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I went in for a consult yesterday. I thought I only needed a neck lift, but the doctor said I need a lower face, and neck lift. He said that he would be cutting through my hair line in front of my ears and behind. He was unable to show me any good photos of the ear scars that I would expect to have. I'm really uncomfortable about having scarring all around my ears. Do you think It's necessary? I'm 38 years old.
Concerned About Ear Scars? (photo)
Doctor Answers 33
Scars in Front of Ears
I am currently working a page JUST of close upof scars so prospective patients can look very, very closely. The goal is to leave patients with scars that are so fine and inconspicuus that a hairstylist cannot even recognize them
Learn more: http://www.michaellawmd.com/how-to-choose-a-surgeon.html
A facelift & necklift are not usually recommended for someone your age. Ear incisions heal better now with regenerative medicine
Sagging happens when the skin and the soft tissue under the skin called the SMAS (superficial muscular aponeurotic system) descends. This usually happens during the age of 40 and above, so it is quite unusual for someone young like you to have a face and neck lift. When I do facelift and neck lift procedures, I put the incision in the inside at the opening of the ear and along the crease. However, for patients as young as you, I first evaluate how elastic and flexible the skin is because if the skin is too tough, a more extensive dissection and manipulation of the area is done to get the lift needed. This might lead to a lot of scar formation.
In my practice, I use a material called extracellular matrix (ECM) made by ACell that is derived from pig bladder. This is a part of a new generation of regenerative medical care that regenerates muscles and other injuries by stimulating the body's own stem cells to heal by duplication. This prevents scar formation after facelift and neck lifts. This also contributes to getting a well defined neck and jawline allowing appropriate movement of soft tissue in the cheek area.
I suggest that you wait for a few years until it's more justifiable to do a facelift. Research about procedures and get more opinions on what is right for you. A good understanding and education about what is involved may help you choose the procedure that is appropriate for your situation. I hope that was helpful, and thank you for question.
Learn more: http://realfacelift.com
Face lift and neck lift scars
Thank you for the question and the photos. Face lift and neck lift incisions heal great if performed properly and are often hard to see even up close. You will want to feel comfortable with your decision going forward. One option is to ask if you can talk with a prior face lift/ neck lift patient of the plastic surgeon you are considering. Doing so may allow you to make an informed decision about how you would like to proceed.
All the best,
Dr. Remus Repta
Learn more: http://drrepta.com
You might also like...
Face/Neck lift scaring
A face and neck lift is an amazing surgery. You will look wonderful and thank the day you had it done. I wouldnt worry about scaring but rather how great you will look. It is important to find a Dr that will give you the best results. Good luck
Concerned About Ear Scars?
Dear Anioslo,
thank you for your question. You will certainly have a nice improvement in neck lift alone. A lot of the laxity in the jaw line will be taken out with the neck lift because when you recreate the 90 degree angle of the neck, this takes more skin. I.e. the shortest distance between two points is a straight line, and after the neck lift, we are creating a long distance by taking the skin in a the neck.
best wishes,
Pablo Prichard, MD
Lesser procedures should be considered
Thank you for your photo. You are a tricky case. You do not have distinct jowling to indicate that a traditional facelift approach would be recommended. You have some heaviness to your neck and a receeding chin/jaw. You should seek several opinions from PS that have extensive experience in facial aesthetic surgery.
Dr. ES
Concerned about ear scars
I think it is very important for your surgeon to listen to your concerns and to address and alleviate your anxieties. Certainly, if you only want a neck lift then that is all that you should have. However, the incisions in front of the ears (or in the tragus) typically heal beautifully and your photos suggest that you might benefit from having the jowls and the lower face addressed at the time of your neck lift. But you must be comfortable with the surgeon and with the surgical plan before you have anything done.
Learn more: http://www.kassmd.com
Facelift Ear Scarring?
The incisions you have described from your consult are very typically used in the type of surgery that was recommended. They usually heal very quickly and are not noticeable once healed, certainly much less visible than patients expect. Its sounds as though you had a good consultation; I agree that you would benefit from the lower facelift and necklift. Good Luck! "Dr. D"
Hiding scars after facelift.
There are many ways to improve the appearance of the neck surgically. The ideal technique depends on a patients age , neck anatomy and expectations. I have to say I agree with your surgeon in recommending a full face and neck lift. This will help you achieve the maximum possible elevation of your neck which does appear to be fairly heavy. A lesser procedure may not be sturdy enough for you. The incisions are camouflaged by placing them in the natural folds and contours around the ear should be inconspicuous once fully healed. It would be nice for you to see these incisions on other patients so perhaps you can ask your surgeon to show you some examples so that your informed. In the meantime have a look at some before and after photos where you can see where the incisions are placed. Best of luck!
Learn more: http://www.8west.ca/facelift/before-and-after/
Ear scars and a facelift
I think that you are a great candidate for a lower facelift, necklift, lipocontouring of the neck, and possible chin implant. Scarring is rarely a problem for a healthy facelift patient as the incisions can be very well camouflaged. Scarring is more of a concern in smokers, diabetics, people who take steroids chronically for conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis etc, and people with a history of keloiding. As long as the surgeon is experienced doing facelifts it shouldn't be a big concern. In my opinion I think that the results of a facelift combined with a neck lift and lipocontouring of the neck would be much better than an isolated neck lift.
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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Teens Top Ten
The Teens' Top Ten is a "teen choice" list, where teens nominate and choose their favorite books of the previous year! Nominators are members of teen book groups in sixteen school and public libraries around the country. Nominations are posted on Support Teen Literature Day, the Thursday of National Library Week (April), and teens across the country vote on their favorite titles each year. The winners are below.
View 2014 Nominees for YALSA's Teen Top Ten Books
Readers ages twelve to eighteen will vote online between August 15 and October 18 at www.ala.org/yalsa/reads4teens; the winners will be announced during Teen Read Week.
2014 Nominees:
Arnett, Mindee. The Nightmare Affair
2013 Teens Top Ten
2012 Teens Top Ten

subset: commoncrawl


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The rich and regal spinel is a gemstone that ranges in color from pale pink to deepest black. The black spinel is one of the rarest spinels. The spinel is known as the "great imposter" in the world of gemstones. Several of the "rubies" in the Queen of England's crown jewels are actually spinels.
Spinel is associated with love and supposedly help the wearer to put his or her ego aside in devotion to another. Spinel is also thought to encourage passion and increase the duration of life. Black Spinel in particular is said to be a protective stone that assists in re-establishing relationships and resolving issues. It is also believed to ease sadness.
Spinel is rated at 8 on the Mohs hardness scale. It is a very durable gem and suitable for everyday jewelry wear.


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I'm from Los Angeles and have been in San Diego for the past six years. It is really quite the nice city in comparison to the City of Angels.
I believe myself to be a pretty open person and am more than willing to give anything a whirl. With that said, I consider myself to be a liberal feminist that is fairly politically active. Conservatives need not apply I suppose, though I am always happy to get into a nice little debate over coffee. Tis the point of civil discourse, no?
I am also passionate about music, film, literature and education.
I also love running, eating and talking. I especially love talking with a new person over a lovely meal!
I am not a fan of the oxford comma.
If you have any other questions, please feel free to ask!
I also do LGBTQIA activist work at local high schools and am currently in the process of starting an alt-academic zine at SDSU.
Occasionally, I work as a substitute teacher in East County San Diego. While some may see this as teaching....it is often more survival. I still find it to be pretty fun!
I also tend to spend a decent amount of time with my mind in the clouds wondering what the future may hold. I am considering doctoral programs on the east coast in foreign policy at this point, but I would not be too surprised if that changed in the next week or so.
I haven't died yet, so I am pretty good at this life thing as well!
Also, that I often have a book in hand (currently reading Mao II and The Black Atlantic)
I am actually doing research on the Kanye West/Jay-Z album Watch The Throne right now. It is pretty funtastic.
Recent Films: The Master, Amour, A Separation, Moonrise Kingdom, Once Upon a Time in Anatolia, Dr. Strangelove, Mulholland Dr., Inland Empire, Wall-E, Toy Story, Damsels in Distress, Hot Fuzz, Scott Pilgrim, Exit Through the Gift Shop, The Tree of Life, Antichrist, Uncle Boonme Who Can Recall His Past Lives, Fargo, Drive, Once, In the Mood for Love, City of God, Boogie Nights, There Will Be Blood, Children of Men....
Shows: Parks and Recreations, 30 Rock, Archer, It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, The Daily Show, Friday Night Lights, The Wire, Generation Kill, How I Met Your Mother, Awkward, Arrested Development, Louie, Suturerama, The Simpsons, Adult Swim nonsense
Books: The Brothers Karamazov, Crime and Punishment, Gravity's Rainbow, Underworld, 2666, The Handmaid's Tale, The Blind Assassin, Blood Meridian, The Road, Lolita, Pale Fire, House of Leaves, The Sirens of Titan, The Adventures of Kavalier and Clay, This Is How You Lose Her, The Corner, Blankets, The War of the End of the World, The Devil in the White City, The Plague, Blindness, Invisible Man, Frankenstein, Battle Royale, Lord of the Flies, The Great Gatsby
Food: Everything!
-good friends
-great food
-[Space left blank for future thing that is so fantastic that I will die without it]
-At the movies
-Out to dinner/drinks with friends
-Listening to music
-Art Show
Apart from that...just ask and I'll probably respond!


