text:
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Inhalation of asbestos resulting from living with and handling the clothing of workers directly exposed to asbestos has been established as a possible contributor to disease. This review evaluates epidemiologic studies of asbestos-related disease or conditions (mesothelioma, lung cancer, and pleural and interstitial abnormalities) among domestically exposed individuals and exposure studies that provide either direct exposure measurements or surrogate measures of asbestos exposure. A meta-analysis of studies providing relative risk estimates (n = 12) of mesothelioma was performed, resulting in a summary relative risk estimate (SRRE) of 5.02 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.48–10.13). This SRRE pertains to persons domestically exposed via workers involved in occupations with a traditionally high risk of disease from exposure to asbestos (
The potential exposure scenarios for individuals who are non-occupationally exposed to asbestos vary, but may include: (1) neighborhood exposure due to asbestos emissions from nearby asbestos-product manufacturing facilities, asbestos mines, construction work involving asbestos, or naturally occurring asbestos; (2) household exposure from the use of asbestos-containing materials (e.g., use of tremolite/erionite whitewash on the exterior of homes); and (3) household contamination resulting from asbestos fibers brought into the home on workers' clothing or bodies, and domestic activities such as handling or laundering workers' contaminated clothing. In this review, we discuss the third scenario, which can be referred to as secondary, para-occupational or take-home exposure, and herein is termed "domestic exposure".
In 1960, a seminal case series reported by Wagner [
The review of indirect exposures in bystanders in the workplace and at home by Grandjean and Bach [
In conjunction with the Workers' Family Protection Act of 1992, the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) produced the Report to Congress on Workers' Home Contamination Study Conducted under the Workers' Family Protection Act [
An often-cited French report by the National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) [
In 2000, Bourdès
The purpose of our current paper has two specific aims: (1) to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive review of epidemiologic (cohort, case-control, and case reports and series) and exposure data regarding domestic exposure and mesothelioma, lung cancer, and interstitial and pleural abnormalities and (2) to conduct a quantitative assessment using a meta-analysis approach to estimate the risk of mesothelioma among individuals domestically exposed
The published literature from the 1960s to 2012 was searched using MEDLINE, accessed via PubMed (the U.S. National Library of Medicine). Key words included domestic, household, laundry, para-occupational, or take-home and asbestos (and specific fiber types, including crocidolite, amosite, and chrysotile), mesothelioma, lung cancer, asbestosis, or pleural changes. No specific restrictions were imposed on the literature search, although the review was restricted to the most recent update of a study population. The reference lists of articles were reviewed to identify studies that might not have been detected in the literature search. Each article was reviewed by at least two scientists for inclusion. In an attempt to be as comprehensive as possible, all studies that provided some primary epidemiologic or exposure information were included. Some studies were written in a foreign language; for these, the English abstract was relied upon for relevant information.
Analytical and descriptive epidemiologic studies were considered in the qualitative review, including cohort, case-control, cross-sectional studies, case reports, and case series. The medical conditions of interest were mesothelioma, lung cancer, and interstitial and pleural abnormalities.
In addition to a qualitative review of the published epidemiologic studies, we also performed a quantitative meta-analysis of the studies reporting mesothelioma in domestically exposed persons. Only mesothelioma studies were included in the meta-analysis, because there were too few studies of lung cancer and interstitial and pleural abnormalities to perform meta-analyses for those endpoints. Epidemiologic studies were included in the meta-analysis if the original study reported relative risk estimates, or provided the information necessary to calculate a relative risk estimate, and a measure of variance (e.g., confidence intervals). Random-effects meta-analysis models were used to calculate summary relative risk estimates (SRREs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and corresponding
The exposure studies reviewed included a variety of study types that provided some direct asbestos exposure data or surrogate of asbestos exposure, and were categorized into four distinct groups: (1) studies describing results of airborne or settled dust samples collected within the homes of domestically exposed persons, (2) studies describing exposures during laundering or other handling of contaminated clothing, (3) studies describing controlled simulations of take-home exposures, and (4) lung burden studies. Due to the different in potency among asbestos fiber types, wherever possible, the type of asbestos fiber from which the exposure occurred is noted.
In total 143 published articles were identified for inclusion in the review, and of these, 108 were evaluated for relevant information. Many of the studies were subsequently excluded after initial review. Specific reasons for exclusion included lack of quantitative data regarding risk and/or exposure (e.g., review articles with no original data) and studies that did not report specifically on domestically-exposed persons or that lumped those domestically-exposed with other types of asbestos exposures. The remaining articles are discussed below. Wherever possible, the asbestos fiber type to which the population was exposed was reported (
Studies of mesothelioma, lung cancer, and pleural and interstitial abnormalities with information regarding domestic exposure are discussed below by disease type.
Case reports and series of mesothelioma in domestically exposed populations.
|Author and Year
|Population Studied
|Occupation of Worker(s)
|Exposure Information
|33 Pleural mesothelioma cases in Northwest Cape Province (South Africa)
|Crocidolite miners
|25/33 cases had non-occupational exposure (76%).
|Nearly exclusively neighborhood exposure
|Lieben & Pistawka 1967 [
|42 Pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma cases in southeast Pennsylvania
|Insulation plant workers
|3/42 (7%) cases had domestic exposure:
|Amosite and chrysotile
|Rusby 1968 [
|Pleural mesothelioma in mother of factory workers
|Asbestos factory workers
|Mother of 3 daughters who worked in an asbestos factory
|Laundered clothing for 1–2 years, 26 years prior; no other asbestos contact
|10 Pleural mesothelioma cases at Massachusetts General Hospital 1960–1967
|1 woman (10%) washed her pipefitter husband's dusty work clothes; husband had asbestosis
|Clothes washing
|Bittersohl and Ose 1971 [
|Wife of a chemical plant worker
|Chemical plant worker
|1 woman with pleural mesothelioma whose husband was exposed to asbestos insulation at a chemical plant
|Clothes washing
|Champion 1971 [
|Son of lagger
|Patient was never occupationally exposed to asbestos; father was a lagger who wore work overalls home; emphysematous changes seen in mother; sister had pleural plaques.
|Knappmann 1972 [
|Brother of asbestos worker
|Asbestos factory worker
|Case report of mesothelioma in a man who lived for several years with his sister who was an asbestos worker
|Greenberg & Davies 1974 [
|246 Pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma cases in England, Wales, Scotland (1967–1968)
|Asbestos factory workers
|2/246 (0.8%) with potential domestic exposures:
|Cases had 2 and 14 years of exposure, respectively
|Mesothelioma in husband and wife
|Industrial exposure to asbestos
|Husband had "industrial exposure", wife washed his clothes; both were diagnosed with pleural mesothelioma
|Clothes washing
|Milne 1976 [
|32 Pleural mesothelioma cases in Victoria, Australia
|Asbestos cement factory
|1/32 cases (3%) had domestic exposure; father worked in asbestos cement plant.
|Edge & Chaudhury 1978 [
|50 Mesothelioma cases from Barrow in Furness (British shipbuilding town; 1966–1976)
|Shipyard plumber
|1/50 (2%) was married to a shipyard plumber.
|Family in which father was pipe insulator in a shipyard.
|Shipyard insulator
|Father had asbestosis and lung cancer; wife washed his clothes and had mesothelioma;
|Clothes washing
|2 wives of asbestos workers
|Asbestos factory workers
|Mesothelioma in 2 wives of asbestos workers:
|288 pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma cases in NY state (1973–1978)
|Farmers, fireman
|7/288 (2.4%) cases with potential indirect exposure (1 male, 6 females);
|Two children of an asbestos worker
|Foundry worker
|Female with no occupational exposure;
|Exposure referred to as "slight household asbestos exposure during childhood".
|Mother, daughter, and son with pleural mesothelioma
|Factory workers
|Mother worked as clothing sales person and candle-maker. First husband and second husband worked at lumber/shingle company. Family lived within a mile of lumber/shingle company that used asbestos wrap on pipes. Daughter worked as phone operator, husband was electrician. Son worked in submarine, shipyard, cement pipe maker, power company, and carpenter.
|No microscopic evidence of asbestos fibers in son and daughter
|Family of asbestos worker
|Wife of insulator washed worker's laundry, used cloth sacks that were used to transport insulation as child's diapers. Child died of mesothelioma at age 32; mother died at age 49. Uncle who lived with family as teen and was briefly an insulator, developed mesothelioma at age 43. Father died of asbestosis at age 53.
|Clothes washing and insulation cloth sacks as diapers.
|10 Cases of mesothelioma in patients 40 years old and under
|Asbestos factory worker, shipyard insulator
|1–18 years of exposure
|48 Cases of mesothelioma from the National Cancer Register in East Germany and 19 cases of pleural plaques were investigated for non-occupational exposure to asbestos
|22/48 (46%) cases caused by cleaning by members of the family of working clothes contaminated with asbestos.
|Clothes washing
|Sister and husband of asbestos workers
|Family had 2 brothers, a sister and her husband. All males were insulators; 1 brother had asbestosis, other brother and sister had mesothelioma; woman who cleaned work clothes developed mesothelioma at age 79.
|Clothes washing
|100 Cases of pleural mesothelioma in Tuscany, Italy (1970–1988)
|Construction, plumber in chemical manufacturing
|4/100 (4%) cases identified with "possible domestic" exposure—women whose husbands or members of the family were occupationally exposed (3 in construction and one as a plumber in chemical manufacturing) and who used to wash their spouses' work clothes; same data also reported by Seniori-Constantini & Chellini 1997 [
|Clothes washing
|262 Cases of pleural mesothelioma in Leghorn and La Spezia, Italy (1958–1988)
|Shipyard workers, oil refinery worker
|10 (3.8%) women washed their relatives' work clothes (9 shipyard workers, 1 oil refinery worker).
|Clothes washing
|170 Cases of mesothelioma in Trieste, Italy (1968–1987)
|Shipyard workers
|5/170 (2.9%) cases had domestic exposure and cleaned the clothes of their husbands who were shipyard workers.
|80% had no AB
|5 Pleural mesothelioma cases
|Insulation mat manufacturing, turbine revision, roofer, asbestos cardboard manufacturing, and insulator.
|"Causal relation established between the mesothelioma and inhalation of asbestos fibers while cleaning contaminated work-clothes and shoes".
|7–23 years of exposure; cleaning clothes and shoes
