text: On Monday 24 February 2003 05:19 am, Clark C. Evans wrote: > As far as the "model", I think I like the twisted model of a > "request" and "resource" better than Webware's model. I was always > uncomfortable with the extra abstractions that Webware has and feel > that Webware's attempts to do nice things for you get in the way > more often than they actually help. To the credit of > FreeBSD/Apache/PostgreSQL/Webware, I have a process that's been > up for 4-5 months now without a restart... I'm curious about this comment. I tried to keep servlet/request/response fairly straightforward and simple. What about WebKit servlets or other aspects of Webware in general do think could be simplified? Please let me know! This is what I was going for: :-) On Monday 24 February 2003 11:06 am, Aaron Held wrote: > Webware is like Python, it only wants to handle your logic, let the > details be managed by native apps that do it better and provide a > 'pythonic' interface. On Monday 24 February 2003 05:19 am, Clark C. Evans wrote: > That said, I wanted "ftp" support for my next app and I'd rather > not have it in a separate process. Also, I want to have a single > process rather than using Apache. So, this is what is currently > attracting me to Twisted -- I guess it's the clutter that I do > find useful. *grin*. I never want my web and app servers to be merged in my production apps. I find it useful to be able to restart the app server or even shut it down for a few seconds while I fix something. Because the adapters in the web server try to contact the app server several times, the visitors to my site get a long delay instead of an error. I also leverage Apache for doing various things like rewriting URLs, compressing content, etc. I don't see much point in duplicating those abilities in Python when they already work elsewhere. Although I'm by no means opposed to adding more protocols to the app server. We're already doing HTTP via Ian's earlier contrib. I don't have any Twisted comments as I haven't used their product. -Chuck


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Home > Community > Health Library > Optic Nerve
The optic nerve is the nerve at the back of the eye that carries
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For help with transportation, contact Guest Services.
Children's provides a free van service to and from the hospital main campus or the Bellevue Clinic and Surgery Center for patients and families traveling through Seattle's:
The van is wheelchair accessible.
Contact: 206-987-RIDE (7433) or email at least 24 hours before you need a ride.
Provides transportation between Children's main campus and the Ronald McDonald House.
Call: 206-987-2030 at least 30 minutes before you need a ride.
Provides transportation between Children's main campus, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington Medical Center. Shuttle leaves every hour from the Ocean 8 entrance.
Resources listed here are based on availability. Inclusion does not imply endorsement. Call to verify services.
* Car seats may be available upon request (usually only one per car). Call ahead. W Wheelchair-accessible vehicles may be available upon request. Call ahead.
Washington State law now requires children to ride in a car seat or booster seat until they are 8 years old or are at least 4 feet, 9 inches tall. See the booster seat flyer (PDF) for more information.
Medicaid-approved families may qualify for taxi rides, bus tickets, or gas vouchers. Call your Medicaid transportation broker 2–5 days before your visit.
Call: Seattle Children's Social Work Intake at 206-987-2760.
Some organizations provide free air transportation to patients with financial need. To learn more:
Call: Social Work at 206-987-2760.
At Seattle Children's
866-987-2000 (toll-free)
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All Seattle Children's Locations


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Auburn, Ala. - The Auburn Studio Project, hosted by Auburn Parks & Recreation, the Jan Dempsey Community Arts Center, and the Jule Collins Smith Museum of Fine Art, will be held Wednesday, Feb. 26 at the Jan Dempsey Community Arts Center and the Jule Collins Smith Museum of Fine Art. This community-based, art education program is for sixth grade students from Auburn City Schools. This year's theme, Ganando La Vida (Making a Living), focuses on art from Mexico.
The program will begin at the Jule Collins Smith Museum where students will view Ganando La Vida. The exhibit, an exhibition assembled from objects in the museum's permanent collection, presents prints, paintings, and drawings dealing broadly with the theme of labor. The program will conclude at the Jan Dempsey Community Arts Center where students will attend three workshops: a visual arts project where students will create a block style print that emphasizes expression in portraiture, a performance workshop in which students will participate in authentic Mexican dances with Mexican Ballet performers Lupita Sosa and Mario Bazan, and a button workshop where students will design and create original buttons inspired by the Ganando La Vida Exhibition.
For more information, or if you are interested in volunteering, please contact Cari Philen, Art Education Specialist, at 334-501-2944 or by email at email@example.com.


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Got a great travel tip for NYC or BOSTON? Do tell! Please help me plan my free time on 2015 TOUR! Continue reading
Tagged with Washington …
Inauguration Celebration For The Working Class
We are on the eve of another POTUS hand-off. There's plenty of talking heads talking, and blogging hands blogging out their opinions and witty repartee. I have absolutely nothing important to say. But, just like millions of other Americans, that won't stop me from saying something anyway.


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Develop physical and mental fitness and find a new harmony
of the mind, body and spirit using this ancient Chinese
martial art. Mastering the essentials of Tai Chi is
especially valuable for bodyworkers, medical Qigong
therapists and acupuncturists alike because Tai Chi
teaches centering, natural bodily alignment, grounding,
and integration of posture, breath and intent. These
skills help reduce body stress and fatigue and maximize
physical power and qi flow when treating.
Simplified 24-Style
Yang Tai Chi Chuan (Taijiquan)
Simplified 24-Style Yang Tai Chi was created in the
1950's as the National Tai Chi form in mainland China.
It features many of the major movements from the original
108 movement Yang Tai Chi form, but without the numerous
repetitions present in the long form, and can thus be
completed in 5-7 minutes of practice. As a short form,
it is well suited for modern people with busy lives
who still desire an exercise system for fitness and
health. Simplified 24-Style Yang Tai Ch is the world's
most popular version of Tai Chi, and is featured in
Tai Chi form competitions internationally.
Tai Chi - Level 1
Starting with basic movements, warm-up techniques
and breathing exercises, you will learn a short 13-step
Tai Chi set of flowing natural movements done slowly
with calmness, balance and awareness.
Style Tai Chi – Level 1
Chen Style Tai Chi is the mother of all main Tai Chi styles taught around the
world today. You will learn its sinuous and beautiful spiraling movements,
open up your joints, increase your strength, balance and flexibility, and learn
the meaning of true internal power. Chen Style Tai Chi's unique features
include a more obviously martial flavor than it's offspring Tai Chi styles,
changing it's tempo from slow and soft movements to sudden movements of grace
and power. Because of Chen Style's vigorous movements, it is most suitable
for younger people in relatively good physical condition who also have are
interested in Tai Chi's martial arts features in addition to its health
promoting benefits. Prior martial arts experience a plus.
Chi - Level 2
You will refine and correct the movements
learned in Tai Chi 1. You will also begin to
explore the principles of Yin and Yang, and
discover deep relaxation in movement.
Chi - Level 3
In Tai Chi 3, you will be introduced
to the rarely taught "inner structure
of Tai Chi." You will be given time-tested
traditional principles for developing structural
alignment, drawn from the Tai
Chi Classics.. This knowledge is the
key to integrated power, grace, grounding,
and increased qi flow in your Tai Chi.
Chi - Level 4
Tai Chi 4 deepens your exploration and
mastery of Tai Chi's inner structure. We will
also begin Tai Chi two person practice, called tui
shou or Push Hands, where you will develop
sensitivity and learn practical applications
of Tai Chi with the aid of a partner.
Chi - Level 5
Tai Chi 5 enhances your ability to stay grounded,
centered and calm in the midst of everyday stress. You
will expand your repertoire of poised responses through
new Tai Chi partner exercises, and will learn the practical
use of the 13 postures of Tai Chi as related to the
eight trigrams and five elements.
Tai Chi - Level 6
Tai Chi 6 introduces the moving step exercises of Tai
Chi partner practice. You will acquire the art of skillful
distancing and timing, and will learn both Tai Chi martial
applications and the way of neutralizing these applications.


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Hovatron Remix Pack
Montrealer and producer extraordinaire Hovatron has been making live electronic music that will knock your pants off since his work at the famed Turbo Crunk nights. He just dropped some new remixes free of charge, which means the only thing you have to buy is birth control for your subwoofer. Cop it and decide for yourself, and make sure you get out to see the man himself spinning with Hudson Mohawke and Lunice at the LuckyMe Showcase on May 29th!


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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Bipolar Depression
- Full Text View
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- How to Read a Study Record
This is a study to assess the effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a treatment for depressed adults with bipolar disorder.
In rTMS high-intensity, fluctuating magnetic fields non-invasively stimulate the cortex of the brain depolarising neurons. No anaesthetic is required and the treatment in subconvulsive. Recent studies suggest that rTMS can be an effective treatment for depressive illness in adults (Loo and Mitchell et al, 2005) and appears to be quite safe.
Most of the published studies to date have focused on unipolar depression. There is limited data of TMS use in bipolar depression. Eg. Pilot study by Nahas Z, Kozel FA, Li X, Anderson B, George MS.in 2003, which was negative.