text: I always knew I wanted to have children. When I met my husband, Rande, I thought, 'This is the guy.' When you are getting ready to become a mom, being in love with someone just isn't enough. You need to think about whether he would be a good parent and raise your children with similar beliefs.


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By Raj Giri | August 14, 2011 | Comments
Twix commercial aired. Lots of commercials tonight.
Wade Barrett vs. Daniel Bryan
Bryan got a good amount of offense in early. At one point, he plowed Barrett in the corner with a drop kick for a two count. He then stretched Barrett out, and even hit a double leg Indian death lock and a kick for another two count.
Barrett turned the tide with a sidewalk slam for a two count. Later in the match he nailed Bryan with a boot to the head while Bryan was on the apron, sending him to the outside floor. Barrett brought him back in the ring for a two count.
Bryan turned the tide moments later, nailing Barrett with a dropkick while Barrett was on the apron, sending him to the arena floor. Barrett followed with with a flying knee to the face from the apron. Bryan got Barrett back in the ring and climbed to the top rope and hit a dropkick for a two count.
Bryan nailed Barrett with a series of stiff kicks to the chest, followed by a kick to the head for another two count. Bryan missed a charge in the corner and was nailed with a boot to the head. Barrett then went for Wasteland, but Bryan punched his way out and transitioned from a guillotine to the Lebell lock, but Barrett made the ropes. Bryan got Barret on the top rope and went to the top, but Barrett pushed him off crotch first on the top. Barrett followed up with a huge clothesline and then hit Wasteland to get the win. Strong match, hurt by the lack of crowd reaction.
Wade Barrett pinned Daniel Bryan.
The world heavyweight title match is next.
No Holds Barred Match for the World Heavyweight Championship
Christian (c) vs. Randy Orton
Christian takes the mic and says that he will keep his promise about having a big announcement, and introduces Edge, who will be in his corner tonight. Edge's music hits, and he comes out with shorter hair than the last time we saw him.
Edge enters the ring and takes the mic. He thanks the crowd for his ovation. He says that he will never be physically able to compete again, but that he was happy to pass the torch to Christian and he was proud of him for winning the championship. He then talked about how Christian kept complaining and kept getting rematches and finally won the title via DQ. Edge says he did some bad things in the ring, but he always did it with style and wasn't boring and didn't hide behind lawyers and suits. Edge says that somewhere along the line, he became a disgrace to himself and that he didn't know that his best friend would become a "whining, crying, moaning little b---h" and took off to the back while Christian screamed at him to come back. Randy Orton's music hits and he heads to the ring.
The match went into the stands early. Once they got back to the ring, Christian got a hold of a kendo stick and beat Orton with it. He missed a shot, which sent the stick out of the ring, but continued to dominate the match.
Christian grabbed the kendo stick again and came off the top rope, but was met with a dropkick in mid-air. Orton capitalized, nailing Christian with a powerslam before gaining control of the kendo stick, only for it to be knocked away moments later.
Later in the match, Orton introduces a table in the ring, and Christian sets up another one outside of the ring. Orton superplexed Christian on the table, which was flat on the mat, and got a two count. Orton then set the table up in the corner, which was already cracked, and went to throw Christian through it, but Christian was able to get out. Christian motioned for a spear but Orton dodged, and Christian threw him outside of the ring. Once outside, Orton threw Christian into the steps. Orton set the steps up on the ring apron, but Christian was the one who would use it, knocking Orton's head in the the steps.
Finn Balor On Bray Wyatt's Attack (Video), Fans On Next Week's WWE RAW Main Event, Cornell Gray
The Rock On Nia Jax In WWE, Bayley On Sasha Banks & Alexa Bliss (Video), Wale - Corey Graves Note
News For Tonight's WWE SmackDown And 205 Live - Battleground Fallout, Jinder Mahal, AJ Styles, More
Emma - Paige - Alexa Bliss Twitter Exchange, Baron Corbin Note, John Cena Vs. Great Khali Vs. Umaga
NJPW G1 Climax 27 Results (Day 6): Did Kenny Omega Remain Undefeated?
How Old Is Finn Balor Today?, Jason Jordan Reacts To WWE RAW Debut Win (Video), Daivari On Neville
Brock Lesnar's Opponent At Upcoming SmackDown Live Events Revealed
Backstage News On WWE Changing Battleground PPV Finish At The Last Minute
WWE Battleground Results - New Champions, Punjabi Prison Surprise, Flag Match, Natalya, More
WWE Monday Night RAW Results - Handicap Main Event, New 1 Contender, Jason Jordan, No DQ, More
Another Wrestler Done With GFW
Paige Responds With Photo Over Concerns About Her Health
Samoa Joe On Brock Lesnar Not Liking To Plan Out A Match, His Kurt Angle Feud Helping Him For Lesnar
Former WWE Star Claims He Originally Came Up With Talking Smack
Roman Reigns And John Cena Trade Barbs Following Reigns Taking Shot At "WWE Battleground" Crowd
Big News For Next Week's WWE RAW Episode


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Fossil Energy
Educational Activities
Mickey Leland Energy Fellowships
Technical Career Intern Program
Energy Lessons
University Research
A lot of oil can be left behind after "primary production." Often, it is clinging tightly to the underground rocks, and the natural reservoir pressure has dwindled to the point where it can't force the oil to the surface.
Imagine spilling a can of oil on the concrete floor of a garage. Some of it can be wiped up. But the thin film of oil that's left on the floor is much more difficult to remove. How would you clean up this oil?
The first thing you might do is get out a garden hose and spray the floor with water. That would wash away some of the oil. That's exactly what oil producers do in an oil reservoir. They drill wells called "injection wells" and use them like gigantic hoses to pump water into an oil reservoir. The water washes some of the remaining oil out of the rock pores and pushes it through the reservoir to production wells. The process is called "waterflooding."
Let's assume that an oil reservoir had 10 barrels of oil in it at the start (an actual reservoir can have millions of barrels of oil). This is called "original oil in place." Of those original 10 barrels, primary production will produce about two and a half barrels (2½). "Waterflooding" will produce another one-half to one barrel.
That means that in our imaginary oil reservoir of 10 barrels, there will still be 6½ to 7 barrels of oil left behind after primary production and waterflooding are finished. In other words, for every barrel of oil we produce, we will leave around 2 barrels behind in the ground.
That is the situation faced by today's oil companies. In the history of the United States oil industry, more than 160 billion barrels of oil have been produced. But more than 330 billion barrels have been left in the ground. Unfortunately, we don't yet know how to produce most of this oil.
Petroleum scientists are working on ways to produce this huge amount of remaining oil. Several new methods look promising. Oil companies, in the future, might use a family of chemicals that act like soap to wash out some of the oil that's left behind. Or possibly, they might grow tiny living organisms in the reservoir, called microbes, that can help free more oil from reservoir rock. Sound interesting?
To find out more about these new ways to produce oil....


