doses possible. That includes 500 mg of Natural Eggshell Membrane, 300 mg of Boswellia, 200 mg of Turmeric, and 100 mg of white willow. These numbers exceeded all of our minimums, and for the price, you won't get more bang for your buck.
Similarly, Whole Body Research is an established company that makes supplements that customers love. They've been selling supplements for a long time, and they aren't one of those companies that just pops up overnight hoping to get rich fast.
On top of all this, they use strict third-party testing to guarantee that their products are perfect before they offer them for sale. This shows a concern for the customer, not just for their bottom line.
They also back every single one of their products with a 90-day, money-back guarantee- something none of our other finalists could match. Standing behind their product like this tells us that they absolutely believe it works, and they're willing to put their money where their mouth is.
If there is one negative we could find about Whole Body Research, it's that they have difficulty keeping their products in stock. And as word continues to spread about their products, it seems likely that they'll continue to have issues with being sold out more often than not.
Click the link below to read our full review of Whole Body Research's Joint Stimuflex. We've also provided a link with a special discount if you're interested in trying it for yourself.
(Note: Consumers Guides makes no guarantees about the availability of the product. As mentioned, this product sells out often, and we cannot promise that it will still be in stock when you read this.)
Read Full Review And Learn More About Whole Body Joint Stimuflex>>
Where To Order Whole Body Joint Stimuflex>>
# 2 Second Choice: Instaflex Joint Support
We also like the joint support supplement from Instaflex. Like Whole Body Research, Instaflex uses high-quality ingredients. The product also had a fair price, but upon closer inspection, you'll see that the price isn't quite right.
This is because the ingredient that we most want to see, Natural Eggshell Membrane, is replace by the more traditional Glucosamine. This helps the company cut a corner, but also means they're missing the biggest thing in joint health going on right now.
They do include white willow, Tumeric, and Boswellia, though. So while the egg membrane is missing, we're still happy to see this other joint-happy ingredients.
Instaflex doesn't use binders or synthetic ingredients. But they do have a few filler ingredients that don't really need to be there and don't third-party test as far as we can tell. While this is nowhere near as effective as the supplement from Whole Body Research, it still earns our second spot thanks to positive customer reviews and a supplement with most of the ingredients we want to see.
#3 Third Choice: Natural Factors Natural EggShell Membrane
Natural Factors Natural Eggshell Membrane will round out our list of top supplements. These guys generally do a good job with supplements, but this one left us wishing for more. Like the others, they don't use binders and synthetics, but that's probably because they don't use much else.
This supplement has the always-effective Natural Eggshell Membrane and a veggie capsule, and that's it. This just isn't enough to get higher on our list. Eggshell membrane is great, but when combined with the other ingredients we've mentioned, you get a truly amazing product.
So while this nice supplement gets a nod, it just doesn't offer enough to make it higher on our list.
P.S. While Whole Body Joint Formula is the best joint supplement we've found, we would still love to hear about any others you've tried. If you have had a great experience of your own, please send me an email at firstname.lastname@example.com with the details. We'll check it out and if it looks good, we'll post it here.
Keith Lesbin
© 2012 ConsumersGuides.com. All rights reserved.
Privacy Policy | Terms of Use | Contact
* These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
Copyright © ConsumersGuides.com. All Rights Reserved.This page is a demonstration of what an individual who uses the advertised products could potentially experience. Results from using these services will vary. Your results can be better or worse depending on the effort you put forth within them. These recommendations are soley based upon opinion. "As Seen On" logos and tradmarks are owned by their respective companies. All claims made by us are made up for advertising purposes only. One of more of the services we review has been previously written about or featured by those companies. We have no affiliation with those companies. We make no representation or guarantee of the quality of these companies. The rates, fees and information on this page, while accurate at the time of writing, is subject to change and may have changed since originally published. That content, advertising space or post may not always be identified as paid or sponsored content. Male Enhancement Reviews

subset: commoncrawl


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JQuery and HTML modification
Anggaran $10-30 USD
Hi, I have a page that is Jquery and html based with a simple cart and one drop down selection.
I would like to add multiple drop down therefore variable pricing and shipping data before sending to paypal payment page.
Diberikan kepada:
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26 freelancer menawar pada rata-rata $28 untuk pekerjaan ini
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(701) 774-0233
202 32nd Avenue SWWilliston, ND 58801
Email: email@example.com
Welcome to OK Tire Store, your one-stop auto repair center and tire dealer. No matter the vehicle you may have, we have the tire for you. We offer a variety of auto services such as brakes, alignments and oil changes. We are located at 202 32nd Avenue SW, Williston, ND. We serve the areas of Williston, ND, Tioga, ND, Watford City, ND and Bainville, MT. Our store hours are Monday thru Friday 8:00am-5:00pm and Saturday 9:00am-2:00pm. You can contact us online or by calling (701) 774-0233.
OK Tire Store located at 5010 138th Avenue NW Williston, ND 58801has provided the communities of Williston ND, Tioga ND, Watford City ND, and Bainville MT with quality automotive products and repair since 1980. Tire Brands: MICHELIN®, BFGoodrich® and Uniroyal®. Auto Repair: Belts and Hoses, Brakes, Lube/Oil Change/Filter Service, Wheel Alignment, Tires, Wheels, Axle/CV Joint/Driveshaft Repair, Electrical: Starting/Charging/Batteries, Nitrogen Tire Inflation, Preventive Maintenance, Roadside Assistance, Steering and Suspension, Tire Pressure Monitoring System.


text:
Added to Cart
Laura Mercier Baked Eye Colour - Ballet Pink (1.8g/0.06oz)
Add to Wishlist
Laura Mercier Baked Eye Colour - Ballet Pink (1.8g/0.06oz)
- An ultra-blendable & versatile eye color
- Developed with Baked technology that offers gorgeous, long-lasting shades
- With a smudge-resistant, lightweight formula that gently smoothes onto the lid
- Provides an even, flawless application
- Can be applied wet or dry for various effects
Due to the nature of this product, we are unable to accept a return under the terms of our Returns Policy for 'change of mind' purposes or sizing errors.
Returns for these products will only be accepted where the goods are deemed faulty under the terms of our Warranty Terms & Conditions .
This Product is offered and supplied by Kogan HK Limited pursuant to the Terms and Conditions.