|Seniori-Constantini & Chellini 1997 [
|335 Pleural mesothelioma cases from registry in Tuscany, Italy (1970–1996)
|30%–35% of 59 female cases were housewives; Same data source as Chellini
|123 Cases in South Africa
|Mining workers
|13/123 cases (11%) noted contaminated clothing as source of exposure, along with working with asbestos or living in mining district. "No subject exclusively exposed to contaminated work clothes brought home". Three cases were reported to have only exposure to asbestos from contaminated clothing.
|Mostly crocidolite and amosite;
|One female mesothelioma case
|Domestic exposure, duration of 20 years in an industrial town with a large chemical plant
|190 Cases of mesothelioma in Brescia, Italy diagnosed 1980–1999
|Asbestos hauler
|1/190 (0.5%) had domestic exposure; wife of asbestos hauler who washed his clothes
|Clothes washing
|557 Malignant mesotheliomas of the pleura diagnosed 1968–2000 in the Trieste-Monfalcone area, Italy
|Mainly shipbuilding town
|21/65 (32%) females and 0/492 males had histories of domestic exposure, cleaning clothes of an asbestos exposed worker; includes Giarelli
|35% of domestic cases analyzed (n = 20) had AB;
|323 Pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma cases in Emilia-Romagna, Italy (1996–2001)
|13/325 (4%) were domestically exposed
|Miller 2005 [
|32 Pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma cases gathered from law firms (since 1990)
|Shipyard workers, insulators, others.
|15 wives, 11 daughters, 3 sons, 1 sister-in-law, 1 niece, 1 boarder;
|99 Cases in Trieste, Italy (2001–2006)
|5 cases (5%) identified as "home exposure", where patients had washed asbestos-exposed husbands' work clothes
|Clothes washing
Cohort and case-control studies of mesothelioma in domestically exposed populations.
|Author and Year
|Study Design
|Population Studied (dates of death/incidence)
|Fiber Type
|Occupation of Worker(s)
|Newhouse & Thompson 1965 a, b [
|76 cases from London hospital (1956–1963)
|76 "in patient" series (patient in medical and surgical wards of the hospital during early summer 1964) matched by sex and date of birth
|Crocidolite, chrysotile, amosite
|Spinners, engine room worker, boiler coverer, asbestos factory foreman, docker, railway carriage builder, asbestos factory worker
|9 cases had relative who worked with asbestos (7 pleural, 2 peritoneal)
|Ashcroft & Heppleston 1970 [
|22 cases in Tyneside (British shipbuilding town)
|46 hospital controls matched for age and sex, free of malignant disease
|Asbestos worker
|One case was the widow of an asbestos worker who, for a period of 3 years, had come home with asbestos dust on his hair and shoes.
|80 cases from Scotland (1950–1967)
|2 sets of hospital controls with coronary artery disease or lung or gastric cancer, matched for age and sex
|For one case: "Blue and white" asbestos
|For one case: dock worker
|"...only a few [cases] had shared a household with relatives who were known to have worked with asbestos. There was no statistical difference with regard to either household or spare-time exposure to asbestos between the three groups [cases, cancer controls, cardiovascular controls]. One individual case, however, was interesting. The husband of one of the female cases had worked regularly with asbestos, both blue and white, as a dock labourer, and quite frequently had come home with asbestos on his overalls. His wife (the case) had washed them at home".
|50 cases from Piedmont, Italy (1960–1970)
|Patients with same sex, age, and at same institution
|Asbestos industry
|3/50 cases had "family exposure" 0/50 controls had "family exposure"
|Vianna & Polan 1978 [
|52 female NY state residents 20+ year old (1967–1977)
|52 controls matched for age sex, race, marital status, county, year of death, and from non-cancer death
|Shoemaker, brake lining worker, pipefitter, heat insulation worker, heat electric wire worker, elevator insulation worker
|10 patients had husbands/fathers working in asbestos industry (9 pleural, 1 peritoneal), whereas their matched controls did not. 1 control had husband working in asbestos industry, whereas their matched case did not: RR = 10 (95% CI = 1.42–37.40)
|McDonald & McDonald 1980 [
|490 fatalities in Canada (1960–1972) and USA (1972) ascertained through 7,400 pathologists
|Matched controls with pulmonary metastases from non-pulmonary malignancy by sex, age, year of death, and hospital
|Chrysotile (at least 3 cases) and some amosite
|Chrysotile production, insulation, or factory work
|2 males, 6 females exposed to dusty clothing of asbestos worker;
|Muscat & Wynder 1991 [
|124 cases entering NY City hospital between 1981–1990
|267 controls with non-tobacco disease, matched for age, sex, hospital, race, month of interview
|Auto mechanic
|1/16 women without occupational exposure reported domestic contact with asbestos (one husband was auto mechanic);
|208 cases from Veterans Administration hospital files and Los Angeles county and New York state cancer registries (1975–1980)
|533 controls from death certificates or VA benefit files died of other causes excluding cancer, respiratory disease, suicide, or violence
|Asked if "cohabitant ever exposed to asbestos".
|OR for cohabitant ever exposed to asbestos:
|185 cases of mesothelioma from mesothelioma and cancer registries and post-mortem records in Yorkshire, England (1979–1991)
|159 controls from necropsy records excluded if had mesothelioma, bronchial or ovarian cancer, or circumstances that made gathering information difficult, matched for age, sex, and year of death
|Unknown although crocidolite and amosite identified at factory that provoked concern for the study
|ORs for para-occupational exposure:
|10 female residents aged ≥50 years of Quebec mining regions identified through hospital records (1970–1989)
|150 controls selected from previously interviewed sample matched on age and area
|Chrysotile with some tremolite contamination (Thetford mines)
|Chrysotile miners
|10 cases identified: 9 (90%) had lived with one or more asbestos workers (
|53 mesothelioma cases in Italy, Spain,
|232 controls from general population and hospitals without occupational exposure
|Asbestos industry
|OR for those with domestic exposure
|24 male cases treated at Washington Cancer Institute, Washington, DC (1989–2001)
|24 patients with appendical cancer treated at Washington Cancer Institute 1990–2000, matched for age and sex
|Same 9 activities specified in Spirtas
|8/24 (33%) cases cohabitated with persons involved in 9 specified "high-risk-for-asbestos-exposure processes"
|103 cases from Casale Monferrato, Italy (1987–1993)
|272 controls matched by birth date, sex, vital status, date of death
|Crocidolite and chrysotile
|Asbestos cement (AC) workers
|OR for relative with AC occupation, adjusted for age, sex, and AC occupation:
|622 patients in England, Wales and Scotland born since 1925 identified through physician records, cancer research network, and hospital records
|1,420 population controls matched for age and sex
|Suggests that higher death rate in UK is due to amosite use.
|Anderson 1982 [
|2,218 household contacts of Unarco amosite factory workers first employed between 1941–1945; 663 deaths
|State of New Jersey, age and sex-specific
|Amosite insulation factory workers
|After 30+ years from onset of exposure, mesothelioma deaths in 3/170 (1.8%) deceased household contacts (2 female and 1 male, all children of workers)
|Cohort of 1,780 wives of asbestos cement workers in Casale Monferrato, Italy (deaths from Registrar's office, incidence from mesothelioma registry) Deaths: 1965–2003Incidence: 1990–2001
|Used age and sex specific rates in Piedmont, Italy for reference
|Crocidolite and chrysotile
|Asbestos cement workers
|Peritoneal cancer SMR = 2.51 (95% CI = 0.52–7.35)
|Followed 2,552 women and girls who lived in Wittenoom (crocidolite mining town) from 1943 to 1992 and were not involved in mining/milling (1950–2004)
|Western Australia female population from 1970–2004
|Crocidolite miners
|The risk of death from mesothelioma was increased, but not significantly, in residents known to have lived with (HR = 2.67, 95% CI = 0.77–9.21)
|Five studies: Yazicioglu
|Chrysotile (McDonald & McDonald 1980 [
|Meta RR: 8.1 (95% CI = 5.3–12)
PL = Pleural mesothelioma, PE = Peritoneal mesothelioma, M = Mesothelioma, OR = Odds ratio, RR = Relative risk, CI = Confidence interval, SMR = Standardized mortality ratio; SIR = Standardized incidence ratio, HR = Hazard ratio;
NR = Not reported.
Epidemiologic studies of interstitial and pleural abnormalities in domestically exposed populations.
|Author and Year
|Study Design
|Population Studied
|Comparison Group
|Fiber Type
|Occupation of Worker
|Navratil & Trippe 1972 [
|114 Blood relatives of asbestos workmen in Czechoslovakia
|"General population" of district N with no known exposure
|Pleural calcifications
|Asbestos product plant
|4/114 (3.5%) of blood relatives had pleural calcifications.
|Anderson 1982 [
|679 Household contacts (no occupational asbestos exposure) of amosite factory workers in Paterson, NJ employed between 1941–1954
|325 urban NJ residence controls matched by sex, age, and residential community without asbestos exposure
|Small opacities (≥1/0) and pleural abnormalities (pleural thickening, pleural calcification, pleural plaques) (1971 ILO
|Amosite asbestos factory workers
|Household resident during index worker employment period. Cases (N = 679): Small opacities = 114 (17%), Pleural abnormalities = 178 (26%), Both = 239 (35%) (
|Cohort of 1,780 wives of asbestos cement workers in Casale Monferrato, Italy (deaths from Registrar's office: 1965–2003)
|Used age and sex specific rates in Piedmont, Italy for reference
|Nonmalignant respiratory disease
|Crocidolite and chrysotile
|Asbestos cement workers
|SMR b = 0.86 (0.47–1.45)
|274 Wives, 79 sons, and 140 daughters of shipyard workers from Long Beach, CA who started work before 1961. Subjects volunteered and had no occupational exposure.
|1,347 Members of Long Beach Census tract in 1975 and random sample of adult population of Michigan during 1978–1979 without occupational asbestos exposure
|Asbestosis and pleural abnormalities (refer to all as asbestosis) (ILO 1980, ≥1/0, and/or presence of pleural thickening or plaques)
|Shipyard workers
|Asbestosis prevalence:
|93 wives > 40 years of age of current and retired insulators screened from January to March 1986 at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago with no occupational exposure
|Wives without radiographic abnormalities
|Parenchymal opacities and pleural changes according to ILO 1980
|Pipe covers and asbestos removers (insulation workers)
|18/93 (19.4%) demonstrated pleural changes consistent with asbestos exposure: pleural plaques (N = 16, 88.9%), diaphragm plaques (N = 6, 27.8%), pleural calcification (N = 3, 16.6%), and diffuse pleural thickening (N = 1, 5.5%).
|6,668 Participants ≥ 18 years of age who had lived, worked, or played in Libby, MT for at least 6 months before December 31, 1990
|Pleural abnormality (any unilateral or bilateral pleuralcalcification on the diaphragm, chest wall, or other site or any unilateral or bilateralpleural thickening or plaque on the chest wall, diaphragm, or costophrenic angle site, consistent with asbestos-related pleural disease, using the PA view, the oblique views, or a combination of those views) and interstitial abnormality (ILO 1980, ≥1/0).
|Libby amphibole (tremolite, actinolite, winchite, richterite)
|Vermiculite miners
|Lived with W.R. Grace workers (n = 1,376):
The case reports and case series include pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma in wives, children, mothers, and siblings of asbestos workers such as miners, asbestos factory workers, pipefitters, laggers/insulators, and shipyard workers. Unfortunately, these published case reports rarely identified the type of asbestos to which the case was exposed [
