text:
Summer 2009, Vol.
Alta M. Washburn: Iconoclastic Pentecostal "Trailblazer" to the Tribes1
Joseph J. Saggio, Ed.D.
Associate Dean for Graduate Studies, College of Ministry and
Associate Professor of Church and Culture & U.S. Missions, Northwest University, Kirkland, Washington
Adjunct Professor, Assemblies of God Theological
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Historically,organizational and paradigmatic shifts occur when radical, iconoclastic leadership emerges, forcing the status quo in new directions. Iconoclasts challenge us to destroy our preconceived notions and stop venerating the past. They urge us to examine our previously held views and reshape our vision for the future.
Alta M. Washburn (1906-1990) was one such iconoclastic leader.2 Largely instrumental in the paradigmatic shift away from a "missionary-driven" model to the more "indigenous-driven" model of leadership within the U.S. Assemblies of God (AG) missions work among American Indians,3 Washburn was boldly innovative in that she established the first Pentecostal Bible college for Native Americans with the stated objective of: "…train[ing] the Native Indian worker in sound Bible Doctrines that they may in turn go out to reach their own tribes in the native language, thereby spreading the Gospel quickly to every kindred, tribe and tongue."4
In her role as a missionary church planter and founder of a Bible institute, Washburn was boldly innovative in her willingness to serve in a "male-dominated" role and also to promote the empowerment and equality of Native Christian leadership at a time when such a position was considered untenable by many.
This article briefly examines the life and ministry of this iconoclastic leader whose two most enduring contributions to AG missionary work among Native Americans include her missionary church planting of several congregations in the southwestern United States, and the founding of the first Bible training institute (today, a regionally-accredited Bible college) to serve the broad tribal spectrum of American Indians, Alaska Natives, and First Nations peoples in the United States and Canada.5 Washburn distinguished herself in these two roles—positions traditionally held by male leaders. This paper also makes some brief comparisons of the ministry of Alta M. Washburn with that of Alice E. Luce, well-known AG missionary to Latin America who later established the Latin American Bible Institute (in La Puente, California and along with Henry C. Ball, in San Antonio, Texas). Although Washburn and Luce were most likely unknown to each other, there are some remarkable similarities in their ministry trajectories that should be noted for readers of missions history.
Moreover, establishing a Bible school for American Indians may not seem radical today, but in the late 1950s the concept of indigenous ministry among Native Americans within the Assemblies of God had only begun to emerge. Despite full gospel ministry to Native Americans being chronicled within Pentecostal publications as early as 1909, it really was not until the late 1940s and early 1950s that Native American indigenous leadership really becomes visible in nascent form.6 Early Pentecostal Native leaders included Andrew C. Maracle (Mohawk), Charles E. Lee (Navajo), and Dick Boni (Apache).7 Still at that time, indigenous Native leadership was quite rare, and the "missions-driven" paradigm was still the prevailing missiological model used within the Assemblies of God among American Indians. Various written reports from that time period indicate that with very few exceptions, missionaries provided the bulk of leadership in evangelism and church planting efforts among Native Americans.8 Alta M. Washburn was a major actor in the shift toward the realization that the indigenous church principle needed to be applied within the Native American field.
Biographical Overview
Born in Sandfork, West Virginia on June 28, 1906, Alta came to faith in Christ in 1931 when an unnamed itinerant evangelist preached a series of tent meetings in Clarksburg, West Virginia and the surrounding communities. Initially resistant to the gospel, Alta's Aunt Elva—a newly saved Christian herself—evangelized her twenty-five year old recalcitrant niece, who had been suddenly stricken with a life-threatening case of scarlet fever. Paralyzed and crippled, Alta lay dying and had a vision of impending judgment if she refused to accept Christ as Lord and Savior: "Sometime after midnight I went into the jaws of death. I was suspended over the abyss of hell on a narrow slippery path, struggling to climb and escape the creatures who reached to drag me in [sic]."9
Recognizing her need for a Savior, Alta accepted Christ—some would say partly in response to the all night prayerful intercession held at her aunt's church in Fairmont, West Virginia. Washburn's conversion in 1931 included a call to ministry as a missionary:
What a day to be remembered when I arose from the bed that had long held me prisoner. More glorious was my deliverance from the bondage of sin. Not only does that day in 1931 mark the date of my salvation and healing, but it was the day I heard God call me to be a missionary. Little did I know what the future held for me.10
In the years to follow, Alta began to internalize and "flesh out" the call of God upon her life by serving as a youth worker, then subsequently as a tent evangelist, followed by a brief stint as pastor of the First Assembly of God church in Salineville, Ohio.11 While serving at that church, Sister Washburn once again felt the pervasive call to the Native American mission field on the San Carlos Apache Reservation in eastern Arizona. In 1947 (the same year she was ordained), Alta, along with her husband Clarence, assumed the pastorate of the San Carlos Apache Assembly of God that had been founded in 1936 by missionaries Ernest and Ethel Marshall; certainly it was one of the first Assembly of God churches planted among Native people, although this article has already made previous reference to Pentecostal missions to Indians as early as 1909.12
This thriving church had been characterized by a Pentecostal Evangel article in 1942 while under the Marshall's capable leadership as "experienc[ing] a tremendous revival characterized by overflowing crowds, salvations, and reports of 'signs and wonders.'"13 Although warmly received by the growing Apache congregation of over 100 converts, the Washburns found it necessary to relocate to Phoenix, Arizona by 1947 after a brief sojourn in order for Clarence to procure adequate employment. Unfortunately job opportunities were extremely limited in San Carlos at that time, and the church was unable to supply an adequate income for the Washburns' livelihood.
As they continued in their efforts to reach Native Americans for Christ, the Washburns established All Tribes Assembly of God in Phoenix to reach the growing population of southwestern Indian tribes moving to the greater Phoenix area. Moreover, this was part of their strategy to establish a means of evangelistic outreach to the nearby Gila River, Salt River, and Papago (now Tohono O'odham) reservations, as well as the Yaqui Indian community in Guadalupe, near south Phoenix. During the years that Alta served as pastor of All Tribes AG (1948-1972), the church not only continued to grow numerically, but also exponentially through its church-planting efforts by establishing new works at Casa Blanca, Laveen, and Co-op (Gila River Indian Community), the Salt River Indian AG on the Salt River Indian Reservation, and the AG Church in Guadalupe (Yaqui Indian).14 Washburn had an apostolic vision for church planting and was an effective church planter long before it became "the thing to do." Cherie Sampson, a Pima Indian and AG minister, is part of Washburn's legacy because her father and uncles were saved and called to the ministry under Alta's ministry within the Salt River Indian Community. Now pastor of the Salt River Indian AG, near Scottsdale, Arizona, Sampson remembers Washburn fondly, "I would say that she was a woman … ahead of her time. She forged ahead when it wasn't popular for a woman to be in this kind of ministry."15
If Washburn had remained exclusively involved with pastoring and church planting, she would still have had a successful ministry characterized by the many souls won to Christ and baptized in the Holy Spirit under her ministry. Nonetheless, as an iconoclast, Washburn was not willing to "color within the lines." Not only was she convinced of her own calling, but she recognized that many of the Native people she served also had the callings and gifts to assume roles as pastors, evangelists, and other forms of church leadership.
By 1956, Sister Washburn recognized that in order for American Indians to be successfully empowered for church leadership, a special school would need to be created that would focus on equipping Native Pentecostal indigenous leadership. A conversation with Virgil Sampson, a Pima Indian saved under Washburn's ministry, resulted in a "seed being planted" toward this possibility. Returning to the Phoenix area after completing his education at an AG Bible college that enrolled predominantly white students, Sampson was frustrated at his experience of cultural discontinuity when he asked Sister Washburn: "[W]hy can't we Indians have our own Bible school? We can preach in our language but we need a place where we can study the Word together; a place where we have more in common than in a school where most of the students are Anglo."16
Challenged by this request, Washburn felt a confirmation that this was indeed the direction in which she was being led. She records her response to Sampson's sincere request, "That heart-felt appeal was another confirmation that God was leading us into a great challenge for Him. I was determined to obey the Lord and see the answer He was making clear to me."17 Up to that time few Native leaders had attended any sort of Bible college training; noteworthy among the small number who had were Charles E. Lee (Navajo), a graduate of (then) Central Bible Institute in Springfield, Missouri and Andrew C. Maracle (Mohawk), who completed his studies at (then) Zion Bible Institute in Barrington, Rhode Island.18 In Washburn's thinking, it was now time to develop a specialized institution to serve Native Pentecostal leaders.
On September 23, 1957, the All Tribes Indian Bible School (ATBS) opened its doors for the first time at 4123 E. Washington Street in Phoenix, becoming the first AG Bible School for Native Americans established by the Assemblies of God.19 It began with very little "fanfare" in the traditional sense and was run on a very modest budget. According to Washburn:
We charged the students $1.00 a day; only a token payment on the cost of the school's operating expense. No money came from the tribes for the students' education in those days or from parents who were practically all living far below the poverty level. But we trust[ed] God to meet each day's need, and He never failed us.20
Although ATBS began with little more than a dream to empower and equip Native Pentecostals for ministry, this vision took hold in subsequent years. A number of Native American graduates have come into the ministerial ranks through educational and spiritual formation at ATBS (and its subsequent names). Alta Washburn continued in her role as the institute's principal21 until 1965 when health concerns forced her retirement from that work. She remained as pastor of All Tribes Indian AG until 1972 and remained in pastoral ministry along with her husband until 1986. Rev. Alta M. Washburn passed away on September 16, 1990 after a lengthy illness and just after completing her memoirs with the assistance of Rev. Alma Thomas, long-time missionary educator and close friend.