The investigators wish to assess this in a sham-controlled study of adults. The investigators hypothesise that both left and right sided rTMS will have an antidepressant effect superior to sham in this population.
|Bipolar Depression
|Device: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
|Phase 1 Phase 2
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
|Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Double-Blind
Primary Purpose: Treatment
|Official Title:
|A Comparison of Left vs. Right Prefrontal Cortex Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as a Treatment for Bipolar Depression
- All measures at baseline and at the end of each week of treatment in the blind phase and after every 2 weeks of treatment in the open phase. [ Time Frame: weekly ]
- Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) [ Time Frame: Weekly ]
- Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGI) [ Time Frame: Weekly ]
- Patient Global Improvement scale [ Time Frame: Weekly ]
- Young Mania Rating Scale [ Time Frame: weekly ]
|Estimated Enrollment:
|Study Start Date:
|April 2007
|Estimated Study Completion Date:
|April 2010
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|18 Years to 80 Years (Adult, Senior)
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion Criteria:
- DSM-IV Major Depressive Episode of no more than 3 years.
- Diagnosis of bipolar I or II disorder
- Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale score of 20 or more.
- Aged over 18
- May or may not be taking antidepressant medication.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Patient not able to give informed consent.
- Failure to respond to ECT in current episode of depression.
- Significant other Axis I psychiatric disorders e.g. schizophrenia.
- In imminent physical or psychological danger, or needs rapid clinical response due to inanition, psychosis or high suicide risk.
- Comorbid substance abuse or dependence
- History of neurological illness e.g. epilepsy; neurosurgical procedure
- Metal in the cranium, a pacemaker, cochlear implant, medication pump or other electronic device.
- Women of child-bearing age in whom pregnancy cannot be ruled out.
- Patients with a history of mood 'switching' in response to other treatments.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00470639
|Australia, New South Wales
|Black Dog Research Institute
|Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
|Northside Clinic
|Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
|Principal Investigator:
|Colleen Loo, FRANZCP, MD
|University of New South Wales
|Study Director:
|William Lyndon, FRANZCP
|University of Sydney
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT00470639 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|Study First Received:
|May 7, 2007
|Last Updated:
|September 25, 2008
Keywords provided by The University of New South Wales:
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Behavioral Symptoms
Mood Disorders
Mental Disorders
Bipolar and Related Disorders
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on July 25, 2017


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Originally posted on Larry Brown Sports | Last updated 2/1/13
Alex Rodriguez is denying allegations that he received performance-enhancing drugs from Anthony Bosch's Biogenesis company, but the evidence against him is mounting. On Tuesday, the Miami New Times reported that A-Rod was one of many MLB players who ordered performance-enhancing drugs (in many cases testosterone) from the now-defunct Biogenesis company. Their report was based on conversations with former Biogenesis employees and customers, plus written records and patient files. The evidence from the Miami New Times seemed very solid. Rodriguez, through his publicist, denied the report. "The news report about a purported relationship between Alex Rodriguez and Anthony Bosch are not true. Alex Rodriguez was not Mr. Bosch's patient, he was never treated by him and he was treated by him and he was never advised by him. The purported documents referenced in the story — at least as they relate to Alex Rodriguez — are not legitimate." ESPN's "Outside the Lines" reports that Rodriguez received injections from Bosch, which meshes with the New Times' report which said Rodriguez received personal attention from Bosch. ESPN says Rodriguez would send Bosch text messages telling him to come to his mansion to inject him with performance-enhancing drugs. These visits reportedly would occur every few weeks. They even shared a detailed anecdote about Bosch having difficult locating a vein to inject A-Rod, leaving the Yankees DH/3B angered and bloody. Rodriguez has not tested positive for PEDs since MLB began drug testing, though he did admit to using steroids from 2001-2003 after his PED usage was exposed in 2009 Sports Illustrated story. Three of the MLB players mentioned in the New Times report — Melky Cabrera, Bartolo Colon, and Yasmani Grandal — failed drug tests last season and received 50-game suspensions. Other proven PED users like Manny Ramirez and tennis player Wayne Odesnik have ties to the Bosches/Biogenesis. We know who we're believing in this situation, and it isn't the self-admitted former user. The post A-Rod reportedly received injections from Anthony Bosch appeared first on Larry Brown Sports. Related posts: Anthony Bosch reportedly was running BALCO of the East, supplying A-Rod, Nelson Cruz, Gio Gonzalez, Melky, Colon Yankees reportedly trying to void Alex Rodriguez's contract Alex Rodriguez is reportedly not planning to retire…how stunning!
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text:
Attend InDesign training in Bloomfield Hills. Our Bloomfield Hills classroom is configured to allow you to get the most out of your InDesign class.
Learn Adobe InDesign in our Bloomfield Hills, Michigan facility to create stunning designs using tools that enable free-flowing expression, with fine control over graphics, typography, color, transparency, effects, and placed images. InDesign offers a variety of features that make it ideal for designers who work in print and/or online mediums.
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text:
This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (
In his
In 2004, seeking a new understanding of informational phenomena based on the molecular organization of life [
Since this paper appeared, there have been many attempts to pin down the nature of the "invisible hand", as well as the form of the communication between agents, but this has proven extremely difficult. Mathematical approaches, such as that proposed by Marijuan himself of the partitional canon, have not led to many fundamental new insights. It is becoming clearer today, however, that no single explanation derived from any single classical discipline could be adequate, as is shown by recent studies by Hofkirchner [
Two new groups of studies, which have appeared only in the last two or three years, are in my opinion significant breakthroughs in the comprehension of the science and metaphysics of information:
The dynamic absential approach of Terrence Deacon [
The informational ontology of Wu Kun, developed over the last thirty years, but which has just begun to be available in English [
As I will show, my own new approach involving a non-standard
As Wu Kun states, it is rather disconcerting to note that in order to approach correctly a concept that is considered part of standard science—information—we must in fact reexamine the entire philosophical structure of transmitted human knowledge. That few people are willing or able to do this is perhaps unfortunate, but it does not change the situation. People who seek certainty and complete definitions for complex phenomena must face continued disappointment. The recent paper by Edouard Machery, "Why I stopped worrying about the definition of life… and why you should as well" [
The multi-faceted scope that Robert K. Logan has defined for this Special Issue clearly reflects the complexity of the problem and the necessity of seeking "new windows" as has Robert E. Ulanowicz in his closely related analysis of a new paradigm for natural processes [
Since Marijuan's paper appeared, there have been many attempts to pin down the nature of the "invisible hand", as well as the form of the communication between agents, and even the definition of what constitutes an "agent" has proven extremely difficult. One problem, suggested by a reviewer, is that that there is no exact unambiguous definition of an agent. Traditional definitions assumes that an
There is general agreement that information is a complex but perhaps unifying concept that nevertheless comes in a wide variety of forms. However, the current set of assumptions about its nature, still based largely on computational extensions of Shannon's original ideas, is sufficient to explicate its minimal physical characteristics but insufficient to define its representational character or its functional, qualitative and normative value.
This paper discusses the new approach to information, proposed by Terrence Deacon, as a process instantiating a complex dynamics that starts with thermodynamics and continues throughout higher ontological levels of form (morphodynamics) and intentionality (teleodynamics). In his
In this paper, I demonstrate the complementarity of the LIR and Deacon approaches to what is not, or not fully, present—not "there"—or an understanding of the dynamics of complex phenomena, especially, of intentionality, information and ethics. Deacon shows that the hallmark of information is its absent content, a resultant function of the necessary physicality of information processes, and LIR shows that presence (actuality) and absence (potentiality) in such processes must be related dynamically. While the importance of a concept of absence for information was indicated by Marijuan ten years ago, it is Deacon's detailed current development that now calls for our attention.
Logic in Reality (LIR) is a new
In terms of this special issue, the relation of modes of information to meaning, Deacon's approach and Logic in Reality (LIR) accomplish several objectives: first of all, they ground and extend Logan's concept of the relativity of information, in that information is not only not an invariant quantity, but a process or set of processes of processes. As we will see, Deacon's description of the evolution of intertwined thermo-, morpho- and teleodynamic levels further develops the concept of biotic or instructional information that results in the propagation of organization as pointed out by Kauffmann, Logan and their colleagues [
LIR provides a necessary further
A vision of reality that includes subjectivity and moral value, without requiring any anti-scientific principle to justify individual and collective moral responsibility, can be defended. Deacon's view of the dynamics involved in informational processes supports a new and central role for information in the reform and naturalization of philosophy itself.
In this paper, I will show that the work of Deacon and Logic in Reality share the ontological feature of being firmly grounded in physical processual reality. I will now show that the latter enables a critique of the former such that principles of the combined theories offer a new platform for progress in the science and philosophy of life.
