text:
MILTON DARWIN KNUTSON and DELORES MAY KNUTSON,
Accompanying Papers:
PLAINTIFF'S LODGMENT OF NON-CALIFORNIA AUTHORITIES IN SUPPORT; and PROOF OF SERVICE
Hearing Date:May 16, 2007
Hearing Time:8:30 a.m.
Judge: Hon. Michael Solner
Action Filed:March 29, 2006
Trial Date:May 29, 2007
Table Of Contents
Plaintiffs MILTON DARWIN KNUTSON and DELORES MAY KNUTSON ("Plaintiffs") bring claims against Defendant LESLIE CONTROLS, INC. ("LESLIE" or "Defendant"). Plaintiffs' claims arise out of MILTON KNUTSON's exposure to asbestos from working with and around LESLIE products.
Pursuant to established California law, LESLIE is liable to Plaintiff for the foreseeable use of its valves and other products when the asbestos hazard arises either from its use of unsafe original components or unsafe replacement parts manufactured by another company. See Tellez-Cordova v. Campbell-Hausfeld/Scott Fetzger Co., 129 Cal.App.4th 577, 583 (Cal.App. 2004); Wright v. Stang Mfg. (1997) 54 Cal. App.4th 1218, 1236; DeLeon v. Commercial Mfg. and Supply Co. (1983) 148 Cal.App.3d 336, 350. When this clear legal authority is applied to the equally straightforward facts of this case, it is plain that Defendant's motion must be denied.
Plaintiffs have introduced evidence that LESLIE's valves were specifically designed to be used with replaceable internal asbestos gaskets and packing and external asbestos insulation. LESLIE manufactured and shipped the valves with asbestos gaskets and packing already incorporated into the equipment. LESLIE knew and recommended that end-users of its valves would utilize asbestos components to keep the valves operating as intended. In fact, LESLIE itself sold asbestos replacement components. Indeed, LESLIE has presented no evidence that between 1955 and 1976 when MR. KNUTSON served in the Navy, users would have had a reasonable opportunity to replace asbestos components with something different. This evidence is more than sufficient to create a triable issue of fact as to whether LESLIE's valves were defective and whether LESLIE had an obligation to provide adequate warnings about the hazards related to removal and replacement of the valves' asbestos components.
Further, the evidence establishes that during the time of MR. KNUTSON'S injurious exposure, LESLIE never tested its products to determine their safety or danger, nor did Defendant ever provide warnings on instruction manuals provided with its products or on the product itself. This utter failure to warn rendered LESLIE's valves defective and demonstrates LESLIE's breach of its duty under a negligence theory.
LESLIE has failed to make any evidentiary showing that the use of asbestos-containing packing and gaskets with its valves was unforeseeable. Thus, LESLIE remains liable for its failure to warn about the foreseeable use of asbestos-containing parts inside and affixed to its valves.
Furthermore, LESLIE is not entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs' claims because it has not met its burden of showing that Plaintiffs cannot establish an element of their causes of action. Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co. (2001) 25 Cal.4th 826, 850. LESLIE has therefore failed to shift the burden to Plaintiffs. Scheiding v. Dinwiddie Const. Co. (1999) 69 Cal.App.4th 64, 71-72. Finally, Plaintiffs have established a triable issue of fact on the issue of punitive damages.
Defendant's motion must, therefore, be denied.
LESLIE Used and Instructed Others to Use Asbestos-Containing Replacement Parts, Which LESLIE Itself Sold.
Defendant has previously stipulated that, between 1944 and 1976, LESLIE's pump pressure regulators, temperature regulators (for steam service), control valves (for steam service), pressure reducing valves (for steam service), and pump pressure regulators or governors (for steam service), sold, marketed, or distributed for installation on board Navy ships for steam service applications contained asbestos-containing parts. See Deposition of Matthew Wrobel, taken on August 17, 2006, in Cummings v. Alfa Laval, Inc. (Superior Court, State of California, Los Angeles County), at 60:15-62:14, 65:13-19 (Maher Decl. Ex. D). LESLIE would not dispute that insulation used on its valves during that time period would have contained asbestos. Id. at 65:3-7, 67:1-6. LESLIE continued to sell products "which utilized asbestos-containing materials" until 1988, nearly two decades after OSHA was enacted. See Defendant's Responses to Interrogatories, Cunningham v. AGCO Corp., Cause No. BC-318049 (Superior Court, Los Angeles County), Resps. No. 15, 16 (Maher Decl. Ex. G).
LESLIE intended workers to replace asbestos-containing component parts in its equipment with other asbestos-containing component parts that LESLIE itself supplied. For example, LESLIE's 1956 Technical Manual promotes the use of LESLIE's own asbestos-containing Lubrisoft packing material to replace the original LESLIE packing used on its valves. See 1956 LESLIE Technical Manual (Maher Decl. Ex. L ), at 3. Defendant's instructions state "When renewing diaphragms and gaskets be sure to use standard parts made by LESLIE Co.," confirming that Defendant recommended the use of its own asbestos-containing gaskets to the Naval after-market. Id. at 30.
From the 1950s through the mid-1970s, any pumps or valves used on board Navy vessels to service steam lines or other high temperature equipment would have been insulated with asbestos containing insulation. Were the pumps and valves not insulated, they would have been unable to maintain the necessary temperature and pressure levels, and otherwise operate properly. Ay Decl., at ¶ 16 (Maher Decl. Ex. A). The pumps and valves around which MR. KNUTSON worked were not stand-alone equipment; they worked in conjunction with other pieces of equipment necessary to operate a Navy vessel. At the point at which a pump or valve connected to the piping or equipment with which the pump or valve was designed to be used, it was necessary to affix flange gaskets to the pumps and valves to prevent leakage at the connecting juncture. From the 1950s through the mid-1970s, these flange jackets were asbestos containing. Ay Decl., at ¶ 17 (Maher Decl. Ex. A).
LESLIE was keenly aware that the proper insulation of its products and the systems with which they connected was essential for the performance of LESLIE'S valves and other equipment. Indeed,. LESLIE itself sold three types of asbestos-containing valve bonnet and bottom flange gaskets. See Defendant's Objections and Responses to Plaintiffs' Master Interrogatories and Request for Production, Drye v. Leslie Controls, Inc., et al., Cause No. 2003-676-B (District Court, Gregg County, Texas) (Maher Decl. Ex. H), Interrogatory No. 3, p. 9. Further, LESLIE'S 1956 Technical Manual also instructed Navy personnel to use thermal insulation to insulate the piping systems going into and out of the LESLIE valves. See 1956 LESLIE Technical Manual (Maher Decl. Ex.L), at 15-17 (noting the use of LESLIE valves in high-temperature applications and the need for insulation to reduce condensation).
LESLIE's corporate representative, Mr. Wrobel, acknowledged that LESLIE sold and marketed replacement asbestos packing material for use on its valves. Aug. 17, 2006 Wrobel Depo (Maher Decl. Ex. D), at 56:14 – 57:3 (objections omitted). In prior discovery responses, LESLIE admitted that it used asbestos-containing gaskets and asbestos-containing packing in its products, including valves, and that it sold such gaskets and packing as replacement parts for those products. See Defendant's Objections and Responses to Plaintiffs' Master Interrogatories and Request for Production, Drye v. Leslie Controls, Inc., et al., Cause No. 2003-676-B (District Court, Gregg County, Texas) (Maher Decl. Ex. H), Interrogatory No. 3, p. 9. LESLIE "marketed and sold" such products under several names, including LESLIE, Leslie Eventemp, Leslie Tyfon, and Leslie Constantemp. Ibid. LESLIE sold asbestos-containing products divided into five categories: three types of valve bonnet and bottom flange gaskets, valve stem packing, and whistles. Ibid. LESLIE "commonly" purchased asbestos-containing valve stem packings and gaskets for Leslie's further sale and distribution from many entities, including Johns-Manville and John Crane. Id. at p. 10. LESLIE sold its asbestos-containing products "to the U.S. government for use on military ships" and its valves and gaskets were generally used in the ship's tight, confined engine rooms and machinery spaces. Id. at p. 9. LESLIE ceased selling asbestos-containing products, except for some for the military, in 1988 — seventeen years after OSHA regulations were issued. Id. at p.10.
From the 1950s to the mid-1970s, the technical manuals provided to the Navy by the manufacturers specified that during maintenance and repair, when old gaskets and packing material were removed, the area was to be thoroughly cleaned before installing replacement gaskets or packing. Cleaning out the areas occupied by the old flange gaskets and packing, as recommended by the manufacturers, would cause respirable asbestos fibers to be released into the breathing zone of those working in the area of the valves and pumps. Ay Decl., at ¶ 19 (Maher Decl. Ex. A). Given that, from the 1950s to the mid-1970s, the manufacturers knew that their pumps and valves were outfitted when new with asbestos-containing gaskets and packing material, and that the manufacturers recommended to the Navy that those parts be replaced with the same or equivalent gaskets and packing material during maintenance and repair, it is inconceivable that the manufacturers of pumps and valves did not expect and know that workers performing such maintenance and repair would be exposed to the asbestos-containing replacement parts removed from and reinstalled in and on their pumps and valves. Ay Decl., at ¶ 20 (Maher Decl. Ex. A).
Despite such knowledge, LESLIE never placed any warnings or caution labels on its products that would warn potential users such as MR. KNUTSON of the health hazards of asbestos exposure. See Deposition of Matthew Wrobel, taken on Jan. 27, 2005 (Maher Decl. Ex. C), at 103:11 – 104:22 (objections omitted). See also Maher Decl. Ex. H, Response No. 6, at p. 12 (admitting that it was "not aware of any" documentation that it ever published or distributed regarding any warnings concerning the possibility of injury from asbestos).
MR. KNUTSON Was Exposed to Asbestos from LESLIE Valves.
The evidence shows that MR. KNUTSON sustained significant exposure to asbestos from Defendant's asbestos-containing equipment, and such exposure was a substantial cause of his mesothelioma. MR. KNUTSON worked as a fireman and then a machinist mate for the United States Navy for nineteen years – from 1954 to 1958, and from 1961 to 1976. See Deposition of MILTON KNUTSON, taken on July 10-15, 18 & 19, 2006, Knutson, et al. v. Allis-Chalmers Corp., et al., No. BC349841, in the Superior Court of Los Angeles, Central District ("KNUTSON Depo.") (Maher Decl. Ex. B). His work as a machinist mate required him to get the ships' equipment ready to run and to maintain the equipment. Id. at 23:16-20; 26:1-19. Even as he was promoted to supervisory positions, MR. KNUTSON was still "hands on completely … tearing down the stuff just like the other guys." Id. at 961:22-24. This included working on pumps and valves many times, such as every day aboard the USS Hancock, on which MR. KNUTSON served form 1955 to 1958. Id. at 23:10-23; 32:3 – 33:13. MR. KNUTSON personally worked on LESLIE equipment, including LESLIE air ejector valves on every ship and LESLIE regulator valves. Id. at 101:1-12; 997:13-16. He specifically recalled the LESLIE nameplate on a regulating valve. Id. at 643:10 – 644:15. MR. KNUTSON worked on the types of valves that LESLIE has admitted contained asbestos, including LESLIE valves "to maintain the pressure" and to regulate steam to "raise the temperature up to a certain point." Id. at 865:6, 865:11-13.
MR. KNUTSON recalled working on LESLIE valves on each ship he served aboard. Id. at 101:21-24; 635:18-19; 996:2-18. In fact, LESLIE was the only company he knew of that manufactured regulating valves for the air ejectors. Id. at 866:8-14. Each vessel MR. KNUTSON served aboard had two LESLIE ejector valves that he would service. Id. at 102:5-8. MR. KNUTSON was exposed to asbestos when he removed old gaskets from the LESLIE ejector valves and pulled insulation out of the pipes leading to and from LESLIE valves. Id. at 102:25 – 103:4; 103:11-13. LESLIE ejector valves had to have insulation in order to protect the men and to keep the steam from condensing inside: "if you got that much heat in the line you've got to have insulation…." Id. at 1002:25 – 1003:21.
MR. KNUTSON had to remove gaskets, including from LESLIE valves, which were located "right on the flanges, right on the valve." Id. at 103:14-21. To remove old gaskets from the LESLIE valves, MR. KNUTSON had to "scrape them off, sand them down," and use an air compressor. Id. at 103:23 – 104:1. Scraping, sanding, and blowing the old gaskets from the LESLIE ejector valves produced dust, which MR. KNUTSON inhaled. Id. at 104:3-20. MR. KNUTSON also had to tear the LESLIE valves out and send them to a shop. Id. at 645:7-11. He would first have to break the flanges and clean the gaskets in between; he would reinstall gaskets manufactured by John Crane or Garlock, which was "about all we ever used." Id. at 646:11 – 647:23.[1] MR. KNUTSON recalled that he often had to work with Flexitallic gaskets, which had asbestos lining. Id. at 84:24 – 85:3. MR. KNUTSON also had to work with Garlock sheet gaskets and Garlock preformed gaskets, as well as Johns Manville gaskets. Id. at 85:6-15. MR. KNUTSON also had to change packing on LESLIE valves that regulated steam. Id. at 637:12-22. He testified that he believed the packing was supplied by LESLIE "because I don't know that we could buy anything that fit that packing gland." Id. at 639:18-24.
Guy Palermo, who served with MR. KNUTSON on the USS Manatee, corroborated MR. KNUTSON's description of working on LESLIE valves. See Deposition of Guy Palermo ("Palermo Depo."), January 30, 2007 (Maher Decl. Ex. F), at 20:22-25; 24:15 – 25:3, 44. Mr. Palermo stated that the feed pump regulators and steam regulator valves that MR. KNUTSON worked on were manufactured by LESLIE, and he specifically remembered an iron medallion with the LESLIE name affixed directly to the regulating valve. Id. at 26:3-14; 45. The process of working on the feed pump valves required he and MR. KNUTSON to cut back the insulation leading to and from the regulator, which released dust. Id. at 26:1-18. The men were exposed to and breathed dust which Mr. Palermo believed contained asbestos. Id. at 26:19-25. Mr. Palermo also recalled that they had to remove Flexitallic gaskets, which were on either end of the LESLIE feed pump regulators. Id. at 4-12. The LESLIE regulator would have to be reinsulated by cutting cloth-like material and using a plaster solution around the equipment. Id. at 29:5 – 30:11. When the men poured the dry plaster mix from the bag into a bucket and mixed it with water, it produced dust, which the men breathed. Id. at 30:18 – 31:10.
Charles Finch, who also served with MR. KNUTSON on the USS Manatee, specifically recalled LESLIE valves, and he testified that when the men removed old packing from valves, it fell apart and generated dust. See Deposition of Charles Finch, taken on Feb. 13, 2007 (Maher Decl. Ex. E), at 22:13 – 23:9. He specifically recalled removing gaskets and packing from LESLIE valves during the time he was aboard the Manatee with MR. KNUTSON, and this process produced dust. Id. at 37:4-16. He also recalled that they had to work on LESLIE regulators "all the time," and LESLIE's name was right on the regulator. Id. at 75:24 – 76:2. He also recalled seeing LESLIE's name on a steam valve and on a manual for LESLIE brand regulators. Id. at 158:13-16; 165:16-21. Mr. Finch specifically recalled seeing MR. KNUTSON work with gaskets and packing on the LESLIE regulators as well as Flexitallic gaskets that were on the valve. Id. at 181:1 – 182:24.