text:
That sounds like a good system. I would love to read anything you'd let me, and offer constructive criticism if you want. (For example if there are shifts not well described in the framework. But all I have is some familiarity with Latin and Greek palaeography.)
Yeah, dranorter isn't my name, just what I'm used to being called online. It doesn't come from anywhere really. I wrote up a sheet of nonsense 'fantasy names' in middle school and just picked one. My email address is also under that name, at gmail.com.
Ancient Persian scripts
The place to discuss alphabets and other writing systems.
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The 26-year-old from Somerset was Britain's sole representative in the event, which was eventually won by Lithuania's Andrejus Zadneprovskis.
"Weale gained seven places in the run and that was a very good performance," said GB performance director Jan Bartu.
"It's also a fantastic start to Sam's Olympic campaign this year."
What are these?


text:
- Buy New
- Alerts
A handcrafted, two-piece conga set for early to intermediate percussionists.
This Two-Piece Conga Set from Schalloch features a 10" Quinto and an 11" Conga. Both drums feature Siam oak shells, fully tunable 8mm lugs and hand-selected buffalo skin heads. These Schalloch drums also have strong tuning brackets and a rounded rim for hours of comfortable play.
- Siam oak shells
- Tunable 8mm lugs
- Hand-selected buffalo skin heads
Pro-quality features with a beginner's price tag. Pack it up today!


text: Alright here. I have a 61 in ferris and 52 in Ferris i just bought. I also bought some Tanaka and redmax hedge trimmers. The deck mowers came with a few sets of blades each and the trimmers were used. My question here is what am i going to need to perform daily maintenance. I need to find this out so i know how much money to save up. I already own a decent air compressor and some air sockets and tools for it. My company is based upon the highest quality lawn maintence i can provide. My goal is to have a routine that at the end of the day take the blades off the mowers and sharpen them and to sharpen the trimmers depending on use. I cannot figure out how to sharpen these trimmers except by hand which isnt the most efficient method. Also i dont konw what tools i am going to need to sharpen the trimmers or the blades of the mowers. I am assuming a lathe type sharpener for the blades but not positive. Hopefully someone can lend me a hand. This work was always done by a mechanic for me and since its my company now I dont want to pay one. Maybe later buy for now i dont want to. Thanks -Tim


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To ensure voice quality and to optimize media delivery over the IP, it is crucial to properly plan, design, implement, and manage the underlying network. This chapter discusses what are the best practices for planning media deployment over IP networks starting from how to assess the readiness of the network, traffic engineering, high availability and managing the IP network and of its integrated components that process voice and other media transmissions. Managing VoIP network starts from a discovery process that maps out the entire network by identifying all the network elements and their roles, key performance indicators (KPI's) to track, establishing baseline, and effectively monitoring it on regular basis. This chapter will cover all the monitoring mechanism available to network administrators and their scope and effectiveness in managing VoIP. All networks are bound to experience outages. Managing outages and correlating network problems with end user problems is critical. This chapter will cover how incident management systems including trouble ticketing systems can be integrated with network management. In essence this chapter establishes the baseline for managing the VoIP networks.
Requirements for Enabling Voice in IP Networks
The task of managing the VoIP networks begins even before implementation phase when the decision is made to deploy Voice over an IP network. Since traditionally voice communications have been regarded as mission critical service supporting public safety access points for emergency services and critical business support over TDM networks, the same level of service is expected out of VoIP networks as they begin to provide the primary method of voice communications.
Network Readiness Assessment
In order to ensure same level of service, the underlying IP network must:
- Have bandwidth and performance to handle converged services.
- Meet the demand of high availability voice services by providing resiliency to mitigate the effect of network outages.
- Should be modular, hierarchical and consistent to promote consistency and manageability.
This pre-deployment infrastructure assessment should address each of these areas. The infrastructure assessment is accomplished by gathering the needed information from network engineering staff to evaluate the current or planned network implementation including hardware, software, network design, security baseline, network links, and power/environment.
The following areas of the infrastructure assessment must be evaluated:
Network Design
Hierarchy & modularity- Network hierarchy is perhaps the single most important aspect of network design resiliency. A hierarchical network is easier to understand and easier to support because of consistent expected data flows for all applications occur on the network over similar access, distribution and backbone layers. This reduces overall management requirements of the network, increases understanding and supportability of the network and often results in decreased traffic flow problems, troubleshooting requirements, and improved IP routing convergence times. Network Hierarchy also improves scalability of the network by allowing it to grow without major network changes. Hierarchy also promotes address summarization, important in larger IP routing environments.Network modularity can be defined as a consistent building block for each hierarchical layer of the network and should include like devices, like configurations and identical software versions. By using a consistent "model" for each layer of the network, supportability can be improved as it becomes much easier to properly test modules, create troubleshooting procedures, document network components, train support staff and quickly replace broken components. Each defined hierarchical layer should have a basic solution that will be used repeatedly throughout the network. If enhancements or special requirements are added to specific modules then special attention should be paid to testing, documentation and supportability.
IP Routing- IP routing is a design issue for all larger network environments. The primary issues are that the routing protocol will converge quickly following various failure scenarios. In addition, the routing scales differently in the particular network environment. The readiness assessment process should include IP routing protocol selection, configuration, IP summarization and IP routing protocol safeguards to prevent IP overhead and undesirable routing loops. In general, Cisco recommends OSPF or EIGRP for improved convergence with added VLSM (variable length subnet mask) support. In environments that anticipate an excess of 100 routes, IP summarization is recommended into the core, generally configured at the distribution layer. For WAN environments additional summarization may be needed at the edge to reduce overhead on slower WAN links. Routing protocol safeguards are also recommended to reduce overhead and prevent unexpected routing behavior, such as routing across user or server VLANs. In larger WAN environments, it is also recommended that only routes from a particular area be routed into the core and that a particular site should not be a potential reroute point for core or other major traffic.
IP Addressing- IP addressing scheme's evaluation should investigate specifically how the allocation of current IP address space will effect the allocation of IP addressing for IP phones and other communications devices. In most cases, an organization will not have available with in its current allocation IP address space within the existing user VLANs or subnets for an IP phone rollout. Several strategies exist for the allocation of space including;
- Increasing subnet size.
