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Design project
Presupuesto $10-30 USD
I need a logo designed.
32 los freelancers están ofertando un promedio de $26 para este trabajo.
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The Reviewer said your item on your fonts need work as well. You need to put more work into the typography and visual hierarchy. Take a look at these links for info on visual hierarchy, pairing fonts together and typography tips. http://designjunction.in/blog/2009/08/31/visual-hierarchy-and-typography/
My question is:....
What is visual hierarchy. I don't understand this link http://designjunction.in/blog/2009/08/31/visual-hierarchy-and-typography/ Please answer in details…
Visual hierarchy is basically you want your most important item or info to be the most dominante on the page and you want that to then flow into the second most important info of the item and so forth. So with your item maybe post it in item discussions and ask for help that way.
Without seeing the item I would say take a setup back and ask what is most important and what is least important and design the item based off of those results.
This might help
unlockedart & FlatlineRo Thanks…
about visual hierarchy thinks like a web designer
header content footer
Visual hierarchy also known as Visual composition. The Visual hierarchy rules are the same and can be applied for all Graphic design fields
SomethingDesign said
Visual hierarchy also known as Visual composition. The Visual hierarchy rules are the same and can be applied for all Graphic design fields
SomethingDesign… you are write
RMGROUP said

subset: commoncrawl


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THE hunger season has come early to West Africa. It's normal for villagers in the drought-prone Sahel region, which spans from Senegal to Chad, to cut back on meals as food stocks run low in the weeks before the September harvest. But an aid worker with Save the Children in Niger, Marianne Tounkara, says families have already run out of food.
Interactive: The food and nutrition crisis
''They are surviving on leaves and plants they would not use in normal times,'' she said from her base in the Niger capital, Niamey. ''They are also decreasing the number of meals that they have in a day. But those coping strategies should be happening much later in the year.''
A lethal mix of sporadic rains, soaring food prices, regional conflict and chronic poverty has left more than 13 million people across the Sahel short of food. Aid agencies fear the crisis could soon turn into a catastrophe and are frustrated by the sluggish international response.
Ms Tounkara said Niger had received only a fraction of the funding agencies estimate will be needed to stave off a disaster.
''The government is doing its best … but it worries me in terms of an adequate response from the international community,'' she said. ''Families need support to feed their children now.''
The vast landlocked nation of Niger is the worst affected with about 6 million people facing food shortages and 2 million of those in critical need of assistance. A study by aid agencies in two Niger districts found up to 90 per cent of people believed their food stocks would run out before the next harvest. But even in normal times Niger accounts for about one sixth of global deaths from malnutrition.
In neighbouring Mali, the democratically elected government was toppled in a military coup last week, and thousands of refugees have fled to Niger, adding to the crisis.
A flood of weapons into Mali following the recent downfall of the Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi has been blamed for boosting a long-running rebellion by Tuareg tribesmen and destabilising the government. The political instability threatens to hamper efforts to curb affiliates of al-Qaeda active in the region.
Meanwhile, about 3.5 million people in Mali need emergency help.
It's estimated that another 1.7 million people are facing food shortages in Burkina Faso, 1.6 million in Chad and hundreds of thousands in Mauritania and Senegal.
Tristan Clements, a World Vision Australia emergency aid specialist who has worked in the Sahel, said the food crisis could peak in the next months. ''West Africa is an incredibly fragile region; it's the poorest geographical region on Earth and is probably the most neglected region as far as international donors are concerned. It has huge challenges ahead,'' he said.
''We already have 1.3 million children that are malnourished and 400,000 of them severe. Without significant intervention we do anticipate we'll be seeing high levels of child deaths.''
Save the Children in Australia has called on the federal government to raise the alarm on the Sahel food crisis and lift its financial contribution to the aid effort. ''The Australian government responded generously to last year's food crisis in the Horn of Africa, but now we need them to follow up with swift action and tens of millions of dollars to save lives in West Africa,'' Save the Children's director of emergency programs, Scott Gilbert, said.
''We're not seeing starving babies yet, but we fear we might unless the Australian government and the international community act, and act now.''
The government contributed $128 million to the emergency response in the Horn of Africa last year and has so far pledged $10 million for emergency food aid in the Sahel.
The government's aid agency, AusAID, also supports CSIRO scientists to work with farmers in Niger and Mali to improve farming practices where there is limited water.
The head of AusAID in Africa, Jamie Isbister, said emergency assistance in West Africa would need to be carefully managed to ensure fragile local food markets in the region were not impaired. ''It's important for the international community to respond to both the immediate crisis but also to support the longer term food security needs in Sahel,'' he said.
Last year's famine in East Africa highlighted shortcomings in the international emergency relief system.
A report released in January by Save the Children and Oxfam on the response to the Horn of Africa food crisis said there had been a collective failure to take preventive action, as well as the failure to respond with adequate humanitarian aid when it was needed.
It concluded an earlier response could have saved millions of dollars and thousands of lives. Aid agencies don't want to make the same mistakes as conditions in West Africa deteriorate.
''Food crises rarely take the world by surprise and yet all too often we see the international community fail to act quickly enough,'' World Vision Australia's chief executive, Tim Costello, said.


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Mountain Head Optical Illusion
You'll think I'm not very talented for spotting optical illusions, since I had this photo on my computer for over a year now, and never spotted the intended illusion… until yesterday. Well, supposedly this image should contain optical illusion which I wasn't quite convinced. Don't panic, spotting it should be easy, it's just that I didn't spend too much time over it, since I thought this submission was hoax. The illusion it hides can be understood via this article's Title, and if this isn't enough as a hint, you should check Machu Picchu optical illusion in the archives. How long did it take you to find the hidden object? Was it easy? Am I disabled? Enjoy!


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Local churches and a youth camp will help people celebrate Christmas over the next few weeks with several musical productions.
For the first time in their 17-year history, the Nature Coast Festival Singers will add a "Messiah Sing-along" to the group's regular Christmas concerts.
The ensemble will join with a local church choir and individuals from other Hernando and Citrus County choirs for the presentation, which will be at 3 p.m. Dec. 11 at Faith Evangelical Presbyterian Church, 200 Mount Fair Ave., Brooksville.
The Nature Coast Festival Singers were founded in 1994 by Richard Desautels of Spring Hill for the purpose of singing Handel's oratorio at Christmas. Because of this year's special presentation, the group's regular concert series will feature other composers, with only the Hallelujah chorus from The Messiah.
Sandy Kaliscak has been president of the Festival Singers for nine years.
"A little over a year ago, Stephanie Sager (the director of Faith Presbyterian's choir) contacted our director about doing the full Christmas Messiah in conjunction with Faith Presbyterian," Kaliscak said. "The board met with her early this fall to make the plans final. The Nature Coast Festival Singers' charter calls for promoting sacred and classical music in the Nature Coast. We are hoping that this concert will further that goal."
At the meeting, it was decided that people from other church choirs and from the community could sing along, as long as they would agree to attend both rehearsals before the event.
"We are hoping for around 100 singers," Sager said.
About 30 members from the Presbyterian church's choir will participate, along with about 60 members of the Festival Singers and some individuals from other choirs.
For Sager, singing with the Festival Singers will be a new experience. Previously, she sang The Messiah's soprano solos in Brandon. She has been a soloist with various opera companies and symphonies throughout the United States and has a master's degree in vocal performance from the Manhattan School of Music. She said the solos from The Messiah are challenging, but she is excited to have mastered them and to be able to present them to the community.
"I am hoping that this event becomes a yearly tradition in Hernando County, so that people all over the area from all generations have a place to go to hear this beautiful composition and to celebrate our Lord's birth," she said.
Soloists for the concert include Sager and Marlynn Shelley, sopranos; Janet Watson, alto; Gabriel Enrique, tenor, and Ken Meifert, bass.
The Festival Singers have had four conductors, with James Urbanski, a graduate of DePaul University with a master's in music education, currently serving in the position. Kathy Hackemer will accompany the concert.
The Festival Singers board decided to collect an offering at the free event. Sager suggested that the proceeds, after expenses, be dedicated to a charity, and Kaliscak suggested the Wounded Warrior Project in Jacksonville.
"This organization dedicates its efforts to giving financial and emotional support to troops who are wounded physically or emotionally, and to the families of those who have lost loved ones," Kaliscak said. "I can't imagine a more worthy cause."
In other Christmas productions:
At 7 p.m. today and 3 p.m. Sunday, First United Methodist Church of Spring Hill, 9344 Spring Hill Drive, Spring Hill, will present the Christmas cantata Wondrous Gift.
The program by the chancel choir, children's choir, drama team and orchestra will emphasize that Christmas is about giving.
"It reinforces that the greatest gift of all is the gift of Jesus Christ, and the best gift we can give is, as Christina Rossetti has said in her poetry, 'What can I give him? Give him my heart,' " says a news release for the event.
The musical will include carols, such as O Little Town of Bethlehem; O Come, All Ye Faithful; The Little Drummer Boy, and Hark! The Herald Angels Sing, as well as newer musical numbers emphasizing the perfect gifts to give at Christmas.
No tickets are required; an offering will be collected. Call (352) 683-2600.
Word of Life Fellowship, 13247 Word of Life Drive, Hudson, is presenting Sights and Sounds of Christmas: The Most Wonderful Time of the Year today and Sunday, and then Wednesday through Dec. 11.
"Since 1998 (the production) has been thrilling audiences of all ages," said the program's director, Rich Andrews. "(The audience) will experience the most wonderful time of the year with incredible costuming, lighting, special effects and new songs, like Feliz Navidad and the Raggedy Ann doll's rendition of Santa Claus is Coming to Town. This year's production is better than ever."
Tickets range from $6 for children through $28 for adults. Group, senior and student rates are available. Lunch and dinner meals are available for purchase. Call toll-free 1-877-412-8687 or visit gospelproductions.wol.org.
At 6 p.m. Dec. 18, the Brooksville Wesleyan Church choir and drama team will present the musical O Holy Night in its new facility at 22319 Cortez Blvd., Brooksville.