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Archive for January, 2012
NEWS: Apple overtakes Hewlett-Packard to become No 1 PC maker: Canalys
Title says everything …. you can check more here: http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/apple-overtakes-hewlett-packard-to-become-no-1-pc-maker-canalys/articleshow/11696305.cms Thanks, Khilit
January 31, 2012
· Khilitchandra Prajapati · One Comment
Posted in: General
SQL Server 2012 Virtual Launch Event & Sweepstakes too :)
Microsoft is going to host the SQL Server 2012 Virtual Launch Event (VLE) On March 7, 2012, in order to share the latest on SQL Server 2012 and the evolution of the Microsoft data platform. Check out the SQL Server Team Blog for more details: http://blogs.technet.com/b/dataplatforminsider/archive/2012/01/26/join-us-march-7-2012-for-the-virtual-launch-of-sql-server-2012.aspx To participate in VLE, you can register here: http://www.sqlserverlaunch.com/ww/Register […]
January 30, 2012
· Khilitchandra Prajapati · No Comments
Tags: SQL 2012 · Posted in: Microsoft Event, SQL Server
SQL Server 2012 RC0 – Quick Start
Guys, I know we can simply Google this information. But believe me these links are quite enough to your quick start needs for SQL Server 2012 RC0 🙂 Where can I download it from? http://www.microsoft.com/download/en/details.aspx?id=28145
January 27, 2012
· Khilitchandra Prajapati · One Comment
Posted in: Business Intelligence, New Features, SQL Server, Tutorial
I have "System.Reflection.TargetInvocationException" in my SSIS Package!!!
Hi guys, I have got the following error message in my SSIS logs on executing one of my SSIS packages. Error Message: System.Reflection.TargetInvocationException: Exception has been thrown by the target of an invocation. —> System.InvalidOperationException: Showing a modal dialog box or form when the application is not running in UserInteractive mode is not a valid […]
January 27, 2012
· Khilitchandra Prajapati · 2 Comments
Posted in: Quick Tips, SQL Server, SSIS
When my SQL table was updated???
Here is very tiny SQL query which will help you find out when the tables are modified in the SQL server database. First you try the * (get all the columns) and then choose the selected ones. — List all the tables updated in SQL Server (in desc order) Use your Database Name Select * […]
January 27, 2012
· Khilitchandra Prajapati · One Comment
Tags: sql database, sql query · Posted in: General, Interview QA, Quick Tips, SQL Server, Suggestion, T-SQL
Look-up Task fails in SSIS2005
You already know that SSIS 2005 has more issues than SSIS 2008 version. I have also came across an issue regarding Look-up Task. When you use Look-up Task in your dataflow activity. Sometime it runs and sometimes it fails. Well, there could be many reasons, but we will discuss about one of the reason that […]
January 27, 2012
· Khilitchandra Prajapati · No Comments
Posted in: SQL Server, SSIS
How Do I Configure My SSIS Package?
Well, the correct answer to this question is – "That Depends". There are lots of things requires your attention when you start making your package configurable. For better illustration, lets take e.g. of one simple scenario. I have a package named "TransferDataPackage.dtsx". This has only one data flow task in which, i have a OLEBD […]
January 27, 2012
· Khilitchandra Prajapati · 3 Comments
Posted in: Quick Tips, SSIS, Tutorial
Passing values from one package to another package
In this demo, I will show you how we can transfer values from one package to another package. I will create one SSIS project. And add 2 packages in it. ParentPackage and ChildPackage as shown below.
January 27, 2012
· Khilitchandra Prajapati · No Comments
Posted in: Interview QA, Quick Tips, SSIS, Suggestion
Select records from one table which are not available in another table
Hi guys. I have seen people having hard time when they try to achieve similar functionality which is provided by "Except" keyword in T-SQL. I am talking about the case when people need to select those records from one table which are not available in another table. Well, if both these tables are in one […]
January 27, 2012
· Khilitchandra Prajapati · No Comments
Posted in: General, SQL Server, Suggestion


text:
But addressing that "winter of despair" should not reinforce the inaccurate perceptions.
He was right, which sent my yoga-goers into spasms of rage and despair.
I despair, however, that he still struggles in an evangelical subculture consistently telling him his very nature is immoral.
The joy, fear, and despair for Johnson and former interpreters like Yaghdan and Ibrahim are anything but melodramatic.
I am filled with despair and helplessness as I hear my former neighbors crying out for help.
There is no accounting for tastes, we say, and in saying that we despair of progress in the arts.
And the girl realized to her despair what he said was true; but oh!
The crowd, delirious, cries and sobs in a paroxysm of despair.
Clif desperate from despair, seized it and drew himself close.
But we need not, therefore, despair of writing criticism of literature and art.
early 14c., from stem of Old French desperer "be dismayed, lose hope, despair," from Latin desperare "to despair, to lose all hope," from de- "without" + sperare "to hope," from spes "hope" (see speed). Related: Despaired; despairing; despairingly.
c.1300, from Anglo-French despeir, Old French despoir, from desperer (see despair (v.)). Replaced native wanhope.
c.1300, from Anglo-French despeir, Old French despoir, from desperer (see despair (v.)). Replaced native wanhope.


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J. Marshall Bevil, Ph.D.
Read at the Fall, 1976, meeting of the
Southwest Regional Chapter of the
American Musicological Society, Southern Methodist University, Dallas
Paper derived from portion of "The Welsh Crwth,
Its History, and Its Genealogy"
(M.Mus-Musicology thesis, University of North Texas, completed in 1973)
Crwth is a generic term
denoting several small lyres that flourished in western
The modern crwth was one of the last of the European bowed yoke lyres. Rather than evolving along a single line in the manner of the viol and violin, the bowed yoke lyre repeatedly split into varied designs, due in great measure to its having been subjected to much experimentation, structural variance, and disparity of playing technique.
The modern crwth had four bowed strings traversing a flat fingerboard and an obliquely situated, almost flat, bridge. Two drone strings were drawn over the bridge and to the observer's-left side of the fingerboard, where they were plucked by the player's left thumb. It seems that some players held the instrument with its lower end at the shoulder or against the upper chest. Evidently others held it obliquely across the body, either with its lower end resting on the lap or knees or with the instrument suspended from the neck by a strap.
The first attempts to employ the drone strings that distinguish the modern crwth and its immediate prototype from significant earlier progenitors seem to date from around the twelfth century. However, they do not appear to have become firmly established until the middle to late fourteenth century.
The immediate prototype of the modern crwth was known not only in
While many, if not most, of the modern crwth's predecessors were instruments of the minstrels, the function of the modern instrument was that of a fiddle at country dances. Both the music of the crwth and the way of playing the instrument were handed down from father to son. One likely consequence of that was the emergence of varied methods of holding, bowing and bow design, and tuning. Evidence of variance in tuning is particularly clear and significant. Tuning in paired fifths, in a way similar to a modern fiddle tuning, has been viewed as anomalous. However, prevailing fiddling practice and the likelihood of many earlier lyres having been tuned in octaves with central fifths above the root suggest that the crwth tuning in paired fifths may have been preferred over a more widely publicized tuning in paired seconds. Further, experimentation has shown that a crwth tuned in paired fifths is more facile, particularly from a melodic standpoint, than has been assumed heretofore.
Dr. J. Marshall Bevil
is a native of
--------- End of Document ---------


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Flyers to be added to 808 State live listings
Discuss 808 State and related.
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Flyers to be added to 808 State live listings
Please upload future or past 808 State live flyers that are missing from the live section here. Preferably with venue, location and exact date / year. They will be added to the http://www.808state.com/live/ section and then removed from here. Thanks!
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Kyan Douglas
Queer Eye for the Straight Guy: Queer Eye for the Red Sox
Look out, Red Sox! Kyan, Ted, Carson, Jai and Thom are taking their makeover skills to Boston to help five ballplayers become fabulous. At the suggestion of the ballplayers' wives, the Fab Five work their magic on Johnny Damon, Kevin Millar, Doug Mirabelli, Jason Viritek and Tim Wakefield. Will the Queer Eye guys be successful in cutting off Sox Center Fielder Damon's famous long hair? Find out and get a few styling tips along the way.