- Providing additional VLANS and subnets for phones using either additional access ports or 802.1Q trunking on user ports.
- Use secondary interfaces to allocate additional address space where 802.1q trunking is not supported.
- Use of Network Address Translation (NAT) should be used with caution. The VoIP network architect should explore the impact on voice signalling protocols when packets from end points with NAT'ed IP address traverse firewalls and proxy servers.
HSRP- HSRP, hot standby router protocol, is a software feature that permits redundant IP default gateways on server and client subnets. HSRP is configurable for router prioritization, preempt capability to return gateway back to higher priority router and "backbone track" support to track the availability of a backbone or WAN interface on the router. On user or server subnets that require default gateway support, HSRP provides increased resiliency by providing a redundant level III IP default gateway.
Other redundancy schemes for applications' servers may include DNS or server load balancing.
Quality of Service- Voice quality on a network is ensured by the use of Quality of Service (QoS) features in the network. These features must be enabled and available end-to-end in a network to provide high quality voice services on the converged network.Voice quality is affected by two major factors: lost packets and delayed packets. Packet loss causes voice clipping and skips. The industry standard codec algorithms used in Cisco Digital Signal Processors (DSP) can correct for up to 30 ms of lost voice. Cisco VoIP technology uses 20 ms samples of voice payload per VoIP packet. Therefore, for the codec correction algorithms to be effective, only a single packet can be lost during any given time. Packet delay can cause either voice quality degradation due to the end-to-end voice latency or packet loss if the delay is variable. If the delay is variable, such as queue delay in bursty data environments, there is a risk of jitter buffer overruns at the receiving end. To provide consistent voice latency and minimal packet loss, QoS is normally needed (except in cases where bandwidth is always available). The following major rules apply to QoS in campus LAN & WAN environments:
- Use 802.1Q/p connections for the IP phones and use the auxiliary VLAN for voice
- Classify voice RTP streams as EF or IP precedence 5 and place them into a second queue (preferably a priority queue) on all network elements
- Classify voice control traffic as AF31 or IP precedence 3 and place it into a second queue on all network elements.
- Enable QoS within the campus if LAN buffers are reaching 100% utilization
- Always provision the WAN properly allowing 25% of the bandwidth for overhead including routing protocols, network management and Layer 2 link information.
- Use Low Latency Queuing (LLQ) on all WAN interfaces
- Use Link Fragmentation & Interleaving (LFI) techniques for all link speeds below 768 kbps
Service Providers may employ advanced QoS features such as DQoS or RSVP to manage dynamic nature of voice enabled end points.
Network Infrastructure Services
DNS- DNS or Domain Name Services is a critical network naming service within almost all IP networks. Network clients and servers both request connections to other devices by specifying a name. To resolve the name to IP address a request is sent to a configured DNS server and from this point on the client can use the returned IP address. DNS servers should be located centrally within core areas of the network with backup servers available. DNS should also be set up as a hierarchy with a master and secondary so the secondary servers are updated in an appropriate time frame. Devices should also be named and routers should have DNS entries for all ports to avoid IP address conflicts. Network devices should also be set up with backup DNS servers in case the 1st chosen server is down. DNS servers should also be considered critical services within the organization requiring the highest level of security, power backup and potential redundancy. DNS may not be required in Enterprise IP Communications environments as IP addresses are configured in Call Manager and IP phones for access but is useful for managing the overall network environment. In SP networks, DNS functionality is a must as it plays a crucial role in provisioning of voice endpoints such as MTAs. It is also required for establishing voice calls since the voice endpoints rely on DNS to resolve the Call Agent's FQDN to an IP address.
DHCP- DHCP is typically used for client IP addressing. This allows mobility and improves IP address manageability. The only downside is that critical IP Allocation State for many nodes is kept within one file or database on the DHCP server. An organization should have adequate support for DHCP services and treat the DHCP data as highly critical data. Generally DHCP databases should be mirrored or backed up on a continual basis. In addition, an organization should have a plan in case DHCP services fail. This can be mitigated by implementing redundant DHCP servers and distributing the load among different servers, or by configuring backup DHCP servers in case the primary server fails. DHCP servers should also support option 150 for IP phone provisioning. This permits the DHCP server to pass control to the Call Manager to download phone configurations following IP address allocation. In addition, the DHCP server should also support option 43 (vendor-specific information, option 60 (vendor class identifier), option 122 (CableLabs Client Configuration) etc. for provisioning voice endpoints in SP environments.
Network Links
WAN Link Redundancy/Diversity- WAN link redundancy and diversity may be a consideration for distributed IP Telephony deployments where WAN links are required for call setup and RTP voice traffic. The organization should determine the backup strategy when the primary WAN link is down. Distributed call processing and gateways or WAN redundancy may accomplish this. WAN redundancy and diversity may include local loop providers as well as long distance providers.
Twisted-pair installation- Copper installation standards & testing helps to ensure that the intra-building copper plant meets expected quality and performance expectations. The installation should follow standards and quality guidelines for signal attenuation, near-end cross-talk, bend radius, cable routing, distance, termination standards & components, labeling standards, patch cord routing and building conduit requirements. The current documented standard for category 5 testing requirements is TIA/EIA TSB-67 standards. All verification and testing should be done following this guideline which specifies required values for attenuation and NEXT (near-end cross-talk).
Fiber cabling installation- Campus/MAN fiber cabling installation standards and testing, helps to ensure that the inter-building fiber plant meets expected quality and performance expectations. The installation should follow standards and quality guidelines, which include parameters such as dB loss per connection, bend radius, cable routing, termination components or trays, labeling standards, patch cord routing and organization and building conduit requirements. All fibers should be tested following termination to ensure high-quality and minimal signal loss. Campus cabling should generally also offer diversity to prevent disasters caused by cable cuts.
Hardware and Software Considerations
Device Selection- Network Infrastructure devices identified for an IP telephony infrastructure should have recommended features for IP telephony and improved network convergence for High Availability. IP telephony features include Inline Power, 802.1Q/p support, hardware priority queuing and QoS. Availability feature include spanning tree convergence features like uplink fast & backbone fast. Devices should also generally have improved backplane capacity, latency and increased bandwidth. This section also looks at the Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) of the chosen devices to determine theoretical availability. If the number of total devices is known, Cisco can also provide an expected annual failure rate for the devices.
