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This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
There is a growing recognition of the need for daily contact with nature, to live happy, productive, meaningful lives. Recent attention to biophilic design among architects and designers acknowledges this power of nature. However, in an increasingly urban planet, more attention needs to be aimed at the urban scales, at planning for and moving towards what the authors call "biophilic cities". Biophilic cities are cities that provide close and daily contact with nature, nearby nature, but also seek to foster an awareness of and caring for this nature. Biophilic cities, it is argued here, are also sustainable and resilient cities. Achieving the conditions of a biophilic city will go far in helping to foster social and landscape resilience, in the face of climate change, natural disasters and economic uncertainty and various other shocks that cities will face in the future. The paper identifies key pathways by which biophilic urbanism enhances resilience, and while some are well-established relationships, others are more tentative and suggest future research and testing.
There is increasing interest on the part of architects, planners and urban designers in biophilic design and much new writing and literature appearing in the last several years. Biophilic design holds that good design, at the building, site, city and regional scale, must include nature and natural elements. It is based especially on the concept of
And there is now a growing body of evidence of the positive physical and mental health benefits associated with greenery and green elements in living and work environments. Research at the building scale shows strong positive relationships between the presence of natural daylight, fresh air and greenery, with increases in worker happiness and productivity [
This emerging evidence and research has helped in turn to increase interest among urban designers and architects in designing buildings and facilities that enhance nature. While much energy and attention of late has been focused on biophilic design, this has largely assumed a focus on the building or site. Beatley [
Cities and urban environments contain a variety of ecological and green assets, from parks to trees to rivers and riparian habitats, and increasingly, efforts are being made to further enhance the green elements and features of these living and work environments. Daylighting urban streams (taking them out of underground pipes and returning them to the surface), installing trails, planting new trees and forests, community gardens, installing green walls and vertical gardens, are among the many ways in which cities and urban environments can become greener. Biophilic urbanism can and must happen at different scales, and
Increasingly cities have developed and are implementing a host of biophilic programs, policies and initiatives. Cities like Chicago and Portland have developed extensive incentives and subsidies for installation of green features, such as green rooftops. Furthermore, increasingly, green features, such as green rooftops, are mandated, as in Toronto, for roofs over a certain size. Some cities, such as Seattle, have established so-called Green Factor standards, mandating minimum green and landscaping elements for certain types of new development, and other cities, such as Chicago, Baltimore and Montreal, are encouraging the greening of alleyways and other otherwise grey spaces in the city. Many cities have established extensive treeing programs and set ambitious tree-planting goals, with the cities of New York, Los Angeles and Houston each setting the goal of a million new trees. Furthermore, many American cities, such as Chicago and San Francisco, have modified their planning and zoning codes to permit urban agriculture.
Biophilic city design elements across scales. Modified from Girling and Kellett [
|Biophilic design elements
|Green rooftops
|Sky gardens and green atria
|Rooftop garden
|Green walls
|Daylit interior spaces
|Green courtyards
|Clustered housing around green areas
|Native species yards and spaces
|Green streets
|Urban trees
|Low impact development (LID);
|Vegetated swales and skinny streets
|Edible landscaping
|High degree of permeability
|Stream daylighting, stream restoration
|Urban forests
|Ecology parks
|Community gardens
|Neighborhood parks/pocket parks
|Greening greyfields and brownfields
|Urban creeks and riparian areas
|Urban ecological networks
|Green schools
|City tree canopy
|Community forest/community orchards
|Greening utility corridors
|River systems/floodplains
|Riparian systems
|Regional greenspace systems
|Greening major transport corridors
The physical environment of cities, then, represents an essential requisite for creating biophilic cities. However, the true extent to which a city and its residents can be said to be biophilic, will depend on many other things, including whether and the extent to which citizens avail themselves of this nearby nature and the amount of time residents actually spend out-of-doors. How much they know about and care about this nearby nature is also an important indicator. A biophilic city, moreover, is also a city in which residents are actively involved in experiencing nature—e.g., hiking, bird watching, sky-gazing, gardening, among many other activities. Furthermore, citizens in biophilic cities have abundant opportunities to be engaged in restoring and caring for the nature around them.
Some important dimensions of biophilic cities (and some possible indicators thereof). Summarized from Beatley [
|--Percentage of population within a few hundred feet or meters of a park or greenspace;
|--Percentage of city land area covered by trees or other vegetation;
|--Number of green design features (e.g., green rooftops, green walls, rain gardens);
|--Extent of natural images, shapes, forms employed in architecture and seen in the city;
|--Extent of flora and fauna (e.g., species) found within the city;
|--Average portion of the day spent outside;
|--Visitation rates for city parks;
|--Percent of trips made by walking;
|--Extent of membership and participation in local nature clubs and organizations;
|--Percent of residents who express care and concern for nature;
|--Percent of residents who can identify common species of flora and fauna;
|--Priority given to nature conservation by local government; percent of municipal budget dedicated to biophilic programs;
|--Existence of design and planning regulations that promote biophilic conditions (e.g., mandatory green rooftop requirement, bird-friendly building design guidelines);
|--Presence and importance of institutions, from aquaria to natural history museums, that promote education and awareness of nature;
|--Number/extent of educational programs in local schools aimed at teaching about nature;
|--Number of nature organizations and clubs of various sorts in the city, from advocacy to social groups.
Sustainability has emerged over the last two decades especially as an important goal and frame of reference for cities, and both authors have written extensively about what urban sustainability entails [
Resilience has emerged as another important parallel concept and goal and an urban aspiration increasingly stated alongside (and sometimes replacing) sustainability. Given the impacts (current and potential) of global climate change, an increasingly volatile climate and the already serious range of disasters and hazards faced by cities around the world, global resource conflicts and constraints, long term decline in global oil supply and a global economic system that seems increasingly susceptible to vicissitudes and flux, resilience resonates well as a concept and goal, and we consider it a potent version or flavor of urban sustainability. What began with adaptation to disasters and hazards (many of us began speaking in terms of disaster-resistant and, later, disaster-resilient communities) has now broadened to discussions of resilient cities, that take into account the fuller range of potential shocks and stresses cities will likely face in the future, from water scarcity, rising food prices and higher summer temperatures [
Resilience is not only a matter for cities and regions, of course, but has important implications for individuals and families. It is here often where the stresses, pressures and shocks of modern life will come to bear. Can individuals and families adapt and cope and in what ways? Will individuals and families be able to effectively and adequately adapt to the hotter conditions of urban neighborhoods, for instance, a likely result of climate change? Will they be able to respond effectively to future natural disaster events, as well as the impacts of future economic downturns (e.g., unemployment, rising food prices)? We are concerned here as well with the steps that can be taken to foster resilience at these levels: the ability of individuals and families to spring-back, to adapt and to take advantage of the opportunities to enhance their health and wellbeing.
It is the key premise of this paper that there are important relationships between
Biophilic pathways to urban resilience.
There are a number of primary pathways, we believe, by which biophilic cities or biophilic urbanism will enhance or increase urban resilience. Some of these pathways and relationships have been well-researched and well-established. Others are more tentative and in need of additional work.
One of the clearest pathways is biophysical, the resilience benefits provided through the protection and enhancement of the natural systems and features in and around a city. We know that the green infrastructure of a city and region—rivers and riparian areas, floodplains and wetlands and large swaths of forested land—all provide essential services, that help cities and urban regions respond to and spring back from climatic and natural events. Cities with large natural wetland systems will be better able to absorb flood waters from hurricanes and storms, for instance. In New Orleans, for instance, vulnerability to storms and flooding has been significantly increased as a result of a long history of wetlands alterations. Costanza, Mitsch and Day [
Recent planning and policy initiatives around water and water supply for cities further suggest the direct resilience benefits of green infrastructure for enhancing water supply and water system resilience. The story of New York City's investment in the conservation and protection of its upper watersheds in the Catskills Mountains, is suggestive of the power of this framework. Here, the city has invested in acquisition and long term management of land (more than 70,000 acres protected through fee-simple or less-than-fee simple acquisition), a far more cost-effective method than the multi-billion dollar costs of water filtration plants and a model strongly supporting green or ecological infrastructure [
More recently, cities such as Denver, have entered into new long term restoration and conservation arrangements to make the city less susceptible to the water-supply impacts associated with wildfire and forest degradation in its source watersheds. The initiative called Forests to Faucets, more specifically, is an agreement between Denver Water and the U.S. Forest Service, an acknowledgement that the City of Denver's water supply has been seriously compromised in recent years as a result of wildfire-related sediment (the 2002 Hayman Fire, for instance, resulted in the deposition of more than 1 million cubic yards of sediment into one of the city's main water supply reservoirs). The agreement calls for a shared funding for a comprehensive program of interventions to enhance forest health and to address the problems of infestations from insects and threats of wildfire. These steps together will protect water supply delivery system for the city of Denver and will, as well, serve to make the forest upstream of the city more resilient in the face of these ecosystem changes. As the Denver water press release notes: "Restoration also will help the forests become more resistant to future insect and disease, reduce wildfire risks and maintain habitat for fish and wildlife. More resilient forests will also be more adaptive to the impacts of a changing climate" [
Cities with extensive tree canopy coverage provide many ecological benefits that will make cities more resilient—including moderation of air pollutants, cooling through evapo-transpiration and shading and reduction in urban flooding and runoff. Protection and restoration of urban streams and rivers will reduce vulnerability again to floods, provide important cooling benefits and help to moderate the weather and temperature changes predicted as a result of climate change (e.g., east coast American cities are predicted to have substantially higher summer highs by 2050). The cumulative impacts of green features, such as green rooftops and vertical gardens, can be significant indeed. In Toronto, the first North American city to now mandate installation of green rooftops for roofs over a certain size, estimates suggest that conversion of flat roofs to green rooftops would reduce urban temperatures by 1.5 degree Celsius or more [
Cities with more extensive networks of parks and greenspaces (though their design and configuration will matter) are also likely to fare better in the face of long term climate change. The City of Brisbane, Australia, a remarkably green city, aspires to create a connected network of natural areas, with topographic variation and diversity that will allow native biodiversity to adapt and shift as climate changes [
Trees and natural vegetation in cities and urban neighborhoods can help protect property and reduce damage from wind, rain and flooding. Some communities, such as Charleston County, SC, have developed programs for encouraging "hazard-resistant landscaping", planting native trees, such as live oaks, that tend to fare well in the face of high winds [
Biophilic urbanism can help to protect or strengthen favorable climatic and micro-climate conditions in cities. A number of European cities, notably German cities, have a long history of spatial planning with climate in mind. Notable examples include Freiburg and Stuttgart, both well-known for their efforts at protecting natural air movement into and out of the city, as a way of addressing urban heat and enhancing air quality and generally the healthfulness and pleasantness of city life. Freiburg, for instance, imposes height limitations in certain zones to prevent interruption of these air flows and also designs new buildings and neighborhoods to permit better flow-through. Stuttgart, as a further example, has designated a series of "ventilation lanes" where future development is restricted [
Many of the biophilic city elements contained in
Urban environments that are greener, more
These green elements are an important aspect of place. They serve as important amenities that can strengthen distinctive place qualities, nurturing a special sense of place and, in turn, commitments to place [
A dramatic example can be seen in Austin, Texas, a city that has emphasized the cultivating of qualities that make it different or unusual (and even a buy-local campaign dubbed "Keep Austin Weird"). One of the more impressive ways that Austin has solidified its special sense of place is through the natural environment and most dramatically the way in which this city has now embraced its part-time resident population of Mexican free-tailed bats. A million and a half of these bats take up residence each spring and summer under the city's Congress Avenue bridge, and lining along the top of the bridge or sitting on blankets below the bridge to watch the nightly emergence of the bats has become a tradition in the summer and a significant tourist draw, attracting some 100,000 tourists to Austin each year. The bats deliver many ecological benefits, of course, and they bring considerable direct economic benefits to the city, but they also are part of what makes Austin different, or special, and are an important part of the unique character and feel of the city.
These biophilic qualities are an important part of what makes this city, and others, a place that Richard Florida argues is a city attractive to the so-called
Attachment and commitment to place represent significant precursors, it would seem, for taking (or being prepared to take) significant steps on behalf of a community in response to a crisis or future urban shock [
