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Influence of Shrub Encroachment on the Soil Microbial Community Composition of Remnant Hill Prairies
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Hill prairies are remnant grasslands perched on the bluffs of major river valleys, and because their steep slopes make them unsuitable for traditional row crop agriculture, they have some of the lowest levels of anthropogenic disturbance of any prairie ecosystems in the Midwestern USA. However, many decades of fire suppression have allowed for shrub encroachment from the surrounding forests. While shrub encroachment of grasslands can modify soil respiration rates and nutrient storage, it is not known whether shrubs also alter the community composition of soil microorganisms. We conducted transect sampling of nine different hill prairie remnants showing varying degrees of shrub encroachment, and we used DNA-based community profiling (automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis) to characterize the composition of bacterial and fungal communities in the open prairie habitat, the shrub-encroached border, and the surrounding forest. While both bacterial and fungal communities showed statistically significant variation across these habitats, their predominant patterns were different. Bacterial communities of forest soils were distinct from those of the open prairie and the shrub-encroached areas, while fungal communities of the open prairie were distinct from those of the forest and the shrub-encroached border. Shrub encroachment significantly altered the community composition of soil fungal communities. Furthermore, fungal communities of heavily encroached prairie remnants more closely resembled those of the surrounding forest than those of lightly encroached prairies. Thus, shrub encroachment can cause soil fungi to shift from a "grassland" community to a "woody" community, with potential consequences for soil processes and plant-microbe interactions.
Hill prairies are unique prairie ecosystems on the west and southwest-facing slopes of large river valleys that can be found in the Midwestern USA [1]. In western Illinois, hill prairies maintain unique plant assemblages comprised of a mixture of prairie grasses and forbs along with sun-tolerant species from the surrounding forest, giving rise to unique plant communities that are unlike other typical tallgrass prairies [2, 3, 4]. Because of their steep slopes and dry soil, hill prairies have escaped conversion into agricultural land, and thus, they represent the Illinois prairie ecosystem with the least amount of historical human disturbance [1, 5].
Physical properties such as intense solar radiation, well-drained soil, and dry prevailing winds have caused these systems to have locally drier microclimates than the surrounding areas [6]. This inhibits forest establishment, enabling prairie flora to proliferate on the slopes even when the surrounding vegetation is predominantly forest. These systems can be conceptualized as "islands" in the midst of an otherwise forested landscape [4, 7]. Historically, these islands were likely maintained by periodic natural fires, which would prevent the establishment of woody plants [7]. However, decades of fire suppression on the landscape have contributed to the growth of forests along the river bluffs, and this has allowed for slow encroachment of trees and shrubs, resulting in the overall reduction or disappearance of hill prairies [4, 5, 8, 9, 10]. A survey of historical aerial photographs found that a majority of hill prairies in Illinois have been shrinking under encroachment of shrubs and trees from their forested margins [4]. Along the southern Illinois Mississippi River bluffs, shrub encroachment is primarily due to native smooth sumac, roughleaf dogwood, and eastern red cedar [4]. This shrub encroachment presents a threat to the unique plant assemblages of hill prairies and paves the way for accelerated forest spread [4].
Along with its overall impact on plant community composition, shrub encroachment may also impact belowground communities. Shrub encroachment negatively affects soil respiration rates, primarily through the promotion of cooler average soil conditions [11]. This indicates that shrub encroachment may be affecting overall activity rates of soil organisms. Encroachment by roughleaf dogwood and eastern red cedar has been shown to increase aboveground net primary production, decrease carbon flux from the soil, increase microbial enzyme activity, and alter net carbon storage [11, 12, 13, 14]. Shrub encroachment has also been linked to increases in C and N mineralization rates [15, 16, 17], increases in microbial biomass C and N [18, 19, 20], and changes in the accessibility of C and N [21, 22, 23]. It is apparent that woody encroachment is having some overall effect on soil nutrient dynamics and microbial activity; however, it is unclear whether shrub encroachment also affects soil microbial community composition.
