text:
U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE
Washington, DC 20590
Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology
Coordinating, Developing, and Delivering Highway Transportation Innovations
|This report is an archived publication and may contain dated technical, contact, and link information
Publication Number: FHWA-HRT-05-063
Date: May 2007
Evaluation of LS-DYNA Concrete Material Model 159
PDF Version (6.84 MB)
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Appendix B. Developer Support of the Texas T4 Bridge Rail Analyses
This appendix discusses the calculations performed by the developer in support of the evaluation of the Texas T4 bridge rail conducted by the user. These calculations examine bridge rail response and deflection as a tradeoff between the concrete material properties and the spring material properties. They were conducted after the user explored the use of reduced fracture energies for concrete, but before recalibration of the spring model and adjustment of the anchor bolt model. They should be considered preliminary calculations, not the final result. They are included here to show how the calculations evolved from being overly stiff to reasonable, and to show the thought process involved in the effort.
Pertinent conclusions drawn from these calculations are:
Unless otherwise specified, these calculations were performed with:
Bridge Rail Data
The user conducted five pendulum impact tests on the Texas Department of Transportation T4 Bridge Rail.(12) The pendulum contains a crushable nose with 10 stages of replaceable aluminum honeycomb cartridges. Two bridge rail designs were tested: one four-bolt design and one three-bolt design. The pendulum is 838 kg (1,847 lbs) and impacts the rail at a nominal velocity of 9,835 mm/sec (22 mi/h). The four-bolt rail experienced punching shear failure in two tests (designated P3 and P4). The three-bolt rail did not fail, although hairline cracks were visible in one of two tests (P5 and P7). A third three-bolt rail test was conducted using the previously tested, but undamaged rail (P6). Again, this rail did not fail, but hairline cracks were visible. Rail deflections and pendulum crush are listed in Table 14 for all five tests.
The honeycomb crush listed in Table 14 is for nine stages of the honeycomb, as reported in Buth.(12) It does not include the first stage, which is the 76-mm (3-inch) stage that impacts the bridge rail. In all tests, the first stage crushes nearly completely; thus, the developer suggests adding an additional 70 to 76 mm (2.8 to 3 inches) to the crush listed in Table 1 to get the total crush of all 10 honeycomb stages.
The measured deflections vary by a factor of 2.3 for the four-bolt design. The average rail deflection measured in tests P3 and P4 is 81.5 mm (3.21 inches), and the standard deviation is 43.1 mm (1.7 inches). Assuming a normal distribution, approximately 68 percent of all test results are expected to lie within 1 standard deviation of the mean, 95 percent within 2 standard deviations, and 99 percent within 3 standard deviations. Therefore 68 percent of all test results are expected to lie between 38 and 125 mm (1.5 and 5 inches), 95 percent of all test results are expected to lie between 0 and 168 mm (0 and 6.1 inches) , and 99 percent of all test results are expected to lie between 0 and 211 mm (0 and 8.31 inches).
Parametric Studies
At the beginning of the computational effort discussed in this appendix, initial calculations conducted by the user correlated well with the measured deflections and damage modes of the three-bolt design, but not those of the four-bolt design. The four-bolt design calculations were stiff (less deflection and damage) relative to the test data. Therefore, the user reduced the mesh size (fewer elements) in order to improve the run time for parametric studies. This task was accomplished by removing the entire deck and fixing the nodes at the bottom of the parapet.
The developer performed a series of parametric studies to help understand and improve the correlations for the four-bolt design. Studies were conducted using both the original mesh with the full deck and the reduced mesh with the fixed parapet. The baseline impact velocity used was that measured in test P3, which is 9,555.6 mm/sec (376 inches/sec), 34.4 km/h (21.375 mi/h). The three-bolt design was not analyzed by the developer.
Parametric studies were conducted to examine three possible sources of excess stiffness:
A spring element with a nonlinear force-deflection curve is used to represent nine crushable stages of the honeycomb. Hex elements and a honeycomb material model are used to represent the first stage of honeycomb that impacts the rail. The reduced finite element mesh is shown in Figure 194.
Figure 194. Finite element model of the pendulum, rail, and fixed end of parapet.
The studies indicate that adjustments in the steel reinforcement properties have little effect on the computed response. On the other hand, adjustments in both the concrete model properties and pendulum spring properties have significant effects on the computed response. The tradeoffs between adjustments in the properties of the concrete versus pendulum spring are discussed by the developer in the following sections.
Fixed Parapet Computational Results
Damage from the baseline property calculation is shown in Figure 195. Baseline properties are approximately those for 30.44 MPa (4,415 lbf/inch2) concrete with 24 mm (0.94 inches) maximum aggregate size. Most parametric studies examine response for variations in fracture energy; thus, fracture energy values are reported throughout this chapter. The baseline fracture energies are Gft = 0.074 N-mm with Gfs = Gf t and Gfc = 100 Gf t. Although the damage mode is similar to that observed in the tests, the damage is less severe. Rail deflection is approximately 10 mm (0.4 inches), which is substantially less than the 51 mm (2 inches) and 117 mm (4.6 inches) measured in the tests.
Figure 195. Damage fringes calculated with baseline properties for a fixed end parapet.
Modified Concrete Property Studies . The first parametric studies were conducted on the concrete material properties. These calculations indicate that an overall reduction in concrete properties, for example, those of concrete in the 22 to 24 MPa (3,191 to 3,481 lbf/inch2) range, would produce the measured deflection. However, 22 to 24 MPa (3,191 to 3,481 lbf/inch2) is a much lower strength concrete than the 30.4 MPa (4,415 lbf/inch2) used in the test. It is doubtful that the concrete used in the test structure could somehow be as low as 22 to 24 MPa (3,191 to 3,481 lbf/inch2) when the reported value is 30.4 MPa (4,415 lbf/inch2).
For example, as a lower bound case, the four-bolt calculation was run with approximate properties for 20 MPa (2,901 lbf/inch2) concrete with 8 mm (0.3 inches) aggregate (Gft = Gfs = 0.041 N-mm and Gfc = 2.03). Recall that fracture energy and stiffness decrease with a reduction in concrete compressive strength. Fracture energy also decreases with a reduction in aggregate size. With these weak and brittle properties, the rail breaks through the concrete, with no rebound of the pendulum. Additional calculations were performed with 26 MPa (3,771 lbf/inch2) concrete with fracture energies for 8 mm (0.3 inches) (Gft = 0.049 N-mm) and 24 mm (0.94 inches) (Gft = 0.066 N-mm) aggregate. Although damage was more extensive than calculated with the baseline properties, the calculated deflections of 27 mm (1.06 inches) and 14 mm (0.6 inches) are still less than measured. Also note that a 35 percent increase in tensile fracture energy due to aggregate size results in a computed decrease in deflection of nearly 50 percent (from 27 mm (1.06 inches) to 14 mm (0.6 inches)).
Energy Absorption Studies . The next parametric studies examined the amount of energy needed to deflect the rail 51 to 117 mm (2 to 4.6 inches) using 30.4 MPa (4,415 lbf/inch2) concrete. The mass and impact velocity of the pendulum set the maximum amount of energy available to be absorbed by the pendulum and target rail. Crushing of the pendulum honeycomb and spring absorbs energy. As more energy is absorbed during pendulum crush, less energy is imparted to the rail target. Less rail energy results in less rail deflection.
The objective of these studies was to determine if it were possible to achieve the measured deflections using 30.44 MPa (4,415 lbf/inch2) concrete if no energy were absorbed by the pendulum crush. These bounding calculations maximize the energy imparted to the rail by eliminating the energy absorbed by pendulum crush. These calculations allowed the author to determine the relationship between the energy absorbed by the rail and its subsequent damage and deflection. The boundary calculation also provided a rough estimate of the energy needed to computationally damage and deflect the structure in a manner consistent with that observed in the tests.
All energy absorption studies were conducted using a noncrushable pendulum model and the fixed end parapet model. The original finite element model of the pendulum was simplified by removing the moveable crushable nose of the pendulum (spring and honeycomb) and replacing it with elastic steel. The simplified pendulum has the dimensions of the first stage of honeycomb. The mass of the simplified pendulum is equal to that of the original pendulum (838 kg (1,847.5 lb)). Little or no internal energy is absorbed by the simplified pendulum model.
Computed rail deflections as a function of kinetic energy level are given in Table 15. Six calculations were performed at six different pendulum impact velocities, which correspond to six different pendulum initial kinetic energy levels. The kinetic energy levels are listed as a percentage of the maximum kinetic energy available from impact with an 838 kg (1,847.5 lb) pendulum at a velocity of 9,555.6 mm/sec.
Approximately 20 to 25 percent of the available kinetic energy is needed to deflect the rail between 51 and 117 mm (2 and 4.61 inches) (the measured values). At 30 percent kinetic energy, no rebound occurred by 100 msec (the duration of the calculation). Therefore, the deflection is probably infinite rather than 163 mm (6.42 inches). The deformed configuration of the structure for the 25 percent kinetic energy case is shown in Figure 196.
Figure 196. The deformed configuration and damage of the Texas T4 bridge rail (four-bolt design) from impact with the simplified pendulum model (without a crushable nose) at 25 percent maximum available kinetic energy is similar to that observed during the tests.
The significance of these calculations is that the majority of available kinetic energy is absorbed by crush of the pendulum and not by internal energy of the structure. Small changes in the amount of energy absorbed by pendulum crush result in large changes in the energy absorbed by the structure. For example, an 11 percent change in energy absorbed by the pendulum (from 90 to 80 percent) results in a 100 percent change in energy absorbed by the structure (from 10 to 20 percent). This level of change can make the difference between the structure appearing to be too stiff and the structure deflecting in the appropriate range. Therefore, accurate modeling of the crush and energy absorption of the pendulum spring and honeycomb is needed in order to get accurate delivery of energy to the target structure.