Biophilic cities deliver a host of positive benefits at an individual and family level that will help to enhance ability to successfully cope with and adapt to future stressors and shocks. Nature in cities delivers considerable and often underappreciated health benefits, furthering bolstering city's capacity and ability to adapt to stresses and shocks in the future. Residents of greener neighborhoods have been found to walk more and spend more time outside, in turn with considerable positive health effects [
And in times of individual and family stress, parks, green spaces, oases of nature, become even more important. As the 2008 global economic downturn unfolded, there is evidence that urban park usage went up; nature delivers importance solace and emotional sustenance, at precisely the times when individuals and families need them [
The evidence is compelling, as mentioned above, that the natural elements of cities—even views of trees and nature—deliver important positive impacts on mood and reduction of fatigue and, in turn, enhancing individual resilience and health. A recent study by the UK mental health organization MIND, sought to gauge the positive mood effects of a walk in nature, and found in comparison to walking in an indoor structure, the impacts were considerable indeed. At the end of these walks, participants showed marked decreases in depression, anger, tension, confusion and fatigue and increases in vigor [
And there are many more direct ways, of course, in which green urbanism and biophilic urban design can create more healthful environments. Planting trees and installing green rooftops and walls, permeable paving, are all strategies that provide shade and cooling through evapo-transpiration. These help to moderate urban temperatures. Trees help to ameliorate air pollution, and a robust and extensive network of storm water collection features (from permeable paving to rain gardens to urban forests) helps to reduce the problem of combined sewer overflow (CSO), a serious water quality problem that many American cities, from Seattle to Washington DC, are afflicted with.
Biophilic urbanism can help to provide the basis for healthier lives and lifestyles in many ways. An extensive network of walking and hiking trails, the close physical proximity of large blocks of greenspaces to urban neighborhoods and an urban land use pattern of nearby parks, all contribute to at the least the possibility of a more physically active, healthier lifestyle. Gardening and food production opportunities in the city provide similar benefits—the opportunity to engage in an emotionally rewarding activity, but also one with substantial calorie-burning potential and the possibility of improving diets, as well [
There is special concern about the unhealthy lives of children, as seen in rising child obesity rates, unhealthy diets and lack of physical activity, also little connection with outside nature. Richard Louv, in his groundbreaking book
Biophilic cities, as
Delivering the raw ingredients of wonder and fascination in cities is a key goal of biophilic urbanism. Partly this involves re-imagining cities of abundant life and actively exploring ways that human urbanites can co-exist with other animals, from the Mexican free-tailed bats mentioned above to coyotes, birds and invertebrates, all biodiversity that cities often have in great abundance, though could do more to protect and nurture. Viewing birds (and listening to their calls) and watching other wildlife, at once provides mental and emotional connections, stress reduction and other biophysical benefits [
Nature imparts many other affective benefits to urbanites that we are just beginning to better understand. Recent experimental evidence suggests that humans are more generous in the presence of nature [
Regular participation in activities that engage nature in cities can have many positive emotional and physiological benefits. Evidence is irrefutable that watching birds and wildlife can reduce stress, lower heart rates, help to calm and, in medical settings, heal us. There is much emphasis of late in the architectural community about the importance of hospital and medical facilities that integrate natural daylight, healing gardens and other features of nature, and this is a positive trend, to be sure. However, in many ways it is the larger potential of designing and planning healing cities and urban neighborhoods that is most exciting, spaces and environments that might exert considerable preventative benefits (and preventing the need to visit that hospital or cancer center later in life, it could be hoped).
Food production in cities offers opportunities to at once reconnect to landscape and nature, but also to provide some amount of food in times and circumstances where food cost and availability may be difficult. A city of gardeners, as with the experience of war time victory gardens, can produce a great deal and enhance urban resilience in the face of weather and energy shocks that may affect the flow and sourcing of food from outside a city [
Biophilic cities and city initiatives can also, in many important ways, help to bring people together in pursuit ad enjoyment of common interests and concerns and can expand and strengthen social networks and capital. As
Biophilic urbanism can also often result in the development of important new personal competencies and contribute in important ways to a sense of wellbeing and meaning. Social isolation is a significant and growing problem in northern cities and societies, and efforts centered on participation in nature—viewing and watching, interacting with, restoring and repairing—can help in significant ways to overcome that isolation.
Forests, parks and green spaces are important places for socializing and for forming new friendships. Seeland, Dubendorfer and Hansmann [
The green spaces of a city offer important sites for residents to come together and to build a degree of cohesion and trust. Furthermore, nature in the city can have important civilizing functions. Kuo and Sullivan, for example, have found that reported crime rates are lower in public housing projects with greater levels of greenery [
Friendships and social interaction provided by direct participation in nature activities can in turn help to strengthen adaptive capacity. Evidence of the recuperative power of friendships is growing, suggesting that a key pathway to enhanced individual and family resilience is through programs and activities that foster socialization and help build extensive and deep friendships [
Biophilic green systems in cities can create the context and opportunities for people to come together. In Zurich, for example, one of the few systematic efforts to daylight streams in that city (
"With respect to the
Participation and engagement with nature in cities is a key aspect of a biophilic urbanism and can take many forms. These include participation in a variety of nature clubs and organizations and activities, from bird-watching to native plant societies to fungi and food foraging. Some are more recreational (hiking clubs), while others are more educational, but all entail a form of active engagement in the community. Citizens of a biophilic city care about and are intimately engaged in experiencing and learning about nature. They (ideally) exhibit curiosity and experience fascination and wonder at the wildness and majesty in and around cities. There are a variety of social and health benefits provided through such participation and engagement. New friendships are forged, socialization and interaction fostered and additional meaning added to one's life (hopefully). Involvement in these organizations and the activities undertaken is also simply fun and delivers many of the important positive mood and restorative qualities already mentioned.
We are not the first to identify these potential connections and relationships, and Paton, Kelly and Doherty [
"It is evident … that interaction with the environment can perform a restorative function and contribute to well-being. It can also act as a protective factor in regard to mitigating present and future stress, act as a catalyst for meaningful interaction that facilitates the development and/or maintenance of adaptive capacities (e.g., self and collective efficacy) and contribute to the development and maintenance of attachment and commitment to place/community".
Engaging citizenry in a host of hands-on nature activities, then, can be an effective strategy for enhancing adaptive capacity and resilience. There are a number of exemplary programs for engaging the public in active participation on nature in cities around the world. These include master naturalists programs, which further introduce the benefits of mastery of subject. One of the best the Texas Master Naturalist program, a partnership of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and Texas AgriLife Extension Service. Through the program citizens receive training in the nature and natural history of the state and if they meet the requisite hours of classroom, field study and volunteer service, can become certified master naturalists. Programs like this have been wildly popular and successful on almost every measure. Some 6000 Texans have gone through the training, providing more than 1 million hours of volunteer labor since the program began in 1998 [
A biophilic city also places priority on educating children and young people about the nature around them and fostering these natural connections at an early stage. In Houston, Texas, for instance, a coalition of public and private entities called Houston Wilderness, has been actively educating children about the region's biodiversity and has produced a "wilderness passport" used by all fourth-grade classes in the Houston Independent School District. The passport is a guide to the region's ten ecosystems and encourages the visiting of all of them [
There is also growing recognition that citizens can play an essential role in helping collect data and helping in ecological sciences. This can happen through urban bio-blitzes, for instance, intensive 24-hour inventories of the biodiversity in a particular place, often within a city. Increasingly bio-blitzes, with significant citizen engagement, have occurred in a number of U.S. cities (including, for instance, one organized in Central Park, in New York City, that uncovered an entirely new species of centipede,
City-based desert conservation efforts in the greater Phoenix area of the U.S. offer additional positive example, especially the efforts of citizens and a grassroots effort to create and manage a large desert preserve system in the City of Scottsdale. Here, amazing biophilic physical resources are available to a large segment of the population (in the form of extensive desert habitat and hiking trails, now covering more than 17,000 acres, in close proximity to neighborhoods), but are also complimented by opportunities to participate in the management of these spaces. The McDowell Sonoran Conservancy shares responsibility for operating and managing the desert preserve (along with the City of Scottsdale) and impressively has an army of 400 volunteers, who undertake minimum training and become "stewards," participating in a variety of ways in the management of, and education about, this immense reservoir of urban nature. Interestingly as budgets for parks and recreation departments all over Arizona (and the U.S.) decline, deep cuts in parks personnel have occurred. The Scottsdale model of citizen-based management reflects in many ways a more resilient approach to caring for these resources in times of severe budgetary limits.
Precisely what the long-term individual impacts of these kinds of biophilic engagement are remains to be seen and is an important area for future research. However, it stands to reason that such grass-roots involvement has many positive benefits, including a deep level of intimacy with environment and place and the cultivation of valuable friendships and social networks, among other benefits.
The power and value of biophilic urbanism as an urban resilience and sustainability strategy is clear, and a number of cities around the world have developed and are implementing ambitious programs for restoring, protecting and expanding the nature in and around them. As this paper argues, the resilience benefits are many, with biophilic investments—from trees and urban forests to healthy wetland and riparian systems—serving to expand adaptive capacity in the face of a "perfect storm" of shocks and stressors that global cities will face in the decades ahead. These will include heat waves, drought and other likely effects associated with climate change, as well as natural disasters and a host of potential resource shocks and scarcities, such as decline in global oil supplies and availability of water and food.
In addition to the many and considerable direct benefits from biophilic cities, there are many ways in which access to nature will make individuals, families and communities healthier and happier and will help to forge new social connections and friendships, that should make such cities more resilient. Healthier, more socially-connected individuals, families and communities will increase the likelihood of successful adaptation to this dynamic future.
But there are challenges ahead and much work still to be done. There are considerable obstacles that remain in making cities more natural and nature-full. Some of these obstacles are social and cultural, while others are economic and legal. In many cities, for instance, many examples of biophilic urban design and urbanism are prohibited or made difficult by existing codes (e.g., prohibiting the disconnecting of residential downspouts and more localized and natural forms of storm water management). Greener, more natural urban environments may be constrained by cultural and aesthetic bias—failure to see the beauty in native vegetation, for instance, or in urban landscaping other than manicured and finely mowed turfgrass, and for many urbanites, there is actually a surprising amount of fear about nearby nature that must be overcome (
Some resistance to a more biophilic urban realm, then, may actually come from urbanites themselves. Interestingly, new experimental research suggests that individuals underestimate the benefits and enjoyment they will receive from spending time in nature [
And there are obstacles presented by the prevailing short-term centered political and economic decision making mechanisms. Short term economic cost may be an impediment, for instance, in installation of green neighborhood or project features, such as green walls and green roofs, though the long term savings almost always dwarfs these short term costs (and thus a need to find creative ways to encourage long term and full-cost accounting).
There are also other important ways in which cities could be biophilic that have not been explored in this paper. For instance, one notion of a biophilic city is a city that learns from, mimics and is modeled after natural systems in its functioning. Increasingly, it is recognized that a city that strives for more local and regional sourcing of material inputs, and an urban metabolism that is more circular in nature, will be more sustainable and resilient. Cities might also be viewed as more biophilic if their buildings and built environments reflect the shapes and forms of nature, attributes that may deliver important emotional and social benefits.
As this paper has pointed out in numerous places, there are still many important research and policy questions to be answered in moving cities toward biophilic urbanism. The pathways identified above are largely tentative and require much additional research and practical demonstration. We have little understanding, for instance, of what the minimum level of nature, or access to nature, is that is required by urbanites to live healthy, happy and resilient lives (and the cumulative impacts of different green features and combinations of green features, in urban environments). Much additional research is needed to better understand, moreover, the full package of resilient benefits that is provided by a biophilic cities and even the different basic ways in which urban biophilia can manifest (which will likely vary by geography and climate).
The author declares no conflict of interest.


