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This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
ICDAS (the International Caries Detection and Assessment System) is a new approach to the detection and classification of dental caries, starting with the stage showing the earliest visual changes. Methodology: This article describes the implementation of the ICDAS at the School of Dentistry, International Medical University, and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in a step-by-step systematically planned process. Beginning with the setting up of a Task Force in 2011 for the evaluation and preparation of the training resources and the running of exploratory training exercises, it finally culminated in carrying out training workshops for the entire staff and students. After the internal processes had been completed, an international expert (KE) was invited to evaluate the process and conduct another workshop using the resources developed within the University, including a reference set of carious teeth. The overall time taken was one and a half years. Conclusions: The implementation of the ICDAS has been comprehensively set into motion within the context of our local curriculum and oral healthcare delivery arrangements. However, this will be an ongoing process with further quality assurance measures being required clinically together with the continuing training of new staff. Sharing this 'framework' of the ICDAS implementation process should considerably ease the path and reduce the time period of future implementations by other dental teaching institutions.
This article describes the implementation of the ICDAS system at a Malaysian dental teaching institution in a step-by-step systematically planned process. The actual process took about one and a half years.
There is a universal need in dental schools to embrace the concept of the early detection of caries resulting in more prevention and minimal intervention, and thereby improving the ability of dental students to cope with the complexity of the caries lesion and apply the constantly changing evidence regarding the management of such lesions in dentistry [
To support this approach it is pointed out that the traditional classifications of dental caries, (for example, that of G. V. Black), which identify sites of the teeth that are decayed through the presence of cavitation are inadequate as they do not chart the stage of the early development of caries [
The ICDAS (International Caries Detection and Assessment System) is the second version of a widely accepted system for coding and recording the severity of carious lesions. It presents a new paradigm shift in the detection and classification/coding of dental caries and measures the stage of the carious process with a protocol of detection that has been found to be reliable and valid. The system is peer-reviewed, evidenced-based and has a wide range of applications, including oral healthcare delivery, epidemiology and dental research. It has been accepted by the International Dental Federation as being applicable to clinical practice [
A Task Force was set up in 2011 to undertake a background investigation into the potential of various systems of caries classifications for the implementation of the dental curriculum of IMU. The ICDAS was finally selected.
Once the decision was made to implement the ICDAS, an IMU-ICDAS Task Force was formed which established the framework of the implementation process.
An initial search of the literature identified the training resources which already existed and could be used in the training of faculty staff and students of IMU.
The most useful of these was a 90-min free E-learning program which had been developed by the ICDAS foundation to support training. This initial E-learning programme was designed to be a general introduction to the criteria and codes and explained the ICDAS examination protocol and reviewed the coding system. The committee evaluated it for its use in future training [
The next step was to start selecting and collecting appropriate extracted teeth with various stages of caries lesions. They were cleaned and their digital images taken with the Camsight digital surgical scope camera (
International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) Implementation Framework at School of Dentistry, International Medical University (IMU).
Camsight digital images of extracted teeth depicting different ICDAS codes with some radiographs.
Camsight digital images of patients' teeth depicting different ICDAS codes.
At the same time, a 'Reference Set' of carious extracted teeth exhibiting an adequate number of surfaces with the different ICDAS codes was gradually and carefully examined, graded and collected over a period of several months (
The IMU Reference Set of extracted teeth.
For the next few months, the ICDAS Task Force carried out evaluation exercises amongst themselves using the Reference Set and the Camsight digital images in order to establish which were suitable for calibration. In the event, it was found that not enough information is present in digital images to enable the observers to accurately grade lesions as compared with the actual teeth. However, the images have some use in preliminary discussions in training.
Finally, the Reference Set of teeth was used by the Task Force to train and calibrate its members so as to reach high levels of intra-examiner and inter-examiner agreement.
An exploratory training exercise using the 'Reference Set' of extracted teeth for calibrationand digital images for discussion was also carried out with the final year students during this time. It showed they gained a high level of understanding and good acceptance of this classification system.
During this time the tools, including support materials for the stations at which the Reference Set would be distributed, were decided upon
Two intensive four-hour half day ICDAS workshops were conducted for all the academic staff with 100% attendance in two groups using a dental simulation laboratory (DSL) as the venue. It was ideal for the purpose as it came equipped with individual light lamps, three way-air spray syringes and computer screen monitors for each staff member (
Different colored cards depicting the ICDAS codes used for photograph discussion exercise by the trainees
The workshop consisted of a presentation on ICDAS, its background, coding criteria and its application in management using preventive and minimal invervention by the ICDAS Task Force members. This was followed by a discussion and asessment exercise using Camsight digital images of different ICDAS coded caries lesions (
Student Training Workshop: Photo discussion session.
Two more identical workshops were carried out subsequently in October 2012 for BDS Year One students and more recently for the new batch of students in November 2013 (
From November to January, all relevant teaching materials including handouts for students and evaluation criteria of caries-related and cavity preparation projects were identified, monitored and modified to accommodate the ICDAS concept. Additionally, documents specifying the methods of evaluation for grading carious lesions and the use of such grades to inform choice of types of management were replaced with ones using the ICDAS system. Finally, simultaneously with those changes the modification of the existing electronic system of clinical charting in patient clinics to allow insertion of ICDAS coding was completed (
Modification of electronic system of clinical charting.
After these changes had been accomplished it was evident that the ICDAS system had achieved
Nevertheless, it was the intention of the Task Force to begin a rolling programme of high level calibration of all staff and students. To initiate that work, an expert (KE) with several years of experience in the system was invited in May 2013 to evaluate the progress of implementation at IMU and begin the high level calibration process.
The calibration process was done at a further half day ICDAS training workshop for staff. That began as previously with a discussion of Camsight digital images followed by scoring the extracted teeth from the IMU Reference set led by the expert.
All staff together with the expert then moved through a series of stations each with an extracted tooth from the IMU Reference Set chosen by the expert. A clearly indicated surface on each tooth was graded by each of those present and the data collected centrally. Following a further discussion, the grading process was repeated in exactly the same way but without those scoring having access to their original scores.
In more detail, 12 members of academic staff and one external ICDAS expert twice graded the surfaces of 30 extracted teeth which had been mounted and stored as described above. The intra-examiner weighted kappa statistics were calculated and are presented with their confidence limits in
The intra-examiner weighted kappa statistics.
|Intra-trainee agreement before and after
|Weighted Kappa a
|Standard error
|Trainee 1
|0.820 to 0.974
|Trainee 2
|0.608 to 0.913
|Trainee 3
|0.702 to 0.937
|Trainee 4
|0.719 to 0.886
|Trainee 5
|0.708 to 0.904
|Trainee 6
|0.734 to 0.899
|Trainee 7
|0.288 to 0.675
|Trainee 8
|0.785 to 0.971
|Trainee 9
|0.712 to 0.946
|Trainee 10
|0.693 to 0.906
|Trainee 11
|0.545 to 0.865
|Trainee 12
|0.562 to 0.905
The data obtained by each staff member at the second examination was then analyzed against the same data from the expert using weighted kappa statistics to provide measures on inter-examiner variability. Those values together with their confidence limits are presented in
The inter-examiner weighted kappa statistics (expert
|Agreement between trainer and trainee after the training
|Weighted Kappa a
|Standard error
|0.710 to 0.900
|0.670 to 0.920
|0.540 to 0.836
|0.656 to 0.852
|0.668 to 0.896
|0.835 to 0.953
|0.639 to 0.855
|0.586 to 0.828
|0.720 to 0.915
|0.623 to 0.869
|0.458 to 0.814
|0.411 to 0.729
The data from the first and second exercise from each staff member and the expert were analysed to produce a weighted kappa statistic as an indicator of intra-examiner variability. The analysis was done using the weighted kappa statistic routine of the Medcalc Statistical Package Version 12, (Copyright 1993 2013 MedCalc Software).
As is shown in the Results Section the expert gained a very favourable statistic for intra-examiner variability giving strong support to the decision to use him as a standard. Thus, a further set of kappa statistics were produced in which the second set of scores produced by each member of staff was compared with the second set of scores of the expert.
These final kappa statistics, which were a measure of inter-examiner variability between expert and each staff member, were all greater than 0.55 with three being above 0.80 and one at 0.795.
These results are presented in support of the assertion that the implementation of the ICDAS has been comprehensively started within the context of the local curriculum and oral healthcare delivery arrangements of the Dental School of International Medical University.
With newer diagnostic tools, remineralizing agents, and a new understanding of caries risk assessment, it is time for more educational institutions to embrace the philosophy of early detection and prevention of caries [
The IMU School of Dentistry subscribes to the Minimal Intervention dentistry philosophy in its clinical training of dental students and provision of dental care in the IMU Oral Health Centre. A particular emphasis is given to Maximum Interception and Minimum Invasion (MIMI) and it has been found that the comprehensive introduction of ICDAS has given impetus to that concept [
To our best of our knowledge, this may be the first time that ICDAS has been fully implemented across all applications at an institution in Malaysia, South East Asia and possibly even more widely. The positive results of the calibration exercise on the faculty staff, which was diverse in terms of culture and specialty, also reinforces confidence in the methodology and delivery of our training workshop.
Implementing a new system had its share of challenges, so it was reassuring to find during the exploratory exercise carried out on the final year students that they quickly understood and applied the details of the ICDAS. It indicated that this was a practical, usable and understandable system, thus giving us confidence to proceed.
With regards to the staff, they were from different countries and primarily of traditional backgrounds where Black's cavity classification had been the basis of caries detection and recording. It was crucial to open their mindset, not only regarding making a crossover to a different method of classifying caries but also to the concept of early detection of caries and prevention.
Another challenge was that IMU had a polyclinic and integrated style of teaching in clinics and that meant having to train staff from multiple specialties,
Thirdly, incorporating the ICDAS charting to make it compatible with the electronic clinical charting system already in place at IMU proved to be challenging. Thus, it was carried out within the limitations of the already existing system and that has proven to be quite adequate for the purpose, although not entirely in accordance with the recommendations given by the ICDAS foundation.
By using existing staff as trainers and other readily available materials it was found that the budget required was minimal, mainly being for the purchase of ball ended periodontal probes. The logistics of conducting the training workshops are demanding and there is a need for ongoing workshops to be held for new staff.
Further, in a country like Malaysia, in order for the implementation of ICDAS to be fully effective it would need to be implemented in all dental teaching institutions, the Defense Services and most importantly, the Ministry of Health and the Government Dental Service which is its responsibility.
The careful preservation of the Reference Set of extracted teeth is now a priority for the project. It is unlikely that this set will be used for future ICDAS trainings. Instead, it will be used with those who gained high inter-examiner scores to produce Secondary Reference Sets of extracted teeth for general training use and experimentation. The Primary Reference Set and any Secondary Reference Sets are stored soaked in chloramine and are under the responsibility of one person, whose duty is to prevent damage to, or loss of a tooth.
The implementation of the ICDAS has been comprehensively set into motion within the context of our local curriculum and oral healthcare delivery arrangements. However, this will be an ongoing process with further quality assurance measures being required clinically together with the continuous training of new staff. Sharing this 'framework' of the ICDAS implementation process should considerably ease the path and reduce the time period of future implementations by other dental teaching institutions.
The authors acknowledge the support and enthusiasm of Professor Kim Ekstrand (KE) which were most important factors in the success of this project.
The authors declare no conflict of interest