An Iconoclastic Legacy
Alta M. Washburn has, for a number of reasons, left an iconoclastic legacy. In light of the fact that modern Pentecostalism has just passed its "century mark," Pentecostals have become more keenly aware of the changing dynamics that prevailed throughout the twentieth century, continuing now into the twenty-first century.
First and foremost, Washburn was willing to assume two roles traditionally denied to women within modern Pentecostal circles: senior pastor and president of a Bible college. In 2006, only 3.97 percent of the AG ministers serving as senior pastors were women.22 In the fifties it was almost certainly less.23 By 1957 when Sister Washburn established ATBS, little historical precedent existed for women serving as heads of Bible colleges or institutes within the Assemblies of God.24 Not only was All Tribes Bible School the first Bible training school for Native Americans within the AG since its inception, but Washburn was its founding principal.25 She cast her role as an educator metaphorically in terms of that of a "warrior," protecting the "flock" from unsound biblical teaching and exploitation from unscrupulous evangelists. In that way, she compared herself with David protecting God's people against the "giant" Goliath.26
Despite her non-traditional role as a woman serving in educational and pastoral leadership, church historian Angela Tarango notes that in spite of Washburn's preeminent role throughout the fifties and sixties, all articles in the Pentecostal Evangel highlighting her missionary and educational activities listed her as "Mrs. Clarence Washington." Her first name was not mentioned in print until her memoirs were published, and she was always publicly recognized in conjunction with her husband, Clarence, who she viewed as an equal partner in ministry despite his less visible role. A skilled mechanic, Clarence Washburn's background was essential in keeping the buses running that regularly transported students and parishioners to the Bible School or church. He also helped a great deal in building and maintenance tasks.27 Nonetheless, Alta greatly reverenced her husband's supportive role in undergirding her ministerial calling. She credits him with encouraging her to remain faithful to her role when she became discouraged by the criticism of others. Indeed, Alta regarded Clarence as her pastor:
My husband rebuked me for being affected by the criticism. Clarence never felt a call to pulpit ministry, but he ministered to me in my many times of discouragement. Had it not been for his love, encouragement, exhortation, and standing by me, I doubt if I could have accomplished much for the Lord. In the truest sense he was my pastor.28
As a woman leading a Bible college, Washburn had few role models. Among the few women who had made inroads into Christian postsecondary education at that time was Alice E. Luce, a former Anglican missionary to India, who joined the AG and worked among Hispanics. Luce later founded the Latin American Bible Institute (LABI), originally located in San Diego, California and that later moved to La Puente, California.29
Luce strongly advocated the teachings earlier promoted in Anglican missionary Roland Allen's 1912 groundbreaking work, Missionary Methods: Saint Paul's or Ours? Like Allen, Luce believed that churches established abroad should be free from paternalistic oversight and become self-supporting, self-governing, and self-propagating. Upon joining the AG in 1915, Luce spent much of her life and ministry developing indigenous churches among Hispanics within the United States using LABI as a thrust for this venture. From the onset of her involvement with the AG, Luce was an articulate spokesperson for the promotion of the indigenous church principle; her writings just prior to the 1921 General Council held in St. Louis helped set the stage for endorsing the Pauline missiological approach of the three "self's" previously mentioned.30
Although I have no evidence that Washburn either knew Luce or was even aware of her contributions, I believe that Luce merits mention as another iconoclast also greatly instrumental in advocating a paradigmatic shift in missiological philosophy and praxis. Like Washburn, Luce established a Bible training school at a time when women rarely accomplished such feats. Moreover, Luce established LABI in 1926—more than thirty years before Washburn founded ATBS in 1957.
Washburn (like Luce) was an iconoclast in that she was a strong advocate for the indigenous church principle among American Indians (as Luce was for Hispanics)—at a time when the prevailing philosophy of paternalism was still the dominant paradigm among Native American Pentecostal missionaries. Thanks to Luce's far-sighted articles in 1921,31 and later The Indigenous Church, published in 1953 by Melvin L. Hodges, missions efforts beginning in the early twenties were theoretically undergirded by a belief in indigenous ministry within the local church found on the foreign field. Although the indigenous principle was becoming well established in overseas ministry, there was far less initial receptivity toward it among Native American ministry within the AG. Prior to 1950 it is difficult to find much evidence within the AG that suggests that the indigenous principle was taken seriously as a missiological framework among Native Americans.32
However, in 1950 The Pentecostal Evangel did publish an article that proudly proclaimed that "the time for which we have waited and prayed has come, and several consecrated Indian young people have stepped out to dedicate their lives to Christ and His gospel."33 By this time significant Native Pentecostal leaders such as Charles E. Lee (Navajo) and Andrew C. Maracle (Mohawk) were beginning to emerge—leaders who would during their lifetimes become role models for future generations of Pentecostal Native leadership. It was also during this same time period that Alta Washburn began to receive her vision for developing Native Christian leadership within a cultural context that embraced Native value systems and learning styles.34 Although Rev. Washburn was widely heralded by some as being innovative, not everyone was in agreement with her vision for establishing a Bible college to develop Native American pastoral leadership. In fact, early on, Rev. Washburn was admonished that the Bible training school she had established was indeed not to be used for training Indians for pastoral ministry; moreover, its sole purpose was to train Native workers who would assist their missionary pastors—who would be the "leaders in charge."35 Thankfully, Washburn did not heed those admonitions!
Finally, in order to fully appreciate the innovation of her vision, the reader must be cognizant of the fact that Native Americans had no appreciable legacy in postsecondary education at that time, and even today they account for only .9 percent of the total population of Americans in higher education, although they are now proportionately represented (per their population size) within the broader national demographic landscape.36 In the fifties, when Native American presence was virtually non-existent within the academy, Alta M. Washburn was an iconoclast because she believed in providing American Indians with an opportunity to "better" themselves through education—even if it was in a Bible school setting.
Historically, Native Americans have been considered "at risk" for any form of higher education,37 and few have been willing to make a significant investment of time, capital, and other resources in advancing their educational status. During the fifties it was virtually unheard of to envision American Indians and Alaska Natives participating in any form of postsecondary education. In 1928, less than thirty years before the founding of the original All Tribes Bible School, the Merriam Report,38 the first comprehensive sociological and educational analysis of the state of affairs among America's indigenous peoples, painted a grim picture—advocating a paternalistic approach toward "bettering" the Indian people. But notwithstanding, Washburn's iconoclastic vision enabled her to establish both a church that continues to produce Native leadership and a school that has evolved into the first and only regionally-accredited Bible college for American Indian and Alaska Native college students in the United States.
In summary, I believe that Washburn (like Luce) is characteristic of Pentecostal women leaders who have worked within existing ecclesiastical structures to reform and refine the understanding of what women could do without rhetorically challenging those structures. Washburn did not forego her responsibilities as a wife and mother in order to fulfill her call to ministry. Yet she chose the strong decisive action of missionary church planting and promoting the indigenous church principle among Native Americans rather than attacking existing administrative structures that favored more paternalistic policies. She chose to work within the organizational context of the Assemblies of God and brought reform through faithfully carrying out her apostolic vision. Moreover, her legacy is that of an iconoclastic, Pentecostal trailblazer to the tribes whose life and ministry has had a profound and far-reaching effect on evangelizing and equipping Native Americans in fulfillment of Christ's Great Commission.
1. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 37th Annual Meeting of the Society for Pentecostal Studies at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, March 13-15, 2008.
2. Angela M. Tarango, an emerging church historian, has extensively researched modern Native American Pentecostal missions within the Assemblies of God. Regarding Alta Washburn, while viewing her through a critical feminist perspective, Tarango notes that even though Washburn was unconventional in her role as a female leader—she would never herself have defined herself as a feminist although she undeniably helped to redefine and reshape the role of women involved in Pentecostal Native American ministry. See Angela M. Tarango, "Assemblies of God Missions to Native Americans," Assemblies of God Heritage 29 (2009): 45-51, 69. Previously, I have noted Washburn's efforts to balance her role as a wife and mother with that of her calling to full-time missionary work in Joseph J. Saggio, "Alta M. Washburn: 'Trailblazer' to the Tribes," Assemblies of God Heritage 27 (2007): 28-33.
3. In this paper I use the terms: American Indians, Indians, Alaska Natives, Native Americans and First Nations somewhat interchangeably to refer to the pre-Columbian indigenous peoples of North America. For a more detailed discussion about the "indigenous-driven" model vs. the "missionary-driven" model among Native Americans, specifically within the Assemblies of God, see Joseph J. Saggio, "Towards an Indigenous Model of Native American Ministry in the Assemblies of God," in Society for Pentecostal Studies: Memories of the Azusa Street Revival: Interrogations and Interpretations,35th Annual Meeting held at Fuller Theological Seminary, March 23-25, 2006, Parallel Session Papers: 336-343.