Hardware Resiliency- Redundant modules and chassis are a major contributor to network resiliency and allow normal or frequent maintenance on network equipment without service affecting outages in addition to minimizing power, hardware or software failure impact. Redundant chassis can also provide load-sharing capabilities used in conjunction with routing protocols. Default gateway chassis can be redundant when used in conjunction with the HSRP protocol. Many organizations have redundant backbone chassis and redundant distribution models. Redundant modules include power modules, Supervisor modules and interface modules. Redundant modules help insure that individual module failure does not affect network availability. It is recognized that in many cases redundant chassis are cost-prohibitive at the access layer they are often a necessity due to port density with the introduction of IP telephony
Hardware redundancy- Redundant modules and chassis are a major contributor to network resiliency and allow normal or frequent maintenance on network equipment without service affecting outages in addition to minimizing power, hardware or software failure impact. Redundant chassis can also provide load-sharing capabilities used in conjunction with routing protocols. Default gateway chassis can be redundant when used in conjunction with the HSRP protocol. Many organizations have redundant backbone chassis and redundant distribution models. Redundant modules include power modules, Supervisor modules and interface modules. Redundant modules help insure that individual module failure does not affect network availability. It is recognized that in many cases redundant chassis are cost-prohibitive at the access layer they are often a necessity due to port density with the introduction of IP telephony
Software Resiliency- The software chosen must support the required features for IP telephony and provide the highest software reliability. Software reliability is a factor of software configuration and software version control. For the most part, software reliability is the responsibility of software development and testing groups within Cisco. However, the organization must still validate whether the software is appropriate for their environment by testing or piloting the intended versions. Where possible, Cisco will recommend general deployment versions. The network architect must ensure that these target versions of code have been widely deployed in many customer environments and it is believed that critical and major bugs have been resolved. Software version control is another factor of software reliability. Organizations running a limited number of software versions that have been tested or piloted generally experience higher availability due to lower complexity and reduced bug identification.
Software version control- Software version control is the process of testing, validating and maintaining authorized software releases within the network. Most organizations will require a handful of versions due to different platform and feature requirements. A process should be in place to choose release candidates, review potential impacting bugs, test or pilot release candidate software, deploy authorized software and review version accounting information to ensure software version control is being maintained as expected. Large organizations without software version control processes generally have well over 70 software versions within the network, resulting in a higher number of software bugs, unexpected behaviors and hardware/software incompatibility problems. Organizations requiring high availability should also weigh feature requirements with known software stability in general deployment software. Another issue is software age. Older general deployment software is considered more reliable than recently released newer versions with untested production history.
Power and Environment
Power protection- Power protection is often a concern in IP telephony environments and may be needed to provide parity to legacy telephone systems. Power protection for IP telephony includes the use of Inline Power to provide backup power to phones for UPS protected LAN switching gear and power protection of all critical networking components. In addition, key networking equipment should have redundant power supplies with connectivity to separate power distribution units to prevent power loss due to a tripped circuit or PDU failure. This may range from 10 minute UPS to prevent failure due to more common short-term power outages to UPS arrays with backup generators to prevent failure due to even long term power outages. The following information from UPC provides availability estimates power with various power protection strategies. In addition, the organization should consider monitoring and servicing of UPS equipment.
Environmental conditioning- Environment is a major factor of hardware resiliency as location and temperature of network equipment affects the MTBF, (mean time between failure), of network equipment. Standard operating surface temperatures of most Cisco equipment is approximately 40 degrees centigrade (104 Fahrenheit). When equipment fluctuates more than 10 degree centigrade the MTBF or hardware reliability of the component can be reduced significantly. To maintain documented MTBF estimates, the organization should ensure that proper HVAC (heating, ventilation & air-conditioning) is maintained for critical equipment.
Physical security- Physical device security should be done to ensure that unauthorized personnel do not have access to network equipment. Access to equipment allows unauthorized personnel to make unauthorized changes, obtain passwords on equipment and even perform malicious activities. Equipment should be kept in locked rooms, preferably with card access so entrance is logged.
An Audit approach for VoIP Network Readiness
A comprehensive audit of IP network is always recommended pre-deployment and even post-deployment for network optimization. Auditing methodology consists of analyzing network standards for resiliency, modularity, QoS, High Availability, IP Addressing, Security, Software version control as described earlier. The auditor should also analyze operational practices for FCAPS (Fault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance, and Security) as adopted by the organization maintaining the VoIP network.
The preliminary step of this analysis includes interviewing all the stake holders such as network administrators, architects, and network operations center (NOC)staff. The interview process will typically reveal high level information including network topology and ITIL or ISO or their own corporate standards for FCAPS in case of enterprise or commercial deployments. Service Providers may have additional standards as mandated by regulatory bodies. However, this may not present accurate and complete state of the network since compliance to standards is an ongoing process. Large networks constantly go under changes. For example, a corporate or service provider may have the most comprehensive strategy for QoS and security. But they may be in initial phases of implementation at the time of auditing. Appendix C contains the questionnaire that can be used as a starting point to gather information regarding VoIP Network Readiness.
Therefore, a subsequent step should include verification of the actual status of the network as it is deployed. Network Auditing tools are leveraged for this step. These tools are available from Cisco Advanced Services such as Unified Communication Audit Tool (UCAT), Cisco Network Collector – NetAudit, or Cisco Unified Readiness Assessment Manager (CURAM). Similar tools are also available from other vendors, for example, Vivinet Assessor and AppManager from NetIQ.
For large scale networks it becomes necessary to use a controlled sample for expediency. It is recommended to distribute the network into logical models during the interview in the first step. For example, a large international bank may have various lines of businesses, thousands of branch locations, tens of campus locations, and several international subsidiaries. The auditor should make an attempt to categories them logically such as:
- Campus (with MAN, OC3 uplinks, 3tiered network, 6000+ employees, contact center presence, special considerations for emergency calling)
- Small Campus (with DS3 links, 2 tiered network, up to 1000 employees, single building)
- Data Center (with redundant OC12 links, server farms, load balancing servers, UPS, physical security)
- Branch type A (Small branch with only consumer banking in grocery chains, Frame Relay Circuits)
- Branch Type B (mid size branch with locker rooms, loan officers, commercial banking services, up to T1 links)
- Branch type C (large branch with high touch services such as brokerage services, network redundancy, up to 50 employees, and multiple high speed links)
The auditor may choose to audit in detail one campus location, two small campuses where one could be an international location, all the data centers, and three branches of each type to understand the state of the network. In this process auditor must keep the dialogue open with the network administrator to ensure coverage and rectify access issues commonly faced by the assessment tools.
