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Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research
On-line version ISSN 1414-431X
Braz J Med Biol Res vol. 30 no. 10 Ribeirão Preto Oct. 1997
Braz J Med Biol Res, October 1997, Volume 30(10) 1257-1266
Gastroduodenal resistance and neural mechanisms involved in saline flow decrease elicited by acute blood volume expansion in anesthetized rats
J.R.V. Graça1, F. de-A.A. Gondim1, D.I.M. Cavalcante1, J. Xavier-Neto2, E.L.M. Messias1, M.C.V. Rego1, J.A.P. Marques1, A.A. Santos1 and F.H. Rola1
1Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
2Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto do Coração (INCOR), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
Material and Methods
Correspondence and Footnotes
We have previously demonstrated that blood volume (BV) expansion decreases saline flow through the gastroduodenal (GD) segment in anesthetized rats (Xavier-Neto J, dos Santos AA & Rola FH (1990) Gut, 31: 1006-1010). The present study attempts to identify the site(s) of resistance and neural mechanisms involved in this phenomenon. Male Wistar rats (N = 97, 200-300 g) were surgically manipulated to create four gut circuits: GD, gastric, pyloric and duodenal. These circuits were perfused under barostatically controlled pressure (4 cmH2O). Steady-state changes in flow were taken to reflect modifications in circuit resistances during three periods of time: normovolemic control (20 min), expansion (10-15 min), and expanded (30 min). Perfusion flow rates did not change in normovolemic control animals over a period of 60 min. BV expansion (Ringer bicarbonate, 1 ml/min up to 5% body weight) significantly (P<0.05) reduced perfusion flow in the GD (10.3 ± 0.5 to 7.6 ± 0.6 ml/min), pyloric (9.0 ± 0.6 to 5.6 ± 1.2 ml/min) and duodenal (10.8 ± 0.4 to 9.0 ± 0.6 ml/min) circuits, but not in the gastric circuit (11.9 ± 0.4 to 10.4 ± 0.6 ml/min). Prazosin (1 mg/kg) and yohimbine (3 mg/kg) prevented the expansion effect on the duodenal but not on the pyloric circuit. Bilateral cervical vagotomy prevented the expansion effect on the pylorus during the expansion but not during the expanded period and had no effect on the duodenum. Atropine (0.5 mg/kg), hexamethonium (10 mg/kg) and propranolol (2 mg/kg) were ineffective on both circuits. These results indicate that 1) BV expansion increases the GD resistance to liquid flow, 2) pylorus and duodenum are important sites of resistance, and 3) yohimbine and prazosin prevented the increase in duodenal resistance and vagotomy prevented it partially in the pylorus.
Key words: blood volume expansion, gastroduodenal resistance, duodenum, pylorus, a-blockers, vagotomy
There is increasing evidence indicating that the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is an active regulator of the homeostatic response to volume imbalance, i.e., acute blood volume changes modify the GI motor function (1-7) as well as its permeability to salt and water (8,9).
The overall GI response to volume imbalance is unknown, but it can be significant, since the human gut can handle about 20 l of fluid daily (10). Several lines of evidence also indicate that decreased jejunal absorption elicited by increased uretero-pelvic pressure may be important to manage increased body fluid volume (11). Besides changing absorption and secretion (8,9), the integrated GI response to a volume challenge could conceivably involve adjustments in the relationship between luminal fluid and epithelial surface area, as well as in motor patterns which could maximize net absorption or secretion after blood volume (BV) retraction and expansion, respectively.
In this respect, we first demonstrated that gastric and jejunal compliances are modified by acute volemic changes (2,3). We have also observed that gastroduodenal (GD) resistance to the liquid flow is increased after BV expansion in rats and dogs (4,5). In the present study we utilized a rat model (4) to further detail the GD resistances (stomach, pylorus and duodenum) and the neural mechanisms involved in the GD flow decrease due to BV expansion.
Surgical procedures
Male Wistar rats (200-300 g) were fasted for 24 h and allowed free access to water before surgery. The animals were anesthetized with urethane (1.2 g/kg, intraperitoneal) and a cannula was inserted into the trachea to ensure free breathing. The right carotid artery and the left jugular vein were cannulated with a polyethylene tube (PE 50) for mean arterial pressure (MAP) measurements and to perform BV expansion, respectively. The design and methodology employed were essentially the same as described by Xavier-Neto et al. (4), which have been extensively utilized in other studies (4,5,12). The abdomen was opened through a midline incision and the gastroduodenal segment was handled to create four different perfusion circuits (Figure 1).
Group A (Figure 1A): gastroduodenal perfusion (N = 9). A polyethylene cannula (O.D. = 3 mm, I.D. = 1.5 mm) was introduced into the gastric fundus per os and fixed with a ligature around the cervical esophagus, while another cannula (O.D. = 4 mm, I.D. = 2 mm) was inserted into the duodenum through a fistula and the tip was then positioned 2.5 cm from the pylorus and fixed with a ligature.
Group B (Figure 1B): gastric perfusion (N = 10). A polyethylene cannula (O.D. = 3 mm, I.D. = 1.5 mm) was placed in the proximal portion of the stomach as in group A and a second cannula (O.D. = 4 mm, I.D. = 2 mm) was positioned in the gastric antrum through a fistula located in the duodenum 1.0 cm from the pylorus and fixed with a duodenal ligature.
Group C (Figure 1C): pyloric perfusion (N = 10). A polyethylene cannula (O.D. = 3 mm, I.D. = 1.5 mm) was placed in the stomach immediately before the pylorus through a fistula located in the gastric fundus region. A second polyethylene cannula (O.D. = 4 mm, I.D. = 2 mm) was advanced through a duodenal fistula, and the tip was positioned immediately after the pylorus, approximately 1 cm after the first cannula. To avoid twisting, the cannulas were exteriorized through two lateral abdominal incisions.
Group D (Figure 1D): duodenal perfusion (N = 9). The proximal duodenum received an oral cannula through a fistula (O.D. = 4 mm, I.D = 2 mm) which was positioned 1 cm beyond the pylorus. A second duodenal cannula (O.D. = 4 mm, I.D = 2 mm) was also fixed 3 cm below the oral cannula. Both cannulas were fixed with a ligature around the duodenum.
Perfusion system
Figure 1 shows that both the oral and aboral free ends of the cannula were connected to the bottom of liquid reservoirs (barostats). The system was filled with isotonic saline (0.9 g% NaCl) and an oral to aboral flow was driven by a constant gradient of 4 cmH2O in all groups. This gradient was established by setting the liquid level of the oral barostat connected to the gastric cannula (in groups A, B and C) or to the oral duodenal cannula (in group D) 10 cm above the xiphoid appendix, while keeping the liquid level of the aboral barostat 6 cm above the xiphoid appendix. The liquid level of the oral barostat was kept constant by pumping back the liquid flowing out of it by leakage. The liquid level of the aboral barostat was also kept constant by leakage.
[View larger version of this image (38 K GIF file)]
The perfusion temperature was maintained at 37oC by previously circulating the saline solution through a heated water bath. The perfusion saline volume flowing off the aboral barostat perfusion was collected and measured every 2 min as perfusion flow (PF) rate (in ml/min). In this communicating vessel system the only resistance which could vary was the segment being perfused, and in the steady state the liquid flowing out of the aboral barostat reflects the resistance of the perfused segment.
Cardiovascular parameters
MAP was measured with an Hg manometer connected to the carotid cannula and zeroed with the normal ictus cordis. Central venous pressure (CVP) was determined by positioning a PE 50 catheter in the right atrium via the jugular vein, before and after 5% expansion in a separate group of anesthetized animals (N = 5). The PE 50 catheter was connected to a water manometer also zeroed with the normal ictus cordis. Intracardiac samples were also collected for hematocrit determination in this group.
BV expansion
BV was expanded according to the protocol of Humphreys and Earley (13). Briefly, the animals were infused iv with Ringer bicarbonate solution (Na+ = 140 mM, K+ = 4 mM, Cl- = 124 mM, HCO3- = 20 mM) at a rate of 1 ml/min up to a volume equivalent to 5% body weight.
Experimental design
PF rates and MAP levels were recorded every 2 min throughout the experiment in all groups. After 20 min (control period) the animals had their BV expanded by an iv infusion of Ringer bicarbonate solution at a rate of 1 ml/min up to a volume equivalent to 5% body weight, which was completed within about 10 to 15 min (expansion period). After expansion the animals were observed for an additional period of 30 min (expanded period). All groups had appropriate non-expanded, normovolemic time controls. In these experiments PF rates and MAP levels were measured for 60 min in the absence of BV expansion.
Neural mechanism investigation
After the first set of experiments, when we determined that pylorus and duodenum were the two main GD resistance sites activated by BV expansion, we selected the pyloric and duodenal circuits to start the neural mechanism investigation. After measuring pyloric and duodenal PF rates and MAP levels for 20 min (normovolemic control period), atropine sulfate (0.5 mg/kg; Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO), prazosin chloride (1 mg/kg; Pfizer, Guarulhos, SP), yohimbine hydrochloride (3 mg/kg; Sigma), propranolol hydrochloride (2 mg/kg; Sigma) or hexamethonium bromide (20 mg/kg; Sigma) was administered iv. Bilateral cervical vagotomy was also performed in another group. PF rates were monitored for 10 (prazosin and yohimbine) to 30 min (bilateral cervical vagotomy, atropine, propranolol or hexamethonium) (drug control period). After the drug control period, BV expansion with Ringer bicarbonate iv infusion in a volume up to 5% body weight was performed and the PF rates and MAP levels were monitored during the expansion (10-15 min) and expanded periods (30 min).
Statistical analysis
Data are reported as means ± SEM. One-way analysis of variance of repeated measures (ANOVA) and the Dunnett's test were used to compare different groups (Sigma Stat for Windows, version 1.0, Copyright 1992-1994, Jandel Corporation (San Rafael, CA). Comparisons between experimental groups and their respective time controls were made using equivalent time periods. Statistical differences were considered to be significant at P<0.05.
Effect of BV expansion on GD, pyloric, duodenal and gastric PF rates and MAP levels
Figure 2 shows the changes in GD, gastric, pyloric and duodenal perfusion flows during the experiments in time control animals and in animals submitted to BV expansion (up to 5% body weight) after the 20-min normovolemic control period.
Figure 2 - Modifications in gastroduodenal (A), gastric (B), pyloric (C) and duodenal (D) perfusion flow (PF) rates and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in normovolemic time controls and in animals submitted to blood volume (BV) expansion. TC (black bars) refers to time control animals (N = 5, 5, 5 and 4 for GD, gastric, pyloric and duodenal PF rates, respectively) during the 60-min observation period, which was divided into three parts (corresponding to the control, expansion and expanded periods of experimental animals). The control (Cont), expansion (Exp) and expanded (Exd) periods were also divided in experimental animals (N = 5 for each circuit). Expansion was divided into five parts according to the amount of volume infused (up to 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% of body weight). The expanded period was divided into three parts: 10, 20 and 30 represent the PF rates in the first 10, middle 10 and in the last 10 min of the 30-min expanded period. Vertical lines represent the SEM. *P<0.05 compared to control levels (Dunnett's test).
[View larger version of this image (64 K GIF file)]
PF rates for normovolemic time controls were quite stable throughout the experiments (60 min) in all the perfusion circuits studied. PF rates for the first 20, middle 10 and last 30 min of time control experiments were 10.6 ± 0.5, 10.9 ± 0.8, 10.4 ± 0.7; 12.2 ± 0.4, 12.2 ± 0.4, 12.1 ± 0.3; 9.7 ± 1.4, 9.4 ± 1.4, 9.3 ± 1.6 and 12.8 ± 0.4, 12.6 ± 0.3, 12.3 ± 0.4 ml/min for GD, gastric, pyloric and duodenal perfusion, respectively (P>0.05 for all groups). MAP levels were also quite stable throughout the experimental period in time control animals.
We can also see in Figure 2 that BV expansion significantly decreased the GD, pyloric and duodenal saline flow rates. The gastric perfusion circuit did not respond to BV expansion. In the GD and pyloric segments, decreases in flow started during expansion and were fully developed after expansion was completed. In the duodenal segment the effect of expansion was already maximal during the expansion period and remained as such until the end of the experiment. PF rates in the three periods (normovolemic control, expansion and expanded) were 10.3 ± 0.5, 9.7 ± 0.5, 7.6 ± 0.6, P<0.05; 11.9 ± 0.4, 11.4 ± 0.6, 10.4 ± 0.6, P>0.05; 9.0 ± 0.6, 6.8 ± 1.6, 5.6 ± 1.2, P<0.05, and 10.8 ± 0.4, 9.2 ± 0.6, 9.0 ± 0.6 ml/min, P<0.05, for GD, gastric, pyloric and duodenal perfusion, respectively. The mean PF rate decreases during the expanded period in the GD, gastric, pyloric and duodenal circuits were 26.2%, 12.6%, 37.7% and 16.7%, respectively.
Figure 2 also shows that MAP levels were only transiently increased during the expansion and expanded periods in the GD, gastric and pyloric circuits. In the duodenal circuit, however, MAP levels were consistently increased during the expansion and expanded periods (from 117.0 ± 1.9, control, to 131.0 ± 1.8, expansion, P<0.05, and to 126.0 ± 1.8 mmHg, expanded, P<0.05).
Figure 2 also details the development of flow changes as a result of increased percentage of infused volume (up to 1-5% body weight). The GD flow gradually decreased during the expansion period, reaching statistical significance at 4% body weight expansion and remained below control levels throughout the expanded period. Gastric flow did not change during BV expansion. The pyloric flow also gradually decreased and attained statistical significance at 3% body weight. This effect persisted until the end of the expanded period. The duodenal flow also decreased, attaining statistical significance even earlier, when BV expansion reached 2% body weight and again the effect persisted at least until the end of the expanded period.
Mean hematocrit values decreased from 49.3 ± 1.4% in normovolemic animals to 34 ± 1.1% after 5% expansion (P<0.05) and CVP levels increased from 3.6 ± 1.6 to 9.6 ± 3.2 cmH2O after 5% expansion (P<0.05).
Neural mechanism investigation
Table 1 shows the PF rates in drug-pretreated or vagotomized animals before, during (expansion period) and after BV expansion was completed (expanded period). Hexamethonium, atropine and propranolol had no effect on the decrease of saline flow through the duodenal or pyloric circuits during the expansion and expanded periods. However, yohimbine and prazosin prevented the decrease of duodenal flow elicited by BV expansion in both periods, but did not prevent the decrease of pyloric flow in either period (Figure 3 and Table 1). Bilateral cervical vagotomy prevented the decrease of pyloric flow during the expansion but not during the expanded period, while it had no effect on the decrease in duodenal flow (Figure 3 and Table 1). Hexamethonium, atropine, propranolol, yohimbine and prazosin reduced MAP levels (P<0.05) while bilateral cervical vagotomy did not modify them.
Figure 3 - Details of the effect of yohimbine (N = 5), prazosin (N = 5) and bilateral cervical vagotomy (N = 5) on the decrease in blood volume expansion-induced pyloric and duodenal perfusion flow (PF) rates and on mean arterial pressure (MAP) levels. After a 20-min normovolemic control period (control), yohimbine or prazosin was injected iv or bilateral cervical vagotomy was performed. After another control period (vagotomy or drug), the animals had their blood volume expanded up to 5% body weight (expansion + vagotomy or drug). This phase was followed by another 30 min of observation (expanded + vagotomy or drug). Bars represent mean PF rate in ml/min. Dots indicate MAP levels in mmHg and the vertical lines represent the SEM. *P<0.05 vs control levels (MAP) or vs vagotomy or drug levels (PF rates) (ANOVA and Dunnett's test).
[View larger version of this image (21 K GIF file)]
We have previously observed that gastric and jejunal compliances are modified by acute volemic changes in anesthetized dogs (2,3). In addition, we further demonstrated that the gastroduodenal resistance to liquid flow was modified by acute volemic changes: BV expansion decreased the gastroduodenal flow while retraction increased it (4,5). Recently, we have also extended these observations to the lower GI tract, i.e., the ileocolonic segment (6). This evidence leads us to speculate about the possible coupling between GI tract motility and intestinal water and sodium flux to correct the body fluid imbalance observed under these volemic conditions.
The present study confirms our previous findings in the rat (4) showing that BV expansion reduces saline flow through the GD segment perfused under barostatically controlled conditions. However, it further details the sites of resistance (pylorus and duodenum) and the neural mechanisms involved. In addition, it extends our observations to a less severe experimental protocol of BV expansion, since BV expansion was up to 5% body weight instead of the 10% expansion previously performed (4). The rat model utilized (4) appears to be an adequate experimental model to investigate the gastroduodenal resistances, with stable time controls and high reproducibility.
In the barostatically controlled system used in the experiments, changes in flow rates through the perfused segments may be due to alterations in resistance, capacitance or both. An increase in capacitance is a rather unlikely mechanism to explain flow reduction during BV expansion, since the volumetric capacity of the perfused segments (GD, gastric, pyloric and duodenal) is clearly lower than the amount of fluid used in the perfusion system (perfusion minute flow). Furthermore, in this experimental model, capacitance changes would have been transient and not long-lasting to determine the persistence of the decrease in the flow rates during both the expansion and expanded periods, as we observed. The increased resistance instead of the increased capacitance hypothesis is further supported by our own results showing that BV expansion is associated with reductions rather than with increases in gastric (2) or intestinal compliances (3).
The decrease in GD, pyloric and duodenal flow rates elicited by BV expansion (up to 5% body weight) seems to be a slowly progressing process, therefore being basically different from the fast effect previously reported by Xavier-Neto et al. (4). However, when we separately analyzed the evolution of flow rate changes against the percentage of BV expansion, we observed that the effect of BV expansion on the PF rates develops quickly, attaining statistical significance after infusion of volumes equivalent to 2 or 3% body weight in the duodenal and pyloric perfusions, respectively.
The relative importance of increases in pyloric vs duodenal resistance remains to be established. Duodenal resistance appears to be increased earlier by BV expansion (2% body weight) but, on the other hand, the increase in pyloric resistance appears to be greater. The data in Figure 2 suggest that isolated increases in duodenal resistance (as shown after 2% body weight BV expansion) are not sufficient to produce sustained reductions of flow in the GD segment. It is possible that stable reductions in GD flow are only observed when the combined contribution of pyloric and duodenal resistances is fully developed.
The flow decrease was more pronounced in the pyloric than in the duodenal circuit. This finding may be related to the peculiarities of the duodenal circuit, since coincidentally the duodenum was the only circuit where MAP levels were persistently increased, in contrast to the transient MAP changes observed in the other circuits. In fact, we also observed different patterns of MAP changes when we perfused separate parts of the ileocolonic segment, which we were unable to explain (6). The pyloric response was surprising, since we also observed that pyloroplasty did not abolish the effect of BV expansion on the gastric emptying of liquid in awake rats (14). The possible pyloric role in gastric outflow regulation is controversial, since the pylorus has not been widely accepted as an important site of resistance in the GD segment. However, our results are consistent with those of Edin et al. (12) who showed that the pylorus can act as a site of resistance to liquid flow, when barostatically perfused under controlled pressure gradients. The results also demonstrated that gastric resistance is not elicited by BV expansion. However, since the stomach was perfused as a whole, the lack of gastric response does not permit us to rule out a modification in compliance of the gastric fundus, which has mainly a reservoir function, since our experimental protocol is more apt to detect changes of resistance rather than compliance.
The hemodynamic data indicate that the effect of BV expansion on the PF rates does not correlate well with MAP level changes since reductions in liquid flow rate were maintained long after MAP returned to control levels in the pyloric and duodenal perfusion groups. CVP levels, however, were consistently increased and hematocrit values significantly decreased by BV expansion.
After establishing that the pylorus and duodenum were the main sites of resistance to saline flow activated by BV expansion, we decided to investigate the possible neural mechanisms involved in the flow decrease in these two circuits. Cholinergic pathways appear not to be involved, since atropine did not block the expansion effect. Interestingly, bilateral cervical vagotomy prevented the effect of expansion on the pylorus during the expansion period, but had no effect on the duodenum. These findings indicate that vagal pathways are necessary for the full expression of the effect of BV expansion on GI motility. However, a more precise definition of the vagal participation could not be obtained, since anesthesia per se interferes with vagal activity (15).
Yohimbine (an a-2 antagonist) and prazosin (an a-1 antagonist) prevented the decrease in duodenal PF rate during the expansion and expanded periods while propranolol (a ß-blocker) was ineffective. In fact, a adrenergic activation is known to mediate GI motility inhibition (16), i.e., clonidine (an a-2 agonist) delays small intestine transit in the rat (17) and reduces the amplitude of gastric phasic contractions (18). We do not know whether the effect of prazosin and yohimbine was peripheral or central. However, since hexamethonium was ineffective and expected to block a peripheral adrenergic activation, the results point to a central a-receptor activation or to an effect of prazosin and yohimbine on non-a receptors, such as imidazoline receptors, as also suggested by others (19).
In addition to a possible neural mechanism, increased CVP also leads to atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) release, which may interfere with GI motility and absorption. ANP increases the magnitude of spontaneous duodenal contractions (20) and reduces fluid and electrolyte absorption (21).
In summary, we conclude that 1) the GD segment appears to be a target region for volume-dependent modulation by increasing its resistance to liquid flow during and after BV expansion, 2) pylorus and duodenum are two important sites of resistance in the GD segment which are activated by BV expansion, and 3) a-adrenergic and vagal pathways appear to be involved in this phenomenon.
1. Da Graça JRV, Cavalcante DIM, Gondim F de AA, Oliveira GR, Rego MCV, Alencar HMP & Rola FH (1996). Neural mechanisms and gastroduodenal resistances to saline flow activated by acute blood volume expansion in awake rats. Gut, 39 (Suppl 3): 156 (Abstract). [ Links ]
2. Capelo LR, Cavalcante DM, Leitão IA, Cristino Filho G & Da-Silva EAT (1983). Modifications of gastric compliance in dogs related to changes of extracellular fluid volume: A possible physiological role. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 16: 73-76. [ Links ]
3. Rola FH, Santos AA, Xavier-Neto J, Cristino Filho G, Rocha CI, Santiago Jr AT, Gondim FAA, Pereira JM & Capelo LR (1989). Effects of acute volemic changes on the jejunal compliance in dogs. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 22: 523-531. [ Links ]
4. Xavier-Neto J, dos Santos AA & Rola FH (1990). Acute hypervolemia increases the gastroduodenal resistance to the flow of saline in rats. Gut, 31: 1006-1010. [ Links ]
5. Santos AA, Xavier-Neto J, Santiago Jr AT, Souza MAN, Martins AS, Alzamora F & Rola FH (1991). Acute volaemic changes modify the gastroduodenal resistance to the flow of saline in anaesthetized dogs. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 143: 261-268. [ Links ]
6. Santiago Jr AT, Gondim F de-AA, Cavalcante DIM, da-Graça JRV, de-Oliveira GR, Dos-Santos AA & Rola FH (1997). Acute extracellular fluid volume changes increase ileocolonic resistance to saline flow in anesthetized dogs. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 30: 999-1008. [ Links ]
7. Brummermann M & Braun EJ (1995). Effect of salt and water balance on colonic motility of white leghorn roosters. American Journal of Physiology, 268: R690-R698. [ Links ]
8. Duffy PA, Granger DN & Taylor AE (1978). Intestinal secretion induced by volume expansion in the dog. Gastroenterology, 75: 413-418. [ Links ]
9. Levens NR (1985). Control of intestinal absorption by the renin-angiotensin system. American Journal of Physiology, 249: G3-G15. [ Links ]
10. Guyton A & Hall J (1996). Digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. In: Textbook of Medical Physiology. 9th edn. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 833-851. [ Links ]
11. Suzuki S, Khanchowdhury MR, Uemura N, Morita H & Hosomi H (1992). Renojejunal reflex controlling jejunal absorption of fluid and NaCl. Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System, 39: 219-228. [ Links ]
12. Edin R, Lundberg J, Terenius L, Dahlstrom A, Hokfelt T, Kewenter J & Ahlmin H (1980). Evidence for enkephalergic neural control of the feline pylorus and stomach. Gastroenterology, 78: 492-497. [ Links ]
13. Humphreys MH & Earley LE (1971). The mechanism of decreased intestinal sodium and water absorption after acute blood volume expansion in the rat. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 50: 2355-2367. [ Links ]
14. Rego MCV, Graça JRV, Gondim F de AA, Gondim RB de M, Dantas RP & Rola FH (1996). Role of proximal stomach and pylorus on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit delays elicited by acute blood volume expansion in awake rats. Gut, 39 (Suppl 3): 214 (Abstract). [ Links ]
15. Miolan JP & Roman C (1978). Discharge of efferent vagal fibers supplying gastric antrum: indirect study by nerve suture technique. American Journal of Physiology, 235: E366-E373. [ Links ]
16. Fargeas MJ, Fioramonti J & Bueno L (1986). Central a-2 adrenergic control of the pattern of small intestinal motility in rats. Gastroenterology, 91: 1470-1475.
17. Ruwart MJ, Klepper MS & Rush BD (1980). Clonidine delays small intestinal transit in the rat. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 212: 487-490. [ Links ]
18. Bojo L, Nellgard P & Cassuto J (1992). Effects of selective adrenergic agonists and antagonists on gastric tone in the rat. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 142: 517-522. [ Links ]
19. Trostel KA, Kata SA & Osborn JW (1991). Does the spinal cord generate functionally significant sympathetic activity in the awake rat? American Journal of Physiology, 266: R1102-R1110. [ Links ]
20. Bayens DA, Walters JM & Vesely DL (1988). Atrial natriuretic factor increases the magnitude of duodenal spontaneous phasic contractions. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 155: 1437-1443. [ Links ]
21. Matsushita K, Nishida Y, Hosomi H & Tanaka S (1991). Effects of atrial natriuretic peptide on water and NaCl absorption across the intestine. American Journal of Physiology, 260: R6-R12. [ Links ]
Address for correspondence: F.H. Rola, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, Caixa Postal 3157, 60430-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. Fax: 55 (085) 243-9333. E-mail: email@example.com
This work was presented at the IX and X Annual Meetings of the Federação de Sociedades de Biologia Experimental, Caxambu, MG, Brasil, 1994 and 1995, and at the 5th United European Gastroenterological Week, Paris, France, 1996, and reported in abstract form (1). Research supported by CNPq, CAPES, UNIMED and UFC. Publication supported by FAPESP. Received January 10, 1997. Accepted August 19, 1997.