Among studies of the association between domestic exposure and asbestos-related disease, mesothelioma was the most common disease reported. Several cohort (n = 3) and case-control (n = 14) studies of mesothelioma evaluated domestically exposed populations or identified cases of mesothelioma in domestically exposed individuals (
The cohort and case-control studies evaluated both pleural and peritoneal mesotheliomas, with some studies not discerning between the two sites. In many studies, asbestos fiber type was also not reported. The fiber type to which the study participants were exposed is an important factor, as amphibole fibers (crocidolite, amosite or tremolite) are generally more potent then chrysotile fibers [
Meta-analysis of all 12 cohort and case-control studies with reported relative risk estimates resulted in an SRRE of 5.02 (95% CI: 2.48–10.13;
Meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies of mesothelioma in domestically exposed populations.
A further sub-analysis by study type (cohort
The epidemiologic studies of domestic exposure rarely evaluated the risk of lung cancer. Only two studies with results for lung cancer were identified [
Case reports of pleural and interstitial abnormalities in domestically exposed individuals date back to the 1960s [
Unfortunately, none of the epidemiologic studies reported the level of asbestos exposures experienced by the domestic cases themselves. This was expected, given the findings of previous review articles, and the difficulty of characterizing exposures in a domestic setting in an epidemiologic study. At best, the epidemiologic studies characterized exposure by intensity (low, medium, high) or probability of exposure. In our review of household exposure studies, nineteen separate exposure studies were identified, although some reported on overlapping populations. These studies, in each of the four categories of interest, are shown in
Three of the studies reviewed provided results of sampling within the homes of asbestos workers [
In 1986, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported a mean concentration of 0.006 f/cc (range, 0.002–0.011 f/cc) in the homes of South African asbestos miners and estimated a range of 0.01–1 f/cc for "paraoccupational" exposures [
Our literature review identified only one study that provided airborne asbestos levels measured during laundering of workers' clothing [
Two studies regarding bulk samples of dust on workers' clothing performed by NIOSH at friction product manufacturing plants were also reviewed. Unfortunately, these studies did not discuss airborne exposures resulting from this dust [
Domestic exposure studies.
|Author and Year
|Population or Task Studied
|Asbestos Fiber Type
|Reported Exposure Information
|Homes of chrysotile miners in Copperopolis, California and Baie Verte, Newfoundland
|Homes of miners: 100 to < 5,000 ng/m3 (approx. 0.003–0.15 f/cc
|Selikoff and Lee 1978 [
|Settled dust in asbestos workers' homes
|"...small amounts of amosite were found 20–25 years later in the settled dust of asbestos workers' houses from factory operations over the period 1941–1954, and up to 400 yards downwind in the neighboring houses of nonasbestos workers".
|Asbestos miners' homes
|Residences of asbestos miners in South Africa:
|Asbestos abatement workers
|Mean of personal samples (n = 12): 0.4 f/cc (max = 1.2 f/cc)
|Unpacking and repacking clutches
|30 min PCM e -adjusted mean following clothing handling = 0.002 ± 0.002 f/cc (n = 4)
|Unpacking and repacking brakes
|30 min PCM-adjusted mean (range) following clothing handling (n = 5):
|Mechanics performing brake repair on heavy equipment
|30 min PCM-adjusted mean (range) following clothing handling:
|Roofers removing dried material from laundered clothing
|30 min PCM-E g mean (n = 12): 0.0017 f/cc (range = 0–0.011 f/cc)
|Brake mechanics
|Agitation of operator's coveralls
|Women with mesothelioma (n = 170)
|Women with mesothelioma (n = 15)
|4 women had potential domestic exposure through their father's/husband's work;
|Family members of shipyard workers with mesothelioma in Trieste, Italy
|5/170 (2.9%) cases had domestic exposure, cleaned clothes of spouse:80% had no AB
|Mesothelioma cases with para-occupational exposure (n = 13)
|Mesothelioma cases without occupational exposure (n = 84).
|Mesothelioma cases with para-occupational exposure (n = 10)
|9 exposed to their husbands' work clothes and 1 was the daughter of a man who had died of asbestosis.
|Huncharek 1989 [
|Wife of shipyard machinist
|Chrysotile: 2.5 × 106 f/g
|Roggli & Longo 1991 [
|Women whose only known exposure was household contact with an asbestos worker with asbestos-related disease (n = 6)
|Household contacts: median = 1,700 AB/g (range, 2–8,200) Uncoated fibers (UF
|Roggli 1992 [
|Household contacts with mesothelioma (n = 3)
|Wife of shipyard insulator: 8,200 AB/g (29 yr exposure)
|Household contacts with mesothelioma (asbestosis confirmed in 8.3%)
Five exposure simulation studies were identified (
The simulations of friction-product-related exposures involved laundering activities by agitating a brake mechanic's coveralls [
Six unique lung-burden studies were identified that provide results related to domestic exposure, generally reporting fiber concentrations either as fibers × 106/g dry lung (f/g) or asbestos bodies per gram of lung tissue analyzed (AB/g). Gibbs and colleagues [
In the series of studies by Roggli and colleagues, all of the asbestos workers were diagnosed with asbestosis, and three with lung cancer; all of the household contacts were diagnosed with either mesothelioma or lung cancer. In an update to their analyses involving 1,445 cases of mesothelioma, Roggli and colleagues reported that, in the household contacts identified, 57% were found to have pleural plaques, and 7.9% had asbestosis [
Lung-burden studies.
Some of the studies provided exposure estimates of those domestically exposed, but generally, the objectives for these studies were not related to an evaluation of domestic exposure, and no explanation of exposure-level estimation or quantitative analysis was performed. For example, Camus
Overall, the results indicate a consistent elevated risk of mesothelioma in the domestically exposed populations, and summary results suggest that the association may be modified by the potential for additional occupational exposure. The SRRE for all cohort and case-control studies indicated a five-fold greater risk of mesothelioma for persons domestically exposed. For persons domestically exposed, the results of the meta-analysis indicated a three- to five-fold increased risk for case-control studies and 8.5-fold risk of mesothelioma for cohort studies, although the cohort studies suffered from heterogeneity (and there were only two studies). Comparatively, the Bourdès
The domestic exposure studies of lung cancer were extremely limited and not supportive of an association between domestic exposure and lung cancer. In addition, both identified studies suffered from potential confounding by other occupational exposures and lack of consideration of smoking history. Fiber type was also not considered in these studies, though the two identified studies specifically included those exposed to amphibole asbestos. For the studies of pleural and interstitial abnormalities, results of pleural and interstitial abnormalities were often combined, despite them being two separate and distinct disease types, with reported exposures primarily being to mixed fibers. Even within pleural abnormalities themselves, the disease types differ (
The findings of the lung-burden studies are consistent with the epidemiologic studies, in that they concluded that accumulated fiber burdens in persons exposed domestically might suggest a significant risk of mesothelioma, although the directly exposed workers in these studies were in traditional high-risk occupations, such as insulators, shipyard workers, and those in the building trades. All nine lung-burden studies (six unique studies total) detected amphibole fibers in the lungs of domestically exposed persons and, when compared to an appropriate reference group, were found to be present at significantly higher concentrations (
Ideally, airborne exposure estimates including asbestos fiber type information for the participants in the epidemiologic studies would exist in the peer-reviewed literature to allow for better evaluation of risk; however, this is not the case for epidemiologic studies of domestically exposed individuals. Instead, there are review articles with limited discussion of airborne measurements in asbestos miners' homes, one study of airborne monitoring during laundering the clothes of asbestos abatement workers exposed to chrysotile, and more recent controlled simulation studies of airborne concentrations during the handling of the clothes of workers who traditionally have low chrysotile exposures. Thus, the experiences of the domestically exposed populations in the epidemiologic studies (exposed via workers in high-risk occupations, with high levels of exposure to amphibole asbestos) do not correspond to the exposures characterized by the available airborne data (generally for low-level chrysotile exposures).
As noted above, the existing relevant airborne exposure data pertain to populations occupationally exposed to low-level chrysotile asbestos. Given the absence of epidemiologic studies of populations exposed domestically by family members who were exposed occupationally to low-level chrysotile, alternative methods must be used to estimate the exposures and risk of mesothelioma for these populations.
First, it is logical that, if the worker is exposed to low levels of asbestos occupationally, then their co-habitants would experience even lower exposure concentrations. Automobile mechanics are a good population in which to test this hypothesis, because brake mechanics are exposed to low concentrations of solely chrysotile asbestos (e.g., [
The results of the simulation studies are based on a small sample size in some studies (n = 1 in Jiang
In our review, only one study [
Second, if workers whose occupation involving low-level chrysotile exposure is not associated with an increased risk of mesothelioma, it follows that co-habitants of these workers also would not have an increased risk of mesothelioma. The existing epidemiologic studies of domestically exposed populations support this hypothesis, and demonstrate that the risk for the domestically exposed individual is remarkably less than that of the worker. While the exposure data is not complete in many of these studies with respect to both exposure level and fiber type, at least for one group—mechanics—the epidemiology shows that career workers exposed to low levels of chrysotile asbestos are not at risk and, therefore, it follows that the families of these workers would also not be at increased risk for developing asbestos-related disease. This has also been demonstrated in other industries, where higher exposures have been reported. Maule
In conclusion, the epidemiologic and lung burden studies, as a surrogate of past exposure, support an increased risk of mesothelioma and interstitial, but more likely pleural, abnormalities in domestically exposed individuals whose associated worker was employed in traditionally high-risk occupations involving exposure to amphibole asbestos. Quantifiable exposure concentrations do not exist for these domestically exposed cohorts; however, some data exist for manipulation of worker clothing after low-level chrysotile exposure, mostly in the form of recent exposure simulations. These simulation data show that results for domestic exposures are lower than the workers' exposures and are commensurate with background concentrations.
The authors thank Meghan Mitchell of Exponent for her aid in reviewing the epidemiologic studies.
No funding was obtained to prepare this manuscript. Two of the authors (David L. Dahlstrom and Fionna Mowat) have been designated as experts in litigation matters related to asbestos, and all authors have been retained as consultants in asbestos-related litigation matters.