"The much-loved and familiar Christmas carol is the basis for our Christmas musical this year," said the Rev. Raymond Phaup, minister of music.
The program features familiar carols sung by the choir and seven characters who will deliver monologues. Joseph and Mary share their thoughts about the event that would so impact them. Old Testament prophets recount their words in prophesying about the event. The musical closes with O Come, All Ye Faithful.
"The musical seeks to remind us of that night 2,000 years ago, when Jesus came as a tiny baby to become the savior of the world," Phaup said. "My hope is that all in attendance will be reminded of the events of that holy night, and if they have never made a commitment to Jesus, that this will be the time that commitment is made."
Call (352) 799-3066.


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In four years of researching and writing about Guantánamo, I have become used to uncovering shocking information, but for sheer cynicism, I am struggling to think of anything that compares to the revelations contained in the unclassified ruling in the habeas corpus petition of Fouad al-Rabiah, a Kuwaiti prisoner whose release was ordered last week by Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly (PDF). In the ruling, to put it bluntly, it was revealed that the U.S. government tortured an innocent man to extract false confessions and then threatened him until he obligingly repeated those lies as though they were the truth.
A Truly Shocking Guantanamo Story: Judge Confirms That an Innocent Man Was Tortured to Make False Confessions
Current Status: Blessed (1)
Seeded on Thu Oct 1, 2009 1:57 PM
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My shortest entry ever
What she said here I completely agree with.
[Thanks, Carla]
(Larry Cafiero runs Redwood Digital Research in Felton, California, and is an associate member of the Free Software Foundation.)
It's official
It's official:
Steve Ballmer is an world class, Olympic-caliber asshat: Most of us already knew this, of course. But if you're the CEO of what's supposed to be the largest software company on this planet, if not the galaxy, shouldn't you be more concerned about how your newly-released-but-in-the-toilet Vista operating system is (under)performing rather than raising, once again, the laughable specter of suing for patent infringements? Not Steve. Uh-uh. He'd rather talk about how Google reads your mail and how that McCarthyist list of 235 patent violations — which we haven't seen yet, incidentally — are ready for prosecution. Have you no shame, Mr. Ballmer?
Ken Starks, a.k.a. Helios, is a hero: Most of us already knew this, of course. Apparently, it's official now, as Carla Schroeder writes here in this LXer.com article praising Ken, whom I am proud to call a brother-in-arms in the FOSS wars, and with whom I am proud to be a partner in flying the HeliOS Solutions flag in the Wild West.
I'm a flake: Most of you already know that, of course (hey, wait a minute . . .). You would think that as editor and publisher of Open Source and Free Software Reporter, I would take the time to meet with OSFSR New Zealand correspondent Penny Leach after she flew all the way to San Francisco — for her work at Catalyst, that is, not to see me (an aside: the days when women would fly great distances to see me are, sadly, long gone — and I'm at peace with that) — but noooOOOooooo. I completely blanked the dates that she was visiting to promote Mahara and Moodle (very cool, check them out), even after recording it on my page at jott.com. My sincerest apologies, Penny. Next time, I promise.
Ubuntu makes it to the NBA, sort of: Tom Krazit, of C|Net, writes here that the Boston Celtics have adopted "ubuntu" as their rallying cry this season. A bunch of 7-foot GNU/Linux users? Not quite. Celtics coach Doc Rivers apparently chose that word "ubuntu" after learning of it while reading about Archbishop Desmond Tutu. For those of you keeping score at home, "ubuntu" has its roots in the Bantu languages of southern Africa as meaning "a philosophy of life that promotes the greater good rather than individual success." Of course, with the upper case U, Ubuntu is a damn good GNU/Linux distro, and a slam-dunk for anyone using GNU/Linux.
Bonnie Raitt was born to sing 'Angel From Montgomery': No, this has nothing to do with FOSS, but there is no one more more suited to sing John Prine's "Angel From Montgomery" than Bonnie Raitt. Period. Don't take my word for it — see it on YouTube here, and hear a duet with Prine here (note, the latter is not a performance video, but a montage of photos with the duet in the background).
The phone is silent . . . for now: 831-335-7303 is the number for HeliOS Solutions West and for Tux Project in beautiful downtown Felton. When you're here, don't forget to grab a cup of joe at the White Raven.
(Larry Cafiero, editor/publisher of Open Source Reporter, is an associate member of the Free Software Foundation.)
Breaking the chains of 'same as it ever was'
My 9-year-old daughter Mirano, a Linux Chick in training, is pretty astute when it comes to matters relating to GNU/Linux. For example, she is working on a review of Tux Paint, and she's the one that pointed out that Iceweasel is the opposite of Firefox (ice opposite of fire, weasel opposite of fox). I'm convinced she gets her brains from her mom — from me she gets an innate sense of irony augmented by generations of cutting sarcasm for which the Cafiero family is historically known, but I digress.
Anyway, I bring up Mirano because after reading Carla Schroeder's blog about an mysogynistic ad — yeah, let's call it what it is: mysogynistic (but see for yourself here — that ran in Linux Journal, I have to say that this is my first encounter with sexism in the FOSS realm; not to mention a disturbing one at that.
Apparently and unfortunately, however, this seems not to be a singular incident, but rather a business-as-usual attitude for both the publication, as well as — depending on who you ask — an acceptable "behavior" in male geekdom.
Case in point: Caitlyn Martin writes in a blog item that the August Linux Journal ad is not new behavior for the magazine. Martin's blog is a good read, but more immediately it points out a Linux Journal column by "Gnull and Voyd" — a man and wife team where the "woman" writes the column but the "man" is the one with all the answers on Linux issues "because he's the smart one."
Another case in point: A blogger named Mackenzie (and perhaps, like Sting or Cher, she doesn't have a last name, but I'd be willing to bet she does) posted a blog item that deals specifically about the fact that women who program are not at events for boys and men who program to hit on.
[An aside: Tux Magazine's Mango Parfait, who is drawn like a Japanese manga comic book character, is also a bit much.]
I'm the last person to pull out the PC card (political correctness, not personal computer), but ads, columns and behavior like this insults women in general, insults women programmers/digital professionals directly and insults me indirectly as a male member of this widespread digital community.
The explanation in all cases, apparently, is "they do it because they're nerds, and that's okay" or "this is typical male geek behavior." Unfortunately, that doesn't cut it anymore; and — hey, you guys who think with the organ between your ears — you're as embarrassed as I am by being painted by the same stroke of this brush used to deservingly illustrate our less-sensitive bretheren, no?
The point here is simple: Women and men — both in the realm of the digital field as well as outside in society as a whole — should be treated equally and with respect. How that is even an issue among intelligent people in this field continues to be a mystery.
But the Linux Journal ad: Fail. Some of the Linux Journal and Tux Magazine columns mentioned above: Fail. Guys who turn into Pavlov's dog at the mere sight of a woman at any computer event (and the computer industry entities that foster this behavior): Fail.
My wife Kyoko and I left Japan, in large part, because we didn't want to raise a daughter in a culture that, for all its advantages, still had a very low glass ceiling — to say nothing of second-class attitudes — for girls and women (to say nothing of societal norms in Japan that are still, to put it diplomatically, systematically and structurally stacked against women being treated as equals to men). While the U.S. isn't perfect on a plethora of levels (and don't get me started here . . . ), it does provide for more equal opportunities for women than a place like Japan.
And what about in the digital world? Well, as if that needs saying, I certainly am not going to stand by and let the same attitudes hold her back in the digital realm.
(Larry Cafiero, editor/publisher of Open Source Reporter, is an associate member of the Free Software Foundation.)


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California Council for the Humanities
California Stories Initiative
Years of Valor, Years of Hope
Tulare County and the Years 1941-1946
Tulare County Library
The Friends of the Tulare County Library
And the Tulare County Historical Society
Interviews in 2003-2004
CD: This is Catherine Doe and we're sitting in the house of Morey
Low. Mr. Low, can you say your name and spell it.
ML: Morey Low, M-o-r-e-y, L-o-w.
CD: Okay. We're just going to start with -- tell me a little bit about your background, where you were born, where your parents were born.
ML: My
parents were born in Canton,
CD: Yeah, that's a province, right?
ML: That's right, uh-huh.
CD: And then so what brought them here?
ML: Better life for their family. That's why they brought them here.
CD: Where did they first land?
ML: I think they landed first in San Francisco. From there on I believe he went to Stockton. And he came over as a -- doing laundry. And after that he got to Stockton he learned how to cut meat and became a meat cutter.
CD: Oh. Your dad came over alone?
ML: Yes, he did, he came alone. I think he had his grandfather up there in San Francisco. I think he kind of went a little bit in the gold fields, too, at that time.
CD: Did he?
ML: Yeah, right. I remember him talking a little bit about that. From there on, like I said, he went to Stockton, then to Fresno where he learned how to be a meat cutter.
CD: And how did he end up in Tulare County? Or was that you --
ML: Then he came to Visalia and opened up a little market.
CD: Oh, which one?
ML: Used to be the National Market on Bridge Street. And there used to be the California Hotel on top and there was an auto parts store on the corner of Main and Bridge.
(There is more about the California "hotel" on pages 25-26 of this interview.-ed.)
CD: And what's there now?
ML: It's a vacant lot now.
CD: Oh, they tore down the California --
ML: They tore the hotel, they tore down -- all that part of -- I think it's just a parking lot right now. Razzari's probably got it or something like that.
CD: Yeah. What happened to the California Hotel?
ML: I really don't know. I moved away and that's about the only thing I know about that.
CD: Oh, okay. So, he was -- settled in Tulare County and he had the -- what was it called, the National Store?
ML: Yes. National Market.
CD: National Market. Yeah. And then, when were you born?
ML: Nineteen thirty-one. I think I was born where that Bank of America building is right now off of Center Street.
CD: Did you ever tell them that?
ML: No. (Lots of laughter)
CD: Oh, gosh. And so you were born in 1931 right downtown. And so your family business was the National --
ML: There was a house there before, and they tore that down and then my dad had that market and I think he rented that building from Doctor Lipson at that time.