text:
Jorge L. Forment, President & CEO
Jorge L. Forment joined Touchmark National Bank and its parent company Touchmark Bancshares, Inc. as its Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer in July 2010. He was named President and CEO in July 2013. Mr. Forment has over 30 years of banking experience in the community bank arena.
Prior to joining Touchmark National Bank, Mr. Forment served as President & Chief Executive Officer of a community bank for 10 years and previously served as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer for two community banks in North Georgia. He started his banking career as a National Bank Examiner with the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency.
Mr. Forment graduated from Florida State University in Tallahassee, Florida and received a Certified Professional Banker designation from the Graduate School of Banking for Community Bank Management from Kennesaw State University in Kennesaw, Georgia.
Kellie Pressnall, Chief Financial Officer
Kellie Pressnall has been with Touchmark since inception. She joined the Bank in December 2007 as the Controller and held that position until she was promoted to Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer in July 2013 of both Touchmark National Bank and Touchmark Bancshares. Prior to joining the Bank, Ms. Pressnall was the Controller at North Atlanta National Bank in Alpharetta, GA. Ms. Pressnall has been in the financial services industry, specifically community banking, for her entire career. Ms. Pressnall graduated Summa Cum Laude from Georgia State University with a Bachelors of Business Administration in Finance.
Trae Dorough, Chief Lending Officer
Trae Dorough joined Touchmark National Bank in August 2012 as Senior Vice President and Chief Lending Officer, bringing over 25 years of community banking experience to the bank. In July 2013, Mr. Dorough was promoted to Executive Vice President.
Preceding his appointment at Touchmark National Bank, Mr. Dorough served in various executive roles in community banks throughout Georgia, including successful endeavors in the areas of lending, management, and administration. Prior to joining Touchmark National Bank, Mr. Dorough served as Senior Lender of a multi-bank holding company and most recently as President and CEO of a community bank.
Mr. Dorough graduated from Georgia Southwestern University in Americus, GA with a BBA in Accounting and went on to become a graduate of Stonier Graduate School of Banking at University of Pennsylvania.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Overcoming Obstacles in the Workplace
May 16, 2009 by Joyce Richman
Do you work with these people?
"He wears me out. No matter what I position I take, he takes the opposite. Don't get me wrong, I like honest disagreement, but he takes it too far"
"She blocks, obstructs, you name it, she's in the way of progress. Ten of us agree and she's the lone dissenter. I'd fire her, but she's right more times than she's wrong. "
"She nods agreeably whatever the subject. I ask for her perspective and she responds with a 'whatever you think, Jack.' You name it and she doesn't have an opinion on it. I don't know how she goes through life without ever stating what she wants, needs, believes, or values."
"He's a back slapping, smiling, affable, whatever-you-think-I think -too, kind of guy. Everyone likes him and no one values him. He ducks responsibility, avoids challenge, and runs away from conflicts. He's nice to have around. I just wish he made a contribution once in a while."
If companies were flush with money, and had time to spare, there'd be room for laid back, get along people. Today's work- place can't afford the indifference that the all-too-accommodating communicate, and it won't tolerate oppositional behavior that grinds progress to a halt. Businesses that are successful over time, demonstrate a consistent commitment to quality, problem resolution, and growth creation through synergy: bringing together the best of all available thinking rather than settling for less, in the interest of peace and harmony.
Synergy requires that you think and instead of or. That's easier said than done. Oppositional behaviors cause you to defend your thinking, sharpen your perspective, clarify your thought. Opposites deny your right to always be right and call into question your opinion as the only one that counts. Opposites can be hard to like and difficult to dismiss. And, whether at work or at home, they keep you on your toes, and, yes, that's the point.
As challenging as they may be, opposites can work well together if they are respectful, principled, and share the same long- term goals. The obstacles lie in their approach to the interaction, not in the interaction itself.
To overcome barriers they'll have to give each other space and time to make points and to listen, fully, without presumption, interruption, or prejudgment. They'll have to look for ways to acknowledge and build upon each other's ideas; to recognize the benefit that comes from seeing the same data differently.
It's ironic, it's personal, and it's typical to be put off by co-workers who are your opposite, and to be attracted to opposite personalities in friends and lovers. You can enjoy their flamboyance if you see yourself as rather colorless. You can marvel at their willingness to risk, if you see yourself as conservative in your taste and hesitant in your preferences. You can delight in their extraversion if you see yourself as reticent and reserved. And you can thrill at the thought that they, as special as they are, see something in you that's worthy of their attention and affection.
That is, until you sign on to spend your lives together. As soon as it looks like work, you act like you do at work. You see the wrongness of their ways, and try to make them into a copy of you. What was appealing becomes appalling. The flamboyance is embarrassing; the plainness, boring. The risk taking is dangerous; the conformist, outdated. The extraversion is noise personified; the introvert is silence, calcified.
Employees attend business seminars, read self- help books, and receive hours of coaching hoping to learn how to become more self aware and sensitive to the needs of others. They've come to believe (perhaps because they've been so often told), that if they were to understand themselves and each other, they could smooth the way to greater success, health, wealth, and happiness, now and into the future.
That appears to be a work in progress, so let's cut to the chase: Stop competing to be smartest and judging each others opinions through the lens of your limited perspective. Instead, learn how to combine your ideas to create something better, together, than either of you could possibly accomplish alone.