Defendant's own documents, as well as documents obtained from the National Archives of the United States corroborate the testimony of MR. KNUTSON, Mr. Palermo and Mr. Finch and establish that LESLIE products that contained asbestos were installed on the ships on which MR. KNUTSON served. The evidence also shows that LESLIE intended asbestos-containing component parts to be used as replacement parts in its products used on ships on which MR. KNUTSON served. For example, LESLIE's "Pump Governors for Main Feed Pumps (January 5, 1943), "Pump Governor for Fire Pumps" (December 30, 1942), "Pump Governor for Fuel Oil Service Pumps" (December 22, 1942) (Maher Decl. Exs. M , N, and O) each list asbestos packing of two different sizes to be used in LESLIE's products aboard the USS Hancock, on which MR. KNUTSON served from 1955 to 1958. The Navy specifications show that LESLIE provided reducing valves and pressure regulating governors, including several main feed pump regulators and fuel oil service pump regulators, for the USS Cowell (DD-547), on which MR. KNUTSON served from 1962 to 1966. See "List of Reducing Valves and Pressure Regulating Governors" by shipbuilder Gibbs & Cox, Inc., Contractor's Plan for Design and Engineering, No. 445-4824-10, dated May 7, 1941, labeled frame 375 (Maher Decl. Ex. P). LESLIE's own drawing plans for ships such as the USS Epperson, on which MR. KNUTSON served, shows that LESLIE specified asbestos packing its products, including in pieces 46 and 47 of its pump governor for lubricating oil service. See LESLIE Co. Class Plans, approved Dec. 10, 1943, "Pump Governor for Lub. Oil Service", labeled frame 1527 (Maher Decl. Ex.Q).
MR. KNUTSON never wore a mask or respiratory protection during this work in the Navy. KNUTSON Depo. (Maher Decl. Ex. B), at 57:13-20. Despite MR. KNUTSON's repeated exposure to asbestos during the servicing of LESLIE valves, MR. KNUTSON never saw any warning on any container that breathing asbestos dust could cause cancer, nor did LESLIE or any other manufacturer ever come out to a ship that he was on and warn him that their products called for the use of asbestos-containing products. Id. at 140:15–141:9. Had MR. KNUTSON been warned that asbestos can cause cancer, he would have taken precautions or not used the product. Ibid. There is sufficient evidence to create a triable issue of fact as to whether exposure to asbestos released from LESLIE valves was a substantial factor in causing MR. KNUTSON's disease.
The Scope of Defendant's Motion is Limited to the Issues Presented in its Moving Papers.
Summary judgment is a drastic measure that deprives the losing party of trial on the merits, and implicates the party's constitutional right to a jury trial. Bahl v. Bank of America (2001) 89 Cal.App.4th 389, 395. Thus, the moving party's papers are strictly construed, while the opposing party's papers are liberally construed. Murillo v. Rite Stuff Food, Inc. (1998) 65 Cal.App.4th 833, 840. A court has no power to weigh one inference against another or against other evidence. Id. at 841. Any doubts about the propriety of granting the motion must be resolved in favor of the opponent. Saelzler v. Advanced Group 400 (2001) 25 Cal. App 4th 763, 768; Kolodge v. Boyd (2001) 88 Cal.App.4th 349, 355.
Code of Civil Procedure §437c "impose[s] on the moving party. . . a pleading requirement. . . in order to prevail on a motion for summary judgment." Judge v. County of Sacramento (1993) 12 Cal.App.4th 59, 66. Pursuant to this requirement, "the initial duty to define the issues presented by the complaint and to challenge them factually is on the defendant who seeks a summary judgment." Conn v. Nat'l Can Corp. (1981) 124 Cal.App.3d 630, 638. This duty necessarily requires a defendant to set forth in "the moving papers. . . with specificity (1) the issues tendered. . . that are pertinent to a summary judgment motion; and (2) each of the grounds of lawsuit on which the moving party is relying. . ." Judge, 12 Cal.App.4th at 67.
More specifically, the moving party must set forth in its separate statement of undisputed material facts all of the facts upon which it bases its motion. United Community Church v. Garcin (1991) 231 Cal.App.3d 327, 337. This requirement serves "to inform the opposing party of the evidence to be disputed to defeat the motion." Id. If a separate statement does not set forth a fact, for purposes of the motion, the fact "does not exist." Id.
Defendant Has Failed to Shift Its Burden of Proof.
A party moving for summary judgment bears the burden of persuasion that there is no triable issue of fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Aguilar, 25 Cal.4th at 850; Weinstein v. Dep't of Transp. (2006) 139 Cal.App.4th 52, 57. It is well-established that a defendant can only satisfy its burden on summary judgment by showing that a necessary element of the plaintiff's case cannot be established or that it has a complete defense to the cause of action. Code Civ. Pro. § 437c.; Aguilar, 25 Cal.4th at 850; City of San Diego v. Superior Court of San Diego (2006) 137 Cal.App.4th 21, 25. The defendant has a burden of production to make a prima facie showing of the nonexistence of any triable issue of material fact. Aguilar, 25 Cal.4th at 850. In particular, "a defendant moving for summary judgment [must] present evidence, and not simply point out that the plaintiff does not possess, and cannot reasonably obtain, needed evidence." Id. at 854. Only if the defendant meets its burdens of persuasion and production does the burden shift to the plaintiff to show that a triable issue of material fact exists. Scheiding, 69 Cal.App.4th at 71-72.
LESLIE does not, and indeed cannot, establish that MR. KNUTSON does not have evidence of exposure to asbestos-containing gaskets and packing materials used as components of numerous LESLIE valves and other products and to insulation affixed to Defendant's products. As outlined above, Plaintiffs have introduced evidence demonstrating such exposure. Defendant has thus failed to shift its burden of proof and summary judgment should be denied.
Plaintiff Has Established Triable Issues of Fact.
Under every standard of causation articulated in any asbestos case brought before the California judiciary, triable issues of material fact are raised by the evidence proffered by Plaintiffs and outlined above. The evidence creates triable issues as to whether LESLIE valves and other products were defective, whether Mr. Knutson's injurious exposure to asbestos was caused by LESLIE valves, and whether the conduct of LESLIE which caused Mr. Knutson to be injuriously exposed to asbestos supports an award of punitive damages.
1.The "component parts" doctrine cited by LESLIE is limited to situations where "generic" or "off-the shelf" components do not have a foreseeable use with other parts in connection with the intended purpose of a defendant's product.
LESLIE does not even suggest that MR. KNUTSON has not proffered evidence of his work with and around Defendant's products. Rather, LESLIE spends the bulk of its time arguing that it cannot be liable for its failure to warn of the harm caused by the use of its product in conjunction with the very asbestos components that Defendant intended its valves to be used with. Defendant first suggests that it bears no liability for the external flange gaskets and thermal insulation it knew would be affixed to the outside of its valves (for which LESLIE sold replacement asbestos flange gaskets). It next decries its liability for a product that was shipped from the factory with internal asbestos-containing component parts that LESLIE recommended be replaced with more asbestos-containing component parts, preferably supplied by LESLIE! Under California law, LESLIE is liable for the harm caused under either circumstance.
Defendant mistakenly rests its plea for non-liability on California case law concerning the component parts doctrine, which holds that a manufacturer of a product component or ingredient is not liable for injuries caused by the finished product unless it appears that the component itself was "defective" when it left the manufacturer. The component parts doctrine "rests on a line of cases holding an entity supplying a nondefective raw material or component part is not strictly liable for defects in the final product over which it had no control." Tellez-Cordova v. Campbell-Hausfeld/Scott Fetzger Company (2004)129 Cal. App. 4th 577, 581. The component part doctrine applies to "generic" or "off-the-shelf" components, as opposed to those which are "really a separate product with a specific purpose and use." Tellez-Cordova, 129 Cal. App. 4th at 582, citing Springmeyer v. Ford Motor Co. (1998) 60 Cal. App. 4th 1541, 1554.
In attempting to mis-apply the component parts doctrine in this case, LESLIE relies on Zambrana v. Standard Oil Co. (1972) 26 Cal App. 3d 209 to contend that it is not liable for harm caused by asbestos-containing parts affixed to the LESLIE valves. In Zambrana, the plaintiff was in an automobile accident after she was hit by a car that had lost its tire pressure. The plaintiff sued Firestone in strict liability for having sold the other driver a 1/4 inch metal extension to be attached to a 1 ½ inch metal stem valve, already owned by the driver, when she bought tires from the tire dealer. The court held that Firestone was not liable, because this was not the intended use of the 1/4 inch metal extension, but rather an obvious peril created by the purchaser. 26 Cal App. 3d at 218. However, the Zambrana ruling made clear that where there is a machine or product that is unreasonably dangerous in its intended use, then the manufacturer would be held strictly liable. Thus, Zambrana demonstrates that the component parts doctrine is a narrow exception to the broader principle that a manufacturer is liable for foreseeable harm caused during the course of ordinary, intended use of its product. Pursuant to Zambrana, there is (i) no liability for injury arising from non-foreseeable use or for obvious misuse of a product; but (ii) liability for injury arising from a product that is unreasonably dangerous in its intended use.
Defendant's reliance on Baughman v. General Motors (1986) 780 F.2d 1131, is similarly misplaced. There, the court held that the defendant truck manufacturer did not have a duty to warn its customers about the hazards associated with wheel rims that the customer had installed on a truck the defendant had manufactured. Id. at 1133. In Baughman, however, the unsafe wheel rims had not been installed on the truck during the original manufacture, and there was no evidence that the defendant intended for the different rims to be used on the vehicle. Id. at 1132-33. Liability would not be imposed on the truck manufacturer because it did not have reason to know that unsafe wheel rims would be placed on the vehicle. Id. at 1133.
Here, LESLIE knew that its valves were intended to be used with internal asbestos-containing gaskets and packing, and external flange gaskets and insulation. Further, LESLIE knew that exposure to asbestos-dust would occur upon performance of the required maintenance and repair of these valves. Thus, the component parts doctrine, which applies to "non-defective raw material" over which the manufacturer has no control, is inapplicable to LESLIE's manufacture and distribution of the valves and other products at issue here. Accordingly, LESLIE may be held liable for Mr. Knutson's mesothelioma arising from the foreseeable use of LESLIE's valves and other equipment.[2]
2. Pursuant to clear California law, and specifically the law of the Second Circuit, LESLIE is liable to Plaintiff for the foreseeable uses of its valves, even if the asbestos hazard arises from additional products or replacement parts manufactured by another company.
LESLIE contends that its valves, manufactured with asbestos-containing internal original parts, are not defective as a matter of law. Yet California case law and public policy make clear that a manufacturer is subject to strict liability for injury caused by products that create a dangerous condition in their intended and foreseeable use. See Tellez-Cordova v. Campbell-Hausfeld/Scott Fetzger Co. (2004) 129 Cal.App.4th 577, 583; Wright v. Stang Mfg. (1997) 54 Cal. App.4th 1218, 1236; DeLeon v. Commercial Mfg. and Supply Co. (1983) 148 Cal.App.3d 336, 350.
A manufacturer of a product is strictly liable in tort if an article it placed on the market proves to have a defect that caused injury when the product was used as intended. See Greenman v. Yuba Power Prods., Inc. (1963) 59 Cal.2d 57. Further, a manufacturer is strictly liable for injuries caused by a defective product it sells even though the defect originated from a component part manufactured by another party. E.g., Vandermark v. Ford Motor Co. (1964) 61 Cal.2d 256, 262 ("regardless of their source . . . a manufacturer of a completed product cannot escape liability by tracing the defect to a component part supplied by another"); Brocklesby v. U.S. (9th Cir. (Cal.) 1985) 767 F.2d 1288, 1295-96 (manufacturer was subject to strict liability where it was in position to prevent injuries to users of its product despite the fact that unsafe procedures developed by a third party contributed to the dangerous condition of the product); see Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts § 100, at 705 (1984). A product manufacturer must give adequate warnings of any dangerous propensity of its product which it knows or should have known would result in the type of injury that occurred, and is strictly liable for failing to provide such warnings. Greenman, 59 Cal.2d at 62; Vandermark, 61 Cal 2d at 260-61.
Despite clear law to the contrary, LESLIE contends that its valves were not defective as a matter of law because the asbestos components from which the fibers were released might have been installed inside and affixed to its valves subsequent to their original sale and shipment. Defendant's argument ignores a crucial fact — the same dangerous condition that was present when the product was originally sold and shipped necessarily continued to exist after the routine replacement of internal and external asbestos components. The fact that product components may have been replaced after the manufacture of the product is not relevant unless the hazard associated with the product was not present when the product was manufactured and the use of the product did not pose a risk prior to an unanticipated modification of the product. See Tellez-Cordova, 129 Cal.App.4th at 583; Wright, 54 Cal. App.4th at 1236; DeLeon, 148 Cal.App.3d at 350. Here, however, the hazard was present when the product left the factory floor. LESLIE valves were manufactured and sold with dangerous asbestos components; LESLIE knew and recommended that the asbestos components originally installed in its valves would repeatedly need to be removed and replaced with other asbestos materials during the life of the equipment; and LESLIE intended that asbestos containing flange gaskets (which LESLIE sold as a replacement part) be affixed to its valves during routine maintenance and repairs. Thus, in their intended operation, LESLIE's valves would necessarily continue to pose the same risk to users and bystanders after the valves' original unsafe components wore out and were replaced with similar unsafe components – replacement components that were available for purchase from LESLIE itself.
The Second Circuit in particular recognizes that a manufacturer remains liable for injury by the products of another when, as here, their use is intended and foreseeable in connection with the intended purpose of a defendant's product. Tellez-Cordoba, 129 Cal. App. 4th 577 (2004). Moreover, a manufacturer's duty to warn extends to the foreseeable uses of its product, even if a hazard arises from additional products or replacement parts manufactured by another company. DeLeon, 148 Cal. App. 3d 336 (1983). Thus, the component parts case law relied upon by defendant does not apply where "we do not have a clear-cut legal question of component part liability, but instead find a factual issue of involvement in design . . . ." DeLeon, 148 Cal. App. 3d at 343 (holding that the manufacturer of "shaker" bins for a fruit processing plant was liable for injuries suffered by Plaintiff where the line shaft connected by the plant was misinstalled, even though the "shaker" bin itself was not defective and even though the manufacturer of the "shaker" bin did not connect the line shaft to the "shaker" bin).