I begin in
I conclude in
Deacon emphasizes that his theory and its conclusions are
The protagonists in this colloquy are thus Professor Terrence W. Deacon, Dean of the Department of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley and the Franco-Romanian thinker Stéphane Lupasco (Bucharest, 1900–Paris, 1988), the latter "represented" by myself. For the understanding of the synthesis of the views that I am attempting, it is important to understand that Deacon appears to be a monist at the fundamental level, that is, in his picture of the role of spontaneity and the properties of energy, but not at higher biological and cognitive levels of reality, at which his conception of the interactions at and between levels approaches and is supported by that of Lupasco.
From a formal standpoint, I will be addressing the following issues:
(i) The fundamental
(ii) The
(iii) The recursive
Unlike most theories of this kind, including mine, the description of Deacon has the requisite variety (in the Ashby sense) involving the interaction of energetic, dynamical processes at thermodynamic, morphological and teleological levels [
This paper starts from the assumption that there are clear scientific, logical and philosophical reasons for the difficulty in prior attempts to formulate a coherent theory of the nature and function of information. These reasons can be summarized as a fundamental unidimensionality and lack of complexity in the philosophical concepts and underlying dynamics attributed to informational processes. In the conception of Wu Kun, much current work in the field of information still assumes a Husserlian limitation of its basis to an internal world, with the bracketing or suspension of the objective world of the subject's own existence.
This position is echoed in the very important book of Sören Brier,
As I have discussed elsewhere, no satisfactory formal or informal logic has been available for information. Standard truth-functional logics can address the formal mathematical aspects of computational theories of information but not more. Other references to a "logic of information" are simply metaphorical restatements of some of its regularities. Floridi's Information Logic (IL), or Logic of Being Informed [
The title of this Section refers to two kinds of argumentation and analysis that Deacon goes to some lengths to show must be avoided in discussing complex natural phenomena in general and information in particular. One is what he calls "homunculus" arguments, where homunculus is an emblem for any abstract principle in a scientific or philosophical explanation that imports an unanalyzed attribution of information, sentience, reference, meaning, purpose, design, self, subjective experience, value, and so on—attributes often associated with mental states—into scientific explanations. The origin of this attitude can be traced back to Cartesian mind-body dualism, deconstructed in modern times by Gilbert Ryle, who coined the phrase "The Ghost in the Machine".
Deacon takes the golem as the avatar of the opposite of a homunculus: apparently mind-like processes that are nonetheless devoid of any intentionality or ententional properties of their own. Ententional is a generic adjective that goes beyond simple directionality. It is proposed by Deacon to describe all phenomena that are intrinsically incomplete in the sense of being in relationship to, constituted by, or organized to achieve something non-intrinsic. If a homunculus is a little man in my head, then the golem is a hollow-headed man, a zombie. The golems in our society are computers and those who believe that everything can be accomplished by them.
The "existence" of golems might be seen as the consequence of investing logic as usually understood with animate power. One problem lies in the usual assumption that syntax and semantics, logic and representation, are independent of one another. A golem is syntax without semantics and logic without representation. There is no one at home in the golem because there is no internal representation possible—no meaning, no significance, no value, just physical mechanism, one thing after another with inflexible consistency. Golems are idealized metaphors. Formal logic assumes that the variables of its expressions are idealized representations, and it brackets the underlying realities from consideration to explore the purely formal, inert relations that must follow from its application.
It is possible, however, to conceive of and develop a logical system, a way of looking things logically that is not a golem, but a
Two transitions have been required for this paper to have come into existence: the transition from non-living to living systems, and the transition of living systems to those capable of thought. Despite millennia of application of thought to its own existence, there is still no minimally rigorous account of what is required to cross these thresholds. This is what Deacon has found new ways of doing which it is my intention to both support and critique.
Information, like other complex biological, cognitive and social processes are all, in Deacon's term
They are teleological phenomena, evolving in teleological processes. (The term must not be confused with that coined by Collier [
Deacon deserves the historical credit for showing that that general characteristic is a negative relationship defined with respect to
Very briefly, Deacon's argument is that the existence of anything requires the imposition of some force that separates it from other things—a constraint; this constraint reduces the number of possible states of the entity which is, accordingly, defined by what it is not, or what it is not yet. The absence (sic!) of any serious literature about absence as a physical and metaphysical principle that is causally efficient is, negative, evidence of the resistance to or lack of interest in it. Only in
In order to demonstrate the importance of reference to physically absent or absential aspects of phenomena as critical to their understanding, it is necessary to begin with the simplest things that happen at the lowest relevant level of physical reality. At this first stage in our discussion, this will be the level of macroscopic physical phenomena at which the laws of classical physics and thermodynamics, available since the 19th Century, hold without violation.
The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics describes the energy gradient in which the world has existed since the Big Bang (or its equivalent in a cyclic model of the universe). The existence in this gradient of existence of spontaneity and spontaneous processes corresponds to the familiar phenomena of "water running downhill" or of chemical reactions taking place if the free energy of the products is lower than that of the reactants. In other words, spontaneous processes are those described by Newton's 1st Law of Inertia.
The concept of constraint can provide a negative "absential" approach to real phenomena that are determined by discrete interaction effects that
In statistical mechanics, constraint is a technical term used to describe a reduction of degrees of freedom of change or a restriction on the variation of properties that is less than what is possible. In colloquial terms, constraint tends to be understood as an external limitation, reflecting some extrinsically imposed factor that reduces possibilities or options. In each case, there are reduced degrees of freedom that in the absence of these constraints could potentially be realized. It is the causal efficiency of constraints as operators [
Homeodynamics; operation of thermodynamics as noted; characterized by: increase in entropy; dissipation of constraints; tendency toward static equilibrium.
Morphodynamics; operation of self-organization; characterized by: amplification of constraints; dynamic equilibrium; meta-stability.
Teleodynamics; operation of living systems; recursive self-reconstitution and reproduction of systems of constraints.
In order to understand how these dynamics have the outcomes they have, Deacon introduces the further notions of orthograde and contragrade processes.
Orthograde processes is Deacon's term for changes in the state of a system that are consistent with the spontaneous, "natural" tendency to change without external interference. The change of a thermodynamic system toward a state of increased entropy, if totally unperturbed by extrinsic influences, is the most basic example of orthograde change. In the real world, of course, nothing is ever completely isolated, and no physical system remains forever unperturbed by external influences. This means that thermodynamic orthograde change is often resisted, modulated, or reversed, depending on the relative degree and duration of interaction with other contrary constraints or processes. (I have some questions about the use of "often" rather than "always" here, but let us not interrupt Deacon's train of thought). In any context, orthograde processes will continue until they reach a state in which there is symmetry in the probable directions of change, or until the supportive conditions change. This dynamical terminus of an orthograde process is its attractor, which may or may not be a quiescent state.
Contragrade processes are changes that must be extrinsically forced because they run counter to orthograde tendencies. The assumption of spontaneity is fraught with problems, but I will retain the term for the time being. It remains true that the apparent "spontaneous" tendency of molecules with the potential for interaction to wander into each other's spatial positions and dynamical values is responsible for the orthograde dynamic that characterizes global change toward equilibrium. In this way, contragrade dynamics at one level produce orthograde dynamics at the higher level. Another merit of describing change in these complementary terms is that it gives new meaning to the defining property of matter—a resistance to change—and the defining property of energy—that which is required to overcome resistance to change. Since orthograde processes ensue spontaneously, they are ubiquitously present, even during processes of contragrade (forced) changes. A contragrade change must therefore derive from two or more orthograde processes, each in some way opposing the other's effects. Each must constrain the other in a reciprocal way. So, to again describe this in the negative, the evolution of increasingly complex forms of constraints has given rise to increasingly varied ways to impose constraints on the world with respect to these internal constraints. In this sense, the source of agency can be described as the generation of interactive constraints which do work to perpetuate the reciprocal maintenance of the constraints that maintain an organism or a self.
Morphodynamic organization emerges due to the interaction of opposed thermodynamic processes (e.g., perturbation and equilibration), and it results in constraint amplification rather than constraint dissipation (
Morphodynamic processes develop in persistent far-from-equilibrium conditions because the increase in internally generated dynamical constraints is more efficient (requires less work) to deplete the energetic and/or material gradient that is driving the system away from equilibrium. In this way, morphodynamic processes accelerate the destruction of whatever gradient is responsible for generating them. They are, in this respect, self-undermining, and are only maintained when this gradient is constantly replenished by some extrinsic source.
Analogously teleodynamic organization emerges due to reciprocally organized morphodynamic processes, and results in constraint stabilization rather than constraint amplification, and entropy ratcheting rather than entropy production.
As one reviewer has pointed out, these concepts instantiate a property of "asymmetry" in time that is antagonistic to symmetrical classical laws of physics. As György Darvas has shown, much in the spirit of LIR, symmetry and anti- or asymmetry stand in a dialectical relationship.
In Deacon's terms, teleodynamics refers to a form of dynamical organization of real processes that exhibit purpose or end-directedness and consequence-oriented features that is constituted by the co-creation, complementary constraint and reciprocal synergy of two or more strongly coupled morphodynamic processes. It results in constraint stabilization rather than constraint amplification, and entropy "ratcheting" rather than entropy production.