Shrubs may directly interact with soil microbes to encourage or discourage the growth of particular pathogens, parasites, commensals, and mutualists [24]. On longer time scales, shrub root exudates and litter may provide novel substrates for soil microbes, leading to succession within the soil community. All three of the most common shrubs encroaching into hill prairies (sumac, cedar, and dogwood) have been shown to have antimicrobial properties [25, 26, 27]. It is therefore reasonable to expect that encroachment by these plants may be leading to overall shifts in the community composition of soil organisms. Soil microorganisms are responsible for nutrient cycling, and microbial community composition may ultimately decide the fate of organic matter in the soil [28]. Furthermore, microbial species are agents of plant soil feedback, which can alter the outcome of plant competition and drive the process of plant community succession [29, 30, 31]. These factors can also lead to persistent soil-borne legacy effects [32, 33], and so shrub encroachment may have lasting consequences for restoration and management of threatened hill prairie ecosystems. Shifts in community composition may therefore be facilitating long-term succession from hill prairie to woodland ecosystem [4].
Here, we investigate soil microbial community composition in hill prairies along a ~60-km stretch of the Mississippi River in southwestern Illinois. We sampled hill prairies that differ in magnitude and frequency of their management activities, including burning and shrub removal, in order to determine if recent shrub encroachment alters soil microbial community composition. We hypothesize that shrub encroachment of hill prairies will change grassland soil microbial communities so that they come to more closely resemble those of the surrounding forest. We further hypothesize that this shift will be more pronounced in hill prairies with a longer history of shrub encroachment than in newly encroached prairies.
Study Area
The Monroe Co. hill prairie conservation corridor encompasses an approximately 60-km stretch of forested bluffs along the Mississippi River on the western border of Illinois, and this area contains numerous relict hill prairies [1, 3]. Hill prairie vegetation is predominantly composed of native prairie grasses and forbs, with little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash), side-oats gramma (Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.), and Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash) being the most predominant species [4]. However, roughleaf dogwood (Cornus drummondii C.A. Mey.) and sumac (Rhus spp.) shrubs are commonly found to encroach on these prairie remnants, and some of the most heavily encroached prairies also contained honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos L.) and red cedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) [4]. Hill prairie soils of this region belong to the Hamburg silt loam series, while those of the surrounding forest are classified as Stookey silt loam [34]. Both soil types are derived from loess, but the hill prairie soils tend to have a higher CaCO3 content (up to 30 % as opposed to 5 % for forest), coarser texture, shallower slope (18–35 vs. 35–70 %), and lower water holding capacity (12 vs. 21 in.) than the surrounding forest soils.
We classified prairie remnants as being subjected to light, moderate, and heavy shrub encroachment. Prairies in the light encroachment category had all been subject to shrub removal activities (cutting and or burning) within 1 year prior to sampling; as a result, they had small clusters of shrubs along their forested borders, but the central prairie "core" was free of shrubs. Prairies in the moderate encroachment category had most recently been subjected to cutting or burning 2–5 years prior to sampling. They had bands of shrubs along their forested borders, as well as prominent clusters of shrubs and/or individual shrubs within their core prairie areas. Heavily encroached prairies had not been subjected to any recent burning or shrub removal activities. Grasses and forbs in these prairies were confined to smaller patches embedded within large areas of woody vegetation. We sampled three hill prairie remnants for each of these categories of woody encroachment, for a total of nine remnants.
We sampled along a total of 41 transects, distributed across the nine remnants as follows: light (three, four, and four transects), moderate (four, seven, and eight transects), and heavily encroached (three, four, and four transects). At each transect, we collected three samples, one from each of the three habitat types (open prairie, shrub-encroached zone, and forest). As a result, we collected 41 samples for each habitat type, and we collected 33, 57, and 33 samples in light, moderate, and heavily encroached prairie remnants, respectively.
Microbial Community Composition
Back in the laboratory, soils were gently homogenized inside their bags, and a subsample (approximately 20 g wet weight) of each bag was collected into a sterile 15-ml centrifuge tube, frozen immediately, and then lyophilized for 48 h. The remaining soil was air-dried in preparation for soil chemistry analyses (see below). Bulk community DNA was extracted from 0.5 g of lyophilized soil from each sample using the FastDNA SPIN kit for soil (MP Biomedicals, Solon, OH) following the manufacturer's protocol. Extracted DNA was further purified of potential PCR inhibitors through a 15-min incubation at 65 °C with 1 % cetyl-trimethylammonium bromide and 0.7 M NaCl. Following incubations, impurities were extracted with 24:1 chloroform/isoamyl alcohol, and DNA was precipitated and washed three times with EtOH. DNA pellets were dried in a vacuum concentrator and dissolved in 1 × Tris-EDTA buffer.