Review of the theoretical honeycomb cartridge configurations discussed in reference 12 confirms that most of the available kinetic energy is expected to be absorbed by crush of the pendulum, as is being calculated. The available kinetic energy is approximately 38,200 kN-mm, based on the pendulum mass and impact velocity. If the theoretical potential energy of crush is calculated, based on the total crush force of each honeycomb cartridge times the thickness of each cartridge, a total of 49,500 kN-mm is estimated. However, honeycomb typically crushes to about 75 percent strain, then stiffens dramatically, so the estimated crush energy is about equal to the available kinetic energy.
Fracture Energy Studies. Additional concrete material property studies were conducted with the noncrushable pendulum model. Unlike the previously discussed studies, which examined different strengths of concrete, these studies examine only 30.4 MPa (4,415 lbf/inch2) concrete with possible modifications in baseline fracture energies.
Four calculations were conducted with 10 percent of available impact energy. In the first calculation, the fracture energy was reduced from the baseline value of Gft = 0.072 N-mm to a low end value of Gft = 0.040 N-mm. Rail deflection increased from 26 mm (1.02 inches) to about 35 mm (1.38 inches). In the other three calculations, the rate effect on the fracture energy was adjusted via the repow input parameter. This parameter scales the fracture energy in proportion to the theoretical increase in strength with strain rate, as discussed in the companion to this report Users Manual. The additional three calculations were conducted with the following parameters:
By default, repow = 1. With this value, if the rate effects formulation increases the strength by a factor of 3, the rate effects formulation will also increase the fracture energy by a factor of 3. If repow = 0, no increase in fracture energy is calculated; the input value is used independent of the strain rate.
Calculated deflections are 36 mm (1.42 inches), 68 mm (2.68 inches), and 40 mm (1.57 inches), respectively. The first additional calculation indicates that removing the rate effect from the baseline fracture energy moderately increases deflection from 26 mm (1.02 inches) to 36 mm (1.42 inches), similar to the effect of reducing Gft from 0.072 to 0.040 N-mm. Reducing both repow and Gft has a combined effect and moves the rail deflection into the desired range. The third addition calculation indicates that reducing Gfs from one to one-half of Gft also has a small but noticeable effect on rail deflection.
These studies indicate that it is possible to achieve the measured deflection of 51 mm (2 inches) to 117 mm (4.61 inches) at 10 percent of available impact energy if the tensile fracture energies—static and dynamic—are reduced below the current default baseline values. However, the values needed are not necessarily realistic. For example, the fracture energy Gft = 0.072 N-mm is the approximate default fracture energy for 30.44 MPa (4,415 lbf/inch2) concrete with 24-mm (0.94-inch) aggregate. The fracture energy Gft = 0.040 N-mm is the approximate default for 20 MPa (2,901 lbf/inch2) concrete with 8-mm (0.31-inch) aggregate. The default value for 30.44 MPa (4,415 lbf/inch2) concrete with 8-mm (0.31-inch) aggregate is Gft = 0.054 N-mm. These values agree with CEB tabulated values. Hence, use of Gft = 0.040 N-mm for 30.44 MPa (4,415 lbf/inch2) concrete is unusually brittle and outside the range of expected values.
In general, the developer recommends a rate effect on fracture energy equivalent to repow = 1, as do many experienced analysts. However, some analysts suggest no rate effect. Thus, it may be reasonable to allow repow to drop below a value of 1. In addition, although the fracture energy in tension is well documented, the fracture energy in shear is not well documented. It therefore seems reasonable to allow the fracture energy in shear to drop below the tensile baseline value as well.
Modified Spring Stiffness . It was previously concluded that the energy absorbed by crush of the spring and honeycomb models has a significant effect on computed response. Therefore, a series of parametric studies was conducted with an increase in spring stiffness. The spring is defined by a tabulated force versus deflection curve. The increase in stiffness is accomplished by scaling the tabulated deflection listing by a scale factor. The smaller the deflection scale factor, the larger the spring stiffness. For example, a scale factor on deflection of 80 percent results in an increase in spring stiffness of 125 percent (the reciprocal of 0.8).
Results from the baseline calculation, plus 10 additional calculations, are given in Table 16. Results are reported as a function of the scale factor applied to the spring deflection, as well as the input values used for repow and the ratio Gfs/Gft (with Gft = 0.074 N-mm). Results reported are approximate crush energy (absorbed by spring and honeycomb), rail deflection, and pendulum crush (of the spring plus honeycomb). The majority of the studies were conducted with the 60 percent deflection scale factor because, at the time, it was not known that only 9 of the 10 honeycomb stages were included in the documented crush measurements. Therefore, most calculations were conducted to achieve a computed crush of about 417 mm (16.4 inches), the documented value.
mm = 0.039 inch
One significant point is that as the spring stiffness increases (the applied deflection scale factor decreases), the energy absorbed by the pendulum spring and honeycomb decreases. This is the desired trend because it increases the amount of energy delivered to the structure, which increases rail deflection. In general, pendulum crush energy absorption in the 79 to 89 percent range produces computed rail deflections in agreement with measured deflections.
Stiffening of the spring also affects the calculated acceleration history. Calculated acceleration histories are given Figure 197. The calculated histories are plotted for the baseline calculation, as well as three stiffened spring calculations. The calculated trend observed is that as spring stiffness increases, the maximum deceleration increases, and the time to maximum deceleration decreases. In addition, as rail deflection increases, the "tail" on the initial triangular-shaped pulse also increases. In other words, the deceleration does not drop down to 0 as rapidly as it does with minimal rail deflection.
Figure 197. Stiffening the spring increases the maximum deceleration and decreases the time at which the maximum deceleration occurs.
As an additional sensitivity study, one calculation was conducted at 9,835 m/sec (32,267 ft/sec) (35.4 km/h) (22 mi/h, the nominal impact velocity) rather than 9,556 m/sec (31,352 ft/sec) (34.45 km/h) (21.4 mi/h), the measured impact velocity). The calculation was conducted with a 60 percent scale factor on spring deflection (1.67 on spring stiffness), using baseline properties. The calculated deflection is 52 mm (2.05 inches) at 35.41 km/h (22 mi/h) compared with 41 mm (1.7 inches) at 34.45 km/h (21.4 mi/h). This is an increase in rail deflection of 27 percent for an increase in velocity of 2.9 percent.
The best correlation between the measured and calculated spring compression occurs for the 80 percent deflection scale factor case (1.25 on spring stiffness). Recall that the measured pendulum crush (all 10 stages) is just below 500 mm (19.7 inches). The computed compression of 513 mm (20.2 inches) is in reasonable agreement with this value. In addition, the 47 mm (1.9 inches) of deflection is also in reasonable agreement with the 51 mm (2 inches) of measured deflection reported for test P4. Figure 198 shows that the computed acceleration history is in good agreement with the P3 and P4 test histories throughout most of the measured response. This calculation was conducted with reduced properties (Gfs/Gft = 0.5 and repow = 0.5).
Figure 198. Good comparison of measured and calculated acceleration histories for the reduced fixed parapet mesh (spring stiffened using 80 percent deflection scale factor).
Full Deck Computational Results
The bridge rail tested is mounted on top of a parapet, which is attached to a deck. All previously discussed calculations were conducted with the parapet fixed at the bottom edge, without inclusion of the deck. This was done to increase the runtime of the calculations so that parametric studies could be performed with reasonable turnaround time (overnight). Calculations discussed in this section were conducted with the deck modeled.
Comparisons With and Without Deck . To start, one calculation was conducted with the full deck mesh using baseline properties and original spring stiffness. The calculated rail deflection is 28 mm (1.1 inches) and the calculated spring compression is 578 mm (25.8 inches). This deflection is 280 percent larger than the 10 mm (0.4 inches) calculated with the fixed end condition previously reported in Table 16 using baseline properties and the original spring stiffness. Both models (full or reduced meshes) underpredict the measured deflections of 51 mm (2 inches) and 117 mm (4.6 inches).
The acceleration history for a second calculation conducted with the deck explicitly modeled is shown in Figure 199. The computed acceleration history is compared with both the P3 and P4 test data and with the corresponding calculation conducted with the fixed parapet end condition. The calculations were conducted with reduced properties (Gfs/Gft = 0.5 and repow = 0.5) and with the spring stiffened with the 80 percent scale factor.
Figure 199. Addition of the deck model improves correlations with the test data (spring stiffened using 80 percent deflection scale factor).
With the deck modeled, the calculated rail deflection is 87 mm (3.4 inches) and the calculated pendulum crush is 484 mm (19.1 inches). Without the deck modeled, the calculated rail deflection is 47 mm (1.9 inches) and the calculated pendulum crush is 513 mm (20.2 inches). Both calculations compare well with the measured P3 and P4 test results (51- and 117-mm (2- and 4.61-inch) deflection and 500-mm (19.7-inch) crush). However, the calculated accelerometer history with the deck modeled is in better agreement with the late time accelerometer measurements than that calculated with the fixed end condition. Hence, inclusion of the deck adds flexibility to the rail structure and improves correlation with the measured accelerometer records.
Note that the stiffness of the adjusted spring model is based on scaling the stiffness of the original nonlinear spring model. Additional adjustments to the spring might improve correlations if the spring is made more stiff at low deflection (below about 200-mm (7.87-inch) compression) and made less stiff at high deflection (above about 400-mm (15.7-inch) compression). Refer back to Figure 197 for the original spring stiffness modeled. This type of adjustment is discussed in subsequent sections.
Spring Stiffness Parameter Studies . Eleven calculations were run with the full deck mesh, as listed in Table 17. All were conducted at 9,555.6 mm/sec (21.375 mi/h). Three calculations were conducted with original spring stiffness (100 percent spring deflection scale factor), as provided by the user. The remainder of the calculations was calculated with a stiffened spring, using a 60 to 90 percent scale factor on the spring deflection.