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Concerns over the ongoing budget negotiations in the United States dragged Australian shares lower as investors ignored upbeat Chinese and US manufacturing data released over the weekend.
Investor fears about the "fiscal cliff" – the term used to describe the spending cuts and tax increases that will start coming into effect in January – have been driving world markets since President Barack Obama was re-elected in November.
"People are still waiting on the US and what is going to happen there with the fiscal cliff situation," Platypus Asset Management senior analyst Anna Kassianos said.
"There is still so much uncertainty and the deadline is coming on soon. Whether or not this rally can be sustained with that in the wings is another question."
Australian shares fell despite positive manufacturing data from the world's two biggest economies over the weekend. November industrial production in the US came in above expectations on Friday night. The US flash manufacturing survey for December increased 1.4 points to 54.2, the strongest reading since April. China also released an upbeat manufacturing survey on Friday.
"It is encouraging to see the improvement in the PMI [purchasing managers' index] report and we will look to related reports over the next few weeks to see if the upbeat message from the PMI is validated or not. Over the past few months, the PMI has been outperforming most other manufacturing indicators," said JPMorgan economist Daniel Silver, who also noted an improvement in industrial production. "Industrial production popped up 1.1 per cent in November after declining 0.7 per cent the prior month, signalling a bounce back in activity following disruptions caused by hurricane Sandy."
Mining stocks, in particular those exposed to the iron ore price, and Telstra Corporation curbed the market's weakness on Monday. However, it was not enough to outweigh falls in most other sectors.
The S&P/ASX 200 Index shed 9.7 points, or 0.21 per cent, to 4573.4 on Monday, dragged down by all four of the major banks. The big four make up a large portion of the benchmark index. Defensive stocks, like blood plasma group CSL and Sydney Airport, also closed lower.
Rio Tinto and BHP Billiton were among the few blue-chip stocks to close in the black on Monday.
Last week was a strong period for the market, with investors cheered by another round of stimulus from the US central bank and a rising iron ore price. The bulk commodity was trading at about $US129 a tonne on Monday morning, nearly 50 per cent higher than the low of $US86 it reached on September 5.
"Hopefully the rally will continue on to Christmas and through to Chinese New Year. We'd always thought this rally might happen, but then we had that slight glitch," Ms Kassianos said.
"But liquidity will probably dry up in the holiday period because nobody is around to trade and that's normal."
Iron ore stocks started the week on strong groundon Monday, after the iron ore price rose for the ninth straight day on Friday. Fortescue Metals Group rose 3.7 per cent to $4.47, Atlas Iron advanced 3.8 per cent to $1.62, BC Iron jumped 3.7 per cent to $3.39 and Mount Gibson Iron Ore gained 5.7 per cent to 74¢.
Ms Kassianos is circumspect about the commodity's price spike.
"I don't specifically know if the rise in iron ore going to keep going, because you're not seeing a corresponding lift in Chinese steel prices," Ms Kassianos said. "Unless steel prices start experiencing a much higher lift, then you can't start calling the iron ore price rally is sustainable."
The rise in Fortescue stock also appeared to stem from news that the iron ore miner is looking to sell part of its transport infrastructure assets in the Pilbara.
The Australian Financial Review


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The Helghast are a determined lot. After two sound beatings—by me, at least—they are back at the ISA's throats with the newly launched Killzone 3. But things are a bit different this time as the Helghast are now leaderless, thanks to us and the ISA in Killzone 2, and warring between themselves. Stuck in the middle of a civil war, with no hope of reinforcements or supplies, players must fight their way out with their ISA brethren. All is not lost, though, as there will be a new WASP missile launcher, jet packs, Intruders, and new melee system to fight back the Helghast hordes.
Developed by series creators Guerrilla Games, the fourth in the series will also support all the high-tech glory of the current generation with "full stereoscopic 3D compatibility along with PlayStation Move functionality." The PlayStation Move Sharp Shooter peripheral has also launched, designed with input from the folks at Guerrilla, which encases the Move motion controller in an assault rifle-styled shell.
For those looking to go all out, there's a step up from the standard retail edition also available: the Killzone 3 Helghast Edition. In addition to a copy of the game, the Helghast Edition includes a replica of a Helghast helmet, a DC Unlimited 6.5″ tall Helghast Marksman action figure, and a 100-page hardbound art book. Each box will also contain a Super Voucher that will be good for the game's full soundtrack, a PS3 Dynamic Theme, Retro Map Pack with two re-mastered Killzone 2 maps, bonus video of behind-the-scenes footage, and double XP as well as full access to all weapons and abilities for the first 24 hours of multiplayer.
For more information on Killzone, check out our review of Killzone 2.
Official Site: Killzone.com