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subset: commoncrawl


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sorry it took a day to get to this. we're still going thru the pix and I hope to post a few good ones. we took a lot and some came out ok. we only got half videos of sweetleaf and iron man, one stopped for getting doused and having to hide the camera and the next for running out of memory.
after all the back n forth about Bill Ward and how much I hate Lollapalooza, we weighed the positives vs the negatives and just had to go. the last time we turned down Heaven and Hell playing just a mile south of there months before Dio died was the clincher. we could not miss this show. we paid too much for two wristbands from a guy named Chris on Craiglist. we kinda sweated that they were real until we got in.
we took the train and got down there around 5. we stopped and sat in front of the Art Institute and watched a young hispanic couple having really obvious public sex in a little garden area next the the front entrance. we considered videoing it but we didn't want to use up our camera memory.
we got up to the front gate, was searched (we brought in exactly what their website allowed - a non-professional camera, binoculars, a blanket, two 1 liter bottles of water, sunscreen {coulda gotten a lot of other things in too but we didn't bother}) and made our way to the merch booth to get Gnomez his shirts. we got a couple, too, not too expensive and really nice quality. we got a couple of pulled pork sammiches w/ fries ($20) and wandered around for a couple hours, met a bunch of friends having the Oh My God You're Here Too! conversation. we didn't bother drinking - we've been staying sober at concerts recently, mainly because paying $6 for a can of warm bud light is not . . . it's just . . no.
we moved up to the stage area and layed out our blanket and waited for the show to start while the crowd gathered. glad/sad to say it was not as packed as it could have been. the crowd was predominantly younger than we're used to and I think the band was older than they were used to. the die-hards were there in force.
it made it easier for us to get up to the front rail, right in front of the sign language interpreter. we now know how to sign, "I CAN'T FUCKING HEAR YOU!" we know some sign and it was cool learning to sign Sabbath.
their setlist was killer and you've seen that and the youtubes already. now, the real review. as much as this was a destination show for us, alright a ten mile destination, this was not the best Sabbath we've seen. they we're understandably off. Ozzy's voice was crackling here and there and the timing got thrown off more than a few times, but with swift recovery. I didn't give a damn. I was 40 feet from Sabbath! and damned happy to be there! a mosh pit broke out right behind us and we became the barrier. we watched the full sturgeon moon rise over the lake during Tomorrow's Dream while fireworks were going off at the south end of the fest over The Black Keys, who "headlined" the fest. cough, cough, ehhhrr.
after the show we were shuffled out of the park and we found a place to hang out on Monroe and watched the sea of humanity pour out. we stood there for an hour before we got back on the train to got home, and it didn't stop. on Saturday there was a weather emergency, evacuating the park. being there the day before, I could not imagine getting everyone out and into the parking garages for safety. the storms were pretty intense and I think what they did was a good idea.
my feet don't hate me as much as they did yesterday. we are so happy that we made the right decision to go.
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Developing engagement and participation: Teaching large groups
Friday, 19 February at 12pm - 1pm
Session Details
This session is showcase of some very simple strategies and tools to engage a large group of students for your teaching sessions. The worksop is pracitcal and simple focused on more on 'what works' rather than 'why it works' designed for newer lecturers or those wishing to energise their sessions.
Suitable for
All staff
Relevant dimensions of the UKPSF
Session Facilitator
Ian Turner
Fill out my online form.


