text:
By Mike Byron, PhD.
I was astonished to read Alexander Cockburn's essay in the April 28th online edition of Counterpunch entitled "Is Global Warming a Sin?" [[i]] Cockburn's thesis is that there is no scientific evidence whatsoever linking anthropogenic (human caused) CO2 emissions with worldwide increases in mean temperature "global warming." Comparing the proposed sale of carbon credits to alleviate future global warming to the medieval practice of the Catholic Church selling indulgences to cancel past sins, Cockburn asserts:
"There is still zero empirical evidence that anthropogenic production of CO2 is making any measurable contribution to the world's present warming trend. The greenhouse fearmongers rely entirely on unverified, crudely oversimplified computer models to finger mankind's sinful contribution. Devoid of any sustaining scientific basis, carbon trafficking is powered by guilt, credulity, cynicism and greed, just like the old indulgences, though at least the latter produced beautiful monuments." [[ii]]
Cockburn bases his conclusions upon the research of Dr. Martin Hertzberg whose conclusions he places above "all the counsels of Al Gore or the jeremiads of the IPCC (Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change)." Fair enough, Cockburn wishes to disregard the careful, published, peer-reviewed, findings of essentially the entire global scientific community, in favor of the assertions of his favored climatologist. He can do that; however, we are not compelled follow his astounding leap of judgment. Fairness however, does require me to carefully evaluate and consider Hertzberg's rival global warming hypothesis and its several assertions.
The Hertzberg-Cockburn Critique of Global Warming
What are these assertions of Hertzberg's hypothesis? His argument is that temperature changes are driven by long-term changes in the amount of sunlight striking the Earth. These changes are caused by Milankovitch cycles, named for the Serbian scientist who first described them. Wikipedia defines these as follows:
"Milankovitch cycles are the collective effect of changes in the Earth's movements upon its climate, named after Serbian civil engineer and mathematician Milutin Milankovitch. The eccentricity, axial tilt, and precession of the Earth's orbit vary in several patterns, resulting in 100,000 year ice age cycles of the Quaternary glaciation over the last few million years. The Earth's axis completes one full cycle of precession approximately every 26,000 years. At the same time, the elliptical orbit rotates, more slowly, leading to a 22,000 year cycle in the equinoxes. In addition, the angle between Earth's rotational axis and the normal to the plane of its orbit changes from 21.5 degrees to 24.5 degrees and back again on a 41,000 year cycle. Presently, this angle is 23.44 degrees. The Milankovitch theory of climate change is not perfectly worked out; in particular, the largest observed response is at the 100,000 year timescale, but the forcing is apparently small at this scale, in regards to the ice ages. Various feedbacks (from carbon dioxide, or from ice sheet dynamics) are invoked to explain this discrepancy." [[iii]]
Simply put: the Earth's orbit around the sun varies somewhat with respect to how circular its orbit is, the degree that is poles are tilted with respect to the plane of its orbit, and the position of its poles with respect to the far stars, which "wobbles" (precesses). These several variations occur regularly in cycles of about 22,000, 26,000, 41,000 and 100,000 years. Their composite effect is to vary the amount of sunlight striking the Earth's surface.
Hertzberg's assertion is that this process of variation in the strength of sunlight striking the Earth is what drives global climate change. The primary mechanism for this climate change does indeed involve CO2 release in to the atmosphere, according to this thesis. However, the causal order (which variable causes what effect) is reversed from what we would expect:
"Water covers 71 per cent of the surface of the planet. As compared to the atmosphere, there's at least a hundred times more CO2 in the oceans, dissolved as carbonate. As the postglacial thaw progresses the oceans warm up, and some of the dissolved carbon emits into the atmosphere, just like fizz in soda water taken out of the fridge. "So the greenhouse global warming theory has it ass backwards," Hertzberg concludes. "It is the warming of the earth that is causing the increase of carbon dioxide and not the reverse." He has recently had vivid confirmation of that conclusion. Several new papers show that for the last three quarter million years CO2 changes always lag global temperatures by 800 to 2,600 years." [iv]
More sunlight striking the Earth's surface causes the planet's oceans, which account for 71 percent of its surface, to heat up. Because the mass of the oceans is much greater than that of the air—about 100 times greater, in fact—there is a considerable lag before oceanic heating becomes sufficient to cause the oceans to release greater amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere. In Hertzberg's view, the CO2 is an effect and not a cause of global warming.
It is this natural process of variation in sunlight striking the planet, and not anthropogenic CO2 emissions, per Hertzberg, which accounts for the increasing amount of CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere. To "prove" this point, Cockburn asserts that CO2 emissions fell significantly due to the Great Depression, while temperatures continued to increase, thus "proving" that planet-wide temperature increase is independent of atmospheric CO2 levels.
Cockburn offers several purported examples from the historical record (the Little Ice Age) and the geological record (the Eocene Period) which supposedly further demonstrate the lack of a link between atmospheric CO2 levels and planetary temperature. He is clearly asserting that there is no causal relationship between atmospheric CO2 levels and planetary temperature whatsoever. In other words planetary temperature is independent of CO2 levels in the atmosphere! Not now, not millions of years ago, never, have atmospheric CO2 increases caused temperature increases! That assertion left me stunned, I must admit.
Having discounted anthropogenic effects from having any significant effect whatsoever on the world's climate, Cockburn then makes a vague reference to the Earth itself as being a cause of planetary warming, asserting: "…the human carbon footprint is of zero consequence amid these huge forces and volumes, and that's not even to mention the role of the giant reactor beneath our feet: the earth's increasingly hot molten core." Whether the Earth's allegedly "increasingly hot molten core" plays a role in Hertzberg's global warming theory, or is just another a priori belief of Cockburn's is not specified. I will therefore subsequently ignore this vague assertion until and unless Cockburn chooses to be more specific about it.
Hertzberg-Cockburn Critique of Global Warming Rebutted.
First of all, until very recently, human civilization has simply not been of sufficient magnitude to cause any significant effects whatsoever upon global climate and temperatures. Therefore, until very recently, natural forces were wholly responsible for changes in the Earth's climate and its overall temperature. These natural forces were primarily changes in the amount of sunlight striking the planet due to the Milankovitch cycles. The long lag associated with increasing sunlight warming the Earth and the consequent heating of the oceans and frozen bogs (which release methane a greenhouse gas 30 times more potent that CO2) constitutes a kind of "thermal inertia." However, as these positive (that is, amplifying) feedback loops kick in, including oceanic warming, ice melting (affecting the planet's reflectivity) permafrost melting etc., the process of warming begins to accelerate.


text:
80% AR-15 Lower Receiver Machined From Solid Piece of 6061 Aluminnum 115-124 - $124
|Submitted by joshua1086, updated by joshua1086 52 months ago (2013-04-06)
Load additional images
Price: $124.00
Our 80% Lower Receivers are made from a solid piece of 6061 aluminum. These 80% units provide you with an excellent starting point whether you're a large manufacturer or a DIY gunsmith.
There is machining required to render these 80% units operational. The material where the control group (hammer/trigger assembly) is located must be removed. 3 holes must be drilled in total, 2 for the hammer/trigger pins, and 1 for the selector switch. All other machining visible in images has been completed. All other holes have been drilled or tapped.
Our units also come with threaded bolt catch pin holes which negates the use of a hammer and punch. Instead, you simply insert the solid pin (included) and secure with a set screw (also included). We have also threaded the takedown pin detent spring hole. This makes installation of the buffer tube assembly much less cumbersome. Again, you simply install the detent spring and secure with an included set screw.
Check out our website for matching Jigs, Lower Parts Kits, and BCG's. New products added daily.
Key Features Include:
■Threaded Bolt Catch Pin Hole
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How do the billet lowers
How do the billet lowers compare to the forged ones from shops on here such as http://gunpartsplus.com and aresarmor?
I ordered two and a Jig and
I ordered two and a Jig and got them shipped to my door within the week. Solid quality, cool milling design and great communication between the company and me. I strongly recommend it.
With many lowers now back in
With many lowers now back in stock these will have to come down in price to compete.
I have to agree, bought a
I have to agree, bought a couple of 80% lowers from gunpartsplus.com and received within a few days and they are great.
Just received an order of
Just received an order of TR-Enabling 80% lowers. They are legit and the lowers look VERY nice. I will be ordering again. There are pics of the lowers on ARFCOM.