4. See Joseph J. Saggio and Jim Dempsey, eds., American Indian College: A Witness to the Tribes (Springfield, MO: Gospel Publishing House, 2008), 66. This is quoted directly from an unpublished promotional flyer from All Tribes Bible School, 1957. Over the years, the school (presently known as American Indian College of the Assemblies of God) has undergone a number of name changes. It was referred to in its early years 1957-1965 as All Tribes Bible School. Subsequently, the name was changed as the institution grew and developed to American Indian Bible Institute, American Indian Bible College, and in 1993 to its present name.
5. Today, American Indian College of the Assemblies of God (known as AIC for short) is located at 10020 N. Fifteenth Avenue in Phoenix, Arizona and operates as a regional college of the Assemblies of God under the auspices of the Division of U.S. Missions. Their Web site address is www.aicag.edu
6. See Jeremiah Rundle quoted by A. H. Argue from personal correspondence to him, "Pentecost among the Indians of the North," The Latter Reign Evangel 2 (April 1909): 17. Although this may well be the first reference of Pentecostal ministry among First Nations people, it is not the first reference of Indians receiving the baptism of the Holy Spirit. For example, in (circa) 1903, Howard Goss, an early Pentecostal leader, reports an elderly Indian chief receiving the baptism of the Holy Spirit in a pre-Azusa Street revival meeting in Galena, Kansas. See H. A. and Ethel Goss, The Winds of God (New York, NY: Comet Press, 1958), 11, 12 cited in Carl Brumback, Suddenly from Heaven (Springfield, MO: Gospel Publishing House, 1961), 28.We also know that Native Americans were part of the Azusa Street Mission under Pastor W. J. Seymour during the early part of the twentieth century. See Cecil M. Robeck, Jr., The Azusa Street Mission and Revival: The Birth of the Global Pentecostal Movement (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Inc., 2006), 88.
7. See Saggio, "Towards an Indigenous Model of Native American Ministry in the Assemblies of God," (SPS 2006): 338-339. See also "Indians to Train for Service," Pentecostal Evangel No 1897 (September 16, 1950): 12.
8. I have personally reviewed hundreds of articles (particularly brief missionary accounts from the Pentecostal Evangel) from that time period and found that only a scant few acknowledge any form of Native leadership until the late forties. For example, in 1948 at the first Indian Convention held by the Assemblies of God, the anonymous writer records: "How the Apaches did drink in the Word of God as it was given by various visiting missionaries as well as by the Home Missions Director, Brother Vogler, and by our General Superintendent E. S. Williams, see "First Indian Convention, The Pentecostal Evangel No. 1770. (April 10, 1948): 10-11. This convention took place on the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation and featured Native participants and missionaries from Arizona, Washington, and Idaho. Although there were some testimonies by young Native preachers, the bulk of the preaching and leadership was clearly provided by Anglo missionaries.
9. Alta M. Washburn, undated correspondence, 1. See also Joseph J. Saggio, "Alta M. Washburn 'Trailblazer to the Tribes," Assemblies of God Heritage, 27 (2007): 28.
10. Alta M. Washburn, Trail to the Tribes (Prescott, AZ: 1990), 4-5. See also Saggio, 2007, 28-29.
11. Saggio, 2007, 29.
12. See Jeremiah Rundle cited by A. H. Argue, 17.
13. See Saggio, 2007, 29. Herein I reference "Revival among the Apache Indians," Pentecostal Evangel, No. 1474 (August 8, 1942):7. See also Jim Dempsey, "Part I: Assemblies of God Ministry to Native Americans," Assemblies of God Heritage 22:2 (Summer 2002): 8-9.
14. Saggio, 2007, 30.
15. Ibid., 32.
16. Washburn, 48.
17. Ibid., 48.
18. See Joseph J. Saggio, "Towards an Indigenous Model of Native American Ministry within the Assemblies of God," Pneuma, 31: 1 (2009, In Press). In this article I give a detailed account of the development of indigenous ministry within the Assemblies of God of Native American ministers from its inception to the present time.
19. Subsequent institutions established to serve Native American students include Native American Bible College founded in 1968 by Pauline Mastries, Charles Hadden, and Hubert Boese, and now located in Shannon, North Carolina. Good Shepherd Bible Institute in Mobridge, South Dakota was founded in 1970 by Leo and Mildred Bankson (later renamed Black Hills Indian Bible College in Rapid City, South Dakota). Its successor is the Institute for Ministry Development, an intercultural distance education program for Native Americans. Far North Bible College in Anchorage, Alaska was established in 1973 through the efforts of Arvin and Luana Glandon along with Kenneth Andrus. See Saggio, 2007, 33 and unpublished promotional flyer from All Tribes Bible School, 1957.
20. Washburn, 55.
21. The original title was "principal" and was later changed to "president" under the subsequent leadership of Rev. Don Ramsey beginning in 1965, see Don Ramsey, "Presidential Reflections … Don Ramsey" in American Indian College: A Witness to the Tribes, ed. Joseph J. Saggio and Jim Dempsey(Springfield, MO: Gospel Publishing House, 2008), 199, 204.
22. See Statistics of the Assemblies of God (USA), http://ag.org/top/about/statistics/Statistical_Report_Summary.pdf (accessed September 7, 2007).
23. The Statistician's Office of the General Council of the Assemblies of God does not provide statistical data on the number (or percentage) of women serving as credentialed ministers before 1977.
24. Alice E. Luce established Latin American Bible Institute (LABI) in 1926 in San Diego, California (later moved to La Puente, Calfornia. See Gary B. McGee, This Gospel Shall Be Preached: A History and Theology of Assemblies of God Foreign Missions to 1959 (Gospel Publishing House: Springfield, MO, 1986), 97. Also, Christine Gibson, along with a few loyal supporters established Mount Zion Bible School in East Providence, Rhode Island in 1924. The school is now known as Zion Bible College and later occupied the former location of Barrington College in Barrington, Rhode Island. As of Fall 2008 the school relocated to its new location in Haverhill, Massachusetts. President Gibson served the school until her death in 1955 at age 75. See Pat Pickard, "Still Living by Faith and Miracles after 70 Years: Zion Bible Institute, Assemblies of God Heritage 15:1 (Spring 1995): 17. Both Luce and Gibson had just passed from the scene immediately before Washburn established All Tribes Bible School. Finally, I must mention that Minnie T. Draper, Elizabeth V. Baker, and Virginia E. Moss established Bethel Bible Training School, the Rochester Bible Training School, and the Beulah Heights Bible and Missionary Training School, respectively. Although none of these women ever held ministerial credentials within the AG, their respective ministries are recognized as having made significant contributions toward ministerial and missionary training of early AG personnel. See Gary B. McGee, "Three Notable Women in Pentecostal Ministry," Assemblies of God Heritage 5:1(Spring 1985-1986). McGee commends these three women as having success in establishing Bible schools at a time when this was traditionally considered to be a man's calling.
25. As mentioned in a previous footnote, the title "President" was later conferred on Donald Ramsey, the second person to head the Bible school. Later, in 1968 Pauline Mastries (who had served previously at ATBS) along with Charles Hadden and Hubert Boese would found Eastern Bible Institute, in Shannon, North Carolina. This institution would later be renamed Native American Bible College and moved to Fayetteville, North Carolina. Thus, it might be argued that Alta Washburn set a precedent (at least within Native American ministries) for women to assume leadership positions within institutions of postsecondary learning.
26. See Washburn, 48 where she made reference to David challenging Goliath found in 1 Samuel 17.
27. See Lillie Ward Neal, "Alumni Reflections … Lillie Ward Neal" in American Indian College: A Witness to the Tribes, ed. Joseph J. Saggio and Jim Dempsey (Springfield, MO: Gospel Publishing House, 2008), 355.
28. Alta M. Washburn, "Trail to the Tribes"in American Indian College: A Witness to the Tribes, ed. Joseph J. Saggio and Jim Dempsey (Springfield, MO: Gospel Publishing House, 2008), 54.
29. In 1926, concurrent with the establishment of LABI in San Diego, California, Luce's longtime colleague and friend, Henry C. Ball, was also establishing another LABI in San Antonio, Texas. See McGee, 97.
30. See Gary B. McGee, This Gospel Shall Be Preached: A History and Theology of Assemblies of God Foreign Missions Since 1959 – Volume 2 (Springfield, MO: Gospel Publishing House, 1986), 33.
31. Luce wrote three consecutive articles entitled "Paul's Missionary Methods" found respectively in the January 8, January 22, and February 5 editions of The Pentecostal Evangel. Herein she elucidates some of the missiological premises articulated in Roland Allen's book published in 1912, Missionary Methods: Saint Paul's or Ours? while also further "unpacking" indigenous ministry from a Pentecostal perspective that includes a theology of signs and wonders. For additional biographical information on Alice Luce, I recommend Everett A. Wilson and Ruth Marshall Wilson, "Alice E. Luce: A Visionary Victorian" in Portraits of a Generation: Early Pentecostal Leaders, ed. James R. Goff Jr. and Grant Wacker (Fayetteville, AR: The University of Arkansas Press, 2002): 159-176.