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3 Min Read
LONDON (Reuters) - Professional players across Britain will be asked to wear rainbow-coloured laces in their boots next weekend in support of a campaign to tackle homophobia in soccer.
Of the 5,000 or so players across the top leagues in England, Scotland and Wales none are openly gay, leading gay rights charity Stonewall to suggest that players are afraid to 'come out' because of the impact it could have on their careers.
Bookmakers Paddy Power are supporting the campaign which has the slogan "Right Behind Gay Footballers". Sets of rainbow-coloured laces will be distributed to the 134 professional clubs in Britain.
Attitudes in British soccer, whether it be at elite level or Sunday morning park leagues, are notoriously slow to change and Stonewall's deputy chief executive Laura Doughty said it was time the game was "dragged into the 21st Century".
"It's time for football clubs and players to step up and make a visible stand against homophobia in our national game," she said in a statement launching the week-long push.
"By wearing rainbow laces players will send a message of support to gay players."
Homophobia is still rife, according to a report compiled earlier this year by Brighton and Hove Albion's Supporters' Club and the Gay Football Supporters' Network.
The coastal city of Brighton has one of Britain's largest gay communities, leading to regular homophobic abuse from opposing fans during matches.
The report said Brighton fans had been subjected to homophobic abuse at 70 percent of away fixtures.
"Brighton fans have been the subject of "banter" about the city's gay community for as long as many of our fans can remember," a statement from the Brighton Supporters' Club said in April.
"It wouldn't be described as "banter" if the taunts and chants were about skin colour and something would have been done by now to stop it."
In March, former Leeds United player Robbie Rogers said he was stepping back from the game after coming out as gay, saying he feared "judgement and rejection".
Three months later, Rogers became the first openly gay athlete to compete in a major U.S. professional team when the midfielder played for Los Angeles Galaxy in the MLS.
Reporting by Martyn Herman; Editing by Clare Fallon