Bacterial and fungal communities were characterized using automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA), a length-heterogeneity PCR approach targeting the ITS region of bacterial ribosomal RNA operons and the ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2 region for fungi. PCR for bacterial ARISA and fungal communities followed Yannarell and colleagues [35], using the 1406 F + 23SR primer set of Fisher and Triplett [36] for bacterial ARISA and the 2234C + 3216 T primer set of Ranjard and colleagues [37] for fungal ARISA. The 5′ ends of primers 1406 F and 3216 T were labeled with the fluorochrome dyes 6-FAM and HEX, respectively, to allow for detection of ARISA fragments during capillary electrophoresis. PCR used 20 ng of template from each sample in a final reaction volume of 25 μl, containing 5 mM Tris–HCl (pH 8.3), 0.25 mg/ml bovine serum albumin, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 0.25 mM of each dNTP, 0.4 μM of each primer, and 1.25 U of goTaq polymerase (Promega, Madison, WI). The following cycling conditions were used for both bacterial and fungal ARISA PCR: initial denaturation at 94 °C for 2 min, followed by 26 cycles of 94 °C for 35 s, 55 °C for 45 s, and 72 ′C for 2 min, with a final extension at 72 °C for 2 min. PCR products were diluted 1:1 with distilled H2O, and the resultant mixture was run on an ABI 3730XL sequencer by the W.M. Keck Center for Comparative and Functional Genomics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Raw ARISA profile data were processed using the software GeneMarker (v. 1.85, SoftGenetics, LLC, State College, PA, USA) for size calling and automatic binning of peaks into operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Bins were manually corrected to remove any overlap between bins and delete bins created by spurious peaks. Peak area was used to represent the abundance of each OTU in each sample. After processing, the sample-by-OTU data matrices for bacteria and fungi were exported for statistical analysis. In addition, we recorded the total number of OTUs (peaks) in each sample as an estimate of the bacterial or fungal richness.
Soil Chemistry
Soil pH was determined with a glass electrode after 1 h equilibration of 1 g of air-dried soil with 0.01 M CaCl2 [38]. KCl-extractable nitrogen was determined on an Epoch Microplate Spectrophotometer (BioTek Instruments, Winooski, VT, USA) using colorimetric development of salicylate and cyanurate reagents (Hach Co., Loveland, CO, USA) for ammonium [39] and of vanadium (III), sulfanilamide, and N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride for nitrate [40]. Total carbon and total nitrogen content was determined by combustion of air-dried soils on an ECS 4010 CHNSO analyzer (Costech Analytical Instruments, Valencia, CA, USA).
Statistical Analysis
Bacterial and fungal communities were analyzed separately. The rows (i.e., sample ARISA profiles) of the bacterial and fungal sample-by-OTU tables were first transformed using the Hellinger transformation [41], which standardizes the "abundance" (i.e., peak AREA) of each OTU to relative abundance through division by the total abundance of all OTUs in the sample.
Our data analysis accounted for several potential sources of nonindependence among samples arising from the study design (Fig. 1). Each transect was nested within a particular prairie remnant, and each remnant was nested within one level of the shrub encroachment treatment. There is also the potential for autocorrelated soil microbial community composition at different within- and between-remnant spatial scales. To address these statistical issues, we considered all transect level samples collected within the same habitat in the same remnant to be pseudoreplicates that did not carry a full degree of freedom for hypothesis testing. Instead, we treated our study as a split-plot design, with nine prairie remnants representing the plots (df = 6), encroachment level being the whole-plot factor (df = 2), and habitat being the sub-plot factor (df = 2). We used permutational multivariate analysis of variance [42] to partition the sum of squares of association matrices using the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity metric to represent "ecological distances" between samples [43]. We used the mean square ratios for a split-plot design to calculate our "pseudo-F" statistics, and we used a restricted permutation scheme (Fig. 1) to generate our null distributions, allowing us to account for the multiple levels of spatial dependence inherent in our study design. To test for the main effect of shrub encroachment level (whole-plot factor), we generated a null distribution by randomly swapping the levels of encroachment among the different remnants (Fig. 1, swap "A"). To test for the main effect of habitat and for the habitat-by-encroachment interaction, we restricted permutations so that samples from the same transect could only be swapped with each other (i.e., between habitat levels) in a serial fashion (Fig. 1, swap "B"). Because we used split-plot ANOVA mean square ratios, none of these tests involved the error mean square, and we were able to utilize all of our ARISA profiles without inflating our degrees of freedom.