Analyzing Configurations, Versions, and Topology
The audit tool will look for configuration of all the devices to look for the required features as described earlier including QoS settings and redundancy in the form of HSRP or backup links and capability of access switches to provide power over Ethernet to the IP phones in future. The Configuration data will also help validate the topology of the network as it is actually implemented. In absence of such features, the audit tool must be able to evaluate if the current software version will allow the network architect/administrator to enable these features prior to deployment. The auditor should highlight the gaps and flag instances where either the hardware of software cannot fulfill the fundamental requirements for VoIP deployment. Cisco Auditing tools are capable of analyzing the configurations based on the device role according to the established network design best practices.
Traffic Simulations
Media traffic simulation on IP networks provides engineers a clear picture of how voice packets (RTP streams) will behave on the target network that is being prepared to carry voice. Test probes used to simulate and analyze streams use two methods:
- Deploying traffic generators on the edge of the network where the end points are intended to be installed. These traffic generators are controlled via central console which instructs them to choose appropriate codec, number of media sessions and streams, and the target destination. The central console will then collect metrics including delay, jitter, packet loss and MOS/PESQ score estimates for these calls. This information is collected by means of RTP Control Protocol (RTCP), which provides information about the RTP streams related to packet statistics, reception quality, network delays, and synchronization. The information collection method may involve SNMP MIBs, XML, or even simple commands issued on command line interface (CLI) of the traffic generator by the central console. The central console should attempt to run same number of calls as expected during the busiest hour of the day. All codec variation should be explored for this test
- Traffic emulation can also be performed using a rather simpler method which imploy a central traffic generator which sets network devices including switches or access routers as "reflectors". These designated reflectors should be as close to the edge of the network as possible to cover the entire path taken by the RTP packet containing media. The central traffic generator will simulate media streams towards all of these reflector and record same parameters including delay, jitter, packet loss or other voice metrics for analysis. Cisco IOS has a feature called "IP SLA" which can configure a central device to generate traffic towards multiple reflectors. This method can generate large amount of traffic to accurately emulate the expected network load. IP SLA based method compensates for its internal serialization delays to provide accurate statistics.
The transmission statistics including voice quality metrics information is collected by means of RTP Control Protocol (RTCP), which provides information about the RTP streams related to packet statistics, reception quality, network delays, and synchronization. The information collection method may involve SNMP MIBs, XML, or even simple commands issued on command line interface (CLI) of the traffic generator by the central console.
Managing network capacity requirements
In order to perform meaningful capacity planning it is necessary to understand the traffic engineering theory and know what are expected traffic flows in the VoIP network. Call Detail Records (CDR) can provide this information accurately. This data can be helpful in migrating TDM voice networks to VoIP or expandinfg the capacity of existing VoIP networks such that the proper service level agreement (SLA) is preserved.
Traffic Engineering Theory
In traffic engineering theory, you measure traffic load. Traffic load is the ratio of call arrivals in a specified period of time to the average amount of time taken to service each call during that period. These measurement units are based on Average Hold Time (AHT). AHT is the total time of all calls in a specified period divided by the number of calls in that period, as shown in the following example:
- (3976 total call seconds)/(23 calls) = 172.87 sec per call = AHT of 172.87 seconds
The two main measurement units used today to measure traffic load are erlangs and centum call seconds (CCS). One erlang is 3600 seconds of calls on the same circuit, or enough traffic load to keep one circuit busy for 1 hour. Traffic in erlangs is the product of the number of calls times AHT divided by 3600, as shown in the following example:
- (23 calls * 172.87 AHT)/3600 = 1.104 erlangs
One CCS is 100 seconds of calls on the same circuit. Voice switches generally measure the amount of traffic in CCS. Traffic in CCS is the product of the number of calls times the AHT divided by 100, as shown in the following example:
- (23 calls * 172.87 AHT)/100 = 39.76 CCS
Which unit you use depends highly on the equipment you use and what unit of measurement they record in. Many switches use CCS because it is easier to work with increments of 100 rather than 3600. Both units are recognized standards in the field. The following is how the two relate: 1 erlang = 36 CCS. In this document we will use CCS.
Capacity planning in voice networks is based on the busiest hour of the day. In order to determine the traffic load we need determine know how many calls each station makes during the busy hour. This number is known as the number of busy hour call attempts (BHCA). Once BHCA and AHT are known the resulting traffic load in CCS can be calculated using the following formula:
Example of Estimating Capacity Requirements
The following section describes what one might call a traffic reference model for the a retail chain's IP Communications network supporting it's nationwide retail stores. Currently this retail chain has 225 stores and plan to add275 additional sites to this network. The numbers are based on the Call Detail Records provided by the network administrator of the retailer during for the week of Thank Giving in United States when they expected to do most business. This period was chosen since it represents the busiest time of the year for this retailer. Following calculation are based on this CDR data:
Call Detail Record Analysis
- Number of sites: 225
- Call rejected due to Out of bandwidth: None
- Call rejected due No circuit/channel available: None
- Total Call Seconds: 1804730
- Total Calls: 13077
- Sample size: 6 days (weekly report extracted from the IP PBX covering about 148 hours)
- Average Hold Time (AHT): (Total Call seconds 1804730/ total calls 13077) = 138 sec.
(6 is the number of sampled data points)
- Cumulative Call Attempts: CCS/AHT * 100 = 1076/138 *100 = 2179
- Total call attempts during busiest hour (Friday after thanksgiving between 12PM and 1PM) = 778
- Per Device BHCA : 2.8
Network Bandwidth Estimate
Total call attempts during busiest hour (Friday after thanksgiving between 12PM and 1PM) = 778
This was for 225 sites.
For 500 sites we assumed this number can potentially reach up to 1600 for voice calls alone using simple interpolation.
Each G.729 call takes about 28.6Kbps. We round it to 32Kbps for calculations.
G.711 call consumes about 80Kbps. G711 codec was used for calls from fax machines and PoS devices constituting 18% of all calls(932 out of 4831).