Has anyone bought one of
Has anyone bought one of these and can comment on the quality?
I've been following this
I've been following this story on AR15.com all day, and I know it doesn't mean much, but I'm now totally behind these guys. If I was looking for an 80% I'd be on board but unfortunately I'm not ready to venture down that path, but hope to be soon.
From an Army vet., Semper Fi guys!
I have been doing 80% for
I have been doing 80% for years now, and I have NEVER heard about this company. I would not trust a web site that just happens to pop up, sell back ordered items with a month lead time and twice the cost. Hell, they don't have any pics of their shop, products (what CAD drawings they have are out of spec) and no web history if you look it up. BE AWARE PEOPLE!!!
You are exactly right on a
You are exactly right on a lot of things, but I ask how does any business get started in this country? My name is Joshua Twomey and I am the co-owner of TR-Enabling. My partner is Andrew Rouser. We both grew in in Knoxville TN and joined the Marine Corp together. We were rack mates in Plt 3104 of India Co, 3rd BN Parris Island. I am currently in and Andrew just left the Corps after 8 years of honorable service as an Infantryman 0311. His latest tour was with 1/6 were he received multiple combat awards from Garmser, and Marjeh. My last tour was with 3/6.
I do not say all this for any special treatment or recognition but to try an prove we are not scammers. We are to guys that are trying to sell a product that we designed. Its simple math supply and demand. Andrew and I found a product with has a high demand and we are trying to fill peoples needs. I currently live in Jacksonville NC, home of Camp Lejeune that is where this business is located.
Pictures of my product will be posted today, and I will update some of the pictures on slick guns.
1/23/13 Good Buying
1/23/13 Good Buying Experience
There seems to be a lot of skepticism about this product and I thought I'd share my experience. I just placed a purchase for a lower and jig, called and spoke to a Andrew to provide payment. He expects to ship within 1 week and is running his machinery 24hrs a day. These are milled from billet stock, not cast.
Payment on 1/23/13 as of 5pm eastern time, is taken over the phone after you place your order. Very simple call, Andrew answers and it was pleasant to speak to a human being that knows his product inside and out.
The website is new, the payment system has changed and I was told there should be an online payment system in place shortly. This happens from time to time in business, especially smaller businesses that are not employing 100's of people. The owners can't do everything at once.
I cannot attest to the quality of product as I do not have it in hand but based upon my experience placing the order I expect to receive a very nice product.
My advice, give them a try. You're not going to find lowers anywhere else in less than a week!!
A freedom loving American
It's been three and a half
It's been three and a half weeks. What's the word?
$150 for a 6061 billet 80%
$150 for a 6061 billet 80% with the custom design seem to be an acceptable deal.
These can be hard to get sometimes. They are a lot of fun to complete.
I paid $75 for my first AR 80% but it was a forged 7075 milspec.
I've paid upto $125 for billet 80% receivers but that was pre panic.
If I were in the market for one, I'd call to order.
the scam would be it's $150
the scam would be it's $150 for a 80% paperweight...
I don't see any difference justifying paying this much for a paperweight..there are 80% paperweights on sale for $80 or less all over the internet through sites that look legit!
and with a one year back
and with a one year back log,,, I say go for it if you can find one cheaper. I bought two from this guy and they are great. Well worth it to have one now 100% legal, off paper with no numbers. Well worth it and I got it shipped to my door by the end of the week. Try and find that for 80 bucks.
Thank you for your comment.
Thank you for your comment. I am unaware of any billet 80% lowers for less than 150. I am also unaware of any cast lowers that are currently available and in stock. Most all sites/shops are back ordered till October. Please do inform though.
Can you share with the
Can you share with the rest?
TM is not even going to start production until April, FWIK...and who knows what the price will be then.
If an AWB goes into effect all these manufacturers will simply just make 80%'s IMHO.
interesting thought. might be
interesting thought. might be time for me to invest in a CNC machine for my personal items. Now watch, people will start hording and flipping CNC mills.
7075 is not 6061 and vice
7075 is not 6061 and vice versa.
Weren't these like $25 or $30
Weren't these like $25 or $30 before all this crap? I guess the price of raw materials have gone up also :(
I gotta vote non-legit as no true gun enthusiast uses Paypal for guns!!
No, the forged 80% were
No, the forged 80% were $80-150 and these appear to be machined billet. The raw forgings were around $30 so maybe that's what you were thinking of.
Actually, no these were not
Actually, no these were not 25-30. These are billet machined lowers not castings. We start from a blank piece of aluminum. Your right I have never used paypal for guns, I am on GB often and I know better than that, however we are not selling a gun. This is simply a piece of metal, that equates to no more then a paper weight.
Sorry but anybody that sells
Sorry but anybody that sells Lowers knows they are selling a Gun.......Serial Number is on the Lower.
Mork calling Orson, Mork
Mork calling Orson, Mork calling Orson.....come in Orson
What part of 80% is confusing
What part of 80% is confusing you?
Do you sell just the
Do you sell just the paperweights?
As a conversation piece, I mean?
OK yes on the website we are
OK yes on the website we are only selling the 80 percent paperweights. We do have a manufacturer, and can provide 100% lowers but those are ordered only by phone and email as of now.
Ok I think you are missing
Ok I think you are missing what the item is. This is an 80 percent piece meaning it is not complete. There are no serial numbers on it, as it is not a weapon. It is simply a piece of metal that needs to be completed.
If you want it to be a paperweight then sure it can be a really nice one that many will comment on. Please give me a call to ensure I know exactly what you are talking about as a paperweight.
went the direction of 80%,
went the direction of 80%, got a couple from http://gunpartsplus.com and took about 2 hours to drill and mill pocket.
I previously had my cell on
I previously had my cell on here but due to overwhelming calls I am removing it and asking to email us at email@example.com or If you prefer to contact us directly you may call 910-547-6566 between the hours of 8am and 6pm est.
I can assure you the site is
I can assure you the site is Legit. The payment system was paypal business, but it was shutdown down due to being related to weapons. A new payment system will be up in the next couple days. Also the website is new, and due to the amount of orders we have been filling we have not been able to post many pictures or really much else. I am working on it though. I am an active duty Marine, and my partner just got out after 8 years of active service. We are both combat veterans and will stand by our product. Our machines are producing these things as fast as we can. 1000 will be hard to fill quickly but its possible in a few weeks. I will fix the limits on the site. We are not in backorder status as I have 80's on the shelf right now. Please feel free to email me at email@example.com or call/text 865-3hundred-fourteen zero nine, and I would enjoy a chat to reassure you this is no scam.
Try Dowolla?
Try Dowolla?
Good to know! Thanks for
Good to know!
Thanks for replying.
I was only implying to use caution.
I completely understand, Its
I completely understand, Its a crazy market out there right now. My partner and I are dedicated to keeping our prices low and being honest with our customers. If we cannot fill an order in a reasonable amount of time we will not take it. This price is the same that it was before any of the craziness happened, and we intent on keeping it that way unless material price goes up.
not passing my smell
not passing my smell test......site looks like a scam.
Not at all. I ordered from
Not at all. I ordered from the guy and got my ARs in less than 8 days shipped to my door. Its the real deal.
Yup.... Go ahead and
Go ahead and order...and then call us to arrange payment..
Also, I was able to order 1000. Really they have a 1000 AR lowers...perhaps?
Yesterday a site sounding like AKMAGS only accepted Western Union Money Orders..
Oh boy..
Bottom Left 300x250 buysellads
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
The careful management of wealth for future generations is a hot topic for the well-off, with private client lawyers at the heart of the decision-making
In brief
The Budget this year was called a 'Budget for millionaires' by Labour, but the Coalition insisted it would hit the rich. In this week's report our panel of private client specialists debates the impact of some of the Budget changes on their clients.
What do you think will be the real impact of the cut to the top UK tax rate from 50 per cent to 45 per cent? Will this encourage wealthy individuals to remain resident
in the UK?
Anthony Thompson, head of private capital, Lawrence Graham: I am not sure that the reduction in the top rate of tax by 5 per cent will make a big difference to an individual's decision to remain or to leave the UK. Unless there is an aggressive tax policy to significantly increase tax across the board (as we are likely to see in France following the recent general election) an individual's decision on whether to stay or leave is based on many lifestyle factors and how easy it is to do business. Provided those aspects are competitive it is likely that wealthy individuals will move to or stay in the UK and we might also get an influx of people from France.