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The Jant-Bi dancers know how to fill a stage but the show lacks cohesion.
Photo: Supplied
Jant-bi Playhouse
Last Show 7.30 Tonight
THIS show by the Senegalese dance troupe Jant-Bi is impressive in its energy and intensity. It is also puzzling.
One of the few points to emerge from the opaque wordiness of the program notes is that the starting point for Fagaala (a Senegalese word for "genocide") was a fictionalised account of the massacre of hundreds of thousands of Tutsis by Hutus in Rwanda in the 1990s. But Fagaala itself is so abstract and generalised that it is hard to spot any visual references to violent death. The powerful recorded sound accompaniment, often sinister, ominous and unsettling, seems much more in tune with the work's ostensible themes and story.
The choreography is a joint effort by Germaine Acogny, Jant-Bi's artistic director, and Kota Yamazaki, who specialises in butoh, a form of Japanese dance-theatre. Judging by examples staged here over the past few decades, butoh is chiefly notable for its mindless brutality, but that aspect of it is surprisingly subdued in this reflection on mass murder.
The seven dancers, all men, know how to fill a stage as writhing, whirling individuals alone in the spotlight, as an ensemble of soloists each doing his own thing, and as a team performing in such tightly ordered formation that seven men become a single twitching organism. And their way of making eye-contact alternately flirtatious, aggressive and despairing with the audience has a laser-like directness rarely achieved in dance performances.
Fagaala is distinguished by an exciting range of movement and pattern-making that, at its height, suggests a world gone mad. Yet it lacks cohesion and emotional force because the choreographers have only intermittently lifted their intentions out of the program notes and on to the stage.
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It only takes a few seconds for a child or pet to fall into an unsupervised pool and drown.
Jacksonville, FL (PRWEB) March 13, 2014
Safety Technology, the country's leading drop ship wholesaler of self defense products, has launched a new Pool Protector Electronic Monitoring System that emits a piercing 100 dB alarm when children or pets fall into an unsupervised pool.
Safety Technology's new Pool Protector is portable, self-contained, lightweight, and simple to operate. It uses a sensor that, once activated, triggers a loud, pulsating alarm both at the unit and inside the house from the (included) remote receiver. The receiver works up to 200 feet away, and comes with a 12-volt power supply. There is also an audible low battery indicator that will sound at both the poolside alarm and the remote receiver.
"It only takes a few seconds for a child or pet to fall into an unsupervised pool and drown," commented Safety Technology's CEO and founder Michael Gravette. "And while the Pool Protector is absolutely not a substitute of any kind for constant, vigilant supervision and other protective equipment such as pool fences, it's easy to see that it's an essential part of an overall system designed to avoid injuries – and tragedies."
Those interested in purchasing a Pool Protector for themselves or someone they care about, can order online at: http://www.securityproductsnow.com/home-protection/pool-alarm-system.html
Those interested in selling Pool Protectors and provide their customers with an in-demand home safety product can learn more at: http://www.safetytechnology.com/poolalarm.htm
For more information or media inquires, contact (800) 477-1739 or email office(at)safetytechnology(dot)com.
About Safety Technology
Safety Technology is the largest drop ship wholesaler of self defense products, hidden cameras, and surveillance systems in the country. The company, now in its 26th year, has a roster of over 4000 distributors, and sells in excess of $4 million worth if products a year. It also has an A+ rating from the Better Business Bureau.
Learn more at http://www.safetytechnology.com