Permutational multivariate analysis of variance was conducted in the R statistical environment [44] using the function adonis() of package vegan [45]. We generated our null distribution using 1,999 permutations of the rows of the sample-by-OTU data tables according to our restricted permutation scheme. This was accomplished by randomly shuffling blocks of rows between the nine levels of prairie, and then shuffling within each transect as a series using the shuffle() function of package permute [46]. Separate calls to adonis() were made for each permuted dataset, and the appropriate mean squares from the resulting adonis() calls were collected to calculate "pseudo-F" ratios for the null distribution.
To visualize patterns of community composition, we conducted nonmetric multidimensional scaling using the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index and 100 random restarts. We also tested for homogeneity of variance within each encroachment by habitat group using the procedure of Anderson [47] with function betadisper() in package vegan.
NP-MANOVA for bacterial community composition
p valuea
Encroachment levelb
Encroachment by habitat
Prairie by habitate
NP-MANOVA for fungal community composition
p valuea
Encroachment levelb
Encroachment by habitat
Prairie by habitate
Chemical and biological characteristics of soils in this study
NH4 (ppm)
NO3 (ppm)
Bacteria (richness)a
Fungi (richness)a
6.95 (0.58) a
0.26 (1.12)
2.24 (1.76) a
0.20 (0.05)
2.86 (0.76)
87.3 (25.4)
19.8 (13.2)
6.67 (0.93) ab
0.06 (0.28)
2.31 (1.50) a
0.20 (0.05)
2.61 (0.73)
88.3 (23.0)
17.7 (14.9)
6.50 (0.91) b
1.21 (6.54)
3.23 (2.43) b
0.20 (0.08)
2.63 (1.16)
87.9 (25.6)
19.0 (15.3)
We found a significant encroachment level by habitat interaction for fungal communities (Table 2), such that the habitat-associated differences were greatly diminished in heavily encroached hill prairies (Fig. 3b, c). There was also a significant encroachment level by habitat interaction for fungal communities in comparisons involving only prairie and forest habitats (p = 0.01). These habitats had distinctive fungal communities in lightly and moderately encroached hill prairies, but they were not different in heavily encroached hill prairies (Fig. 3b, c). No significant interactions were found in any tests involving bacterial communities.
Across the entire study area, we found that soil microbial community composition varied consistently among habitats along the prairie-to-forest continuum (Tables 1 and 2). By addressing this question in multiple hill prairie remnants and by using short transects spanning the prairie-to-forest continuum, we were able to avoid confounding the influence of habitat with the influence of large-scale spatial autocorrelation that could potentially drive microbial community differences between prairies, shrublands, and forests from different regions.
A limitation of natural experiments like ours is that we cannot definitively identify the proximate mechanisms driving microbial community change across habitats. Rather, we speculate that several nonindependent drivers of community change (beta diversity) may operate in our system. Microbial beta diversity may reflect direct and indirect effects of plants, such that plant species turnover from grass-dominated prairie to tree-dominated forest drives microbial species turnover. For example, red cedar presence in forests and heavily encroached remnants can modify soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities [48]. Grasslands and forests also differ greatly in their belowground allocation of NPP [49], and so the prairie-to-forest continuum may present soil microbes with a gradient of organic carbon available as root exudates. The litter of shrubs and grasses differ in regard to their quality and rates of decomposition [22, 48, 50], and shrub encroachment can lower fine root production and turnover rates in comparison to grasslands [50]. In addition, many of the most dominant shrubs in our hill prairies can produce antimicrobial allelochemicals [25, 26, 27], and so microbial community shifts may represent antagonistic interactions with different plant species. Finally, microbial community variability along the prairie-to-forest continuum may reflect changes in the abiotic soil environment, such as microclimate differences that have previously been documented in these systems [6]. Teasing apart the different contributions of these various factors should be an active, though challenging, area of soil microbial ecology research [51].