(1600 * 32kbps * 0.82) + (1600 * 80kbps * 0.18) = 65.024Mbps
We then projected it for future expansion of the network that is able to support more sites. This estmates is calculated to be around 98Mbps.
The network architect or the administrator must plan for this amount of bandwidth and include any packet overhead given the protocol(s) choice and use of compression methods. All the links that this traffic may traverse should be provisioned accordingly with sufficient overhead to support redundancy. QoS scheme must take into account this capacity so the priority queues on network devices used by RTP packets containing media are adjusted and traffic shaping mechanism is in effect for the correct bandwidth amount.
PSTN Trunk Requirement Calculations
If all of these calls has to egress to PSTN through a gateway at the edge of the VoIP network, Erlang formulas would be used to calculate the trunk requirements. This example is for 23 bearer channel ISDN PRI circuits.
Cumulative Erlang (3150 end points): 268
Per endpoint Erlang: 0.085
Projected Erlang for 500 stores (7000 endpoints):572
Assuming desired blocking rate is no more than 1%, the Erlang B formula will tell us that we need 587 DS0 lines. Please see the Erlang B calculator at the following URL:
Here is a trunk sizing table based on different Erlangs and service level (blocking rate):
Erlang Calculations for Determining PSTN Trunk Capacity Requirement
Erlangs per phone
Total Erlangs
BHCA (7000 users)
Blocking rate (Service level)
Number of Trunks needed
557 DS0 or 24 PRIs
599 DS0 or 26PRIs
Monitoring Network Resources
It is crucial to proactively monitor the network resources. All call processing systems offer methods to report resource utilization. In Cisco Unified Communications Manager, there are cause-codes defined to monitor. Here is a set of minimum recommended parameters to be monitored regularly:
- Trunk Resources (cause code 34 – Channel not available)
- Network Availability (cause code 38 – Network out of order)
- Conferencing Resources (Cause code 124 – Conference full)
- Bandwidth starvation (cause code 125 – Out of bandwidth)
- Other resources such as transcoders (cause code 47)
This table lists the number of calls disconnected for abnormal reason that need further investigation. The reason may include oversubcribed PSTN trunks, conference bridges, or lack of bandwidth. The analysis is done for one hour block of time.
Critical Disconnect Causes by time of the day as reported in CDR
Time of Day
Cause code 34 Channel not available
Cause code 38 Network out of order
Cause code 124 Conference Full
Cause code 125 Out of bandwidth
Cause code 47 Resource unavailable, unspecified
An Audit for gauging the current VOIP network utilization
The VoIP network utilization can be tracked by looking at device and link utilization as described in this section.
Device Utilization
A baseline identifying current device resource utilization is recommended to determine the potential impact of IP Telephony traffic. A baseline is normally done by monitoring peak (5 minute) utilization using SNMP over an extended period of several days to a week. This is normally done for CPU, memory, backplane utilization and LAN buffers. Most SNMP tools will allow the organization to collect and graph the utilization over this period. The result should identify peak utilization. If peak values exceed 50%, the organization should consult with their Cisco representative to determine the potential impact.
Router Readiness Ratings
The table below shows how router measurements were rated. Ratings should be based on the router result ranges for this assessment:
Router Utilization Measurements
Average CPU Utilization (%)
Less than or equal to 30.0
Less than or equal to 50.0
Any higher value
Average Memory Utilization (%)
Less than or equal to 30.0
Less than or equal to 50.0
Any higher value
Input Queue Drops (%)
Less than or equal to 2.0
Less than or equal to 8.0
Any higher value
Output Queue Drops (%)
Less than or equal to 2.0
Less than or equal to 8.0
Any higher value
Buffer Errors
Less than or equal to 0
Less than or equal to 1
Any higher value
CRC Errors (%)
Less than or equal to 2.0
Less than or equal to 8.0
Any higher value
Switch Readiness Ratings
The table below shows how switch measurements were rated. Ratings should be based on the switch result ranges for this assessment:
Switch Utilization Measurements
Average Backplane Utilization (%)
Less than or equal to 50.0
Less than or equal to 75.0
Any higher value
Average CPU Utilization(%)
Less than or equal to 30.0
Less than or equal to 50.0
Any higher value
Link Utilization
A baseline identifying current trunk link utilization is recommended to determine the potential impact of IP Telephony traffic. A baseline is normally done by monitoring peak (5 minute) utilization using SNMP over an extended period of several days to a week. Most SNMP tools will allow the organization to collect and graph the utilization over this period. The result should identify peak utilization and busy hour data traffic requirements. The organization can then estimate overall requirements based on estimated peak IP Telephony traffic.
Link Readiness Ratings
The table below shows how link measurements were rated. Ratings should be based on the link result ranges for this assessment:
Link Utilization Measurements
Average Bandwidth Utilization (%)
Less than or equal to 30.0
Less than or equal to 50.0
Any higher value
Above 150ms
Above 150ms
Packet Loss (per hours basis)
Under 15
Any higher value
Measurements for Network Transmission Loss Plan
Every VoIP network still has to interface with PSTN or PLMN for greater reachability to all the communication devices worldwide. This exposes the TDM-IP hybrid network to even more sources for echo and other quality issues related to voice signal due to power loss, impedance mismatches and excessive delay. Therefore a network transmission loss plan (NTLP) must be established during pilot phase of the VoIP implementation. NTLP maps a complete picture of signal loss in the entire path identifying areas of improvements including signal strength adjustment at various points to help the echo cancellers (ECAN) on media/voice gateways. There are two primary reasons to establish a loss plan:
- Desire to have the received speech loudness at a comfortable listening level
- Minimize the effect of echo due to signal reflections that are caused by impedance mismatches at the 2-to-4 wire conversions in the transmission path
NTLP maps a complete picture of signal loss in the entire path identifying areas of improvements including signal strength adjustment at various points to help the echo cancellers (ECAN) on media/voice gateways.
NTLP uses following concepts to make loss calculations in the voice network:
- Send Loudness Rating (SLR) is defined as the loudness between the Mouth Reference Point (MRP) and the electrical interface
- Receive Loudness Rating (RLR) is defined as the loudness between the electrical interface and the Ear Reference Point (ERP)
- The Overall Loudness Rating (OLR) of a connection is the sum of the sending terminal SLR (Sending Loudness Rating), any system or network loss, and the receiving
terminal RLR (Receive Loudness Rating). The long-term goal for TELR is 8-12 dB, but because of the mix of technologies, the
short-term goal is 8-21 dB. The difference between OLR in both directions should be no more than 8 dB.