CD: Oh, okay.
ML: I think he rented another -- across the alley he had a smoke house and he ran some buildings for some employees that he had.
CD: So, he rented it, he didn't own the building?
ML: No, he didn't own that building.
CD: Right. Was that area considered Chinatown?
ML: Yes.
CD: That was Chinatown right there?
ML: Well, Chinatown is on Center Street, but we were right next to Center Street, right across the alley from there.
CD: Oh, okay. So, you were born and then what schools did you go to?
ML: I went to the Carrie Barnett School. It's not there anymore now.
CD: Oh, the Clara -- what was it called again?
ML: Carrie Barnett. Right next to it used to be the Webster School. From there I went to the Sierra Vista Junior High. In fact, I was very lucky you know at that time I ran for class president and I made it.
CD: Oh, you were class president of what year? Seventh or eighth?
ML: Oh, gosh. Seventh grade.
CD: Oh, that's cute. And how big was Chinatown then?
ML: Chinatown was just that block from Santa Fe to Bridge Street. That was it. Both sides.
CD: Right. And what was there? I mean, why did they call it Chinatown?
ML: Well, there's lot of Chinese lived there. You have all the Chinese restaurants. They had some Japanese there, too, at the same time.
CD: And are some of those Chinese restaurants still there?
ML: Yeah, the Hong Kong is still there. The corner of Bridge and Center used to be the Chinese Pagoda.
CD: Like a restaurant or a Pagoda?
ML: Restaurant, which is that steak house there right now.
CD: Oh, okay.
ML: See, I think they excavated that and they found a lot of artifacts.
CD: Oh,
really. You know what happened to them?
ML: Well, I'll tell you, my dad used to tell me "don't go down into the cellar down there." 'Cause he rented the first floor of one of the buildings there. And my belief at that time was that there was an opium den down there. Cause I snuck down there one time.
CD: What did you see?
ML: I saw a lot of guys in there in their rooms just smoking away.
(A dim room with different cubicles with bunk beds in them)
CD: Really.
ML: Yeah, I smelled it. It was a kind of sweet smell. I got out of there. That was it. I never went back in there.
CD: Right. And you think that is why your dad told you not to go down there?
ML: Yes. I think so. I guess the old Chinese used to have gambling in there. I remember I used to go in there when I was a kid. I used to play Pai Gow and all --
CD: Uh-huh.
ML: And I was just watching them and seeing them; I just never got interested in the gambling.
CD: Right. And they excavated that same site?
ML: That's when they put the -- what is it, the --
CD: Steakhouse?
ML: Steakhouse right now. First they had to get a foundation.
CD: Right. So they had to dig around there. Interesting. You think they found pipes or something.
ML: I don't know. They said they found a lot of interesting glasses, things like that, yeah.
CD: Interesting glasses is funny. I had an interview with a Japanese fellow and he lived there, too. He lived in Chinatown
ML: There used to be a Japanese fellow Sumida.
CD: Yes.
ML: Is that who you said --
CD: Yeah, his family lived there.
ML: Yes, his family lived there. I knew the family.
CD: I think he's older than you though, right? He's about ten years older.
ML: Yeah, I think, something like that. What was his name, do you remember?
CD: Sumida. He had a brother.
ML: Yeah, it's Roy. And I see them once in a while. Real nice people.
CD: And he went to a Japanese school. Did they have a similar thing for the Chinese? Did you guys have a Chinese school?
ML: Yes, we did. My folks used to have some lady take us, I think her name was Mrs. Cook, and she took us to Hanford. There used to be a Chinese school over there. So I went to school there about at least three or four years, you know.
CD: Was it just on the weekends, though?
ML: No, weekdays. After the English school they would haul us over there.
CD: I see. How come they just didn't set one up in Visalia?
ML: Wasn't enough people. There's a lot of Chinese in Hanford, too. So they just condensed it, made one school out of it.
CD: So, how many Chinese do you think were in Visalia at that time in the '40s?
ML: Well, there's the Gong family, ourselves, the Chan family, the Chans were pretty good-sized family, and I believe that's --
CD: So, you're just talking about five or six families?
ML: Yeah.
CD: So, they'd haul you. What about Hanford, how big was Hanford?
ML: Hanford had quite a few, too. Cause we had uncles and aunts over there, too. Actually, I think they had more in Hanford than in Visalia.
CD: Do you think it was like a hundred people?
ML: Oh, I don't think there were --
CD: -- that many?
ML: Not that many. There were quite a few.
CD: What about church? Did you guys have a temple?
ML: That was the school; it was part of a church, too, at the same time.
CD: Okay.
ML: In fact, the building is still there.
CD: Oh, is it?
ML: That's right.
CD: Is it downtown?
ML: Yeah, the older part of town. It's where that Chinese restaurant and --
CD: Yeah, Hanford is a cute little community.
ML: You'll see that kind of church-like building over there.
CD: And that's where the school was?
ML: Yes, that's right.
CD: So, what did they teach you?
ML: Oh, Chinese, you know, counting --
CD: How to write?
ML: Write, yes. And I forgot a lot of it --
CD: Yeah. So your dad and your mother, they spoke Chinese and wrote Chinese and all that?
ML: Yes, uh-huh.
CD: And they wanted you guys to learn it, too?
ML: Well, right. Well, that's what we learned was Chinese before we learned English.
CD: At home?
ML: At home and that is the only thing they would speak to us.
CD: Yeah.
ML: And which I'm glad they did.
CD: Yeah.
ML: Because otherwise I wouldn't be able to speak some of the Chinese that I do.
CD: Yeah. Did you ever go back to
ML: Yes. My dad took me back in 1949, after the war
CD: Well, it's good you knew some Chinese, then.
ML: Yeah. I learned some. When we went over there we were kids. I was still in high school then. And I went there just to play basketball, sports. I was kind of interested in sports. But I learned some, you know, I learned the customs.
CD: You went there you mostly were doing sports?
ML: No, I didn't. My dad sent us over there to get us married, actually.
CD: And did you?
ML: Yeah.
CD: So, you met your wife over there?
ML: No, I divorced her after I got back.
CD: Oh, I see.
ML: I just wasn't -- we were from different worlds.
CD: Oh, born
ML: It's a different world. Just one of the sad things in life, you know.
CD: Yeah. Well, it's hard. I've seen that, I've seen that in the valley. The parents are born one country and the kids are born here.
ML: And they
all want the younger generation to go back there and then that way he'll go
back to
CD: Oh, did
he ultimately want that? Did he
ultimately want the family to go back to
ML: Yeah, that's what they wanted. That's why they wanted us to go back there and get married, you know. A lot of them -- a lot of the friends that I went back, they stay married. But I just -- I guess I was just one of the different ones.
CD: Yeah. But did they stay in
ML: No. They came back.
CD: Yeah. That's why your dad came over here in the first place. It's funny they wanted you to go back.
ML: Well, they want you to visit the old country. So, you'll see it once, which is good because in education you see how those people live, how hard they work, compared to the opportunity you have over here.
CD: Yeah, makes you appreciate this.
ML: So you appreciate that a lot more, yeah.
CD: Wasn't
that a bad time in
ML: Well,
just after the war with
CD: So, it wasn't that bad?
ML: It wasn't that bad. Then the Communists came so we left just before the Communists came.
CD: Cause wasn't that in 1949.
ML: Yeah, right, 1949. So we left about then.
CD: Oh, okay. 'Cause you could have gotten stuck there.
ML: We had -- I had a friend named Tom Gong that got stuck there.
CD: Did he ever get out?
ML: Oh, he finally got out. It took him least over ten years before he got out.
CD: Ten years.
ML: That's right. He was stuck there.
CD: Is he related to the Gong family you knew?
ML: Yes. Right.
CD: Wow, that's scary.
ML: In fact,
we went back together in the boat, you know, in the boat. I think it was The President
Roosevelt or something like that. So, we
all went back to
CD: Did you all go find wives?
ML: Yeah, well, they did. My brother and I, you know, he was actually more ready than I was. I was just --
CD: How old were you?
ML: Oh, my goodness, I was just about 17.
CD: Oh, no. That's too young.
ML: I knew that.
CD: And your brother, how old was he?
ML: He was 18, 18 ½. He was over a year older than I was. But he was kind of more ready. He moved around more circles than I did. I was kind of a little quiet.
CD: So, did he get married?
ML: Yeah, he got married too. He got married first.
CD: And then he came back?
ML: They came back. After a while they got divorced, too. It just didn't quite work out, you know.
CD: That
would be hard to be married to someone born in
ML: Well, see, most of these, some of the women were born over here, too.
CD: Oh, they were going back too, to look for husbands?
ML: They were doing the same thing. Their dad did the same thing.
CD: Why didn't they just hook up everybody here?
ML: Well,
it's hard. They figured if you hooked up
here you would never go back to
CD: Yeah, because their family would all be there.
ML: Right.
CD: Yeah. So, I don't know. Reading the history of
ML: Nineteen thirty-one, the war started in forty-one --
CD: Yes, you were about ten.
ML: Ten years old.
CD: Do you remember when Pearl Harbor was bombed, where you were at?
ML: Oh, yes, right.
CD: What were you doing?
ML: I was
inside the house. We just lived right
behind the store, so we were there. I remember my dad said, "
CD: What did everybody say?
ML: They said, you know, they were just kind of shocked in a way.
CD: Were you shocked that they would do that?
ML: In a
way. But we were still young. So we didn't think too much of it, you
know. But then, pretty soon a lot of the
Sumidas and Otanis -- cause my dad used to sell meat to those people, he had a
meat market there. And so all of a
sudden -- the kids that went to high school that were Japanese kids, they had
to leave, you know, they had to sell all their goods and all. We just kind of felt bad. You know, that's war, I guess. You know, we just were kind of young so we
didn't quite understand. But we didn't
like it. But there was nothing we could
do about it. And I think the
And I remember one time we were going to Fresno or San Francisco. My dad was driving this little van and we was driving by where the Holiday Inn is, or at least that's the airport out there, see. And they had these black widow planes and we were just driving through -- ooh, the airplanes -- we were just kids and Highway Patrol, a policeman stopped my dad. They thought we were spies. Watching all this stuff.