This was the precise decision reached recently by the trial court in (Maher Decl. Ex. R and S). Just as LESLIE contends here, Crosby Valves argued there that because the external insulation affixed to its valves was not sold by the defendant, Crosby Valves should not be liable for any exposure to asbestos dust arising from maintenance of the external insulation. The court, however, denied Crosby Valves' motion, because the Plaintiff introduced evidence showing that his physical exposure to asbestos as a result of the inlet and outlet flanges used in connection with the Crosby valves was entirely foreseeable. Order Denying Crosby Valve, Inc.'s Motion for Summary Judgment, Merrill v. Laval, Inc. (Maher Decl. Ex. R). See also Order Denying Warren Pumps, LLC and Cooper Cameron Corp's Motions for Summary Judgment (Maher Decl. Ex. S)(the components parts doctrine does not preclude a manufacturer's liability "for injuries caused by products of another, when their use is foreseeable in connection with the purpose of defendant's product.") .[3]
The facts in this case are identical to the facts underling Merrill: LESLIE put into the stream of commerce various valves that it knew and intended to be used with asbestos-containing internal gaskets and packing and external flange gaskets and insulation. Given this foreseeable, known use of asbestos components with the LESLIE valves and other products, the law of the Second Circuit, as specifically set forth by Tellez-Cordova and in Merrill, requires that LESLIE's motion be denied.
3.LESLIE is Liable For Its Failure To Warn About the Foreseeable Use of Asbestos-Containing Replacement Parts.
A manufacturer has a duty to warn of hazards arising from the foreseeable use of its product, even if the hazard arises from the addition of a product which, although manufactured by another, is used in the normal operation of the defendant's product. DeLeon, 148 Cal.App.3d 336, 344. In DeLeon, the defendant manufactured a sorting bin for use on the plaintiff's employer's conveyer belt line, in close proximity to an overhead line shaft manufactured by another. The overhead line shaft was not manufactured by the defendant, but cleaning the sorting bin put the plaintiff in danger of being injured by the overhead line shaft, and the court found that the bin manufacturer could have foreseen this danger and therefore had a duty to warn. Id. at p. 341. In reversing summary judgment, the court noted that the defendant had not shown that "such an act was unforeseeable" and explained that "[t]he design and manufacture of products should not be carried out in an industrial vacuum but with recognition of the realities of their everyday use." Id. at 344.
Applying similar logic, in Tellez-Cordoba, 129 Cal.App.4th 577, Division Five of this appellate district explained that a manufacturer remains liable for the danger of injury caused by products of another, when such products are foreseeably used in connection with the intended purpose of the defendant' product. 129 Cal.App.4th at 583. There, a manufacturer of grinders was held liable for failing to warn of injuries caused by the disintegration and release of respirable toxins from third-party discs used with the grinders. Id. at 582-583. The court rejected the grinder manufacturer's argument that it was shielded by a bright-line rule preventing any manufacturer from liability for "defects in a final product over which it had not control," finding that the defendant was not "asked to warn of defects in a final product over which they had no control, but of defects which occur when their products are used as intended . . . ." Id. at 581, 583. As in Tellez-Cordoba, LESLIE is not shielded here from liability caused by the intended and foreseeable use of its valves, regardless of whether LESLIE supplied the asbestos-containing packing, gaskets and insulation used inside and outside the valves.[4]
California law also extends the duty to warn to foreseeable hazards in regular maintenance and repair of a product. See Gonzalez v. Carmenita Ford Truck Sales, Inc. (1987) 192 Cal.App.3d 1143, 1151. In Gonzalez, the court reversed a defense judgment where the trial court failed to instruct the jury that the defendant truck manufacturer could be liable for failing to warn with respect to the hazards arising in brake repairs and maintenance. The court held that "the warning requirement is not limited to unreasonably or unavoidably dangerous products. Rather, directions or warnings are in order where reasonably required to prevent the use of a product from becoming unreasonably dangerous."[5] Id. (emphasis in original). Under Gonzalez, LESLIE cannot disclaim liability for harm caused by asbestos containing parts used both inside and outside its product, when it intended that repair and maintenance would take place and knew that such activities would expose workers to asbestos.
California's courts are aligned with the vast majority of courts to consider the issue and rule that the manufacturer of a product remains liable where the repairs, maintenance, alteration or modification of the product was reasonably foreseeable. See Braaten v. Saberhagen Holdings, 151 P.3d 1010, 1013 (Wash. App. 2007)(use of asbestos on manufacturers' pumps, valves and turbines was not "by chance" but rather by design where defendant manufacturers either sold products containing asbestos-containing components or were aware that asbestos insulation was regularly used in and around their machines on Navy ships); Simonetta v. Viad Corp., 151 P.3d 1019, 1023 (Wash. App. 2007)("[T]he danger of asbestos exposure is 'inherent' in the use of its product, because the evaporators were built with the knowledge that insulation would be needed for the units to operate properly and that workers would need to invade the insulation to service the units."); Berkowitz v. A.C.and S., Inc. (N.Y. 2001) 288 A.D.2d 148, 149 (pump manufacturer had an ongoing duty to warn of dangers of asbestos gaskets and insulation used on its pumps, despite the fact the pump manufacturer neither manufactured nor installed the asbestos components, where issues of fact existed concerning the manufacturer's knowledge that asbestos insulation and gaskets would be used with its equipment); Chicano v. General Electric Co. 2004 WL 2250990 at *6 (E.D. Pa. 2004)(GE could be liable for external insulation manufactured and applied by others to its turbines because evidence raised triable issues of fact as to whether "GE could reasonably foresee that its turbines would be combined with asbestos-containing insulation, which together constituted a defective product, absent appropriate warnings of the dangers of asbestos"); and Rauch v Am. Radiator & Standard Sanitary Corp., 104 NW 2d 607 (Iowa 1960) (holding manufacturer responsible for testing and inspecting replacement parts made by others).
The well-established law from both California and other jurisdictions, then, provides that the manufacturer of a product that is subsequently altered or modified, even after it leaves the defendant's possession, retains a duty to warn if such modification was foreseeable, indeed, intended, as shown here. Further, as explained in DeLeon, a manufacturer's products cannot be viewed in a vacuum. The undisputed reality is that LESLIE valves and other equipment were, in fact, intended to operate with asbestos-containing internal gaskets and packing and external flange gaskets and insulation. Further, the circumstances in which Defendant's products were used required predictable and scheduled maintenance on LESLIE's valves, which would then produce asbestos dust that was breathed in by workers in the area. Defendant's claim that it cannot be held liable for the foreseeable use of a third party's asbestos-containing parts under such circumstances is simply not supported in law or in fact.
4.LESLIE Failed To Make Any Evidentiary Showing That The Use of Asbestos-Containing Packing, Gaskets and Insulation Was Unforeseeable.
LESLIE's motion presents a legal issue disclaiming any duty to warn of asbestos containing gaskets and insulation used on its valves, whether such use was foreseeable or not. LESLIE takes the position that foreseeability is irrelevant, and has made no evidentiary showing to demonstrate it could not have foreseen the use of asbestos containing gaskets and insulation. LESLIE therefore again has failed to carry its burden of demonstrating that there are no triable issues of fact concerning its duty to warn of asbestos-containing gaskets, packing and insulation foreseeably applied both inside and on the exterior surface of its equipment. Accordingly, LESLIE'S motion should be denied.
5. The evidence is sufficient to create a triable issue of whether LESLIE's wrongful conduct warrants the imposition of punitive damages.
A jury may award punitive damages "where it is proven by clear and convincing evidence that the defendant has been guilty of oppression, fraud, or malice." Cal. Civ.Code, § 3294 subd. (a). "Malice" is demonstrated by "conduct which is intended by the defendant to cause injury to the plaintiff or despicable conduct which is carried on by the defendant with a willful and conscious disregard of the rights or safety of others." Id. at subd. (c)(1). As used in section 3294, conduct justifying punitive damages includes "not only a malicious intention to injure the specific person harmed, but conduct evincing 'a conscious disregard of the probability that the actor's conduct will result in injury to others.'" Grimshaw v. Ford Motor Co. (1981) 119 Cal.App.3d 757, 808.
The evidence outlined above demonstrates that LESLIE knew asbestos would be used with its product, and even supplied original and replacement asbestos components with its products. LESLIE knew that asbestos dust would be released from those components during routine maintenance and repair. Nevertheless, the evidence shows that LESLIE never tested its products to determine whether they were safe or dangerous and it never warned of the dangers of asbestos well known to science and industry alike. This evidence demonstrating LESLIE's willful and conscious disregard for MR. KNUTSON'S rights and safety is sufficient to create a triable issue of fact regarding whether punitive damages should be imposed on LESLIE in this case.
Defendant's Motion Should Be Continued Pursuant to C.C.P. §437c(h).
A party that stands in opposition to a summary judgment motion may seek a continuance of the motion if it can show, from affidavits offered, that additional time is needed to obtain facts essential to justify opposition to the motion. C.C.P. §437c(h). Once the showing is made, continuance is mandatory. Bahl v. Bank of America (2001) 89 Cal. App. 4th 389; Cooksey v. Alexakis (2004) 123 Cal. App. 4th 246, 253-54. Further, the motion should not be granted if discovery has not been completed or if the opposing party's attempts to obtain important evidence have been frustrated. Krantz v. BT Visual Images, L.L.C. (2001) 89 Cal. App. 4th 164, 174.
On March 7, 2007, plaintiffs noticed the deposition of LESLIE CONTROLS, INC.'s person most knowledgeable and custodian of records. (Maher Decl., Exhibit —). Defendant served boilerplate objections and plaintiffs sent two letters and have made several telephone calls to LESLIE's counsel, Christopher Strunk. (Maher Decl., paragraph —). In the last conversation on May 7, 2007, Mr. Strunk stated that his client's witness, Matthew Wrobel, had identified documents relating to LESLIE equipment on the USS HANCOCK. Id. Counsel reportedly was still looking for seven boxes of LESLIE documents produced by LESLIE for another plaintiffs' firm in 2003. Id. Plaintiffs noticed an ex parte motion to compel production for May 1, 2007, but at the behest of Defendant, who was still searching for records, the deposition has been continued three times to May 7, 9 and 11, 2007. Id. Plaintiffs are being assured by LESLIE that these issues will be resolved amenably. Id. Shining Declaration, paragraph 4. Id. Thus, a continuance is mandatory as issues relating to those presented by Defendant will be the subject of this deposition.
LESLIE has failed to shift its burden to negate an element of Plaintiffs' negligence and strict liability claims. Further, Plaintiffs have established triable issues of fact with respect to LESLIE's liability for injury caused by its failure to warn of the dangers of the asbestos-containing component parts integral to the design and intended use of its valves. In addition, Plaintiffs have proffered evidence sufficient to create a triable issue of fact on the issue of punitive damages. Accordingly, Defendant's motion for summary judgment and/or summary adjudication should be denied.
DATED: May 9, 2007
- ↑ John Crane manufactured literally hundreds of asbestos gaskets and packing materials during the years of MR. KNUTSON'S service in the Navy. See John Crane Interrogatory Responses, at General Asbestos Packing Style List (Maher Decl. Ex. J). Garlock, too, manufactured a seemingly infinite variety of asbestos gaskets during the time MR. KNUTSON worked with them. See Garlock Interrogatory Responses at 9-10 (Maher Decl. Ex. I).
- ↑ LESLIE attempts to argue that Plaintiffs cannot meet their burden of proving causation, because LESLIE did not manufacture the asbestos affixed to its valves. However, as discussed at length infra, a manufacturer's duty to warn extends to the foreseeable uses of its product, even if a hazard arises from additional parts or replacement parts manufactured by another company. Therefore, the hazards inherent in breathing asbestos dust arising from the foreseeable use of the LESLIE valves are imputed to LESLIE, even though LESLIE did not supply the asbestos-containing parts.
- ↑ See also Notice of Ruling Denying Foster Wheeler, LLC's Motion for Summary Judgment, Williams v. Carver Pump Co., No. BC 309034 (Sup. Ct. of Ca., Los Angeles Cty., December 16, 2004) (holding that because the equipment at issue required asbestos-containing insulation, "[t]his gave rise to a duty imposed on the manufacturer to warn of the hazard created by the insulation") (Maher Decl. Ex.T); Order Denying LESLIE-Rand's Motion for Summary Judgment, Landingin v. A.W. Chesterton Co., No. 437009 (Sup. Ct. of Ca., San Francisco Cty., Nov. 1, 2005) (Maher Decl. Ex. U).
- ↑ See also Wright v. Stang Manufacturing Co. (1997) 54 Cal.App.4th 1218, 1224-26, 1234-35 (manufacturer of deck gun for use on a fire truck, mounted by equipment manufactured by another, liable for failure to warn where plaintiff produced evidence that it was foreseeable that pressure from the deck gun would result in failure of the mounting equipment); Putensen v. Clay Adams, Inc. (1970) 12 Cal.App.3d 1062, 1978-1979 (foreseeable alterations by plaintiff's physician to the defendant's plastic medical tubing did not relieve the manufacturer of liability for failure to warn, under a negligence theory, if the alteration was foreseeable).
- ↑ LESLIE attempts to assert that "No California court has defined the scope of a manufacturer's duty to warn under a negligence's cause of action." Defendant's Motion at 14. LESLIEthen cites a series of cases from New York, Maryland, and Texas as potentially instructive as to the negligence principles that California might adopt. Incredibly, LESLIE attempts both to obviate and rewrite clear, established California case law. Specifically, as the Court explained in Balido v. Improved Machinery, Inc., 29 Cal. App. 3d 633 (1973), "the test for strict liability is the same as that for negligence, except for the element of scienter." "A danger is unreasonable when it is foreseeable, and the manufacturer's ability, actual, constructive, or potential, to forestall unreasonable danger is the measure of its duty in the design of the product. A manufacturer's failure to achieve its full potential in design and thereby forestall unreasonable danger forms the basis for its strict liability in tort. It is a liability whose essence parallels the lack of due care that is the essence of its liability for negligence." Id. at 640.