32. See my previous footnote comments where I explain that my view on the origin of indigenous Native Pentecostal leadership is predicated upon review of hundreds of written sources detailing early AG ministry among Native Americans as well as a number of oral interviews with key actors who have significant longevity within this work.
33. "Indians to Train for Service," Pentecostal Evangel No. 1897 (September 16, 1950):12.
34. I need to mention here that I do not mean "traditional" value systems whereby various Native religious belief systems (including animistic and polytheistic belief systems are embraced, but rather non-religious cultural traits such as "hands on" learning styles vs. the passing on of propositional knowledge via primarily written codification, non-Western views of the family system, dietary preferences, clothing styles, recognition that English is a second language for many Native people, etc. Ignorance of these cultural areas has caused historic "flash points" in the ongoing attempt to successfully evangelize and disciple Native peoples into the Christian faith.
35. Having myself served for fourteen years at American Indian College in Phoenix as an administrator and faculty member (1994-2008), I have had several conversations with Rev. Alma F. Thomas, Professor Emeritus at American Indian College and long time U.S. missionary to Native Americans. The service of Rev. Thomas and her late husband Lonnie to the College extends intermittently back to the early sixties. I have also spoken many times with long-time missionary educator Rev. Jim Dempsey, who currently serves as Campus Pastor at American Indian College. Dempsey has also confirmed that same belief through his own archival research and anecdotal evidence. Finally, Angela M. Tarango references material documentation of similar conversations through her archival analysis of the meeting minutes from June 2, 1956 pursuant to the establishment and incorporation of AllTribes Bible School (the original name of the school) in Phoenix, Arizona. See Angela Tarango, "Institutionalizing the Indigenous Principle: Sister Washburn and the American Indian College of the Assemblies of God, 1956-1965", unpublished research paper.
36. See National Center for Educational Statistics, Education Statistics Quarterly, vol. 7, Issues 1 &2, Postsecondary Education, "Enrollment in Postsecondary Institutions, Fall 2002 and Financial Statistics, Fiscal Year 2002." http://nces.ed.gov/programs/quarterly/vol_7/1_2/5_asp (accessed December, 3, 2007).
37. See for example Joseph J. Saggio and Laura I. Rendón, "Persistence among American Indians and Alaska Natives at a Bible College: The Importance of Family, Spirituality, and Validation" in Christian Higher Education: A Journal of Applied Research and Practice, 3 (Fall 2004): 329-347. Herein we detail how Native American students have been historically "at risk" and how American Indian College serves as a role model of an institution that has had some success at equipping Native students in light of its educational mission.
38. The full name of the report is The Problem of Indian Administration: Report of a Survey made at the Request of Honorable Hubert Work, Secretary of the Interior, and submitted to him, February 21, 1928. http://www.alaskool.org/native_ed/research_reports/IndianAdmin/Indian_Admin_Problms.html (accessed September 14, 2007). This is a "must read" for those interested in gaining a deep historical understanding of the relationship of the federal government to Native Americans vis-à-vis educational and social issues. It is clearly not representative of modern thought; however, the prevailing attitudes toward American Indians had not changed appreciably from 1928 up to the time of Alta Washburn's founding of All Tribes Bible School in 1957. Thus, I cite this comprehensive report to help historically contextualize the issue of postsecondary education for American Indians in the United States prior to 1957.
Friday, June 16, 2006 10:22 AM


text:
Plus, people are still allowed to hike and ride horseback on this part of the trail.
This affable gent will take you on a customized walk, hike, or boar hunt around town.
They voted to hike the retirement age from 65 up to 67, and to cut pensions for those already retired by 15 percent.
It was on a hike to the Grand Canyon at age 18 that Shattuck penned her first bucket list.
For fun, Will and Kate are free to kayak, hike, windsurf, scuba dive, bike or take a guided nature walk around the island.
We had good luck because our hike straight west down the hill took us right plunk into Central Avenue.
He told us we had a long night drive ahead of us, and had better be on the hike.
It was due to Bettys morning at home that the hike had been put off till afternoon.
We chucked away mos' every last thing on that hike but canteens an' rifles.
The hike was presently resumed, and the little adventure reckoned a thing of the past.
1809, hyke "to walk vigorously," an English dialectal word of unknown origin. A yike from 1736 answers to the sense.
HIKE, v. to go away. It is generally used in a contemptuous sense. Ex. "Come, hike," i.e. take yourself off; begone. [Rev. Robert Forby, "The Vocabulary of East Anglia," London, 1830]Sense of "pull up" (as pants) first recorded 1873 in American English, and may be a variant of hitch; extended sense of "raise" (as wages) is 1867. Related: Hiked; hiking. The noun is from 1865.
: The government got a big tax hike
Related Terms
[fr mid-1800s term hike up, ''go or raise up,'' related to hoick of the same meaning, both probably fr the asi dialectal sense ''go, go about'']

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Thomas Chatterton Williams on "Losing My Cool"
Thomas Chatterton Williams is a young writer who grew up listening to hip hop. His scholarly father instilled in him a passion for reading books. He tells Jim Fleming that when he went to college, hip hop began to lose its appeal. His memoir is called "Losing My Cool: How A Father's Love and 15,000 Books Beat Hip Hop Culture."
Losing my mind
I was truly disappointed to hear this story on KALW. It showed, yet again, how far we still have to go in America in eliminating institutional racism. I get tired of time and time again when someone who is well "educated" still fails to see that the very system that "educated" them continues simply perpetuates the idea that being "White" is better. That Jazz is more sophisticated than Hip Hop. When these are all a matter of taste and NOT quality.
Mr. Williams fails to mention the whole large movement of Rap that is about consciousness raising and the positive lyrics that do exist, yet gets no air time and little promotion. Why? Because of systematic oppression, to continue to point to the false idea that Black is negative. Don't buy into the hype because Hip Hop started a HUGE important movement and there are plenty of people out there doing positive things with it.
We as Americans need to get past this ideas of separation and polarities. Life is full of gray areas and people deserve the respect of being seen as complex individuals. We need to continue to challenge ourselves by rejecting stereotypes, questioning our stupid repetitive thoughts that often don't have real bearing on the situation. See each moment for itself and then maybe we can move forward. Race is purely an ideological system created to oppress people and this is another example. I for one just couldn't listen to this story without calling it for what it is, Uncool (to put it lightly).
not cool
i understand ms. ybanez's frustration. i find it frustrating to be told by mainstream culture what my culture is, and, in the 1990s, i was told my culture is hip hop, gangsta rap, etc. they are no more a part of the african american experience than a carl van vechten noivel; instead, they were created by businessmen to make money. to fall into the trap that rap, hip hop, and the like are "african american culture" without acknowedging that our culture moves far beyond the commercial and the ghetto is to inject a general myth og inherent inferiority. why must we parrot the ideas about ourselves that people wishing us no good say about ourselves? not merely "uncool," ms. ybanez, it is down right cold.
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interested in joining, for information to join
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You are welcome, to the great illuminati, for
riches powers happiness and any thin you
which for will come to you, so if you are
interested in joining, for information to join
whatsapp us on:+2349050155725 OR call in


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Take From the Poor, Give to the Military
Posted on Feb 7, 2006
Where would the Bush administration be without terrorism? Like the Cold War before it, the "war on terror" is a conveniently sweeping rationale for all manner of irrational governance, such as the outrageous $2.77-trillion budget the president proposed to Congress on Monday.
Square, Story page, 2nd paragraph, mobile
In order to pay for the money pit that is Iraq, the Bush budget demands draconian cuts in 141 domestic programs, led by a $36-billion cut in Medicare spending for the elderly over the next five years. This from a president reelected after promising to expand rather than curtail healthcare services to seniors.
Many of the other proposed cuts are equally obscene, such as the termination of $1 billion in child-care funds over five years, and the complete elimination of the Commodity Supplemental Food Program that provides food assistance to low-income seniors, needy pregnant women and children.
These attacks on the social safety net for the most vulnerable members of our society are not only patently unfair, in light of Bush's tax cuts for the wealthy, but the simultaneous blank check for the Pentagon cannot be honestly justified by the fight against terrorism. And although the president insists that it is unpatriotic to question his strategies in fighting terrorism, let me risk his opprobrium, and that of the pseudo-conservative bully boys that shill for him in the media, by doing just that.
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Yet, rather than sensibly investing in aggressive global detective work, collaborating with our European allies, engaging meaningfully with an independent and skeptical Arab world, and working to protect vulnerable U.S. sites such as nuclear power plants, our leaders decided to turn logic on its head and make ignorance about the enemy into a virtue, slash civil liberties and recklessly invade a major Muslim country that had no connection to the attacks.
In other words, our response to Sept. 11 has been almost completely military in nature, granting the Defense Department an excuse to increase spending by 48% in just four years. Yet, despite all this spending, and the loss of life that has accompanied it, our standing in the Muslim world has been in free fall since we invaded Iraq, we have never captured or killed Osama bin Laden or his top strongman, we don't know how to "fix" Iraq or Afghanistan, and we have greatly strengthened the hand of our rivals in Iran.