CD: Spies for
ML: For
CD: I bet.
ML: And finally my dad explained to him and everything else, so he let us go, you know. At the same time you can't blame them. It was just their job. They had to make sure everything's okay.
CD: What's the black widow?
ML: A night fighter airplane.
CD: What was it doing in Visalia?
ML: I don't know. They were just stationed there, you know. In case --
CD: Really.
ML: They had all these bunkers and all the planes were inside. It was like a U-shaped mound. I remember all those.
CD: What did the bunker look like?
ML: The bunker is just like a U-shaped mound and then they park the plane inside of it. Instead of a hangar they put it in these bunkers.
CD: With no cover?
ML: No cover.
CD: Just a bunker?
ML: Yeah. They might have had nets over the top. I don't remember. We couldn't see, you know. But I saw the bunkers, you know.
CD: So, you guys went into take a peak?
ML: No, we didn't take a peak. We just drove by it.
CD: Right.
ML: We just drove by it. We just kind of slowed down just to look at it, you know.
CD: Was that at the Visalia airport or were you --
ML: Yes, That's Visalia airport.
CD: Oh, cause they have the different fields, Sequoia Field and Rankin.
ML: No, not the Sequoia Field. 198. That's where the Holiday Inn is right now.
CD: What do
you mean by the
ML: Well, I think they learned a lesson when they put all the Japanese in these concentration -- not concentration -- camps, you know. In Arizona --
CD: They call them concentration camps.
ML: Yeah, concentration camp and that's what I meant by that.
CD: But they shouldn't have done it?
ML: I don't think they should have done it.
CD: Little -- over the reactionary --
ML: I think so. I think they realized that themselves. I think in these years now they realized they shouldn't have done it. That's in the past. You can't live in the past.
CD: One of the Presidents apologized, I think, you know, fifty years too late. So you were at home when Pearl Harbor was bombed. What was it like? You were at Sierra Vista at that time?
ML: Yes, Sierra Vista.
CD: What was it like when you went to school the next day?
ML: Well, we got teased. They thought that we were Japanese. They couldn't tell the difference 'cause we all kind of look alike anyway. So, we had to kind of laugh at it. We didn't like it. But, I said, no, we're Chinese, we're not Japanese.
CD: But, how would they know? A lot of kids nowadays wouldn't know the difference.
ML: No, they wouldn't know the difference. You have to kind of tell them, you know.
CD: Big country; little country. What would you do about it?
ML: Nothing. We just -- some of it teases, you know, things like that. But we just kind of let it go. Because my dad said, "Hey, don't get involved in anything, just keep quiet; just walk away from it." So, that's what he told us. We almost look alike and things like that.
CD: So, after that happened, did your family have like a little family meeting and say, "Okay, this is what's going to happen?" Did they keep you informed?
ML: Well, they just told us to be careful out there. That's what they said. You know, cause we're not Japanese, we're Chinese. And you know, just -- unfortunately that happens -- that's what happened to us.
CD: Do you remember the day the Japanese got onto the train and left?
ML: Oh, yes. When they got onto the train, some of the Japanese that we knew in Chinatown, they came over there and gave us and sold a lot of their stuff to my mom and dad, like oranges and things like that, you know. They had one of those that was a big stand. And lot of things that they gave to us. I guess they were good friends of my parents. We just hated to see them leave.
CD: Did you guys keep in touch, did you write and stuff?
ML: No, 'cause we were too young at that time.
CD: I mean your parents. Did your parents write back --
ML: They were just friends. I don't think they did.
CD: Yeah.
ML: I think once they got out of the concentration camp they came back, some of them came back to Visalia. We just resumed relationships.
CD: Right. So, overall how did your family feel about
ML: Well, there was nothing they could do about it. They just, hey, that's the sign of the times or whatever you want to call it. There's nothing you can do about it.
CD: Do you
think they expected it and they were hoping they wouldn't, that the
ML: Well, you mean the Japanese and the --?
CD: Your
family, like your parents. Do you think
they were hoping the
ML: Well, they couldn't help it, they bombed Pearl Harbor. It's just like 9/11, the same thing. There's no difference, you know. So, they didn't like it. It's just -- what else can they do? They're in this country, they have to go with it, you know. I remember all the rations, everything else we went through.
CD: Yea. So how did your business deal with rationing? Did you actually get the stamps?
ML: Yeah, we had the stamps.
CD: What kind of store was it?
ML: It was just a meat market. Little small groceries. My dad bought meat from this meat place, in fact, it's by Ben Maddox, there used to be a meat place (slaughterhouse).
CD: Oh. What was it called, do you remember?
ML: OH, gosh I don't remember what they called that one. And my dad would go over there and buy meat there. And he'd have his truck and he'd haul it back and he'd cut it all up and everything else and sell it.
CD: Yeah. But the customers would have to have stamps to buy it. Would he have to have stamps to buy it from the guy on Ben Maddox?
ML: Yes, he had to give stamps, you know.
CD: Oh, he would have to get --
ML: I think he had to get the stamps to go to Ben Maddox. I think he did, you know. Cause I was still young.
CD: I know you were young, yeah. My dad was exactly your age. Russell Doe. I think he went to Sierra Vista, too.
ML: He did. Russell Doe.
CD: Yeah. He was in the band or something. So, your dad had the store. And how did the rationing affect your business?
ML: Well, if people had stamps you could sell to them, you know.
CD: Right. But would you run out?
ML: What? No, we always had plenty.
CD: Oh, good.
ML: We always had plenty. We could always go back to the slaughterhouse and get some, you know.
CD: Do you think that's because we live in an agricultural area? I mean some areas must have been running out of meat. I thought meat was kind of a shortage.
ML: Yeah, it was in short. But we never had any problems.
CD: Oh, well, that's good.
ML: We never had any problem, you know. Just enough -- I guess they look at the size of your store and how much you're selling so they just allotted so much cause I remember gasoline was allotted, too. You had to have stamps and everything.
CD: What would your family do about that? Wouldn't you need more?
ML: Oh, gas, we didn't go anywhere in those days. So, we knew a black fellow had a Richfield station over there. So we just kind of, you know, traded. So we always had gas but we didn't need that much. And he didn't eat that much meat so we just kind of, you know, trade off every so often.
CD: So, you'd give him meat and he'd give you gas?
ML: Yeah, right.
CD: I think it'd be a little extra. I mean, people were saying they didn't have enough gas to get out to the Goshen bus station.
ML: Yeah.
CD: That's not that far.
ML: We didn't go anywhere, I mean, in those days. In those days cars were slower. You go to San Francisco it'd take you six hours or more. And I remember him taking us up there.
CD: So, it would take six hours?
ML: Six hours and more. Now I can get up there in three and a half, four hours. Six hours or more in those days.
CD: What was the road that you guys would take?
ML: Well, we take --
CD: The 99?
ML: I think it was the 99. And then shoot -- and go on up that ways through Oakland and so forth.
CD: So the business and the gas, you don't remember -- a lot of the shortages didn't affect your business?
ML: No, not really. We always had enough, you know. I remember in those days, too, maybe forty-one, Pepsi Cola five cents. They had that song, you know.
CD: And what about family, around dinnertime, do you remember being a kid; do you remember the rationing affecting the family at all?
ML: No, because we always had enough meat. And Chinese don't eat that much meat anyway. So we had a lot of rice. So, we got raised with rice and we always had salt fish. And my mom made a lot of stuff, you know. Salt eggs, things like that. So we always had things like that.
CD: Where did the fish come from?
ML: This is dried fish. So, they usually, when they go to San Francisco they would go pick up some and bring it home, see. But they didn't have any, you know, oriental markets here.
CD: So during that time of gas rationing you guys never went up to San Francisco?
ML: Not too often.
CD: But did you?
ML: Yeah. I remember going up. I don't if it was between that period or not.
CD: Between 1941 and 1946?
ML: Wait a minute. I remember when Madam Chiang Kai-Shek came to San Francisco during the war.
CD: Really. What year was that?
ML: Oh, my goodness, don't ask me what year it was, you know. My dad took the whole family up there. And boy, that Chinatown was just so packed with people. All the Chinese people went up there and donated the money to them, you know.
CD: For what?
ML: For the
war against
CD: I always
ML: I remember that trip we took. I was standing in Chinatown. I think it was Stockton or something like that. She was there.
CD: Did you see her?
ML: No. Just too little. And then you get so many people. We were just like little ants running around.
CD: Right.
And did you know who she was?
ML: Oh, yeah.
We all knew Chiang Kai-Shek back in
CD: That's exciting. That's a lot of gas, though, to get up there.
ML: Yeah, to get up there, right. Those cars, cars can't go very fast anyway, use that much gas anyway.
CD: I know people just really complained about not even, they couldn't even get to Hanford and all that. When the war started, did that affect your Chinese school, going to Hanford and going to Chinese school or did everything just go on the same?
ML: What? It's let's see now. It's '41-'46, yeah. We went there. Just everything just about the same, there wasn't too much difference for us.
CD: Business as usual?
ML: Yeah.
CD: And people understood that you were Chinese?
ML: Yes. Sometimes when we got to the school they would get on us a little bit. "You Jap" and things like that. We didn't like that, you know. They didn't call us Chinks or things like that. But, you know, we just have to overlook those things. That's what our family teaches us, you know.
CD: Right.
ML: We just say, "Don't even pay attention to them, just keep going, that's it."
CD: That was good advice.
ML: So, that's all we did to survive, that's all.
CD: Right.
ML: Sometimes they'll beat you up.
CD: Did they?
ML: Oh, they didn't. You know, they would want to if you mouth off to them or talk to them. Like the young kids today, they mouth off. That's why they're always in a fight.
CD: They shoot nowadays.
ML: I know. In those days, we didn't get involved.
CD: Fistfights look pretty innocuous now.
ML: When I ran for President of the Sierra Vista, I could feel that they didn't like me being the president through the principals and some of the teachers, because I was the first oriental that became president of Sierra Vista. But I could feel it.