text: Wow! Dave was born and raised in the Buckeye state... and he's the biggest Buckeye fan around! After a 5 year hiatus (for radio in Texas), he's back in Ohio and thrilled to be on the air here in Youngstown! Dave is happily married to his beautiful wife (Tracy) of almost 14 years and has 3 adorable children (Sarah, Tyler and Jaxon) which you'll hear about from time to time. Contact Call 330-965-1547 Email email@example.com Social


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MLB notebook: Brewers plan to unveil Uecker statue
• White Sox left-hander Chris Sale is headed to the 15-day disabled list with what the team believes is a strained muscle in his throwing arm. General manager Rick Hahn said the White Sox are erring on the side of caution, and that an MRI suggests no ligament damage. The 25-year-old Sale threw 127 pitches in a loss to Boston on Thursday.
• The Brewers plan a private unveiling of a last-row statue paying tribute to broadcaster Bob Uecker. Milwaukee said Monday the bronze statue will be unveiled in a ceremony open to special guests and the media. The team plans to honor Uecker on the field before Friday night's game against the Chicago Cubs.
• Bobby Abreu got a quick lesson in the Mets' many uniform color combinations from an equipment guy, tried on a few belts in the clubhouse and then hugged new teammate Bartolo Colon. Always smart for 40-year-olds to stick together in the big leagues. The Mets called up Abreu from the minors Monday night, hoping the former star outfielder can provide a few key hits. He wasn't in New York's starting lineup against the Cardinals. Abreu hasn't been in the majors since 2012.
• Rockies outfielder Michael Cuddyer will go on the 15-day disabled list with a strained left hamstring.
• The Indians activated designated hitter Jason Giambi from the disabled list. Giambi missed Cleveland's first 18 games.
• Outfielder J.D. Martinez was brought up by the Tigers after a torrid stretch at Triple-A Toledo.


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Which of these is NOT a proper lizard?
What's the name of the lizard which can change its colour to match its surroundings?
What makes lizards different from snakes?
Which of these is the largest living lizard, growing to an average length of 2-3m and weighing about 70kg?
How long does an iguana generally live for?


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Hacker helped FBI break into Anonymous
An influential computer hacker turned FBI informant led investigators to his former accomplices, helping federal agents make their first significant crack into Anonymous, a cybergroup that attacks corporate and government websites.
Four members of the international computer hacking group LulzSec were charged Tuesday with a worldwide conspiracy after the legendary hacker known in Internet circles as Sabu exposed the inner workings of the sophisticated attacks.
LulzSec hackers are allegedly part of a loose confederation of computer saboteurs known as Anonymous, which has "waged a deliberate campaign of online destruction, intimidation and criminality," according to an indictment made public Tuesday in a federal court in New York.
Twitter, where many hackers boast of their conquests, lit up with recriminations after the indictment disclosed that Hector Xavier Monsegur, 28, of New York, had pleaded guilty to federal hacking charges in August. He worked for the FBI for eight months following his June 7 arrest, according to a sworn statement by Assistant U.S. Attorney Stephanie Christensen.
"#Anonymous has grown beyond #Lulzsec," tweeted @AnonymousIRC, a Twitter handle for the hacking group. "We're sailing close to the wind, our crew is complete and doing fine."
The indictment alleges that Monsegur and others attacked Visa, MasterCard and PayPal websites after the companies refused to process donations to Wikileaks; launched cyber-raids on government computers in Tunisia, Algeria, Zimbabwe and Yemen; and stole confidential data for about 70,000 potential contestants on The X-Factor.
Monsegur's lawyer, Peggy Cross-Goldenberg, declined to comment.
Others indicted are Jack Davis, 29, of the Shetland Islands; Ryan Ackroyd, 23, of England; and Darren Martyn, 25, and Donncha O'Cearrbhail, 19, both of Ireland.
Prosecutors say after Ackroyd, Davis, Martyn and Monsegur formed LulzSec in May 2011, they hacked PBS in retaliation for unfavorable news coverage of Wikileaks. During the PBS breach, the hackers allegedly inserted a fake article claiming dead rapper Tupac Shakur was in New Zealand.
O'Cearrbhail is charged with hacking the personal e-mail of an Irish police officer and accessing a conference call with the FBI about the Anonymous investigation.
Separately, federal agents arrested Jeremy Hammon, 27, of Chicago, and charged him with hacking Stratfor, an Austin intelligence company, in December. Prosecutors say that breach exposed private information of 860,000 people.
Posted | Updated


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The Eddie Albert Album (Columbia, 1966)
Although usually lumped in with other so-called "Golden Throats" like William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy, the late Eddie Albert had an extensive musical theatre background, including the original Broadway production of The Boys From Syracuse and taking over from Robert Preston in The Music Man. Still, it seems slightly incongruous that the star of Green Acres would get hip with the young crowd by covering Bob Dylan (Don't Think Twice It's Alright and, of course, Blowin' in the Wind), Simon and Garfunkel (Homeward Bound) and Gordon Lightfoot (For Lovin' Me) in his familiar avuncular manner. Just to be on the safe side, they include a new version of the Green Acres theme, lest anyone be disappointed.
But, as Eddie himself puts it (in the liner notes to The Eddie Albert Album):
"It's thrilling to open up a piece of music and see words that speak in a deeply true, way-out-of-the-heart feeling and experience of an individual. No one can miss the song and poetry of Paul Simon, or confuse it with Bob Dylan, or be unmoved by either. In a world of computers and machines, the young poets of today, whose medium is the popular song, speak with individuality, with strength, and with a beauty that rekindles the flame in our hearts for justice, for brotherhood, for equality, for love and for every valuable feeling in the world. I'm glad I live in a time when these voices ring out clearly; they're stronger for me than the whirr of computers and the blast of jets."