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Designer duo Shivan Bhatiya and Narresh Kukreja impressed one and all at the Amazon India Fashion Week (AIFW) Spring Summer 2016 with their new holiday line that also consisted of jewelled garments. The off-site show at the lawn of The Imperial hotel here on Wednesday truly set the mood for a relaxed holiday minus the distracting mosquitoes. The spring-summer 2016 collection took forward the artistic language of Mexican artist Diego Rivera and infused its spirit in a Mediterranean mood for holidays and honeymoon. The collection, presented in association with kitchen and bathroom specialist Kohler, gelled with the look of the models who seemed to be sweating it out on a beach.
With colour palette that ranged between terracotta, herb green, aqua pink and more, the line had maillot with leather panel, one-shoulder bikini, ruched skirt, day dress, colour-blocked blouse, pencil skirt, neoprene lehenga with Diego motifs, jewelled jumpsuit and blouse with embellished saris.
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Mar 31, 2013 - By Katie Roenigk, Staff WriterJames Edward Crooks, 24, of Hudson, was bound over to the 9th Judicial District Court of Fremont County this week on charges stemming from an alleged bar fight March 9.
Crooks has been charged with battery and aggravated assault and battery for reportedly punching Darryn Davis, 24, of Riverton, in the face and knocking him down at about 1:20 a.m. March 9 at Bomber's Sports Bar, 502 E. Main St. Officers said Crooks had left the scene when they arrived and found Davis "lying supine" on the ground with "obvious severe trauma to his face."
Davis was transported to Riverton Memorial Hospital, where medical personnel determined he needed emergency transportation to the Wyoming Medical Center in Casper. Medical records indicate he suffered from bleeding inside of his skull and a subarachnoid orbital fracture to his eye socket.
Racial slur
On March 12, an officer from the Riverton Police Department traveled to Casper to interview Davis, who was still being treated for head injuries at the WMC. According to reports, Davis said Crooks used a racial slur before hitting Davis in the face. Davis reportedly did not remember much more from the assault.
On March 12, the officer said he interviewed Davis's sister Muriel Davis, who was a witness to the fight. Muriel Davis reportedly stated that she heard Crooks refer to her brother using a racial slur. Shortly afterward, she said, Crooks hit her brother in the face, knocking him to the pavement.
On March 16, the officer interviewed another person, Joseph Alberts, who claimed to be an eyewitness to the alleged assault. Alberts reportedly indicated that he saw Davis "draw his arm back" immediately before being struck by Crooks.
Community members had a rally last weekend in support of Davis, a minority of black and American Indian heritage.
Crooks was arrested March 16 in Hudson and has been in custody since then with his bond set at $10,000 cash. He had his initial appearance in circuit court last week and was bound over to district court Wednesday.
The charge of "aggravated assault and battery" alleges that Crooks caused serious bodily injury to another person intentionally, knowingly or recklessly under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life. The offense is a felony punishable by imprisonment for not more than 10 years, a fine of not more than $10,000, or both.
The battery charge alleges Crooks intentionally, knowingly or recklessly caused bodily injury to another person by use of physical force. The offense is a misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment for not more than six months, a fine of not more than $750, or both.
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THE number of bus passengers bludging a free ride on public transport has jumped 250 per cent — from around one in 70 to one in 20, latest Adelaide Metro figures show.
And there has been a 57 per cent increase in Transport Department service orders slapped on bus operators over issues such as driver quality, route signage and ticket information.
Cases of fare evasion on buses have soared from 1.49 per cent in the last three months of 2013 to 5.23 in the first three months of this year, according to the latest quarterly Public Transport Service Standard Report.
The surge in fare evasion observed during the public transport audit of more than 200 bus services coincided with industrial action taken by the bus drivers union over a pay dispute. Drivers declined to sell tickets or enforce their validation from January and the State Government said no one would be fined for fare evasion on any bus service during the industrial action.
Trams fare evasion rates were steady at around 15 per cent while fare dodging on trains declined from 6.21 per cent to 5.51 per cent.
This quarter's investigations in public transport also resulted in 1288 Service Audit Reports — up from 816 last quarter.
In this latest report almost 11 per cent of audits involved problems with Driver Quality,
14 per cent with Signage and 16 per cent related to the wrong ticket information.
The north-south bus routes run by Light City Bus had the worse record for running on time with 25 per cent off schedule compared to 16 per cent of total services.
Opposition transport spokesman Corey Wingard said "fare evasion is theft from other passengers who are left to carry an extra financial burden."
"The Weatherill Labor Government needs to increase its efforts to eradicate the blight of fare evasion from Adelaide's trams, trains and buses,'' he said.
Transport Minister Stephen Mullighan said the State Government was committed to reducing fare evasion across South Australia's public transport network.
'It should also be noted that industrial action undertaken by Southlink and Light-City Buses, where drivers did not enforce validations or sell tickets, resulted in higher observations of passengers not validating or purchasing tickets,'' he said.
'The Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure has been working with bus services providers, the Transit Police and Wilson Security to increase revenue protection activities and deter fare evasion.
'As a result of these increased activities, additional instances of fare evasion have been detected.'
Originally published as Bus fare evasion jumps by 250 per cent