CD: So that was during the war years.
ML: Yeah, I could feel it. After that I just stayed out of it. I didn't want to get involved any more.
CD: Really. So the student body elected you.
ML: That's right.
CD: You were more popular with the student body and you felt the resistance with the teachers?
ML: Yes, that's right. That's what I felt. Yeah, I could just feel it.
CD: Well, they didn't grow up with you.
ML: Right.
CD: You know, they're old school, the teachers and the principal.
And how long do you think that took to calm down the name-calling and the tension, how long after the war?
ML: After the war they still did some after the war, you know, go back to camp or things like that. I remember those things. But it might have taken just two or three years or something.
CD: Took a couple of years?
ML: Couple of years. After that the Japanese started coming back they would pick on them I remember that. So we kind of stuck up for them.
CD: Oh, you did.
ML: Oh, yeah. I say, hey, look, it's over with, you know just kind of leave it be. That's where I got to know all the Japanese people. Like Doctor Isota.
CD: I don't know him.
ML: He was here during the war.
CD: He might have been interviewed. I was only supposed to do five. But then I've ended up doing about ten.
ML: Because he and I become best friends. We went to high school.
CD: Once you were in high school, was the war over?
ML: Let's see now. No, I think the war was over in '41.
CD: No, '45.
ML: yeah. It was over.
CD: It was over. So you were in high school in '46. And so --
ML: We got called names, too, but you know, we just kind of let it go, you know.
CD: So after
that you never wanted to, you never ran for student body office again?
ML: No, I just kind of stayed away from there, any politics.
CD: That's too bad.
ML: I know. When I see people like that, hey, I just kind of shy me away.
CD: Oh, well, politics. You're not missing anything.
ML: I just didn't enjoy that. At least one thing I say, my peers voted me in; it wasn't them (the teachers). That's what I have to look back to.
CD: Right.
ML: But then I knew all the kids they you know and everything else.
CD: Yeah, the teachers can be very out of touch.
ML: They were a little bit out of touch, yeah, that's what I felt anyway.
CD: So once you got to high school, did everything pretty much return back to normal, were there dances and all the men were back in sports and --
ML: Yeah. It just kind of went right back to normal.
CD: So, the sports program --
ML: It was okay. I played sports quite a bit.
CD: What did you play?
ML: I played basketball, football. I was a little tiny guy.
CD: What year did you play? Did you play as a freshman?
ML: No. I was too small. I played when I was a junior
and a senior. I went back to
CD: Oh, really. And then it turned to Redwood?
ML: Yeah, then -- yeah, then they went to where Mt. Whitney is, Visalia Union High School went over there. When I left, it became Mt. Whitney and then pretty soon they opened this school back up and it became Redwood.
CD: Oh, I didn't realize that was the chain of events. Cause I've heard the yearbooks are over at Mt. Whitney, which wouldn't make any sense to me because Redwood was Visalia High.
ML: What happened was, I think what they did, they made Visalia High a junior high school, see, and then transferred sophomore, juniors and seniors to Mt. Whitney over there. Eventually the town got bigger and then they opened it back up again to be a high school.
CD: So then Mt. Whitney was the high school and Visalia High didn't exist as a high school anymore, it was a junior high.
ML: No, that's right.
CD: So, that's why. I always thought that was funny, I thought, why didn't they just keep the yearbooks at Redwood? So, Redwood was a junior high for a while. So, you were the last graduating class of Visalia High. Did you know it?
ML: Yes.
CD: And what was the graduation like?
ML: Oh, it was great, you know. Same, just like any graduation.
CD: Yeah. Oh, that's neat. So, my dad was about your age, about 11 -- ten, 11, 12. And one of his little friends would deliver milk to the brothels. Do you remember that?
ML: Oh, yeah, that was right above our meat market.
CD: What hotel was that?
ML: California Hotel. And we were kids, you know. And we and everybody kind of knew that. The high school kids knew and everything else. So we had a staircase going up on Bridge Street and then they had another one coming down on Main Street. So as kids we'd go up there. We'd run up the stairs, knock on her door, and ran back down the other side. So, we were kind of you know, being mean, you know.
CD: Right.
ML: So we kind of laugh about it today.
CD: What do you mean "her," there was just one?
ML: That's all we knew. I don't know if you want me to mention her name.
CD: Oh, sure.
ML: Her name was Toy. That's all we knew.
CD: Toy, her name was Toy.
ML: And the kids in high school, they'd know that too. They said -- so, it was kind of funny.
CD: Oh, gosh. Well, I think there were three or four brothels.
ML: That's the only one we knew 'cause it was above us.
CD: Right, right. How funny.
ML: I know it's funny.
CD: Cause Visalia was such a rowdy town, so much more than now. Now there's lots of churches, very few bars. There were a lot of bars and brothels and yeah, it's different. So what would kids do for fun during the war. You guys couldn't drive around. What would you guys do?
ML: Let's see, during the war years, let me think. I know I was going to high school. I don't know if that was after or not. I couldn't remember. We didn't do much actually, to tell you the truth. We kind of kept to ourselves a little bit, you know, 'cause our dad would keep us busy 'cause I learned how to cut meat then when I was just a little kid.
CD: Would you help in the store?
ML: Oh, yeah. I was cutting meat when I was a little teenager growing up.
CD: So pretty much what would you do after school?
ML: After school, we'd come back and help our dad work because he needed some help. He had some Chinese help there but then eventually that time they all left and got stores of their own or went to work for somebody else. So we just kind of helped him out. We just learned, my brothers and I, we just learned how to cut meat.
CD: Were you the only butcher around?
ML: No. There was a Gongs Market. There used to be a Fairway over there, too. And there was a Chans Market. So there were about four Chinese stores in town.
CD: And how were all your customers? Like after Pearl Harbor, did your customers say anything to you?
ML: No. They knew they getting meat from us and everything. They were happy. We knew them by name and everything else. They always came, you know.
CD: Yeah. That was good. Whatever happened to the store?
ML: My dad
took us back to
CD: Oh.
ML: So we opened a store over there.
CD: So you graduated from high school here and then you went to Los Banos?
ML: Right.
CD: And you guys opened up a store there?
ML: Yeah, bigger store.
CD: A bigger -- just a butcher store.
ML: No, with groceries.
CD: Wow. And how was that?
ML: That was good, very good. We became the best -- the biggest market in Los Banos.
CD: And is it still there?
ML: No.
CD: What happened?
ML: We opened up, all the brothers kind of -- some of them went into pharmacy and, you know, and things like that.
CD: How many were there of you?
ML: There was, let's see, there was John, myself, there was Henry, there was Herb, and there was Jenny, my sister.
CD: And you guys all kind of went -- nobody took over the business?
ML: Well, I did for a while. And then my brother did. And then we just kind of didn't get along. So it kind of built itself up, you know. Everybody wanted to go their own ways.
CD: Right. And so you ended coming back?
ML: Then I ended up with a market in Merced and I ended up with that one in Los Banos over there. Then the union picketed me for nine years, you know.
CD: Really.
ML: Oh, yeah, just because I didn't want to join their union, and hey, I figured, "Hey, I fought the wars. It's a free country, hey, you don't tell me what to do. If my employees don't want to work for me, if they don't think I'm paying them fair wages, I don't have a ball and chain to tie them down, they can go somewhere else." But in the meantime, when they were picketing us, they started picketing all the "Chinese Market" people, you know. That's when the Chinese got together and joined another (union). And that eliminated the retail clerks union and the meat union because Safeway moved out of Los Banos. They moved out of a lot of towns in the valley because the Chinese took over and they didn't like that because we had our own union and our prices were lower.
(They picketed Young's market first, then State Market in Coalinga, and then National Market in Los Banos, which was my market.)
CD: Right. But you made the Chinese union?
ML: Well, yes, it just formed another union on its own.
CD: So that's a union.
ML: Oh, yeah.
CD: So they couldn't have any reason to picket?
ML: No, no. Besides that, they didn't pick on the Chinese in the valley. So we actually in a way knocked off the union in this valley. But they combined with the meat union to form their own. They just went after Safeway and all the other stores. They just left us alone.
CD: And so then what happened?
ML: What?
CD: You still have your store?
ML: No. I got out of it. They tried to kill me twice.
`` (They knocked on my door and no one opened the door, and the cops found acid on the ground next to the front door. Then, they unscrewed all the lugs on all four tires of my car when I was in Merced.)
CD: Ooh. The union?
ML: That's right. I can't prove it but I know --
CD: Right, yeah.
ML: You know how they're very discreet. They tried to rob me twice, broke into my store, tried to take my -- rob my safe, I had a good safe. Things like that, you know. And then I say, "Hey, that's it, that's enough."
CD: Really.
ML: Yeah, and I got out of it.
CD: Wow, those unions --
ML: A lot of people don't understand it but they think, oh, it's great, it's great.
CD: Well, if there wasn't so much corruption it would be, actually.
ML: So I just say, hey, that's past, I don't want to -- you know, I just can't go back into it.
CD: So what brought you back here to Visalia?
ML: I got out of the grocery business and I went into the toy business.
CD: Oh, the toy business.
ML: That's right.
CD: Oh, just like that brothel lady.
(Lots of laughter)
ML: No, not that way.
CD: That's such a cute name. So, did any of your family get drafted?
ML: I joined the service myself.
CD: But the war was over by then.
ML: Yeah, I went to the Korean War.
CD: What arm of the service?
ML: The Army.
CD: Oh, you went into the Army. What about your older brother?
ML: My older brother, he got drafted. He was -- he went to Texas, you know, he was over there. And then the other one was in the ROTC. And one of them, he got exempt, you know, he didn't go in at all. But I think it's good experience for all the young kids going in cause I think that's when I grew up. I believe myself that this country should let, at least have these kids go in there for a year or two so they really realize what's going on, how much they can appreciate this county instead of just letting them run around loose and do what they want. That's my opinion, okay.
CD: And so you went to the Army. Were you sent anywhere?