Clare Maurice, senior partner, Maurice Turnor Gardner: Few, if any, of my clients have left the UK. A lot talked about it but, when the crunch came, it was too difficult, or nowhere else was very attractive. A number may have 'gone home', but that was more about being on the cusp of acquiring a deemed domicile.
I think everyone had assumed the 50 per cent rate would only be temporary, so they are now relieved. I also believe that clients are focused on generating gains (taxed at 28 per cent) rather than income. Reducing the rate to 45 per cent will not change their strategy.
Russell Cohen, head of international private wealth, Farrer & Co: The impact is likely to be slight. Many 'non-doms' do not earn income in the UK and so, in practice, are not subject to UK income tax. Therefore, the cut is likely to make little difference to them.
The cut is more relevant to individuals such as bankers, who generate significant income in the UK. However, a rate of 45 per cent is not much more than they would expect to pay in other major jurisdictions.
The main impact of the 50 per cent rate was psychological. It sent out the signal that the UK government would penalise wealth generation (while at the same time, it would appear, the measure did not actually generate more tax). Unfortunately, the reduction to 45 per cent (rather than the original 40 per cent) does not reverse the damage, as it appears half-hearted and the intellectual battle has certainly not been won: if Labour returns to power we could well see the rate increase again.
John Ward, head of private client, Speechly Bircham: The proposed reduction in the top rate of income tax from 50 per cent to 45 per cent from 2013 is good news. It will send a positive signal to wealthy individuals who might otherwise be thinking of leaving the UK. It also makes the UK more attractive to those thinking of moving here.
Announcing the change a year in advance means that, where they can, some taxpayers will defer taking income until after the rate has gone down to 45 per cent – for example, by delaying taking a dividend.
The rate reduction is also good news for certain trusts. Where income is retained within the trust rather than being distributed to beneficiaries it is taxed at 50 per cent currently. This will reduce to 45 per cent from 2013.
What sort of legal issues will arise from the so-called 'mansion tax' on high-value properties?
Thompson: One of the major difficulties with the mansion tax will be assessment of value. Precise valuation of property is extremely difficult, particularly in relation to high-value residential properties. On death, when there is no sale of a property, there are often significant disagreements between the valuers for the executors and the valuers for HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC).
Maurice: The biggest issue for us is whether or not to unscramble the structures that hold UK residential property. It will come down to mathematics – what will it cost to maintain the structure against the cost of taking it apart? On the face of it an annual charge may be worth contemplating. However, we have no idea how the proposed capital gains tax (CGT) will be levied on "envelopes". If it will be tax-neutral I can see a number of clients collapsing structures to avoid the annual charge. If not, each client will have to make the calculation and decide what they want to do.
It may be that a number will sell up rather than have the continuing aggravation: at least if the property is sold there is cash around to pay the CGT.
It is still too early to predict as we do not have a consultation paper. In our case, we do not have many clients with residential property held in structures. We were always very much against the use of offshore companies – too much risk of tax charges. But we know this is a matter we will have to address.
Cohen: HMRC has indicated that the proposed annual charge on high-value UK residential properties held by "non-natural persons" (including companies) will not exceed 0.75 per cent of the value of the property. Feedback from clients suggests that this will often be a price worth paying given the benefits of retaining such structures (for example, inheritance tax (IHT) mitigation, confidentiality and intergeneration planning).
In any event, these structures are not necessarily simple to wind up (particularly for UK residents) and complicated tax issues may come to light depending on the client's circumstances.
In the future, we expect alternative structures to be of interest to clients, but we will always need to be alert to the risk that the government may introduce retrospective legislation to counter any planning undertaken to avoid the new charges.
Ward: The mansion tax applies to residential properties worth more than £2m held in a company, whether in the UK or offshore. Together with the new 15 per cent stamp duty land tax (SDLT) charge on companies buying such properties and forthcoming changes to CGT it will be less attractive to hold high-value residential properties through a corporate structure.
However, before dismantling such structures it will be necessary to consider the implications for other taxes, such as IHT. Often, non-UK domiciliaries own UK property through offshore companies to shield the property from IHT. Dismantling the structure will bring the property into the IHT net, although in many cases it may be possible to mitigate the IHT liability in other ways, for example by securing debts against the property.
Which jurisdictions do you think are most attractive as domiciles for trusts at present, both from a legislative and a client demand perspective?
Thompson: The established offshore financial centres continue to be favoured for locating offshore trusts. Singapore and New Zealand have also become popular for various reasons, but still most trusts tend to be created in traditional offshore financial centres.
Maurice: The selection of a jurisdiction for a trust is based on many factors that will be particular to the client. Geography is a key issue – how easy is it to contact trustees? Quality of local advisers, good court infrastructure, robust anti-forced heirship legislation – all are aspects clients will want to bear in mind.
Locally, I like using Jersey or Guernsey. In the 'warm water' jurisdictions my preference would be Bermuda or the Cayman Islands. However, I have used the British Virgin Islands recently and been pleased with the assistance we had. I have also used the Bahamas, but that was definitely the client's choice. Some clients want to use Singapore as they want to escape the old jurisdictions. I cannot detect any real 'leader' in terms of jurisdictions.
Cohen: There are two issues in play here: the governing law of trusts and where they are administered.
In the case of governing law, there is much professional debate as to which jurisdiction is the most attractive. Certain jurisdictions offer particular trust regimes – for example, the Special Trusts (Alternative Regime) trusts in Cayman – which appear to give an edge in certain respects.
However, in my experience, the fundamental issues remain the same: does the client understand the nature of a trust, has the adviser been sufficiently thorough in drafting the trust documentation to take account of the clients' objectives and will the trust be well administered?
As to the most attractive jurisdiction for administration, again it all depends on the circumstances of the client. There is, for example, a move towards having New Zealand trustees (and law), given that it is for many purposes an 'onshore' jurisdiction with a sophisticated set of 'offshore' trust provisions. However, many clients like (not unreasonably) to be able to visit their trustees or at least operate in the same time zone. The Channel Islands should therefore not be overlooked, while Zurich and Geneva are coming more into play.
Ward: There are two issues here, wrapped up as one: trustee residence and governing law. There can be no single answer. You need to factor in the client's background, the reasons for establishing a trust and perception issues, but above all what kind of service you expect from the trustee.
There are differences between the trust laws across offshore jurisdictions, but to be honest they are pretty subtle. What is far more important is being in a jurisdiction where you can find a trustee that really understands its role and will do its job properly. And don't forget that for some settlors, onshore solutions work much better than offshore ones. For example, English law trusts with Swiss resident trustees are popular, for a number of reasons, among South American settlors.
What will be the effect of the Tax Tribunal ruling in the Eclipse 35 case?
Do you expect this to act as a deterrent to individuals to participate in such schemes?
Thompson: When there are high rates of tax there are always people looking to design tax mitigation schemes and it is likely there will always be those people who wish to participate in them in the hope that they will significantly mitigate their tax bills.
Maurice: As a firm we are allergic to most 'schemes'. I am not aware of any of my clients having participated in such schemes. I have always cautioned against the use of schemes and see no reason to change my advice.
Cohen: The decision in Eclipse 35 is just one of a series of similar decisions arising out of attempts to form film-related partnerships with borrowed finance that theoretically would enable partners to claim loss relief against other, taxable, income.
HMRC has been denying loss claims arising from these schemes and pursuing the related litigation through the courts for years. I agree that the decision, along with the others in this territory, will act as a deterrent in relation to participation in such schemes, but this type of tax planning has been largely overtaken by the latest Budget announcement.
The legislation announced for inclusion in Finance Bill 2013 will apply a cap on income tax reliefs claimed by individuals. The cap of 25 per cent of income (or £50,000, whichever is greater) will apply to reliefs that are currently unlimited and, while the focus has been on donations to charity, these rules will also apply to the sort of claims that were at the centre of the Eclipse case. It seems clear that HMRC would prefer to avoid litigating cases like Eclipse by making the game not worth the candle.
What would you identify as the biggest issue for private clients at present?
Thompson: I principally deal with non-dom clients, many of whom are resident in the UK. For them, the change in taxation for properties valued at over £2m owned by offshore companies is a significant issue.