We don't even know, as the Sept. 11 commission report revealed, much of anything about the 15 Saudi hijackers and their four leaders from other parts of the Arab world who committed the Sept. 11 attacks. We do know, however, that they weren't from Iraq, weren't funded by Iraq and weren't trained by or in Iraq; nevertheless, the huge elephant in the Bush budget is the war and occupation of Iraq, now approaching its third anniversary, not the effort to dismantle Al Qaeda.
"Since 2001, the administration ... liberated nearly 50 million people in Iraq and Afghanistan," boasts the Bush budget document. Ah, but if they have been liberated, then why the need for an additional $50-billion emergency "bridge funding" in 2007, itself coming on the heels of a supplementary $70-billion budget request last week? The answer provided by the report is that Iraq is far from being stabilized and that in Afghanistan "enemy activity has increased over the past year."
Unfortunately, the Democratic leadership in Congress is still unwilling to challenge the necessity of "winning" the war in Iraq and, as a result, its complaints about cutting needed domestic programs are framed exclusively as an argument against making Bush's tax cuts permanent. It is a losing argument, because it leaves Bush as both the big spender and the big tax-cutter once again, posturing as the savior of the taxpayer when he is in fact quite the opposite for all but the wealthiest Americans.
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By Steve Peacock, February 14, 2006 at 9:17 pm Link to this comment
And while the Administration seeks to cut foodstamp subsidies and healthcare programs for the poor, the Pentagon is planning to spend $25 million to build a new hospital—exclusively for military dogs.
Click "Steve Peacock" to find out more.
By John, February 14, 2006 at 12:54 am Link to this comment
Robert Scheer as always is eloquent at holding the administration accountable fot its countless lies. I am thankful for his voice of reason in a society where so many of the public voices are silent or misleading so as not to alienate any large sources of income( the media and politicians are faithful and true to their corporate benefactors). We only need understand history to see the deeper forces at work. We live in a strongly patriarchal society based on Hamiltonian 'democracy' much like ancient Rome, Nazi Germany, the English Empire and many other warlike socities. Its primary precepts are dictatorial elitism, orthodoxy, avaricious greed, and exploitation of others within itself and other socities to support this world view as illustrated by manifest destiny, white man's burden or liberating Iraq in other words 'might makes right'-we'll kill, oppress or marginalize them to get them out of our way. What is so amorally convenient in this approach is the belief that 'the end justifies the means.' Since it is all about materialism, it is almost completely devoid of any feeling/relating aspects and spiritual dimensions. This is a lot like reading a George Will piece. This administration over the years has made statements that were verbatim from the Roman Ceasars such as "the only way to peace is through war." At least the Romans admitted their imperialistic ways. As Patrick Buchannan has observed, the US is about building an economic empire. Opening up dialogues and respecting the differences of other nations as well as getting money out of politics like the 'clean money efforts'(so other voices can be heard) is a step in the direction to where the bloodshed will cease and our resources will be spent on providing all, not just the chosen few, a safe, meaningful life.
By jurassicpork, February 12, 2006 at 7:47 am Link to this comment
This is essentially everything I've been saying over the past week and a half, Robert… only articulated without a lot of the anger in which I couch my sentiments. I myself asked many months ago on my own blog where the Bush administration would be without Iraq. Well, they would've been out of office over a year ago, for starters.
By Sylvia Barksdale Morovitz, February 11, 2006 at 3:29 pm Link to this comment
Robert Scheer's, Take From the Poor, Give to the Military, is nothing less than brilliant. He has Bush, Inc. nailed to a tee.
I suppose I really shouldn't get started because I do have high blood pressure. It boils when I think of what this Texas shit-kicker has done to our country. I ask, who is he, that he can get away with so much criminal activity when our other bodies of government are aware of what he's doing? What the hell are they so afraid of; then again, I must ask, are they all in on it? Do we have a bunch of merciless individuals in Washington who're stealing every dime we can manage to earn. It's quite obvious that they've forgotten what they're there for or maybe they never knew. They are our SERVANTS, not our masters! You'd never know it, would you?
#3472, comment by Ryan Mims: Bravo! This is gut truth of the people vs our government! It's been on the move for a long time and it's catching up with us. I know people who don't bother to vote but sit back and complain and carp about the sorry job the governmewnt's doing. Well, they say, it's only one vote. I really feel like socking them one. But, it isn't only the vote. It's lack of action by the people. CNN ran a clip about the "skin-heads" wanting to take back their government. We should all take a lesson from these guys. Maybe they're smarter than we are, after all. The crux is that we've sat back in our easy chairs, living the good life since WW2 and almost forgotten about the government entirely. Bush Inc. is a wake-up call and it's loud and clear. We act now or forever hold our peace! If the House and Senate refuse to rid America of this criminal leadership, who is left to get the job done?
I feel that every citizen should do as much background research as possible on anyone who aspires to the Oval Office. What I learned about this one [Bush], was enough to make one go screaming into that good night. But his pretense of religious rightousness and his lying rhetoric convinced the Supreme Court to seat him, regardless of the fact that Al Gore won the Oval Office by more than 300,000 votes! This rattler stole the presidency twice. But still, we, the people, who keep this whole thing operating through our tax dollars, remain mute.
I sometimes do editing for Paul Thompson's, Timeline 9/11, [originally: Timeline to Terror.] What American's don't know about the criminal activities of Bush, Inc. would fill many municipal libraries. It is horrifying, and like Robert Scheer's essays, it is truth. It is researched, tracked down and put down in black and white. I would recommend this work to anyone who cares about 9/11, what led up to it and it's aftermath.
By barrie johnson, February 11, 2006 at 10:30 am Link to this comment
I was amazed that someone is silly enough to believe that tax cuts stimulate our economy. before the 1970s that probably was true. since then, business has shipped their factories overseas to Africa, Thailand, Mexico, south american countries and others where labor costs are $.50/hr, no benefits given, no environmental protections are required and the governments kiss business behinds for stimulating their economy. tax cuts for the rich today simply serves to make the rich, richer. any investments they make in this country is in the stock market which does not stimulate our economy in any useful way. The repubs want you to believe their tax cuts stimulate our economy, but only the Gardners' are dim enough to believe it
By Dr. J. Edward Kendrick, February 10, 2006 at 9:07 pm Link to this comment
The foundations of current American policy arise from the 'inside job' called 911. This control drama was masterfully crafted to look like 18 Islamic terrorists hijacked four passenger jets and hit two towers and the Pentagon. The coverup didn't cover the evidence that is hidden in plain sight. http://www.st911.org and other web developers have invested great effort to bring the truth where the mass media have brought dishonor to the journalism profession by turning a blind eye to the crimes of 911—America's Reichtag.
By Dr. Ed Kendrick, February 10, 2006 at 8:51 pm Link to this comment
Fortunately, Controlled Demolition wasn't skilled enough to remove all the evidence that the WTC buildings were rigged with explosives. Ample proof exists that 911 was an 'inside job'. 911 is America's burning of the Reichtag. My own entry into this discovery was Prisonplanet and st911.org. Bush's power lies in the lies of 911. Incredible discoveries—just what the monsters expect—that American sheep won't possibly believe what has been perpetrated in order to 1) implement a fascist government, 2) destroy the middle class and 3) further the One World Order. Most whom I talk to can't handle the truth.
By Carol Wright, February 10, 2006 at 3:27 pm Link to this comment
I could see people blaming Pres. Clinton if the disaster had happened in the early months of 2001, but President Bush was well into control by September 2001. Hearing information today on tv, there was information about Pres. Clinton and his people were trying to deal with the problems and passing on their worries to President Bush and his people-they didn't believe Pres. Clinton.
By NETTIE, February 10, 2006 at 1:23 pm Link to this comment
By Ryan Mims, February 10, 2006 at 11:33 am Link to this comment
This is not Bush's fault, the Republican party's fault, or the Democratic party's fault. It is a direct result of the apathy and laziness of the American people. Our country is still a Democracy based on the rights of all of us to be free thinkers, and controllers of our own destiny.
We will continue to march down this path as long as we continue to be sheep led by wolves.
Make no mistake about it. Americans do not get engaged in their communities and country to the degree that is neccassary for us to control our government, our corporations, or our lives.
Our lives, our country, and our communities are molded by our actions, and in our control. If we would get of the couch, turn of American Idol, and get active we could, can, and will take back our country.
How bad does it have to get before we decide to make a change?
By R. A. Earl, February 9, 2006 at 9:51 pm Link to this comment
Thomas Gardiner, in #3408 ended with:
"This is the real world, folks. It aint Jimmah Carters make-believe world where those radical muslims are just folks that we havent apologized to sufficiently for being Americans."
If you're looking for the reason the USA finds itself up to its ass in alligators you've got it in a nutshell in Gardiner's attitude. Respect is NEVER EARNED by force. You ALWAYS get further with honey than with vinegar.
Either the "Gardiners" in the USA go, or the USA will go. I hope I live long enough to see the outcome either way.
The "Gardiners" have obviously yet to learn that the USA needs the cooperation of the rest of world a heck of a lot more than the rest of the world needs the USA. Believe it now… or believe it later. Your choice.
By Carol Rose, February 9, 2006 at 7:53 pm Link to this comment
Robert - Thank you so much for giving all of us a place to hear Truth with a capitol "T". There are so many people spinning everything in everyway,at every opportunity on every channel - that even an intelligent, "desperately-trying to be informed" person can become overwhelmed. Your past columns and integrity speak for themselves - I trust you and TruthDig. To paraphrase our Chump in Chief - when it comes to TRUTH - Bring it on!!!!