In somewhat different terms, in teleodynamic organization, Deacon argues, one sees for the first time that one physical system is capable of influencing other physical systems via something that is merely virtual—that which is specifically absent, missing, displaced, potential, or merely abstract. In the simple thought experiment (antigens) that exemplifies the core architecture of this argument, it is the premature halting of the component morphodynamic processes, a tendency that is spontaneous and would otherwise run to self-extinction, that makes self, information, and life possible. It is the possibility of briefly building up constraints by morphodynamic action, and then halting the process before there is any dissipation of those constraints, but enabling their subsequent propagation, that is the secret of this distinctive form of causality.
When so presented, however, this argument begs the question of the locus of the capacity to so influence other systems, and it is here that Logic in Reality, that it its ascription of the Principle of Dynamic Opposition (see below,
In more detail, Deacon's definition of teleodynamics is: a form of dynamical organization exhibiting end-directedness and consequence-organized features that is constituted by the co-creation, complementary constraint, and reciprocal synergy of two or more strongly coupled morphodynamic processes. Thus, while living systems do indeed incorporate morphodynamic processes at nearly every level of their organization, they also exhibit properties that differ radically from those characterizing morphodynamic processes, inverting their "logic". The most important inversion is that. Organisms actively reorganize their internal dynamics and relationships to the environment in ways that specifically counter or compensate for any depletion of the gradients that is necessary to maintain their dynamical integrity and their capacity to so respond.
The ways that these processes all serve to maintain the capacity for self-repair and self-replication exemplify an inversion of the most typical features of morphodynamic systems. This indicates that dynamical systems approaches limited to morphodynamic and chaotic non-linear dynamics are insufficient to account for living dynamics, and I have made a similar critique of dynamic systems theory in [
A good example of how the three dynamic levels are tied together in Deacon's theory is in what he calls the self-assembly of macromolecular structures as a special case of crystallization. "Like crystal lattice formation, the growth of multi-unit macromolecular structures is an expression of the intrinsic geometry of component molecules, the collective symmetries these offer in aggregate, and the lower energy state of the crystallized forms. It is in this sense an expression of a thermodynamic orthograde tendency to reduce total entropy. It's just that molecular shape and charge features, and their relationships to other molecules—including especially to the surrounding water—are responsible for the spontaneity of their growth. The accretion of molecules into crystalline like arrangements is thus a function of thermodynamics, but the influence of their structural and charge characteristics may contribute to the amplification of constraints, thereby generating regularities in the ways they form into aggregates; a morphodynamic consequence."
From the LIR standpoint this concept is not incorrect, but it is incomplete to base the ascent solely on the intrinsic (actualized) geometry of the substrate molecules, ignoring the role of the potentialized, hence partially absent, energies of those molecules. Self-assembly, like self-organization, are concepts in which "self-" should perhaps be starred—"self*-"—to remind the reader of the more fundamental dynamics involved.
Deacon's explanation of the way in which the linked thermodynamic, morphodynamic and teleodynamic processes operate is based on work. It is work, rather than energy per se (as in LIR to date) that describes the capacity of the different process components, at and between their respective levels, to lead to the emergence of complex cognitive phenomena. What has been missing is a full understanding of how the power to effect change at all levels is interconnected and interdependent, and Deacon believes an expansion and generalization of the concept of work is the critical first step.
Work is defined in physics as the scalar product of a force times the distance through which it acts. The 1st Law of Thermodynamics states that when work is done to a system, the system's energy changes by that amount of work, equating work and energy. As Deacon points out, however, the concept of work is primitive in the sense of being reflected in the extent of the non-spontaneous change that actually takes place, whereas another statement of the 1st Law refers merely to the fact that there is no change in the total amount of energy of the total system. Work can be defined generally as the production of contragrade change at all three major dynamic levels: at each level there is a class of orthograde and contragrade tendencies in which contragrade change can only be effected by pitting orthograde processes against each other.
The advantage of couching the discussion of cognitive processes in terms of work is that it permits more intuitive ways of seeing the links between mental work and the physical forms of energy also involved. A general theory of work should demonstrate the isomorphism between physical and mental activities, the ways in which that both energy and ideas can introduce non-spontaneous change into the world.
The concept of work as the common feature in attributions of causal power untangles the notion of causal power from undifferentiated notions of causality. Whereas commonsense conceptions of cause tend to be applied to all kinds of physical changes, attributions of causal power are typically invoked in a more restricted sense. For Deacon, this distinction parallels the distinction between changes due to work and changes in general. Power is an indication that work is involved and not just causality in general—in other words, it invokes a sense of overcoming resistance, of forcing things to change in ways that they would not otherwise change.
Deacon sees this view of causality as a start on formalizing the relationships that link energetic processes, form generation processes, and social-cognitive processes. It shows that what emerges in new levels of dynamics is not any new fundamental law of physics or any singularity in the causal connectedness of physical phenomena, but rather the possibility of new forms of work, and thus new ways to achieve what would not be able to occur spontaneously. Possibilities of new forms of work are made possible by heterogeneous environments, whereas classical laws deal only with homogeneous ones. It is this feature that makes Kauffmann's "adjacent possible" combinatorially intractable and/or
Teleodynamic work can be defined as the production of contragrade teleodynamic processes. Since this must be understood in terms of orthograde teleodynamic processes, the first step in describing this level of work is to define and identify examples of orthograde teleodynamics. In general terms, an orthograde teleodynamic process is an end-directed process, and more specifically, one that will tend to occur spontaneously. Although teleodynamic processes are incredibly complex, and an explanation of the structure of teleodynamic work is by far the most elaborate—since it is constituted by special relationships between forms of morphodynamic work—it is also the most familiar, since it includes the highest level of human cognitive processes.
It should be obvious that Deacon's schemes are, like all others, dependent on prior work not all of which can be adequately referenced. Parallels can be found to Alice Juarerro's dynamics of action and to Robert Rosen's work on anticipatory systems, where the phenomenon anticipated is by definition "absent". In private communication, Deacon has indicated his intention of rectifying these omissions.
The nexus of the LIR and Deacon approaches can be found in Deacon's statement that the causal logic of spontaneous physical processes is radically different from the ententional logic of life and mind. For me, the first logic is standard bivalent logic, adequate for macrophysical phenomena and the second is Logic in Reality (LIR), that of dynamic opposition, non-separability and emergence. I therefore turn to the necessary summary of LIR.
I begin my development by describing the consequences of operation of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics in our world as a spontaneous increase in entropy, that is, disorder. Energy moves from diverse, heterogeneous high-level forms toward a single, homogeneous low-level form (heat). Let us designate such a tendency toward a single undifferentiated state of affairs as exemplifying identity in an ontological sense or, simply, identifying or "homogenizing" (an "identification") leading ultimately to the disappearance of all structure in a smoothed-out homogeneous identity, the "heat death" of the universe. As Deacon points out (
Nevertheless, the 2nd Law can be "abrogated" locally and can give rise under certain conditions to the emergence of order and new not-previously existing structures. What has not been generally recognized, however, is that
This second most fundamental aspect of energy is expressed in LIR as a fundamental duality of otherwise indistinguishable electrons, or more generally fermions shows a fundamental duality governed by the Pauli Principle of Exclusion. Electrons are located in shells around the nucleus of an atom, but two electrons in the same shell cannot have the same quantum numbers for their properties, such as spin. Build-up of a multiplicity of shells is possible, for atoms heavier than helium, in which the electrons will all have, as a consequence of their distance from the nucleus and the degree of completion of the shells, a different capacity (potential) for reacting with other atoms to form different molecules enabling the existence of, ultimately, life and human beings. The difference between spin-up and spin-down electrons is thus the earliest example of an internal "difference". The differences between fermions and bosons themselves, the external difference between odd and even spin, or between different kinds of particles, hadrons and leptons are external. A similar phenomenon, due to Pauli exclusion at the nuclear level, results in the existence of nuclear spin isomers. The diversity is real and leads to differences in some physical properties as in, for example, molecular
Energy and accordingly all existence thus also show a tendency toward or instantiate an opposing process of heterogeneity, or non-identity or diversity, a 'heterogenizing' process, a diversification, opposed to the trend toward identity expressed in the 2nd Law. Logic in Reality is the system of thought that sees the existence of opposition as a logical principle, the basis for another description of orthograde and contragrade processes in logical terms.
The most important feature of Logic in Reality (LIR) is that it is logic of
The term Logic in Reality implies both (1) that the principle of change according to which reality operates is a
A foundation in the physical and metaphysical dualities of nature;
Its axioms and calculus intended to reflect real change;
The categorial structure of its related ontology;
A two-level framework of relational analysis.