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"Always Turned On" Gets Turned Off
Last night, Atlantic City city council unanimously voted to drop the "Always Turned On" marketing slogan for the city.
Almost a decade ago, Atlantic City dropped it's "World's Famous Playground" positioner in favor of a more Vegas-like "Always Turned On." While the city offers the ocean, beaches, and the thrill of casino gaming, the slogan never really fit the city. Now, in 2012, Atlantic City is returning to "World's Famous Playground," as it better fits a city that's rebuilding its image.


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WITH Easter looming, we round up our favourite wines for the occasion and answer the perennial question of which wine you should pair with milk chocolate eggs.
Señorio del Aguila, Gran Reserva 2001 down to £5.99 when you buy any 2 still Spanish wines, Majestic. Food on Easter Sunday should mean lamb (and if the sun is shining then barbequed lamb it is!). Traditionally Rioja is the perfect match, with the silky fruit flavours and supple tannins just melting away the tender meat. This wine hails from the lesser-known region of Cariñena, east of Rioja, and is a top quality red showing gorgeously mature red fruit and leather aromas and elegant flavours at a stunning price.
Perrier-Jouët Grand Brut NV £25 Majestic
A classic and delightful champagne ideal for brunch time sipping. Composed from a blend of the classic grape trio of champagne – pinot noir, pinot meunier and chardonnay resulting in gloriously fresh lemon and toasted pineapple aromas which give way to charming fruity flavours. Try with eggs benedict.
Billecart-Salmon Sous Bois NV £65 harveynichols.com
This is pure champagne heaven. Not the cheapest option, but this knocks the socks of its rivals with its effortless elegance.
Fermented and made entirely in oak gives it a wonderfully round and creamy texture and marries honeycomb coated fruit with a long, savoury but fresh finish.
For a real treat try this with creamy, garlic and thyme roasted chicken.
Martinez Marsala Riserva Dolce 5 year old £6.49 M&S
Made from the local grillo and inzolia grapes, this classic Sicilian fortified wine is full of sweet figgy fruit and plum flavours and a long, nutty finish. The bittersweet chocolatey hints make this our eggs-traordinary wine match (sorry, couldn't resist) with both milk and dark chocolate eggs.


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We have adopted a military platton that is over seas fighting a war. We are trying to send them books, magazines, snack food, baby wipes etc. I would like to get a package out by June 2nd to them. There is 20 men in the 1-32 inf battalionfrom Fort Drum Ny. As of now support for this has been poor. Put yourself in their boots, let show them we care. If anyone from any other state would like to help drop me an e mail or send goods to Tri-Ponds Taxidermy,5013 state route 12 , Glenfield NY 13343 C/o 1-32 platton.
Gregg Ielfield
Return to The Taxidermy Industry Category Menu


text: During that 16-minute call, I stood next to the long counter in the back of the store. About eight to 10 employees staff this counter, armed with mobile-payment devices and product neatly stacked behind them. Folks typically line up at this counter when they know what they want. The sales I saw in this part of the store do not include the deals Apple Store employees closed elsewhere on the floor. iPad mini was easily the most popular product going out the door during the time I spent at the Fifth Avenue Apple Store. During my 20-plus minute stint at the back counter (which includes the phone call and the time it took for my purchase), I saw too many minis to count get sold. We're talking several per minute, easy. And folks were not spending $329 for the device. That's because the 16GB mini was out of stock. I paid $429 for a 32GB WiFi-only model. For the record, as of this past weekend, all iPad mini models at the Apple Web site list as "available to ship" in one week. Both the regular iPad and iPhone 5 are "in stock" online. I took to Twitter with my observations. Folks from across the country responded. Stores in Columbus, Atlanta, Seattle, Miami and throughout New England were, according to these accounts, packed and had product moving out the door rapidly. Here's what I think is happening. Overall, brick-and-mortar retail will hit expectations in line or slightly above/slightly below. Digital sales will see a considerable pop, particularly via mobile platforms. Apple and Amazon.com ( AMZN), by a mile, end up the two retailers that dominate holiday shopping. And, of course, Starbucks benefits from all of this wandering around urban shopping streets and suburban malls. If consumers are not holding back their wealth because of fiscal cliff/tax-related fears, they're spending it lock, stock and barrel with Apple, Amazon and Starbucks or spreading it thin across a myriad of relatively weak and secondary players. If I could buy three stocks into the January earnings crush, I would get long AAPL, AMZN and SBUX. Outside of these three, there's really not another strong and reliable retail player. I like AMZN and SBUX now, in smallish regular doses, but not AAPL, not right now. There's too much noise, too much profit taking and too much uncertainty. In a couple of weeks (or less), whispers of Apple's holiday supremacy and it's January earnings report will put that to rest for at least the first several months of 2013. Follow @rocco_thestreet --Written by Rocco Pendola in Santa Monica, Calif.


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Ideaworks Bed Bug Blockade Mattress Cover- King Size Mattress
Effectively encases your mattress. Help protect against: Bed bug, dust mites & allergy symptoms.
The chemical free high density Polypropylene material is an effective barrier to help protect against bed bugs, dust mites and allergens.
Easy to fit on your mattress. Item is available in all bed sizes. THIS IS FOR THE KING SIZE MATTRESS COVER (78.5" x 80" x 12"). Full size and Queen size available in other listings.
Machine washable. 3-sided zipper lock.


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Shakespeare Electronic Conference, Vol. 4, No. 682. Friday, 29 October 1993.
Date: Thursday, 28 Oct 1993 10:19:41 -0700 (PDT)
Subject: 4.0679 Two Re: Videos: Q: *Ado*; Catalog
Comment: Re: SHK 4.0679 Two Re: Videos: Q: *Ado*; Catalog
There is now a VCR made by AIWA that will play tapes in all formats
through US video machines, and will also enable one to copy them in
the US format. It lists for $479, but I've seen it advertised in
NY for around $300; I bought one, and the quality, except for an
occasional peculiar moment, is fine, and the color is really
beautiful. This enables me to play a whole bunch of British and
Italian tapes, including the Olivier MV, now available in US format,
which is terrific, and even better, a 12N with Guinness as Malvolio,
Richardson as Sir Toby, Plowright as Viola, and Tommy Steele (!) as
Feste--this works better than you might think, though the songs
have dated rather badly. The Italian tapes--Strehler's great Lear and
Tempest--seem to me worth the price of the whole setup. I've no idea
where one obtains European videos (I bought these on the spot), but
since our library just acquired the whole set of Strehler tapes,
there must be some US distributor. Hooking the whole thing up is so
simple that I didn't even need to get one of my undergraduates to
do it.
Stephen Orgel


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Just For Men Moustache & Beard Brush - In Colour - Dark Brown/Black penetrates coarse facial hair. Lasts until the grey grows back. Each shade matches the same Just for Men head haircolour. Plus, you get multiple applications from one box.
Just for Men Moustache & Beard, Dark Brown-Black matches the same Just for Men head hair colour. It is specially designed for facial hairs and targets only grey hairs and replaces them with subtle tones that match your own natural hair colour in just 5 minutes! This penetrating formula lasts until the grey hairs grow back, but you get multiple applications from every box to continue your natural look. Just for Men's Gel is easily applied and conditions as it colours to leave your facial hair in great condition once coloured.
Directions for using Just for Men Moustache & Beard, Dark Brown-Black:
Caution before using Just for Men Moustache & Beard, Dark Brown-Black:
This product contains ingredients which may cause skin irritation on certain individuals and a preliminary test according to accompanying directions should first be made. This product must not be used for dyeing the eyelashes or eyebrows -- to do so may cause blindness. Do not use if you have skin depigmentation problems such as white patches on your skin (a condition called Vitiligo) or if you have a family history of skin depigmentation problems, as an allergic reaction or skin irritation may cause loss of skin pigment.
Just for Men Moustache & Beard, Dark Brown-Black contains:
Water, Coco Glucoside, Aminomethyl Propanol, Carbomer, Resorcinol, Fragrance, P-Phenylenediamine, Sodium Sulfite, Erythorbic Acid, M-Aminophenol, P-Aminophenol, Caramel, Trisodium EDTA, N, N-Bis(2-Hydroxyethyl)-P-Phenylenediamine Sulfate, Cinnamidopropyltrimonium Chloride, Laurdimonium Hydroxypropyl Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein, Panthenol, Tocopheryl Acetate, Aloe Vera Extract, Chamomile Extract.
For the last year i have been using touch up and yeah its done the job but there were still the few greys popping out, it could be messy, i.e getting on your clean white shirts etc and of course i had to reapply it twice daily sometimes more. Then the other week i came across this beard dye and with all honesty i really could kick myself for not trying this much sooner... its quick to apply, no stains on clothes, i only have to apply it once a week as opposed to twice a day and of course looks so natural, my girlfriend said i look stunning for a man now haha, gives me great confidence and makes me look and feel much younger. I have give this product a five star because thats the highest i can rate it otherwise i would have give it a 10 star. so go for it, you wont regret it i promise you!
Available on line and in Supermarkets, not too expensive easy to apply and quick reacting. So it does not need much time. One box may last for a couple of times or more depending on the amount of hair.The only downside is that it lasts for just a week after which the original hair colour begins to show. But I like it and have been using it for a few years now.