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The eight-time Sony Award and double Bafta winning writer, comedian and broadcaster called Jon Holmes haunts your radio like a tiny ghost, presenting the Xfm breakfast show, writing and performing on BBC Radio 4 as one of The Now Show team, and his own series Listen Against is "glorious", "triumphant", "stunningly made" and "beautifully crafted and scalpel sharp" depending on which newspaper you read. He also appears on BBC Radio 5Live's Men's Hour and also has his own show on the network Jon Holmes's Mob Rule.
On TV Jon has worked with Armando Iannucci, Stephen Fry, Harry Hill and Graham Norton. Jon also co-created Dead Ringers and co-writes the hugely popular Royal Television Society and Bafta Award winning Horrible Histories for BBC One. Other TV includes Mock The Week, Have I Got News For You, Top Gear and 2010/2011 Unwrapped.
Jon holds a joint degree in Radio, Film and Television and English from Canterbury and on graduating Jon somehow went to his own show on BBC Radio 4 called Grievous Bodily Radio which was "fast and furious… spot on" according to The Independent and "disgusting" according to the East Anglia Gazette. Since then his other Radio 4 credits have included co-creating and writing the multi award winning Dead Ringers, writing and being a regular panellist on The 99p Challenge, writer / performer on the Sony Award winning and Channel 4 Political Award nominated The Now Show and working with Armando Iannucci on his Sony Award winning Charm Offensive for Radio 4 and Time Trumpet for BBC2. His own Radio 4 comedy series, Listen Against "the mischievous offspring of The Day Today and Feedback" (Guardian) has just finished its fourth series.
His music radio shows have earned him Sony Gold and Best New Presenter Awards but he's no stranger to talk radio either, having hosted the Drivetime show on London's LBC 97.3 where he could be regularly heard verbally jousting with mentals. He's also had his own shows on XFM, Radio 1 and Virgin and it was from the latter that he quite notoriously earned the sack in 2002 when a phone in game called 'Swearing Radio Hangman for the Under 12s went tragically expensive in terms of a record fine. Jon still holds the record for 'largest fine ever for taste and decency offences in British broadcasting'. Sadly he didn't get a certificate or anything. A comedy special Jon Holmes on Radio 1 aired on the station, during which Chris Moyles was accused of eating a baby.
TV work includes writing, performing and presenting in various combinations on Time Trumpet (BBC2), Mock The Week (BBC2) 7 Days (BBC3), Dead Ringers (BBC2) The Impressionable Jon Culshaw (ITV1),Armando Iannucci's Gash (CH4) , The State We're In and Celebdaq (both BBC3), Have I Got News For You, 29 Minutes of Fame, ( both BBC1) and co-hosting Series 5 of The 11 O'Clock Show (CH4). He was also Programme Consultant on the multi award winning V Graham Norton (CH4) and has appeared on The Wright Stuff (CH5), and Sky News where he regularly made the presenter Anna Botting go red and start giggling. He's also been on This Morning (ITV1) a few times and once called Phillip Schofield a "witch" on live TV. He was later approached to see if he wanted to be stuck in the jungle for ITV1's I'm A Celebrity… Get Me Out Of Here but told them to sod off.
Jon is also a travel writer for The Sunday Times and his books Rock Star Babylon, The Now Show Book and The History of the World Through Twitter are now also available on a futuristic Kindle.
He wrote the script for the BAFTA Film Awards with, and for, Stephen Fry to great acclaim and was the host for the MOJO Awards. He has also written words for the likes of Keanu Reeves, Leonardo DiCaprio, Jamie Foxx and Bono. He has been variously described as "clever…but warped" by The Sunday Times, "a genius" by Heat, "wickedly funny" by The Times and "a tosser" by Martine McCutcheon in an interview in Smash Hits. He is most proud of that one.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
PASTORAL MUSICIANS DAY Lectionary #681
The Lectionary includes a special set of readings for the memorial of St. Cecilia or a choice from the Common of Martyrs or the Common of Virgins. Those wishing to honor pastoral musicians at Mass on this day should use the readings and prayers for the memorial.
Hosea 2:16bc, 17cd, 21-22. The prophet evokes the desert wandering of the Exodus as a particularly important time in Israel's history, when Israel was closest to God. Speaking in God's name, the prophet calls Israel to a new desert experience which will renew the covenant—in fact, a marriage covenant between Israel and God.
Psalm of the Day: Ps (44) 45. This text was originally sung to welcome a new queen to the royal court in Jerusalem . While settings of Psalm 45 are available, there are not many with either of the antiphons provided for this memorial.
Common Responsorial Psalm: Ps (33) 34
This text served the early Church as its main Communion song. It highlights sung praise as a normal occupation for a believer, and it evokes care for the poor as a special focus of God's mercy.
Gusten y Vean (Cortés) GP 201/FYC 201
Gusten y Vean (Montgomery) FYC 200
Gusten y Vean (Rubalcava) Cantos del Pueblo de Dios (WLP) 61
Gusten y Vean/Taste and See (Reza) FYC 202
I Will Always Thank the Lord (Soper) GP 202
I Will Bless the Lord (Gouin) G 44/GC 46
I Will Bless the Lord at All Times (chant) BFW437, 645
I Will Bless the Lord at All Times (Harbor) LMGM 540
I Will Bless the Lord at All Times (Kreutz) CH 142
I Will Bless the Lord at All Times (O'Carroll) CH 141
I Will Bless the Lord at All Times (Reagan) CH 140
I Will Give Thanks to You (Englert) WC 434
O Taste and See (Isele) LMGM 541
Taste and See (Angrisano) MI-BB 348
Taste and See (Dean) GP 200/JS 576/RS 72
Taste and See (Guimont) RS 71/GP3 46
Taste and See (Haugen) GC 47/GC2 34/RS 70/GP 45
Taste and See (Hurd) GP 199/MI-BB 341
Taste and See (Moore) MI-BB 328/WS 580
Taste and See (Proulx/Gelineau) RS 73/WOR 36
Matthew 25:1-13. The parable of the wise and foolish virgins invites us to be prepared to welcome the Lord and acknowledge the divine presence in our lives.
Songs for the Liturgy
For the Beauty of the Earth CH 562/GC 572/GC2 548/GP 704/JS 464/RS 697/WC 986/WOR 557/MI-BB 590/WS 816/GP3 633
How Brightly Beams the Morning Star (G) WOR 389, 390
How Can I Keep from Singing? G 427/GC 603/GC2 598/GP 616/JS 367/RS 733/WC 866/MI-BB 434/WS 727/GP3 685
Hymn to St. Cecilia, Virgin and Martyr (Thompson) September 1999 Notebook
I'll Be Singing Up There LMGM 148
Joyful, Joyful We Adore You CH 581/GC 528/GC2 520/GP 693/JS 379/LMGM 197/RS 69/WC 945/WOR 525/MI-BB 548/WS 780/GP3 614
Let All the World in Every Corner Sing CH 582/WOR 536
O for a Thousand Tongues to Sing United Methodist Hymnal 57
Play before the Lord GP 697
Psalm 150: Alleluia, Praise Be to God (Cortez) JS 486
Psalm 150: Let Everything That Lives (Currie/Gelineau) WOR 81
Psalm 150: Praise God in This Holy Dwelling (Westendorf/Vermulst) GC 142/GC2 78/RS 200/WC 482
Sing, O Sing GP 689/JS 678
Sing of the Lord's Goodness G 373/GC 547/GC2 532/GP 690/JS 531/MI-BB 557/GP3 610
Sing, People of God WC 950
Sing to the Lord a Joyful Song WOR 532
Sleepers, Wake! A Voice Astounds Us (G) CH 186
Wake, O Wake, and Sleep No Longer (G) GC 335/JS 164/RS 489/WC 492/WOR 371/BB 53/WS 426
When in Our Music God Is Glorified CH 583/GC 560, 561/GC2 539/JS 469/RS 665, 680/WC 953/WOR 549/GP3 612