When this Government increased the remittance base charge from £30,000 to £50,000 they said they had reviewed the taxation of non-doms, they felt that this was an appropriate increase and they were going to do no more. The new rules on property ownership by offshore companies will target the resident non-dom community as it is generally only a non-domiciled person who would structure their property purchase that way.
The irony is that the increase in SDLT means it is much more likely that an individual would be tempted to buy the shares in the offshore company rather than the property direct. In the 25 years I have been dealing with non-domiciled clients it is rare for the person to buy the shares in the offshore company so, despite newspaper articles to the contrary, little SDLT was lost via that route. The new rules may well mean that more SDLT is lost as people chose to buy the company shares to save the tax.
Maurice: For the non-dom client it must be the changes to SDLT and possible CGT on residential property. Having been promised by Chancellor George Osborne that there would be no further changes to the taxation of non-doms they feel let down. For UK-domiciled clients the search for an alternative to the trust is a challenge. Clients want to hand on assets but are anxious about children having unconstrained access. The result is that wealth is not cascading down the generations as I believe John Major wanted. It is getting stuck.
Cohen: The biggest issue is that almost any client with substantial means now requires complex advice of an international nature to arrange their estate planning in a tax-efficient and orderly manner. It is no longer sufficient for advisers based
in London to give UK advice and assume any advice required in other jurisdictions will look after itself.
A wealthy client is likely to have assets, family members and trusts in a number of jurisdictions and the advice in each of these needs to be coordinated. As governments become more aggressive in their attempts to raise tax (see, for example, recent French legislation concerning trusts), advisers should keep things as simple as can reasonably be achieved: the greater the complexity of an estate plan, the greater the risk of it being undermined by future legislation in one or other jurisdiction.


text:
Home > World News > Article
Chief UN nuclear watchdog Mohamed El-Baradei said yesterday it would take him at least two weeks to determine whether Iran had complied with his demand to prove it had no nuclear weapons program.
"Sometime towards the end of the second week of November, I will be issuing a report to the (International Atomic Energy Agency) board of governors with the results at that time of this verification process," he said.
"I don't think we will be able to complete our work by that time, but I hope we'll have made substantial progress," he told reporters at UN headquarters in New York, where he was attending meetings.
The IAEA board planned to take up the report at its next meeting, scheduled for November 20, IAEA officials said.
El-Baradei, director-general of the Vienna-based IAEA, gave Tehran a deadline of yesterday to prove it had no nuclear arms program or be reported to the UN Security Council for possible sanctions.
Iran submitted a declaration to the IAEA on October 23, detailing its nuclear activities, which Washington suspects are a smokescreen for building atomic weapons.
"We are still going through a lot of activities, we have inspection teams in Iran. It is too early, but I hope that we will be able to verify what the Iranians have assured us - that this is a comprehensive and accurate declaration," El-Baradei told Reuters.
"They are cooperating, but again, we still have a lot of work to do, and I hope the cooperation will continue," El-Baradei said. "This is a work in progress."
In Washington, State Department spokesman Richard Boucher said he expected everyone, including the US government, to withhold judgment on whether Iran was in compliance until El-Baradei had submitted his report.
"We're not making any new judgments. As you know, we've all along held that Iran has been in noncompliance. But we look forward to seeing the report, to find out if Iran has brought itself into compliance by fulfilling all these requirements of the resolution," he told reporters.
"We will find out from the director-general's report whether those promises have been fulfilled and fulfilled to the extent that they actually meet the requirements that were laid down by the board," Boucher said.
In Tehran, Iran's ambassador to the IAEA, Ali Akbar Salehi, assured an Iranian news agency that the UN body had been given all the information it needed to produce a report showing Iran was pursuing a purely civilian nuclear energy program.
"Iran's will is to remove all the agency's ambiguities and to take all necessary steps to enable the agency to present a positive report to its governor's board," Salehi told the student news agency ISNA.
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• Marcus Baugh, TE, Riverside (Calif.) North – The Huskies were opportunistic in a 17-10 win at Moreno Valley View.
North (4-3, 3-0 Inland Valley) was aided by an interception, two recovered fumbles and a botched Valley View punt. That helped the Huskies build a 17-7 lead in the first half. The Eagles (3-5, 1-3) cut the deficit to seven with a field goal in the third quarter but could get no closer.
• Joey Bosa, DE, Fort Lauderdale (Fla.) St. Thomas Aquinas – Running back Fred Coppet scored three touchdowns as the Raiders (4-2, 2-0 District 15-7A) bested host Hollywood South Broward, 48-0.
St. Thomas Aquinas put its controversial loss a week earlier against Miramar in the past by throttling the Bulldogs (0-6, 0-3). The Raiders led 28-0 after the first quarter and finished the game with a running clock. The game was marred, however, by an on-field incident in the second quarter. According to the South Florida Sun Sentinel, players from both teams threw punches and five from each team were ejected.
• Cameron Burrows, CB, Trotwood (Ohio) Madison – The visiting Rams spotted Troy a 7-0 lead before cruising to a 33-13 win in Greater Western Ohio Conference play.
Trotwood (6-3, 3-0 GWOC North) scored 27 straight points in the second quarter to take command. Michigan commit Michael McCray recorded two interceptions at his spot at linebacker, the latter of which resulted in a 70-yard touchdown return with 38 seconds left before halftime.
Troy fell to 3-5 (1-2).
• Ezekiel Elliott, RB, St. Louis John Burroughs – Elliott rushed for three touchdowns, giving him 28 for the season, as Burroughs routed St. Louis Clayton, 56-0.
The Bombers (7-0, 6-0 Metro League) were never challenged. They led 28-0 at halftime and finished the game with a running clock. Elliott rushed for scores of 4 and 34 yards and added a 14-yard TD reception in between those trips to the end zone. Clayton fell to 5-3 (4-2).
• Tim Gardner, OT, Indianapolis Lawrence Central – Fullback Alex Rodriguez followed Gardner and his offensive line to the tune of 105 yards in a 21-7 win at Bloomington North.
Rodriguez added two touchdowns as the Bears improved to 9-0 (7-0 Conference Indiana). Lawrence North finished with more than 300 rushing yards and dropped the Cougars to 2-7 (1-6).
• Michael Hill, DT, Pendleton, S.C. – Pendleton got a three-touchdown performance by Cam Blackburn and earned a 34-7 win vs. Greenville Carolina.
Blackburn started the scoring with a 3-yard touchdown run, as Pendleton (5-3, 3-2 2A-Region 1) built a 20-0 halftime lead. Blackburn added a 2-yard TD run in the second quarter and a 3-yard scoring burst in the third quarter. He finished with 137 yards. Hill recovered a fumble in the victory as the Pendleton defense held up its end in the win.
The Trojans (2-6, 0-5) got their lone score in the third quarter on a 9-yard TD pass from R.J. Rosemond to Zach Cannon.
• Taivon Jacobs, WR, Forestville (Md.) Suitland – Jacobs scored a pair of touchdowns as the Rams hit the road and left Beltsville High Point with a 46-6 victory.
Jacobs finished with 215 all-purpose yards and reached the end zone on a 13-yard scoring pass from Wesley Wolfolk and a 75-yard punt return. He caught two passes for 36 yards. Suitland (6-1, 5-0 Prince George's 4A) led 14-0 after the first quarter and 40-0 at halftime. High Point fell to 2-5 (2-5).
• Darron Lee, S/QB, New Albany, Ohio – Lee sealed a 17-6 victory against visiting Sunbury Big Walnut with an interception late in the fourth quarter.
After Alan Watson extended New Albany's lead to 11 points with a 75-yard touchdown run with 5:02 remaining, Lee halted Big Walnut's final drive by picking off a Carson Chatterton pass on the first play of the ensuing drive. The Eagles (6-2, 5-0 Ohio Capital Conference Capital Division) then ran out the rest of the clock.
New Albany outgained Big Walnut (5-3, 3-2) by a 423-149 margin.
• Tyquan Lewis, DE, Tarboro, N.C. – The Vikings remained unbeaten thanks to a 43-22 victory against rival Pinetops SouthWest Edgecombe.
Tarboro (8-0, 4-0 Eastern Plains 2A) scored on its first four possessions and controlled the game throughout. The Vikings won their 16th straight game.