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Show Me the Whimsy!
by Erik Sass on Feb 26, 4:22 PM
As a platform for user-generated content (where'd that catchphrase ever go?) one of the main attractions of social media, in my opinion, is that it serves as a forum for whimsy -- the errata and marginal enthusiasms that are uncovered when people become their own media sources, or create ad hoc organizations devoted to the absurd. But the human capacity for whimsy, being unlimited, also threatens to dilute social media's basic value to users by cluttering it with a bunch of weird crap. So where should the line be drawn? All this occurred to me when reading about Facebook's decision ...
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For Foursquare, Social Media Challenges are Fourfold
by Erik Sass on Feb 25, 3:58 PM
I hate the word "buzz," especially when it's being stoked by a calculated PR push, so I'm going to start using a new word, "puzz" (publicity + buzz) to describe that phenomenon. The last couple weeks have seen a lot of puzz about Foursquare, a very interesting, cutting-edge social media application that combines digital, mobile distribution of data with the real-world physical locations of its users. Basically, it's a social network site that tells your friends where you are. This is a very cool idea, bringing online social media -- previously restricted to the infinite, abstract Internet -- into the ...
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After the Buzz Blowback: My Own Complaint about Google Chat
by Erik Sass on Feb 24, 2:16 PM
Watching social networks roll out new features in a wrongheaded fashion and seeing those features blow up in their faces is now a popular spectator sport. Until recently, Facebook led the way with misconceived or poorly-explained new features. But a few weeks ago Google joined the parade with its ham-fisted foisting of Buzz, a new social network based on Gmail users. But dang it, I still have a grievance about Google's auto-sign-up approach to new features that pre-dates Buzz by a good couple years.
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Keeping Mayflies On Life Support (And Other Challenges Facing Twitter Ads)
by John Capone on Feb 23, 11:53 AM
Once Twitter does finally incorporate sponsored tweets, or what some like to call "ads," Biz and Ev will have to deal with the inevitable backlash of people getting posts they haven't signed up for (which is what the initial plan sounds like -- an unsolicited tweet worked into your feed with a hashtag to identify it as an ad.) Yes it's one thing to know that Kim Kardashian sends out nothing but marketing messages, but you followed her, so you've brought that on yourself. The one problem is figuring out how to tack the ads on -- maybe it's for ...
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Trust, The Wasted Facebook Factor, And Spamming With Spam
by John Capone on Feb 22, 2:43 PM
When Millward Brown's latest research (conducted in partnership with The Futures Company) reported Amazon is "the most trusted brand in U.S." (either online or off) it said as much about the way customers now relate to brands as it did about customer service or the usual metrics used to measure brand success. The new "TrustR" metric employed by Millward, which indexes for both trust and the likelihood that a person will recommend a brand might very well have been termed the Facebook Factor.
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Romance Gets Weird(er): Twitter Dating
by Erik Sass on Feb 19, 11:04 AM
From the tawdry to the sublime, all kinds of romantic interaction are just a few short well-crafted paragraphs and more-or-less honest photos away (or just photos, on some sites). And dating sites are just part of it: if you're not actively on the hunt but receptive to flirtation, social networks can become de facto online dating channels just by toggling the relevant setting on your profile. In fact, just about any kind of social forum can be quickly repurposed for romance -- witness couples meeting over World of Warcraft (and breaking up after a mission goes awry). Clearly things are ...
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The Trend That Isn't: Social Media Backlash
by Erik Sass on Feb 19, 10:14 AM
Most journalists love a good trend story, especially if it seems to conform to their own preferences and prejudices. The semi-ironic journalistic rule of thumb that "three things makes a trend" reflects journalists' awareness of this problem, but also their willingness to adopt a simplistic stance when it seems to confirm their beliefs. On the level of meta-trends, I won't go so far as to say that there's a trend of journalists writing trend pieces about a "backlash" against social media -- but there does seem to be some buzz building around the notion that many people who were initially ...
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by Erik Sass on Feb 17, 1:58 PM
Prepare to be astonished:
On average Americans spend 2.7 hours per day using mobile Internet, with 91% using it for social purposes, according to a survey by Ruder Finn, a global PR agency. First of all, I find the figure of 2.7 hours to be remarkably -- perhaps even implausibly -- high. Sure mobile Internet use is popular, and getting more popular -- anyone who goes to a media conference can't fail to notice that. But 2.7 hours per day? My god, where is everyone doing this?
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In Defense Of Offense
by Erik Sass on Feb 16, 11:52 AM
Lots of people have predicted that digital media will lead to the demise of traditional media, but I never imagined it might happen like this: on Friday the Commission on Student Affairs at Virginia Tech recommended that the university cut off funding for all student media following controversy over racist comments on the school newspaper's Web site. Thankfully the university is not going to implement this Stalinist solution, but the mere fact that it was suggested -- by students, no less! -- and apparently considered is pretty disturbing.
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Old People are Fickle, Flighty Social Network Users
by Erik Sass on Feb 15, 10:39 AM
ComScore's year-end report on the state of the Internet sparked a lot of discussion recently about the rise and fall of social networks, specifically with regard to the changing balance of different age cohorts. The most remarked-on finding was that the proportion of active Facebook users under the age of 24 dipped to an all-time low in the fourth quarter of 2009 (27%), while the proportion on MySpace increased substantially (to 44.3%). Something about the latter number jogged my memory, and I soon discovered the origin of this déjà vu: it is the exact same proportion of MySpace users who ...
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text:
This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
A variety of silver-coated dressings and some impregnated with other chemicals are now available in the market; however, there have been few studies analyzing their comparative efficacies as antimicrobial agents. Moreover, their properties for retaining an appropriate level of moisture that is critical for effective wound healing have never been reported. Five commercially available silver-containing and chlorhexidine dressings, Urgotul SSD®, Bactigras®, Acticoat®, Askina Calgitrol Ag® and Aquacel Ag®, were tested to determine their comparative antimicrobial effectiveness
The skin is the largest human organ and acts as an extremely effective biological barrier. Cutaneous wounds are normally open to the environment and wound beds are favorable environments for bacterial growth. Burn wounds are open wounds and present a critical threat to burns victims, especially those with large areas of burns. This is the primary reason for dehydration, systemic infection and other complications suffered by burns victims [
Wound management can be facilitated with dressings designed both to act as a temporary barrier and to promote wound healing [
Besides antimicrobial properties, the ability to absorb moisture is also an important factor for healing. Bolton
The objective of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness of five commercially available antimicrobial dressings
The result for the zones of inhibition generated by antimicrobial agents and dressings are presented in
Infection is a significant cause of delayed or prolonged wound healing, and high bacteria levels interfere with the progression of wound healing [
The spectrum and onset of action ranged widely for the various dressings. The bactericidal activities of the antimicrobial dressings against the five microorganisms are shown in
Acticoat® was effective and showed a broad spectrum of bactericidal activities on the bacteria tested with a long duration of action; these results are similar to those reported by Castellano
At steady state, potassium sulfate and potassium acetate in desiccators provided a relative humidity of 96.1 ± 1.5% and 22.4 ± 1.3% at 30 °C, respectively.
Since moisture is also an important factor for wound healing, the presence of moisture avoids the delays in healing response, which occur when wounds are allowed to dry out [
The antimicrobial effect of each dressing, Urgotul SSD®, Bactigras®, Acticoat®, Askina Calgitrol Ag®, Aquacel Ag® and Mepitel®, was tested using corrected zone of inhibition method. This test was performed according to the method reported by Gallant-Behm with some modifications [
In order to determine the onset and duration of antimicrobial activity of each dressing, bactericidal activities at different time points were determined by bacterial broth culture method which was adopted from Fraser
A suspension of each organism was prepared in broth from fresh colonies after overnight incubation and the turbidity was adjusted to the 0.5 McFarland standard (~1 × 108 c.f.u./mL). An aliquot (10 μL) of the bacterial suspension was added to each vial containing the dressing. Control broths with and without bacterial inoculation were also included. The vials were then incubated with agitation at 35 °C in a water bath. Aliquots of 10 μL of the bacterial broth were sampled from each vial at specific time intervals (0, 30 min and 2, 4, 6 and 24 h) and serial 10-fold dilutions for each aliquot were prepared in broth. Duplicate aliquots (25 μL) of each of the serially diluted samples were spread on plates. The plates were then incubated overnight at 35 °C and colonies counted (c.f.u./mL). The dilutions that allowed quantification (10–150 colonies) were counted and the mean counts calculated. Nine vials, containing the five antimicrobial dressings as well as the control dressing (Mepitel®) together with the culture and the broth controls, were included in each experiment for each organism. Plate counts were measured in triplicate and each experiment was repeated three times to obtain a mean value of c.f.u. counts.
Dressings (about 9 inch2) were prepared in an aseptic manner and precisely weighed. Each dressing was placed in a desiccator pre-equilibrated with salts to make the relative humidity a desired value. Potassium sulfate or potassium acetate powder was placed in a desiccator to achieve a percentage relative humidity of about 90% and 20% at 30 °C, respectively, as reported by Greenspan [
From five-tested antimicrobial dressings, Acticoat® was the most effective dressing against the tested organisms, whereas Urgotul SSD® and Bactigras® showed a lower antimicrobial effect compared with other dressings. Regarding the water vapor absorption activity, Askina Calgitrol Ag® absorbed and released the most moisture in humid conditions. Aquacel Ag® also showed good moisture absorption and release properties but to lower degree, while the other dressings hardly absorbed or released any moisture.
This research was supported by the Thailand Research Fund.
The bactericidal activities of the antimicrobial dressings against five microorganisms. Values are the means of three experiments performed in triplicate. Δlog10 c.f.u. ml−1 is the difference in Δlog10 c.f.u. ml−1 at the time of bacterial inoculation, starting from
The percentage weight change of each dressing after placing into the desiccators with relative humidity at (
Compositions of the studied coated dressings [
|Compositions of the dressing materials
|Formulation compositions of the coated
|Urgotul SSD®
|Lipido-colloid dressing made of a polyester mesh impregnated with hydrocolloid particles (carboxymethylcellulose), vaseline particles and silver sulfadiazine
|Silver sulfadiazine content 3.75%
|Chlorhexidine acetate 0.5% in white soft paraffin tulle dressing
|Chlorhexidine acetate BP 0.5%
|Nanocrystalline silver being applied to high-density polyethylene mesh which is covered to either side of a rayon-polyester core
|Nanocrystalline silver 105 mg/100 cm2
|Askina Calgitrol Ag®
|Silver alginate wound dressing consists of an absorbent foam sheet. one surface of which is coated with an alginate matrix containing ionic silver together with a cleanser, moisturizer and a superabsorbent starch co-polymer
|Silver 141 mg/100 cm2
|Aquacel Ag®
|Sodium carboxymethylcellulose fibers containing 1.2% ionic silver. In the presence of exudate, the dressing absorbs liquid to form a gel, binding sodium ions and releasing silver ions
|Silver 8.3 mg/100 cm2
|Porous, semi-transparent, low-adherent wound contact layer, consisting of a flexible polyamide net coated with soft silicone
Corrected zone of inhibitions (mm) generated by topical antimicrobial dressings.
|Urgotul SSD®
|Askina Calgitrol Ag®
|Aquacel Ag®
|1.41 ± 0.86
|1.13 ± 0.42
|13.30 ± 0.78
|24.33 ± 3.12
|12.97 ± 0.85
|0.19 ± 0.11
|0.36 ± 0.33
|6.69 ± 0.14
|8.11 ± 4.33
|1.84 ± 0.95
|2.39 ± 2.11
|7.12 ± 1.24
|10.98 ± 0.49
|5.62 ± 1.48
|6.69 ± 1.39
|9.05 ± 3.34
|17.62 ± 4.82
|21.08 ± 0.89
|22.56 ± 1.77
|6.44 ± 1.22
|0.78 ± 0.16
|15.98 ± 0.84
|12.42 ± 0.69
|10.58 ± 0.47