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The Android-powered HTC Hero is finally available in the U.S. via Sprint and their "Now Network." For $179.99 and a two-year contract, you can take this little wonder home and enjoy some eye-pleasing home screen widgets, a 5.0-megapixel camera, and plenty of apps in the Android Market.
Europe has been enjoying the Hero for a while now, but it's fresh and new in the States and ushers in a wave of new Android devices that should surely make the little green 'droid-lover's heart glad. Let us know if you pick up an HTC Hero from Sprint – let us know what you think!
source: Android Authority
© 2009 AndroidArena.com All rights reserved


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Press Conference With House Minority Leader John Boehner, Vermont Governor Jim Douglas; House Minority Whip Eric Cantor; South Dakota Governor Mike Rounds; Representative Mary Fallin; Representative Mike Pence; Subjects: Health Care Reform, Cap And Trade, Energy
Copyright ©2009 by Federal News Service, Inc., Ste. 500, 1000 Vermont Ave, Washington, DC 20005 USA. Federal News Service is a private firm not affiliated with the federal government. No portion of this transcript may be copied, sold or retransmitted without the written authority of Federal News Service, Inc. Copyright is not claimed as to any part of the original work prepared by a United States government officer or employee as a part of that person's official duties. For information on subscribing to the FNS Internet Service at www.fednews.com, please email Carina Nyberg at firstname.lastname@example.com or call 1-202-216-2706.
REP. BOEHNER: (In progress) -- Democrat health care plan will do just the opposite. It is a complete government takeover of our health care system, which is going to lead to higher taxes, rationing and a lower quality in our health care system.
House Republicans have a proposal we've put on the table that will provide affordable access to high quality health insurance for every American, and I believe that the Democrats ought to be working with us to do our best to help deliver health insurance to more Americans, yet at this point; they've not reached out to us. We continue to reach our hands out to say, listen, work with us. If we're going to have true health care reform, it needs to be bipartisan and it needs to keep the interests of Americans at the beginning of this process.
And with that, Governor, would you like to say something?
GOV. DOUGLAS: Well, thank you, I'm Jim Douglas from Vermont.
I want to echo the Leader's sentiments about the importance of a bipartisan approach to health care reform. This is an increasingly large percentage of our Gross Domestic Product. It's an increasingly large percentage of state budgets all across the nation. We need to get these costs under control. We need to change the way we deliver health care to pay for quality rather than quantity, to focus on prevention, on chronic disease management, on ensuring that the American taxpayer and rate payer gets the best bang for his or her buck.
So Governor Rounds and I are here for some meetings with Democratic leaders, as well as the Republican Caucus. I want to make sure that all the good ideas from the Republicans are considered in this process. The American people need a bipartisan solution. We've done it in Vermont. We have a program called Green Mountain Care that is based on prevention, on chronic disease management. We've saved hundreds of millions of dollars through the flexibility that we've received through our Medicaid waivers.
So the message that the leader articulated is an important one, no unfunded mandates to the states, flexibility so that states can experiment and do it their own way and the focus on quality and outcome so that we can control costs for the American people.
GOV. ROUNDS: Mike Rounds in South Dakota. Ninety-one percent of our people have a plan for taking care of their health care; nine percent don't. We can do better. The reason that we're here today is to participate and we would love to see it be a bipartisan effort, one in which we can improve health care, but at the same time, we have to be able to pay for it.
Concerns that we're expressing are that as states, we know that we share part of that burden. Today, we're really struggling. We know the federal government is struggling. Anything that we do on health care we have to have a long-term plan to pay the bills. If we don't have that, it would not be sustainable and it would not be an improvement.
In South Dakota, we think that there are more reforms that can be done. In 2003, we had three insurance companies left offering individual health care products, today, we have 18 because we've opened up the market and we've made it competitive. We've laid the ground rules out, but we did it in such a fashion that it worked for South Dakota.
We don't want to have the states lose the ability to be that laboratory where we can make things better. That's the reason that we're here today. We look forward to a very good discussion and coming up with a good plan; Republicans and Democrats alike can look at and say, we did something good for the rest of America.
REP. CANTOR: Good morning. As we now are in the week of cap and trade in the House, I think it is becoming evermore apparent of how the Democratic agenda for the people of this country is disconnected with the reality that American families face every day. Plain and simple, it's about jobs and it's about this failing economy. And the cap and trade bill is, at best, counterproductive toward trying to address those challenges.
When we look at the impact of this bill on American families, what we see is a job killer. There are studies out there that have indicated, on the one hand, the MIT study says the $3,000 cost to a family of four as a result of this cap and trade bill. There are others, the CBO study that was out as recently as last week, which said that there is a $1,600 plus impact cost on a family of four.
Today, now, we are reading - there are reports that have come out this week that CBO has now reduced its cost estimate to say that it's only $160 that families will be impacted by the cap and trade bill. I think that, now, CBO has entered the realm of losing its credibility.
You know, there is no question that the cap and trade bill will cost millions of jobs and, you know, it is pretty evident I think now given the word that we're hearing that the other side has 190 votes at this point, far short of that which are needed to pass this bill and I think it reflects a weariness on the part of the American people of the cost and consequences of the Democratic agenda. And that's why Republicans will stay focused on jobs, on the economy and on families' financial security.
REP. FALLIN: I'm Mary Fallin, I come from Oklahoma and in my state, of course, we have a rich energy industry and oil and gas and alternative energy with wind and solar and people in Oklahoma are very concerned about the discussions here about energy.
We do want in Oklahoma to have a cleaner environment. We do want cleaner air, cleaner water, cleaner land, but we don't want it at the expense of losing jobs and in a state that has an abundance of oil and gas jobs in our economy, we're already seeing jobs that are being cut in our state just because there's discussion here in Washington, DC.
We have a plan here in our Republican Caucus to develop all forms of energy, whether it's wind, solar, nuclear, alternative fuels, bio- diesel fuels, clean natural gas, clean coal technology. There are other alternatives besides the national energy tax, which is set to increase our utility costs anywhere from 30 to 50 percent and we have families that are back home in our states that are suffering from a recession, that are worried about their jobs, worried about making their mortgage payments, to talk about increasing utility rates by 30 to 50 percent would be a huge burden upon our families, not even to mention our businesses and manufacturing to affect our job markets.
We're already seeing gasoline prices rise because we're at summertime, estimated it would increase gasoline costs, too, and so we need to sit back and be careful and thoughtful about what we're doing to produce American-made energy to encourage innovation, research and development and to American-made products while also working on the clean energy.
And let me just say something about the health care debate. I appreciate the governors coming today to visit with us about what they're doing in innovation in their states. In Oklahoma, we've created our own plan called Ensure Oklahoma to take care of those that are uninsured, to work with the private sector and the government where they can partner together to find reasonable, cost-supportive health care that allows patient doctor choice, allows access to care.
So I appreciate the governors coming today to help us here on health care because there's some great innovative ways that we can cover the uninsured, that we can lower costs and create better access and preventive care.
Thank you.
REP. : Earlier this year, we saw the administration set an arbitrary deadline for a trillion dollar stimulus bill. One of the promises it made was that unemployment would not go beyond eight percent in the United States if the bill was passed. Painfully, those promises and predictions have been disproven.
Just yesterday in Michigan, we saw within our manufacturing base, General Motors announcing 4,000 white collar layoffs by the end of the year. The response of this Democratic Congress is what? To pass cap and tax legislation that will adversely affect, not only all American jobs, all American working families, but manufacturing, in particularly. The very same arbitrary deadline which we saw in the past has been repeated and I believe that the promises and predictions they made will also be disproven.
One of the things we are supposed to do representing our constituents in Washington is to step back from the insanity of trying to inject reality into the legislative process. I want you to think about what this bill means. The fundamental rationale behind this cap and tax legislation is this: Government will control the weather by raising your taxes, taking your job and dictating your life. That sounds very unappealing to those of us in the Republican Party and we think it's unappealing to the Americans who, right now, are suffering under a recession.
We think the president should get this economy moving and stop taking steps that will further hinder it and further harm working families.
Thank you.
REP. PENCE: Thank you all for being here, Mike Pence, Conference Chairman.
I was home in Indiana earlier this week at town hall meetings in places like Connersville and Richmond, Indiana. I saw confirmation, not only in the statistics for those communities, but in the faces of the citizens that this economy is hurting. The American people are struggling. The people of Indiana are struggling under the weight of extraordinary unemployment and remarkably, House Democrats are planning this Friday to bring a national energy tax to the floor of the House of Representatives at precisely the time when Americans and American businesses in the city and on the farm can least afford it.
As Mr. Cantor suggested, there are competing estimates about the costs of this national energy tax, but interestingly, there is no debate that the energy costs to average American households and businesses will rise and this national energy tax will cost millions of American jobs.
A recent study by the Charles Rivers Associates suggested that even including the green jobs that would be created under the cap and trade legislation that our GDP could be reduced by as much as two million lost jobs per year.
The president himself said that utility rates would, quote, "necessarily skyrocket," and even though the president yesterday said that the costs of this legislation would be, quote, "paid for by polluters," in January of 2008, then-candidate Obama said that as utility rates rose that those would be passed along to consumers and I believe he was right a year ago.
Well, Republicans have a better solution. Republicans have developed an all of the above strategy that sends us decisively in the direction of energy independence, more jobs and a cleaner environment. It's called the American Energy Act. It's gotten a great reception across the country in districts of our members. We believe that the choice between energy independence and more jobs and a cleaner environment of the Republican alternative than the national energy tax, we know which the American people will choose in a free and open debate.
Q Can you talk about homeland security incorporation and the number of amendments -- (inaudible) --
REP. BOEHNER: It doesn't appear that way. Listen, they're trying to ramrod as much spending through this Congress as they can and as fast as they can. That's why they continue to limit the number of amendments, to try to stifle debate and I've got to believe that Thomas Jefferson would be rolling over in his grave if he saw how House Democratic leaders were running the Congress of the United States. They're turning it into a banana republic.
Q Will you slow that process down at all today do you think?
REP. BOEHNER: We'll see.
Q (Off mike.) Single payer system is off the table. How much does that invigorate the House Republicans?
REP. BOEHNER: Well, I think government taking control of our health care is exactly what the American people don't want. All Americans believe that we ought to help those who don't have health insurance find a way to get it and there's no debate between the parties about the need for high quality, affordable health insurance for all Americans. The question is: How do you get there?
I think our plan builds on the current system to improve access for all Americans.
We don't need a board in Washington deciding what treatments are appropriate for patients. We don't need government bureaucrats to get in between the relationships between doctors and their patients, and we certainly don't need to raise trillions of dollars of new taxes to pay for this government-run option.
And so House Republicans are encouraged that our Senate colleagues continue to stand up and say no to this bizarre notion that the government ought to run health care.
Q Mr. Boehner, now that it seems clear that -- (inaudible) -- on what is usually more of an open process. What implications does it have for the overall partisan atmosphere in the House for the rest -
REP. BOEHNER: Well, they won't allow us to debate amendments to cut spending on these appropriation bills, won't even allow us to debate it, it's going to get pretty ugly on the floor of the House.
Listen, we're serious about cutting spending. They're serious about spending more and so let the debate begin.
Thank you.
REP. CANTOR: Thanks, everybody.
Source: http://www.fnsg.com/transcript.htm?id=20090624t6561&nquery=&query=Cantor&from=