mm = 0.039 inch
Calculations conducted with a spring deflection scale factor of 80 percent are in best agreement with the measured pendulum crush of approximately 500 mm (19.7 inches). One of the two calculations was run with original baseline properties and the 80 percent scale factor on the spring deflection. The calculated rail deflection is 44 mm (1.73 inches) and the calculated spring compression is 499 mm (19.6 inches). These computed values compare well with measured values of 51 mm (2 inches) of rail deflection and 500 mm (19.7 inches) of pendulum crush for test P4. The other calculation was run with reduced properties (Gfs/Gft = 0.5 and repow = 0.5) and the 80 percent scale factor on the spring deflection. The calculated rail deflection is 87 mm (3.43 inches) and the calculated spring compression is 484 mm (19.1 inches). These computed values compare well with the average measured deflection and the 500 mm (19.7 inches) of pendulum crush for test P3. Hence, the baseline properties model the stiffer response associated with test P4, while the reduced properties (Gfs/Gft = 0.5 and repow = 0.5) model the more flexible response associated with the average of test P3 and test P4.
Calculations conducted with original spring stiffness do not correlate as well with the test data as do the calculations with increased spring stiffness (80 percent scale factor on deflection). Using baseline properties, the computed rail deflection of 28 mm (1.1 inches) is lower than those measured in tests P3 and P4 (51 mm (2 inches) and 111 mm (4.4 inches), respectively). The computed pendulum crush is higher than measured (500 mm (19.7 inches) in both tests). Using reduced properties, the calculated rail deflection varies from 45 mm (1.8 inches) to infinity. The 45 mm (1.78 inches) of rail deflection is in agreement with the stiffer measured value (51 mm (2 inches)) of test P4. Property adjustments also could be made to obtain agreement with test P3 (112 mm (4.41 inches) of rail deflection). However, the calculated pendulum crush is still larger than the measured value. Hence, use of reduced concrete properties with original spring stiffness does not correlate well with all test measurements.
Results from Table 17 are plotted in Figure 200, along with the range in measured data. By examining the computed results in Table 17 and Figure 200, it is apparent that only one calculated rail deflection lies outside the three standard deviations range. This is the calculation conducted with repow reduced to 0 (which means that fracture energy is independent of rate effects) and Gfs / Gft= 0.5. Although not shown in Table 17, the observed trends indicate that all calculations, regardless of spring deflection scale factor, would produce infinite deflection with repow = 0 and Gfs / Gft= 0.5. This suggests that repow = 0 with Gfs / Gft = 0.5 are not appropriate input parameter values. The response modeled is too brittle, at least for this example problem.
Only one calculated rail deflection lies outside the one standard deviation range, although it lies within the two standard deviations range. This is the calculation conducted with baseline properties and original spring stiffness. The calculated deflection of 28 mm (1.1 inches) is 26 percent lower than the one standard deviation value of 38 mm (1.5 inches). This suggests that baseline properties are on the stiff side if original spring stiffness is assumed, but they are adequate if reduced spring stiffness is assumed.
Damage fringes for two of the stiffened spring calculations (80 percent scale factor on deflection) are shown in Figures 201-204. The damage calculated with reduced properties (Gfs/Gft= 0.5 and repow = 0.5) is more severe than that calculated with baseline properties. Both results are similar to the post-test damage previously shown in chapter 8 for tests P3 and P4.
Following this computational effort, data-to-data comparisons were made between the accelerometer records of bridge rail tests P3 through P7 with those of the rigid pole calibration tests. Comparisons were made for acceleration versus time, force versus deflection, energy absorbed versus deflection, and derived spring stiffness versus deflection. These comparisons indicated that the honeycomb in the calibration tests was less stiff than that in the bridge rail tests; therefore, stiffening of the spring was warranted. Ultimately, a new stiffened spring model was setup by the user.
Figure 200. All calculations run with baseline or slightly reduced properties (repow = 0.5 and Gfs / Gft = 0.5) produce rail deflections within two standard deviations of the measured results.
Figure 201. Deflection and damage calculated with baseline properties using a stiffened spring (80 percent displacement scale factor).
Figure 202. Closeup of damage calculated with baseline properties using a stiffened spring (80 percent displacement scale factor).
Figure 203. Deflection and damage calculated with slightly reduced properties using a stiffened spring (80 percent displacement scale factor).
Figure 204. Closeup of damage calculated with slightly reduced properties using a stiffened spring (80 percent displacement scale factor).
Impact Velocity Parameter Study . Additional full deck mesh calculations were conducted at 9,835 mm/sec (35.41 km/h) (22 mi/h), the nominal impact velocity) rather than 9,555.6 mm/sec (34.4 km/h (21.4 mi/h), the measured impact velocity), as shown in Table 18 and plotted in Figure 205. This is an increase of roughly 1 km/h (0.62 mi/h). In general, the increase in velocity has a much stronger effect on the deflections computed with reduced properties than on the deflections produced with baseline properties. For the calculation with baseline spring and concrete properties, the deflection is 33 mm (1.3 inches) at 35.4 km/h (22 mi/h) 9,835 mm/sec compared with 28 mm (1.1 inches) at 9,555.6 mm/sec. This is an increase in rail deflection of 18 percent for an increase in velocity of 2.9 percent and an increase in kinetic energy of 5.9 percent. The 33-mm (1.3-inch) computed rail deflection is close to the 38-mm (1.5-inch) deflection associated with 1 standard deviation.
mm = 0.039 inch
Figure 205. Larger rail deflections are calculated at 9,835 mm/sec (large dots) compared with 9,556 mm/sec (solid and large dashed lines).
Deck to Parapet Connection
One final study examined how the joint is modeled between the deck and parapet. In the test structure, the concrete in the deck is poured separately from the concrete in the parapet. Thus, a joint exists between the deck and parapet. In all calculations previously discussed, this joint is not modeled. Instead, a tied interface firmly connects the parapet to the deck (contact_tied_nodes_to_surface). The developer's experience is that this type of interface is more suitable for a deck and parapet that are poured at one time (without a joint), but it is much too strong for a joint. Therefore, two additional calculations were conducted with the joint explicitly modeled. This was accomplished by using an interface that allows concrete separation but not penetration (contact_nodes_to_surface). The parapet will not disconnect from the deck because it is secured by steel reinforcement.
The two calculations were conducted with baseline and reduced properties, using the spring stiffened with the 80 percent scale factor. With baseline properties, the effect of modeling the joint is to increase the calculated deflection 9 percent from 44 mm (1.7 inches) to 48 mm (1.9 inches). The calculated pendulum crush is 502 mm (19.8 inches). Damage fringes are shown in Figure 206. The effect of including the joint is to eliminate damage at the base of the parapet where it connects to the deck. With reduced properties, inclusion of the joint increases the calculated rail deflection from 87 mm (3.4 inches) to infinity. The rail breaks completely through the concrete. Maximum separation between the deck and parapet is approximately 0.36 mm (0.01 inches), which is not visible to the eye.
The developer suggests that the calculations performed with the joint modeled are a better representation of the test structure than the calculations performed without the joint modeled. Both are bounding calculations. With a tied interface, the effect is to model no joint at all, as if the deck and parapet were one piece of continuously poured concrete. This calculation provides an upper bound on joint stiffness. With a separable interface, the effect is to model a joint with no tensile strength, as if there were no bonding of the paste from the parapet with that from the deck. This provides a lower bound on joint stiffness. In reality, slight bonding and tensile strength probably exist (but are much less than those of solid concrete). The developer's recommendation is to model joints with an interface that allows for separation but not penetration. More sophisticated approaches might include adding tensile strength to the contact surface or predamage to the concrete.
Figure 206. The tensile damage at the base of the parapet is eliminated if a flexible joint is modeled (80 percent displacement scale factor with baseline properties).
Summary of Bridge Rail Calculations
All calculations conducted with the full deck mesh produce rail deflections that lie within two standard deviations of the measured rail deflections using either baseline (repow = 1.0 and Gfs / Gft = 1.0) or slightly reduced (repow = 0.5 and Gfs / Gft = 0.5) material properties for concrete. This is true regardless of whether the pendulum model is run with original spring stiffness or increased spring stiffness. However, the developer suggests that these calculations are overly stiff because the joint between the deck and parapet was not modeled.
Data-to-data comparisons (not shown) indicate that the pendulum crushing stiffness in the bridge rail tests is greater than that in the original calibration tests. Therefore, use of a stiffened spring model is warranted. The spring stiffened with an 80 percent deflection scale factor (1.25 stiffness factor) produces spring/honeycomb compressions in agreement with those in the tests. Therefore, the spring with 80 percent deflection scale was chosen as the appropriate spring stiffness. All full deck mesh calculations conducted with the stiffened spring (80 percent scale factor on displacement) produce rail deflections that lie within one standard deviation of the measured rail deflections using either baseline or slightly reduced material properties for concrete, whether or not the joint is modeled.
Without modeling the joint, the baseline properties tend to produce a response on the stiff side of the measured deflections, whereas the slightly reduced properties tend to produce a response closer to the mean measured deflection. Extremely reduced properties (repow = 0 and Gfs / Gft = 0.5) produce infinite deflections, and therefore are not recommended for use.
With the joint modeled, more flexibility is added to the structure. The baseline properties produce a response close to that of test P4. The slightly reduced properties allow the bridge rail to break through the concrete parapet. The developer's recommendation is to leave the baseline properties modeled as currently implemented, but to make each user aware that slightly reduced properties (repow = 0.5 and Gfs / Gft = 0.5) are an option that could be examined parametrically.