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MultiCare will now have access to new and innovative cancer drugs for their patients in collaboration with other member institutions.


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Big sister Elle Sofia Clibanoff, along with parents Felice Tucker and Jim Clibanoff, announce the birth of her sister and their daughter, Remie Nicole (Ahava Bira), on Sept. 7, 2005.
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Remie is named in loving memory of her maternal great-grandmother Bertha Tucker.


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Today's Devotional
Living for JesusWhat are you thankful for as you consider what Jesus has done for you?
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- Can Michael Vick repair his image?Can Michael Vick transform his image? CNN's Alina Cho interviews sports and entertainment attorney Marshawn Evans.marshawnevans2010-10-02T01:00:121,777 views00:04:09
- CBS Atlanta InterviewHere's my interview with CBS Atlanta about surviving in a tough economic climate and my book, "SKIRTS in the Boardroom."marshawnevans2010-10-02T00:43:191,449 views00:02:51
- Avoiding Job Hunting MistakesMarshawn Evans, author of SKIRTS in the Boardroom, a former contestant on "The Apprentice" and a runner-up for Miss America, talks about the five mistakes women make during a job hunt and how we can all avoid them.marshawnevans2010-10-02T00:32:262,249 views00:06:43
- Women in the WorkplaceMarshawn talks about President Barack Obama's impact on women in the workplace.marshawnevans2010-10-02T00:19:432,003 views00:05:18
- Finding a job in a tough economyMarshawn Evans, author of SKIRTS in the Boardroom, appears on Fox Business News to provide tips about finding a job in a tough economy.marshawnevans2010-10-02T00:18:522,469 views00:04:19
- Fox Business News - Small BusinessesMarshawn shares her views about how the current economy will effect small businesses in 2009 and beyond.marshawnevans2010-10-02T00:10:182,056 views00:04:19
- Marshawn's Interview on Fox Business ChannelMarshawn appeared on the set of the Fox Business Channel to talk about her new book, "SKIRTS in the Boardroom," as well as some challenges small business owners face in a tough economy.marshawnevans2010-10-01T23:57:022,306 views00:04:31
- Fox News - SKIRTS in the Boardroom InterviewMarshawn sits down with Allison on the Fox and Friends morning show to talk about her new book, "SKIRTS in the Boardroom." She also gives 4 key suggestions for women in corporate America to survive through difficult times in a tough economic clim...marshawnevans2010-10-01T23:55:4612,137 views00:03:35
- GodTube - SKIRTS Interview Part 1Marshawn talks to GodTube about her experiences that inspired her to write her book, SKIRTS in the Boardroom.marshawnevans2010-10-01T23:46:572,808 views00:00:59
- GodTube - SKIRTS Interview Part 2Marshawn talks to GodTube about some of the mistakes women usually make in the workplace.marshawnevans2010-10-01T23:46:572,390 views00:00:52
- GodTube - SKIRTS Interview Part 3Marshawn talks to GodTube about how Faith has played an important role in her life.marshawnevans2010-10-01T23:46:572,210 views00:00:55
- GodTube - SKIRTS Interview Part 4Marshawn talks about getting past the stereotypes of Christian women.marshawnevans2010-10-01T23:46:572,717 views00:01:31
- GodTube - SKIRTS Interview Part 5Marshawn talks to GodTube about striving to become a Proverbs 31 woman.marshawnevans2010-10-01T23:46:572,963 views00:02:04
- GodTube - SKIRTS Interview Part 6Marshawn talks about being a Christian in the business worldmarshawnevans2010-10-01T23:46:572,754 views00:01:26
- GodTube - SKIRTS Interview Part 7Marshawn Evans shares her viewpoint of being a Christian on NBC's hit reality TV show, "The Apprentice."marshawnevans2010-10-01T23:46:573,069 views00:03:17
- SKIRTS Interview w/ GodTubeMarshawn Evans reflects back on some of her experiences that inspired her to write her new book, "SKIRTS in the Boardroom."marshawnevans2010-10-01T23:46:452,990 views00:04:37