ML: Yes, I
was sent over to
CD: Which is good.
ML: Well,
yeah. Then after that they shipped me to
CD: Right. You didn't get sent to the front lines. Did you ever find out what happened to the rest of your group?
ML: Some of them I know got killed. I don't know about the rest, but I know some got killed.
CD: Right. Was everything integrated then? The Army. Were all the blacks and whites and Asians and everybody together?
ML: They're all together, but then they just --they still have that resentment of the blacks and things like that. The Orientals, we fit in a little bit better. So they didn't bother us too much. But I noticed a guy -- I met some colonel there, he was a colonel in the Army. He and I talked; he was my officer in charge and he kind of took a liking to me because he knew I'd get the job done. And you could see the resentment he had, you know.
CD: Really.
ML: He would get bypassed for promotion, things like that. He kind of mentioned something to me.
CD: Resentment he had -- was he Asian?
ML: No, he was black.
CD: Oh, he was black. He got passed over because he was black.
ML: He was a colonel already. These are the things that they feel they get passed up, you know.
CD: Cause it was segregated during the war?
ML: A little bit during the war. But you know, you have to live through that.
CD: Yeah, must be hard. So, you didn't know anybody who went over and fought in World War II, none of your family went?
ML: When World War II --
CD: Uh-huh.
ML: Yeah, my uncle did.
CD: Oh, really.
ML: And then I had another uncle that went there to the front lines. I think he was in one of the islands over there.
CD: Oh, really.
ML: Oh, yeah. He was telling me some of his war stories.
CD: Where was he from?
ML: He's
already passed away, you know. He was
CD: Was he from Tulare County?
ML: Yeah.
CD: What's his name?
ML: Oh, gosh, let me think a minute. Oh, oh --
CD: Sorry, making things so hard.
ML: Oh, gosh, I can't even think of his name right now, you know. I know there used to be the tea garden, a guy named Kai, you know, in fact his father, he went to the war over there, too. He was at the Chinese tea garden.
CD: The Chinese tea garden right now?
ML: Yeah, right now, yeah. That's his son in there right now. I know he went too. But I can't think of my uncle's name, one of my uncles, you know, but he was up there. And gosh, it was brutal up there. Just some of the things, I don't even want to talk about that.
CD: Yeah, I know, war stories, yeah. Did he help out with the business or did he have his own business?
ML: Well, he helped my dad. When he got out of the Army he, you know, he -- when he first got out. After that he came to work for my dad.
CD: And then he struck out on his own, got his own business?
ML: Most of the Chinese, they do that, yeah.
CD: So, did your family do anything to support the war effort like, do you remember buying bonds or --
ML: Yeah, oh, yeah, they bought bonds. And they helped Chiang Kai-Shek, you know, supported them up there, you know.
CD: Yes, I guess that would be. Yeah.
ML: So, they did that.
CD: Do you remember very many people growing victory gardens?
ML: Yes, in fact we had one in our backyard.
CD: Oh, you did.
ML: Oh, yeah. We had chickens there. And all that.
CD: And what would you grow?
ML: Oh, we grew the Chinese vegetables. All the Chinese -- bok choy, squashes, things like that. We had melons growing back there. My mom used to grow a victory garden back there.
CD: Do you remember very much about any kind of black market during the rationing? Cause usually when you have rationing --
ML: Oh, there is some, there is some.
CD: What do you remember about it?
ML: Oh, well, hey, you don't have stamps, just sell it.
CD: Oh, I see, just sell it anyway.
ML: The people they need it, you know. That's the way it goes, you know.
CD: Right. So Chiang Kai-Shek was fighting against the
Japanese at that time. Is that the same
leader that went to
ML: That's right.
CD: That's the party there.
ML: That's the party there. After the Communists took over, he --
CD: He went
over to
ML; He went
CD: Yeah. So when Madam Chiang Kai-Shek came to the
ML: That was a big event. A very big event. Chinatown was just packed with people. I can still remember that. I mean, it was packed.
CD: Do you think like --
ML: The streets, you couldn't even take a car and go down the street, you know, there was just people there. All the Chinese community from all over just came. It was just packed. I can still remember that.
CD: Where did you guys stay that night?
ML: We had relatives up there in San Francisco at that time. They had a market on Richmond Street.
CD: That must
have been exciting. So where were you
when the
ML: I think I was at the store at that time.
CD: Did you guys have the radio on or what?
ML: No. We didn't have the radio. We just heard about it.
CD: What was the reaction?
ML: The reaction, hey, the war's over. That's it, you know, it's over. Cause you realize, hey, once they kill that many people at one shot they can go into Tokyo and do the same thing and it's over.
CD: But it
wasn't over.
ML: Let's see. Let me think. This is right after the atomic bomb, right?
CD: Yeah, we
bombed Hiroshima and then
ML: Right. They didn't surrender at that time. But they knew eventually they would.
CD: Oh, so you just thought eventually --
ML: With a big bomb like that there's no way -- nobody can take that.
CD: Yeah. Looking back on it I cannot believe they wouldn't surrender after Hiroshima. It just makes you --
ML: We feel it won't be too far away.
CD: yeah. So the feeling was generally happy?
ML: Right. Cause the war was over there won't be any more rationing, there won't be all that, you know, all the other stuff.
CD: And how
soon did
ML: To tell you the truth, I don't remember when they pulled out. It wasn't too much longer after all that. They surrendered I think everything else went, right or wrong with what's happening, you know.
CD: Right.
So, the Chinese community would have had two things to celebrate. You mentioned
ML: Yeah. After that Communists took over.
CD: I know. It didn't work.
CD: I know. It's too bad.
ML: I know it.
CD: Oh, well. Good thing you're here. Oh, gosh. Let's see. So over all, how would you say that World War II affected Tulare County?
ML: Well, I think after that everybody got back to normal, living and everything else. And everybody just wanted to make a living for their family 'cause all the families are getting bigger and larger and everything else so they just put their nose to the grindstone and just worked, that's it, you know, they tried to build something.
CD: Do you think things got better?
ML: Oh, I think so. After that because you didn't have the rationing, you didn't have anything else, you weren't tied down to all this other stuff with the war, you know.
CD: What was your car like? I mean, you couldn't buy a new car?
ML: No, gosh, it was an old car. It's just like -- what was it, those gangster day cars. That's what you had, you know. I remember the van we had, I think it was a Studebaker or something like that, you know.
CD: And how did you keep it repaired? Could your dad repair it or --?
ML: No, he didn't repair it. He had this garage guy next to the Buick place that had it repaired and I think he had this black guy that had a Richfield station right by it, he did a lot of work.
CD: How big was the black community here at that time?
ML: Not too big. I think there was only about two or three families that were here.
CD: Cause it's still small.
ML: It's still small. This town didn't like blacks. I have to be honest about that.
CD: Yeah, it seems that way.
ML: Tulare accepted them more than Visalia did. So we as Chinese were kind of fortunate. But we stayed out of the problems. They didn't bother us.
CD: How soon after the war were people able to buy a new car?
ML: Oh, gosh, really I wasn't the owner of a car so I wouldn't know. But I knew my dad got a new Buick.
CD: That must have been a big deal?
ML: First time they came out with a dynaflow.
CD: What's that?
ML: Well, it's an automatic transmission, it's called dynaflow. So, you know, we had a car.
CD: Wasn't that a big deal?
ML: Oh, it was a big deal. He wouldn't let us drive it too much. He had a van, you know, a little van to carry his meats in.
CD: Right.
ML: So we had two cars after a while.
CD: But his was the new car.
ML: We got to drive it once in a while; we snuck it out once in a while.
CD: And do you think things went for the better after the war, do you think the war was better for Tulare County that it happened?
ML: Well, I
think, you know, that prosperity kind of came on after that, you know, because
everybody, I think, prospered after the war with
CD: Did your family business do better after the war? Or did it stay about the same?
ML: I think it got a little bit better, you know. And of course there was no rationing so it had to be better.
CD: Right, because you can buy more.
ML: Everybody started working and the economy started picking up and everything else. So you've got to be better. If you didn't, we wouldn't be where we are today.
CD: Yeah.
ML: Of course, inflation came with that, too. But it's not as bad as today, the inflation today. Look at the gas price now. It's bad.
CD: I think the gas companies are working it, though.
ML: Oh, you think so. Everybody think it, you're not the only one.
CD: What about housing? A lot of people complained there was just no housing. Where did you live when you were eighteen?
ML: We lived right next door to the store.
CD: Oh, okay.
ML: Even when we moved to Los Banos, you know, we did the same. We build the quarters in the back. So, we house our employees and we house ourselves.
CD: Stay right by the store. So it was never an issue?
ML: Of course, it made us work longer, too.
CD: Exactly. Smart.
ML: The job was never done yet.
CD: Well, I guess -- did you have anything that you wanted to add about how World War II affected Tulare County or your family's life here during those years?
ML: Well, I
think after the war with
CD: I forgot to ask you about the floods. Do you remember the floods in '42?
ML: Oh, yeah.
CD: What part of town did it affect?
ML: Well, see, there used to be a lumber yard near here.
CD: Oh, the creek went underneath?
ML: Yeah, underneath. See, and we used to go by the lumberyard over there. We used to play in that creek over there. We used to swing, playing like Tarzan. We used to play war in the tunnel, underneath the town.
CD: Would you go under the town?
ML: Oh, yeah, we went under it.
CD: Didn't anybody ever drown?
ML: No, cause there's no water in it, see. We'd go in there and play war. But when a flood comes, there's water.
CD: Right.
ML: And so I remember the flood coming down the alley, see.
CD: Which alley?
ML: It's still there. Right between that steakhouse where our market was at that time. And I remember water was coming there. We had to put sandbags against our door so it wouldn't come inside.
CD: Was that successful?
ML: Yeah, oh, yeah, it kept it out there. Just coming down the alley. And then during the daytime, I remember, I used to run down Main Street and Bridge and, hey, just jump in the water and play around.
CD: How deep was it?
ML: Oh, it wasn't that deep. It'd just go -- you know, subsiding at that time a little bit.