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"Dog seems happy so all good!"


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Aswera, an exclusive chain of fashion jewelry stores, has transformed bangles into fashion statements of style and trend.
Aswera stores showcase vast & stunning range of bangles in crystal, diamonde, zircon, kundan, lac, metal & silver.
Apart of this, one can also dig Aswra for some of its breath-taking range of hair accessories, bindis and other forms of jewelry to suit all walks of life and culture.
In shopping malls / plazas, Aswera outlets are at


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Events, News, Cluster / Supercomputing, Higher Education / Academia, Machine Learning & Artificial Intelligence, Tesla
Tsinghua University became the only team to achieve a Triple Crown victory by winning supercomputing competitions at ISC, SC (Supercomputing Conference) and ASC (Asia Student Supercomputer Challenge), and have won eight championships in total — this
Read more
News, Cloud, cuDNN, GeForce, Image Recognition, Machine Learning & Artificial Intelligence, Manufacturing, Tesla
A California-based startup called Instrumental developed an intelligent AI inspection system to help manufactures identify product defects on the assembly line.
Nsight Visual Studio Edition, GameWorks
NVIDIA Nsight Visual Studio Edition 5.3 is now available for download! This release provides developers frame debugging and profiling support for Direct3D 9/11/12, OpenGL, and Vulkan applications with newly added support for OpenVR, Visual Studio 2017, Microsoft Hybrid laptops, and the latest Pascal GPUs.
Research, Computational Chemistry, cuDNN, Healthcare & Life Sciences, Higher Education / Academia, Machine Learning & Artificial Intelligence, Tesla
University of Notre Dame researchers developed a deep learning-based system that can accurately determine bond energies.
Features, Beginner, CUDA C++, Kepler, pascal, Unified Memory
My previous introductory post, "An Even Easier Introduction to CUDA C++", introduced the basics of CUDA programming by showing how to write a simple program that allocated two arrays of numbers in memory accessible to the GPU and then added them t


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The 'Jorge Luis Borges' Library has a unique collection of films with extensive holdings from all periods of Spanish and Latin American cinema. As with the rest of the library collection, our film holdings are open to the public for anyone that is interested in research, or just interested in spending a nice afternoon watching a film in our quiet and welcoming facility. Membership is available for those that wish to borrow films.
While our library has thousands of films representative of all the Spanish speaking countries, we would like to take a moment to highlight our collection of Peruvian cinema in anticipation of the Third Peruvian Contemporary Film Showcase being held at Institituto Cervantes from September 13th through October 4th.
The next entry in our "Get to know our library" series introduces our collection of didactic materials.
If you are a teacher of Spanish, a student of Spanish, or just someone interested in a little self study, we have materials for you. Our comprehensive collection of educational material ranges from the methodology and philosophy of language education, to exercise books dedicated to reinforcing specific skills. We have materials for complete beginners, intermediate learners and even native speakers that are just looking to polish their skills.
With the new school year upon us, we would like to take a moment to remind the public about the resources and services available at the 'Jorge Luis Borges' library at Instituto Cervantes New York.
We have a world-class selection of Spanish language materials, with holding exceeding 85,000 items, making us one of the largest circulating libraries of Spanish language materials in the United States.
In conjunction with the exhibit: YAS: Young Architects from Spain, the library has selected a number of recent publications for anyone interested in doing further research on the topic. The majority deal with Spanish architecture, but there are books about a number of other countries. Many are bilingual editions.


text: Taz - Unregistered October 10, 2011 1:01 PM If Red Bull keep producing a car with a noticeable competitive advantage straight out of the box then yep he could. There's Alonso, Button, Hamilton and the old Jedi master is still there so the competition is much stronger now, won't be easy. He could though.... 13 agree 1 disagree


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Latest question:
How do you think the new GigE standards will influence the machine vision industry?
Respond or ask your question now!
SAN JOSE , Calif., May 1 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- Laserscope(Nasdaq: LSCP), a leader in the development and commercialization of minimally-invasive medical devices, including medical lasers and advanced fiber-optic delivery devices, today announced that it has acquired InnovaQuartz, Inc. ("IQ") of Phoenix , Arizona. Founded in 1991, InnovaQuartz,a privately held company, is a leading developer, vertically integrated manufacturer and commercial supplier of advanced medical devices for multiple medical procedures including those used in the treatment of kidney, bladder,and other urinary stones. InnovaQuartz's medical devices include fiberoptics, sterile fiber optic delivery devices, optical components and optical subassemblies.
Laserscope acquired all of the capital stock of InnovaQuartz for approximately
Eric Reuter , President and CEO of Laserscope said, "The acquisition of IQis exciting for Laserscope for three important strategic reasons. The firstis that the addition of IQ's newest fiber optic product line provides us an immediate entry with leading technology into another important urological market -- the intracorporeal treatment of kidney, bladder, and other urinarystones that use holmium laser technology. Entry into this large, growth market is consistent with our strategy to become a complete player in thefield of urology, and the treatment of stones is one of the highest volume urological surgical procedures in the U.S. outside of the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia ("BPH"). IQ's new line of stone fibers incorporatespatented technology and know-how which provides for superior flexibility and strength. Going forward, the IQ products will be sold through our US and international urology distribution channels for use with Laserscope's own StoneLight(R) holmium laser as well as for use with many of the substantial worldwide installed base of other holmium lasers. Additionally, we expect tomaintain certain of IQ's key distribution and OEM relationships. IQ's licensed technology and vertical manufacturing expertise bolsters Laserscope's leading position in the design and manufacture of disposable fiber opticdelivery devices for high volume procedures in urology. We expect that IQfiber optic product line revenues can be grown substantially over the next several years as the IQ fiber optic product line gains recognition as the standard for treating stones with holmium laser technology. We intend topursue an aggressive marketing and sales strategy for bringing these products to the large existing installed base of holmium lasers worldwide.
"The second reason that this acquisition is so important," continued Mr.Reuter , "is that it serves a key operational objective which is the swift realization of savings in fiber materials costs for our main fiber opticproduct line, the GreenLight PV delivery device. Since 2002, IQ has been areliable, high quality supplier of a key component of Laserscope's GreenLightPV fiber optic delivery device used for the treatment of BPH. We therefore expect the acquisition will enable us to realize an immediate reduction in the cost of goods of our single use products and we anticipate that IQ's manufacturing and design capabilities will contribute further reductions in the costs of our fiber optic disposable products in the future.
"Thirdly, IQ's R&D expertise and focus in specialty assemblies and components and rapid proto-typing will support Laserscope's existing R&Defforts to develop new, technologically superior and lower cost fiber optic medical devices. The benefits we expect to realize through the addition of InnovaQuartz's expertise fully support Laserscope's long term fiber optic strategy to become the world's leading provider of competitively priced and high quality medical fiber optic technology for high volume medical procedures," said Mr. Reuter .