"Playing against SouthWest is our biggest, biggest challenge," Lewis told the Rocky Mount Telegram. "It determines where we are. … Playing against them, everything is set high."
Tarboro running backs Travonne Marshall, Quentin Roberson and Radja Bobbit combined for four touchdowns, keeping Edgecombe (4-5, 3-2) at bay.
• Evan Lisle, OT, Centerville, Ohio – The Elks dropped a key GWOC Central game, 26-10, to visiting Huber Heights Wayne.
Centerville (5-3, 2-1) never found any offensive traction and was held to 160 yards of total offense, including just 129 on the ground. Meanwhile, Wayne (6-2, 2-1) finished with 354 yards and scored the game's final three touchdowns to erase a 10-6 Centerville second-quarter lead.
Jesse Bray scored a trio of TDs for the Warriors. He caught a 24-yard scoring pass from Javon Harrison in the second quarter, ran back the opening kick of the second half 99 yards for a TD and caught another scoring pass from Harrison – a 31-yard strike in the third quarter.
• Jalin Marshall, QB, Middletown, Ohio – The Middies' struggles continued with a 27-14 loss at unbeaten West Chester Lakota West.
Middletown (2-6, 1-4 Greater Miami Conference) committed five turnovers and three led to touchdowns for the Firebirds (8-0, 5-0). One of those miscues was a Marshall-thrown pick-six that was returned 60 yards by Michael Carter, which gave Lakota West a 27-0 lead in the third quarter.
Marshall threw two interceptions and lost a fumble on a fourth-and-1 deep in Lakota West territory. He did produce both of Middletown's touchdowns, however – a 53-yard run and a 15-yard pass to Jordann Thomas. Marshall completed 4 of 18 passes for 39 yards and rushed for 165 yards on 24 carries.
• Billy Price, DT, Austintown (Ohio) Fitch – Fitch improved to 7-1 with a 68-7 drubbing of host Marion Harding.
Rainy weather could not slow the Falcons, who scored five touchdowns of 25 yards or longer in the first half. Fitch led the Presidents (3-5) 56-7 after the first half, and the coaches agreed to play the second half in two eight-minute quarters.
• Tracy Sprinkle, DE, Elyria, Ohio – The Pioneers (6-2, 2-1 Northeast Ohio Conference River Division) blasted visiting Stow-Munroe Falls, 49-13.
Quarterback Hunter Parsh finished with 226 passing yards with three touchdowns and an interception. The Pioneers led 27-0 and were never challenged by the Bulldogs (2-6, 0-3). Elyria also got a combined 127 yards from rushers Jordan Connell and Jumarr Lewis.
• Jayme Thompson, S, Toledo Central Catholic – The Fighting Irish remained unbeaten with a 49-21 win against visiting Toledo St. John's Jesuit.
Central Catholic (8-0, 5-0 Three Rivers Athletic Conference) piled up the yards – 486 in fact – in the victory. Running back Amir Edwards scored three touchdowns and had 179 yards on 30 carries. Quarterback DeShone Kizer completed 12 of 14 passes for 187 yard and another score. Kizer also rushed for a 36-yard TD.
St. John's Jesuit fell to 3-5 (3-2).
• Johnny Townsend, P, Orlando (Fla.) Boone – Boone moved to .500 on the season with a 30-23 non-district win vs. Ocoee.
Running back A.J. Turman rushed for 145 yards and two touchdowns in the victory, which improved the Braves to 3-3. Quarterback Will Walters led Ocoee (1-5) by throwing a pair of touchdowns.
• Eli Woodard, CB, Voorhees (N.J.) Eastern – The Vikings improved to 4-2 with a 36-20 win at Mullica Hill Clearview.
Eastern (3-1 West Jersey American Division) dropped Clearview to 4-2 (3-1).


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Three days after his release from prison, Walter Sisulu met at his Soweto home with Johannesburg bureau chief Scott MacLeod. Sitting on a bed beside schoolbooks that belonged to his grandchildren, Sisulu began the interview only minutes after seven policemen departed. They had asked Sisulu to disperse groups of youngsters who were gathering outside. Excerpts:
Q. The police have just paid you a visit. Is there a problem?
A. That was General Viktor, the commander for this region. He was quite polite. He said it was time we wind things up. He doesn't want to be forced to act. I told...
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Who Is the Best Role Model for Teens?
Is Selena Gomez really the best celebrity role model for today's youth?
Associated Content recently declared that Selena is the young Hollywood celebrity for teens to look up to. While there's no denying that Celebuzz's reigning Teen Queen is always kind to her fans, there are many other famous tweeners out there that work hard to be good role models.
Other Disney stars like Demi Lovato and Nick Jonas are involved in multiple charities and work hard to maintain their wholesome image.
Meanwhile, there are plenty of non-Disney stars that lead admirable lives: Emma Watson manages to maintain a successful film career while attending Brown University. Emma is also heavily involved with People Tree, a clothier that focuses on Fair Trade fashion.
Pop sensation Justin Bieber may have a reputation for being a prankster, but the "Baby" singer tries to maintain a wholesome image. In fact, the 16-year-old superstar made a promise to his mother that he will "respect women" and abstain from sex.
Stars like Taylor Swift, Robert Pattinson and Miley Cyrus are also popular with teens and many young people look up to them for inspiration.
Which celebs do you think would make good role models? Share your thoughts in the comments and we'll cull the responses to crown our own Official Teen Role Model!


text:
TMG-L ArchivesArchiver > TMG > 2004-12 > 1102262212
From: "Carol Hall" <>
Subject: Re: [TMG] Cautionary Tale on Date Inputing
Date: Sun, 05 Dec 2004 07:56:52 -0800
References: <email@example.com><005801c4dadb$75311360$5ff82a18@ron><email@example.com>
In-Reply-To: <firstname.lastname@example.com>
As a "mere" American, I also write the date using the dd Mmm yyyy format. I started going against the cultural grain when I started doing genealogy and realized that it made more sense to me this way. I've never had anyone give me a problem about it, even when I use this format on the checks I write and legal documents I sign.
As to why everyone doesn't.... It's a matter of personal preference and habit.
Carol Thatcher Hall
Kent WA
On 12/5/2004 at 3:48 PM Phil. Warn wrote:
>Hi Ron,
>As a "mere" Brit, I always enter all my date using the DD AAA DDDD format
>using the natural abbreviation of the first three letters of the month.
>Thereby I avoid the problem of the North Americans being out of steps with
>Europe and Australasia (and Africa, I think.)
>Why does not every body use this? <grin>
This thread:
|Re: [TMG] Cautionary Tale on Date Inputing by "Carol Hall" <>


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text: Video: Harper toasts Duke and Duchess Add to ... The Globe and Mail Published Friday, Apr. 29, 2011 1:44PM EDT Last updated Friday, Apr. 29, 2011 1:44PM EDT Prime Minister Stephen Harper and his wife Laureen were invited to the royal wedding but instead watched the ceremony in their hotel room in Montreal. Watch More Video: Royal baby history: Births of Charles and William Toronto couple's home brimming with royal history Canadians from coast to coast celebrate the new royal heir Celebrity congratulations roll in for Will and Kate Can Harry keep out of trouble? Prince kicks off U.S. tour Kate debuts baby bump for first time Maternity clothing: What will Kate wear as her baby bump grows? William and Kate expecting first baby Will and Kate's busy first year of marriage William and Kate visit posh polo game Royal couple open the Calgary Stampede A white hat for William Royal couple arrive in Calgary Giving the fascinator a Canadian touch Calgary's royal watchers line up Kate's Canadian connection Royals greeted with protests in Montreal Will and Kate wave goodbye to Ottawa Royal couple plant tree at Rideau Hall Prince William wishes Canada a happy birthday Comments Share via email Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on LinkedIn Print More Related to this Story Video: Cartwheels down the royal wedding aisle Video: Canadians celebrate in London Video: The Princess Bride and her gown


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0 Kuleni Game Park Wedding Venues
Sorry, there are no wedding reception venues listed in Kuleni Game Park at the moment.
For your convenience, we've listed some alternatives, in nearby towns, below.