By NETTIE, February 9, 2006 at 7:35 pm Link to this comment
By Mary Patterson, February 9, 2006 at 5:33 pm Link to this comment
We have all this corruption going on. Why can't anyone stop it? What's the matter with our Democratic leaders? Hmm!
By Rogelio, February 9, 2006 at 2:32 pm Link to this comment
Robert Scheer hits the mark as he always does. The Bush War Machine persist because what else has he succeeded in domestically? The politics of fear is all that this administration has been able to accomplish. How can the administration even suggest that we need to cut back on military spending when we are failing in Iraq. Dropping bombs is not going to make innocent Iriqui's more democratic (Hint:Vietnam, Cambodia, Central America).
By Tom Nestor, February 9, 2006 at 12:51 pm Link to this comment
The Bush admin. is increasing spending for
Tom Nestor/Long Beach, CA.
By Thomas Gardner, February 9, 2006 at 10:32 am Link to this comment
The whole concept of "tax cuts for the wealthy" is socialist non-speak.
Listen children: The purpose of tax cuts is to stimulate the economy. It works. Kennedy, Reagan and now Bush II have all proven it. So lets see…if you gave a tax cut to only those who don't freaking pay taxes, that wouldn't have much of an effect, would it? But if you give the tax cut to EVERYONE WHO PAYS TAXES then the effect on the economy will be meaningful. Even if the percentage is the same across the board, those who pay the lion's share of the taxes will get the lion's share of the cuts. 1 + 1 = 2.
Be honest, folks, what you really want is tax increases for the rich. Re-distribution of wealth. So we can be more like those smart Europeans.
And I love the earlier quote "the 9-11 attacks that THIS administration allowed to happen"...even in a climate where no Democratic claim or charge against Bush is considered too outrageous, this claim is so patently stupid that it only gets play in the most short-minded forums…like this one I stumbled into.
This is the real world, folks. It ain't Jimmah Carter's make-believe world where those radical muslims are just folks that we haven't apologized to sufficiently for being Americans.
By Barrie Johnson, February 9, 2006 at 8:14 am Link to this comment
the dems are totally ineffective in combating a transparently vicious Bush agenda and the reason is religion. Follow along with me here. Prior to the 1970s, the bible belt was solidly Democrat. Organised religion preached love thy neighbor, be your brothers keeper, help your fellow man and railed against the rich, a camel could get thru the eye of a needle faster than a rich man could enter heaven. but religion was becoming irrelevant to the lives of the communities, and many churches were going broke. then some joker came up with "The Good News". A new dictum, apparently from God, that stated it doesn't matter what you do, only that you BELIEVE. This paved the way for the rich to enter heaven, even though they used their political and economic power to repress the working classes. It worked very well. Organised religion became very rich and became big business, which of course necessitated joining the Republican Party. religious issues became the protection and growth of money, rather than the welfare of the common man. The bible belt is now solidly republican. the faithful, who are emotionally invested in their religious beliefs, are incapable of questioning their leadership. the leadership exhorts the faithful to vote republican in order to end abortion and get 'intelligent design' into school curriculums. the faithful comply, cutting their own throats in the process. (you don't believe this? go talk to your local ministers about separation of church and state, the results will horrify you) The democratic party, attempting to rein in Bush extremes,appear, to the faithful, to be in direct opposition to God. No wonder they are spinning their wheels going nowhere. How can you vote against God and still win the next election? The democratic party must make the faithful see that their leadership and the republican party worships the great god money, rather than the christian god. Good luck. if the faithful were capable of reason, we wouldn't be in this trouble now.
By martin weiss, February 9, 2006 at 7:16 am Link to this comment
Unfortunately for the rest of us, the Bush family has always made its money from conflict and catastrophe.
By Jaybo, February 9, 2006 at 5:12 am Link to this comment
The big unasked question—should I say "one of," since there are so many unasked questions—is what would happen to our economy if we ever got off the "war" footing we've been on forthe past 64 years.
By G. Monkowski, February 9, 2006 at 1:26 am Link to this comment
The enemy is residing in Pensylvania Rd. and his name is George Murder Bush. Take your country back Americans. We will take back ours. The allies of America in Europe are also guilty.
Stop genocide in Iraq and Afghanistan! Don't support any kind of Nazi troops.
By Fran Simpson, February 8, 2006 at 11:45 pm Link to this comment
You and Gore Vidal are really hitting it on the mark. There is one thing about the Military budget that you may have missed while Bush is handing money to the Military they are trying to take away the safety net for all the retirees and their families by upping the cost of Tricare and by trying to cut the reimbursement to doctors that treat seniors and retirees by 4.1% that was not passed this last session of congress but look for it to come back again as long as there is a GOP Congress. Which means that many doctors will stop seeing these patients and just think of that freeing up all those appointments so those that have the money can get in faster to see the doctor. Yes we must get people to recognize that this administration thinks only of the rich and who cares about any one else. Especially the military and the veterans.
By GuitarsandMore, February 8, 2006 at 10:00 pm Link to this comment
I wonder why there isn't enough money for social security ?
By Kay Brown, February 8, 2006 at 5:28 pm Link to this comment
Note all: let's not use the word "war" when it really isn't a war between two countries. It is shorthand for Republican policy of invasion. Ann Fagin Ginger, noted human rights attorney, made this very clear in discussion this morning - we are using the Bush Admin. framing of the issue if we use the word "war" - this is a media knee-jerk eye-popper - I know I used to prepare the news for television and print.Ya Basta! Ginger said in a "war" there are written goals, once those goals are met, the "war" is over. We are letting Them get away with murder. Stop it. BTW I suspect "Commander in Chief" is sloppy reporting too. Anyone know? Lest we forget?
By KEVIN SCHMIDT, STERLING VA, February 8, 2006 at 4:00 pm Link to this comment
Remember stagflation???
It's back! You can thank the criminal Bush/Cheney Rethugs.
By John Earl, February 8, 2006 at 12:03 pm Link to this comment
When the Cold War ended there was talk of a Peace Dividend. Much of the perceived Soviet threat was a mirage created by the politicians, aided and abetted by intelligence agencies, beholden to the military-industrial complex. ( http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98942975)
The War On Terrorism has taken up the slack that the end of the Cold War created. It is more open ended that the war that was anchored in opposition to the Sino-Soviet bloc. It is a war against a stateless entity that can endlessly morph into countless versions.
It's a damned shame that instead of a war on stealth enemies abroad and in the "homeland" that our country can not be fighting a War Against Poverty. After Katrina surely we have glimpsed the enemy and seen that it is widespread and residing deep in the heartland of America.
By M. Martin, February 8, 2006 at 11:35 am Link to this comment
Perhaps a better question might be to ask where 'terrorism' would be without Bush?
Whether one sees incompetence or something more sinister in the way this administration permitted the attacks of 9/11/2001 to occur, it is undeniable that the Bush Cabal has prospered both politically and financially from this ginned-up 'war on terror'.
As long as members of the democratic party are dependent on the same corporate benefactors as republicans for campaign financing, don't expect democratic 'leaders' in congress to show much willingness to take on this budget, the ongoing obscenity in Iraq, or any of the other lies and distortions this administration has successfully transmuted into accepted fact.
By TW, February 8, 2006 at 10:19 am Link to this comment
This is exactly the conversation that Bush & Rove want to be having. The budget is a political document, meant to reinforce the following storylines:
- Bush is tough: he's taking a hard line on spending, and isn't afraid to gut some sacred cows or . Of course the reality is that he spends like a drunken sailor; his budgets play so many games with baselines and assumptions that they really tell you nothing at all; and most important, it's understood that most of his cuts won't get enacted, and aren't meant to. They're a feint to the fiscal conservative wing of his base, and for the rest of us they're a subtle reinforcement of his image as the "strong father" figure in our dysfunctional political family.
Of course there's a counter-narrative i think we should be selling: He's the irresponsible father who gambles away the family savings & then harrumphs over the kids leaving the lights on - a wastrel who falls back on the "pater familias" role to cover for his own weakness.
But their storyline is "tough on spending" - and the more we squeal about cuts to Medicare & food programs, the more that message gets out there. And that story is entirely consistent with the next one…
- Bush puts our safety and security ahead of everything else. And while some say he goes to far, in an oh-so-dangerous world, don't you want a president who'll always err on the side of doing too much to save all of our lives?
The reality is misplaced priorities (fighting the wrong battles), and using a crisis atmosphere to grab power and escape accountability. But the more we cry foul over those things, the more that their storyline gets recirculated. I think the counter-story is: He's General Custer, a vain martinet who's all boldness and dash with no judgement or self-control. He grabs headlines, and sometimes even wins battles, but he gets his guys killed & doesn't know how to win the wars. Sure, his arrogance and certainty can be bracing at times, but he's not the guy you want leading you into battle - not if you want to win, and certainly not if you want to get home alive.
By James Tugend, February 8, 2006 at 10:16 am Link to this comment
Speaking of 9/11, we seem to have ignored the fact that Bush and his pals ignored all the warnings about an impending attack from Al Qaeda. It wasn't on their top ten list of security concerns…perhaps because Bill Clinton had told Bush that it should be his #1 pruiority. Nio, he built anti-missile defenses, that would only possibly work against U.S. missiles.