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The draft final report of the Business Tax Working Group is the end result of what amounts to a case study of how not to do tax reform. The remarkably thin "draft final report'' of the Business Tax Working Group set up by Treasurer
The mining boom is generating more structural change uncertainty; the big payoff from business tax reform may have come from previous efforts; and the company tax rate already has come down a long way in the past few decades. But the working group's report neglects to point out the primary reason: business doesn't trust this Labor government not to dud it.
The lesson of the past few decades confirms that genuine tax reform requires various interest groups to all agree to give up their special treatment in the knowledge that this would yield payoffs to all. By broadening the tax base, the tax rate can be lowered, thus reducing tax distortions, improving efficiency and expanding the economic pie.
The 2010 Henry tax review commissioned by
But the Henry review also produced Wayne Swan's ill-conceived resource super profits tax, which was sprung on the miners. The uproar undermined Mr Rudd's leadership and led to
Ms Gillard concluded her lame economic forum in June by declaring a corporate tax rate to be a Labor priority. But, as the Business Council pointed out last night, the working group's terms of reference "made it hard to produce an outcome that made good overall economic sense''. As if to confirm business fears, Mr Swan's budget update this week grabbed another $8.3 billion from the corporate sector by bringing forward their tax payments. As the working group report concludes, company tax is "a relatively inefficient vehicle to use as an incremental source of tax revenue''. But neither efficiency nor genuine tax reform are Labor priorities.
The Australian Financial Review


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Francesca Simon, Children's author
I don't think that merchandising in itself is a bad thing. It's more about how much of it there is and how tacky it is. Jacqueline Wilson has diaries on sale with her books, which I think is great because it's a way of having a bit of her books for yourself with some of Nick Sharratt's drawings. The Harry Potter book is so imaginative that the tackier merchandise slightly tarnishes it. Our expectations, also, were raised by the announcement that the merchandise would be controlled. Ultimately, though, nobody is forced to buy it - a fact people tend to forget.
Michael Jacobson, Director, Centre for Science in the Public Interest
Coca-Cola, the film's biggest marketing partner, produces soft drinks that can contribute to obesity and poor nutrition in children. So many people love the Harry Potter books but feel that this deal is a debasement of them. We set up the website saveharry.com to protest about this and more than 6,000 people have sent an email protesting to JK Rowling. This may turn the books from an exciting literary event into just another commercial experience. Kids who haven't read the books will see the words Harry Potter and just think of Coca-Cola and branded lunch boxes.
Jane Ray, Children's book illustrator
I don't like all this commercialisation when a great mechanism cranks into place. My partner is an orchestra conductor and he gave our eight-year-old son an old baton to use as a Harry Potter wand, which he was enchanted with. His imagination could turn it from a baton into a wand. Now you can buy "real" Harry Potter wands, I hope my son doesn't start to think his baton is no good. The images children see in their heads are wonderful, and illustrations in books or a film of a book such as Harry Potter light those images up. But I don't like the junk that accompanies it.
Clare Hulton, Publishing director, Penguin Books
I don't think anything can spoil the magic of the original stories. We all like souvenirs of things we have enjoyed and the scale of the Harry Potter merchandise reflects the popularity of the books and the huge expectations for the film. If anything, the film should drive more children to the source of its inspiration - the books themselves. And anything that encourages children to read, or even makes them more aware of books, whether it be a film, toys or clothes, has to be a good thing, doesn't it?
Rob Harrison, Editor, Ethical Consumer magazine
Has anyone else noticed the similarity between Voldemort, the dark force in the Harry Potter stories, and Gerald Levin, the boss of AOL Time Warner Inc? AOL Time Warner is the multinational corporation that has brought us the first Harry Potter film; its turnover is $7.7bn - roughly the same size as the Bolivian economy. While the company's left hand is bringing us heart-warming films, its right hand is funding political groups, which oppose the Kyoto climate change treaty, and lobby for the privatisation of health, education and utilities. What will be the impact on the environment of all these plastic toys?
Lesley Agnew, Manager, children's bookshop
We don't stock the merchandise. I think the vast majority of it not only seems in conflict with the underlying ethos of the books, but, more importantly, it detracts from the book's success as a stimulant to children's imaginations. For many children, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone is the first full-length book they read, their concentration sustained by the limitless possibilities of its world. The books work because of their appeal to children's imagination, upon which the adult world is predictably now seeking to impose its own amoral and imagination-free ethos.


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Quality. Service. Satisfaction. These are the outcomes you can expect to receive when you partner with Ebert Construction. Check out what we're working on now.
We're your one-stop source for commercial general contracting, construction management, and real estate services.
Commercial general contracting and construction management are the cornerstones of our business. Partner with our experts to bring your construction visions to reality.
Your search stops here for commercial general contracting, construction management, and real estate services in Minnesota. You can count on Ebert Construction to bring your commercial project visions to reality, on time and within your budget.
Family owned and operated for three generations, Ebert Construction is committed to providing you with quality craftsmanship and service excellence. On your behalf, our team of experts strives to ensure your satisfaction, from project conception to final completion.
Ebert Construction, Inc. would be happy to provide you with information for your next project, or simply to answer any questions you may have.


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Most of the health risks borne by uncircumcised men fall solely on them, rather than the population at large.
"I remember how uncircumcised kids were treated in the locker room," he says.
Emissaries arrived from James; and Peter hid himself, avoiding the uncircumcised.
What could uncircumcised Philistines know about these precious realities?
David did not: "Who is this uncircumcised, that he shall defy the armies of the living God?"
I am aware that virility, whether circumcised or uncircumcised, has caused very fatal quarrels.
An uncircumcised individual could be procured, however, to supply the deficiency.
The weeping prophet declares: 'All these nations are uncircumcised, and the house of Israel is uncircumcised.'
The Portuguese called them Jews; but they were no Jews, for they were uncircumcised and ate pork.
Again: "Ye stiff-necked and uncircumcised in heart and ears, ye do always resist the Holy Ghost; as your fathers did, so do ye."


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R.I.P. Pete Seeger
Folk legend Pete Seeger died Monday at age 94 of natural causes.
Folk legend Pete Seeger died Monday at age 94 of natural causes. A crucial figure in the resurgence of American folk music in the '50s and '60s, he continued to perform and promote folk music well into his late 80s.
- Born in 1919 in New York, Seeger grew up the son of a musicologist and a classical violinist.
- His biggest commercial success came in the late '40s and early '50s in The Weavers -- whose cover of Leadbelly's "Goodnight Irene" topped the charts for 13 weeks.
- Seeger's past membership in the Communist Party got The Weavers blacklisted during the McCarthy-era Red Scare.
- His best-known solo work includes "Where Have All the Flowers Gone," "If I Had a Hammer," "Turn, Turn, Turn" (which The Byrds took to the top of the charts) and "We Shall Overcome."
- Seeger was an instrumental figure in the '60s folk explosion in New York City's Greenwich Village and an early supporter of Bob Dylan.
- In 2006, Bruce Springsteen released a collection of songs associated with Seeger called We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions.
- In 2009, he performed Woody Guthrie's "This Land Is Your Land" with Springsteen at President Obama's Inauguration on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial.
- Seeger's longtime wife Toshi-Aline Ohta died in 2013, just days before their 70th anniversary. He's survived by three children and six grandchildren.
Source: MSN.com, 'Folk singer Pete Seeger dies in New York,' by Chris Talbott, Jan. 28, 2014


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Rambling Rose
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rambling Rose is a 1991 American drama movie. The movie is set in Georgia during the Great Depression. It stars Laura Dern as the title character. Robert Duvall, Diane Ladd and Lukas Haas play the family she moves in with. It was released in September 1991 in the United States.


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THREE charities have each received almost £4,000 from Bridgwater College's Raise and Give (RAG) day.
Cheques for £3895 have been presented to the Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Society, Leukaemia and Lymphoma Research and St. Margaret's Hospice after the Student Union raised a record-breaking £11,685.
The funds were raised in a variety of different ways throughout December, finishing with students in fancy dress raising money in Bridgwater's town centre.
Tracey Baxter, collections co-ordinator for the MS Society, said: "Any donations we receive are used either to fund research or to directly help MS sufferers with home adaptations.
"Everything we receive helps somebody, somewhere, so to receive a donation of almost £4,000 is just fantastic."
Mike and Denice Perrin, events volunteers from St. Margaret's Hospice, added: "The staff and patients at our hospices will really appreciate this donation."
Richard Delderfield, vice chairman of Leukaemia and Lymphoma Research, said: "This money will help patients by funding more research, which ultimately will lead to a better understanding of the disease."