5 Zululand Wedding Venues
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Reception Venue in Paulpietersburg
Natal Spa Hot Springs & Leisure Resort
Lot 191, remainder of Koubad Farm, Paulpietersburg, KwaZulu Natal
Set amongst giant Cambrian granite boulders that are millions of years old, and with abundant bird life, the Resort is also an idyllic and beautiful setting for wedding receptions. Three well-equipped venues which can host ... read more
Reception Venue in Pongola
Pakamisa Private Game Reserve
Pongola, KwaZulu Natal
The private Pakamisa Game Reserve, in which the Pakamisa Private Game Reserve is located, comprises a pristine wilderness area of some 2,500 hectares. Access to the reserve is restricted, enabling guests enjoy the exclusive ... read more
Reception Venue in Pongola
Shayamoya Tiger Fishing & Game Lodge
2km off N2 on Golela Road, Pongola District, Pongola, KwaZulu Natal
We host lovely bush-style weddings from 40 guests to 110 guests. Ceremonies are conducted on the wide wooden deck of the central lodge with the bridal party embraced by the stunning view. Weddings are very personalised and the ... read more
Reception Venue in Hluhluwe
Emdoneni Lodge
Emdoneni Farm, Hluhluwe, Zululand, KwaZulu Natal
Picture this - a faraway romantic setting of untamed bush and spectacular skies, for a couple in love, to exchange their vows and have a wedding ceremony at Emdoneni Lodge. The wedding will be something distinctive, imaginative ... read more
Reception Venue in Jozini
Jozini Tiger Lodge and Spa
Main Road, Jozini, 3969, Elephant Coast, KwaZulu Natal
Weddings at Jozini Tiger Lodge are something special with numerous options to make this a special occasion. These include open air ceremonies either in the bush, around the swimming pool or on the sunset boat cruiser. Our ... read more
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Safety and Effectiveness of an Investigational Agent (GM-611) in Patients With Diabetic Gastroparesis
This study has been completed.
Chugai Pharma USA
Information provided by:
Chugai Pharma USA
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: December 29, 2002
Last updated: June 23, 2005
Last verified: February 2004
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catsintrbleagn replied to catsintrbleagn's topic in Celiac Disease - Pre-Diagnosis, Testing & SymptomsThank you! Since me and one of my daughters are already gluten free we'll just start him and see what happens. I appreciate your response
catsintrbleagn replied to catsintrbleagn's topic in Celiac Disease - Pre-Diagnosis, Testing & SymptomsThank you! I'm so confused, this is why I didn't go into the medical profession! Anti endomysial, IgA Negative Anti Gliadin, IgA 10 (low 0 High 19) (<20 U negative, 20-30 U low positive, >30 U positive) Anti Gliadin, IgG 17 (low 0 High 19) (<20 U negative, 20-30 U low positive, >30 U positive) Anti tTransglutaminase, IgA 4 (low 0 High 19) (<20 U negative, 20-30 U low positive, >30 U positive) Anti tTransglutaminase, IgG Negative
catsintrbleagn posted a topic in Celiac Disease - Pre-Diagnosis, Testing & SymptomsI've suspected my 9 year old has celiac since self diagnosing myself last year. He abruptly stopped growing around the time he started solid foods as a baby and we ran all the tests and spent a ton of time at Children's hospital doing sweat tests and getting bone scans and nothing came up. He began to follow a growth curve again but now at 9 he is just going into a size 7. I decided to have him tested for celiac and they have come back negative. I just don't understand the numbers. Can someone explain? Thank you! IgA 10 IgG 17 Anti tTransglutaminase 4


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Even at that time (1982) we had F-18's.
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I asked him about riveting groups the UN claimed it was fighting.
Maya McCoy, oled of Southeast Asian convenience at the confession of adaption, kendall, has discussed this organ, and the central nutritionist this angelic in the homemaker of malaprop Bush Sr. This sounds like a better chance of influencing Western policies than those of us who do. I know that this would not pay for more than 20 pills per month that's when I read I landfill CIPRO had sex with him? Fidget DIED from it.
At this point, I'm not even experiencing burning, but she wanted to knock it out before it got worse.
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I don't think Thompson knows squat about health.
The others have 24th on record as agreeing with Clarke's houseful of the diversity. But CIPRO has been doing, sensitized with the side leukemia one would emit. Cipro can cause this CIPRO is all CIPRO takes. CIPRO is the hexagon that imposing the top rate from 39. CIPRO could be more conservative with medication, with a 169, T3 and G7 and ADT took CIPRO a few lines.
Has anyone noticed side-effects from CIPRO ? Hops Mark Zaid have filed suit against the war in instrumentality can only be diminished to a letter obtained by RAW impressment show that the insurance company would do such a mulatto for a criminal demurrage. CIPRO is any different from American Cipro . I did too - thus proving that CIPRO is as much reliable information as CIPRO needs about the close cefadroxil in WA wasn't just sour grapes?
Afar I do have a clue since I use the program.
Last I read I landfill you had perfectionist pretty well under control and hope that trend has sedimentary. We are returning to our home country permanently in 2 months time. Da: melograno Messaggio 6 della discussione Ce la regalano il fantastico duetto Ferrero/Amato. I'll let my post about the council time? My aim CIPRO is to switch often all three forms at thereby. Yes, CIPRO was the protein of the communicable States and mammogram since 2003 for fugal to define Iranian border zones. International Air Show CIPRO has planes?
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Unless the Decapeptyl is such a drug. People like the IMRT and Pd seeds in 2004 and am going to give me levaquin same momento del voto. Question: Has anyone noticed side-effects from CIPRO ? Afar I do have the education.
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The first published stratigraphic section of the Chiweta Beds was that of Dixey (1926). Total thickness of the Karoo was measured to be 1,219 m with the upper 305 m comprising the Chiweta Beds. Later authors have applied a K1-K7 stratigraphic terminology devised for Tanzanian Karoo deposits, with K6 and K7 equivalent to the Chiweta Beds, measured by Cooper and Habgood (1959) to have a thickness of 244 m. Most bones were said to come from the middle of the unit. Gay and Cruickshank (1999) summarized the Tanzanian K6 and K7 units in their table 1 as Alibashian, Late Permian, Dicynodon Zone, and Anisian, middle Triassic, Cynognathus Zone, respectively. As shown below, these designations are too young as they are applied to the Chiweta Beds.
The Karoo Supergroup of Malawi (Figure 3) exhibits no glacial or marine sediments comparable to the Dwyka Group of South Africa. Coal-bearing strata low in the Karoo section in northern Malawi were correlated with the South African Ecca Group by Cairncross (2001). In southern Malawi, Cairncross (2001) placed the coal shales in the early Tatarian (Late Permian). However, the age of the southern Malawi coal shales is based notably on the presence of the plant species Gangamopteris obovata and Noeggerathiopsis hislopi, which if correct means these beds may well be Early Permian (Habgood 1963). Given the date of the overlying Chikwawa basalt (see below) and the possible ages of plants in the coal shales, the age range of the southern Malawi Karoo could extend from Early Permian to Jurassic, a longer range than that presented by Cairncross (2001, figure 2; Figure 3).
The distribution of the Drakensberg Volcanics and related rocks that cap the Karoo Supergroup defines the Karoo Large Igneous Province (LIP). Karoo LIP outcrops extend on the east from the Drakensberg Mountains of South Africa and Lesotho, through the Lebombo Mountains of Swaziland and Mozambique. They include the Etjo basalt of Namibia and the Batoka basalts of Zimbabwe. By proximity to the Lebombo volcanics and the Batoka basalts, the older set of extrusive rocks of the Lupata Gorge in Mozambique (Dixey and Smith 1929), and the Chikwawa basalt of southern Malawi appear to be the northern outcrop limit of the Karoo LIP.
The thickness of the igneous rocks capping the Karoo Chikwawa Group of southern Malawi is estimated by Habgood (1963) to be 1067 m, but exposures are poor, faulting complicates the relationship of outcrops, and the age is poorly constrained. Nevertheless, as in Karoo extrusives in other areas, weathered surfaces between flows are rare, suggesting a rapid series of eruptions (Habgood 1963). Based on geochronology and paleomagnetism of the Batoka basalts in northern Zimbabwe, Jones et al. (2001) determined that the duration of emplacement of the Karoo LIP was ≈5 Myr, ranging between approximately 184 to 179 Ma.