While the proximate drivers of microbial community change are not known, the patterns of beta diversity in our study indicate that bacteria and fungi respond to habitat change in different ways (Figs. 2 and 3). For bacteria, community composition was distinct in forest soils, while those of the open prairie and shrub-encroached prairie habitats were more similar to each other (Fig. 2). This may indicate that bacterial communities respond primarily to differences between the open habitat of the hill prairies and the closed canopy habitats of the surrounding forest. We note, however, that the forest soils in this region belong to a different soil series than the prairie soils (including the shrub-encroached portions), so we cannot discount the historical influence of soil development as playing some role in the open vs. closed habitat differences in bacterial community composition. Furthermore, forest soils had lower pH and higher available nitrate levels than prairie and shrub-encroached soils (Table 3), so these abiotic factors may act as drivers of bacterial beta diversity in addition to the potential drivers discussed above.
In contrast, we found that fungal communities were distinct in the open prairie core, with shrub and forest communities being more similar to each other (Fig. 3a). Thus, fungal communities appear to segregate between grass-dominated and wood-dominated habitats. In our study, the open prairie and the shrub-encroached portions of transects were located at the same soil series (Hamburg silt loam), with no notable differences in soil pH, N, and C (Table 3); thus, fungal community differences between prairie and shrub habitats are not confounded by the same soil factors that may affect prairie vs. forest bacteria. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that shrub encroachment alters grassland fungal community composition (Fig. 3). In light of previous works showing that shrub encroachment decreases fungal diversity [52] and alters microbial biomass [18, 19, 20] and activity [15, 16, 17], our results suggest that some of these changes may be driven by taxonomic and functional shifts in soil microbial communities. The application of high-throughput DNA sequencing and metagenomics may help elucidate the link between community structure and function in shrub-encroached soils.
Severity of Shrub Encroachment Influences Habitat Effects
We did not detect an overall influence of shrub encroachment level on microbial community composition. However, the encroachment by habitat interaction for fungal community composition (Fig. 3) and the increased variability of fungal communities found in moderately encroached remnants (Fig. 4) suggest that the degree of shrub encroachment can influence patterns of microbial species turnover. If the encroachment of woody vegetation promotes a shift from grassland to woody fungal communities, then large contiguous areas of shrubs in heavily encroached remnants may enhance this shift. This might account for the gradual loss of habitat-specific fungal community structure seen in Fig. 3b–d.
Another impact of shrub encroachment could be increased spatial heterogeneity, leading to a corresponding increase in fungal community variation (Fig. 4). Previous studies have shown that shrublands have higher spatial heterogeneity of microbial biomass and activity [53], heterotrophic bacterial counts [54], and carbon mineralization potential [55] than grasslands. This has often been interpreted as a "resource island" effect around individual shrub plants [53, 54, 55]. We should expect these shrub island effects to be most pronounced in our moderately encroached remnants, which contained patches of shrubs in open grassland. In comparison, remnants were more homogenously grassland in lightly encroached remnants and more homogenously shrub-covered in heavily encroached remnants, with corresponding decreases in variability of fungal community composition (Fig. 4). We note that bacterial community variability showed a similar trend for higher variability in moderately encroached remnants (p = 0.09, data not shown), which may indicate a weakened response of soil bacteria to shrub islands.