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This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Reduction in size and power consumption of consumer electronics has opened up many opportunities for low power wireless sensor networks. One of the major challenges is in supporting battery operated devices as the number of nodes in a network grows. The two main alternatives are to utilize higher energy density sources of stored energy, or to generate power at the node from local forms of energy. This paper reviews the state-of-the art technology in the field of both energy storage and energy harvesting for sensor nodes. The options discussed for energy storage include batteries, capacitors, fuel cells, heat engines and betavoltaic systems. The field of energy harvesting is discussed with reference to photovoltaics, temperature gradients, fluid flow, pressure variations and vibration harvesting.
Reduction in size and power consumption of consumer electronics has opened up many new opportunities for low power wireless sensor networks. Such networks have significant potential in a variety of applications, including monitoring of animal health and behaviour, structural monitoring for mining equipment and measuring water salinity levels of oceans and rivers.
With these opportunities come a number of new challenges. Sensor nodes are usually battery powered, so as sensor networks increase in number and size, replacement of depleted batteries becomes time consuming and wasteful. Additionally, a battery that is large enough to last the life, say five years, of a sensor node would dominate the overall size of the node, and thus would not be very attractive or practical. Additionally, the battery chemistries often involve toxic heavy metals, and present disposal issues, regardless of rechargeable technology.
As a result, there is a clear need to explore novel alternatives to power sensor networks/nodes, as existing battery technology hinders the widespread deployment of these networks. By harvesting energy from their local environment, sensor networks can achieve much greater run-times, years not months, with potentially lower cost and weight.
Power for wireless sensor nodes can be split into two main technology categories: energy storage and energy harvesting. This paper reviews the state-of-the art technology in each of these fields, outlining different powering options for sensor nodes. These include energy storage utilizing batteries, capacitors, fuel cells, heat engines and betavoltaic systems and energy harvesting methodologies including photovoltaics, temperature gradients, fluid flow, pressure variations and motion harvesting.
Energy storage is the basis of present technology and involves powering the sensor node from energy stored at the node; a key example of this is batteries. This energy may be stored in different forms ranging from electrical charge to hydrocarbon based fuels. By itself, energy storage cannot deliver energy indefinitely, as at some stage the energy will be depleted and need replenishing. The metric used for comparison of these devices is their average energy density, Joules per unit volume; typically this is J/cm3.
Energy harvesting is a newer approach and relies on technology to gather energy from the surrounding environment using, for example, solar cells or fluid turbines. It involves converting the ambient energy inherent in the sensor node's environment into electrical energy. By doing so, a sensor node will have the opportunity to extend its life to a range determined by the failure of its own components rather than by its previously limited power supply. The metric used for comparison of energy harvesting devices differs from that used for energy storage as they don't have a fixed amount of energy intrinsic to their volume. Therefore, energy harvesting devices will be rated on their average power density or Watts per unit volume, W/cm3, rather than their average energy density.
In general, energy harvesting will not directly power a sensor. This may be because the levels of power are too low, or it may be as a result of the power being in the wrong form. Typically, sensors and nodes require a voltage in the range 2 – 10 V and peak
Many of the power options involve taking a technology which has been proven on large scale applications and scaling it down to dimensions suitable for the sensor node. This approach often runs into technical difficulties due to different effects which come into play at smaller scales. Some of these effects, which are detailed in this report, include thermal effects as a device's ratio of surface area to volume changes, viscosity issues involving fluid flow at smaller scale and problems related to increasing volume taken up by battery connectors, packaging and other essential hardware. However, through the persistent work of researchers, many technologies have overcome these obstacles and are nearing fruition.
It should be noted that in the context of this review, the term micro-scale is used to describe nodal elements with sizes of approximately 100 mm on a side, masses of less than 100 gm (not including batteries or associated transducers) and power requirements of less than 100 mW.
To give examples of the energy requirements of sensor nodes,
The Fleck3 is a CSIRO product and a range of data was easily sourced, unlike the XBeeTM and MICAzTM which are both commercial products, for which full specifications were unavailable. The power consumption is very dependant on the various transmit/store duty cycle components and should not be interpreted as a measure of the efficiency of the device. Note that the nodes in
The final two columns in
The most common power sources for wireless sensor nodes are batteries. Batteries combine good energy density with a range of commercially available sizes while also supplying their energy at precisely the voltage levels required of modern electronics, eliminating the need for intermediate power conditioning electronics. A battery can store energy chemically and can release it as electricity through a chemical reaction which transfers electrons from its anode to its cathode. The power output of a particular battery is limited by a number of factors including: the relative potentials of the anode and cathode materials, and the surface area of the electrodes.
Batteries can be classed in two main categories, primary and secondary. Primary batteries are not easily recharged using electricity, while secondary batteries can reverse the chemical reaction through a recharging process whereby energy is delivered back into the battery and stored in the form of chemical bonds.
When using primary batteries the lifetime of the sensor node is determined by the fixed amount of energy initially stored in the battery. The amount of energy stored depends on the energy density and volume of the battery. For sensor node applications, it is desirable to minimise the volume, and with improvements in battery energy density reaching a plateau, batteries are forcing a large trade-off between the node's lifetime and its volume.
The capacity of a battery is specified by the manufacturer and is achieved by the use of specific discharge rates. Each manufacturer can use their nominated methodology, of which there are many. As an example based on [
For rechargeable batteries, a similar methodology is nominated by a manufacturer to achieve the rated capacity. For example [
Like primary batteries there are different types of secondary batteries whose characteristics are determined by their internal chemistries. Conventional chemistries such as Nickel-Zinc (NiZn), Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) and Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd), offer high energy densities and good discharge rates, but with the disadvantages of short cycle life and adverse "memory" effects. Lithium-ion batteries overcome these drawbacks, with a higher energy density and discharge rate, higher cell voltage, longer cycle life and elimination of "memory" effects [
Some battery chemistries have problems with shelf life. Standard alkaline batteries have shelf lives of around seven years; while newer lithium based systems (both primary and secondary) have even longer lives. Other secondary (rechargeable) chemistries like Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) lose 1 − 2% of their capacity per day of storage.
Secondary batteries provide the option of extending the sensor node's lifetime, relative to that of a primary battery, through their recharging ability. However, this means they need to run in conjunction with another device capable of supplying power. This arrangement is usually desirable as quite often the device supplying the power does so intermittently. A battery can store these bursts of energy and provide the electronics with a stable constant energy interface. A robust system will require electronics to control the charging and discharging of the battery in a way that maximises its life as incorrect charging profiles diminish the battery's usable life.
Two promising new fields of research in battery technology are micro-batteries and flexible batteries. Micro-batteries seek not only to reduce the size of the actual battery but also to improve integration with the electronics they are powering. The goal of micro-batteries is therefore to produce a battery on a chip. The main challenge is overcoming small power outputs due to the surface area limitations of micro-batteries, however work into three-dimensional surfaces seem promising [
Capacitors store energy in the electric field between a pair of oppositely charged conductors. They have significantly higher
This effect may mean a combination of capacitor and battery could solve the power requirement across a normal nodal duty cycle. A battery can be used to provide the low power requirements on sleep and receive mode, while a capacitor can provide the high power required for RF transmission on short duty cycles.
Continued research into capacitors strives to increase their energy density, with a new breed of supercapacitors.
The simplified circuit shown in
Thus, for a supercapacitor both C1 and C2 are large and this leads to a CCELL approximately half the size of C1 or C2. This has lead to the development of so called asymmetric capacitors, as seen in
The increase in capacitance values has led to
There has also been recent work by CSIRO into a combination of lead acid battery and supercapacitor [
Some supercapacitors are capable of more than 500,000 charge cycles before noticeable deterioration (compared with about 1,000 for rechargeable batteries) [
Like batteries, fuel cells convert stored chemical energy into electricity. Generally, liquid fuels have much higher energy density than battery chemistries. In the fuel cell, such as the one shown in
As with batteries, the major performance restriction of micro-scale fuels cells results from the small electrode surface area. An opportunity may exist to combine the work of Hart
Matsushita Battery has developed a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) incorporated with a lithium ion battery. This system is approximately 400 cm3, with peak output of 20 W and an average of 13 W [
The use of radioactive materials as a power source is attractive due to their extremely high average energy densities, approximately 105 kJ/cm3 [
Early research into small scale radioactive energy conversion focussed on thermal heating using the kinetic energy of emitted particles. The heat could be converted into electricity using thermoelectric or thermionic techniques which require high temperatures (300 – 900 K) for efficient operation. This scheme works well for operations requiring power in the Watt to kilowatt range but doesn't scale down for micro-power applications since with reducing size, the surface-to-volume ratio increases, leading to high heat leakage to the surroundings, i.e. thermal heat management at the micro-scale is a tough engineering challenge [
To date the most promising work for applications in powering wireless sensor nodes is by Lal
The weakness of useable radioactive sources is their low power density. Typically, the longer the half-life of an element, the lower the power density. As such they do not by themselves offer a standalone solution to the powering of sensor nodes. However, they are an extremely consistent power source with long lifetimes governed by the half-life of the source which in some cases can be centuries. Because of this they are often put into the energy harvesting category, but strictly speaking they are in fact an energy storage source. Possible uses include extending the life of batteries, charging capacitors, or providing power to applications which need very low power. Due to safety concerns the use of radioactive material is a highly political and controversial topic. As
The company BetaVoltaic Industry [
The isotope used in Lal
It should be noted that there are a number of misconceptions about beta sources of radiation. Although generally less dangerous than gamma emitters, beta sources are still capable of high levels of activity, and in general they should not be handled without adequate protection. The Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Authority (ARPANSA) list all of the elements in
A second level of hazard comes from the use of lead shielding. Because lead shielding is very effective at slowing down the beta particle it can release a secondary source of radiation. This is similar to X-rays and is called bremsstrahlung, literally
In order to reduce the levels of this secondary radiation, it is suggested [