text:
This is a texture I made with Painter and for Painter, but you may find many uses for it.
This unique texture is free for personal use only; for commercial use please contact me. Please don't redistribute it.
The image below is a preview; it shows a small portion of the texture itself. You may download the original (2000px x 2000px png), seamless image by clicking here.


text:
Sponsored Products
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Publisher's Description+
Free Typing Tutor Features: Typing lessons for home keys, neighbor keys, capitalization. Practice exercises for problem words, typing drills, prose and poems. Initial skills test used to determine your current level. Test typing skills, speed and accuracy. Keyboard highlighting shows correct finger placement. Sound and color highlighting notify you of mistakes. Printable course completion certificates. 10 key number pad lessons. Quick and easy operation. KeyBlaze is a completely free way to learn how to type, but you can always upgrade to the Plus edition for additional typing lessons, professional exercises and other custom features.


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Docket Management
Docket: 01D-0583 - Food Security Preventive Guidances.
Comment Number: EC -3
Accepted - Volume 1
Comment Record
Mr. James Weathers
2003-04-04 10:28:57
Advanced Farm Technology Company
Food Industry
Comments for FDA General
1. General Comments
As a agricultural producer, our product is routinely inspected by FDA at numerous ports of entry throughout the United States. We have noticed that identical product (product from the same production fields) may be held and inspected at different entry points at the same time. If FDA were aware that they were testing identical production, wouldn't it certainly be more efficient to inspect and test one shipment rather than muliple shipments at various entry ports? We would certainly entertain any ideas in providing information as to the source of our product to expedite its entry. Thank you for your time!


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Which is True?Logic puzzles require you to think. You will have to be logical in your reasoning.
Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?
A: There is only one true statement.
B: "A" is telling the truth.
C: "B" is lying.
D: This statement is true.
Answer"C" and "D"
"A" cannot be truthful, because that would result in "B" being truthful also, which would result in two true statements. "A" must be lying, so "B" must be lying also. If "B" is lying, then "C" is telling the truth. So far, there is one true statement, C. "D" can be true or false, but if it is false, then there is only one true statement, which results in "A" being true, which contradicts everything. "D" has to be true, so the two true statements are "C" and "D".
What Next?
See another brain teaser just like this one...
Or, just get a random brain teaser
If you become a registered user you can vote on this brain teaser, keep track of
which ones you have seen, and even make your own.
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text:
Cast: Melody Jordan, Charley Monroe, Alaina Fox, AJ Applegate, Raven Rockette, Lexi Gray, Riley Madison
Nothing like a stepsister to play with!
Society may frown upon stepsisters who fuck each other, but for these teen hotties it just feels so right to do what's wrong! These beautiful young starlets have their eyes on their equally hot stepsisters.