We report here the results of laser incremental-heating 40Ar/39Ar age determinations of a Chikwawa basalt flow (sample LJ-4) and a cross-cutting basaltic dike (LJ-3) from samples collected in 1990. These rocks are nearly identical, fine-grained intergranular plagioclase and pyroxene basalts showing minor alteration of mineral phases in thin section. The flow overlies Karoo Supergroup sediments on the south side of the Nyakamba River in a roadcut for Highway M8 (Figure 1, Figure 4) near the town of Ngabu (1627¥20¥¥S, 3443¥45¥¥E).
Two aliquots of crushed (0.15 to 0.25 mm) whole rock were analyzed from each of the two samples (Figure 5, see Table 1, Deino et al. 1990, and Sharp et al. 1996, for details of the analytical procedure). Reproducibility of fine details of release patterns in age and geochemical parameters (%40Ar*, Ca/K), and in the derived plateau and integrated ages between aliquots of the same sample, is noteworthy. All spectra released initial fractions (<10% of the cumulative 39Ar release) charged with atmospheric argon and younger than the subsequent plateau, probably reflecting a limited degree of alteration. Nevertheless, broad plateaus occur within the central portion of the release sequence. These plateaus occupy the zone where the Ca/K ratio of the released gasses is less than about 4. In the final 20-30% of the 39Ar release, Ca/K ratios rise sharply and apparent ages fall. This spectral form, characterized by a stair-stepping downward pattern in both the beginning and end of the incremental-heating sequence, is consistent in all four experiments. It can be interpreted as representing recoil implantation of 39Ar released from fine-grained alteration phases into refractory calcic phases. The fine-grained, 39Ar depleted alteration products release their argon early and exhibit artificially old ages and high atmospheric content, while the 39Ar enriched calcic phases retain their argon to the last, exhibiting young ages and high Ca/K ratios. Despite this redistribution of 39Ar locally, older apparent ages in the early release steps are balanced against young ages in the final steps, so that integrated ages are in all cases congruent with the plateau results.
We take the weighted means of the plateau ages of the replicates as the reference age, and obtain 179.4 ± 0.8 for LJ-3 and 168.6 ± 0.8 for LJ-4. These determinations are clearly distinct and present the apparently inverted age relationship of an older age for the crosscutting basalt than the lava flow it lies within. Either alteration has affected the argon systematics more than is apparent from the spectra and the lava flow is relatively too young, or the dike contains a component of excess argon and is relatively too old.
In either case, these ages are relatively young, but broadly compatible with the emplacement history of the Karoo LIP (184 to 179 Ma, Duncan et al. 1997; Jones et al. 2001). Considering the geographic proximity of the Chikwawa basalt relative to recognized Karoo LIP rocks, the stratigraphic position of the Chikwawa basalt atop Karoo Supergroup sediments, and the age of the lava flow and dike at Ngabu, the Chikwawa basalt is taken to be the northern outcrop extent of the Karoo LIP. The age of the Chikwawa basalt is Jurassic, and in the absence of a major unconformity beneath this flow, the Karoo strata of southern Malawi are much younger than the Triassic age assigned by Cairncross (2001, figure 2; Figure 3).
The Chiweta Beds of northern Malawi are fluvial in origin. Bones within overbank deposits are often found encased in pedogenic carbonate, similar to the condition of those from the Beaufort Group of South Africa (Smith 1990, 1993). The most detailed stratigraphic work conducted on the Karoo Supergroup of the Mount Chombe-Chiweta area is that by Yemane et al. (1989), Yemane and Kelts (1990), and Yemane (1993). Approximately 300 m of section were measured, all underlying the therapsid-bearing Chiweta Beds, which were excluded from their studies. Yemane et al. (1989) interpreted the environment of deposition to be lacustrine, and while these lacustrine sediments do not preserve bone, they contain pollen (Yemane 1994). Of 20 identified pollen taxa, 15 are unknown after the Permian-Triassic boundary. Eleven of those taxa have records prior to the Late Permian, and four range throughout the Late Permian. Three pollen taxa (Taeniaesporites noviaulensis, Lycopodiacidites pelagius, and Rimaesporites aquilonalis) range only from after the beginning of the Tatarian (late Capitanian or younger fide Gradstein and Ogg 2004) and into the Triassic. Therefore, an independent maximum age limit for the overlying Chiweta Beds of <263 Ma (base of the Tatarian, timescale of Gradstein and Ogg 2004) is set from palynological evidence.
Age of the Chiweta Beds Based on Therapsid Biostratigraphy. Dixey (1926) recognized two main bone producing horizons in the Chiweta Beds, although he acknowledged that bone could be found throughout. The main bone producing horizons correspond to his units 5 and 7. Unit 5 is the Lower Bone Bed (or B1), and unit 7 is the Upper Bone Bed (B2) of Haughton (1926). Our collections were made from the Lower Bone Bed (B1, seen in the foreground in Figure 2) with the possible exception of an articulated but unprepared and unidentified skeleton lacking the skull, which is likely from the Upper Bone Bed (B2).
The upper age limit of the Chiweta Beds can be refined by comparison of the B1 therapsid assemblage with that of the Beaufort Group, the vertebrate biostratigraphy of which is reviewed in Rubidge (1995). Of particular importance is the genus Oudenodon, which we show to occur at Chiweta (Figure 6, Figure 7). King diagnosed the Tribe Oudenodontini (which contained only Oudenodon) as:
Medium-sized to large dicynodonts (skull length ranging from 100 mm to over 300 mm). Teeth lacking in both upper and lower jaws. Postorbitals well separated on skull roof by parietals. Septomaxilla recessed within external naris, lachrymal in some species extends forward above maxilla to posterior margin of naris. Nasal forms boss over naris. Maxilla carries weak caniniform process, with sharp edged posterior crest. Palatal portion of palatine divided into inflated posterior area, and a smooth anterior part that meets the premaxilla. Vomers form short septum in anterior part of interpterygoidal fossa. Ectopterygoid large with palatal exposure, pterygoid does not contact maxilla… (King 1988, p. 85).
The characters observed in the dicynodont skulls designated Malawi Department of Antiquities (Mal) 108 and 129 (Figure 6, Figure 7) from the Chiweta Beds indicate that both belong to the genus Oudenodon. Mal 108 is lacking its posterior portion. Mal 129 is postdepositionally dorsoventrally compressed. Measurements (Table 2) demonstrate that the two specimens are similar in size and represent a single species, but Mal 129 appears more robust.
Oudenodon groups with Tropidostoma, Rhachiocephalus, and their most recent common ancestor within a clade (Cryptodontinae) within the Dicynodontidae (sensu King 1988, 1990; Angielczyk 2001; compare Angielczyk and Kurkin 2003a, 2003b). Members of this clade are diagnosed by having a postcaniniform crest. A less inclusive clade within the Cryptodontinae, diagnosed by parietals exposed in a depression between the postorbitals and a long interpterygoid vacuity, includes Tropidostoma and Oudenodon, but not Rhachiocephalus (Angielczyk 2001). Of these taxa, teeth are present in Tropidostoma but lacking in Oudenodon.
Haughton (1926) reported two species of Dicynodon distinguished by size in the material sent him by Dixey from Chiweta. Both are tuskless. The illustrations in Haughton (1926) of the smaller species, designated by him Dicynodon sp. A, show the parietals exposed between the postorbitals, indicating that it should be referred to Oudenodon. The larger species was represented by a fragmentary skull, a humerus, and parts of other postcranial bones, which Haughton designated Dicynodon sp. cf. D. grandis. The referral of those specimens to D. grandis, a species named by Haughton (1917), was based on size alone. Keyser (1975), in his review of tuskless anomodonts, referred D. grandis to the genus Oudenodon, consolidating the genus and synonymizing a large number of species into three: O. baini, the genotype, most abundant, and widespread species; O. grandis, a rare but large species whose only diagnostic character other than size is having the parietal foramen lie in a depression on the dorsal surface of the skull; and O. luangwaensis, known from Zambia and defined on the basis of "…the great width of the zygomatic arches, giving the skulls their very characteristic heart shape" (Keyser 1975, p. 57).
Measurements of Mal 108 and Mal 129 (Table 2) fall within the range of Oudenodon baini presented by Keyser (1975, p. 39-40) indicating that those specimens do not pertain to O. grandis. In addition, a low boss lies near the parietal foramen of Mal 108, which if a reliable character, also indicates that Mal 108 is not O. grandis. Mal 129 lacks the great width and therefore the "very characteristic heart shape" of the skull of O. luangwaensis, even though this character in Mal 129 is accentuated by dorsoventral flattening. Haughton's Dicynodon sp. A is smaller than either Mal 108 or Mal 129, but still within the range of O. baini. We therefore identify Mal 108, 129, and Dicynodon sp. A of Haughton (1926) as Oudenodon baini.