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Rogue Trading is a business specialising in mead and fruit wines. Founded with the specific aim of selling novel and interesting wares, we sell to commercial buyers as well at markets and events. For the latter, the mead stall is rolled out and staffed by its very own monk.
In addition to the procurement and sale of curious beverages from about the UK, as well as abroad, work is ongoing on setting up the Dun Edin Meadery, where mead will be brewed according to old recipes (and possible a few of our own devise) with as few modern shortcuts as possible.
If you have an enquiry, would like to request a trader's price list, or find yourself in need of a mead stall at your event, please get in touch, either via the "Contact us" section above or via the email below:


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MICB-502 Interdisciplinary Global Infectious Diseases
Fall for 2012-2013
This course will present a comprehensive view of the global infectious disease landscape through a series of lectures that will first introduce the student to the biology and pathogenic manifestations of specific infectious agents followed by a corresponding lecture on a relevant health policy or program implementation example by an expert with direct experience in the subject. These presentations will cover "high impact" as well as neglected tropical diseases and potential pandemic agents. This course is designed for graduate and undergraduate students from diverse backgrounds that intend to work in an interdisciplinary environment and will benefit from a thorough understanding of all aspects surrounding global health issues.
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: None
Other academic years
There is information about this course number in other academic years:
More information
Look for this course in the schedule of classes.
The academic department web site for this program may provide other details about this course.


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Guest Reviews
Great hotel. Location is good. Hotel is stunning and the grounds are fantastic. Staff were helpful and pleasant. Bedroom very clean. Housekeeping standards were high. Love the bar and restaurant area. Food very well presented and of high standard – well worth the money. Would recommend to friends & family and will be back. My stay was one of the best I've had in hotels and I stay in a lot so keep up the good work.
Frenchie246 – September 2013, Trip Advisor


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we can talk about that if u like to!
i wander how i can delete my account??
Ramadan mubarak for allmy muslims and not muslims brothers…
Hello guys! Ive uploaded this item and i recieved a soft rejecthttp://graphicriver.net/theme_previews/2682912-sexsy-architect-trifold-brochure-psd
With the message over here
"Reason: You need to work over the general look and feel here, thinking about the typeface selection, things like the leading and hierarchy and general positioning of elements. The preview image set here is still incorrectly labelled. They should be labelled as such: xx_aname.jpg where xx is a leading double digit number starting at 01."
what u think iu should do??
All what i mean is that have anyone finds his love in graphicriver…. is it so HARD .
dekurvajo saidHhahahah its not translated…
hm… may i guess? Google translate!
Guys… How i can easly and quickly host my follow buttons to the internet, And how i can add the follow buttons and other stuffs to the file description, And can someone give me a nice pack of following buttons… thnx for reading and hope you answer…
The CS6 is much better than the other editions, Cause they add a lot of references and benefits on it, And plus… He has a perfect dark design. So u can just buy it


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Sunroof Drain Clog - Flood
View Single Post
Officially Welcomed to the 'Fest
Location: Atlanta
Join Date: Feb 2002
Posts: 378
Mein Auto: '17 M240 Convertible
View My Garage
Originally Posted by
Yes...what is involved?
I slowly trickled water into the sunroof tray today...the front drains through tubes exiting where the front door hinge is. The REAR: exits at a point found when you follow the roof line back to the gap where the hatch is. When I opened the hatch, I saw water running out from the rear-most point of the slot holding the rails. It then ran down just outside the seal for the hatch, but also inside the trunk along the track that holds the trunk cover. There is a piece of plastic by the roof seen when the trunk is open that looks like it is intended to divert the water to the outside area of the seal, but water runs UNDER it...I think this is the design flaw. This description stinks but if you try it you will see what I mean. This is a very poor design, especially considering all the electronics are back there. I don't think the rear drains (which are apparently hard to clean per the dealership) have to be clogged for there to be a problem. Now, if someone could explain to me how the sunroof lets in water when it is closed, I would be happy.
This is normal and part of the design. The problem is if it penetrates the cabin. Usually from the headliner and into the covered storage bins under the rear windows and then into the tire well and electrical area. You have to take everything out of the spare tire area, down to the bottom, to really tell if it's dry.
In the garage:
2017 M240i Convertible (EBII)
2016 X5 50i M Sport (Space Gray)
2017 718 Boxster S (Guards Red)
2012 328iT Sport (Deep Sea Blue)
'09 X5 Sport (Mineral Green)
'06 M3C (Jet Black)
'06 530xiT (Titanium Gray)
'03 325xiT (Topaz)
'02 330i sport (Jet Black)
'01 330i (Jet Black)
'01 Z3 (Topaz)
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Add WDC330i to Your Ignore List


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Luke Johnson
Burn the Scarecrow
Remember the smell of a match gone out.
Remember gust after gust bending stalks
as you cupped your hands around slow-burning
cornsilk jammed in the wristless sleeves.
Remember night, heat on your palms.
And your mother, chemo-ravaged
and still, watching from a candlelit porch.
She reached for your wrist that morning,
said only, I want you to burn the scarecrow.
So you did: you soaked its workshirt in kerosene
and watched black smoke lick button-eyes
hollow: an effigy burning itself to a cross.
When the wind catches smoke,
it sweeps ash from the sky. You look
to the porch and your mother is gone.
The corn and the birds stare as they always do.
So you step closer—you draw as close
as you can to the char until you can almost feel
sweat boiling on your brow like thousands
of stinging bees, your eyes forced closed,
but you stay as long as you can,
straw man burning as the crows begin to roar.
Luke Johnson is the author of After the Ark. Recent poems have appeared in Shenandoah, Southern Review, Threepenny Review, and elsewhere. He lives in Seattle.


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The Loach Forum Archives (2)
They are so funny
Posted By: Kimberly Wilson <email@example.com>
Date: Thursday, 6 July 2000, at 7:02 a.m.
OK OK, I know another newbie. I can see you all shaking your heads and smirking. I have been a veteren on a few dog training lists before. I will admit it, but just between you and me(thanks Miss Chung). I am an ADDICT. I have had different fish over the past 2 years, but I have not had as much enjoyment as I do from my loaches.
I fed the kids(fish) this morning. Prior to that I always sit and watch them for a few minutes. My red Modesta is suddenly not as shy as he was. He is feverishly swimming around the divider, leaping out of the water-thank goddess for hoods, he then comes to the front of the tank and looks right at me. Really! Then off like a 2 year old into a temper tantrum!!!! Along the front glass he begins to 'roll' around in the gravel. Shovelling his way through up-rooting my plants and moving rocks. Then back to the divider for another run at it. Then back to the glass 'glaring' at me this time. He wants those babies. I am sure that this is merely coincidence and it just looks like he has the utmost contempt for me. While the blue Modesta is just as cute as can be, peeking out from under a rock bridge. It is almost like having a good fish and an evil fish.
Have there been any cases of Modesta revenge, other than redecorating the tank?
Messages In This Thread


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Need a typist who can retype a document into MS Word
Budget $10-30 USD
I have a 10 page document I need typed into MS Word.
76 freelancers are bidding on average $24 for this job
checkd, lots of text in the agreement, consider it done within 24 hours with almost same formatting and no errors, thanks
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Please let me know the actual requirement to ensure the job will be done within a day without any errors and ensure for good results. Thanks


text:
Originally Posted by Grizzly.
What do you mean he did the Mayweather undercard?
Easy win for Mason IMO. Reuter had nothing for him.
Mayweather fought and i know Matinez was there along side Jimmy Lennon Jnr announcing.
Lol at Wickett...............one day............one day!
Valley of Kings - Coming Soon
Forum Rules