text:
Something WotL wrote pulled me from my writer's block and reminded me of a story from earlier this summer. I was in the courthouse, late in the day, sitting in the hallway outside of a courtroom, waiting for the prosecutor to come out so we could talk.
A guy sat next to me, with a big instrument in a case. He asked me, "Let me ask you something, is this judge a good judge?"
(I hate that question. If I say "Yes, he's a good judge," and this guy or his family or whoever he's there for gets thrown in jail, it looks like (1) the lawyer, who is probably my public defender colleague, did a bad job and couldn't even get a good disposition out of a "good" judge and (2) I support, and think a judge is "good" who puts people in jail. On the other hand, if I say "Not really, he's bad," I risk the guy (a) freaking out, worried that he or his family member will be going to jail, leading to many more questions for me and/or (b) saying something like "Even that blonde lawyer in the hall thinks you're an asshole, Judge.")
So, I said, "They say that he's fair."
I figured the next question would be something like, "Let me you ask this, if someone got arrested for..." so I preempted that question with "What do you have there in that case?"
"My cello," he said.
"You going to play a little concerto for the judge? Music soothes the savage breast?"
The guy laughed, "Not a bad idea, but really I'm playing in a wedding tonight. If this judge lets me out of here. If he doesn't, well, I hope they'll at least let me find someone to take my cello home."
"Maybe you can tell the Judge that if he puts you in jail some poor bride's wedding will be ruined. Or offer to play for him as your community service."
Just then, the prosecutor I was waiting for walked out, and the man I was talking to said "They're calling me, I'd better go in there." I wished him luck as he dragged his cello into the courtroom.
The prosecutor and I stood there in the hallway, discussing an upcoming case, when a few minutes later we heard the beautiful sounds of the cello come pouring out of the courtroom.
And, amazingly, everyone in the busy courthouse hallway stopped, for just a few seconds, to look toward the courtroom door and to listen. A couple that had been arguing quieted. Their kid, in his stroller, stopped crying for their attention. For a minute, the sometimes inhumane courthouse seemed like an almost heavenly place.
I hope that the cellist got to leave the courthouse that night, and made it to the wedding. Making the courthouse a kinder, softer place seems like an invaluable community service to me.