The only thing you could say Bush possibly did out of concern over the impending attack was to stay away from Washington.
By Peter Meldrum, February 8, 2006 at 9:38 am Link to this comment
Would Robert Scheer care to explain how the USA can be at "WAR" without a Congressional Declaration Of War??
Because without that Declaration the USA is NOT in a State Of War!!
Thus ALL Bush's "war" statements and actions are fraudulent!!
By firstname.lastname@example.com, February 8, 2006 at 9:20 am Link to this comment
Robert, when Isaw you on News hour years ago praising Pres. Clinton, I appreciated your comments. What led to the nonsense Bill O'Reillly is claiming about you?He maligns my ACLU and us secular progressives. Iwish secularism were more prevalent. MORGAN-LYNN LAMBERTH
By ann, February 8, 2006 at 9:04 am Link to this comment
I am reading a biography of Gorbachev by Doder and Branson. It states ". . . the very essence of Gorbachev's economic modernization: he wanted to build an integrated modern economy to replace Russia's two economies—military and civilian—-.. . He wanted to escape the disastrous status quo that allowed the military to claim all the resources and talent for its nefarious enterprises while the civilian economy suffered like a retarted stepchild of the government and fell further and further behind the economies of other countries."
By Doc Nelson, February 8, 2006 at 12:02 am Link to this comment
Paul Krugman told us long ago that this fiscal insanity was a calculated program to "starve the beast"—the beast being all those socialist communist pinko social programs. Unfair? Ayn Rand told us that the Robin Hood myth was robbing from the productive rich to give to the thieving poor. And Danny Quayle once asked, at a fund raiser for the base, "Why should our best people have to pay taxes." Of course it's unfair.
Corporate bankruptcy is no longer stigmatized, but is now a strategic manuver to get rid of pesky retirement agreements.
Perhaps a US bankruptcy is a stretegic goal to end all the New Deal horrors these folks perceive.
The quicker we get to the bottom the more competitive we can be. Fairness is Fair Trade. Freedom is the freedom to choose among 27 brands of toothpaste while shopping at WalMart, the Chinese retail outlet.
If the Chinese can manufacture goods cheaper using prison and slave labor, we have to go there to remain competitive.
I think they are just getting started. It's a good thing they have subverted the election system so they won't have to worry about the inconvenience of getting voted out of office.
Right Skyscraper, Site Wide
Right Internal Skyscraper, Site wide


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Where do all of these people get that clock screensaver? …
- Tags: 2ch, Anime Goods, Collections, Guns, Image Gallery, Otaku, PC Hardware, VIP Quality
Comment on Otaku Rooms of 2ch Impressive as Ever by Kixiv:
Where do all of these people get that clock screensaver?
Kixiv made other comments on this post:
- Otaku Rooms of 2ch Impressive as Ever:
much obliged!
Recent comments by Kixiv:
- Chinese Americans: "GTFO Japs!":
At least if they do the stupid shit in the states that they have been doing in the rest of the world they will be arrested by the National Guard (I think).
- America's Top 30 Anime Classics, According to the Japanese:
Trigun is probably my favorite anime.
- The 5 Creepiest Phone Wallpapers: "#2 = Anime":
> Their husband or wife This kind of proves the stupidity of the list.
- US Internment Camps "Human Rights Crime of Century":
Yeah, some of the poster on 2Ch are kind of retarded in case you haven't noticed.
- Skype Schoolgirl Cyber-Rape Teacher Busted:
By help you mean arrest right?


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(On a tangential note, the amount of bloated, useless software that carriers and manufacturers pre-install on these smartphones is becoming offensive. My Samsung phone, running on Bell's network, came with all manner of thoroughly unnecessary "apps," including an anemic Sympatico.ca news portal, some kind of navigation app that could be mine for the low, low price of $60, and a mobile TV service. The latter app was of the few I found even remotely interesting, since it gives you access to BNN, CTV and a couple of other live channels. Unfortunately, the app ended up generating one of the most ludicrous error messages I've ever read: "Due to rights restrictions, this program can only be accessed over a cellular network. Please ensure that your WiFi connection is turned off." Fortunately, Samsung makes it easy to quickly get rid of all this nonsense. Simply touch and hold on an app, and you can drag it upwards to the trash can.)
Getting entertainment content onto that massive screen isn't difficult, but it isn't as easy as it should be, either. Samsung is pushing a technology called AllShare Play to help you stream content from one device to another. Basically, you sign up for an account, pick the devices you want to share data across, and that's it.
AllShare works especially well if a lot of your devices, such as your phone and TV, are built by Samsung. Indeed, that's sort of the point with these cross-platform sharing tools, be they from Microsoft, Apple or Samsung – to urge you to buy all your hardware and/or software from the same company.
For all intents and purposes, AllShare is fine – it looks and feels a bit like an ugly, browser-based version of Windows Explorer. But unlike Motorola's version of the same type of tool, AllShare can't mimic your iTunes playlists, and takes a weirdly long time to load. To be fair, though, you can always skip AllShare and just plug your phone into your computer directly through a USB port and drop whatever files you want on it. With 16 gigs of memory (expandable to 64 gigs), you have a lot of space to play around with. The phone can also wirelessly stream HD video to a nearby TV (again, this is easier to do if the TV is also made by Samsung).
So Samsung's two target demographics, it seems, are business-people who want to use their phones to create things, and tech-savvy types for whom making phone calls isn't much of a priority. Is the Note II going to outsell Samsung's flagship and relatively normal-sized Galaxy S III smartphone? Not a chance. But it'll gain some traction among people who want the closest thing to a tablet they can still carry in their pockets.
The Note II is also a statement on the mobile device industry itself. This phone, along with the smaller version of the iPad that Apple is expected to announce later this month, bolsters the argument that there really isn't much of a distinction between smartphones and tablets any more – it's all just a bunch of flat screens you carry around with you. Remember, it wasn't so long ago that Apple executives were slamming rivals such as RIM for producing 7-inch tablets, saying 10 inches was the perfect size.
For now, if you're buying a mobile device, you can either stick to one size, spend an ungodly sum of money on myriad phones and tablets of different sizes, or settle for a Goldilocks gadget like the Samsung Note II.
Hopefully, one day, somebody figures out how to build a high-def display that expands and retracts, so your phone can double as your tablet or even your TV. Such a gadget would be a technical marvel, to be sure. But more importantly, it would mean we'd never have to write about screen sizes again. Here's hoping.Report Typo/Error
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I am scheduled for a MM (FTT and breast lift) in late August. In your professional opinions, do I need implants with the lift? I am content with the size of my breasts when I am wearing a properly fitted bra and in clothes, but am concerned that I will lose too much from the lift. I am 37, 5'7" 147 pounds. Last year, I started exercising regularly and lost about 25 pounds. My breasts became much less full, and have a tendancy to "run away on me". Before, I was a 38D. Now, I wear a 36D.
Breast Lift with or Without Implants? (photo)
Doctor Answers 21
BL&BA vs BL and possible later BA
I recommend staging the 2 operations. You always get better scars if you first do a lift and later augmentation (there is less tension across the scars if they heal without the weight of an implant on top of them). Additionally, the breasts can be "perkier" with the staged augmentation. Make sure you look thru photo galleries of the combined procedure vs those that were done in a staged fashion, and see if you notice the difference.
Best regards,
Learn more: http://www.thedallasmommymakeover.com/mommy-makeover/abdominoplasty-lift.cfm
Breast lift with or without implants
Getting a lift with augmentation is really up to you. A breast lift will only remove excess skin and does not give you the upper pole fullness that most women are hoping to achieve, only an implant can do that. If you are not sure, remember that you can always add a small implant later after you live with your lift for a while. Of course that requires a second surgery and recovery time, but you may be perfectly happy with the lift alone. Look at photos with and without implants and talk with your surgeon but only you can make that decision. ac
Implants with beast lift
I would recommend implants with a mastopexy. The problem with just a breast lift is it leaves the breasts somewhat flat and without shape. When you add an implant, the breast has much better contour and projection. You can use a small implant if you don't want to increase your size much.
You might also like...
Breast lift
The decision to have implants is a personal one. In my past, I have recommended the implants because the results are better. The patients are perkier with more clevage and fullness. Also, the lift holds longer and better. You do not need large implants at the time of the lift. Try a couple sizes on for your own choice and pick one that fits you. All the best
Breast lift with or without implants
A breast lift alone only removes skin, so the breasts will not be smaller but breast lifts alone often do not maintain fullness in the upper part of the breasts. Small implants may help if that is what you want but implants also add size. Sometimes implants will re-inflate the breast if the skin envelope is loose, so less of a lift (with shorter scars) can be done. Another option might be some fat grafting to the upper part of the breast but this would not change the type of lift needed.
Implants of Just Breast Lift?
You stated that you are content with the size of your breast. Breast implants are fillers and add volume to your breast. The breast lift will reshape your breast while returning the breast tissue to the proper location on your chest. I recommend that you try on sizers in the Plastic Surgeon's office while discussing your options. You may find that you are happy to just have a lift. If you are unsure, breast implants can be added later. Consult with a Board Certified Plastic Surgeon to discuss all your options and concerns.