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Standpatism(or Standpattism)
Use this forum to suggest Good Words for Professor Beard.
6 posts • Page 1 of 1
- Senior Lexiterian
- Posts: 515
- Joined: Sat Oct 15, 2005 5:23 am
- Location: Michigan, United States
Standpatism(or Standpattism)
A stubborn refusal to change one,s opinion, especially in political matters. This word come,s from ''stand pat'', which is a poker term.
Is this already a word, or are you suggesting that it should be one? Either way I like it. I can see it now. "I get so bored by standpatists. They are worse than standups with used jokes."
"Time is nature's way of keeping everything from happening all at once. Lately it hasn't been working."
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TAMPA, Fla. - Both starters insist they're fine, but don't be surprised if nose tackle Ed Jasper and strong safety Bryan Scott are unable to play when the Oakland Raiders visit the Georgia Dome in six days.
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Jasper broke his left hand during the second quarter and couldn't return in the Atlanta Falcons' 27-0 loss Sunday to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Rookie Chad Lavalais, who broke a hand earlier this year and didn't miss a game, took turns with Antwan Lake filling in for Jasper.
Scott departed in the fourth quarter after spraining his left shoulder.
Kevin McCadam took his place.
The Falcons likely will place reserve guard Martin Bibla, who plays almost exclusively on special teams, on season-ending injured reserve this week.
Bibla, who walked from the locker room with the help of crutches, said he suffered a broken right ankle and torn ligaments.
One is not enough
Led by two from Rod Coleman three weeks ago, the Falcons sacked Brian Griese a season-high seven times in beating the Bucs 24-14 at the Dome.
On Sunday, the Falcons recorded three sacks - 1.5 from Patrick Kerney, one from Travis Hall and half a sack from Coleman. That's an acceptable number on most days, but for a defense predicated on forcing turnovers and stuffing the run, it must meet those standards if sack totals aren't high.
Atlanta failed on both accounts. Linebacker Chris Draft had the only takeaway as he intercepted Griese late in the third quarter and returned the ball 33 yards. The Falcons' offense punted three plays later.
Tampa Bay's rushing attack, led by 68 yards from Michael Pittman and 42 from Mike Alstott, finished with 132 and two touchdowns.
"I felt like we played OK on defense considering some of the situations we were put in," Atlanta head coach Jim Mora said. "We are a defense built upon taking the football away, and today Tampa did an excellent job of protecting it."
Kudos to Kiffin
Stopping Michael Vick, who began the day with a 12-3 record since returning from last year's broken ankle, can be tricky, but Tampa Bay avoided the pitfall of allowing him to break off huge gains in the air and on the ground.
The Bucs, who improved to 2-3 against the Atlanta quarterback, followed the success of Arizona, Detroit and Kansas City - the three teams this year that essentially shut Vick down - by having defensive ends Simeon Rice and Greg Spires line up a few steps outside Kevin Shaffer and Todd Weiner and forcing the offensive tackles on their heels and back into the pocket more quickly.
More significantly, however, was the wrinkle defensive coordinator Monte Kiffin added in zone coverage, a move that held tight end Alge Crumpler to one measly catch for five yards. In his last four games, Crumpler accounted for 354 yards and four touchdowns on 19 receptions, but Tampa Bay neutralized him with one defender bumping him at the line and another picking him up with his route askew.
Crumpler, who blew protection on the sack that allowed Rice to sack Vick and force a fumble, denied the Bucs' role in his poor performance. Dunn, though, credited Tampa Bay, which drafted him in 1997 and watched him leave as a free agent in March 2002.
"At times, you couldn't tell how many guys were on the line of scrimmage," Dunn said. "That's just how many guys they had. With that much pressure, they'd force Mike to do things he's not accustomed to do."
Webster, Finneran out
Injuries prevented starting right-side cornerback Jason Webster (groin) and backup flanker Brian Finneran (ankle) from playing. Finneran has missed three of the last four games, Webster two of the last four.
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Leopards at Cheetah Plains
Sabi Sand, the world-famous private game reserve that shares a 50km unfenced border with Kruger National Park, is not only the oldest private reserve in South Africa, but is also renowned for its leopard sightings. After all, this 65 000ha wilderness has the highest density of leopards in the world.
So when, before Christmas, I visited one of its lodges – the intimate, friendly Cheetah Plains in the north of Sabi Sand – I was pretty confident I'd spot a leopard (even though the lodge is called Cheetah Plains).
What I didn't expect – and this was a first in 40 years of going to the bush – was that I would see four (four!) different leopards on one evening game drive.
We had flown to Cheetah Plains with the efficient charter airline, Federal Airlines, which serves most of the Sabi Sand lodges, as well as destinations all over South Africa.
It was an overcast evening as my friend Gail from San Francisco (making her fourth visit to South Africa and to the bush) and I climbed aboard the open Land Cruiser driven by Andrew Khosa, our experienced Shangaan ranger. We'd just feasted on a sumptuous 'high tea' – a bush lodge tradition – of savoury and sweet goodies, and were off for a four-hour evening game drive.
We stopped to take pictures of a couple of old bull elephants as they sauntered through the feathery grasses, digging for juicy tubers and casually knocking over a few young trees and shrubs as went. A few minutes later we watched a magnificent male kudu nibbling fresh green leaves, and later enjoyed the sight of tiny baby impalas (like baby Bambis), some with their umbilical cords still dangling, as they grouped together in nurseries of up to 30 at a time as their mothers grazed nearby.
But then we got the photo opportunity of a lifetime as the 'twins' clambered up a termite mound and posed for us like feline supermodels.
As we drove by a dense thicket of trees and shrubs, Andrew heard the warning bark of kudus, followed by vervet monkeys shouting in alarm. 'Leopard,' he said, and immediately drove off-road, deep into the bush. A few minutes of bumping, jolting and dodging between thick vegetation, and leopard No 1 crossed in front of us. It was a young male, starting his evening hunt. We followed him for a while until he lost us in the thick bush, but not before he posed briefly on a rock in the evening sun.
Back to the main sand road, and after another twenty minutes' driving, far, far in the distance Andrew saw three shapes walking steadily along the road. It was a mother leopard and her two 14-month-old cubs.
We caught up with them, as, totally unperturbed by the presence of our vehicle, they continued to pad stealthily along the road. Mother disappeared to go hunting solo, as the two youngsters were not old enough to hunt successfully on their own.
But then we got the photo opportunity of a lifetime as the 'twins' clambered up a termite mound and posed for us like feline supermodels – eyeballing us steadily, tossing their gorgeous heads every now and then, and gazing ahead with their beautiful yellow eyes.
And so we sat for maybe 30 minutes, before the cats decided that they had given us enough of a mega-show, and climbed down from the mound and vanished silently into the twilight.
Oh yes, we also saw the rest of the Big Five – rhino, buffalo and lion – during our three-night stay at Cheetah Plains.
On the last evening drive we joined a beautiful female cheetah as she hunted silently through the tall grass, before lying down a couple of metres away from us, panting as she surveyed the landscape for potential prey.
A safari just doesn't get better than this…
Category: Wildlife


text: At the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards Nirvana performed "Lithium." Guns N' Roses were to perform later in the show with Elton John. Two pianos were set up for the performance, one for GNR lead singer Axl Rose & the other for Elton John. When Kurt was walking off stage he spit on the keys of the piano he believed to be Axl's. Kurt later found out that the piano he spit on was actually the one that was used by Elton John


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If you are conducting some Austin family history research then you can view the Austin coat of arms and the name meaning and origin of the name as well as the meaning of symbols below. This is a great place to start when tracing your genealogy and Austin surname history and will help you answer the question 'what is the meaning of my name?'
The name Austin has existed in
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and is usually of Anglo origin.
Oistin and Mac Aibhistin are the
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be found throughout the four
Provinces of the country. This name
was further introduced into Ulster
during the seventeenth century.
A Sept or Clan is a collective term describing a group of persons whose immediate ancestors had a common surname and all inhabited the same lands.
|'The Martyr's colour', signifies Military Fortitude and Magnanimity.
|Represents Generosity.
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|Often representing Faith or Christian beliefs, possibly relating to the Crusades
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SNL's Tracy Morgan Remains in Critical Condition: Update
Prayers go out to Actor Tracy Morgan who was in critical condition after he was injured in a six-car accident early Saturday in New Jersey, authorities said. The wreck killed at least one person, said Sgt. Gregory William of New Jersey State Police.
Late Saturday afternoon, Tracy Morgan remains in Critical condition. Here's the latest update.
Tracy Lawrence is a funny, funny guy.