text:
TH!NK post
This article is archived. Comments are closed.
Copenhagen Accord Scoreboard
Published 31st January 2010 - 2 comments - 1991 views -
"Today is a beginning of a new process in the international arena. Hopefully by the end of this year in Mexico, the international community will be able to come up with a new deal."
- Changua Wu, the director of the Climate Group (see Poor response to climate deadline)
The deadline for submitting greenhouse gas emission targets to comply with the non-treaty called Copenhagen Accord is today. Climate news junkies may be reloading a Google News search but, actually, USCAN is doing the job for us at...
Who's On Board With The Copenhagen Accord?
Reported statements, promises expressed in comparable units, emission measures and more neatly arranged in a table and alphabetical order by country.
Thus, on top of the page is Australia, promising a minimum reduction by 2020 of at least 5% unconditionally but as much as 25% depending on what other countries promise. Australia accounts for 1.3% of the global GHG emissions, 27.4 tonnes CO2 equivalents per capita. Translated to the 1990 scale that's actually between -3.89% and -24.1%.
A little further down the page we have Brazil whose president has already turned a promise of emission reductions from 36.1 to 38.9% into law. Emitting 6.6% of the GHG at 15.3 tonnes per person they are another very big country but with a lot more people.
The stats from Brazil could hardly be any more different from those of Australia. What further complicates the math is that Brazil's pledge is based on a business as usual (BAU) projection whereas Australia's is based on the year 2000 emissions. These considerations and more are to be taken into each pledge as they tick in on the news desk.
Just to finish our ABC let's take a look at Canada; comparable to Australia carbon wise if not otherwise. Environment Minister Jim Prentice this Saturday promised Canada's goal is to reduce GHG emissions by 17% below its 2005 levels by 2020 which should keep them at pace with USA. No less important, he also praised the wreckage of Kyoto which Canada signed and then violated.
"The unfulfilled promise of Kyoto we leave behind us. This is an approach that will work. It will only work if everyone who emits carbon puts forward their reduction obligations and does so in the way Canada has today. Canada is committed to the Copenhagen Accord. This is the framework that Canada sought. It is a framework that applies to everyone who emits carbon and is therefore an approach that has the prospect of success"
Actually, according to Canadian environmentalists, this pledge is a retreat from past promises! It corresponds to a +0.25% rise from 1990 levels. (See Canada moves to lower greenhouse target, critics say)
The US they say to be mimicking promised 17% reductions from 2005 levels, corresponding to -3.67% from 1990 levels. No article about this subject would be complete without mention of the country responsible for 15.78% of global emissions at 23.1 tonnes per year per person.
China and India are on their "carbon intensity" reduction path. Not just to confuse things further, but because they insist on their rights to increase their domestic production. It does include promises of emission targets though and especially China seems to be quite serious about implementing green energies.
Then there are the - apparently - good guys like Norway, The European Union and Japan. Each have GHG-equivalents emissions at about 11 tonnes per person, but the EU totals to 11.69% of the worlds emissions, compared to Japan's share of 3.14%. Each have pledged reductions from the 1990 baseline not some other later and higher level year. Japan promises 25% reductions, the EU 20% to 30%. Norway is a special case as it emits very, very little as it is and have pledged reductions up to 40%.
Another special case is the Maldives. True to their COP15 campaign, deftly run by Foreign Minister Ahmed Shaheed, they have just pledged to go carbon neutral by 2020. That's a 100% reduction compared to any year in case you were wondering. Of course, the Maldives are so small their contribution to the global GHG emissions are less than 1/100,000. But on the other hand, the effects of climate change on them might also be "100%". (see Maldives Pledges 100 Percent Mitigation Target under Copenhagen Accord)
As of writing, the USCAN are behind on updating their table. But we can check back later. Just for the records, not for the thrills, that is. Because there will not be any such inspiring news to read there. And the over all result is not sufficient to limit temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius or less above pre-industrial times (See Copenhagen climate deal gets low-key endorsement). Meanwhile the Danish government is celebrating having helped form an international agreement that "contains a number of positive elements and assembles the world's biggest CO2 emitters, and the poorest and most vulnerable developing countries in a global framework" (see Danish parliament evaluating COP15).
However, there is also something besides democracy and nations united. And I'm not thinking of activism. From speeches Saturday at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland:
"We are going to provide some ideas built around a Green Fund devoted to finance the $100 billion a year, which is the figure which is commonly accepted that is needed for addressing the problem. [Climate change] cannot be seen as a problem that cannot be solved. […] If it's obvious that developing countries don't have the money to pay for adaptation and mitigation of the climate change problem because they have this debt sustainability problem, directly linked to the solution we provide for this crisis, then we'll have to find innovative ways to finance it."
- Dominique Strauss-Kahn, managing director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) (see IMF Chief Proposes $100 Billion Annual Fund to Tackle Climate Change)
Who would have imagined such words just a few years back? Something has indeed changed.
A comment from Greenpeace: Pledging to destroy the climate
"governments tried to greenwash their failure at the UN Copenhagen climate summit by merely repeating existing targets and dressing them up as action. So far, these targets will fail to hold global warming to below 3 degrees C; an increase which threatens to have horrendous consequences.
What will it take for politicians to realise that time is running out?"
There indeed is some positive change in the way politicians are treating this problem but as you point out, the time is running out.
This article is archived. Comments are closed.
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text:
The enemy's hau—his life-essence, his vital force—then lies in the hollow of the tohunga's hand.
Nor have they any particular reverence for the tohunga or priest.
A popular and accomplished young chief had died in battle, and his friends asked the tohunga, or medium, to call him back.
The man he belonged to had been a tohunga, and still 'walked,' in the shape of a lizard.
These tohunga presided over all those ceremonies and customs which had something approaching to a religious character.
Besides being a Hauhau "prophet," he was a tohunga, or priest, of the ancient Maori religion.
And the scalp had been taken from the head of Philpots to be used by the tohunga in divination to discover the event of the war.
Then the tohunga said to Mr. Goodwin, 'I hand my mana (power) over to you; lead your friends across.'
These priests or tohunga would, and do to this hour, undertake to call up the spirit of any dead person, if paid for the same.
Off they set to the tohunga; I happened to be at his place at the time, and saw and heard all I am about to recount.


text:
SHOWING RECORD: 6 of 17
Prairie Rattlesnake
Photograph by W. Perry Conway/Corbis
Prairie Rattlesnake
Crotalus viridis
June 15, 1805, Great Falls, Cascade County, Montana.
Usually greenish to brownish (some populations pinkish to reddish-brown) above. Well-defined brown blotches down midline of back; white to yellowish lines on head slanting backward. Length: 0.8-3.8 ft (0.3-1.1 m).
Great Plains grassland to rocky outcrops, talus slopes, and prairie dog towns.
Extreme western Iowa to the Rockies, southern Alberta to northern Mexico.
The prairie rattlesnake, which occupies a large swathe of the central part of North America, used to be considered a subspecies of the western rattlesnake,
Crotalus oreganus.
Species information from
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Brewer's Blackbird
Bushy-Tailed Woodrat
Cutthroat Trout
Long-Billed Curlew
Pacific Nighthawk
Prairie Rattlesnake
Swift Fox
Water Terrapin
Western Meadowlark
Mountain Lady's Slipper
Narrowleaf Cottonwood


text:
(Hakke 361 Ten no sora no pāmu) 8 Trigrams 361 Heavenly Empty Palm
Rank: A
Type: Defensive/Offensive
Range: Short-Mid
Chakra Cost: 30
Damage Points: 60
Description: Similar to (Hakke Shinten Kuushou) - 8 Trigrams 4 Heavenly Empty Palm, where you excert one giant empty palm, in this jutsu it will be multiple empty palms. The user will bring up both of his hands onto the level of his lower chest, then brings forth his dominant hand while excerting chakra, then pulls it back out while brings forth his other hand excerting chakra, then brings it back while brings his other hand forth again. This process goes in a very fast space, as the hyuuga user is able to cover a wide area if he wants to, kind a acting like a machine gun.
~Can be taught by Dr. House
~Needs to be at least Sannin cause of the high chakra usage
~Won't be able to use S-ranked Jyuuken or higher in the same turn.
~Can be used 3x
~Approved~ made it 3 times per match.
Rank: A
Type: Defensive
Range: Short
Chakra Cost: 30
Damage Points: 60
Description: As the opponent is about to make a physical contact with a hyuuga member, he'll channel his chakra to those particular chakra points, where the contact/s is about to happen. As the opponent has touched the user, or the opposite, the user's chakra will run through in the opponent's limb, what he had made the physical contact with, damaging most of the nerves and the tendons around that area. If the opponent had touched with his hand, the chakra will damage his nerves, tendons, making him unable to sign with that hand.
-The opponent will be immobolized for 1 turns.
-Can be taught by Dr. House
-Only weak nerves, tendons will be immobolized by this technique. Other tendons like on the hamstring will only be damaged, leaving the opponent with an inability to walk right.
-Can be used 3x
-Must be Sannin
-Byakugan must be activated, as only hyuuga blood line will be able to do this.
-The user won't be able to create KG hyuuga barriers in the same turn.
~Approved~ Made it 1 turn and 3 times per match.
(Hakke Tengoku no sora no yubi) Arts of Empty Techniques
Rank: S
Type: Offensive
Range: Short-Mid
Chakra Cost: 40 [-10 each turn]
Damage Points: 80
Description: The hyuuga bloodline user will concentrate his chakra onto both of his hands while bringing both of his hands up to his chest level, making his finger pose in his hands, both using the technique of continuous streaming chakra and the arts of empty palm, the user will push out both of his hands infront of him while multiple chakra hands will emerge from both of his palms. The pose of these chakra hands will depend on how the user's hands are posed, so if the user's hands in a vertical palm position, or either it's a finger strike position, it will look just like that. The user will be able to control these chakra hands, due to the continuos streaming of chakra from user's hands. If used tactically, it can be also used to stack each chakra palm ontop of each other, creating defense for the user. When defended against an S-ranked attack, the user can choose to stream the hands again from hands, but only if the 4 turns are not up.
~Must master Jyuuken
~Be a Sannin or higher
~If user wishes, it can be continuously streamed for 4 turns, but -10 chakra each turn.
~While this technique is active, the user won't be able to perform any other techniques.
~This technique can be stopped immediately by the user.
~Requires active byagukan for the sake of controling the hands.
~Can be taught by Dr. House
~If the user has used the technique ti'll the 4th turn, he'll be not able to use Jyuuken for the same and the next turn.
~Declined~ Similar technique already exist.