Modest ptosis of the breast can often times be corrected by a breast implant only.
From the picture if larger breasts are desired I think that alone will make the breasts look youthful. Mastopexy will not be necessary in the incisions ago with it.
Learn more: http://www.zubowicz.com/subpag,15-atlanta-breast-reduction.htm
Breast with or without implants
Thanks for the pictures , you present a combination of ptosis and hyptrophy, my recomendation is to have both procedures a breast augmentation with an implant of 300 cc or 325cc and a breast lift, if you are not looking for a full cup 300 cc will be a good option , the goal of implant is to give a nice shape and to fill the upper poles of breast .
Breast lift with or without implants
Although it is very difficult to give you a definitive answer just looking at your pictures and not examining you in person, it appears you would benefit from an implant and a lift. As far as an implant alone without a lift, the usual thing you look for is the nipple level compared to the fold under the breast. If the nipple is above or at that level, you can get away with using an implant alone. Adding a lift (it looks like you would be a candidate for a circumareolar or circumvertical lift) would give you a somewhat "perkier" and tighter result with a higher nipple level and smaller areola. The implant is going to lift and fill out your breast much more than a lift alone. From looking at your pictures it appears to me a lift alone would give you a very modest result. Therefore, with all of this in mind, you need to feel comfortable that your plastic surgeon has discussed with you the advantages and disadvantages of these procedures and understands your goals.
Breast Lift with or Without Implants? (photo)
Very hard to advise over the internet. I might do the full lifting in the first operation. allow 3 months of healing than offer a second implant surgery. Just a thought!
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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Young people speak up on crime, police and justice issues
Press Release – JustSpeak and Children's Commissioner
8 October 2012
Young people speak up on crime, police and justice issues
Nearly 100 young people from throughout New Zealand have given views on youth justice issues as part of a consultation on the review of the Youth Crime Action Plan.
JustSpeak spokesperson Julia Spelman said that when the review was announced, JustSpeak approached the Children's Commissioner to undertake joint consultation so that young people had a chance to contribute.
"JustSpeak's driving ethos is that young people have a lot to offer to the national conversation about justice. We saw the review of the Youth Crime Action Plan as an opportunity for JustSpeak to advocate so that a range of young people's views could be considered by the Minister," she said.
JustSpeak, the youth arm of Rethinking Crime and Punishment, is a network of young people calling for positive and visionary change in our criminal justice system. JustSpeak works to involve young people in developing policy and holds community forums each month in Wellington and Auckland on justice topics that matter to young people.
"The ideas that have come out of the review are a reminder that there is value in making the time to ask what young people think," Ms Spelman said.
Far from being disengaged or apathetic, it is clear that young people care about these issues and are looking to decision makers to introduce policies that address the underlying causes of offending.
Children's Commissioner Dr Russell Wills said the feedback from the young people was insightful, balanced and constructive.
"They told us that while it was fair to be held accountable, many of the conditions imposed on them (such as curfews) set them up to fail and consequently return to the youth justice system," he said.
The young people said external pressures also lead to failure and re-offending. This included abuse of drugs and alcohol, problems finding a job and homelessness.
"Many spoke about the value of sports and cultural groups – places where they could develop a sense of community and belonging. They suggested these types of programmes should be available to young people before they get in trouble as a preventative measure.
"For example, while the young people said police generally did a good job, most had concerns about the way they were treated. They suggested that police need to take the time to listen, be helpful and supportive and be more encouraging – especially when young people are doing the right thing," the Commissioner said.
Many expressed concern about how they were treated by police, particularly in their first encounter with the law. Some felt police treated them harsher because of their age, sex or ethnicity.
The consultation report is available on the Children's Commissioner's website at www.occ.org.nz and on JustSpeak's website at www.justspeak.org.nz
Examples of feedback from the young people:
"Need access to programmes before you get into trouble, not after you are in trouble"
"What we need is an undercover Minister –
just like that TV show – undercover boss.
They need to come spend some time in our shoes and see what it's like for us,
how we get hassled by the cops and stuff."
"They [police] need to have similar backgrounds to the people they are supporting – this helps with connections i.e. Pacifika people can make connections easier with other Pacifika people."
"In Sweden they have nurses and doctors that drop into schools – this would be a good idea for New Zealand."
"Youth should all learn life skills at school like information about flatting – applying for jobs – your rights as an employee."
"They [police] can be intimidating which makes building relationships hard."
"A good cop is polite, says hi how are you doing, just checks you are staying out of trouble or they might let you off and buy you McDonalds – just treat you like you're a normal person instead of a criminal."
"If you make a good point [at a Family Group Conference] they actually listen to you."
"They just told me I had to apologise to the victim [at a Family Group Conference], I didn't have any time to think about it and I didn't know what to say – I was shy as and then they nutted at me for not getting it right."


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Results 73 to 81 of 81
Thread: Mark Clayton and Torrey Smith
02-25-2013, 06:59 AM #73Legendary RSR Poster
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Re: Mark Clayton and Torrey Smith
You don't need a diamond in the rough. You need a good QB and a good coaching staff that knows how to set its players up for success.
Re: Mark Clayton and Torrey Smith
How exactly did Flacco cost "more" than a 1st rounder? The Ravens traded their 8th overall pick for the 26th pick, two thirds, and a fourth. Then they traded a third and a sixth for the 18th, and picked Flacco. So they gained a third and a fourth and lost a sixth. If anything, Flacco cost less than a first. Oh, and Jacksonville picked a DE with the 8th overall. Since that's a position other than quarterback, it's a sure thing right? Since apparently quarterback is the only position that's a gamble. Well Derrick Harvey has amounted to jackshit.
QB's aren't the only gamble in the draft, obviously. They're just the biggest gamble, especially when drafted in the first round. That gamble is lessened somewhat by the rookie salary cap (no more Bradfords), but you're still going to flail around for years trying to make sure this player is the real deal. It's the one position in football where you can't use the other players in his unit to cover up his deficiencies- there aren't any other players in his unit on the field. You can't give him help like you can the rookie LT. You can't just use his speed to pull off defenders like you can with a rookie WR. You can't roll a safety over the top like you can a rookie DB. More than any other position on the field, the QB is on his own. At most, you can have him hand the ball off a lot a la Roethlisberger his first several years or Flacco and the Three Headed Monster, but then you're not really getting a "good QB" capable of helping the team win. You're just trying to bide time until he develops the experience necessary to take the next step and carry his weight.
This idea of trying to sign mediocre journeyman quarterbacks to give your team the best chance at winning superbowls is beyond ridiculous. It's easier to find a franchise quarterback than it is to assemble one of the best defenses in NFL history, which is what it takes to win a Super Bowl with a mediocre journeymen quarterback.
Re: Mark Clayton and Torrey Smith
You seem to think that having a great team and great quarterback are mutually exclusive.
Re: Mark Clayton and Torrey Smith
What I said was I initially disliked drafting Flacco in the first round, because drafting the wrong QB can set you back years. Any fan of this team ought to know that, as the Boller experiment didn't work out. You can get better value, imo, drafting other positions, especially when it takes more than just that single pick to get the QB you want.
It's worked out for the Ravens with Flacco. I'm as happy as most other Ravens fans about that, and I was happy about it even before this year. I've been a Flacco defender against his critics here and elsewhere, and I'm in the "pay the man" camp insofar as his contract negotiations are going. But that doesn't change my general position that a team is better off working to get the pieces to surround a good QB with than trying to draft the next Manning, Elway or Marino. There are more than 32 good QB's in the NFL for a good coaching staff that knows how to set their players up for success, especially in this age of parity.
Re: Mark Clayton and Torrey Smith
Let's look at quarterbacks who have won:
Drew Brees
Tom Brady
Tom Brady
Brad Johnson
Tom Brady
Kurt Warner
Brett Favre
Mark Rypien
Joe Montana
Joe Montana
Joe Montana
Joe Theismann
Joe Montana
Roger Staubach
Ken Stabler
Roger Staubach
Joe (fuck you)
Bart Starr
Bart Starr
Quarterbacks with only first name listed were first rounders.
28 of the 47 Super Bowls have been won by first rounders.
But in the last 20 years? Only 7 superbowls have been won by non- first rounders.
Oh, and 11 of those were between Montana, Brady, Starr, and Staubach. So unless if you manage to snag one of the greatest quarterbacks of all-time in the late, late rounds of the draft.. Chances are you're going to need to draft a quarterback in the first.
Last edited by PurpleApocalypse37; 02-27-2013 at 10:40 PM.
Re: Mark Clayton and Torrey Smith
No Super Bowls have ever been won by a QB. The closest any QB ever came to winning a SB was Elway in the '80s, and he was stomped in all three of them.
Re: Mark Clayton and Torrey Smith
When your fast is almost as important as how fast you actually are. Explosive speed that a player can turn on at any point or what many call the "afterburner" is difficult for DB's to recover from were as a guy with flatline speed like Clayton can be adjusted for by playing off etc....A linebacker's job is to knock out running backs, to knock out receivers, to chase the football,
-Ray Lewis
Re: Mark Clayton and Torrey Smith-JAB