OLR = SLRtalker + [sum]attenuations + RLRlistener
Talker Echo Loudness Rating (TELR)— It is the loudness loss between the talker's mouth and the ear via the echo path. TELR is calculated as follows:
- TELR(A) = SLR(A) + loss in top path +ERL(B) or TCLw(B) + loss in bottom path + RLR(A), where ERL is the echo return loss of the hybrid or echo canceller, and TCLw is the weighted terminal coupling loss of the digital phone set.
The degree of annoyance of talker echo depends both on the amount of delay as well as on the level difference between the voice and echo signals
The following figure show sample calculations for on-net calls
The following figure show sample calculations for off-net calls
Any Voice Quality test set should be able to measure the above mentioned parameters necessary to develop accurate Network Loss Plan prior to wide scale IP telephony deployment. Sage Instruments probes were used to conduct the tests in the above two examples.
The value of TELR would be plotted against the one way delay measured for the test calls on the chart with "Echo Tolerance Curve" specified by ITU-T G.131 standard for Echo as illustrated in figure 6-3.
An attempt should be made to bring the coordinates above in the acceptable range by modifying gain setting on the TDM voice gateway. Digital Signal Processors (DSP) on Cisco gateways are equipped with echo cancellers providing (ECANe) echo cancelling enhancement to conceal the echo in the speech path.


text:
Jun 24, 2013
BUIES CREEK, N.C. – Campbell's Barker-Lane Stadium continues construction.
A new brick façade has recently been added along the field on the new home side as foundation, concrete and utility work continue.
Barker-Lane Stadium has been the home of Campbell's football team since the program relaunched 2008. The stadium also hosted CU's inaugural women's lacrosse team in spring 2013.
Campbell announced Mike Minter as its second head modern era football coach on November 27. Minter officially announced his first coaching staff on Dec. 20.
The 2013 season will begin on Aug. 31 at Charlotte. The team's six-game home schedule will start with UVa.-Wise on Sept. 7 at 6 p.m.


text:
ARIZARD-L ArchivesArchiver > ARIZARD > 2006-12 > 1166676255
From: "Annita Fulton" <>
Subject: Re: [ARIZARD] Seeking New List Owner
Date: Wed, 20 Dec 2006 22:44:15 -0600
In-Reply-To: <007601c72450$d3c7f8b0$6501a8c0@BILL>
Amen! I too sent my message to Jean privately, but will keep it that way.
But I totally agree Bill!! It's a lot of hot air!
>From: "Bill Dunn" <>
>To: <>
>Subject: Re: [ARIZARD] Seeking New List Owner
>Date: Wed, 20 Dec 2006 10:06:34 -0600
>Dear list,
>After reading Jean's email , I posted my response to her privately. Now
>I have read so many hearfelt responses of other members, I realized that
>this was an occasion where my personal reponse should also be publicly
>posted. We should ALL see just how much Jean means to us, each in a
>different way. For that reason, I offer my letter below.
>I thought you might appreciate my opinion on this subject as one of your
>former "adversaries" (I say that with tongue planted FIRMLY in cheek.)
>Please take these observations in the warm and loving spirit they are
>If Mike feels wronged by his treatment, I truly believe he has a right to
>try and convince Rootsweb of his case. Rootsweb provides the servers and
>bandwidth for this site and thus should be the final arbiters of any
>unresolved complaints. That said, there is ample evidence on the archives
>convince Rootsweb that Mike not only posted inappropriately, but that you
>were more than fair in his treatment and readmittance to the list. I am
>convinced that they would side with you in this matter.
>I can only imagine that perhaps Mike is complaining about his rights to
>freedom of speech, but that argument is hollow. Within that framework, he
>has every right to start a competing list on some other server. There he
>offer all of his wonderful stories and data along with a heaping helping of
>his personal travails and withering, insulting responses to whomever might
>"cross" him. That is his freedom of speech.
>By threatening a lawsuit, Mike is merely continuing the same manipulative
>ways he has exhibited since his reemergence many months ago. I cringed
>whenever he was called out for his misbehavior and he would then intimate
>that he had nothing to live for without the joy of this list. It seems
>certain that Mike has had a difficult life (as we were constantly reminded
>with the admonition to "walk in his shoes") but while the list provides
>wonderful therapeutic and spiritual value to a great many people, Mike
>learned the minimum "manners" necessary to converse on these subjects in a
>community such as this. Even his compliments were frequently backhanded.
>Because of past occasions where my feelings have been hurt, my
>offended or my ire raised, I choose to mainly lurk. I privately converse
>with the listmembers to whom I am close and just try to post info when I
>might have it. I always know, though, that I can go to you privately when
>feel there is a post that goes over the line and that you will do your best
>to arbitrate. As listmembers, we can ask no more of you.
>On a personal note: I know that we come from two disparate perspectives but
>I absolutely know that we have each been positively affected by the other
>over these last few years. I must say with all sincerity that I love you. I
>love you for all the hardships you have overcome with grace and humility. I
>love you for your cheerfulness and levelheadedness when we all seem to need
>it most. Mainly, I love you because you are human with all the strengths
>frailties which God intended for you.
>If you really must leave the leadership of this list due to this latest
>stress, I will understand and support you. In my heart though , I feel you
>have much more to offer us. I know that I could never carry out your
>responsibilities with the same aplomb.
>With much love and a heavy heart,
>To unsubscribe from the list, please send an email to
> with the word 'unsubscribe' without the quotes
>in the subject and the body of the message
Your Hotmail address already works to sign into Windows Live Messenger! Get
it now
This thread:
|Re: [ARIZARD] Seeking New List Owner by "Annita Fulton" <>


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Posts: 101From: DenmarkRegistered: Jun 2010
The picture he is holding is a copy of the patch of the NEXØ rocket mission of Copenhagen Suborbitals. The NEXØ rocket is planned to be launched this month and Andreas Mogensen is a supporter of Copenhagen Suborbitals.
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Latest question:
How do you think the new GigE standards will influence the machine vision industry?
Respond or ask your question now!