Details of the axioms, calculus and semantics of LIR are provided in [
LIR applies to processes, in a process-ontological view of reality, to trends and tendencies, rather than to 'objects' or the steps in a state-transition picture of change. Processes are described formally as transfinite chains of chains of chains,
Standard logic underlies, rather, the construction of oversimplified models which fail to capture the essential dynamics of biological and cognitive processes, such as reasoning. LIR does not replace classical binary or multi-valued logics but reduces to them for simple systems and situations. In contrast to standard logics, LIR has no difficulty in accepting inconsistency, interpreting it as a natural consequence of the underlying oppositions in physical reality. In summary, LIR is a form of scientific realism in which relations are as fundamental as entities, excluding the abstract entities of classical propositional logic. The terms of those relations, the different degrees of actualization, potentialization and T-state can be regarded as non-standard, non -Kolmogorovian probabilities for which, however, a rigorous mathematics awaits development. The most fundamental metalogical as well as metaphysical principle of LIR is that of opposition or antagonism, without which, in this view, nothing could exist.
In LIR, the connectives, that is, what is usually defined as the symbolic logical operators of implication, conjunction and disjunction, all correspond to real operators on real elements in the evolution of real dynamic processes. Accordingly, these operators are, also, subject to being actualized, potentialized or in a T-state. They operate not on theoretical states-of-affairs or propositions, considered as the abstract meaning of statements, but on events, processes and properties, where properties also have the character of processes. The
Consequently, the terms of processes are described in LIR as developing into a transfinite series of disjunctions of implications. Every implication is related to a contradictory negative implication in such a way that the actualization of one entails the potentialization of the other and that the non-actualization non-potentialization of the one entails the non-potentialization non-actualization of the other. This leads to a tree-like development of chains of implications, which represent the form of evolution of all complex processes. This development in chains of chains of implications must be finite but unending, that is, transfinite. It is a principle of the Lupasco system that both identity and diversity must coexist, to the extent that they are opposing dynamic aspects of phenomena and consequently subject to its axioms. As we will see, this conception of the evolution of processes corresponds to the description of the underlying microprocesses by Deacon of the incessant flux of micro-contragrade dynamics, without which higher-order orthograde processes and the hierarchy of emergent levels of dynamics would not exist.
It is difficult to compare LIR directly with other logics, including non-classical ones, since the latter deal with the truth or falsity of propositions or their mathematical equivalents, even in their most modern dynamic, modal or doxastic versions. For example, LIR resembles paraconsistent logics (PCL), in which the law of non-contradiction fails. PCL are defined such that contradiction does not entail triviality. According to the LIR axiom of conditional contradiction, however, if A and non-A are present at the same time, it is only in the sense that when A is (predominantly) actual, non-A is (predominantly) potential.
LIR is perhaps closest to quantum logics since its elements are similar to nonstandard probabilities, which do not follow the laws of commutation or distribution. Diederik Aerts' formalism [
Deacon refers to a number of different logics in his presentation. The following is a partial listing:
logic of emergent dynamics;
autogenic logic;
tangled dynamical logic;
general logic of change;
theme-and-variation logic;
teleodynamic logic, e.g., in thought;
logic of constraint generation,
Using the LIR approach, one can move from these conceptions of logic as a more or less organized body of knowledge or sub-theory to a more formal system of thought. Logic in Reality is formal to the extent that it has axioms, a categorial ontology and something like a semantics that as noted permit stable patterns of inference. In Logic in Reality, to repeat, the inferences are not about the truth and falsity, partial or complete, of statements or sentences, but about the direction of evolution of the components of real processes. With further development, it could offer a methodology that could accurately distinguish correspondence relationships in complex processes and see how they could be interpreted.
For purposes of discussion and debate, I state my position as follows: Logic in Reality "is" the logic of downward causation, the logic of teleological processes, in fact the logic of all emergent dynamics. "Is" here does not imply identity; it rather refers to the two interacting components at the level of both physics and theory that are involved in the process, for example, an overall form and one of the individual sub-processes which will evolve in a "saw-tooth" manner of alternating predominant actuality and potentiality. It provides a logical interpretation of the "entropy ratchet" assumed by Deacon to account for the maintenance of an emergent structure prior to its elimination by diffusion.
As one example, I point to the creation of the document you are reading: the process of its creation has cycled between more or less involvement of the principles of LIR itself, but it has been possible to infer that with the input of the necessary "energy", its potential acceptance could become actual. At this point, its refutation or falsification is potential, but this is a consequence of the application of LIR principles themselves. As I noted in [
I conclude this introduction to LIR by asking the reader, when a reference to it is made in what follows, to try to imagine a "countercurrent" movement of actuality to potentiality, presence to absence and
There is thus a broad formal and conceptual parallelism between Deacon's approach and LIR. LIR also sees things in emergent dynamic terms, without the need for any new fundamental law of physics, but the Deacon description is more complete. To repeat, Deacon's innovation is to have emphasized the role of work in the explication of the evolution of complex processes the ability of orthograde and contragrade processes to change the state of things, that is, to do work. The convergence, again, is due to the importance given in both approaches to relations, described more accurately perhaps in LIR as non-separable.
There is a broad formal and conceptual parallelism between Deacon's approach and LIR. However, it is important to spell out clearly the differences between them. LIR sees the processes of the world in emergent dynamic terms, without the need for any new fundamental law of physics. It is a philosophical logic (or logical philosophy) and can be and has been criticized as "speculative". My counter has been that I have, I have tried to apply, as rigorously as possible, the requirements of my own logic, which is grounded in science (physics), and grounds an ontology. However, it is clearly not science and cannot be judged by exactly the same criteria.
On the other hand, the Deacon description is more complete, and is directly grounded in experimental work in neuroscience and evolutionary biology. Deacon's innovation is to emphasize the role of work in the explication of the evolution of complex processes by the ability of orthograde and contragrade processes to change the state of things, that is, to do work. The direct application made by Deacon of the concepts of absence related to entropy (of all kinds) to the formal requirements of a theory of information stand without reference to LIR as such. Nevertheless, the importance given in both approaches to relations, described more accurately perhaps, in LIR as non-separable interactions demonstrates the possibility of a convergence of the perspectives. I hope to show this in the next Sections, where more direct specific comparisons of Deacon's concepts and those of LIR will be made.
In this short Section, I introduce one of Deacon's strongest conceptions in
Deacon believes that once this figure/background logic of analysis, this "shift of focus", becomes assimilated into one's thinking about biological, psychological, and semiotics problems, the path toward solutions in each of these domains will become evident. These paths have not been followed previously simply because they were not even visible within current paradigms, "in the flat materialistic perspective that has dominated thinking for much of the last few centuries".
In the alternate paradigm of Logic in Reality two principles support and expand this inversion of perspective, placing it in the context of the well-known concept of
The figure-ground (background) duality as a structure in reality is easily incorporated into LIR that sees as real all the phenomenological characteristics of structures, in particular, the dynamic phenomenological shifts in perception that take place between figure and ground. Seeing that figures and grounds are related contradictorially, that is, alternately actualizing and potentializing one another, relates them to the processes of which they are the physical and logical consequence. Elements never just "come together" to generate an isolated form. Rather, since every element is itself a form, it is apprehended in the form in which it is included, and every form distinguishes itself as a form, in relation to the form that surrounds it, that is, the ground.
The second principle is that form and structure are not static, inert entities but processes, whether ontological or epistemological. Among the other differences between LIR and Deacon's approach, I note the general absence of process language in the latter. Forms of theories, models or explanations are always undergoing change. Any individual structure or form is totally absolute in any sense, given the nature and logic of energy. It is a dynamic structuring that is always functionally associated with an antagonistic and contradictory potential structuring.
For Lupasco, the energetic dynamisms that constitute all matter and all existence, and the systems they generate, are "pure structural forms, containers of containers, structures of structures, subject to an essential and ineluctable chain of transformation. There is therefore no such thing as a full and static form; devoid of a present, going always from past to future, or even inversely, temporality is immanent to form". Every form and every structure is thus in LIR terms a real process [
The figure/background reversals discussed by Deacon, involving different aspects of the absence-presence duality, are critical to his accounts of organization and, especially, of information. LIR calls attention, in this connection, to the importance of seeing the movement from absence to presence as an equally essential aspect of the dynamics of change.
The figure/ground inversion is one example of the inversions of perspective that are important in other areas of philosophy and science. Logic in Reality explicates the alternating emphasis on one or the other aspect of the phenomenon and the mental change that accompanies it. Examples are the duality between appearance and reality, which is also mentioned by Deacon in connection with the appearance of emergent processes as completely spontaneous, where they are in fact dependent on lower-level processes in a way that LIR describes.
Let me now restate the assumptions and motivation behind this paper: LIR is a logic, albeit a new kind of logic, that links energy, form and information. Due to its own rigorous ascent from the properties of matter-energy, it provides a way of reconciling the logic of physical science and the logic of living and mental teleology. It offers a new approach to the nature of physical causality and a way to use potentialities to answer the question about getting teleological properties from unambiguously non-teleological starting points.