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|Index → Yu-Gi-Oh! Deck Help → Fabled Quasar
|Please sign your comments with ~~~~. See Help:Signature and Help:Talk pages for further information.
|This forum thread has been unedited for 1992 days and is considered archived. Please don't add to the discussion, unless absolutely necessary.
This is my new deck and it can summon Quasar Dragon very often, but I still think it can be improved. Any suggestions?--絶望 (talk • contribs) 19:51, February 6, 2012 (UTC)
Really with most Quasar decks it's how the cards are played rather than what's in the deck, but I think Fabled Lurrie is a pretty bad card, you might want to replace it with Doppelwarrior since you'll be using Fabled Krus a lot.220.127.116.11 (talk) 22:08, February 7, 2012 (UTC)
- Fabled Lurrie isn't great, but you wanna run at least 1. Matter of fact ONLY run 1. Run 2 Beckoning Lights. You can do shenanigan stuff with it. You only need 2 Kushanos max. Raven isn't absolutely necessary, and The Fabled Catsith is wrongfully overlooked too often. -- Summoned Skull 2: Electric Boogaloo 22:14, February 7, 2012 (UTC)
I could write a massive page on Fabled decks; they're one of the most intense toolbox decks around. I'll throw in some info and recommendations.
First off: If you're running this on Dueling Network, DEFINITELY run Tour Guide. It can search a Kushano (that can't tune until it leaves field or flips down, but this isn't a worry), and it gives access to either Leviair (opens plays) or Zenmaines (major protection). D.D. Crow is a remarkable sidedeck card, so Leviair is amazing backup against that. Added to that, it's a DARK monster, allowing you to run BLS Envoy or Chaos Sorcerer if need be.
Doppelwarrior is also a great idea; it's another DARK, it's so easily summonable, and it gives easy access to Armory Arm or Unicore. On top of that, the Lv1 tokens it summons come in more useful to go Formula than Lurrie does IMO, though Lurrie is still appealing to discard with Chawa to make your instant Formula Synchron. D.D.R. is a tech I run in my Quasar Fabled, as often when I draw one I've still got a Cerburrel in hand, so I D.D.R. Ganashia and then go into Librarian, Ragin, Catastor, whatever's needed.
As for actual Quasar plays... These are simple once you get the hang of it. Nozoochee is your key "Play Card" for an opening hand. If you have a Ganashia and a Cerburrel handy, the options open up straight away.
Sidedeck choices are also pretty easy for Fabled decks; Royal Prison is gaining a large amount of popularity, so it's definitely worth siding a third Royal Decree. Shadow-Imprisoning Mirror shuts down a lot of popular cards while barely affecting your deck, so that's worth siding. Divine Wrath could be a decent idea against cards like Rai-Oh or Doomcaliber Knight, though it's not the best. Aside from that, typical sidedeck choices like Starlight Road (or, if you're on DN, The Huge Revolution Is Over), Forbidden Chalice, Effect Veiler, stuff like that, are always good.
Hope this random pile of information helped :P AEtherchild (talk • contribs) 22:57, February 7, 2012 (UTC)
Thanks a lot for all the help. I'm going to try all those things. BTW I play play on Dueling Network so I can truse The Huge Revolution Is Over and OCG cards.--絶望 (talk • contribs) 22:51, February 8, 2012 (UTC)
- Stardust is probably more useful if you even run protection. A very large number of Quasar (or just fabled) decks have absolutely no protection. It works well with fableds because every monster helps immensely.18.104.22.168 (talk) 08:14, February 9, 2012 (UTC)


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Just a few weeks ago, Google announced an incredible update to the Google Display Network.
1. The Display Network Tab
First things first, over the next few weeks, Google will be rolling out a new Display Network Tab in AdWords. If you're in the interface on a daily basis, you'll find this news rather exciting. Display campaigns have always been managed in an interface that caters to search. Going forward, the Audiences, Topics and Networks tabs will now funnel into one place, allowing you to bid, target and optimize your display ads from a single location. Check out this screenshot of the interface provided by Google:
- Where to manage targeting for your ads, view your reports, and set bids: On the Display Network tab, you can find the Display Keywords, Placements,Topics, and Interests & Remarketing tabs, the necessary tools to manage your display campaigns.
- How to add or edit keywords for campaigns targeting search and display: If your campaign is targeting search and display, you can view display statistics on the Display Network tab. Similarly, the Keywords tab will show just search statistics. However, to add or edit keywords and bids, you must do so on the main Keywords tab. Any changes you make to your keywords will affect both your search and display targeting.
- Where to add or edit your targeting: In the Display Network tab, there is a Change display targeting button right above the graph where you can view the different targeting methods available for your campaign. From there, click the edit link next to the method you want to add or edit.
- How to exclude a targeting method: Go to the Display Network tab, scroll down, and click the Exclusions link to where you can add exclusions to your ad group or campaign.
2. The Revved-Up Contextual Engine
Another update that deserves huge praise to Google is the "Revved-Up" Contextual Engine. This marvelous improvement takes targeting to the next level, using Next-Gen Keyword Contextual Targeting. This means you can now view data on a keyword by keyword basis on the display network, combining the reach of display with the precision of search. Say "Goodbye" to the old days of monitoring contextual campaigns at the ad group level and "Hello" to a better way to target and optimize your display campaigns.
Tips for using keywords for display ads:
- Monitor your keyword performance. Pause keywords that have high costs, but very few conversions or low traffic to your site.
- Increase bids on keywords that are performing well.
- Add keywords similar to the ones that are performing well.
Keep in mind:
- Any changes made to keywords in campaigns that target both Google search and the Display Network will also apply to search traffic. Before making any changes such as pausing keywords, make sure to check search performance.
3. The Visualization Tool for Display Targeting
If that isn't enough to inspire you, Google also introduces a new visualization tool that shows how reach is impacted from targeting across your display campaigns. Take a look:
With this nifty venn diagram, you can see how your targeting affects your reach. Targeting types include keywords, placements, topics, interests or remarketing.
- Use-case for targeting diagram: When adding or editing your Display Network targeting, you'll see a diagram that shows how your targeting methods, like keywords and placements, interact, and what method is used to target your ads.
- Tip for advertisers with niche target markets: With a niche target market, you'll want to get the most quality traffic and the cheapest cost. We recommend you have several targeting types, drilling down to very specific keywords, managed placements, topics and interests.
- Tip for advertisers with large product catalogs: For large retail advertisers that want the most reach, we recommend using keyword targeting and automatic placements to start. Automatic placements are sites that your ads will appear on based on the keywords you've chosen. Over time, you'll need to monitor the placements. Increase bids on placements that are performing well and exclude placements that are high in cost but generating low traffic or few conversions. However, keep in mind that if you exclude too many placements, you might significantly limit your traffic.
Whether you're new at display advertising, or have been doing this for years, we can safely say that Google's new and improved campaign management features for display means this much-needed change was brought on by a large amount of advertisers spending a lot of money on display ads and placements. Google would not invest so much time and resources to update the AdWords platform if it wasn't already working perfectly for display advertisers. So, what's this all mean? More advertisers today are investing ad dollars into display advertising. If you're not already doing the same, you're behind in the curve and you may want to start with a few campaigns. To save you time and money, try uncovering what type of ads your competitors are running with MixRank's free intelligence tool here.


text:
Power Developed Of Synchronous Motors
power developed per phase of a synchronous motor is given by the expression
Pmech = EV/Zs cos(θ - δ ) - E2/Zs cosθ
Where E is excitation voltage or back emf, V is supply voltage, Zs is synchronous impedance, θ is the internal angle and is equal to tan-1 Xs/Rs and δ is the load or torque angle.
The value of excitation or induced emf E to give maximum power developed possible is given as
E = v/2cosθ
Transtutors is the best place to get answers to all your doubts regarding the explanation of power developed per phase of a synchronous motor. You can submit your school, college or university level homework or assignment to us and we will make sure that you get the answers you need which are timely and also cost effective. Our tutors are available round the clock to help you out in any way with electrical engineering.
Transtutors has a vast panel of experienced electrical engineering tutors who specialize inpower developed of synchronous motor and can explain the different concepts to you effectively. You can also interact directly with our electrical engineering tutors for a one to one session and get answers to all your problems in your school, college or university level electrical engineering. Our tutors will make sure that you achieve the highest grades for your electrical engineering assignments. We will make sure that you get the best help possible for exams such as the AP, AS, A level, GCSE, IGCSE, IB, Round Square etc.
Attach Files


text:
May 13, 2011 BY Aaron Hope
Ladies have enjoyed quite a bounty of solid Nike Air Max 90 releases over the last month. A variety of light and vibrant colorways hit retail or popped up a bit early, but this latest pair draws its energetic feel from a high contrast palette. The WMNS Air Max 90 pictured above mixes the ever so slightly purplish-black Gridiron with Peach Cream and Club Purple accents, white mesh coming in to finish off the look. This is one of the boldest womens sneakers we've seen in quite a while and you can get a pair before they pop up at select Nike Sportswear retail locations, thanks to Kicks-Crew.
Nike WMNS Air Max 90
Gridiron/Peach Cream-Club Purple
Filed under: Air Max 90 Nike Air Max Nike Retro Running Upcoming Sneakers WMNS


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The so-called "true bill" against Kerrick followed a decision by a separate grand jury the week before not to indict him.
The jury heard witnesses and returned the presentment, "Not a true bill."
"true bill against that 'ere," he said, then drew his head in again.
Why this, I fear, Ben, is a true bill against the poor Heathens.
If so, then it is probably a lie: if not, then probably it is a true bill.
The prisoner waived his right to a magisterial investigation, and on January 26, 1850, the Grand Jury returned a true bill.
The expression is now obsolete, "not a true bill," "no bill," being used.
If they find a 'true bill,' the case goes on; but if they 'throw it out,' the accused is at liberty to take his departure.
The same evidence which had before been given was now repeated, and a true bill was returned.
But to Mr. Grantley Berkeley, as foreman of the grand jury who found a true bill against me, I beg to draw your attention.