CD: Right.
ML: So water didn't have anywhere to go 'cause the Mill Creek was carrying it.
CD: Was it going north to south or east to west? Which way was the water going?
ML: The water --
CD: How would it flow?
ML: Gosh, I think it was going west, I think.
CD: So, it wasn't flowing down Main Street, it would flow --
ML: It would just sit there after a while and then just keeps coming cause it's coming from that Mill Creek from the mountains. It's got to go west.
CD: Right. So it was flowing west.
ML: It just kept going and eventually, you know, when it stops, there's always water on Main Street 'cause it couldn't go anywhere else.
CD: And do you remember all the businesses closing?
ML: Oh, yeah.
CD: Would they flood?
ML: Well, the streets were flooded. I remember the streets were flooded.
CD: And would the businesses get ruined or would they be able to sandbag?
ML: Well, I don't know about the rest of them. I knew we were able to sandbag. We were okay.
CD: Were you higher?
ML: I don't know if that was higher or not. But we know it was going through. We didn't know how high it was going to get. But the water was just going, flowing through the town. I can remember looking out in the alley there and seeing it just keep coming. Just going through, you know, 'cause Mill Creek overflows.
CD: Was it very strong?
ML: Not really. We didn't walk out there 'cause we were scared of water anyways. We didn't swim. So we just kind of watched it. 'Cause my dad had an office and bedroom upstairs, you could look down the alley and just see the water going through. We used to go up there and look out the window.
CD: Right. It seemed to have happened like '42, '43.
ML: Somewhere then.
CD: It happened straight years in a row.
ML: Yeah.
CD: It didn't happen any more because the dam.
ML: They finally got that dam up there. That took care of it.
CD: Yeah, no more flooding.
Is there anything that you'd like to add that we didn't cover?
ML: Not that I know.
CD: Anything about school or the war?
ML: No, 'cause I think we covered just about everything that I can even think of.
CD: Okay. Well, thank you very much.
ML: Okay.
Catherine Doe/Transcribed by CP/Ed. By JW 10/4/04
(Ed: Words in italics were added during a phone conversation with Morey Low on October 4.)


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Corfu Town Sightseeing
|If we had to present everything worth visiting and seeing within the town, we would certainly have to give you only the most important monuments and places to be, just a hint to further investigation and planning according to your own interests and mood.
Let's start from the church of Aghios Spyridon, the protector saint of the town; the church is a one-aisle basilica with wooden roof, established in 1589. The relics of the saint are kept here within a gold-plated reliquary, decorated with precious stones. It is also worth seeing the icon screen of the church made of marble, the icons and a lot of religious souvenirs and votive offerings. Once visiting the church, the locals will ask you if you have seen the bell tower, of which they are very proud. And they are right, as it is really impressive, the highest in town. Apart from this historic church it is also worth visiting the church of Panaghia Spiliotissa, a three-aisle basilica built in 1577 to replace an even older one; the church is the cathedral of the town since 1841 and it has an important collection of Byzantine icons, some of them made by the eminent hagiographers Damaskinos and Tzannes. The Catholic and Anglican churches add up to the cosmopolitan character of the city and you may also see the Jewish Synagogue, housed in a beautiful building of the 19th century.
|Click on images to enlarge
|Panagia Spiliotissa church
|Detail from the Fortress
|Corfu Town
|The Liston area
|Numerous buildings and monuments from the period of the Venetian domination are preserved in the town. Certainly, the most important of them is the impressive Old Fortress, built at a natural stronghold site. It is a Venetian construction of the 15th century, built on the older Byzantine walls of the 13th and 14th centuries; the Venetians completed the fortification with a moat, which resulted to transform the place to a small, artificially made, islet. Several buildings are preserved within the castle, as the central gate (dated to 1550), the bastions of Martinengo, Savorgnian and Mandraki, some towers, the Anglican church of St. George (a basilica imitating an ancient Doric temple), built in 1840, the Catholic Chapel, known as "the Romanic Church", the buildings of the prisons, the British military quarters and the military hospital, the lighthouse and the clock tower. Most of the buildings house actual activities and services of the town, as the Central Municipal Library, the Historic Archives, the Byzantine Collection, a Conference Center and the shop of official copies of the Archaeological Service.
The Venetian period is also represented by the New Fortress, upon the hill overlooking the old port, which actually houses the Museum of Pottery and an open theater; you will also see the Municipal Hall, a very nice building of the late 17th century, known as the "Arcade of the Nobles" or "Loggia", the palace of the Latin Archbishop, actually housing the branch Agricultural Bank, the building of the Ionian Academy, built in early 17th century to house the Military Governor, up to 1824 when it was used to house the Ionian Academy. Also, don't miss to visit the Catholic Church of St. James ("Domos"), built in the 16th century and serving as the Cathedral of the Catholics since 1632. Finally, you will certainly see the most characteristic complex of multi-storey buildings with the series of arches at Spianada; it is the famous Liston, the meeting-place of the Corfiots, but also of the tourists, as it is a place often used as a natural scenery for films and TV serials and it is full of life with its numerous trendy cafes and bars.
|Click on images to enlarge
|Corfu town, the old Fortress
|Corfu town, the new Fortress
|St.Michael and St.George palace
Within the same central square you will also see the impressive Palace of St. Michael and St. George, built during the early years of the British domination and served as the seat of the British High Commissioner on the island, of the Ionian Senate and of the battalion of St. Michael and St. George. From 1864 up to the abolishment of monarchy in Greece, the building served as summer palace of the kings of Greece. Nowadays, it houses the Municipal Gallery and the Museum of Asian Art. In front of the building, you may see the statue of the British High Commissioner, Adam.
Several other buildings, apart from the military ones within the fortresses, are: the old house of Capodistrias, built in 1845; the building was the seat of the Prefecture until 1969, whereas today it houses the Ionian University. The building of the Ionian Parliament (where it has been declared the incorporation of Eptanissa to the Greek State), the park and the neoclassic building of Mon Repos, initially the residence of the British High Commissioner and later the summer residence of the kings of Greece, are some more buildings dated to the period of British domination.
Several monuments of Classical and Roman period, as well as Byzantine buildings and churches are also worth seeing in the town. The most important of them are the monument of Menecrates (dated to 600 b.C.) situated at the ancient cemetery at Garitsa, the sanctuary of Apollo Corcyraios, close to Mon Repos, the archaeological site of Palaeopolis, the ancient city of Kerkyra, a part of the ancient wall (the "Nerantziha tower"), close to the airport and the ruins of the temple of Artemis (Diana), also close to the airport. In what concerns the Byzantine period, the most important monuments are the church of Aghios Iason and Sossipatros (dated to 1000 A.D.) and the ruins of the Early Christian (5th century A.D.) basilica within the archaeological site of Palaeopolis.
|Click on images to enlarge
|The monument of Menecrates
|The Byzantine Collection
| There are also several more recent monuments worth seeing as the monument in honor of the Unification of Eptanissa with Greece, at Spianada, beside the polygonal Venetian well, the Lecturers' Society of Corfu, established in 1836, the Library of Ioannis Capodistrias, the Municipal Theater and the theater "Phoenix", the Cultural Center, the very characteristic windmill upon the homonymous hill, the Monastery of Panaghia Vlaherna, accessed via a pedestrian bridge, the islet of Vido (or Ptyhia), with luxurious green and interesting fauna and flora, accessed via the excursion boats. Finally, you should not miss to visit the famous Pontikonissi, the "trade mark" of Corfu, with the small Byzantine church of Pantocrator. Excursion boats will get you to the island, either from Perama, or from the Vlaherna Monastery.
The town is full of Museums. One of the most important among them is the Archaeological Museum, containing almost all finds of the excavations on the island. The Byzantine Collection, housed at the Church of Panaghia Antivouniotissa is also very interesting: there are displayed several Byzantine and Post-Byzantine icons, along with other religious objects. The very interesting Museum of Asian Art, unique in Greece, is housed in the Palace of St. Michael and St. George. There is also the Solomos Museum, housed in the house where lived and died the National poet of Greece Dionyssios Solomos (1798-1857) (the poet of the Greek Anthem). It is in Corfu that the poet has written the most important of his works; the Museum contains several souvenirs of the poet and many old editions of his works, mainly of the "Hymn to Freedom", the Greek Anthem.
|©Copyright INTERnet PRESentations, Athens, Greece - All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use, reproduction, copying and distribution of the above images and texts is prohibited.


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The Lady Lions of Rancho Bernardo will meet, beginning with registration, at 11:30 a.m. Wednesday at the Rancho Bernardo Inn, 17550 Bernardo Oaks Drive. Lunch is served at noon, followed by the program featuring Robert Hardaway performing songs of yesterday and today. Cost is $22. Call (858) 334-1333 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Lady Lions to host concert
Copyright © 2017, The San Diego Union-Tribune


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Seleena Bailey and Micah Farmer were married June 18, 2016, in a 2 p.m. double-ring ceremony at Salyersville First Baptist Church in Salyersville, Ky.
The bride is the daughter of Rev. Kenny Bailey and Debbie Patrick, both of Salyersville.
The groom is the son of Jermie and Cheryl Farmer of Tell City. The groom's grandparents are Maurice and Gloria Shephard of rural Cannelton.
The officiate was Rev. Brian Bailey.
The bride was given in marriage by her father.
Nicole Breanne Rogier of Rockport was united in marriage to Sean Michael Risse of Tell City at 3 p.m. Saturday, June 11, 2016, in the United Church of Christ in Tell City. The double ring ceremony was officiated by Rev. T.J. Hills.
Nicole is the daughter of Denny and Linda Rogier of Rockport and the granddaughter of Imogene Lahee of Tell City and Gertrude Rogier of Leopold. She attended Owensboro Community College and the University of Louisville and works in the recorder's office at the Perry County Courthouse.
Alicia Doogs and Nathan Wheatley announce their engagement and upcoming marriage.
The bride-to-be is the daughter of Karen and Rodney Doogs of Cannelton.
The future groom is the son of Lynetta Schwartz and the late Ricky Wheatley of Navarre, Fla.