text:
One Mind From Start Till Now A Progression of My Work
de Danielle Barney
Acerca del libro
This is the combination of almost all of the decent stories I've written since my 7th grade year when I started. This was a project to help motivate myself to take up the pen once again and continue writing what I love.
There are 20 stories, and while quite a few aren't completed, I stayed true to what I originally wrote. There's a little bit of Science Fiction, some almost Realistic Fiction, and then some Fantasy. They're all in chronological order from 7th to 11th grade, and I really feel like it shows how much my writing has improved over the years.
So, read it if you like, and most of all:
Thank you for reading!
Características y detalles
- Categoría Literatura y ficción
13×20 cm
150 Páginas
- Fecha de publicación may. 03, 2013
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text:
The widow of slain Israeli leader Yitzhak Rabin expressed regrets over having taking part in a special telecast of the ABC-TV news program "Nightline," which was broadcast live from the Jerusalem Theater early Wednesday morning.
Leah Rabin, who participated in the show via a linkup from her Tel Aviv home, later told Israel Radio that the program had only served to escalate the tensions that have surfaced in Israeli society in the wake of her husband's Nov. 4 assassination.
The show "exists precisely to fan the flames," she said, adding, "this is not the time yet for such debates and definitely not on our TV screens."
The show, which was simulcast on Israel Television as it was beamed to American audiences late Tuesday night, was moderated by journalist Ted Koppel, who interviewed panel members from both sides of the political spectrum and sought comments from audience members in the theater.
Focusing on Israel's political and social climate in the aftermath of the assassination, the special "Town Meeting" program drew millions of viewers, according to the show's producers.
During the show, Rabin explained why she shook hands with Palestine Liberation Organization leader Yasser Arafat when he came on a condolence call to her Ramat Aviv home last week, but has expressed reservations about shaking hands with Likud leader Benjamin Netanyahu.
"The handshake [of Yitzhak Rabin] two years ago with Yasser Arafat symbolized hope, and the beginning of a new road" toward peace, she said. "The handshake with Mr. Netanyahu did not."
In recent interviews, Rabin has been sharply critical of Netanyahu and other right-wing leaders for permitting hot political rhetoric to escalate against her husband in the weeks prior to the assassination.
Like Rabin, Netanyahu and Acting Prime Minister Shimon Peres took part in the show via linkups from other locations in the country.
Peres, looking drawn and tired, repeated the call for reconciliation.
"We have to stop by all means the acts of violence, the support for terror, whether verbal or physical, and go on," he said.
He also defended his government's right to proceed with a recently signed agreement with the Palestinians, despite the razor-thin approval the pact recently received in the Knesset.
Netanyahu lashed out against the recent government crackdown on extreme right- wing groups, calling it a "sheer witchhunt" that smacked of "McCarthyism at its purest."
He also said Israel's left wing was guilty of name-calling and of blaming the right wing for physical violence, when it had its own history of acerbic verbal attacks against the right.
The studio panel included Likud Knesset member Eliahu Ben-Elissar, former Knesset member Elyakim Ha'etzni, who resides in Kiryat Arba near Hebron, and Efrat leader Rabbi Shlomo Riskin, all of whom represent various shades of right-wing opinion.
Ben-Elissar questioned whether it was proper for the government to make "revolutionary decisions" regarding trading land for peace with the Palestinians when the recent agreement was approved in the Knesset by only one vote.
Representing the left on the panel were Health Minister Ephraim Sneh, Histadrut Secretary-General Haim Ramon and Peace Now activist Janet Aviad.
The panelists were often critical of one another, reflecting the deep divisions among Israelis, despite repeated calls for a period of reconciliation in the wake of the assassination.
Among the audience members participating in the discussion was Esther Waxman, whose son Nachshon Waxman was killed in October 1994 when Israelis commandos attempted to rescue him from three Hamas abductors.
Waxman called on the government to attempt to heal the divisions among Israelis before continuing with the peace process with the Palestinians.
"Peace with our enemies is a mockery when there is no peace with out brothers," she said.