In this Section, additional key features of Deacon's theory will be presented, with reference to the LIR concepts that support or amend them. The subjects, as will be seen, have the appearance of abstract metaphysical dualities, of interest to philosophers. However, their understanding as science and logic is the objective of this paper, and in both LIR and
Both reciprocity and complementarity have well-defined meanings in mathematics and physics respectively, since Bohr's use of the latter in quantum mechanics for the relation between particle and wave properties of quantum objects. Without going into the historical controversies around these terms, I will use reciprocity to refer to the values of potentialization and actualization of the opposing processes in a phenomenon.
The concept of reciprocity is a key point of intersection of the LIR and Deacon approaches. Reciprocity is the critical complexification mechanism, operating in a vast configurational space of interacting processes, that insures the emergence of higher levels of ortho- and contragrade processes. In Deacon's system, synergistic reciprocal interaction is essential for the emergence of the next higher level of complexity. But such reciprocity can only exist if the system has the capacity or potential, full or residual, for it, as yet "unsaturated", to use Frege's term. Reciprocity therefore implies potentiality as well as actuality. Logic in Reality establishes the existence of this duality as a principle at the lowest ontological level, thus grounding reciprocity between more complex process entities. In this interpretation, dualism or duality is not a block to emergence; it is its
Reciprocity refers in Deacon's system to a specific form of mutual constraint generation, the special systematic form of limitation that enables the material and energetic threads of the physical universe to become entangled with one another in just the right way so as to produce the additional higher dimension of causal processes that is the fabric of life and mind. The critical molecules constituting an organism are enmeshed in a process of reciprocal synthesis, in which each is the product of the interactions among many others in the system. They exist and their specific properties are created by one another as a result of this higher-order systemic synergy.
LIR agrees with this conception of reciprocity, but it requires an answer to the further question of the properties of the smallest molecules of which the larger ones are composed. The other point is that chemical reactions involve to an overwhelming degree only two molecules at a time, despite their location in vast networks, including catalysis by active sites of both complex super-molecules or surfaces. For such reactions, one must have available the necessary potentialities, capacities to enter into the reaction in the first place. It is with regard to these potentialities and their synchronic and diachronic involvement in change that LIR is able to provide a logical description.
Deacon refers to potential in pointing out that the complementarity and reciprocity of morphodynamic processes produces a special kind of emergent stability, unavailable to either process in isolation. Indeed, for all real complex biological processes, the entity in question and the environment are reciprocally defined and determined with respect to each other, because the same molecular configuration in a non-supportive environment lacks any of the defining properties of autogenesis.
The concept of reciprocity also enters into the linkage between forms of work and constraint in the interpretive process that is involved in information (see
Logic in Reality, again, is about the physical dynamic structure of an entanglement between the components of processes of this kind. Even in a model autogenic system, each part (itself a morphodynamic product) is involved in an ultimately closed set of reciprocal interaction relationships with each other to create the whole, but it takes the whole reciprocally synergistic complex to generate each part. In standard logic, this would amount to a logical-type violation (in which a class can also be a member of itself). In Logic in Reality, however, the ontological feature of non-separability provides the conceptual framework for the relationships. By including the capacity to model itself in relation to extrinsic features of the world, a neurally generated teleodynamic system similarly introduces a higher-order tangle to this dynamical hierarchy.
Logic in Reality establishes an ontology of complementarity based on the Principle of Dynamic Opposition as a "meaning principle". The necessary concepts are the non-separability of individuality and non-individuality; part and whole; subjectivity and objectivity in relation to the experiment-experimenter pair; and of object and meta-levels of theories. The difference, which is not absolute between reciprocity and complementarity is only that the former is more quantitative and the latter more qualitative. Deacon discusses complementarities of symmetry and shape as the source of self-amplifying non-linear processes and also refers to the "reciprocal complementarity of these self-organizing processes."
In evolution, organisms embody vast webs of constraints in their internal dynamics, and specifically with ever more diverse means of interacting with their surroundings, they have increased the ways in which they are able to impose these or complementary constraints on the dynamics of external events and relationships. So the functional properties of life only emerge when homeodynamic and morphodynamic processes are organized in precisely complementary and completely reflexive ways with respect to one another. This use of the principle of complementarity by Deacon is justified by the LIR interpretation.
Since Varela wrote his famous article on autopoesis [
I have accordingly rephrased here the statement in
As Deacon points out, further, the distinctive higher-order form of teleodynamics that emerges from a teleodynamic process must include itself as a component, but that the very locus of teleodynamic closure becomes virtual does not require circularity. It is a tangle in the dynamical hierarchy that is not
There is an additional property of spirality that brings us immediately closer to the real world—its handedness. While it is not a direct property of energy as is the case with the up and down "spin" of electrons, spirals or helices must be left-handed or right-handed, mirror images that can nevertheless be distinguished by the way in which they polarize light. They share this property with the basic minimally
Deacon is clearly aware that a new logic of quantum-level and relativistic processes is needed to explain some of the paradoxical aspects of those processes that currently available quantum logics do not [
Although Logic in Reality is a more modern scientific paradigm than the pre-relativistic and pre-quantum framework in which Deacon works, pointing to the Principle of Dynamic Opposition that has been ignored in physics, it does not undermine his conclusions. To the extent that quantum logic is relational, as in Relational Quantum Mechanics, the effective potentialization of the entities between which the relations obtain is comparable to "absence".
I have referred to emergence and emergent processes on a number of occasions, without detail, but this subject is in fact one to which Logic in Reality brings a number of clarifications. Both
Rather than attempt to argue my position in detail, I will simply state some of my conclusions following from the application of the LIR principles.
(i) LIR deconstructs Kim's argument against emergence by eliminating the absolute separation between levels that it requires. The paradoxical nature of synchronic reflexive downward causation is eliminated by new concepts of related synchrony and diachrony: downward causation from the emergent level to the parts level
(ii) LIR avoids Humphrey's use, referred to by Deacon, of the poorly defined concept of "fusion". In simple physical fusion, processes as well as materials lose their identity, which is not the case at the higher levels of interest.
(iii) LIR improves upon Bickhard's "interactivism" by replacing his propositional, truth-functional requirements for demonstration of its correct application. In contrast to his statement, "particles participate in organization, but do not themselves have organization", I point simply to the causally effective potential in the structure of atoms and the molecules that they constitute as necessary and sufficient organization.
(iv) Rather than static notions of part and whole, LIR sees parts and wholes also as dynamic processes in an interactive relation, sharing part of one another's properties.
The LIR theory of emergent processes thus provides alternatives to
In the emergent classes of phenomena, life and human cognition, it is always the residual potentialities as well as actualities at the lower level that provide the causal information necessary for emergence of new structures at the next higher level. The organizations that characterize these ententional phenomena do not display "simple" compositionality or mereology, the limitations of which are clear. But processes do have other processes as their parts, when the processes are understood as composed of dynamic sub-processes incorporating different degrees of actuality and potentiality, identity and diversity. As I showed in [
Logic in Reality, then, starting with its physically grounded 3rd Axiom of the Included Middle, is in fact a Logic of Emergence, the emergent transitions of complex dynamic processes and processes of processes that constitute life,
I will now apply all the concepts developed in the above Sections to the understanding of the concept of information which, in view of its manifold aspects and complexity Hofkirchner [
Recent work on the theory and philosophy of information has begun to refer to its qualitative, meaningful and value-laden properties in addition to its quantitative measures, derived from communication theory. A unified theory of information is now more possible, and several approaches to one have been proposed [
Deacon's application of his concept of the dynamic role of absence to information constitutes a major step forward in this area. A key paper [
A complete account of the nature of information that is adequate to distinguish it from more simple material or energetic relationships requires a figure/background shift that is even more fundamental and more counterintuitive than that for energy (
Deacon's key concept is that information is a relational property that emerges from nested layers of constraint: constraints of signal probability (Shannon), constraints of the dynamics of signal generation (Boltzmann), and the constraints required for self-maintaining, far-from-equilibrium, end-directed dynamics (Darwin). Because information is a relationship among levels of constraint generated by intrinsically unstable physical processes, it is also normative with respect to those processes. As above, constraint is a partly negative as well as a positive property or entity, and thus only partly something intrinsic or determinate; it is intrinsically incomplete and fallible, or in LIR terms characterized by its potentialities. The nested dependencies of the three levels of entropy reduction—characterized by Shannon's, Boltzmann's, and Darwin's variations on this theme of entropy reduction—define a recursive architecture that demonstrates three hierarchically nested notions of information. These three very roughly parallel the classic hierarchic distinctions between syntax (Shannon), semantics (add Boltzmann), and pragmatics (add Darwin). They also roughly parallel the relationship between data, content, and significance. LIR suggests a way of understanding how these semiotic levels are interrelated.
Deacon brings out the differential impact of both Shannon and Boltzmann entropy [
I view Deacon's approach as supporting and extending the insights of Robert Logan and his colleagues expressed in their views on the nature of information in biological systems. Logan begins [
Structural information (Logan continues) must involve semantics and meaning if it is to succeed in its role of interpreting selective or Shannon information. Structural information is concerned with the effect and impact of the information on the mind of the receiver and hence is reflexive. Structural information has a relationship to pragmatics as well as semantics where pragmatics tries to bridge the explanatory gap between the literal meaning of a sentence and the meaning that the speaker or writer intended.