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- Super Bowl XLII - http://www.ktbb.com/superbowlxlii -
JT's Ross, TJC's Johnson win Super Bowl Ring!!!
Posted By Smoaky On February 4, 2008 @ 1:18 am In Super Bowl XLII | No Comments
Both Aaron Ross (John Tyler) and Michael Johnson (Tyler Jr. College) won a Super Bowl ring on Sunday in Glendale, Arizona, as the Giants beat the previously unbeaten Patriots, 17-14.
I interviewed both Ross and Johnson after the victory, and both interviews will air on my afternoon sports talk show on Monday, on AM600 KTBB, AM1430 KEES, AM1490 ESPN, ktbb.com, and MYTX-Television.
David Smoak
Article printed from Super Bowl XLII: http://www.ktbb.com/superbowlxlii
URL to article: http://www.ktbb.com/superbowlxlii/2008/02/04/jts-ross-tjcs-johnson-win-super-bowl-ring/
Click here to print.
Copyright © 2009 Super Bowl XLII. All rights reserved.


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|September 28, 2000
|A Laboratory Newspaper at Cleveland State University
|Volume 2 Issue 6
Student Life
Campus Events
Police Report
photo by Beth Novak
Students particpate in community day in the University Center.
The Cleveland Stater
Copy Editor: Jaron Roach, Kristina Martens, John Alex, Kate Hoban
For information on the publication or advertising, please contact the Cleveland Stater, MU273, Department of Communication, Cleveland State University, 2001 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44115. Phone: (216) 687-5094; fax: (216) 687-5588; email:firstname.lastname@example.com; web page: www.csuohio.edu/clevelandstater. The adviser can be reached at (216) 687-4642 or at email@example.com.
The Cleveland Stater is a laboratory newspaper put out by students enrolled in media writing classes and a special topics class in the Department of Communication at Cleveland State University.
We are located in:
Music and Communication 244
Department of Communication
Cleveland State University
2001 Euclid Ave.
Cleveland, Ohio 44115
Phone: (216) 687-5094
Fax: (216) 687-5588
The Adviser can be reached at
(216) 687-4642
or at
For comments or suggestions
email us at: email@example.com
|Stater Home Page


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1 Like
Yangon Crown ACSR Factory, built in 2007. And it's part of Yangon Crown Steel Factory. It has about 200 workers. It produce about 200 MT ACSR and 1800 MT billet per month in 2008. In 2010, It turn to product Wire and Cable becourse the Steel Factory move to new industry zone.


text: Stewart Gordon wrote: > Wiki4D is accessible via URLs in two very different domain names: > > http://www.wikiservice.at/wiki4d/wiki.cgi > http://www.prowiki.org/wiki4d/wiki.cgi > > I've been using the first of these, probably because it was the first > one I discovered and it just stuck that way. There are even more than that. <http://www.wikiservice.de/wiki4d/wiki.cgi> <http://www.wikiservice.ch/wiki4d/wiki.cgi> <http://www.wikiservice.com/wiki4d/wiki.cgi> <http://www.wikiservice.org/wiki4d/wiki.cgi> <http://www.prowiki.com/wiki4d/wiki.cgi> They all go to the same physical server and there is no fundamental difference in using one of them. > Both are identical and equally up to date AFAICT. And the homepages > > http://www.wikiservice.at/ > http://www.prowiki.org/ > > are very different, so it doesn't look like a simple case of two domains > aliased to one server. So why the two addresses? Basically they are. These two domain are just redirected to different directories. Why? I wanted my customers, as far as they do not provide their own domains, to be able to choose a domain that fitted their needs: .com signalling a corporation .org signalling a non-profit organization .at signalling Austria .ch signalling Switzerland .de signalling Germany The name "ProWiki" came about a year later than "WIKISERVICE" and I didn't want to register these and further domains x5, so I just offer prowiki.org/com. > Is either of them the "preferred" one? Probably: <http://www.prowiki.org/wiki4d/wiki.cgi> > Or are they set up for faster > access in different geographical locations? Or what? No. reasoning given above. But probably it would be time to buy an unique domain for this wiki. It seems to be accepted by the D community.


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Halifax police have referred an incident to the Serious Incident Response Team (SiRT) in which a woman broke her arm as an officer was attempting to restrain her with handcuffs.
At 7:30 p.m. Aug. 5, police responded to a report of a woman screaming in a commercial parking lot beside Lamont Terrace in Dartmouth.
Officers found the 51-year-old woman nearby and arrested her under the Involuntary Psychiatric Treatment Act out of concerns for her safety, according to a release.
She was taken to the QEII hospital for medical attention.While the woman was waiting, the release said an officer tried to put handcuffs on her for safety reasons.
As the officer attempted to control her in order to put the handcuffs on, the woman suffered a broken arm. She was treated in the hospital and will appear in Halifax provincial court at a later date to face a charge of assaulting a police officer.
The police officer wasn't hurt.
Because the incident resulted in injuries following police involvement, Halifax Regional Police contacted SiRT and they have begun an investigation related to the woman's injuries.


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Democracy Now! is a non-profit organization funded through individual donations and foundation
grants. We do not accept any corporate underwriting, advertising, or government support. Your support is vital to
sustain and grow Democracy Now!
Peru's Illegitimate Government Takes Power Again
Showdown in Minneapolis: The Battle Over Genetic Engineering of Animals
Fox Network On Trial
Democracy Now! is a 501(c)3 non-profit news organization. We do not accept funding from advertising, underwriting or government agencies. We rely on contributions from our viewers and listeners to do our work. Please do your part today.


text:
Stacy Keibler Talks About Dating George Clooney
"I think just a good sense of humor. And polite … Someone who is genuine and honest and someone who likes to have a great time no matter what they're doing … I was actually not really searching for a boyfriend. I don't think about that. I live in the present moment. That was my New Year's resolution … and it's worked out pretty good so far."
—Stacy Keibler, the actress and former professional wrestler who is dating George Clooney, talks about her ideal guy. Apparently, she isn't too worried about where her relationship with George is going or what will happen with them in the future. And that is definitely the right attitude to have when you are dating The Cloon as his track record isn't nearly as hot as his smile. [People] Want to contact the writer of this post? {encode="[email protected]" title="Email her"}!


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Enjoy your own quiet, secluded designer vacation home just 12 mins. from Disney and 30 mins. from Universal! VistaPark has one waiting for you, complete with your own private, screened swimming pool. Spend the day having fun, then retreat to the peaceful, secure surroundings of a luxury vacation home that suits your lifestyle to a "T". It's just minutes from several top Florida golf courses, as well as numerous choices for dining and activities.
- Wifi
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- Conference Facility
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- Nearby City Orlando
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From the stunning interiors to each villa's fenced pool, the rentals from VistaPark Resort are just the right touch of luxury on your Florida vacation.
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- Orlando International Airport (MCO) / 22.6 miles
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* Not all airports listed here may be open to public use, or service commercial flights
Message this property
By clicking 'Submit' you are agreeing to our Terms of Service
Vacation Request Successfully submitted. Thank You!


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Comcast North Vernon IN
Comcast digital TV is great way to save money on your home entertainment. You can enjoy internet with enough broadband to share and download music and photos in seconds, watch HD videos online, and enjoy the full experience of online gaming. Comcast in North Vernon, IN – You can also get amazing home phone service with superior call clarity and flexible calling plans so you can connect to whoever you want. For one low monthly rate, you get all three services. High-Speed Internet, Digital Voice, and Digital Cable tv. Learn more about Cable TV Deals.
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With Comcast XFINITY Digital TV, you can enjoy quality HD programming without any additional fees. All Digital TV packages start with over 80 of your favorite channels, including Discovery Channel, ESPN, MTV, Nickelodeon, and more. Digital cable TV services, digital Voice services and broadband internet services can meet the entertainment and communications needs of the entire home. We all love our cable television, and are always looking to get more channels for our money. With the wide selection of TV packages, it's easy to find what you want, whether it's premium channels like HBO or the DVR service so you can watch your shows whenever and however you want.
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With Comcast Digital Voice, you can get the nation's most reliable home phone service for the most affordable price. Comcast Digital Voice provides a way for families to save money while they stay in touch with friends and family. All Digital Voice plans include popular features such as Caller ID, Call Forwarding, Call Waiting, and more. If you order now, you can take advantage of the special one time price of $29.99 per month.
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text:
How Dog Breeds Get Named
Yes, There Was Really a "Jack Russell": In the LINK of an Eye!
- From Jack Russell to King Charles, learn how 13 dog breeds got named — Mental Floss
- 10 ways to improve your odds on finding a lost pet — Paw Nation
- 18 adorable dogs sporting Doggles! — People Pets
- What does kitty's bilateral baldness mean? — Fully Vetted
- Trained dogs can sniff out cell phones — Dogster
- Cardboard cat stairs solve a problem in an affordable, earth-friendly way — Moderncat
Image Source: Thinkstock