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Get an overview of this hotelAirport hotel with free WiFi and terminal shuttle
Popular property highlights
25 minutes to Helsinki
Cumulus Resort Airport Congress Center is a 7-minute drive from Helsinki Vantaa Airport - there's a free shuttle between the hotel and the terminals. Central Helsinki is a 25-minute drive, or 45 minutes by bus. Guests can drive 3 minutes to Flamingo Leisure World, which contains a water park as well as shops.
Early breakfast
A breakfast bag is available early so travelers won't need to fly on an empty stomach, and the restaurant also serves a lunch buffet and dinner à la carte. Guests can unwind in the sauna and swimming pool, and over drinks at Hemingway's.
Colorful rooms, free WiFi
Guestrooms are bright and cheerful, with colorful bedspreads and wooden floors. Free WiFi makes it easy for guests to get online, and there's a TV with cable channels. Families can book a larger room with extra beds.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Opens in a new window
Cumulus Resort Airport Congress Center
Renovations & Closures
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Cumulus Resort Airport Congress Center features an indoor pool and a sauna. The hotel offers a restaurant. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. A computer station is located on site and WiFi is free.
This 3-star property offers access to a business center and several meeting rooms. This business-friendly hotel also offers multilingual staff, free newspapers in the lobby, and laundry facilities. A round trip airport shuttle is complimentary to guests at scheduled times. Limited onsite parking is available, too.
Cumulus Resort Airport Congress Center has designated areas for smoking.
- 24-hour front desk
- Free airport transportation
- Total number of rooms - 278
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Business center
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Conference space
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Elevator/lift
- Computer station
- Luggage storage
- Designated smoking areas
- Sauna
- Bar/lounge
- Laundry facilities
- Meeting rooms 48
- Multilingual staff
- Parking (limited spaces)
- Restaurant
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Self parking (surcharge)
- Number of meeting rooms - 48
- Conference center
- Long-term parking (surcharge)
- Indoor pool
- Television in common areas
- Free WiFi
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Indoor pool
- Free Wi-Fi
- Laundry facilities
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Long-term parking (surcharge), Self parking (surcharge), Parking (limited spaces)
Room Amenities
- Pay movies
- Air conditioning
- Daily housekeeping
- Hair dryer
- Desk
- Television
- Cable TV service
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Free newspaper
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Room service (limited hours)
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Free WiFi
Where to Eat
Guests are offered a hot/cold buffet breakfast (surcharge).
Cumulus Resort Airport Congress Center has a restaurant serving breakfast only.
Room service (during limited hours) is available.
Nearby Things to Do
Recreational amenities at the hotel include an indoor pool and a sauna.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- Golfing nearby
If you have requests for specific accessibility needs, please note them at check-out when you book your room.
Hotel Policies
Check-in time ends at 11 PM
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Special check-in instructions:
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Kids stay free! Children 4 years old and younger stay free when using existing bedding.
- Rollaway/extra beds are not available.
- Free cribs (infant beds)!
- Pets allowed for an extra charge of EUR 10 per pet, per night
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No rollaway/extra beds available
Please note that a breakfast bag is available at the reception at any time. For more details, please contact the office using the information on the reservation confirmation received after booking.
Please note that there is a WiFi data limit of 1 GB. For more details, please contact the office using the information on the reservation confirmation received after booking.
Guests must contact this property in advance to request early check-in (7 AM at the earliest) and/or late check-out (11 PM at the latest). Contact the office using the information on the reservation confirmation received after booking.
Optional extras
- Breakfast fee: EUR 16 per person (approximately)
- Self parking fee: EUR 10.00 per day
- Pet fee: EUR 10 per pet, per night
Hotel Name
- Airport Rantasipi
- Rantasipi
- Cumulus Airport Congress Center Hotel Vantaa
- Rantasipi Hotel
- Rantasipi Hotel Airport
- Rantasipi Airport Hotel Vantaa
- Rantasipi Airport Hotel
- Rantasipi Airport Vantaa
- Cumulus Airport Congress Center Hotel
- Cumulus Airport Congress Center Vantaa
- Cumulus Resort Airport Congress Center Vantaa
- Cumulus Airport Congress Center
We should mention
Children 4 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding.


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KENDAL law firm Harrison Drury has recruited Jan Wright to head up its wills and probate team.
Jan, who is a founder member of Solicitors for the Elderly and serves on the UK practice committee of the Society of Trust and Estate Practitioners, moves from Penrith-based Cartmell Shepherd.
She said: "Harrison Drury is a firm with a growing reputation in Cumbria and I am very pleased to be able to help strengthen its private client offering in the region."


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|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|5 nights
Anchor Inn by the Sea is located only four miles from downtown Ketchikan in one of the best shoreline fishing and whale watching areas that Ketchikan has to offer. The Inn has three private suites (1 & 2 bedroom) all suites have private entries and private decks.
The guest suites are as close as you can get to the ocean. Bring your camera because otter, seals, and porpoises are frequently seen. Eagles nest close by and are often seen perched on a pole near the water or pulling a salmon from the ocean. Humpback Whales and Orcas are the most exciting for our guests to see. We can guarantee that you will see some type of wildlife every day of your stay.
The one and two bedroom suites are outfitted with everything you need to feel right at home; equipped kitchens, dining area, living room and a full bath. The suites have either queen or king size beds, wireless Internet, premium cable TV, and either a full kitchen or a kitchenette.
Shoreline fishing is only a few yards away at Mountain Point.
Keywords: Ketchikan, Alaska, vacation rental, waterfront, whale watching, ocean, private deck
The most beautiful and relaxing place to stay I've had during my holiday. A unique, carefully furnished and fully equipped studio with a wonderful terrace and unique view on the water.
Thank you Mary!!
My wife, daughter and I have stayed at Anchor Inn multiple times. I must say this is the nicest "condo" on the water. We've seen Whales, Sea Lions, Sea Otters and a host of other animals right from our balcony. Worth every penny and more. Truly one of the most relaxing vacations I take during the year. Thank you Greg and Mary.
The views from the rooms at the Anchor Inn by the Sea are amazing! Mary and Greg are amazing hosts. We stayed in the Aleksandra Suite, it was so nice. Very comfortable, tasteful decor. No oven, but a cooktop, microwave and grill on the porch. It was so nice to just sit and look at the beauty. The view from the room is fantastic. It is just a short 10 minute or less drive from town. I can't recommend it highly enough... We will stay there again and again!
A wonderful home away from home. Anchor Inn is like a 5 star retreat with all the comforts of home. Fabulous beauty on the water where you can enjoy morning coffee or evening drinks on the porch and watch the cruise ships, fishing boats, jumping fish, eagles, sea otters and more. We even had a baby deer come in the yard. Mary is the perfect hostess and even took our Christmas card pictures. We were very happy with the apartments and highly recommend Anchor Inn to others. Everything was first class! Extremely nice place to stay. We will be back!
We have been visiting Ketchikan once or twice a year for nine years. Anchor Inn by the Sea is our favorite place to stay. The views are spectacular, the grounds are beautiful, the accommodations comfortable and well stocked, pride of ownership is evident in each well appointed apartment, and the owners, Mary and Greg give us just the right amount of attention to make each stay enjoyable and memorable.
Views from the kitchen table and the porch include fishing boats of all sizes and types, passenger ferries, cruise ships, cargo barges, local skiffs, and kayakers. Float planes fly to and from fishing camps and other destinations. Marine life includes humpback whales, orcas, porpoises and salmon. We have seen eagles fishing and watched ravens, mink and other wildlife. Sunsets are stunning.
Anchor Inn is THE most incredible place to stay in Ketchikan. We have vacationed in Ketchikan 5 times in the past 6 years and have stayed at the Anchor Inn each time. The owners of the Anchor Inn are amazing people. They were always available to answer questions or to make arrangements for activities we wanted to try or do. The pictures show the pride they take in their property.
The apartments are very clean, comfortable, beautifully decorated, and spacious. They were also equiped with everything we needed to cook some of our meals. The laundry facilities were just a few steps down the hallway and so convienent that we took fewer bags and washed and dryed our clothes.
The view faces the ocean and we never failed to see whales and other ocean life from our window. It was incredible! We caught fish from the rocks in front of the apartments and the sunsets from the deck are the most beautiful I have seen anywhere.
Just a few miles from the Anchor Inn is Herring Cove where we went to watch the black bears and eagles catch and eat fish from a hatchery. We have many hours of video of bears, eagles and salmon from our visits to Herring Cove. We have fished and snagged king salmon at Herring Cove too.
Ketchikan is truly an amazing place to visit. The photos included are beautiful and are a true reflection of an awesome place to stay while vacationing. We already have reservations at the Anchor Inn for another vacation this year, and we just can't wait!!! I would recommend staying at The Anchor Inn over any other place in Ketchikan!
Deep Sea Fishing for Halibut or Salmon, Ketchikan is the 'Salmon Capital of the World' We would love to book your charter fishing for you on one of the best boats in the area, Let us know if you would like to go FISHING!
|Rate Period
|Weekend Night
My Standard Rate
5 night minimum stay
|Notes: Rates are based on 2 guests; add $25 per night, per additional guest
|Tax Rate