There are a number of factors which reduce the power realisable from the high values quoted above. The first and most obvious is that the Sun is only in the sky for half the day, thus the cells will yield no power at night. Therefore some form of secondary storage, such as batteries, will be required in order to use the power throughout the day. Other factors, such as cloud cover and shadowing, block the Sun's rays and drastically reduce the level of incident radiation. In extreme cases the sensor node may be deployed in a location which has no direct sunshine upon it. For example inside an office building the available power levels incident on a solar cell are three orders of magnitude less than outside, directly under the Sun. Commercial solar conversion efficiencies range from a low of approximately 8% to state-of-art values of 20%, with some experimental technologies reaching as high as 35% [
The power incident on the collector drops with the cosine of the angle of incidence of the sun's rays i.e. 100% available when the rays are perpendicular to the surface, 87% when they are 30 degrees from perpendicular and none when the light is parallel and thus not directly striking the surface. Large scale solar collectors use solar tracking devices to ensure the cells are always facing towards the sun.
An analysis performed by Thomas
The most basic solar converter is a solar cell, which is made of p-n type semi-conductor materials. The p-n materials are positioned such that it forms a p-n diode junction close to the top surface of the solar cell, as shown in
"Flexible" solar cells are a new technology which may play a role in sensor node applications. This technology has demonstrated efficiencies in the 10−11% range and can be easily integrated as a multifunctional "power skin" in order to provide some mechanical load-carrying capacity, which allows for a reduction in structural mass [
Solar cell power is a good resource where direct sunlight is available. However, where there is a deficient solar resource the node may harvest insufficient energy to store excess and only operate during daylight hours. Subsequently, during shorter winter days the node may fail to operate continuously even in daylight as the level of solar energy drops further [
A number of groups have explored utilising solar power for sensor nodes and have reached the point of offering plug-and-play solar energy harvesting modules. One such system, Heliomote [
A temperature difference existing between two locations will result in a flow of heat energy from hot to cold in an attempt to develop thermal equilibrium. This heat flow can be exploited to harness useful energy. The process is governed by the laws of thermodynamics therefore its efficiency, the ratio of the useful work extracted out,
This shows that the efficiency is very low for small to modest temperature differences. As an example, a heat source, 5 °C above room temperature (25 °C), could be used to harness energy with an efficiency of 1.6%. Even if that heat source was increased to 100 °C the efficiency would only be 20%. The Carnot efficiency limit is the maximum theoretically possible efficiency; real world conversion devices however do not achieve efficiencies as high as this. Current commercial devices operate below 40% of the Carnot efficiency.
The low efficiencies of this process necessitate a large amount of heat to be transferred in order for a device to harvest a given amount of useful work. The transfer of heat can occur in three different ways; via conduction, convection and/or radiation. Roundy
There are many types of engines designed to extract useful work from sources of heat, examples of which range from thermally powered wrist watches to the engine in your car to nuclear power plants. These engines can be broadly classified into two categories; mechanical and solid state. For the application of harvesting low amounts of power for wireless sensor nodes, from small ambient temperature gradients, solid state devices have the best potential. This is due to their lack of moving parts which facilitates robustness and low maintenance requirements. Life testing of thermoelectric devices has shown their capability for over 100,000 hours of continuous operation [
Thermoelectricity is by far the dominate solid state conversion technique so a more in depth description will be given for it than the other techniques. It involves the direct conversion of heat into electricity via a phenomenon known as the Seebeck effect. This effect promotes a thermoelectric EMF across two different metals or semiconductors when their junctions are placed across a temperature gradient.
Modern thermoelectric devices use n- and p-type bismuth telluride semiconductors connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel. They have one end exposed to a heat source and the other to a cooler side in a configuration known as a thermocouple as depicted in
The voltage produced across a thermoelectric device is proportional to the temperature difference across it and to the difference between the Seebeck coefficients,
The efficiencies of thermoelectric generators have remained low and unchanged for the past 50 years. The reason for this is that in order to exploit a temperature gradient the thermoelectric device must be a good electrical conductor to allow the flow of charge but be a thermal insulator to maintain the temperature difference. This is contrary to most conventional materials as good electrical conductors are also good thermal conductors therefore a large portion of energy is transferred across the device as heat and not as electrical energy. The dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit, ZT, is a measure of this ability and is roughly proportional to the devices efficiency [
Improving this
Another range of solid state heat engines which have been around for decades are those based on thermionic conversion. A simplified description of a thermionic converter is a system where electrons are ejected via thermionic emission from a hot electrode over a potential barrier to a cooler electrode. The barrier the electrons must overcome is known as the work function of the material and is essentially the heat of vaporization of the electrons from the surface. Due to this, the thermionic conversion works best with large temperatures. Although thermionic conversion has better efficiencies than thermoelectric devices, its reliance on high temperatures would make it unsuitable for most wireless sensor applications.
A method similar to thermionic is thermotunnelling, which narrows the potential barrier using properties of quantum physics known as quantum tunnelling. This technology seems plausible to use for small temperature gradients for lower power applications [
Section 3.1 outlined the enormous potential for solar energy harvesting. Rather than use the conventional conversion method of photovoltaics, a growing field is exploring converting solar energy indirectly through thermal energy harvesting. The advantage of switching to thermal harvesting lies in its cheaper cost than the expensive photovoltaic cells plus results point towards the capability of better efficiency. For large scale operation, arrays of mirrors are used to reflect and concentrate the Sun's power to a single point where the temperature rises to hundreds of degrees Celsius. On a smaller scale suitable for wireless sensor nodes, a black surface facing the Sun will absorb the Sun's rays and heat up relative to its shaded underside. By sandwiching a thermoelectric or other thermal energy harvester between the two sides the difference in temperature of the top and bottom faces can be used to generate power.
Another potential source of heat energy is the soil to air boundary. Air temperature will rise during the day in response to the Sun's radiation and then cool during the night. These temperature changes will be transferred to the ground although phase shifted and attenuated with depth. Because of this there will exist a temperature difference between the air and the ground which is generally positive during the day and negative at night.
Stevens [
Lawrence [
Other potential areas of thermal difference suitable for thermoelectric devices include industrial machinery, mammalian bodies and civil structures. For the application of wireless sensor nodes deployed around industrial machines, piping or vents, there is an abundant source of otherwise wasted thermal energy available. This source is very site specific but for sensors developed to monitor such equipment it is logical to power them from the rich energy source in its environment. An example of this is the automobile industries use of sensors in the engine to provide control units with information, with the sensors being powered by the waste heat from the engine. Bodensohn
The human body self regulates its temperature at a constant 37 °C. Harnessing this against the ambient air temperature offers a source for thermal harvesting for sensor nodes applied on the human body. Many companies producing body worn products have already developed devices which utilise the small temperature difference between our body heat and the ambient temperature, generating power on the order of microwatts demonstrating that similar techniques can be applied to sensor nodes [
The final collection of energy harvesting technologies falls under the umbrella of mechanical energy harvesting. Mechanical energy harvesting involves converting the ambient movement or kinetic energy in the devices environment into electric energy. The final technology, vibration harvesting, includes an in depth look into the power conditioning necessary to transition from the raw energy outputted from the harvester to an interface useable by the node. Note that parallel techniques need to be considered for all energy harvesting technologies but, for the sake of brevity, have only been outlined in depth for the one technology in this review.
The flow of any fluid (gas or liquid) can be converted to electricity with a variety of techniques. At the macro scale, the use of wind turbines is becoming more common. However, at the scale needed for sensor networks, more novel approaches are required, due to viscosity effects.
The potential power from a moving fluid is given by:
Betz's Law, analogous to Carnot efficiency, is a measure of the maximum efficiency of a wind turbine. This law determines the maximum efficiency of a turbine to be approximately 59%. Large scale wind turbines operate at maximum efficiencies of about 39%. Efficiency is dependent on wind velocity and average efficiencies are usually around 20% [
There is a quite reasonable potential from wind power, however, only in specific applications where the sensor node would be deployed in locations subjected to a constant wind resource would pursuing this powering option be attractive. Also, it is undesirable to have a system which is designed to be left unattended for long durations, with so many moving parts, some of which are exposed to the elements, making reliability an issue.
It should also be noted that typical wind power maps are often quoted at altitudes of 80 meters, which is a typical hub height of a large wind turbine. Sensor networks would typically be deployed closer to the ground, and due to boundary layer effects, the energy available from air flow will be much less than that available at 80 meters.
The process of capturing energy from water is similar to that for air movement. The dependency of the maximum power on the density of the fluid means that for any given volume moving at a fixed speed there is approximately 3 orders of magnitude more power available in water.
Of course any fluid moving can be harnessed. For example an oil pipeline may be a source of fluid energy. The problem of fouling is still a problem with liquid based fluids and consideration of the environment is required before deployment of any sensor network.
Some novel methods of generating power from fluid flow have been researched. A number of systems for use in both water and air have been proposed based around the fluid causing a piezoelectric fin or 'eel' to oscillate due to vortex shedding (see for example reference [
As a final example of air flow scavenging, mine vent bags are used to provide large amounts of fresh air to underground mining operations. The power supplies for these systems are large arrays of fans with typical power consumption of 100 kW across the array. Typical vent bag diameters of 1 m would give air speeds well in excess of 20 m/s and power outputs in the order of 1 W/cm2. Conversion of this rotational energy to electrical energy suitable for battery storage is a relatively simple process involving rotational electromagnetic generators.
Another energy harvesting technique for which no research has been found on the small scale, is exploiting pressure variations. Roundy
In order to calculate a reasonable daily pressure change there are two approaches available. The first is a direct calculation using the daily change in pressure. The second is via the ideal gas equation with inputs from the daily temperature variation.
Although local pressure can change by as much as 30−40 mbar (3−4 kPa) during cyclonic weather events, a more typical daily pressure change is 3 mbar (300 Pa) [
A second source of energy available is via the mechanism of a daily temperature variation. A typical variation over a 24 h period might be 10 K. Using the ideal gas equation;
In order to achieve 1 μW/cm3 from a system such as this (assuming 100% efficiency), approximately 0.0005 mol/cm3 of the working fluid would need to be compressed into the mechanism. This is approximately 12 bar of pressure. The mechanism to extract energy from such a system remains speculative.
A field which has gained a lot of attention for its potential in micro-scale power generation is vibration energy harvesting. Its attractiveness compared to that of other energy harvesting generation methods is the availability of vibrations in most environments and the device's ability to function inside other structures. For example, a vibration harvester can be implanted in a human body for medical monitoring or be deployed inside a concrete wall during its construction for lifetime structural monitoring.