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About the Book
Two huge elephants, part of a small breeding herd, slowly moved to within an arm's-length of James, our tracker, who was sitting on the front fender. At last Solly, our ranger, started the engine and revved it menacingly. Realizing we wouldn't back down, the elephants moved off, ending one of many fascinating and exhilarating safari experiences. Memorable encounters, with people, wildlife and the land, keep Debby and me returning to Africa.
This book was originally conceived as a personal record of our fourth trip to Southern Africa. At the urging of friends and family, it is now available to the public. The cover photo is typical of the majority of the photographs in the book.
Features & Details
- Category Travel
Large Format Landscape, 13×11 in, 33×28 cm
120 Pages
- Publish Date Jul 08, 2008
- Tags African Wildlife, South Africa, Garden Route, Big Five, Southern Africa, Safari Camps, African Landscape, Fine Art Photography, Botswana, Zulu, Safari
See More
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text:
Bloomingdales: Women's Striped Dress by Aqua
Nautical with a mini twist, this navy blue dress puts stripes and buttons in all the right places at a price that is most especially nice.
Experience the perks of NOT being a wallflower in a maxi striped with neon.
Maxi skirt, strapless dress, beach-ready and party-worthy, this is one piece you can style for multiple moods, temps and occasions. The body-con design is ideal for showing off that happy, vacation-induced glow.Tags: stripes, cotton, cherry, white, black, spandex, navy, Free People, women's dressesAdded 7 Years Ago from Free People
A tribal vibe reverberates throughout the zigs and zags of this monokini that is one strip of fabric away from the full reveal.
Double the layers, double the fun, double the visual interest of this easy, breezy summer dress that will look particularly fetching and carefree with a cardigan and Keds.Tags: stripes, Anthropologie, spandex, striped, pullovers, nautical, spring, women's dresses, feverAdded 7 Years Ago from Anthropologie
Even blazers need to have a little fun now and again . . . the spring and summer being particularly good seasons to let loose with color and patterns and, yes, if you can pull them off, horizontal stripes a la Tory.Added 7 Years Ago from Neiman Marcus Online
Stripes have more fun - and so do you - when partied up with sequins. Dress up a pair of jeans - or - pair for formal wear with a floor-length skirt.Added 7 Years Ago from Aliceandolivia


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About andrewcapets
Researching my ancestor William Reynolds and have found this website to be a great source to share my research with family members that are also interested in geneaology.
Related Pages
Making your own Profile Page is easy, free and quick. Join now and start sharing your insights and discoveries.
- Pennsylvania, USA
- Member since 17 Feb 2008
- Notify Me


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Closest Hotels to Suzdal Kremlin
Suzdal Kremlin in Suzdal
Thinking of planning a city break to Suzdal. Expedia have a great range of hotels and accomodation in Suzdal near Suzdal Kremlin that will help make your stay that little bit more special. But before you go make sure to check out the Expedia travel guide on Suzdal Kremlin first, so you can find out everything you need to know before you go away.


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Nicole Scherzinger attended the launch of X-Factor UK in the same $229 Three Floor Navy Blue Sky High Jumpsuit Naya Rivera wore to a Beyoncé concert in July.
Both ladies wore their jumpsuit similarly: Naya opted for red pumps and Nicole did the same.
The strapless jumpsuit features internal boning, a bust enhancing neckline, front pockets, gold hardware and faux leather binding.
Considering they both styled the jumpsuit the same, this one is tough. Both Nicole and Naya did their thing!
What do you think? Who wore it better?


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(Lenior City-WBIR) The Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency said Kenneth Henry Owens, 67 of Maryville, drowned in Tellico Lake Friday night.
TWRA said he fell overboard from a moving houseboat in Tellico Lake. He was on the only person on the boat.
A witness saw him fall him and called 911. The witness said the man began swimming toward the shore when he went under and never came back up.
The Loudon County Dive and Rescue Squad recovered Owens body about 40 yards from the shore around 9:25 p.m.


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Mental Health
Have Mental Health Questions? Ask a Psychiatrist Online
Thanks for contacting me at Just Answer and the opportunity to serve...
Let me see if I can help here....
You did the right thing to reach out and ask these questions and I think I can help :)
The ABSOLUTE very FIRST thing you must do is see an licensed physician (an MD) and tell him/her about your head injury and what's been happening since then with these "flashes".
It may not be related, but you MUST rule this out.
It would be curious if the head injury was the issue since it only happens when you are alone, but nonetheless have it checked out first.
Now, otherwise it could be that you are developing a little very minor issue and I don't think you have much to worry about frankly. That's not to say that it shouldn't be addressed - it should :)
If this is not caused from the head injury, it could be that you are developing some minor emotional issues. This could be due to many factors (such as you mentioned being away from home, the economic climate, or a combination of several small factors).
What you have presented is a little like some minor obsessive compulsive issues. I don't know how much you know about obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) but most people aren't aware so I'll give you some information here....
There are many people in all cultures (especially the west) who have some sort of minor obsessive compulsive issues. It's IMPORTANT to point out that it doesn't always rise to the level that it would be called a disorder. Such as it is in what you have presented here. It only becomes a disorder when it has a significant detrimental impact on your life - for example, constantly being late for work because you keep going back to see if you turned off the stove, etc.
So..... 1) go to see a medical doctor and tell him/her about your head injury and once you have ruled that out, see a therapist to discuss these thoughts. It's likely that it can be controlled with behavioral therapy, but just so you know there are medications for it and there are many people who take a low dose and are very happy and lead very normal lives :)
Thank you very much for your reply.
Can you provide any other opinion on the types of flashes i seem to be having? This is what is worrying me the most, as previously mentioned I am not an agressive person.
also i was on another prescription for approx 4 months for for gout. i finished than a year ago however. I cannot remember the name of it, but could this be linked at all? Just want to rule everything out.
OK thanks for that. Will go to doc tomorrow regarding head injury.
Just on my other questions too please:
Can you provide any other opinion on the types of flashes i seem to be having? this is what is worrying me the most, as previously mentioned I am not an agressive person
ok thanks again


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Pattiann Rogers:
An Inventory of Her Papers, 1960-1999 and undated, at the Southwest Collection/Special Collections Library
Biographical Sketch
The papers spans most of Pattiann Rogers's career as a poet. She has published nine books of poetry and several chapbooks including recent works Dreams of the Marsh Wren(1999), Eating Bread and Honey (1997), The Expectations of Light, Splitting and Binding (1988), Geocentric (1993), and Firekeeper (1994). She has received two National Endowment of the Arts grants, a Guggenheim Fellowship, and a Lannan Poetry Fellowship. Awards include Tietjens Prize, the Hokin Prize, the Roethke Prize, and four Pushcart Prizes.
A list of her publications include:
Scope and Contents
The collection has a variety of materials detailing the literary works of Pattiann Rogers. They include manuscripts of draft copies, published and unpublished works, short stories, final copies, revisions, research materials to her works, photocopied news clippings, workshop and conference materials, business and literary correspondence, teaching materials, reviews, audio and video recordings, and computer disks. Some of her literary works include Splitting and Binding, The Tattooed Lady in the Garden, Legendary Performance, Firekeeper, A Covenant of Seasons, Dream of Marsh Wren, and Geocentric. Also, transferred to oversized materials were 17 Posters and Broadsides.
The collection is in good condition and is part of the James Sowell Family Collection in Literature, Community and the Natural World.
Access Restrictions
The collection is open for research. Copyright is retained by the authors of items in this collection, or their descendants, as stipulated by U.S. copyright law.
Copy requests in excess of 5 pages must be approved by the donor or her representative.
Related Material
Administrative Information
Preferred Citation
Pattiann Rogers Papers, 1960-1999 and undated, Southwest Collection/Special Collections Library, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
Collection accession #(s):
Purchase, 2000
Processed by
Abel Ramirez, 2000
Additional Sources
Collection Inventory


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"So lucky to have discovered such a cosy, friendly Guest House"
"Lovely stay very clean and comfortable, good conservation with delightful guests, delicious breakfasts… Thank you for making us feel at home you took great care of us we enjoyed our stay in Bath!"
"Not a guest house a home from home!
A delight in every sense of the word."
"A lovely room and view and a terrific mix of company at breakfast. Fabulous food and plenty of fresh flowers as well!"
"Thank you Rita. We will be back.
Our USA friends and family were delighted."
"Friendly above call. Beautiful service and even more gorgeous setting and house. Very impressed!"
"Thank you for looking after us so well and giving us such good tips. Also for many extra gestures of kindness!! A home from home."
"Lovely breakfast wonderful. Rita is great.
Made us feel at home and took good care of us."
"Very friendly, welcoming, comfortable room and
the best breakfast in Bath. Will return soon."
"A hostess who is friendly and helpful and does a splendid breakfast what more can you want?
Thank you, Rita"
"Great spot. Wonderful hospitality. Nice breakfasts.
Best muesli. Thanks"
"Very pretty room, wonderful breakfasts.
Leaving a little foot sore but very satisfied!"