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Dynamite! 2010 - Results and Fightreport
DYNAMITE!! A Carnival of Carnage (by Stuart Tonkin)
December 31, 2010 - Saitama Super Arena - Finally the day has come. DYNAMITE!! 2010, and did it ever deliver! There were tap outs. There were brutal knockouts. And there were battles that will be talked about for years to come. Belts successfully defended, and new champions crowd. This was a fight-festival for everyone.
The first fight on the card was between occasion MAX fighter, Andy Ologun, and the Japanese baseball player, Katsuaki Furuki. The inexperienced fighter ran at Andy with left hooks from the start, until he found himself in the Thai clinch with his body being tenderized with knees. Andy's superior striking soon had Furuki fish-dancing around the ring before he fell to the mat. Andy jumped on, but due to his inexperience with MMA, was quickly swept and fully mounted. In the second round, after deciding he wanted no part of Andy's stand up, the Japanese fighter kept it on the ground and got close with a surprising number of submissions. The final round saw Andy managing to stand upright and land a lot more of his shots. He busted open Furuki's left eyebrow quite badly, and made contact with his jaw several times. It was amazing the man remained standing. The judges all thought Andy did enough in the first and third rounds to make up for the second.
The long awaited return of Japanese veteran Caol Uno at a lower weight class was next. He was facing Olympic wrestler, Miyata. Both fighters seemed to be happy to keep it on their feet in the first, and Uno seemed to be a little sharper with his stand up than usual. Miyata went back to his base for the second round, and suplexed Uno once before landing a big high kick that busted open Uno's eye and nose. The wrestler also managed another big slam, and some nice punches while tying up the clothing designer in the corner. The final round was almost identical. Uno had no answers to Miyata's take downs, and found himself suplexed hard once again. Miyata promised yesterday to win the fight via knockout from a suplex, and while he didn't get the knockout they certainly helped lead him to the decision win.
The ever entertaining ex-boxer Kazuhisa Watanabe was next; here to face the ex-cleaner Hideo Tokoro. As expect Tokoro shot in from the start and that set up the tempo for the entire fight. Watanabe had no way to stop himself from being taken down, but his raw power was such that Tokoro couldn't pull off any of his submissions early on. He had both Watanabe's neck and arm cleanly a number of times, but the strength of the skin-headed boxer was more than enough to throw Tokoro off and rag-doll him at will. It took until the third round for him to tire enough for perhaps Tokoro's 76th armbar to finally be enough to stop him.
After losing to Ishii in his last bout, the infamous MINOWAMAN said he had noticed what he needs to improve, and had taken the steps to do so. FEG set him up this time with another Olympic judoka in Horoshi Izumi, however the bout played out much the same way. Sadly for MINOWAMAN fans, Izumi simply had his way with the smaller fighter for much of the regulation time. Once taken down, MINOWAMAN just couldn't get off his back as Izumi's top position control was too good for him. Punch after punch landed, and while they weren't hard, by the third round the audience too was hopping the referee would step in and stop it. Soon after, he mercifully did just that.
DREAM Light Heavyweight Grand Prix runner up Tatsuya Mizuno said he wanted to beat a fighter no Japanese fighter had beaten before. That man was the crazy Russian, Sergey Kharitonov. He made the mistake of standing with the MMA veteran with boxing experience though, and Sergey started to land some serious leather early in the round. The much taller and heavier Russian planted his feet and a massive right punch that rocked the Japanese fighter. It was quickly followed by an Overeem-like knee that stole Mizuno's consciousness completely. He fell back onto the mat, only to be slammed with two more powerful punches before the referee could jump in and protect him. Sergey later profusely apologized for the late shots.
A very pumped up K-1 Heavyweight Champion was here to take back some of the pride he feels his opponent Gegard Mousasi stole from K-1 fighters 2 years ago. Kyotaro started the fight as he usually does. Running. Gegard used his reach advantage well with his jab and low kicks, which Kyotaro couldn't land. As the round progressed Kyotaro began to use his timing a little better. In the second, Gegard came out hard. He threw several very brutal left hooks that caught air, but seemed to get closer every time. Later in the round he missed with the same punch and caught Kyotaro sleeping with a right hook that put him on Queer Street. He went down hard, and was still on somewhat wobbly legs at the end of the 8 count. He fought on, and while he got tagged several more times he stayed on his feet (apart from Mousasi's takedowns) until the end of the round. In the final round Gegard went more into protection mode. Kyotaro threw everything he had at him, but Gegard's guard was solid and Kyotaro's punches were a little too desperate. Gegard had an easy time avoiding them for the most part, and earned himself his second K-1 victory.
The next bout on the card was the mixed kickboxing/MMA round fight. Yuichiro Nagashima was going to try to take out Shinya Aoki in the first kickboxing rules round, while if Aoki survived it he would try to return the favor in the second MMA round. Unfortunately we didn't get the sportsmanlike fight we were expecting from one of them. Despite the fact the rules were clearly no clinching in the first round, Aoki completely ignored them and did everything he could to hug his way through the round, during the few seconds he was actually off the canvas from "falling over" during kicks. The crowd was booing him, and he seemed to enjoy that even more. The second round was finally under the rules he wanted. MMA. His game face was on, but surprisingly Nagashima didn't look at all nervous. When the gong rang, Aoki shot in for a takedown. Nagashima jumped at him with a knee and cracked it right across the DREAM Lightweight Champion's jaw. He dropped like a sack of potatoes and Nagashima jumped on and pounded him until he was board-stiff. The crowd went berserk with cheers. Nagashima grabbed the microphone and screamed; "K-1 rocks" Don't be looking down at it!!"
Heavyweight fighters around the world refused to fight the 2010 K-1 World Grand Prix Champion Alistair Overeem at DYNAMITE this year, but one man sought the fight out. Ex-UFC fighter Todd Duffee put his hand up and asked for the chance. The fight was announced to be for the DREAM Interim Heavyweight Title. The bout began with Todd quickly closing the distance with some strikes, and they briefly hit the mat before The Reem threw a knee. They broke away from one another and The Reem was the one to advance this time. Todd missed with a left hook, and The Reem tied up and drove in a huge Uber-knee followed by a right hook to the temple and a solid left. Todd crumpled the canvas with half his torso hanging outside the ropes, completely out of it. With this win, Alistair Overeem added a third strap to his collection.
K-1 star Jerome LeBanner was next to come out. He was facing the Japanese hopeful, Satoshi Ishii. Intelligently, Ishii stuck to LeBanner like glue as much as possible. When there was a little distance, Lebanner was throwing knees and punches the likes of which Ishii has never felt before. The Japanese Olympic judo medalist of course had many takedowns over the K-1 fighter, and ground control obviously went to him as well. The crowd seemed to be behind LeBanner far more though, and the times when he rallied some decent offense was when they were screaming. The notice for this fight that the Frenchman had seems like it wasn't enough though, and from midway into the second of three rounds, his tank was empty and all he could do was defend submission attempts from his back. At the end of the bout the crowd booed as each judge announced Ishii as the winner.
For the first time ever Kazushi Sakuraba cut down to welterweight. The reason for this was a title shot against the mini-Crocop, Marius "The WhiteMare" Zaromskis. Marius shot out at the start with a flying kick as usual, and Sakuraba swatted him away with a fast right. He found his mark with that right hand a couple more times and was looking calm. Marius too was fighting cautiously, though both were letting go in the flurries when they met. At one point Sakuraba's right cauliflowered ear began to bleed a little, so the doctor stepped in the check it. Within a handful of flurries after the restart, Sakuraba grabbed his ear in pain and walked away. The doctor looked at it and took what seemed like one tenth of a second before calling it off. It would seem his ear was torn badly in one of the exchanges. He said he still felt good, so he would be back to fight again, before congratulating the reigning champion, Marius Zaromskis.
Next up was some great matchmaking of fighters from mixed backgrounds. DREAM fight Akiyo "Wicky" Nishiura was here to fight K-1 rules against the -63kg MAX Grand Prix Champion, Tetsuya Yamato. Wicky is tricky at the best of times, but when fighting someone used to completely different distancing he makes for a very tough opponent. Yamato did well in keeping the pressure up, and he landed the more technical strikes, mid and low kicks. Wicky landed the flashy punches though, and threatened a knockout at any time. In the third round he drilled Yamato with some bombs and looked like he might finish it, when Yamato returned the favor and had Wicky moon-walking for the remainder of the round. At the end of this battle one judge had Yamato up by a point, while the other two had it as a perfect draw.
Hayato "Mach" Sakurai then came out to face fellow Welterweight Grand Prix participant, Jason High. After some feeling out on the feet it hit the ground with Mach on top. He passed to half guard. Jason tried to get him back into guard, but Mach regained his position and started up with his ground and pound. Eventually it was stood up and Jason was yellow carded for inactivity. In the second Jason tried to quickly take it to the ground, but Mach again spoilt it and landed in the dominant position. He held position until going for a submission. At that time Jason swept him and threw some vicious shots from top position. The remainder of the round, and most of the following was much of the same: each fighting for top position and keeping it as long as possible. In the third though, Mach was yellow carded too, and it seemed to ignite him. Not long after it he lunged in with a hook that rocked Jason, and followed it with a knee to drop him. Once again though, when he jumped on top he was reversed. The round soon ended and this one went through to the judges. They weren't in agreement with who had won the battle. One said Sakurai while the other two thought it was Jason.
Former StrikeForce Champion Josh Thompson came to japan to fight Tatsuya Kawajiri after Gilbert Melendez backed out of the reciprocal fight with the earlier knocked out Shinya Aoki. Both fighters seemed excited about testing themselves against one another. The bout began and it wasn't long before Kawajiri had taken Josh down and moved to full mount. Josh managed to eventually wiggle himself out, but he took some damage doing so and didn't succeed in getting off his back the entire round. In the second he came out with a dangerous high kick that sailed past "Crusher," before the Japanese fighter again took it to the mat, and into full mount. Kawajiri had a side choke in, but couldn't finish Josh, so moved back to mount before losing position in a scramble. Josh came close to taking his back until another slam to the mat temporarily killed his plans. Towards the end of the round he did get Kawajiri's back, but it was too late to do much with it. In the final round the speed of Josh's strikes was scary. Kawajiri wanted no part of them and applied the body lock and took it to safer territory. Josh seemed a little more desperate this round though, and scrambled hard. He did get to his feet and land some serious knees, until the DREAM fighter took it down yet again. The round ended with Josh defending yet another side choke. This time, all three judges agreed Kawajiri was the winner.
The Featherweight Title was on the line tonight too. Defender, Bibiano Fernandes was taking on Hiroyuki Takaya. Each fighter knows the other well after having already fought to a spilt decision in the past. Thus, the first round was pretty much feeling out, and checking distancing with jabs. The referee called for more action more than once. Bibiano did get one brief takedown in the round. In the second they both traded some more committed strikes, and at one point Bibiano cornered Takaya and drove some heavy knees into his thighs and body. Both shot for, and spoilt tackles throughout the round. The final round of this title fight looked like it would play out as the earlier ones had. Takaya then secured top position after a takedown and went to town with ground and pound, and kept it up from early on right up until the end of the round. The judges called the fight 3-0 for Takaya, and in so doing, crowned a new champion.
If you haven't already seen this event, seek it out. There is a great balance of serious bouts, and fantasy fights usually impossible to make. Check back here tomorrow too, as we will be holding a press conference for the winners, and updating you on the condition of some of those that lost.
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