Vibration harvesting involves the conversion of the kinetic energy inherent in mechanical vibrations into electricity. There are three known mechanisms by which this can be achieved: electromagnetic, electrostatic and piezoelectric conversion.
Electromagnetic conversion utilises Faraday's law to induce an electric current in a coil of wire when it is subjected to a changing magnetic flux. By coupling either the coil or a magnet to the vibrations and having the other mounted in an inertial mechanical frame, relative motion is induced between the two. This results in a changing magnetic flux through the coil and thus power generation. On the micro-scale the AC voltage outputs are too low to allow rectification, rendering it useless at this time.
Electrostatic conversion involves designing a system whereby the external vibrations change the distance between two charged capacitive plates held at constant voltage (
This method has the advantage of being easily integrated into micro-systems with silicon micromachining and being able to increase energy density with applied voltage, however it does require a separate voltage source to "kick-start" it, and due to its complexity does have some practical difficulties [
When a mechanical stress is applied to a piezoelectric material, a charge separation is induced across the material. At the moment the most simple and effective way developed to utilise this phenomenon in vibration harvesting is by mounting the piezoelectric material on a cantilever beam with a mass weighted at its end. This beam oscillates when subjected to vibrations, inducing mechanical stress on the piezoelectric material allowing it to harness power by damping out the oscillation. This method is more difficult to integrate into micro-systems than electrostatic conversion but does not endure the same difficulties the previous method has.
Thus both conversion techniques show promise for vibration harvesting and are the subject of many research efforts around the world. The harvesters developed, range from 1 – 75 cm3, exploit vibrations from 50 Hz to 50 kHz, induce oscillations between 0.5 μm to over 1 mm, and produce powers that range from tens of μW to over a mW [
Most devices designed to harvest this energy utilise the oscillation of a proof mass resonantly tuned to the environment's dominant vibrational frequency. This resonance condition is vital for efficient conversion. As vibrations in different environments come in a wide range of frequencies and amplitudes which are often stochastic in nature, a robust system needs to be able to dynamically tune its parameters to match the varying peak in the input vibration's frequency spectrum. So far most work has focussed on systems subjected to vibrations of single static frequencies and hence have not addressed the need for dynamic tuning.
None of the energy harvesting techniques outlined in Section 3 produces stable DC power readily useable by the node. As such each technology needs to employ a power conditioning strategy to transition from the raw energy outputted from the harvester to an interface useable by the node. The following section outlines power conditioning aspects for the particular case of vibration energy harvesting. For the sake of brevity only vibration energy harvesting will be considered, as the reported techniques can be easily carried over to other energy harvesting technologies.
The electrical energy created by the vibration energy harvester needs to be conditioned before being used or stored for later use by the sensor node. One method for conditioning the electrical energy is to use a passive rectifier. Passive rectifiers consist of a diode bridge and a large filter capacitor [
In order to improve the harvesting efficiency of this rectifier technique, researchers have added a dc-dc converter [
Under laboratory conditions the passive rectifier dc-dc converter technique looks encouraging as it attempts to crudely consider the dynamics of electromechanical (or vibration energy harvesting) systems, and adapt to slow changing disturbances (less than 1 Hz). However, the technique fails when vibration disturbance are quasi periodic and/or broadband.
Vibration sources are often assumed to be periodic which also limits the applicability of present vibration energy harvesting techniques. Not only are most 'real-life' vibration sources broadband, the dynamics of the electromechanical system (mechanical structure, transducer, rectifier circuitry and load) also vary with changing operating and environmental conditions, such as temperature, which can affect the harvesting performance [
Despite the net generation of electrical energy from a transducer with a passive rectifier dc-dc converter technique [
In an attempt to overcome diode voltage drop and broadband issues for shunt vibration control, Fleming
Scruggs [
In order to address the changing operating and environmental conditions, as well as the broadband issues, a novel adaptive vibration energy harvesting technique was proposed by Ward
While most researchers have been concerned with rectifier circuit efficiency, some researchers have attempted to investigate the harvesting efficiency i.e. mechanical-to-electrical energy conversion [
This review has identified the developing problem inherent with present energy and power supply methods for wireless sensor nodes. One issue is modern battery energy densities failing to improve at the same rate as other components in a wireless sensor node. This leads to existing sensor node volumes being dominated by that of the battery volume. In addition, the power demands of sensor nodes can range up to 6 orders of magnitude. This range is caused by the varying power demands of different modes, such as transmission, data collection or reception of signals. To further complicate the issue, these modes are done varying duty cycles. Recent solutions involve catering for the largest demand leaving the power system massively over sized for large portions of the node's operating time.
Reviewing the work into power technologies for sensor nodes reveals that there are many different approaches which seem to have the capability of solving the aforementioned problems. Energy harvesting delivers long life, while micro-batteries provide back-up power and micro-supercapacitors enable high power pulses. However, to date there is no 'one size fits all', robust system available on the marketplace to provide power for wireless sensor networks for an arbitrary application. One reason for this is due to the bulk of research focusing on one particular technology only for the solution. The problem with this is that in scenarios where one technology may thrive, others may fail, while in a different scenario the first technology may fail while others thrive. This has the effect of making these power systems very application specific. This seems to call for a power system which utilises a hybrid solution of many different technologies able to cater to any scenario. In the last few years this idea has been investigation with papers starting exploration of this scheme [
Research thus far into hybrid power solutions for wireless sensor nodes has been elementary, mostly outlining the potentials and benefits of such systems but failing to get into the detail of how such systems would be optimised. The problems faced in the integration of individual energy storage and harvesting technologies for varying power loads is similar to that of faced by distribute energy or micro-grids. Just as a micro-grid relies on smart software and electronics to integrate numerous sources and loads, to control and manage energy and power, and to provide system stability, so to should the sensor node's "nanogrid" rely on such smart aids to ensure its optimal operation.
Short of a 'one size fits all' solution for powering sensor nodes, designers need to choose the right mix of energy storage and harvesting options for their particular application. Once again, drawing inspiration from micro-grids reveals the strength of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL) HOMER™ software. HOMER™ is considered to be one of the world's most powerful and widely used micro-power design models. HOMER™ simulates and optimises stand-alone and grid-connected power systems comprising any combination of wind turbines, photovoltaic (PV) arrays, run-of-river hydro power, biomass power, internal combustion engine generators, micro-turbines, fuel cells, batteries, and hydrogen storage, serving both electrical and thermal loads [
Some of the individual technologies themselves showed areas of achievable improvements. As mentioned in the vibration harvesting section work into dynamic resonant tuning of the oscillating harvester is lacking as well as a harvester with more than one degree of freedom. Also there seems to be some synergy between the harvesting techniques employed for vibrations and the radioactive actuated piezoelectric cantilever, perhaps a device could be made incorporating both giving the advantage of the consistent power supply of the radioisotope to balance out the intermittent, stochastic nature of the vibration source, and the advantage of high power density of vibration harvesters to balance out the low power density of the radioisotope.
The use of flexible batteries and flexible solar cells seems beneficial due to their ability to double as structural components for sensor networks. This factor may allow them to be used as part of the node structure and thus cut down on volume and mass of the node. The use of temperature differentials was discussed; unfortunately however the low efficiencies that come with environmental differentials of approximately 10 K may limit the use of this source of energy except for specific applications near heat sources. Finally, two energy harvesting techniques were found for which no research could be uncovered at the micro-scale. These were wind power and pressure variations. At the micro-scale these may offer some interesting areas of study. Due to the scaling issues the utilisation of these forms of energy at this scale may require altogether different technologies.
Commercial availability is a determination of whether a member of the non-scientific community can buy the product. All of the noted technologies, except those involving pressure gradients, are available at an academic level. Finally, it should be noted that most technologies have a very wide range of available performance figures. This is a reflection of the wide range of methodologies that exist even within the same general theme. As technologies mature, these levels of variance should be expected to narrow.
The information presented in this paper is provided as a review of the present state-of-the art technology in powering wireless sensor nodes. These nodes are, by their nature, small in size and require a correspondingly small source of power.
Many of the technologies presented are based on devices that work at the macro scale. However, when scaled down to nodal sizes, their efficiencies become prohibitively small. Of the systems that exist at the moment, the best source of energy for short term use (less than one year) remains the battery. Fuel cells are quickly growing in capacity and it should be expected that they will equal and surpass battery storage capability within two years. While interesting, the political and practical aspects of betavoltaics would seem to preclude their widespread use in civilian application.
In terms of energy harvesting, the outstanding contender at the moment is photovoltaics. Vibration harvesting offers some opportunity where size or location disallow solar. The practical applications behind pressure and temperature change methods are presently not mature enough, though the science appears well understood.
The authors wish to thank Dr. Tony Pandolfo, Scott McGarry and Michael Collins for their comments and editorial proof reading of this paper. Josh Davidson would also like to thank his PhD supervisor, Dr. Peter Ridd, for his valuable input.
Ragone chart for capacitors, supercapacitors, batteries and fuel cells.
Representation of a charged electrochemical double layer capacitor [
Schematic of an Ni(OH)2/NiOOH–porous carbon asymmetric supercapacitor [
Example of a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell.
Radioisotope energy harvester.
Average daily solar exposure [
Photovoltaic cell.
Solar current and battery voltage in full sunlight [
Solar current and battery voltage in partial sunlight [
Solar current and battery voltage in low sunlight [
Thermoelectric module.
Maximum power flux generated by example Thermoelectric Generators [
Hybrid Solar PV/thermoelectric harvester.
Simplified Diagram of Temperature harvesting device.
Passive rectifier with dc-dc converter circuit.
Consumption parameters for some example wireless sensor nodes [
Decay sources (information based on [
Output from thermoelectric modules using an air-soil thermal gradient [
A summary of technologies (based on [
|Battery – Primary
|1,200 – 3,800
|- Secondary
|600 – 1,100
|Super Capacitors
|10 - 20
|Micro-Fuel Cell
|1,000 – 3,000
|0.1 - 0.6
|1,000 – 2,000
|1,000 – 2,000
|- Inside
|0.8 – 1.2
|5 – 100,000
|Fluid Flow - Air -
|200 – 800
|Pressure Gradient
|< 10
|0.02 - 0.05
Based on a methanol fuel cell at 5% efficiency.
Normally specified as per cm2 rather and cm3.
Power output is very dependant on magnitude of the temperature change. Normal atmospheric temperature fluctuations give very low power outputs.
Human based motion, 5 mm at 1 Hz.
Machine based motion, 2 mm at 2.5 kHz.
Systems based on periodic motion are available, no known systems based on random motion.