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If you or someone you care about is taking Equetro® (carbamazepine) Extended-Release Capsules for Bipolar I Disorder, you've come to the right place for information and support.
Equetro® (carbamazepine) Extended-Release Capsules is the one carbamazepine-containing medication that has passed all of the rigorous testing to win FDA approval as a treatment for the acute manic and mixed episodes of Bipolar I Disorder.1
And only Equetro utilizes the patented Equetro delivery system to provide you with a steady level of medication with each dose.1,2,3,7,10
The symptoms of Bipolar I Disorder can be disturbing, but with Equetro and the help of your healthcare professional, your symptoms can be controlled—and, in most cases, with minimal effect on weight as observed in two 3-week pivotal trials (n=208).2
Please explore the "Quick Links" section to learn more about Bipolar I Disorder and how Equetro provides symptom control. We've also added some useful downloadable tools to help guide you in giving feedback to your healthcare professional as you progress.
There's a lot of good stuff in there, so why not take a look right now?
Please click here to review the Equetro references.


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Professor Ramsey teaches and writes in the areas of Constitutional Law, Foreign Relations Law and International Business Law. He is the author of The Constitution's Text in Foreign Affairs (Harvard Univ. Press, 2007) and of numerous articles in leading scholarly journals, including "Textualism and War Powers" (Chicago Law Review, 2002) and "The Executive Power over Foreign Affairs" (with Professor Saikrishna Prakash) (Yale Law Journal, 2001). Ramsey received the 1998 Thorsnes Prize for excellence in teaching, and the 2002 and 2007 Thorsnes Prizes for outstanding scholarship. He has taught as a visiting professor for the University of California, San Diego, Department of Political Science and for the University of Paris-Sorbonne, Department of Comparative Law. Before joining the USD faculty in 1995, he served as a law clerk to Judge J. Clifford Wallace of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and Justice Antonin Scalia of the U.S. Supreme Court, and practiced international business law with the firm of Latham & Watkins. Ramsey is a summa cum laude graduate of Stanford Law School, where he served as senior articles editor of the Stanford Journal of International Law.
- AB 1986, Dartmouth College
- JD 1989, Stanford University
The Federalist Society takes no position on particular legal or public policy issues. The people listed as Experts have spoken or otherwise participated in Federalist Society events, publications, or multimedia presentations. A person's appearance on this list does not imply any other endorsement or relationship between the person and the Federalist Society. All expressions of opinion by an expert are those of the expert.
SCOTUScast 6-20-14 featuring Mike Ramsey and Thomas Lee
June 20, 2014
International & National Security Law and Litigation Practice Groups Podcast
June 19, 2014
SCOTUScast 5-2-14 featuring Michael Ramsey
May 02, 2014
International & National Security Law Practice Group Podcast
April 24, 2014
2011 National Lawyers Convention
November 10, 2011
11th Annual Faculty Conference
January 09, 2009
Co-Sponsored by the American Enterprise Institute
September 27, 2007
April 04, 2004


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I was cooking dinner and trying not to get sucked in. It is only September. Of the year BEFORE the election year. I am not ready for the emotional angst, the loaded sermon fodder, the toxic wasteland that is partisan rhetoric. It was on in the background, but I was determined not to engage.When I heard the applause, I turned around. I'm listening now, i thought numbly. I looked to see if I'd really heard what I'd just heard. My husband and I looked at each other, appalled. "Rewind that," I … [Read more...]
The Sacred Struggle
September 8, 2011 by Erin Wathen 2 Comments
Filed Under: Being a Person, faith and community, Spirituality in Culture, Uncategorized Tagged With: arizona, capital punishment, christianity, church, community, connect, death penalty, desert, disciples of christ, discipleship, evangelism, faith, family, grace, hope, Jesus, memorial, ministry, neighbor, osama bin laden, parenting, peace, phoenix, politics, progressive christianity, relationships, republican party, republican presidential debate, rick perry, september 11, simplicity, spirituality, tea party, worship 2 Comments


text: Sete August 12, 2014 8:35 PM Dani is just collecting a paycheck??? What a rediculous statement for someone currently lying second in the World Championship beating Rossi and Lorenzo. Oh yeh, Dani just twiddles his thumbs, ho hum, ho hum, I'll just toodle around, collecting all these millions from Honda, I won't put much effort into it, those yamaha guys are jus so easy to beat, I'm not even trying. The stuff this X guy spouts is pure unadulterated drivel! Just pathetic statements. Reply Report abuse 8 agree 2 disagree


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Agency Response Letter GRAS Notice No. GRN 000116
Return to inventory listing: GRAS Notice Inventory
See also Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) and about the GRAS Notice Inventory
CFSAN/Office of Food Additive Safety
March 20, 2003
Nancy J. Rachman, Ph.D.
1730 Rhode Island Avenue, NW
Suite 1100
Washington, DC 20036
Re: GRAS Notice No. GRN 000116
Dear Dr. Rachman:
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responding to the notice, dated September 6, 2002, that you submitted on behalf of Wm. Bolthouse Farms, Inc. (Bolthouse) in accordance with the agency's proposed regulation, proposed 21 CFR 170.36 (62 FR 18938; April 17, 1997; Substances Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS); the GRAS proposal). FDA received the notice on September 13, 2002, filed it on October 3, 2002, and designated it as GRAS Notice No. GRN 000116.
The subject of the notice is carrot fiber. The notice informs FDA of the view of Bolthouse that carrot fiber is GRAS, through scientific procedures, for use in baked goods as a texturizer at a maximum level of 5 percent by weight of flour, for use in meat substitutes (e.g., meatless sausages and meatless patties) at a maximum level of 5 percent, and for use in meat and poultry products as a binder/extender and to reduce water purging/gelling at a maximum level of 5 percent. The notice includes the findings of a panel of individuals who evaluated the data and information that are the basis for Bolthouse's GRAS determination. Bolthouse considers these individuals to be qualified by scientific training and experience to evaluate the safety of substances added to food.
Bolthouse describes the identity, composition, and method of manufacture of carrot fiber. Carrot fiber is manufactured from fresh carrots through a series of physical processes that renders a free flowing, bland tasting, off-white powder. Bolthouse notes that there is no chemical extraction or treatment involved, and that the final form of the ingredient is unbleached. Carrot fiber has a pH of 5.0 at 1 percent solution and is slightly soluble in water. On a dry solids basis, the ingredient is approximately 27 percent soluble fiber and 65 percent insoluble fiber (for a total dietary fiber content of approximately 92 percent). Bolthouse notes that carrot fiber has the ability to absorb at least 10 times its weight in water but only 4 times its weight in oil. Bolthouse provides specifications for the manufactured ingredient, including specifications for appearance and proximate composition.
Bolthouse notes that the use of carrot fiber is self-limiting in that use levels that exceed 5 percent of flour weight in bakery products or 5 percent in meat products result in poor texture and flavor that render the products undesirable to consumers. Bolthouse estimates dietary intake of carrot fiber using several methods and, thus, provides a range of estimated intakes. Based on per capita consumption of carrots, Bolthouse estimates that dietary intake of carrot fiber would be 0.3 grams/person/day (g/p/d) at the mean and 0.9 g/p/d at the 90th percentile. Based on the intake of carrot fiber in a single serving of franks/sausages or meat patties/canned meat, Bolthouse estimates that dietary intake of carrot fiber would be 2.5 grams/serving (g/s) for franks/sausages or 4.2 g/s for meat patties/canned meat.(1)
Bolthouse discusses the historical consumption of carrots, both fresh and cooked, including the fiber portion. Bolthouse cites published articles that carrots, including their fiber, have been consumed for centuries.(2)
Standards of Identity
In the notice, Bolthouse states its intention to use carrot fiber in several food categories, including foods for which standards of identity exist (i.e., certain bakery products), located in Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations. We note that an ingredient that is lawfully added to food products may be used in a standardized food only if it is permitted by the applicable standard of identity. If Bolthouse has any questions about the use of carrot fiber in standardized foods, other than meat or poultry products, that would be marketed in the United States, Bolthouse should contact the staff in the Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling and Dietary Supplements (ONPLDS), Division of Standards and Labeling Regulations, HFS-820, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740. Bolthouse can reach this division by telephone at (301) 436-2371.
Use in Meat and Poultry Products
During its evaluation of GRN 000116, FDA consulted with the Labeling and Consumer Protection Staff of the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Under the Federal Meat Inspection Act and the Poultry Products Inspection Act, FSIS is responsible for determining the efficacy and suitability of food ingredients in meat and poultry products as well as prescribing safe conditions of use. Suitability relates to the effectiveness of the ingredient in performing the intended purpose of use and the assurance that the conditions of use will not result in an adulterated product, or one that misleads consumers.
FSIS advises that Bolthouse has provided sufficient data to support their assertion that this ingredient is suitable as a binder in various comminuted meat and poultry products. Therefore, FSIS would not object to the use of this ingredient as a binder in various non-standardized comminuted meat and poultry products, provided that it does not exceed 3.5 percent of the product formulation.
The Federal meat inspection regulations list specific binding additives for use below 3.5 percent of meat product formulation. FSIS has viewed the use of binders and extenders at levels greater than 3.5 percent as re-characterizing products. The ingredient can be used at levels higher than 3.5 percent (not to exceed 5 percent) if the non-standardized comminuted meat and poultry products are appropriately named to reflect the presence of the ingredient (e.g., beef, water, and binder product). Currently, there are no allowances for the use of the ingredient as a binder in standardized meat products.
FSIS also advises that the ingredient will need to be declared on the labeling of meat and poultry products containing it as "isolated carrot product."
FSIS requested that FDA advise Bolthouse to seek regulatory guidance from FSIS, Labeling and Consumer Protection Staff, about the use of the ingredient in meat and poultry products. Bolthouse should direct such an inquiry to Dr. Robert Post, Director, Labeling and Consumer Protection Staff, Office of Policy, Program Development and Evaluation, Food Safety and Inspection Service, 1400 Independence Ave., S.W., Suite 602, Annex, Washington, DC 20250-3700. The telephone number for his office is (202) 205-0279 and the telefax number is (202) 205-3625.
Based on the information provided by Bolthouse, as well as other information available to FDA, the agency has no questions at this time regarding Bolthouse's conclusion that carrot fiber is GRAS under the intended conditions of use. The agency has not, however, made its own determination regarding the GRAS status of the subject use of carrot fiber. As always, it is the continuing responsibility of Bolthouse to ensure that food ingredients that the firm markets are safe, and are otherwise in compliance with all applicable legal and regulatory requirements.
In accordance with proposed 21 CFR 170.36(f), a copy of the text of this letter, as well as a copy of the information in Bolthouse's notice that conforms to the information in proposed 21 CFR 170.36(c)(1), is available for public review and copying on the homepage of the Office of Food Additive Safety (on the Internet at http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/foodadd.html).
Laura M. Tarantino, Ph.D.
Deputy Director
Office of Food Additive Safety
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
cc: Dr. Robert Post, Director
Labeling and Consumer Protection Staff
Office of Policy, Program Development and Evaluation
Food Safety and Inspection Service
1400 Independence Ave., SW, Suite 602, Annex
Washington, DC 20250-3700
(1)FDA does not concur with the methods used by Bolthouse to estimate dietary intake of carrot fiber. FDA's own estimate of the daily intake for carrot fiber under the conditions of use proposed by Bolthouse is 4 g/p/d at the mean and 7.5 g/p/d at the 90th percentile.
(2)FDA is aware of a publicly available database that lists the fiber content of carrots.
The location of this letter on FDA's website as described in the text is out of date. To view or obtain an electronic copy of the text of the letter, follow the hyperlinks from the "Food" topic on the FDA home page at http://www.fda.gov to the "Food Ingredients and Packaging" section to the "Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)" page where the GRAS Inventory is listed.