text:
Employers: Now is not the time to bring in discrimination laws
EMPLOYERS say that the current deep recession is the wrong time to introduce new anti-discrimination laws.
EMPLOYERS say that the current deep recession is the wrong time to introduce new anti-discrimination laws.
And they also claim that ministers have ignored their protests that the new laws will add to the costs of employing staff at a time when record numbers of Islanders are out of work.
The Institute of Directors and the Jersey Chamber of Commerce say they both support the principal of preventing of discrimination in the workplace but question the timing of its introduction.
Last week Social Security Minister Francis Le Gresley released draft legislation that he intends to put to the States at some point this year that will outlaw racial discrimination.Subscribe to our Newsletter
Comments for: "Employers: Now is not the time to bring in discrimination laws"
I too "question the timing of its introduction".
It should have been years, if not decades ago.
Stop attempting to anchor the island to the past.
Let me translate Mr Warr speaking in behalf of employers:
We WANT and we should be able to discriminate anyone on any basis. And the recession is a perfect excuse to do this.
Parktown Prawn
I agree Slawek
However, you may have read his earlier comments in the news where he suggested he only hires (low paid) immigrant labour because no "locals" apply for his jobs......he was caught out when it transpired that no locals were even aware that he had vacancies......it was suggested that the (low paid) immigrant labour who applied caught wind of the vacancies via existing employees.
Make of that as you will, but this appears to be a man who likes to take advantage of the labour market in order to increase his profits.....and he is the Chamber of Commerce president! ;-)
NO, that is not what I am reading. This is Typical JEP, wording it to sound worse than it is. I was at this conference, it was agreed that laws are needed and they should be put in place - what the JEP have picked up on is them saying, it'll cost us to impliment these changes at a time all companies are trying to reduce costs.
My view is that it has to be done so we absorbe it and get on with it but there is not a never ending pot of costs
There is no such thing as a "wrong time for anti-discrimination laws".
When is there a right time to be able to pay a woman less for doing the same job as a man?
When is there a right time to be able to treat someone differently because of their race?
When is there a right time to not provide equal opportunities and access for disabled people?
It's just absurd.
As a commenter above says, what it is really about is employers not wanting to fork out extra for treating people like equal human beings and less justifications for them to be able to pay people less.
James Wiley
Anti-discrimination laws do not stop discrimination, they just make people more careful about how they discriminate.
They do however cost both employers (who have to a lot of form filling) and the taxpayer (who have to pay for another department full of civil servants).
Another success for bureaucracy, another tax rise in the offing.
James, Anti-theft laws do not stop people stealing, they just make people more carefill about stealing.
Does that mean we shouldn't have laws in place for larceny?
Now, Both you and the Court Jester, sorry Mr Warr have stated that this law will cost employers.
The law would requires employers that employ staff doing the same role to treat them equally, and not to have multiple different employment terms because of race. So this would actually reduce costs of having multiple categories of employment for people doing the same job.
Unless you believe that two people doing the same job should be treated differently because of skin colour?
James Wiley
No I don't believe that skin colour is a sound basis on which to choose employees and I do not believe that any business would do so.
Any sane business would choose the person who they believed would generate the most revenue.
But I am long in the tooth and I know how these things work.
The road to hell is paved with good intentions.
This will be a civil service department who will need to find people who have been discriminated against to provide them with a raison d'etre.
So they will find square pegs and shave them down so they can be squeezed into the round hole and employers will be dragged before the tribunal which costs win or lose.
So... will this law cost employers or not? If so, how?
Dont give theories of how things might happen, provide facts!
Remember, there is two definitions of discrimination
1) Understanding of the difference between one thing and another.
Which all employers should do.
2) Unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people.
Which no employer should do.
This law would punish employers who discriminate as per definition 2, and as you agree, quite rightly so.
So there cannot be any "flutter on the anti-discrimination lottery" just like there is no "flutter on the rape lottery"
Both should be treated seriously and investigated to determine facts before deciding who is guilty.
Or have you already decided some laws should treat people as guilty before its even investigated?
How can you object to this law on the grounds that *some* people, like any other crime, will make false accusations?
Parktown Prawn
Are you for real?
The only time it will "cost" employers is when they abuse these common decencies (sorry, "laws").
If they are decent employers in the first place then this should not be an issue!
If you are an employer yourself then I know what kind you are, judging by your comment!
James Wiley
On the contrary it will cost employers every time someone wants to have a flutter on the anti-discrimination lottery (which will of course be a free play).
Every employer discriminates on some basis or another, otherwise you would not be able to make a choice between applicants.
So if I want to employ an unskilled but hard working person who will generate the most revenue, but an academically qualified and experienced person who is indolent, also applies and I make the business decision - then there is still a case which can be made and must be answered.
That the person may not get any award at the end does not mean it does not cost the employer to go to the hearing.
There is a reason that lawyers cost so much... to encourage people to resolve issues without going to Court.
We have seen what taking away this financial deterrent leads to with the JACS/ Employment Tribunal fiasco. Which only discourages employment locally.
Parktown Prawn
"Every employer discriminates on some basis or another, otherwise you would not be able to make a choice between applicants."
Absolute rubbish.....you choose applicants based upon their skills, knowledge and experience. THAT is how you separate them and THAT is NOT discrimination.
You set out the criteria you are looking for in a person on the job description.
"So if I want to employ an unskilled but hard working person who will generate the most revenue, but an academically qualified and experienced person who is indolent, also applies and I make the business decision – then there is still a case which can be made and must be answered."
(this could also read that you want to employ the cheaper person and don't know how to reject the person that is actually "skilled" for the job, but may cost you more!)
Simple: In your job description state that you are looking for (cheap) "unskilled but hard working person". How you know if a person is lazy or hardworking until you have actually hired them is beyond me though. You cannot judge this by their appearance (or nationality) alone!
The interview process is your way of selecting the BEST person for the job. Unless you are simply judging a person by their colour or background then how is this discrimination?
Maybe you need to enhance your interviewing skills?
Darius Pearce
Personally I always go by their astrology, I have their charts done by my astrologer in San Francisco and his is a very good judge of character - it is a much better way of choosing employees than academic records.
James Wiley
Do you discriminate against any sun sign in particular?
If you don't want something to be introduced you can't really be in favour can you? Playing the "times is hard" card doesn't wash with me. Many are still doing darned well in this present economic climate.
Making as much money as possible is after all what businessmen are interested in. Anything that risks cutting into their profits and ultimately their lifestyle will be opposed. It is human nature to want as much as possible.
One World Wally
Ah so is it the case that employers are concerned that when they make redundancies they need to be careful that they have an objective non racial justification for who they dismiss. Reading between the lines I bet this is the case.
I note that the Cooper & Co website makes great play of the fact that some of their coffee is Fairtrade and that they inspect plantations to check on working conditions.
Are employment rights for Jersey workers any less important? But there again not all of Coopers coffee is Fairtrade so I am getting a tad confused as to what is important and what isn't and why, perhaps Mr Warr could enlighten us.
Captain Fantastic
We are supposed to be an island based on wealth and prosperity, yet Mr Warr wants to keep it in the dark ages regarding human rights. I suggest he goes and sets up business in China where his kind are welcomed by the government.
About time the Chamber of Commerce took the lead over sorting out the ever growing unemployment problem by employing locals and not more immigrants that eventually add to the burden on the public purse, I suggest he goes and sits with those in queues at Social Security and air his views there if he has the guts, but I very much doubt it. And he will also need a multi lingual translator if he was not aware of it.
Yes, the chamber want the flexibility to employ anyone from anywhere in the world on whatever terms they determine irrespective of the consequences to the local workforce.
Proud Immigrant
It may be shocking to some people in this our beloved island to realize that, without meaning to do so, they hold views in common with Hitler when they 'preach discrimination' by means of their opposition to a law that seeks to enshrine the universal doctrine... that all men are born equal.
I would beg to differ, Godwin's Law.
Laws like the one which is proposed have their roots in facsism because it is all about forced behavioural devices.
They also have quite a lot in common with a national socialist, or Nazi, regime. Both masquerade under a socialist banner and both have quite a lot to do with dictatorship and the imposition oif laws in the absence of popular franchise.
What's the point in bringing discrimination issues into Employment Law when they will be made a joke of by the existence of compromise agreements?
With a compromise agreement you can get rid of whoever you want, whenever you want, don't even have to give a reason and there's no protection for the employee at all. In theory you have the Tribunal, but they have massive delays, aren't really very good and coupled with the current economic and employment situation in the island employees are essentially forced to sign an "agreement" even if they don't actually agree with it.
That's the States of Jersey for you, look after the employer, don't care in the slightest about the worker.
Employers need not worry at all about this discrimination, employees should be worrying more and more each day about their protection against bad employers being eroded. The States were clearly stupid enough to assume all employers are good when they introduced compromise agreements, if only that were true.
Very good post.
I would add that the statutory requirement for independent legal advice is often reduced to farce, with the "independent" advisor engaged by the employer and paid for by the employer.
Well said Sarah. Also the independent legal adviser probably issues compromise agreements on behalf of other clients and is likely in favour of them as it brings them business.
They are an incredibly good tool. I have issued some in situations where they most definitely should have been issued, but I have issued others where I feel strongly that the company should be made to account for their behaviour in a public forum so potential future employees can make a more informed decision about who they work for.
James Wiley
It is clear that not many actually see 'employment' for what it is... allow me to shatter your delusions.
By abrogating your personal financial responsibility to another person, you are giving up some of your freedom. You are saying, 'I am not capable of looking after myself, I need help'.
An employment contract is fundamentally a slavery contract, not an outright purchase of you admittedly, but a leasehold over you nonetheless.
It is not so much that you are selling yourself to your employer, because an employment contract is not worth the paper it is written on if you are an employer, but you are agreeing to allow the government to steal from you (although they call it ITIS and SS).
The government loves employment contracts because it automatically enforces their power over you and it is easier for them to collect their taxes from you.
They take so much money from some workers that they then have to go to the government, on their knees, and BEG to get some of it back from income support - many do not even realise that it is only their own hard earned money that they are getting back.
Very few question why the government is allowed to impoverish people to that extent in the first place any way.
It is immoral.
Now, as Rousseau said, your chains may be made of garlands, but you are still a slave.
You could always work for yourself, but you choose not to.
I cannot understand why anyone would want to be employed, on any basis. You can work as a sub-contractor, when you want, how you want and only if you want.
The only downside is that if you choose not to work, you starve, there will be times of plenty and times of hardship and there is no certainty about anything. You survive only on your own ability.
I was a child once and my parents did everything for me, but I grew up and learned to stand on my own two feet. There are too many Peter Pan's in this world now.
I am not fool enough to believe that anyone owes me anything, that my future is secure or that I have a god given right to a high standard of living. That my success will be based on anything but my own efforts.
I would certainly never use the excuse that I am of mixed ethnicity or gay to delude myself into thinking that anyone, other than I, was ultimately responsible for whatever situation I found myself in. And that anyone, other than I, would be responsible for improving my lot.
Unfortunately I am in a minority; most people believe that they are ENTITLED to be given everything for nothing. This child-like attitude is fostered and encouraged by a ruthless bureaucracy. Your need is their excuse for all sorts of abuses.
Many employees believe that an employer has to abide by the terms of a contract, but an employee does not. I would not enter into a one sided contract like that.
My advice is to grow up.
I write as the person whose job it is to issue these compromise agreements. The commonly miss-held belief is that all employers are in favour of them. This isn't the case, mostly it is only employers who are looking after other people's money who are in favour of them. It's easy to throw away money when it isn't your own.
Employees are not given something for nothing, the majority work hard, often for less than they are worth and they deserve every penny. Most of all they deserve respect, every human being deserves respect. It is employees who vote for the politicians that make these laws, not companies. No employee has voted to have all their human rights removed.
Quite often those at the top are getting something for nothing, and you would be naive to think that everyone at the top has worked their way there. Some have, some haven't.
I would advise you to grow up as you clearly fail to see that in this world there needs to be companies, the world could not operate with everybody being self-employed.
It's a shame that your parents did everything for you, it's clearly made you the way you are. Some of us were lucky enough to have parents who made us stand on our own two feet and taught us respect for our fellow man.