text:
Loyola University Maryland Women's Basketball Tickets are on sale now!
General Admission Youth/Student Tickets are $5.00 each
General Admission Adult Tickets are $7.00 each
Courtside Tickets are $15.00 each ($25 for vs. Maryland)
General Admission Season Tickets cost $30.00 each
Courtside VIP Tickets cost $175.00 per pair (includes parking)
For additional information you can visit http://www.loyolagreyhounds.com/
or call 410-617-1420 for more information.
Tickets ordered more than two weeks before the event will be
mailed to the address provided. Tickets ordered less than
two weeks before the event will be available for pick up at will call.


text:
Once again MSNBC president Phil Griffin is claiming that his cable outlet is not liberal on purpose. (I know what you're saying, if you believe that he has a bridge to sell you) In an interview with a TV reviewer for the Kansas City Star, Griffin once again made the claim that the extreme leftward tilt that MSNBC has taken over the last few years was a complete accident and that they aren't "tied to ideology" like Fox News is. Griffin also attacked Fox News saying that, "you can't trust a word they say."
It all started when Aaron Barnhart of the Star asked Griffin for his reaction to statements made by Fox News executive John Moody who said that MSNBC only gained their current market share because of the "messianic ranting" of its anchors, Keith Olbermann and Chris Matthews. This set Griffin off at the outset of the interview.
"Look," said Griffin. "I totally respect Fox News and what they did. But it's totally cynical. For them to say that is outrageous. They saw an opportunity years ago to create an ideological channel. And they did. I give them total credit. I tip my hat to them. They scored. But it was ideological and opportunistic. It was a business plan.
Ah, but you see, MSNBC is different. Their ideological tilt was purely an accident... so it doesn't count.
"We didn't do that. We go out and hire the best people that we can and give them freedom. Chris Matthews and Keith Olbermann were arguing in point-of-view programs against the war when the war was popular. This wasn't a business decision. .... We're not tied to ideology the way they are. We're still NBC News, best newsgathering organization in the world, we have a couple of point-of-view people, but we have a variety of opinions you don't see elsewhere.
Griffin's spin is an Olympics worthy back flip as any look at their programing reveals. But, his main point is a meaningless distinction in the long run. Fox News may have set out from the beginning to fill the rightward niche market, it is true. It is also true that MSNBC didn't start up with the direct intentions to be the extreme left version of Fox News... after all, there was no Fox News at the time. MSNBC beat Fox News to air by four months or so. Certainly it wasn't MSNBC's initial "business plan" to become the Pravda of cable news. But, the end result is still the same. They did become that.
That they didn't start out with that business plan is meaningless in the final analysis. The truth is that they have, indeed, turned to that business plan to save their perennially third placed cable outlet's bacon in the ratings game. They have similarly found their niche -- and a considerably smaller one if ratings are any indication -- just as Fox News has. That they didn't launch their cable channel in 1996 for that particular reason is not very relevant to the facts as they now stand.
And, this new turn to the far left really did see MSNBC tap into a market niche. They are the darlings of the nutrooters and have cashed in rather handsomely as a result. But for Griffin to then say, "we're not tied to ideology the way they are," referring to Fox News, is an absurdity. Of course MSNBC is wholly tied to the leftist line ideologically. If they abandoned it now they would lose all their newfound ratings and most likely disappear from the TV altogether.
Still, Griffin is sticking to his story no matter how unbelievable it is.
"What they are trying to do is play a game here," Griffin continued. "THEY made the business decision to create an ideological network. We didn't. They were the ones that got in bed with the Bush Administration, so that most of the time, where did the Bush Administration officials come out and make their points? Fox News. We didn't. You brought it up, but it's a great story because you can't trust a word they say.
... and a nice homage to his viewer's Bush Derangement Syndrome, too. Nice touch Philly.
But this wide-eyed shock from Griffin that people think MSNBC is an ideologically driven organization is not new. He has been peddling this same faux shock for a while, now.
Back in November of 2007, Griffin was selling the same line to The New York Times when he told them that the obvious drift left wasn't a conscious plan. "There isn't a dogma we're putting through," he told the Times, "there is a 'Go for it.'"
But, doesn't it become "dogma" the second you decide that your policy will be "go for it"?
Anyway, despite what he keeps claiming, the reality of the programming speaks louder than Phil Griffin's protestations.


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A SCHOOL which has been criticised by pupils for restructuring its leadership after a bad Ofsted report is advertising for a number of high profile jobs.
A Facebook campaign was set up earlier this year by students of Holmer Green Senior School asking for a fightback against senior leadership restructuring.
However, the school are now advertising job vacancies for a Deputy Headteacher, a Senior Leader of English, Head of Sixth Form and a Head of ICT.
Headteacher, Michael Jones said: "Since our 'requires improvements' Ofsted report we have taken a look at the leadership structure of the school.
"We have sort of re-modelled the leadership team as there is a huge pressure for leadership to shine through."
The school, which was given the 'requires improvements' report in January 2014, are now looking for external appointments for a Deputy Headteacher and a Senior Leader of English to be included in the senior leadership team.
Job vacancies for a Head of Sixth Form as well a Head of ICT, are not senior leadership roles.
Despite concerns from pupils about changes at the school, Mr Jones attempted to quash fears in March.
At the time he said changes were "very much in line to improve leadership aspects highlighted in the Ofsted report".
He added: "My message to them (students), with my hand on my heart, is every member of staff at this school - their main priority is to help and support them and get the best results they can."


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Do you know what chicken noodle soup, kim chi, fried chicken, and that odd sunny-side up fried eggs have in common? They are all considered as comfort food. While each person has his own preferred dish, the fact that they derive some sense of contentment and peace when they eat these foods brings up some interesting possibilities.
Based on a study conducted by Jordan Troisi, researcher and doctoral candidate from the University of Buffalo, people who eat a specific kind of food with those they are close with often associate that food with them. By consuming comfort foods, people find that they are less lonely since the food reminded them of the companionship they enjoyed with others.
According to Troisi, the food itself has nothing to do with the effect. It is the people who consume comfort foods who have developed a connection between this specific dish to that specific person or group that they enjoy eating with. Comfort foods, in other words, serve as a bridge between people and those they are close with. Even when that close someone is not around, as long as the dish is there, then the people who consume it is more content.
This opens up one good question about this study: if comfort foods serve as a reminder of close relationships, and it can be any kind of food, then is it possible that all the stuff we hear in advertising and the likes may not actually be true? After all, we get all those hype on TV and radio about eating this and that to improve our relationship, the stuff that they call "comfort foods".
This study shows is that we are the ones who are actually in control. We are the ones who decide about what kind of food that we associate with someone. Personally, it does pretty much jive with my thinking.
Come to think of it, some people I know find it weird that my comfort food is a bowl of chicken arroz caldo (rice porridge). But I can't help it. It reminds me of those cold, rainy nights when me and my family would think of something nice and warm to eat.