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Why family travel should be a part of your life
Family travel is a beast.
Your soul is dying for it, but the thought churns your insides and sinks your stomach.
Where do you even start with planning a holiday? Where could you go that is kid friendly? Will the children be safe?
Visions of you buried underneath strollers, car seats, nappies, toys, bags, and clothes wipes the family travel dreams out of your mind for good.
The knot tightens as you think about the cost and the bills looming in the unopened envelopes on the hallway table. How could you choose travel when the electricity threatens to turn itself off?
I understand. I've been there over and over again.
There have been many times when I've struggled to carry the portacot and the pram at the same time, or when my toddler has thrown herself down on the floor of the train in a tantrum to rival that of John McEnroe, that I have silently questioned my sanity.
Why family travel is important
There is one thing that keeps me pursuing family travel. It's not the fact that I know my daughters will learn to better understand themselves and the world through travel.
This is important, yes, but probably not enough to make me overcome the challenges.
What keeps me going is that when we travel together as a family we are creating memories that will last a lifetime. Memories of carefree living, exploration, adventure, laughter, and a time when we could talk, play and share together.
Think about it.
When you go on a family holiday you leave all the worries of your everyday life behind. There's no schedule to adhere to, no toys to pick up, no errands to run, no school to attend, no bosses to answer to, and no end of day exhaustion that leaves you barely able to mumble a "Hello, tell me about your day," to your child.
You can even live a little dangerously, like having an ice cream every day, or staying up past 10pm.
Sometimes we need to just cut it loose and hang out, spending that quality time together that is so vital to strengthening our family bond.
Memorable family travel moments
Family travel is not as hard as you may think. It does not have to involve a beach resort in the Maldives or a trip to Disneyland.
You can create memorable family travel experiences just by getting out in your own backyard. It can be something as simple as a day out at the local beach, a weekend camping trip, a bush walk in the National Park, or a road trip along the rugged Australian coastline.
Believe it or not, road trips as a family can be FUN!
With a little planning, a little help, and smart budget choices you can make it work. Just imagine when the kids are a little older and you are sitting around the campfire together. Your son turns to you and laughs,
"Mum, remember that time we went camping up the coast and we went swimming at the beach. Remember the wave that came from no where and dunked you on the sand. That was the funniest thing I've ever seen. I loved that holiday."
Warmth floods your body. Overcoming those barriers that seemed to prevent you from travelling were so worth it.
At least that's how I feel every time my daughter shares her travel joy with me.
"I LOVE bushwalking. This is so much fun. Can we do it again Mum?" She jumps up and down on the rock, pointing at me to admire the waves crashing against the rocky headland below.
"This is a beautiful view, Mummy."
Her face alight with the joy of being with Mummy and Daddy exploring the world. There is nothing else stealing our attention, or happiness, away from her.
I know that these moments will soon be gone. I see her walking along the track bursting with awe at the world around her; soon she'll be an adult barely able to see it because of the demands of her career or her own family life.
Life is too short. It is ticking by, faster with every year. If we don't make the effort to put down the work, the bills, the demands for some time out with our family, pretty soon we'll be looking back and have little to remember those years we spent together.
Taking time out to travel as a family is the greatest gift we could ever give each other.
Family travel can work with a little planning and help
I travel with my children a lot, sometimes overseas, but mostly here in my own backyard. Not only do I love to travel, but I love to talk about it and help others to also make travel a part of their family life.
Let me know in the comments below, how I can best help you.
Have you thought about taking a family trip to Surfers Paradise, but were intimidated by what it would take? Would you like to know how to keep your kids happy on long road trips?
What do you fear the most about family travel? What challenges do you struggle to overcome?
Let me help you to strengthen your family bond and create those lifelong memories together.
Life is all about the memories after all.