The bride-to-be is a 2007 graduate of Tell City High School and attended Henderson Community College and Chamberlain College of Nursing earning a bachelor of science for nursing. She is employed with American Mobile Travel Nursing.
ST. MEINRAD – A free concert featuring piano, oboe and viola will be held on Saturday, Oct. 15, at 7:30 p.m. Central Time in the theater in St. Bede Hall, on the campus of Saint Meinrad Archabbey, St. Meinrad.
Performing will be Christy D'Ambrosio, Celeste Johnson and Rose Wollman.
D'Ambrosio is an accomplished piano soloist and collaborative chamber musician. In addition to maintaining a private studio, she has served as an adjunct instructor at Murray State University in Murray, Ky., since 2008.
Chili Supper at Troy UMC
TROY – Troy United Methodist Church will hold a chili supper, complete with desserts and beverages Saturday, Nov. 5, from 4 to 6 p.m. at the church.
The church is located on the corner of Walnut and Spring Streets in Troy.
Join church members for a fun evening of fellowship and a free meal, free-will donations will be gratefully accepted.
D of I charity drive underway
Elizabeth "Beth" Ann James and Joseph "Joe" Edwin Parker announce their engagement and upcoming marriage.
The bride-to-be is the daughter of Penny and Bill James of rural Cannelton and the late Curt Aders.
She is a 1996 graduate of Perry Central High School and is employed independently as a Thirty-One consultant.
The future groom is the son of Jane Parker of rural Tell City and the late Charles Parker Sr. He is a 1990 graduate of Perry Central High School and is employed with the Can-Clay Corp.
TELL CITY – Retired Pastor and Speaker Rev. Bill Reid will have a revival at the Tell City First Church of the Nazarene. Services will be Friday, Oct. 14, at 6 p.m., Saturday. Oct. 15, at 6 p.m., and Sunday, Oct. 16, at 10:30 a.m. and 6 p.m. The church is located on 17 Lausanne Court in Tell City on the hill behind Orscheln's in Burglen Hills.
Rev. Reid feels too often the Bible and the ways of God are presented as if they are complicated. Rev. Reid will present the simple truths of God's Word and of salvation during these messages.
Scott and Kim Franchville celebrated their 25th wedding anniversary Sept. 7, 2016, spending a week in Destin, Fla., and then were honored with another celebration Sept. 17, by their children at Rome campground.
They have three sons, Ryan (Ariel) and Evan Franchville of Derby and Tyler Franchville of Sulphur.
Scott is employed at Waupaca Foundry as a foreman in the melt department and Kim is a childcare provider.
Scott is the son of Peggy Franchville and the late Randy Franchville of Bristow.
ST. MEINRAD – Saint Meinrad Archabbey's pilgrimages to honor the Blessed Mother at the Monte Cassino Shrine have been scheduled for the Sundays in October.
The pilgrimages begin with an opening hymn and a short sermon, followed by a rosary procession. The service ends with the Litany of the Blessed Virgin and a hymn. Speakers and topics for the pilgrimages are:
• Oct. 2 – Brother André DeDecker OSB, "Mary, Our Lady of the Rosary"
Copyright © 2017
The Perry County News is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Perry County, Indiana, and the surrounding area.


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Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 11/8/2014 (1076 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
From Friday through Monday, Brandon police responded to nearly 300 calls and collared more than a dozen people for various minor offences.
They said Monday that there had been about 285 calls for police service since Friday morning.
Through the three days, they made at least six arrests for people who were breaching the peace and another six who were arrested for being drunk in public.
One of those intoxicated people was a 43-year-old man found passed out on a lawn on the 500-block of Louise Avenue just past 6:20 p.m. on Sunday.
Another was a 34-year-old man who showed up at the police station drunk and confused at about 10 p.m. on Sunday, saying he had nowhere to go.
Also over the weekend, two people were collared on outstanding warrants, one person was taken to hospital for an examination under the Mental Health Act, and five youths were reported as runaways from two local group homes.
» Brandon Sun


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Remote Imaging Protocol
The Remote Imaging Protocol and its associated Remote Imaging Protocol Scripting Language, RIPscrip, is a scripting language that provides a system for sending vector graphics over low-bandwidth links, notably modems. It was originally created by Jeff Reeder, Jim Bergman, and Mark Hayton of TeleGrafix Communications in Huntington Beach, California to enhance bulletin board systems and other applications.
RIPscrip was introduced in 1992 and consisted of ASCII-text descriptions of vector-drawn graphics and images, along with facilities to create menus and clickable buttons. These were sent from the BBS instead of the more common ANSI color-coded text-mode screens, and were interpreted on the user's end by a RIP-enabled terminal program such as TeleGrafix's own RIPTerm. Lines of text appeared in one display, graphics in another. RIPscrip could not be used as the basis for a complete GUI, as it included no text editing system.
Early versions of RIPscrip were tightly tied to the EGA 640x350 EGA standard and had a decidedly MS-DOS-like feel. Later versions provided resolution independence (after a fashion), expanded color palettes, and the ability to work over telnet for internet access. By this time public access to the World Wide Web caused interest in bulletin board systems to rapidly decline, resulting in the eventual end of RIPscrip development and the company. Although RIPscrip 2.0 was released and 3.0 was planned,[1] the most common version of RIPscrip in actual use was the 1.5x series.
Vector image standards which are present on the World Wide Web today that draw some similarities include Adobe Flash and SVG.
- This section is adapted from the RIPscrip 1.54 documentation, found here.
RIPscrip is a simple page description language similar in concept to PostScript or HPGL. Graphics output is described in a series of text instructions, which have been heavily optimized in RIPscrip to be as short as possible in order to save transmission time.
A RIPscrip aware terminal watches for lines beginning with a special RIPscrip escape character and interprets the following instructions, passing along non-escaped lines to the text output screen. RIPscrip used separate text and graphics displays, one each, and although it could draw text into the graphics screen, the speed of doing so was such that it was not useful for general text output or editing. Generally, a system using RIPscrip would use the graphics screen for presenting menus, with conventional editing and input taking place in the text screen. RIPscrip would not normally be used to build a conventional GUI with multiple windows or mouse-driven text editing, for instance.
The RIPscrip escape character was the exclamation mark,
!. RIPscrip commands were always preceded by the vertical bar,
|, followed by a single-letter command. Later versions optionally inserted digits between the vertical bar and command letter, indicating what version of RIPscrip was needed to interpret that command, allowing older terminals to quickly filter out non-supported features. A common command one would find in a RIPscrip file would be to set the size and position of the text output window, typically something like
!|w00001B0M10, with the "w" command for "window", followed by a series of numbers indicating its location and size.
RIPscrip commands could be stacked together on a single line for compactness. For instance,
!|v00001B0M10|E|c02|Thello world sets up the standard graphics viewport output window with
v, erases any existing image with
E (redundant as the window was just reset), sets the color to green with
c, and then draws text with
T. More complex drawings would normally be built out of a series of stacked commands, each one representing some part of the overall drawing to be created, breaking it into logical groups.
In addition to basic graphics like lines and circles, RIPscrip also included commands for interactive objects, notably buttons. The
U command drew a button into the display at a specified location with and optional icon, hot key, and label. When the button was pressed with the mouse or hot key, the last parameter, the host command string, was sent back to the server. In this way the RIPscrip author could produce graphical menus for commands in the system, perhaps one that lists all the available forums by sending the text "FPA" for "forums, public, all". These strings would be different for every host software, and also tend to be somewhat different from system to system.
See also[edit]
- ^ Reeder, Jeff (1996-12-06), "RIPscrip 3.0 Technical White Paper", The BBS Library, retrieved 28 January 2015
- Clawson, Pat (1995-01-24). "TeleGrafix Ships First RIPscrip 2.0 Online Multimedia Software" (Press release). TeleGrafix Communications. Retrieved 2011-02-09.
External links[edit]
- BBS Documentary Library's page on RIP including sample artwork, specifications and whitepapers.
- RIP graphics article[dead link] with sample RIP and ANSI graphics, plus a RIP viewer which can run in a command window on Win2K and WinXP: Wayne Thomas' 1994 FreeView 1.1 (freeware).
- PabloDraw, multi-user RIPscrip viewer and editor for Windows, OS X and Linux


text:
Assessing small mammal abundance with track-tube indices and mark-recapture population estimates
Journal of Mammalogy
- By:
- A.S. Wiewel, W.R. Clark, and M.A. Sovada
- More information: Publisher Index Page (via DOI)
- Download citation as: RIS
AbstractWe compared track-tube sampling with mark-recapture livetrapping and evaluated a track-tube index, defined as the number of track tubes with identifiable small mammal tracks during a 4-night period, as a predictor of small mammal abundance estimates in North Dakota grasslands. Meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) were the most commonly recorded species by both methods, but were underrepresented in track-tube sampling, whereas 13-lined ground squirrels (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) and Franklin's ground squirrels (S. franklinii) were overrepresented in track-tube sampling. Estimates of average species richness were lower from track tubes than from livetrapping. Regression models revealed that the track-tube index was at best a moderately good predictor of small mammal population estimates because both the form (linear versus curvilinear) and slope of the relationship varied between years. In addition, 95% prediction intervals indicated low precision when predicting population estimates from new track-tube index observations. Track tubes required less time and expense than mark-recapture and eliminated handling of small mammals. Using track tubes along with mark-recapture in a double sampling for regression framework would have potential value when attempting to estimate abundance of small mammals over large areas. ?? 2007 American Society of Mammalogists.
Additional publication details
- Publication type:
- Article
- Publication Subtype:
- Journal Article
- Title:
- Assessing small mammal abundance with track-tube indices and mark-recapture population estimates
- Series title:
- Journal of Mammalogy
- Volume:
- 88
- Issue:
- 1
- Year Published:
- 2007
- Language:
- English
- Larger Work Type:
- Article
- Larger Work Subtype:
- Journal Article
- Larger Work Title:
- Journal of Mammalogy
- First page:
- 250
- Last page:
- 260