The JAI Top 10: Sun Engineers Answer Tough Questions about Java Advanced Imaging API
by Brian Burkhalter
October 2002
Burkhalter, JAI.
There's one constant in technology: it's always changing. The Java Advanced Imaging (JAI) API is no exception. We receive many inquiries about this optional Java package for advanced image processing applications. This Q&A provides responses to some of the most frequently asked questions and briefly introduces JAI . To download JAI, you can join the JAI Interest Group. To find out more about JAI, please refer to the JAI home page at http://java.sun.com/products/java-media/jai/index.html. The current version of JAI is 1.1.1_01 with version 1.1.2 scheduled for release later in 2002.
1. How can I perform an image processing operation using JAI?
If the operation is one of the more than 100 operations provided intrinsically by JAI, it will correspond to a class in the package javax.media.jai.operator and implement the javax.media.jai.OperationDescriptor interface. By convention, the name of each operation matches the prefix of its OperationDescriptor class, so for operation "Warp" this would be "WarpOperationDescriptor." The HTML documentation or "javadoc" of these OperationDescriptors provides a textual description of the operation as well as the name, class, and default value of each parameter. The simplest way to instantiate a rendered JAI operation is to use the create(operationName,ParameterBlock,RenderingHints) method of the class javax.media.jai.JAI. The arguments of this method provide the name, sources, and parameters of the operation, as well as "hints" regarding desired image layout, tile caching, etc.
2. What if JAI does not include an operation I need?
All operations in JAI are plug-ins. This permits developers to extend the API by defining new operations and their implementations. Each operation may have multiple, priority-ordered implementations. This allows for special case implementations with assigned higher priority to attempt to handle processing for a given operation with fallback to a general purpose implementation. This is, in fact, what JAI itself does with its own native acceleration programmed for the OS and CPU, which falls back to the Java implementation for cases which cannot be handled by the native implementation. All intrinsic JAI operations have complete Java versions.\


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German wines are only made for roast pork knuckles and boiled sausages with lots of kraut, right? Not so. Here's a look at a couple of German bottlings that are down-right cool for the summer, designed for lighter fare.
2013 S.A. Prüm Luminance Dry Riesling – A lovely Mosel riesling, offering a mix of citrus and tropical character, with ample acid to back up all that fruit. I wouldn't exactly call it "dry" — there's plenty of juicy fruit here to give at least the impression of sweetness, and just a touch of caramel sauce particularly on the nose — but it works well as a food companion and as an aperitif on its own. A- / $15
2013 Guztler Pinot Noir Dry – Germany's not my go-to region for great pinot (note the prominent "dry" indication on the label), but this bottling from Gutzler, in the Rheinhessen (western central Germany), isn't half bad. Up front it offers fruit, but restrained, showing a hint of spice atop its easy cherry core. The finish has a little of that classically German, mushroomy funk, but otherwise offers a clean and food-friendly profile. B / $20
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Extravagant parties, beautiful women and money, lots and lots of money, all feature heavily in the trailer for the new Martin Scorsese film The Wolf of Wall Street.
Starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Matthew McConaughey and Jonah Hill, the movie is based on the bestselling memoir by Jordan Belfort about a stockbroker who refuses to co-operate with an FBI case into corruption.
It is the fifth film that Scorsese and DiCaprio have collaborated on and the pair describe themselves as friends.
Scorsese, who most recently had a hit with 3D family epic Hugo, is soon to be honoured at a Hollywood gala chaired by DiCaprio.
The Los Angeles County Museum of Art has chosen to celebrate the iconic director's career at the prestigious Art+Film Gala.
"I've been lucky enough to collaborate with Marty on Gangs of New York, The Aviator, The Departed, and most recently The Wolf of Wall Street," DiCaprio said.
"I am thrilled to have my dear friend join us at LACMA and to celebrate his astounding cinematic legacy and leadership in preserving film for future generations."
British artist David Hockney will also be recognised at this year's event, which takes place on November 2. Previous honourees include Clint Eastwood and the late Stanley Kubrick.
The Wolf of Wall Street is due for release in Australia on December 12.
AAP with Fairfax Media


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Postie Plus administrator finds foreign buyer
By Paul McBeth
June 4 (BusinessDesk) - The administrators of Postie Plus has found a foreign buyer for the retail chain's assets and business, a day after their appointment.
PwC's David Bridgman and Colin McCloy reached a conditional agreement to sell Postie Plus as a going concern to an overseas-based retailer which doesn't have a presence in New Zealand. The buyer is conducting due diligence over the next three weeks, with the sale expected to be completed within the next four weeks, they said in a statement. A PwC spokeswoman declined to name the prospective buyer.
Postie Plus will continue trading while working through the sale process, which Bridgman and McCloy said is in "the best interests of the company's stakeholders, including its secured creditors, trade suppliers and other creditors, landlords as well as the company's more than 600 staff."
The retailer appointed the administrators yesterday after unsuccessful attempts to recapitalise the business, including an attempt to find a buyer or a new cornerstone shareholder.
In April, Postie Plus said it was in breach of its lending covenants and expected to remain so "for the foreseeable future," meaning its bank funding is repayable on demand, though the arrangements it had in place with its bank were sufficient to meet the company's forecast funding requirements up to July 30.
The company was hit by supply chain disruptions in the summer of 2012 and 2013 after outsourcing its distribution centre to a third party, while shifting its headquarters to Auckland, where it anticipated growth. After receiving legal advice, Postie Plus said it intends to "vigorously" pursue a damages claim.
Postie Plus shares last traded at 7.3 cents, prior to being halted last Thursday pending an announcement, and the stock market suspended it yesterday after the administrator appointment. The shares are the second-worst performer on the NZX All Index over the past year, having slumped 56 percent.


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The Washington Post, May 25, 2012
Over an informal dinner in a Chevy Chase home, 25 doctors peppered one another with questions about prostate cancer treatments and clinical trials. The District has the highest incidence and highest death rate of prostate cancer in the country, according to federal health statistics. But doctors say there is no easy way for doctors to find out what trials may be available for their patients. Difficulty in finding such information was the inspiration for the informal dinner and gathering of doctors. What's unusual about them is that the doctors hail from a diverse group of hospital systems, many of them competitors. Such collaboration is rare, according to doctors and other experts.