In their key document [
I will discuss this approach later in the Section on meaning. I add here only that the original concept of structural information can be better stated today in the processual terms of LIR. Structures themselves should not be considered as static entities but as processes themselves, as originally pointed out by Lupasco [
Ulanowicz [
LIR supports the dialectical approach of Ulanowicz to improving the Shannon/Boltzmann mathematics to characterizing and measuring information, eventually to gain deeper insight into the dynamics of nature. However, I have questioned Ulanowicz' use of two linguistic terms in his dialectic, the first (apodictic) generally referring to demonstrable propositions and the second (apophatic) not to that which is not but that which is not or cannot be
The key point is that it is the
For Deacon, referential information is information that any sign or signal, or, more broadly, any real process provides is not an intrinsic feature, but a function of extrinsically imposed constraints. The referential information is in this sense inferred from a formal characteristic embodied in the relationship between those signal features that are present and those that are absent. This is exactly the LIR picture of the relationship expressed by the Principle of Dynamic Opposition, in which inferences are made from the relationship between features that are predominantly present (actual) and absent (potential), except that no feature is 100% one or the other. Further, LIR always includes reference to the movement of a process from presence to absence. The statement that the formal characteristics are expressed in the signal in terms of what is not included but could have been, can be generalized to what is not included but still may be (in the future).
Referential information is second-order information, or information about information. It is in a sense inferred from the formal characteristics embodied in the relationship between unconstrained possibility and realized constraint. In this way, Shannon information, which is assessed in terms of this constraint, embodies a trace of the work that produced it. Self-rectifying constraint preservation is the defining criterion of referential information. This property is the foundation for all higher-order intentional processes.
Even the absence of any change of signal entropy can provide referential information. No change in entropy is one possible state. This means that even unconstrained fluctuations may still be able to convey referential information, information about the fact that of the possible influences on signal constraint, none were present. The informative power of absence is one of the clearest indications that Shannon information and referential information are not equivalent.
I further note, applying the principles of LIR, that referential information is also
Among the points for further work indicated in my article on this subject [
In a Section in
Simply asserting the existence of a mapping between properties in the world and properties of a mechanistic process presumed to take place in the brain implicitly frames the representational relationship in classically dualistic terms. Everything depends on the nature of the correspondence, and specifically, what makes it different from either an isomorphic or an arbitrary one-to-one mapping between components or phases of two distinct processes. Logic in Reality provides an alternative to such a simplistic mapping by emphasizing the physicality of the relation.
Deacon concludes that in the exploration of the relationship between information theory, thermodynamics, and natural selection, some of the unrecognized complexity hidden within the concept of information can be seen. By generalizing the insight captured by Shannon's equation of information with entropy reduction and constraint propagation, and tracing its linkage to analogues in thermodynamic and evolutionary domains, Deacon has addressed some of the most vexing issues of representation, reference, and normativity. "By removing these inadequacies in current definitions of information, we may at last overcome the seemingly insurmountable obstacles to formulating a theory of representation that is sufficiently rich to serve as the basis for biology and the cognitive neurosciences, and sufficiently grounded in physics to explain representational fallibility, error checking, information creation, and the relationship between informational and energetic processes."
In my view, Deacon's conclusions are justified, subject only to the need for the inclusion of the necessary physical PDO to ground thermodynamics itself and hence all phenomena at higher levels of reality. These are typified by human cognitive processes as will be discussed in the next and final Section.
In the light of the principles of Logic in Reality, outlined in this paper, I believe that several amendments should be made to the above paragraph, as follows:
(i) The characterization of "virtual" should be modified to what is
(ii) The premature halting that is displayed by morphodynamic processes cannot be in and of itself spontaneous, but requires (1) the existence of some opposing process and (2) the potential or capacity of the first process to interact.
(iii) The entropy ratchet described, without dynamics of its own is a perpetual motion machine; "continually" and "endlessly" are terms that cannot be ascribed to real processes. The calculus of LIR describes the evolution of real processes in terms of a "saw-tooth" movement between actuality and potentiality is not idealized, but permits a
Logic in Reality supplements Deacon's picture since it is not the scalar features of energy (extension, conservation) that are involved in dynamic opposition at the macroscopic level of life and mind, but something
Distributed, non-localized potentialities as well as actualities are the carriers of information necessary for the emergence of entities at higher levels of reality or complexity. The residual, unsaturated charge on an amino acid has its counterparts at higher levels (no homunculus necessary). At the current state of knowledge about deep quantum levels, all the correlations and constraints provided for in both Deacon and LIR fail. They are valid only for the thermodynamic domain, not the "timeless" one of the quantum vacuum, studied by the biologist Michael Conrad. In the absence of a demonstration of direct coupling between the sub-quantum levels and biology, which neither Conrad nor his successors have proposed successfully, Deacon's position holds.
The purpose of Deacon's
The relationships between neurally embodied forms of homeo-, morpho-, and teleodynamic processes and various aspects of mental experience are discussed in detail in
The core hypothesis of
The so-called hard problem of consciousness was reconceptualized in other dynamic terms by Lupasco which nevertheless allowed him to differentiate between different kinds of consciousnesses and unconsciousnesses as functional processes in a more rigorous manner than had been possible for a Freud or Jung [
LIR thus supports the Deacon program. The "how" of the emergence is certainly not completely in hand, but LIR provides an additional critical property of the form of the interactions involved, including the emergence of new ideas through the opposition of conflicting drives in an individual's mentality. It may be objected to the above theory that nowhere does it provide an explication of individual awareness. This is correct, but such an explication is not to be found in any other current theories of first-person approaches to the study of consciousness, for example, that of Varela and Shear in their review volume [
"The received distinction between objective and subjective as an absolute demarcation between inside and outside needs to be closely scrutinized.
The LIR ontology provides a realistic basis for an interaction between subject and object, eliminating the absolute characteristics of both. The LIR position is that the concept of the isolated individual is a convenient fiction, an appearance resulting from the high degree of survival value it confers. LIR, however, suggests that it is scientifically justified to include first-person, subjective experience as an explicit and active component of a science of consciousness.
I am aware of one weakness in this argument: as all will admit, the emergence of individual human consciousness can be described in terms, for example, of increasing levels of complexity of brain function providing selective advantage, but this is not an explanation. One can also say, in terms closer to Logic in Reality, that because consciousness exists, there was the potential for it at all times since the origin of the universe. The reason that this statement escapes being a meaningless self-evident tautology is that it
This paper is a first attempt to support the basic formulation of the application of absentialism by Deacon to cognitive issues on a logical basis. One can, I hope, better discuss reality when one can assign appropriate features to presence and absence, existence and non-existence. One can also make a start on discussion of the even "harder" problem of the specificity of
The discussion of the finality of sentience, for example, needs obviously to be taken beyond the "negative" good of the avoidance of individual or group suffering. As Luhn has pointed out, without making any transcendental judgments, it is obvious that people seek knowledge and understanding, not for the sake of immediate gain or satisfaction of basic needs but for the common good. However, achieving real understanding
A third finality of sentience is the achievement of increased knowledge as a religious imperative, for the sake of a deity. I will not discuss this question here except to remark that it can be seen as another example of the figure/ground problematic discussed above. Of the everyday world and the "other" world, which is the reality, and which the appearance, a "creator" or the "created"?
On the other hand, without going outside the domain of science, I can point to the existence of human creativity and its products—art—as evidence of a form of purpose that is self-rewarding as well as justified in terms of a common good. Art is thus another emergent phenomenon, for which the underlying dynamics are the conflicts and drives in the mind of the artist. As indicated above for information, it is not necessary to worry about the possibility of yet another level of sentience of sentience of sentience, with the specter of an infinite regress. The principle of dynamic opposition that insures the interaction between two levels exhausts the available information, and none is added by a further iteration.
In his book [
Brier's conception of information and meaning is, very much in the spirit of Logic in Reality, to see them as
I am thus in accord with Brier's critique of various very well-known attempts to develop the bases of meaning in information including systems theory, the autopoesis of Maturana and Varela, and the sociology of Luhmann. I disagree only with the strategy adopted by Brier and also to some extent by Deacon of basing biosemiotics and cybersemiotics on the transdisciplinary (his designation) semiotic philosophy of Peirce. I have outlined my position in [
The application of the principles of Logic in Reality, then, is a non-reductionist methodology for enabling physics to be "more fundamental" than the other sciences, while allowing evolutionary experiential and intersubjective processes be the ground reality of human existence in the sense of Heidegger [
Deacon does not, in
In my opinion, Deacon has made life (sic) difficult for himself by excluding (or bracketing) the materiality of meaning as a real process, that is, one which is "energetically embodied" in the language of LIR, and whose dynamics follow the schemes that Deacon establishes for other emergent phenomena. One may then look at meaning, like information as constraints and constraints as meaning, emerging in the process of the active interpretation of those constraints by human agents.