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A few months after my son Jules turned 1, I started working in the kitchen of a small restaurant down the street from my apartment in Brooklyn called applewood (the lowercase being a choice the owners hoped would convey plenty in contrast to the sharp, aggressive point of the capital A they had forgone). This unexpected move prompted various raised eyebrows and one miscommunication that resulted in several of my husband Noah's friends thinking I had gone belly up as a writer and needed alternate employment to help keep the family afloat. At a moment when many new mothers marvel at how quickly time passes or weep over outgrown onesies and booties, I instead endeavored to become, as the great food writer M. F. K. Fisher referred to herself in 1943, "the gastronomical me."
It was not, however, because I felt pangs of longing for the tiny (screaming, incomprehensible) baby who was gone forever. Nor did I do it because I had long harbored a secret desire to be on Top Chef, win thanks to my brilliant use of okra in all five courses of a meal including dessert, and open my own restaurant in a blaze of media glory.
I did it because I needed an education.
What really happened when Jules got old enough to eat was the unavoidable collision of two worlds of information -- parenting and eating. To begin with, there, in the form of my baby son, was an actual person for whom I wanted to leave the planet in decent condition. That goal was no longer just a noble abstraction. Then there was the amazing fact that I had before me in a highchair someone who had literally never tasted anything, whose body had yet to be tainted by MSG in bad Chinese take-out, or clogged by palm oil "butter" on movie theater popcorn, or compromised by pesticide residue. I was unprepared for both the sheer weirdness of this -- was it possible that I actually knew a person who had never eaten chocolate? -- and the huge responsibility I felt to get it right. Yet I couldn't imagine not feeding Jules the things that had brought me joy as a child, even though many of them were imported over long distances and very sugary. Some part of me resented the fact that something that should have been a pure pleasure, teaching a person to eat, was now so complicated.
Just as I was embarking on my new food life at applewood, Jules became a child who, despite being born of a mother who once ate goat brains in Marrakech and a father who would happily live on kimchee and innards of innumerable varieties, wouldn't eat anything. He wouldn't eat eggs, meat of any kind, or cheese. Or pasta. Or toast. Yes, I said toast. In light of this (I know: toast), I suddenly felt that -- all politics aside -- it would be pure heaven to prepare food that would actually be appreciated by people who would actually eat it when it was served. People who would not throw it to the ground shouting "Da! Da! Da!" and demand yogurt for supper. And so, in addition to being the place where I learned about the pleasures and aesthetics and complications of cooking with local food and changing the menu daily, the place where I may have worked harder than ever before in my life, applewood became for me something all parents of small children secretly long for on occasion, even though we're never supposed to admit it: an escape.
I began this project with a lot of other people's ideas about food in my head -- including what I've proven beyond a doubt to be the entirely false one that if you just offer children a variety of food, they'll eat it (some children will, of course, but definitely not mine). By the end, I had my own ideas.
I picked produce at a farm upstate, I made cheese, I worked many 10-hour shifts in the applewood kitchen (and watched the owner, David, do the same after being up all night with one or both of his daughters). I rode through the night in a delivery truck after packing produce for hours in a frigid cooler room. I milked goats and went 50 miles out to sea on a fishing boat. These experiences taught me repeatedly that knowing something is true -- we should eat as locally as possible, we should support small farms -- and understanding why it's true are two very different things. They also taught me about the pleasure, as opposed to the duty, in making these choices. Meanwhile my son, inveterate tosser of plates and refuser of cheeses, taught me that knowing what your child should eat -- variety, organic -- is useless in a face-off with a willful toddler, and that accepting that truth, just like eating the occasional strawberry in winter, has its place.
Like parenting, eating in 21st-century America is riddled with choices, challenges, great joy, and utter confusion. There's no single right way to do either one, but if you're lucky, you can learn to accept both on their own terms and live with the surprising results. On my first day in the kitchen at applewood, awed and daunted by all the French terminology (chinois, anyone?) and the gigantic utensils being thrown around, I was asked to pick herb leaves from their stems for garnishes. I sorted tarragon and chervil into white plastic containers that would be part of the mise en place -- the ingredients prepared in advance for the chef's use -- near the grill. With the seriousness I thought befitted the moments just before dinner service began, I handed the fresh green leaves to David and watched him line them up with the rest of the evening's necessities, which were in cylindrical plastic quarts on a bed of ice.
Then I noticed, next to the herbs I'd just sorted and the finely minced chives and flaky sea salt, a glistening pile of orange, red, yellow, and green Sour Patch Kids in an identical container. "Dig in!" David said to me, throwing a few into his mouth and turning back to the stove. And so I did.
Also see: Graze on This: Vermont-Fresh Food Delivered to Your Door
The Health Benefits of Me Time
Study: Handheld Screen Time Linked With Speech Delays
US Teen Birth Rate Hits All-Time Low
Study Finds Lead in Baby Food
Party Planning
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Gurpreet Kaur Bhatti
Gurpreet Kaur Bhatti's piece about a widowed matriarch and her reckless son plays on the tensions and tenacity of family ties, writes Michael Billington
Matt Trueman: New artistic director Vicky Featherstone also cues up plays from Tim Crouch and Gurpreet Kaur Bhatti, plus a futuristic crime thriller and a footballer sex scandal drama
Corporation in firing line after it cut dialogue from drama written by controversial playwright Gurpreet Kaur Bhatti. By John Plunkett
Gurpreet Kaur Bhatti: After my play about abuse in the Sikh community sparked death threats in 2004, the only way to turn was back to drama – to confront censorship head-on
Gurpreet Kaur Bhatti responds to critics of her controversial Behzti, while Felicity Kendal glitters as the brazen Mrs Warren
Nick Cohen: The Satanic Verses, Behzti, Theo van Gogh's Submission, Jerry Springer: The Opera, the Danish cartoons of Muhammad ... now we can add the London exhibition of the work of Maqbool Fida Husain to the rapidly expanding list of works of art and satire targeted by militant religion.
The Birmingham Rep continues to chart a controversial course with its latest drama, set in a fictional Muslim brothel. Three months ago, Gurpreet Kaur Bhatti's Behzti, at the same venue, was cancelled following violent protests by the local community and religious groups and its author was forced into hiding.
Letters: Dr Jasdev Singh Rai gives an important insight into why some Sikhs have objected to Gurpreet Kaur Bhatti's play Behzti (Comment, January 17).
This warrior is fighting onGurpreet Kaur Bhatti
Actor says consultation gave community representatives the impression they had a veto on play that led to violent protests.
Salman Rushdie has expressed his horror at the government's failure to criticise Sikh protesters who forced the closure of Behzti, the play which depicts rape and murder in a Sikh temple.
Letters: We write in support of the play Behzti.
Sikhs are the real losers from BehztiGurharpal Singh
Gurharpal Singh: This is a multiculturalism which promotes religion and stifles dissent.
Leading figures from the arts world are among more than 700 signatories of an open letter supporting the Sikh playwright who has been forced into hiding by death threats.
In the week the play Dishonour was cancelled after violent Sikh protests, the Guardian set five experts a challenge: what would they do faced with this and other controversial artists' works.
Press review: The decision to bring down the curtain in Birmingham is booed.
Letters: The cancellation of Behzti, has brought dishonour to us all, to those who resorted to violence and those who took the decision to cancel the play (Writer in hiding as violence closes Sikh play, December 21).
Artists and community leaders will meet at a summit in the new year to thrash out how freedom of expression can be protected, after a play alleged to offend Sikhism was cancelled following violent protests, the Guardian has learned.
The Birmingham Rep has a superb record in giving voice to the culturally invisible communities that surround it.
The Birmingham theatre attacked this weekend in a violent protest by Sikhs today announced it was ending the run of a play that depicts murder and rape in a Sikh temple.


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Hunter syndromeMucopolysaccharidosis type II, Iduronate sulfatase deficiency
Hunter syndrome is an inherited disease in which long chains of sugar molecules (mucopolysaccharides) are not broken down correctly and build up in the body.
Hunter syndrome is an inherited condition. Boys are most often affected.
The condition is caused by a lack of the enzyme iduronate sulfatase. Without this enzyme, mucopolysaccharides build up in various body tissues, causing damage.
The early-onset, severe form of the disease begins shortly after age 2. A late-onset, mild form causes less severe symptoms to appear later in life.
Juvenile form (early-onset, severe form):
- Aggressive behavior
- Hyperactivity
- Mental function gets worse over time
- Severe intellectual disability
- Spasticity
Late (mild) form:
- Mild to no mental deficiency
Both forms:
- Carpal tunnel syndrome
- Coarse features of the face
- Deafness (gets worse over time)
- Increased hair (hypertrichosis)
- Joint stiffness
- Large head (macrocephaly)
Exams and Tests
Signs of the disorder include:
- Abnormal retina (back of the eye)
- Decreased iduronate sulfatase enzyme in blood serum or cells
- Heart murmur and leaky heart valves
- Enlarged liver (hepatomegaly)
- Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly)
- Inguinal hernia
- Joint contractures
- Spasticity
Tests may include:
- Enzyme study
- Genetic testing for change (mutation) in the iduronate sulfatase gene
- Urine test for heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved the first treatment for Hunter syndrome. The medicine, called idursulfase (Elaprase), is given through a vein (intravenously). Talk to your doctor for more information.
Bone marrow transplant has been tried for the early-onset form, but the results can vary.
Each health problem should be treated separately.
Outlook (Prognosis)
People with the early-onset (severe) form usually live for 10 - 20 years. People with the late-onset (mild) form usually live 20 - 60 years.
Possible Complications
- Airway obstruction
- Carpal tunnel syndrome
- Hearing loss that gets worse over time
- Loss of ability to complete daily living activities
- Joint stiffness that leads to contractures
- Mental function that gets worse over time
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Call your health care provider if:
- You or your child has a group of these symptoms
- You know you are a genetic carrier and are considering having children
Genetic counseling is recommended for couples who want to have children and who have a family history of Hunter syndrome. Prenatal testing is available. Carrier testing for female relatives of affected males is available at a few centers.
Muenzer J, Wraith JE, Beck M, et al. A phase II/III clinical study of enzyme replacement therapy with idursulfase in mucopolysaccharidosis II (Hunter syndrome). Genet Med. 2006 Aug;8(8):465-73.
Wraith JE. Mucopolysaccharidoses and oligosaccharidoses. In: Fernandes J, Saudubray J-m, van den Berghe G, Walter JH, eds. Inborn Metabolic Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment. New York, NY: Springer;2006:chap 39.
Review Date: 5/16/2011
Reviewed By: Chad Haldeman-Englert, MD, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Section on Medical Genetics, Winston-Salem, NC. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.


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"I like your Christ. I do not like your Christians. Your Christians are so unlike your Christ. The materialism of affluent Christian countries appears to contradict the claims of Jesus Christ that says it's not possible to worship both Mammon and God at the same time." – Gandhi I am feeling particularly punchy today; you [Read More…]
Hatin' on Christians?
September 16, 2012 by 214 Comments


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Kristin Dawn Chenoweth (born July 24, 1968) is an American actress, singer, voice artist, and comedienne who voices Gabi in Rio 2.
- Kristin: "Gabi wants to make Nigel proud of her. That is why she's always by his side and hoping he notices her in the way she wants to be noticed, which of course he doesn't. Gabi will do whatever it takes to keep Nigel safe and happy and where he belongs, which is on the stage."