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Log Message: ----------- Clean up smgr.c/md.c APIs as per discussion a couple months ago. Instead of having md.c return a success/failure boolean to smgr.c, which was just going to elog anyway, let md.c issue the elog messages itself. This allows better error reporting, particularly in cases such as "short read" or "short write" which Peter was complaining of. Also, remove the kluge of allowing mdread() to return zeroes from a read-beyond-EOF: this is now an error condition except when InRecovery or zero_damaged_pages = true. (Hash indexes used to require that behavior, but no more.) Also, enforce that mdwrite() is to be used for rewriting existing blocks while mdextend() is to be used for extending the relation EOF. This restriction lets us get rid of the old ad-hoc defense against creating huge files by an accidental reference to a bogus block number: we'll only create new segments in mdextend() not mdwrite() or mdread(). (Again, when InRecovery we allow it anyway, since we need to allow updates of blocks that were later truncated away.) Also, clean up the original makeshift patch for bug #2737: move the responsibility for padding relation segments to full length into md.c. Modified Files: -------------- pgsql/src/backend/access/hash: hashpage.c (r1.61 -> r1.62) (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/backend/access/hash/hashpage.c.diff?r1=1.61&r2=1.62) pgsql/src/backend/access/nbtree: nbtsort.c (r1.107 -> r1.108) (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtsort.c.diff?r1=1.107&r2=1.108) pgsql/src/backend/commands: tablecmds.c (r1.208 -> r1.209) (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c.diff?r1=1.208&r2=1.209) pgsql/src/backend/storage/smgr: md.c (r1.123 -> r1.124) (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/backend/storage/smgr/md.c.diff?r1=1.123&r2=1.124) smgr.c (r1.101 -> r1.102) (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/backend/storage/smgr/smgr.c.diff?r1=1.101&r2=1.102) pgsql/src/include/storage: smgr.h (r1.55 -> r1.56) (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/include/storage/smgr.h.diff?r1=1.55&r2=1.56)
Next: From: Tom Lane Date: 2007-01-03 18:57:19 Subject: pgsql: Fix btree_gist for new larger money type. Previous: From: Bruce Momjian Date: 2007-01-03 14:35:25 Subject: pgsql: Attempt to return proper overflow/underflow messages for


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We're open...
Monday-Friday : 7:30-15:30
Saturday : 9:00-15:00
Sunday : Closed
Drop in for breakfast or a coffee and a home baked cake,
or pick up lunch to go. Whether you're in a rush or have time to spare
you'll always be greeted with a friendly smile
All our food is made with the
finest ingredients using family recipes. Food is our passion as well as our
job so everything is made with extra TLC.
Come down and treat yourself!


text:
University of Michigan Football Wolverines Prints, Posters, Photos, Memorabilia
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Improve Turbo Key function.
Enhance memory compatibility.
Our editors are focused on always having the most recent driver versions at FamousWhy.com. We strongly recommend you to periodically check our site in order to get the newest version available online. We also offer a large variety of software from categories as: Windows, Mac, Linux, Scripts and so on. Don't forget to set a system restore point before installing a device driver.
Publisher: ASUS
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text:
Arthritis & Rheumatism, Volume 62,
November 2010 Abstract Supplement
Abstracts of the American College of
Rheumatology/Association of Rheumatology Health Professionals
Annual Scientific Meeting
Atlanta, Georgia November 6-11, 2010.
Validity of Portable Devices To Assess Physical Activity in Patients with Total Knee Arthroplasty.
Almeida1, Gustavo J. M., Brower2, Kelly S., Celik2, Derya, Chang2, Hua-Chen, Piva1, Sara R.
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
University of Pittsburgh
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is one of the most successful surgeries to reduce pain, improve function, and health-related quality of life in end-stage knee osteoarthritis. Thus, patient expectations on having a more active lifestyle after surgery are increasing, and accurate/valid measures of physical activity (PA) are needed to monitor these changes. To date, there is limited information about the validity of portable PA monitors in patients after TKA. The aim of this study was to compare measures of energy expenditure (EE) given by the SenseWear armband (SWA) (Bodymedia, Pittsburgh, PA) and the Actigraph (ACT; Pensacola, FL), against measures of EE estimated by indirect calorimetry. In addition, we aimed at characterizing PA of patients with TKA measured by the SWA and ACT in a free-living condition.
EE (kcal/min) was estimated by indirect calorimetry (MedGraphics VO2000), and by the SWA and ACT simultaneously. Patients performed several standardized activities in a laboratory setting while concurrently wearing the SWA on the arm, the ACT on the waist, and the facemask of the indirect calorimeter. Each activity was performed during 7 minutes (see table). To characterize PA in a free-living condition, patients wore the SWA and ACT over 8 consecutive days. Pearson correlation or Spearman coefficients were calculated according to data distribution.
Table. Correlation coefficients between energy expenditure measured by indirect calorimetry and the Sensewear Armband (SWA) and the Actigraph (ACT)
21 patients, 14 females (67%), with unilateral TKA underwent one testing session. Mean age and BMI were 68±7 and 29±4 respectively; time after surgery was 3.3±0.3 years; and physical function measured by the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index 14.6±9.6, indicating only moderate functional limitations. During the standardized activities (Table) the correlations between EE measured by indirect calorimetry and SWA ranged from moderate to high (r=.31 to.82), and between indirect calorimetry and ACT they ranged from weak to high (r=.17 to.76). In a free-living condition, patients wore the SWA and ACT for 97% of the time each day (23:20hr/24hr). Daily values of physical activity EE (PAEE) measured by the SWA (145 [73260]kcal/day) was lower than the one measured by the ACT (268 [222281]kcal/day). The correlation between these two measures was weak (rho=.22, p=.37).
Results of correlations between measures from the portable PA monitors and indirect calorimetry support the validity of the SWA and the ACT to measure EE in patients with TKA in a laboratory setting. The SWA was more accurate in measuring EE during non-walking activities, whereas the ACT was more accurate in measuring EE during walking activities. Measures of PA EE given by the SWA and ACT in a free-living condition did not agree. When assessing EE in patients with TKA, it is essential to consider type of PA monitor to use according to type of activity performed. Studies comparing SWA and ACT to a reference standard measure of PA in free-living condition are warranted.
To cite this abstract, please use the following information:
Almeida, Gustavo J. M., Brower, Kelly S., Celik, Derya, Chang, Hua-Chen, Piva, Sara R.; Validity of Portable Devices To Assess Physical Activity in Patients with Total Knee Arthroplasty. [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62 Suppl 10 :2061
DOI: 10.1002/art.29826


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Ask a Mechanic Online and Get Answers to Your Car Questions
is the car sagging or lower than normal on front or back or any wheel? can you get the car scanned for trouble codes? most parts places will scan for free
the warning means the computer has detected a problem with the air ride suspension system.
Most likely, to work on cars today it is almost impossible to fix and diagnose with out a scanner. And even with a scanner it has to be updated all the time. I checked for bulletins and there are no obvious issues for this system. It might be a sensor or solenoid valve not releasing air(hard ride).
I hope it is not an expensive repair.
good luck


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