text:
TightSpot Quiver, Mossy Oak Break-Up Infinity
Item # WX2-217175
TightSpot Quiver, Mossy Oak Break-Up Infinity
Item # WX2-217175
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Australian Reptile ParkEntertainment Zoos
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text:
Antibiotic-Resistant Gonorrhea Laboratory Information
Recommendations for the Laboratory-Based Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae — 2014 (March 14, 2014)
- Etest®: Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Neisseria gonorrhoeae- online training provides an overview of proper set up and interpretation of the Etest® method of antimicrobial susceptibility testing for Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
- Culture Handling Procedure
- Instructions for Submitting Specimens to CDC Gonorrhea Laboratory for Confirmation Testing and/or Testing of Clinical Treatment Failures
- Testing
- Disk Diffusion
- B88 document - Neisseria gonorrhoeae reference strains for antimicrobial susceptibility testing
The following corrections to this document should be noted (see pg. 6, Recommended Testing and Confirmatory Testing
In the United States, reports of apparent failures of infections to respond to treatment with CDC recommended therapies should be reported to Robert D. Kirkcaldy, MD, MPH (email@example.com; 404-639-8659). Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Mailstop E02, Atlanta, GA 30333.
In the United States, it is also recommended that isolates from certain infections be submitted to the Neisseria Reference Laboratory at CDC for confirmation; these infections comprise those that fail to respond to CDC-recommended therapy and isolates determined to exhibit intermediate resistance or resistance (see pg. 6, Recommended Testing and Confirmatory Testing, for a complete list): E. Kersh, PhD; (email@example.com, 404 639 2728,) STD Lab Branch (LRRB) Chief, Division of STD Prevention (DSTDP), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1600 Clifton Rd, Mailstop A12, Atlanta, Georgia 30333 orJohn Papp, Ph.D. email@example.com; 404-639-3785), Neisseria Reference Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Mailstop A12, Atlanta, GA 30333.
- B88 document - Neisseria gonorrhoeae reference strains for antimicrobial susceptibility testing
- Agar Dilution
- Disk Diffusion
- Interpretive Criteria
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Captain America(Bucky Rescue)
View Single Post
a curious fool
Join Date: Dec 2009
Posts: 271
I'm glad that you added some belts to the costume, though I couldn't tell if you had the ammo pouches around the waist. If you were going for the after rescue outfit in the screen shot you should tatter up the jacket some, but either way it looks pretty nice!
(Also are you wearing the Captain America styled hoodie for an undershirt? If so it'd be much more comfortable to get a t shirt haha)
A couple things I would mention is to wear down your costume a bit to give it that look that he has in the movie, yours looks shiny and new. Also make sure to zip up the jacket since he has it zipped in both reference pictures, and of course if you want to go the extra mile either get a blond wig or bleach your hair. Though that's just a personal preference since he is America's golden boy in a sense.
Just my opinion, but you've got a great start to a potentially fantastic costume!
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Mr Bush's critics use the word "quagmire" to describe American involvement in Iraq.
American prestige has become pinned to the dubious prospects of the Israeli-Palestinian road map, which risks being bombed into collapse.
US National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice and US Secretary of State Colin Powell have both been on the phone to the Palestinians and the Israelis, trying to keep the roadmap on track, the White House has said.
When work resumes in Washington shortly, it is expected Mr Bush and his advisers will be discussing their strategy as the country gears up for the 2004 presidential election campaign.
Domestic agenda
Analyst Anthony Cordesman said that for the domestic audience in the US, it is seen as essential to relate the events in the Middle East to the global war against terrorism.
When George Bush came to power, his Republican administration seemed to be of an inward-looking, Americans-first variety.
And in a sense, since the 11 September attacks two years ago, that is exactly what it remains.
Frank Gaffney, a Pentagon adviser, said it was better - for Americans at least - that the global war against terrorism be fought on the battlefields of the Middle East and Afghanistan, rather than in the financial district of Manhattan.
"This is the price of an investment we're making in trying to have the lot of the Iraqi people improved not as an act of charity, but out of a sense of self-interest," he said.
"Our national security will be improved if Iraq becomes a responsible member of the community of nations, not the playpen or funding source for some new aggressive force."
The American public may take a different view if the cost of fighting those battles abroad - both financially and in terms of American lives - rises much further.
Next month, President Bush and his potential rivals - Democrats and, if any emerge, Republicans - will be gearing up for the presidential election campaign.
The Democratic aspirants have shown little indication they have any better suggestions than Mr Bush does.
But that will not necessarily stop them from benefiting, if by early next year, the Bush gamble in Iraq and the war on terrorism are deemed to have failed.


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Author: Kathleen O�Bannon CNC
The savory source for health and vitality!
Perhaps the saying "Let your food be your medicine and your medicine be your food" was first coined with sprouts in mind. Sprouts can:
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Learn how to buy sprouting seeds, grow your own sprouts and preparemeals with healthful, life-giving sprouts. It�s healthy. It�s easy!


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Congratulations to Dani on a good win and Spies on the podium.
Well done to Valentino and to Jorge for playing it safe.
and Stoner binning it


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Guess Where Kim And Kanye Want To Get Married?! (PHOTOS!)
(Credit: YouTube.com)
We all know Kanye is planning this whole wedding, so how can we be surprised when he wants the venue to be more than spectacular?!
He would love to say "I Do" to Kim K in France's Palace of Versailles! I can tell you those pictures will look amazing!
Click HERE for pics!


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A Word in Season
To Be Blessed: An Attitude
Seeing the crowds, [Jesus] went up on the mountain, and when he sat down his disciples came to him. And he opened his mouth and taught them, saying:
"Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
"Blessed are those who mourn, for they shall be comforted.
"Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth.
"Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they shall be satisfied.
"Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy.
"Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God.
"Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called sons of God.
"Blessed are those who are persecuted for righteousness' sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
"Blessed are you when men revile you and persecute you and utter all kinds of evil against you falsely on my account. Rejoice and be glad, for your reward is great in heaven, for so men persecuted the prophets who were before you." ~ Matthew 5:1-12
"The Beatitudes," as they've come to be known, are the words of Jesus, captured by Matthew, opening the now-famous "Sermon on the Mount." As a teen growing up, I never cared for the challenge of the eight Beatitudes. Their paradoxes made me feel inadequate, for it seemed that on a daily basis I could name at least one instance where I was doing and being exactly the opposite.
But the truth was, back then, I was not totally sold on the idea of following everything Jesus taught. I wanted to pick and choose what parts of the gospel fit for me, politely ignoring the rest. For instance, all those words about meekness, mourning, and getting persecuted just didn't fit in with my perceived road to happiness. The Beatitudes were like some corny formula for success that was totally outdated.
I was young and arrogant and I had not tasted the bitter sides of life. Yet.
I finally began to understand the Beatitudes when I was on the receiving end of them by way of the love and generosity and sacrifice of others.
When I really messed up and was on the receiving end of someone's mercy instead of scorn, I discovered the blessedness of mercy.
When amidst my deepest sorrows, I was supernaturally comforted with a peace I still can never quite describe, I wondered at the mystery of healing consolation.
With my reputation besmirched and my actions publicly misunderstood, a friend taught me how to forgive, and I found that could move on. There have been other instances, but you get the point.
Beatitude drew me in, and transformed my heart and my situations. Indeed, over time, I was learning that the Christian way is no easy way, but it is a blessed way. For me, beauty, graces, and freedom were yet to be found within those paradoxical Beatitudes, after all.
Maybe that's why Jesus began the Sermon on the Mount with their counsels. Central to his gospel, they teach the presence of eternal value inherent in the experiences of our daily lives, even the difficult ones.
The Beatitudes are meant to shape and form us—like "be attitudes," the way that Jesus wants us to be. The Beatitudes give us choices to deliberately "be more" than minimalists or skimmers of the surface of life. They dare us to believe in the necessity of being a blessing now in exchange for a blessing yet unseen.
Pat Gohn is a Catholic writer, speaker, and the host of the Among Women Podcast and blog. Her book Blessed, Beautiful and Bodacious: Celebrating the Gift of Catholic Womanhood is published by Ave Maria Press. Subscribe to "A Word in Season" via email or RSS.