Meaning can be related to our overall theories by defining it as
A full discussion of meaning requires an epistemology, an understanding of the relation of the thought processes leading to meaning and a dynamic picture of
As noted, Stuart Kauffman, Robert K. Logan and their colleagues also proposed a new reading of information that unites matter, energy and information [
Accordingly, one can write:
Information (quantitative; Shannon/Weaver) → Meaning 1 → Knowledge (qualitative; Knowing: Kauffman/Logan Intensional or "Biotic" Information) → Meaning 2 → Knowledge of Knowledge (or Knowing) → Meaning 3.
Meaning 1 is inherent in information as a constraint/potentiality at non-cognitive levels of reality. Leydesdorff calls this a "first codification". Knowledge enables codification of the Meaning 1 of information, and this knowledge can be further codified.
At the cognitive level, information (and its meaning) is organized into knowledge and acquires Meaning 2 that subsumes normative and other values. LIR applies to both Meanings 1 and 2, since the origin of the former is also in basic physics. Knowledge is however more than just a classification; it is also a process of "knowing", not reified. Meaning 2 will be present not only with knowledge but also within the process of knowing (human and animal). At the human level, one has knowledge of knowledge and knowing of knowing (human only), and meaning of meaning. Knowledge and knowledge of knowledge are related contradictorially, that is, when one predominates (is actualized), the other is predominantly potentialized and
LIR brings the "missing ingredient" of dynamic opposition or antagonism that reinforces this picture of meaning as significant information. It provides an explanation of how constraints as information in their physical manifestations can be causally effective when identified with the residual potentialities of informational processes. In this connection, using the same argument as that presented above, I can introduce the term constraining in addition to constraint, the participle giving a more accurate description as a process. Since LIR, unlike standard logics, is
In terms of this Special Issue, the relation of modes of information to meaning, the Deacon approach and Logic in Reality (LIR) thus accomplish two objectives: first of all, they ground and extend Logan's concept of the relativity of information, in that information is not only not an invariant quantity, but a process or set of processes of processes. Deacon's description of the evolution of intertwined thermo-, morpho- and teleodynamic levels further develops the concept of biotic or instructional information that results in the propagation of organization as pointed out by Kauffmann, Logan and their colleagues. In their concept of biotic information, biological or cognitive meaning is defined by interaction with the context (or environment) that interprets the information.
In the Overview of this paper,
I have proposed an extension of Deacon's theory of incompleteness in nature two directions, both based on to the application of the LIR principle of dynamic opposition. LIR describes the logical structure and dynamics at the lowest levels of reality that underlie the simplest thermodynamic phenomena—the "materiality" of Logan—and provides further support for the significance of absence for processes at the highest cognitive levels of information and meaning, following the evolution of those processes through Deacon's levels of morpho- and teleodynamics.
As discussed in
Deacon envisages in
None of the dynamical properties associated with life and mind, such as purpose, representation and value, existed until the universe had evolved sufficiently to include complex molecules capable of entering into autogenic configurations. In Deacon's formulation, in the emergence of teleodynamics, nature finally discovered how to operate with the dynamical equivalent of zero. In the LIR picture, nature
Deacon has not minimized the further effort required to support his theory, and has admitted that his "proofs" in
In the conclusion of
I have pointed elsewhere [
Deacon, the other authors I have pointed to and I have attempted to keep man at the center of our preoccupations. If the use of the concepts of classical, standard logic of absolute truth and falsity and the absolute independence of premises and conclusion contribute to the maintaining of Manichean views and policies in society, then anything that weakens the "stranglehold" of that logic on both formal and informal thought is to be welcomed. At the same time, as scientists, it is necessary to adhere to the most rigorous possible standards of argument, despite or perhaps because of our healthy measure of skepticism toward all received wisdom, both academic and folk. Other major contributions to this effort have been made, from the philosophical side, by Rafael Capurro and his followers in their concepts both of information ethics and of angeletics or messaging theory [
As Deacon has remarked, his work can supplement the combinatorial picture of Kauffmann and may allow us to be more truly "at home in the universe". The tentative consequences for the theory of information that emerge in part from this study are accordingly the following:
(i) Integrated consideration of physical and philosophical principles with dynamic principles derived from biology;
(ii) Acceptance of second- and third-order levels of information (information about information), without further regress;
(iii) Use of the concepts of dynamic constraints and absence to develop new understanding of the related, harder problems of sentience and the individual self;
(iv) Development of the characteristics of qualitative information involving human values, as a vital step in reintegrating issues of subjective value into the natural sciences;
(v) Further to the above, support for new, relevant conception of ethics for the information society.
The Principle of Dynamic Opposition of LIR, together with Deacon's theory, point toward what one reviewer has referred to as a "dynamic conversation" in the world that would be a major departure from the current still largely mechanical view of nature.
It is my hope that further discussion of Deacon's work, with
I would like to thank Terrence Deacon for our discussions of his work, and his encouragement to comment on it here and elsewhere. I have also much appreciated the helpful exchanges with Robert Logan and Robert Ulanowicz regarding key points in the formulation of Logic in Reality.


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This hot-sweet-smoky salsa transforms quick-seared short ribs into a dinner with complexity.
A cool green zingy soup; pack it in a thermos on ice and take it picnicking or to the beach.
Smoked pork hocks don't just add meatiness and body to this chile verde recipe; they release smoky, salty notes as they cook, seasoning the beans in the process.
These are the beef enchiladas that the entire Bon Appétit Test Kitchen fought each other for. Let's just say there won't be leftovers with this recipe.
This can be a great vegetarian enchilada. Use roasted veggies (squash, peppers, onions, mushrooms, etc.) in place of the chicken, and instead of chicken stock, use vegetable stock or water.
A briny, spicy salsa brightens up simple fish dishes, such as Broiled Salmon Steaks (click for recipe)
Choose dried chiles that are fairly flexible, a sign they're not too old.
You may have to make this agave-glazed pork belly with grilled pineapple recipe the day before you serve, but the crispy succulent result is well worth the effort.
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2009's Hot Products
Microsoft filled 2009 with product releases that include clients, servers, management tools, browsers, search engines, Web apps, mobile operating systems, media players, and more -- plus one surprise release that stunned the industry: a submission to the Linux kernel. Check out these product highlights and add your own in our comments section.
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Republished with permission from PC World (view original version)


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Radiohead manager Bryce Edge has announced that tonight's Radiohead show at the Rod Laver Arena has been cancelled.
Lead singer Thom Yorke complained of voice difficulties during last night's concert and�was barely able to finish the concert.
This morning he was attended by a Melbourne ear nose and throat specialist who diagnosed Thom with marked hoarseness of voice, a significant upper airway infection and associated heavy inflammation of his vocal chords. It was advised that if Thom was to sing in the next few days it could cause irreparable damage to his voice. Consequently and regrettably tonight's concert had to be cancelled.
Thom and the band would like to apologise to all of their fans, they are aware that people have travelled from all over the country for tonight's show and would like everybody to know that this decision was not taken lightly. The band want to thank all of their Australian fans for their support at this time.Refunds are available at point of purchase.
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"You are an obstinate mule," said the homeopathist, reluctantly putting up his sovereigns.
But a homeopathist is only a man who has never tried allopathy.
"I think I am a homeopathist, so far as Europe is concerned," said Andrew.
There is a Boston homeopathist whose income from practice is not less than twenty to twenty-five thousand dollars annually.
So Sren had to borrow a horse and cart and drove them in to the homeopathist.
If sick, the little pills of the homeopathist would be much too large for it to swallow.
Dr. Dosewell (pointing to the homeopathist's traveling pharmacopœia, and with affected candor).
That finely dressed gentleman is not a physician but a homeopathist sui generis—he professes completely the similis similibus.
Such success has attended the homeopathist that he must be recognised.


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Kerry Statement on Bali Climate Change Roadmap
Sen. John Kerry (D-Mass.) made the following statement about the draft agreement reached at the international climate talks in Bali, announced this evening. Kerry was the only member of Congress to attend the international conference on climate change in Bali earlier this week.
"The good news is the world came together and produced a draft climate change roadmap, the bad news is that the United States' sole contribution was to make it less clear where that road from Bali will lead. The Bali roadmap is not all it could have been, but it is nonetheless a mandate for action whether George Bush realizes it or not.
"Equally important, while the Bush administration is increasingly out of touch, their days in power are also numbered. It will require new American leadership in 2009 to ensure that the United States leads rather than resists the world in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. We're in a race against time, but we also have new opportunities to ensure that the industrialized nations and the developing nations come together to meet our shared but differentiated responsibilities in the years ahead."
Source: http://kerry.senate.gov/cfm/record.cfm?id=289213


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RepairPal is your advocate for car care advice and guidance
Q: brakes on 2002 Hyundai XG350
How do I change the anti lock brakes. I have never done the anti lock brakes.... I have done regular disc brakes. Is there a special way to do the or are they all the same
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How to Fix Your Brakes
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