text:
Bridges steps up to join cast of $25m Weide film
In a move which is already whetting buyers' appetites, Jeff Bridges has joined the cast of Bob Weide's How To Lose Friends And Alienate People, the $25 million adaptation of Toby Young's bestselling satirical memoir about his time as a British journalist abroad, working in Manhattan. Bridges will be playing Clayton Harding, a character loosely based on magazine editor Graydon Carter. He joins Kirsten Dunst (Spiderman), ...
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text:
Originally posted on Wizards Extreme | Last updated 1/16/13
As has been the case for quite some time now, the Washington Wizards have long been considered the league clowns of the NBA. There's really no need for clarification as the factors for the team's prolonged suckassness has been on full display and well documented: slow starts, slow finishes, offensive ineptitude, defensive struggles, lack of talent, poor coaching, managerial mishaps, injuries, Jan Vesely. It's fairly evident that the Wizards have been the cause of several unfavorable headlines, covering almost every negative facet of the game. It's a tolling, testing and trying experience for every Wizards fan and to be quite frank on behalf of all of us: it BLOWS. But let's actually fast forward past all the regurgitated rhetoric about how bad the team sucks, or has sucked until this past week. Let's actually talk about this past week. The Wizards didn't start fully shaping into the team they initially constructed until after the OKC game two Mondays ago, but it's probably fair to say the dramatic ending of that particular game, courtesy of the league's top teenager, is what set the tone for where the Wizards stand now: a team on a mean 3-game win streak, set to take on a five-game west coast trip with the most confidence and swag they've attained in the Wittman era. It was the perfect segway for John Wall's Welcome Back Party against Atlanta the following game, and that same momentum helped these reformed Wizards truck over the Orlando Magic on Monday night. Heh, the Orlando Magic. Someone generate a Facebook meme along with a fat-ass LOL as the caption for the way they got dismantled on the Verizon Center floor. But I can't be too harsh on them considering their second unit looks about as good as that fearsome pick-up squad you face at the Y on a Wednesday night. You know, Josh McRoberts, the bearded white family man who happens to ball; that decent former college player in E'Twan Moore; some dude named Ish. And so after the Wizards made the Magic seem more competent as Disney World staff members rather than professional basketball players, they now seem light years from where they started in November. Watching the game on replay late last night, I could've predicted during pregame warm-ups that it would be in the books early, just based on the demeanor and approach of the players amongst one another. They were energized and hyped, genuinely high-fiving one another and exchanging words of motivation. Not to mention smiling and enjoying their jobs for once. Overall, it was simply apparent that they had realized they were finally molding together as the squad we were so optimistic about in the offseason. And it all starts and ends with John Wall. Players in the locker room admit there is a sense of refreshment on and off the court with a healthy Wall part of the mix. Fans are pleasantly overwhelmed by the sudden change of pace and the surge the Wizards have displayed all this past week, courtesy of their beloved leader. Now, suddenly, the Wizards are actually watchable. Damn all that, they're actually entertaining!! I mean, as basketball fans, what more can we enjoy than seeing a player zip up and down the court along with his teammates, keeping the defense on their heels and creating easy buckets (John Wall). Or a player that can maneuver around the defense and create a beautifully executed jump shot (Brad Beal). Or how about a front court that can be oh so dominant when they create good spacing and provide strong aggression at the rim, both on offense and on defense (Nene, Okafor, Seraphin). Throw in some energy and hustle with Martell Webster and a greatly improved AJ Price. Jan Vesely being more productive than raising a guilty arm after committing a foul? I'll take some of that too. Point is, the Wizards are clicking on every cylinder and it couldn't have come at a better time. Well, technically it could have. I'm sure all of us wish they clicked 32 games ago, but as the Wizards prepare for unrelenting five-game road trip, they do it with the utmost momentum and confidence. They no longer feel like just a void in the opposing team's schedule. They've finally tasted relevance and, hence, feel like they belong.
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text:
I Think Lady Gaga Is The Worst And I'm Not Afraid To Say It
Hi, welcome to Camp Lady Gaga Is Boring And Pretentious, population 1 and it's me. I recognize that I am all but vastly, utterly alone in thinking that this "Lady Gaga" character is one of the most stale, uninteresting "personalities" to have ever made her mark on pop culture. David Bowie, Grace Jones, Madonna Ciccone for Christ's sake — they did it first, and better. It's not her image I take issue with, it's the severe, and I think unmistakable, dichotomy between her mask and her music. She's so avant-garde! She has a lobster on her head! She's in a meat dress! She's in an egg! It's like the womb! Edgy! Individual! Born this way! Lazy, insufferable ra-ra-ra bubblegum pop cribbed from "Express Yourself," tossed into the mass media music machine! She's making a perfume called "Fame" that will be a black liquid with "the feeling and sense" of blood and semen and a bottle heavily "inspired by" Thierry Mugler's Alien. She snagged the upcoming cover of this year's Vogue September issue. Tell me why, you guys! When is this person going to do something that's real and unique? I'm not going to hold my breath, but can we please move past Stefani Germanotta? Bring me the next Britney! Whatever happened to the punk rock pop stars?


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- 84: UNPRINTABLEwith J R Carpenter and Benjamin Laird (submit away!) 83: MATHEMATICSwith Fiona Hile (submit away!) 82: LANDwith James Stuart and Jane Gibian(coming soon!) 81: NEW CARIBBEANwith Vladimir Lucien 80: NO THEME VIwith Judith Beveridge 57.1: EKPHRASTICwith C Atherton and P Hetherington 57: CONFESSIONwith Keri Glastonbury 56: EXPLODE with Dan Disney 55.1: DALIT / INDIGENOUSwith M Chakraborty and K MacCarter 55: FUTURE MACHINES with Bella Li 54: NO THEME V with Fiona Wright and Omar Sakr 53.0: THE END with Pam Brown 52.0: TOIL with Carol Jenkins 51.1: UMAMI with Luke Davies and Lifted Brow 51.0: TRANSTASMAN with Bonny Cassidy 50.0: NO THEME IV with John Tranter 49.1: A BRITISH / IRISH with Matthew Hall and Sophie Seita 49.0: OBSOLETE with Tracy Ryan 48.1: CANADA with Kent MacCarter and Shane Rhodes 48.0: CONSTRAINT with Corey Wakeling 47.0: COLLABORATION with Louis Armand and Helen Lambert 46.1: MELBOURNE with Michael Farrell 46.0: NO THEME III with Felicity Plunkett 45.0: SILENCE with Jan Owen 44.0: GONDWANALAND with Derek Motion 43.1: PUMPKIN with Kent MacCarter 43.0: MASQUE with Ann Vickery 42.0: NO THEME II with Gig Ryan 41.1: RATBAGGERY with Duncan Hose 41.0: TRANSPACIFIC with Josephine Rowe and Michael Nardone 40.1: INDONESIA with Kent MacCarter 40.0: INTERLOCUTOR with Libby Hart 39.1: GIBBERBIRD with Sarah Gory 39.0: JACKPOT! with Sam Wagan Watson 38.0: SYDNEY with Astrid Lorange 37.1: NEBRASKA with Sean Whalen 37.0: NO THEME! with Alan Wearne 36.0: ELECTRONICA with Jill Jones
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On the Sidewalk: Towards an Ethopoetics of the Streets
In his prose poem 'The Eyes of the Poor,' Baudelaire stages a Parisian tableau that brings together the disenfranchised poor and the privileged bourgeoisie in an awkward moment of encounter. The lyric / narrative 'I' and his female companion were …


text: Has anyone tried the Harvie and Hudson suits with the Alfred Brown cloth woven in the UK? I bought a couple suits, great bargain for only about $400 each. They're definitely a fall/winter weight suit, but the quality and details is well above average for a RTW. Pick stitching, floating canvas that you can feel in the chest, nice British cut, 2 button suit. I know it's not a fully canvassed suit but it feels light years better than most RTW suits I've tried. I feel like I can crumple it up in the chest and it'll still be as soft and flexible as a blanket. I just wish it were a lighter, 3 season fabric. Any opinions?


text:
I recently came by a small green pill. On one side there was 93, and under that was 833. The other side has a split down the middle. I would really like to know what this is, and your help would be greatly appreciated. Thanks.
Results 1 to 2 of 2
Green Pill, Marked 93 833


text:
Celebrated architect Daniel Libeskind discusses his views of architecture as a spiritual and aesthetic experience, citing the examples of two sites he designed: the rebuilding of New York City's World Trade Center, and San Francisco's Contemporary Jewish Museum.
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text:
Mount & Blade - v.900 Released
Hmm...getting close to v1.00. Here's the deal from the Mount&Blade forums:
Hi everyone,
Version 0.900 is finally ready. This version adds many new quests, a brand new map, lots of new villages and castles, books, AI improvements, gameplay changes and much more! As usual, we release this version to you, our forum community before the general public, because it no doubt has its share of bugs and glitches and with your help and feedback we hope to fix those.
I want to thank our community and our board of moderators and administrators for their continuous help and support and making the forums such a great place and the central attraction of this game project. And let me use this opportunity to say welcome and thank you to our new administrators and moderators, Merentha, Volkier, Okin, Instag0. You guys are so wonderful. I am so very happy and honored by having you on board.
All members of our team worked very hard for this version. Our art team painstakingly modeled and furnished many new and great looking environments, Cem has implemented many new features and also added some AI code at the last minute, making the AI so much more effective and fun to fight against. Tassilo keeps perfecting and polishing the sounds. And Steve not only helped this version but he will have an exciting surprise for you very soon.
Finally, many thanks to mtarini for developing the method for creating good looking mountain ranges. He has developed many great improvements as part of TLD map beautification project and has a special surprise of his own as well.
Now, if you are currently playing version 0.894, you can download and run the following patch (18.98MB) to upgrade to the new version:
from Filefront.
(Filefront will save the file as mountandblade_upgrade_0890.exe, but nevermind the name, it's the correct file.)
from Filecloud
from the Repository
otherwise, you can download the full installer below (118.47 MB):
from Filefront:
Please note that this version is not backward compatible with any previous version and you'll need to start a new game if you install it.
I wish everyone a great time playing version 0.900.
Source: RPG Codex
Information aboutMount&Blade
SP/MP: Single-player
Setting: Fantasy
Genre: Action-RPG
Platform: PC
Release: Released


text:
While this was his third trip to Baton Rouge, the son of Saints Defensive Coordinator Greg Williams said, "The quality of competition and the quality of coaching is why I made it a point to get back down here again."
With the LSU camp being the first that he has attended in his prep career, the three-star linebacker prospect appreciated the one-on-one attention he got from LSU defensive coordinator John Chavis.
"I felt that they taught me some finer points in the drills we completed, and they showed me some things that I will definitely show my coaches here in Virginia," he said.
"Coach Chavis made everything very clear. He showed me ways to quicken my pursuit on the ball carrier, and he just made everything so easy."
Williams also received one-on-one tutelage on the special teams aspect of his game.
"I had never really deep snapped before, but Coach Robinson took me aside on Tuesday morning, and within just twenty minutes I was performing pretty well."
The middle linebacker prospect could not stop raving about the quality of the staff and how he would take the valuable knowledge back to his team in Virginia, as one could tell that he absorbed a vast amount of knowledge during his trip.
Already holding offers from Rice, New Mexico State, SMU, and West Virginia, where does he stand with LSU?
"Coach Chavis took me aside and told me that he was very impressed, especially with my pursuit and attacking nature towards the football," he said. "[Chavis] said that he was going to further discuss things after the camp and to stay in touch throughout the summer, but no official offer was given."
When asked about his hobbies outside of football, there was a slight pause until he confirmed what most could assume.
"I was raised on football, and it's in my blood," he said. "Outside of school, it is my main focus."
Williams (6'3, 235), ranked as the No. 33 middle linebacker in the country, has now taken in visits to Tennessee, SMU, West Virginia and LSU.