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Category Archives: Global Networks
The Commercial Potential of Rebuilding the World
Posted on August 20, 2011 by darmistead
Consider this thought experiment: Imagine you're in an office in a city somewhere in the real world. You walk out into the street and look around. You see buildings and landscapes, going and coming, transportation from bikes to rail to … Continue reading →
Posted in Business, Collaboration, Culture, Future, Global Networks, How We Work, Knowledge Sharing and Management, Sustainability, Technology | Tagged Accelerating Change, Bikes, Bridges, Briefcases, Business Focus, Business Opportunity, Coordination, Developing Economies, Fashion Hardware, Food And Drink, Future World, Global Business Environment, Joints, Landscapes, Material Resource, New Horizons, Pipes, Recycling, Regeneration, Resource Consumption, Resourcing, Self Renewal, Senses, Signal Lights, Software Dvds, Thought Experiment, Tunnels, Worl, World Shift | Leave a comment
A Synergetic Bucky Symphony – Humanity's Final Exam
Posted on August 7, 2011 by darmistead
A Samples Mashup Using Some Words from Buckminster Fuller David Armistead, 2011 [This is a mashup of Bucky samples edited to present his idea that we are now entering 'humanity's final exam.' The text is drawn mainly from his early … Continue reading →
Posted in Business, Collaboration, Communication, Culture, Events, Future, Global Networks, How We Work, Identity, Interactive Marketing, Knowledge Sharing and Management, Markets are Conversations, Online Community, Social Media, Social Networks, Sustainability, Technology, Uncategorized | Tagged Accelerating Change, Ambitious Individuals, Armistead, Brink, Broadcast Media, Buckminster Fuller, Bucky, Business Communications, Business Connections, Business Processes, Chain Of Command, Commu, Computer Processing, Customer Relations, Developing Economies, Dinner Time, Economic Systems, Economy Strategy, Ecosystems, Emergence, Employment Issues, Energy Food, Energy Prices, Extinction, Family Dinner Time, Family Menu, Filing Taxes, Fundamental Shift, Global Business Environment, Global Decline, Global Economy, Global Finance System, Global Financial System, Global Food, Greater Than The Sum, Home Cooking, Human Individuals, Hundred Years, Increasing Supply, Industrial Style, Inequities, Key Business, Limited One, Material Resource, Material Resources, Material Supply, Menu Planning, Middle Class, Momentums, Money Power, New Economy, New Horizons, New Opportunities, New Patterns, Order Of Business, Pathways To Success, Phone Voice, Preferred Source, Preferred Support, Profitable Enterprise, Regulatory Compliance, Resource Consumption, Resource Demand, Resource Energy, Resource Productivity, Scenery, Social Business, Social Domain, Sociality, Spaceship Earth, Strate, Style Growth, Sustainably, Synergetic, System Changes, Text Messages, Time Organizations, Transistor, Trillion, Weaponry, World Economy | Leave a comment


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Absolutely love this salon, as soon as you enter the salon there is always someone there to greet you with a smile. Dakota is an amazing stylist. He's the only one I want doing my hair. The salon is a Veda concept salon the service is top notch..looking for a new Stylist? Try Montage the team here is highly skilled and down to earth..great job!
Montage salon
I've been there, it's an awesome place. I went there after leaving a tattoo shop in Colorado Springs.
so how do the models use their glasses at the runway if the got them at eye clinic edmonton? like do they not wear them for the event? or like contacts?
What about Carrie!?
I'm glad LaBaguette is still winning. I worked there for Earl Turnipseed for 12 1/2 years. We always won for best bakery and best bread for many years.
I never go out to eat without checking to see the Indy reviews and readers comments. Thanks for going to all this trouble!
I believe you missed Motif on your list for smoking patio, service, great martinis, and appetizers.
The worst hot dogs and the filthiest diner in town is the Hot Dog shack next to the Walgreens on North Nevada.
Doug Bruce is his own worst enemy by his behavior. However, he is the author of the Tax Payers Bill Of Rights (TABOR). TABOR is one of Colo. Spgs. greatest claims to fame, as it gave the voters power that was taken away from politicians. Imagine what our taxes would be if the politicians were allowed to tax us at will!
There has to be something wrong....Picnic Basket is by far the best caterer in town.
If you are blown away from the 3 free refills of Thai Tea... you would be utterly flabbergasted that there is Thai restaurant out there that gives you UNLIMITED refills!! Check out www.thaililycuisine.com
Whether you yearn for frames made of thick http://www.casquettesfr.com plastic or skinny metal, or new-school "hybrids" made of both, readers say LensCrafters is the best place to buy your spectacles.
Vous venez de me donner très envie de visiter cette Closerie Falbala, je ne savais même pas qu'elle existait, ça a l'air magique et magnifique.
@kras - I agree Trinity has some good beers, but the service there blows. On at least 3 separate occasions, I've gone in there and have been refused service because "the bartender didn't want to make the drink". I found out later that the bartender was the manager himself. To me, thats just ridiculous and lazy. Can't say I'll be going back in there, no matter HOW good the beer selection is.
Nick-N-Willy's is our favorite. They can bake the pizza for you too in a brick oven if you like. We have had their pizza from both Monument, CO and Evergreen, CO.
I would have to say, as a disinterested third party, that Trinity has a WAY better tap than Old Chicago's. OC may have everyone beat on overall number of beers including bottled, but you really can't get any better than what Trinity has done when it comes to the variety and quality of what they have on tap. And they mix it up, which someone with OC's corporate stance simply can't keep up with.
I've got to say the dining/food winners this year are the worst I've ever seen. Although me and everyone else I know voted, apparently there are people that vote that go to the same three places to eat. Amuze hands down has the best patio with a view, Lanna Thai has the freshest ingredients that is the closest I've tasted to authentic since coming back from Thailand, and The Blue Star I've constantly received THE WORST SERVICE in town. Can we scratch this issue and try harder???
2nd place!!!!! Sweet.
Christopher Chaos


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Time Schedule:
Jason Mayerfeld
Seattle Campus
Philosophical bases of politics and political activity. Provides an introduction to the study of politics by the reading of a few books in political philosophy. Organized around several key political concepts, such as liberty, equality, justice, authority, rights, and citizenship. Offered: AWSpS.
Class description
Description: This course examines a selection of the most profound and influential works of Western political theory from Plato (4th Century BCE) to the present day. The principal themes of the course are freedom, justice and peace. What do these ideals mean? In what does their value consist? How are they best achieved? These themes are linked in turn to the fundamental question of legitimacy: Under what conditions and on what grounds may governments claim the obedience of their citizens? The objective of the course is to understand and critically evaluate the arguments of different theorists, and to reach your own reasoned positions on the issues raised by them.
Student learning goals
General method of instruction
Recommended preparation
Texts: Plato, Republic; Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan; John Locke, Second Treatise of Government; Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on Inequality and Social Contract; John Stuart Mill, On Liberty.
Class assignments and grading
Requirements: There will be two five-page papers, and a final exam.
Grading: First Paper: 35 %; Second exam: 35 %; Final Exam: 20 %; Participation: 10 %.


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|xfs mailing list <linux-xfs@xxxxxxxxxxx>
|xfsdump and SuSE 8.0 and curses
|Greg Freemyer <freemyer-ml@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
|Tue, 25 Feb 2003 16:21:07 -0500
|Norcross Group
I have a SuSE 8.0 box I'm trying to update to xfs 1.2 I have everything updated but xfsdump. I downloaded the xfsdump-2.2.3-1.src.rpm, but when I try rpm --rebuild, I'm getting === checking for sed... /usr/bin/sed checking for echo... /bin/echo checking for libtool... /usr/bin/libtool checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E checking for uuid/uuid.h... yes checking for uuid_generate in -luuid... yes checking for curses.h... yes checking for initscr in -lcurses... no FATAL ERROR: could not find a valid curses library. make: *** [include/builddefs] Error 1 Bad exit status from /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.14028 (%build) === In general I know the issue is that SuSE uses ncurses, not curses, but what do I have to do to get this to upgrade? TIA Greg -- Greg Freemyer
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Boston Bullpen Blows Eighth-Inning Lead, Sox Lose 6-4 To RoyalsPerez went 3-for-3 with a grand slam as the Kansas City Royals rallied to defeat the Boston Red Sox 6-4 on Wednesday afternoon.
30 Players: Royals Deciding How To Utilize Top Prospect Matt StrahmThe Royals look to make a return to the postseason and will hope to get some help from one of their young pitching prospects.
Fantasy Baseball's Version Of The Final Countdown Is Upon You NowThere's just one more week to go in the 2016 Major League Baseball regular season, so pay attention very closely to what's going on in MLB this week.
Royals Blow Out Red Sox, 10-4, As Bullpen Falters AgainThe loss was the fourth in five games for the Red Sox, who fell two games behind the first-place Toronto Blue Jays in the AL East
Red Sox Lose To Royals, Fall Out Of First Place In AL EastThe hottest pitching staff in baseball slowed down the best offense in baseball Friday.
Jonny Gomes Devastated After Learning He Won't Be Joining Royals For White House VisitThose hoping for a "Mr. Gomes Goes To Washington" sequel are in for a big disappointment.
David Price Plays Stopper, Gets Major Confidence Boost Against RoyalsDavid Price is feeling great about himself following his second-straight solid outing.
Red Sox-Royals Postponed By Rain; Doubleheader WednesdayThe series opener between the Kansas City Royals and Boston Red Sox on Monday night was postponed because of rain.
5 Must-See Cities On Your Midwest Road TripA profile of the five must-see cities on a road trip through the Midwest
30 Players: Raul Mondesi Jr. Hopes To Find Room On Crowded Defending Champion RoyalsThe defending champs will look to get this speedy prospect some more time this season.
Dunkak: 2015 Royals Among Best Comeback Teams EverThe Royals came from behind eight times in their playoff campaign to win their first MLB World Series in 30 years.
World Series Notebook: Royals Win World Series With Another ComebackThe Kansas City Royals won their second World Series title on Sunday with a 7-2 win in 12 innings at Citi Field in New York.