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Catalyst 2950 and IOS upgrade
Hi all,
i would like to upgrade catalyst 2950 with current IOS image c2950-i6k2l2q4-mz.121-22.EA7.bin. But there is no command (archive download-sw) in current IOS. When I type "archive ?" i just get "tar List or extract files in a tar image" but in Configuration Guide here
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/switches/ps628/products_configuration_guide_chapter09186a00804762a2.html#wp1086981 it says just the opposite. Any idea?
Thanks for reply.


text:
>Look What I Can Do!>I dry-heaved during an interval workout!
I've got a fever...
On your deathbed, you won't wish that you'd spent more time at the office. But you will wish that you'd spent more time running. Because if you had, you wouldn't be on your deathbed.
12 Monkeys
I'm running somewhere tomorrow. It's going to be beautiful. I can't wait.
Poor baby
You did not run hard enough.
Had you run hard enough, you would have wet heaved.
That is, puked.
The best finish line photo, one I have yet to see, is of a hurl perfectly timed with crossing the line.
Runners run.
Hey I did a simlar workout last week except it was 6 x 3:45 with 1:20 jogs and I didn't puke or dry heave.
Did I mention I didn't puke or dry heave?
I went right into 4 x 10 second hill charges after it.
Your track has a hill?
Son, when you participate in sporting events, it's not whether you win or lose; it's how drunk you get. -- Homer Simpson


text:
Critical Thinking
posted by Tidaesha .
Letter to the editor: "Andrea Keene's selective morality is once again
showing through in her July 15 letter. This time she expresses her abhorrence
of abortion. But how we see only what we choose to see! I wonder
if any of the anti-abortionists have considered the widespread use of
fertility drugs as the moral equivalent of abortion, and, if they have,
why they haven't come out against them, too. The use of these drugs
frequently results in multiple births, which leads to the death of one
of the infants, often after an agonizing struggle for survival. According
to the rules of the pro-lifers, isn't this murder?" What kind of fallacy is this and why is it the particular type of fallacy?
I'd call it a red herring fallacy.


text:
Friends and neighbors, our country and our state are facing major challenges. Floridians have been faced with thousands of regulations that hinder job creation and impede on our lives. Government at all levels seems to be stuck in a vicious cycle of runaway spending and raising taxes and fees.
As your state representative, I will continue to fight to keep taxes low and get spending under control. I will take the lead on a plan to lower our property insurance rates, and I will work with our economic development agencies to foster job growth in Northwest Florida. Furthermore, you can count on me to stand up for our values, the ones that have made our nation strong. However I cannot do this alone. I need your vote and I need your help as a contributor and as a volunteer. Together we can restore job growth and create a brighter future for our state.


text: You likely have a cellphone that you bought from a carrier, like AT&T, Verizon or Sprint, and that phone only works on that carrier's cellular and data network -- unless you "unlock" it. That is a software process that allows the phone to work on other carriers if you put in a new SIM card or want to take the phone to another carrier for service. If that sounds complicated to you and like something you wouldn't bother with, then today's news won't matter to you. But if that's something you've done before or have thought about doing, then you should know that starting today it is illegal to unlock a subsidized phone or tablet that's bought through a U.S. carrier. http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/now-illegal-unlock-cellphone/story?id=18319518 White House Petition: http://wh.gov/yA9n


text:
As a nation, the UK has become increasingly reliant on the security and continuity of our power supply. We depend on it for the lighting in our homes and the power to our offices. But, perhaps more importantly, we have grown used to clean and consistent power for our operating theatres, data centres and financial institutions and the fire protection on our oil rigs. Here Peter Duncan, director of Cressall Resistors, explains why this reliance has led to all electrical design being about one thing; the mitigation of failure
Each issue of Electrical Review Data Centre Power is available for you to read digitally.
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Sorry, the book that you are looking for is not available right now.
We did a search for other books with a similar title, however there were no matches. You can try selecting from a similar category, click on the author's name, or use the search box above to find your book.
The spectacular sequel to John Grisham's A Time to Kill.
When A Time to Kill was published in 1989, the first - and, at the time, the only - print run was a mere 5,000 copies. John Grisham was so worried that they wouldn't find buyers that he bought all 5,000 and sold them out of the trunk of his car. The rest is history.
To celebrate the publication of the thrilling new sequel to A Time to Kill, the first edition of Sycamore Row is limited to only 5,000 copies. This Trunk Edition also contains an exclusive short story and a facsimile of the author's signature.
About the Author
John Grisham is the author of twenty-six novels, four novels for children, one work of non-fiction, and one collection of short stories. His works are translated into thirty-eight languages. He lives in Virginia and Mississippi.
Praise for THE LITIGATORS: 'Grisham is brilliantly comic in a novel that is full of zest and brimming with memorable characters and rich storylines... The legal storylines are typically rich in social detail and instances of entertaining rascality... Away from his usual southern turf, Grisham is turned by Chicago into a more Dickensian writer, soft-hearted at times but predominantly funny... a brilliant comic set piece' The Sunday Times 'The Litigators is up there with the best of Grisham's 25 novels... vintage Grisham. [His] style is direct and the result is a superbly plotted legal thriller' Sunday Express 'The Litigators is a thrilling romp through the murky world of lawsuits and shysters - rich and poor. Packed with [Grisham's] signature twists and turns, not to mention lots of double-dealing, be careful if you're reading The Litigators on the bus, you may just miss your stop' Irish Independent a gripping read Literary Review A solid courtroom thriller with plenty to say about the long half-life of prejudice in the deep south... The much-trailed conclusion is powerful. Guardian As with earlier books by Grisham, what we are given here is the purest of unvarnished storytelling. Grisham has no truck with any studied elegance of style; he is more in touch with the strategies played out in the books of such predecessors as Erle Stanley Gardner and his dogged attorney, Perry Mason. But he knows that modern readers require a conflicted, multifaceted hero, and that he provides in Jake Brigance. It's good to see the troubled attorney back. The Independent Sycamore Row bristles with all the old authority...It's good to see the troubled attorney back Independent Grisham's decision to revive Brigance after almost 25 years and write what amounts to a historical novel is intriguing. He has produced a solid courtroom thriller with plenty to say about the long half-life of prejudice in the deep south. (Segregation, too: when Brigance invites Lang's 25-year-old daughter, Portia, home to dinner, he realises she is the first black person ever to have eaten in his house.) Coming so close on the heels of last year's The Racketeer, however, Sycamore Row can't help but disappoint. That novel, about a small-town lawyer jailed for accidentally laundering money, was a blast - as devious and unpredictable as its sociopathic antihero narrator. Guardian
Audience: General
Format: Hardcover
Language: English
Number Of Pages: 400
Published: 22nd October 2013
Country of Publication: GB
Dimensions (cm): 24.0 x 15.5 x 3.9
Weight (kg): 0.74
Edition Number: 1