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When it comes to relocating your family - whether it's one street over or two towns away - you'll spend hours searching for the perfect house in the perfect location. In some cases, it just might not exist and you may investigate the thrilling prospect of purchasing land and building your dream home.
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Memorial services for Louis W. Pafford, 68, of Harker Heights, will be at 2 p.m. Saturday at the Kingdom Hall of Jehovah's Witnesses in Killeen.
Mr. Pafford died Nov. 10, 2013, at a hospital in Temple. He was born Aug. 16, 1945, in Corpus Christi.
Survivors include his wife, Sherry Pafford of Harker Heights; and his daughters, Stacy Shuell of Bethel, Conn., and Adrian Desrosiers of Smithfield, N.C.


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Prices, specials, features and availability subject to change.
Contact for details
Near I-75, Troy Civic Center, Somerset Collection, schools, hospitals and offices. Units include patio/balcony, ceramic tiled bath, air conditioners. Great move-in Specials!
Lease Terms: 12 month lease. 6 month lease- ask. One cat o.k. with revocable pet permit. No charge for permit.
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Online chip broker sets out UK stall
Channel Flannel
ce Consumer Electronic AG, the online chip broker, is setting up a subsidiary for the UK and Ireland.
Based in Germany, ce Consumer Electronic is also a wholesale distributor of electronics components, with subsidiaries in several countries.
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text:
The A-League players' union will join forces with Football Federation of Australia to assist in the investigation of alleged racial abuse directed at Sydney FC player Ali Abbas during Saturday's Sydney derby which could lead to an unprecedented disciplinary tribunal under the national members' protection policy.
The Iraqi-born midfielder lodged a formal complaint with the FFA after allegedly being the victim of racial, religious and cultural abuse from at least one Western Sydney Wanderers player during the match which prompted the intervention of the Professional Footballers Association.
It is understood that the players' union has been in contact with the head of the A-League, Damien De Bohun, and Abbas regarding the matter but is yet to interview the Wanderers player in question largely due to the team in China preparing for their Asian Champions League clash against Guizhou Renhe.
The PFA will push for mediation as a means to resolve the issue though have not ruled out the possibility of disciplinary measures or a formal tribunal taking place.
"These allegations are of an extremely serious nature," PFA general manager Adam Vivian said. "The PFA will work with all parties through this process, and will continue to deliver education programs that highlight the behavioural importance of language and conduct with regards to all areas of equality. We call on the privacy of those alleged to have been involved to be respected during this process."
The FFA would not comment on the matter as it is under investigation.
Abbas, who was born in Iraq and became an Australian citizen in 2012, was visibly furious after the final whistle on Saturday.
He engaged in a heated exchange with Wanderers striker Brendon Santalab which forced several players to step in to separate them but the cause of the feud is not yet confirmed.
Abbas also had a war of words with Wanderers' Iacopo La Rocca during the second-half after an apparent stray elbow struck him in the head.
Meanwhile, Newcastle striker Joel Griffiths admits copping a ban for abusing a linesman last year taught him a lesson and says any racial vilification in the A-League should attract firm punishment. Griffiths was alleged to have racially abused a match official while playing for Sydney FC against Melbourne Victory last season but was only found guilty of the lesser charge relating to verbal abuse towards a match official.
Though, the 34-year-old admitted that the abuse may have been racial in nature.
"I've gotten punishment for a racial comment," Griffiths told AAP.
He said the subsequent punishment made him realise the damage of his abuse.
"I got three weeks for saying something which I regret and that's helped me out in the long term to realise maybe I should think about what I say more. You just have to be aware those comments obviously offend people and viewers as well so you've got to be professional, which is why I accepted that punishment."
Griffiths, who played alongside Abbas at both the Jets and Sydney, said he had been in contact with him over social media.
He said he did not know what comments were made but felt it must have been something quite offensive as it was "out of Ali's character to actually carry on like he did".
Griffiths, who was banned again this season for two games after a tirade against a referee in his comeback game for the Jets, conceded comments could be made in the heat of the moment without enough thought for their implication or impact.
He insisted, however, that racial abuse should be stamped out of the game.
"I know in the heat of the battle you say some stupid things and you regret it afterwards, which is what I've done," he said.
"I've been found guilty on a couple of occasions for saying things I regret.
"Five seconds later, I think 'why did I say that?' If they go down that path, then I think the player has to accept it because the bottom line stops with the FFA. This is something the game doesn't need."
with AAP.


text:
Jai Lava Kusa to have three Teasers July 03, 2017 14:46
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Stylish Star Allu Arjun promised a film for Naga Babu long ago after he turned out into a star in Tollywood. But because of his commitments, Bunny could not make it true. Finally now Naga…Read More
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Superstar Rajinikanth wrapped up the shoot of his next movie titled 2.0. Sensational director Shankar directed the movie which is occupied with the post-production work. Amy Jackson essayed the female lead which is quite crucial…Read More
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