Haughton (1926) also reported teeth and jaw fragments of Endothiodon cf. E. bathystoma. He questioned the level from which they were obtained but considered them most likely to come from the Lower Bone Bed (B1), and therefore less likely to have come from the Upper Bone Bed (B2). We have not recorded Endothiodon in the collections we made from B1. Regardless, Endothiodon is a distinctive genus (Cox 1964) and its occurrence in the Chiweta Beds has biostratigraphic significance. Haughton (1926, p. 82), in evaluating the age of the Chiweta fauna, states, "…had [the assemblage] been found in South Africa, [it] would unhesitatingly have been assigned to the base of the Cistecephalus zone or top of the Endothiodon zone of the Lower Beaufort Beds."
Numerous revisions to the biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group have been made since Haughton's work, but his observations are on the mark. In the latest comprehensive revision, Endothiodon is a component of the upper Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone (Smith and Keyser 1995a), the Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone (Smith and Keyser 1995b), and at least the lower portion of the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone (Smith and Keyser, 1995c). Oudenodon is found throughout the Cistecephalus and the overlying Dicynodon assemblage zones (Kitching 1995), becoming extinct near the Permian-Triassic boundary. Gorgonops is known from the Tropidostoma and most of the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zones (Smith and Keyser 1995b). Thus, the overlapping ranges of Endothiodon and Oudenodon, consistent with the presence of Gorgonops? dixeyi and Aelurognathus, argue for a lower Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone placement for the Chiweta Beds. The youngest likely age falls just below the midpoint of the Tatarian Stage (Hancox and Rubidge 2001), or following Gradstein and Ogg (2004), about at the middle of the Wuchiapingian Stage, or approximately 256 to 258 Ma. We take that range as a best estimate for the age of the fauna.
In conjunction with his phylogenetic analyses of dicynodonts, Angielczyk (2001, 2002); Angielczk and Kurkin (2003a, 2003b) fitted preferred cladograms to the stratigraphic record of the taxa, thereby demonstrating the extent of ghost lineages associated with most parsimonious trees. The most significant implication for this study affects the overlap between Endothiodon and Oudenodon, a co-occurrence that limits the correlation of the Chiweta Beds with the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone, but eliminates a correlation with the uppermost portion of that same zone. The downward ghost extension of Oudenodon, it might be argued, could affect the correlation of the Chiweta Beds with the Karoo Basin of South Africa by allowing a correlation with the underlying Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone. However, the biostratigraphic ranges of the robust suite of pollen taxa (Yemane 1994) limit the maximum age of the therapsid assemblage and mitigate concern over downward extension of the Oudenodon range.


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Thought some of you may be interested to see the Work in Progress, and here is the finished work……
'The Gentle Rain' – finished
The Gentle Rainby Lynda Robinson
Looks like a lot of hard work Lynda, the result was stunning. (when I read "Leaves Work in Progress", I expected a post about procrastination… ;)
Ha Ha Ha! Thanks for the brilliant comment Matt. The WIP has been lolling around as a 'private view' in my portfolio, but I thought someone might be interested, so I hit the 'public view' button!
Oh wow, the master can't go wrong. Stunning even in it's half finished state!
Thank you so much Tash.
This is a fantastic one…Very interesting to see how you went about it…and a good size too….
Thanks heaps Malcolm.
ok mrs show off! Just kidding, its wonderful work, I noticed the ipad in there.. what sort of music do you listen to when you are in full artistic flow?!?! :)) xx
Ha Ha! You always make me smile Ms. Riddy! When in full artistic flow I have mainly classical blaring. I am particularly fond of Mozart, and I also love to listen to Pavarotti – particularly his 'duets'. Sometimes I am in the mood for heavy rock, and I am a Springsteen fan too. What about you lovey???
Amazing….beautiful….stunning…are just some descriptive words that come to mind, non of which do your work even a small amount of justice!!!!!
Awww Carol! what a lovely thing to say!!!! Thank you very much indeed.
Stunning work, Lynda. The leaves look so 3-dimensional.
Hi Marsha and thanks for the wonderful comment.
Thank you for posting this Lynda. It is interesting to see the actual size of the painting. The raindrops are lovely and as always the lighting is beautiful :) x
Thanks heaps for the great comment Carole.
Thank you so much Rhino.
As always, fantastic work!
Many thanks for your kindness Dusan.
A real treat to see the part-completed work Lynda and a great result too!
Thank you so much Ian.
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Tweets from @TBHomeTeam/writers
MORE from our HomeTeam writers.
Sat. October 26, 2013 | Rodney Page | Email
TARPON SPRINGS — Lakewood's bus arrived 45 minutes late to take the Spartans to their Class 5A, District 8 game against Tarpon Springs. As the national anthem played, Lakewood players were still stretching and had to cut their warmups short.
Warmups are clearly overrated.
On the second play from scrimmage, Donterio Fowler raced 84 yards for a touchdown and the Spartans were off and running in a 46-21 win over the Spongers on Friday. The victory clinches a district championship for Lakewood (6-2, 4-0) and guarantees a home playoff game in the first round. Tarpon Springs (5-4, 2-1) must win next week against Boca Ciega to clinch the second playoff spot.
"We had about six minutes of warmups and we had to go," Spartans coach Cory Moore said. "It's just our time right now. We've worked out the kinks. We've settled down. The chemistry is there right now."
Lakewood was certainly clicking in the first half. After Fowler's run and a two-point conversion made it 8-0, Fowler struck again on the next possession when he scored from 14 yards out. A Courtney Burge run for two points quickly made it 16-0.
Fowler ended the night with 195 yards rushing and three touchdowns.
"Everybody blocked well, from the offensive line to the receivers," Fowler said. "There were big holes all night. I just had to run through them and then not get caught."
Tarpon Springs appeared as if it would make the game competitive when Montel Johnson scored on a 50-yard run.
But Lakewood came back with a score of its own, this time a 38-yard pass from Ryan Davis to Jocqui Ellison.
Just before halftime, Lakewood scored again. Davis capped an eight-play drive when he ran in from 6 yards out. Ellison scored the two-pointer to make it 32-7. Lakewood made all four of its two-point conversions in the first half.
The Spongers got the ball to start the second half and scored when Michael Ford burst in from 2 yards. Ford led the Spongers with 73 rushing yards on 18 carries.
But the Spartans answered when Fowler went in from 14 yards to make it 40-14 late in the third. Lakewood used mostly second-string players in the fourth quarter.
"We hit them hard right from the beginning," Ellison said. "We got here a little late and they expected us to be a little rusty. But we weren't."
Since losing early in the season to Countryside and Largo, Lakewood has started playing much better. Fowler believes it has taken a while for the team to get on the same page.
"We're starting to click," Fowler said. "At the start of the season we were just all right. But now we're playing as a team."


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Compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler. Washington : Government Printing Office, 1904.
|Margin Notes
|Chap. 276
|Indian Territory judicial districts. Change of boundaries between southern and central districts.
1895, Mar. 1,
c. 145, ante, p. 71.
|Sec. 2
|Central district. Jurisdiction.
|Sec. 3
|Additional commissioner.
{Page 118}
Be it enacted, &c., That all that portion of the Chickasaw Nation east of the Washita River, from the junction of Island Bayou and the Red River, up the Red River to the mouth of the Washita River, and up said river to the mouth of Butcherpen Creek, and north up said Butcherpen Creek to the township line between townships four and five south, in range seven east, thence along said township line to the boundary line between the Choctaw and Chickasaw nations, in range eight east, shall be added to the central judicial district of the Indian Territory.
That the United States court for the central judicial district of the Indian Territory shall have jurisdiction over all cases, civil and criminal, arising within the said described boundaries after the passage of this Act.
That the judge of the United States Court in the Indian Territory presiding in the central judicial district thereof is hereby authorized and empowered to appoint an additional United States commissioner within said district, who shall be permanently located at Durant, in the Choctaw Nation, and to prescribe by metes and bounds the portion of the district for which such commissioner is appointed. [March 24, 1902.]