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8AX-Bayshore A Express
Live map © 2017 NextBus Inc.
View 8AX-Bayshore A Express in a larger map
The 8AX Bayshore A Express runs during weekday peak periods only.
Geneva and Schwerin express via Geneva, Bayshore, San Bruno to Arleta, then via San Bruno, Alemany, Freeway 101, Freeway 80, Bryant, 3rd, Kearny to Pacific.
Express Area: Stop at Geneva and Schwerin then express to stop at San Bruno and Arleta then local service. Stop at San Bruno and Silver then express to stop at Bryant and 6th.
Kearny, Broadway, Stockton, 4th, Harrison, Freeway 80, Freeway 101, San Bruno, Bayshore, MacDonald, Schwerin, Geneva to terminal.
Express Area: Stop at Harrison and 6th then express to stop at San Bruno and Felton then local service. Stop at San Bruno and Arleta then express to stop at Geneva and Schwerin.
For the reverse direction during weekday peak periods, see 8X Route.
Related current projects
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Route Info
Route Details
- Service: Local
- Mode: Bus
- Inbound to: Downtown and North Beach
- Outbound to: Visitacion Valley
- Accessible: Yes
- Bikes: Yes


text:
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text:
|Rediff India Abroad Home | All the sections
Mahajan's body taken for post-mortem
May 03, 2006 20:42 IST
The body of Bharatiya Janata Party general secretary Pramod Mahajan, who succumbed to bullet injuries at Hinduja Hospital, was taken on Wednesday to GT hospital in south Mumbai for a post-mortem, hospital sources said.
According to the police, the three bullets embedded in the body will be removed and sent to the forensic laboratory for analysis.
Police have already sent Mahajan's blood-soaked clothes for chemical analysis, while the bullets will be sent to forensic laboratory to check if they were fired from the gun seized from the accused, his�younger brother Pravin Mahajan, sources said.
Mahajan's brother-in-law and Maharashtra BJP leader Gopinath Munde accompanied the body to GT hospital. The post-mortem will be conducted by a team of doctors from�the hospital, the sources said.
After the post mortem, the body will be taken to the party's state headquarters at Nariman Point in south Mumbai where it�will kept until late Wednesday night to enable BJP workers to pay their last respects to the departed leader.
Complete coverage: Pramod Mahajan shot


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|Sport, 60'
|YDS: 5.10- French: 6a Ewbanks: 18 UIAA: VI+ ZA: 18 British: E1 5a [details]
|Scott Ayers
|Page Views:
|Submitted By:
|the schmuck on Feb 4, 2013
|Portions of the approach and cliffs of this area are on private land. MORE INFO >>>
|Comments on Single Ladies
|Add Comment
|Show which comments —
By Shirtless Mike
From: Denver, CO
Feb 5, 2013
rating: 5.10b 6a+ 19 VII- 19 E2 5b
Maybe I just get way too excited about Tufa's, but I thought this climb was really great. Awesome holds through the middle section, leads to a roof with huge jugs. How many times do you get features like this on a 5.10-?
Edit: I climbed this again, and it is not 4 stars, in fact it may be closer to two stars.


text:
Tinie Tempah Likes Kanye's 'Outlandishness' — Say What!
UK rapper Tinie Tempah said Kanye West's "outlandishness" is an inspiration. "One thing that I like about Kanye is [that] he is a very honest musician. Some of the things he's done as a musician in terms of art-wise or even outlandishness, going crazy at an award show because he feels that he deserves something. I like that." Who doesn't? [RapFix]
Brandy revealed that her daughter's Christmas list grew exponentially when she discovered that her mom was Santa. "I got her list, and it is ridiculous. When she believed in Santa, she had a smaller list. But now that she knows I'm Santa Claus, she went crazy…Now, she wants a BlackBerry and an iPhone 4. It's like, 'Little girl, you are eight, and you're asking for a BlackBerry?" Kids these days. [HipHopWired]


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Cozy 2-Bedroom Cabin on a Creek
Attention water lovers you have just found paradise! This cozy log cabin sits right on the banks of Fightingtown Creek, a designated trout stream in North Georgia! Bear Creek Hideaway is the perfect place for your next getaway! The main level has a fully equipped kitchen with dishwasher, dining area and living room with wood burning fireplace and satellite tv with DVD & VCR. The bedroom on this level has a locally handcrafted queen size log bed. The bathroom has a huge jetted garden tub that is great for relaxing and plenty of room for two! The loft bedroom has another queen size log bed with a desk area for those that need to check in at work. The finished basement has an air hockey table, dartboard and another living room area with satellite tv. The main level and the basement level both have large porches for you to sit back and relax on while listening to the sounds of nature. Down by the creek you can enjoy the firepit, picnic table, hammock and horseshoe pits. Bear Creek Hideaway is a great place to come and get away from it all! Remember to bring your fishing poles! ** For you "Jeepers" this cabin is minutes from a local favorite 4 x 4 area. You drive through the creek several times and see undisturbed beauty of the Blue Ridge Mountains ***
- Bedrooms 2
- Bathrooms 2
- Sleeps 4
- Nearby City Atlanta
- Nearby Water Ocoee River
- Open Dates All Year
Nearest Airports
- Lovell Field (CHA) / 50.7 miles
- DeKalb Peachtree Airport (PDK) / 67.8 miles
- McGhee Tyson Airport (TYS) / 68.8 miles
* Not all airports listed here may be open to public use, or service commercial flights
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text:
Subway Surfers 1.9.0 Mod APK ( Unlimited Money)
★ The World Tour continues down under!
★ Surf the sunny Subway in Sydney
★ Get the ultimate surfer chick, Kim, for your character collection
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DASH as fast as you can!
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Help Jake, Tricky & Fresh escape from the grumpy Inspector and his dog.
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A Universal App with HD optimized graphics.
By Kiloo Games and Sybo Games
I love this game and its many places so much..but on problem I have with it is that it freezes up while I'm in the middle of a game and when it continues I end up craahing into something.
Subway Surfers 1.9.0
More Info about this apps, screenshots, feature, etc go to the Google Play Store
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text:
It is probable the tenant-purchase scheme of the Watford Corporation, under which 20 houses are to be built at Harebreaks, will be the forerunner of a much bigger scheme. Applications for the dwellings are already being received in considerable numbers.
A purchaser pays £50 down, and the balance of the purchase money is spread over 25 years. The cost of the houses will probably come out at £650, towards which a subsidy of £100 is received from the Government.
The repayment, inclusive of principle, interest, rates, and taxes, should be under £1 a week.
[From the Watford Observer of June 21, 1924]
For more stories from the Watford Observer's archive, go to our Nostalgia section by clicking HERE