Another possibility is that the habitat-by-encroachment level interaction for fungal community composition is driven by time lags in the relationship between the aboveground and belowground communities [33]. Because our designations of heavy, moderate, and light encroachment were related to the length of time since major shrub clearing actions (e.g., burning) had been conducted in the prairie (see "Study Area" of the "Methods" section), our shrub encroachment factor can be thought of as a coarse-scale chronosequence. From this perspective, heavily encroached prairie remnants would have a longer history of shrub encroachment and thus a longer time to develop woody fungal communities. A previous work in mesquite-encroached ecosystems has shown that larger, older shrubs have higher soil microbial biomass than younger shrubs, grass-dominated areas, and bare ground [18], suggesting that it can take some time for shrub-associated changes to microbial communities to manifest. Temporal effects of woody establishment have also been reported for microbial respiration [22] and incorporation [23] of plant-derived carbon, as well as for soil enzymatic activity, microbial activity, and microbial carbon use efficiency [12]. Because bacterial community composition showed an overall weaker relationship with shrub encroachment (Table 1, Fig. 2) than did fungi (Table 2, Fig. 3), we speculate that hill prairie fungi may be the first organisms to respond to shrub encroachment of grasslands, while bacterial changes may take longer to manifest. This interpretation is consistent with several other recent studies that indicate that fungal community composition responds more strongly to plant species changes than do bacteria [32, 35, 56].
Finally, the diminishing habitat effect in more heavily encroached remnants (Fig. 3b–d) may reflect recovery of soil fungal communities from management activities, particularly burning. Burning has been shown to reduce microbial biomass in forest soils [57, 58], and fungal biomass is more sensitive to burning than bacterial biomass in both forests and grasslands [57, 58, 59]. Because the open portions of lightly and moderately encroached remnants were recently burned prior to sampling, some of the habitat differences in these remnants may reflect the direct influence of fire. This could drive the encroachment by habitat interaction as fungal communities recover from fire over time. However, we note that fire is unlikely to explain the overall difference in fungal community composition between the open prairie and shrub habitats (Table 2, Fig. 3), as both of these areas would have been subjected to fire. Nevertheless, the influence of fire in determining microbial community dynamics should be a fruitful area of future research, especially given the historical role that fire and fire suppression have played in these hill prairie ecosystems [7].
We found significant habitat-related shifts in soil microbial community structure along short transects spanning the prairie-to-forest continuum. The greatest differences in bacterial community composition were related to open vs. forested habitats, while fungal community composition differences were greatest between grassy vs. woody habitats. Shrub encroachment on hill prairies alters the soil fungal community structure, although we do not know whether these changes are brought about by direct plant-microbe interactions with shrubs (e.g., mycorrhizae) or through indirect channels mediated by litter or alterations to the soil environment. Habitat-related differences in fungal communities were diminished in more heavily encroached prairies, where shrubs have a longer time to establish without disruption from management activities, and this may indicate that time and/or shrub density are key factors related to the shift from grassland fungal communities to woody ones.
This research was funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension service under project number ILLU-875-317. S. Menning's work was funded by a fellowship from the National Great Rivers Research and Education Center. We are very grateful to the members of the Clifftop Conservation Alliance for their guidance, expertise, and hospitality; in particular, we acknowledge C. DauBach, P. DauBach, J. Fricke, M. Fricke, R. Dependahl, J. Hill, C. Fredricks, and H. Gravlin. The following people were particularly helpful in the design stage of this project: D. Tecic, J. Taft, A. Kent, D. Keymer, A. Peralta, and S. Paver.
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The 'Triple Jeopardy'
The current austerity agenda and programme of deep spending cuts has left women facing a 'triple jeopardy' of cuts to jobs, benefits and vital services.
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Women are having to 'plug the gap' as public services are rolled back

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ApacheCon NA 2010
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Marc Teutelink is an experienced IT Architect with over 17 years of IT experience, who is specialized in Enterprise Search, Enterprise Application Integration and Semantic (Web) Technology. Marc has worked as an architect for Baan Development in the Netherlands for 10 years where he was responsible for the entire integration technology stack. Afterwards Marc worked for Be Value, where he was responsible for the Dutch Government search and retrieval solution (http://www.overheid.nl). Marc is currently working for Luminis where he combines his experience in Enterprise Search, Enterprise Application Integration and Semantic (Web) technology and his passion for open source software, in designing and implementing various business and government related open source based enterprise search and recommendation solutions. Marc is working on a book about "open source enterprise search technology", which covers the contents of this talk in detail.


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Cadena wins two races for NH
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Mar. 23, 2007 - PARIS - North Hopkins distance runner Jose Cadena took home two first-place medals and Roger Sancho placed in three events Thursday at the Chisum track meet.
Cadena won both the 1,600-meter run in a time of 4 minutes, 59 seconds, and the 3,200-meters in 11:15.
Following Cadena in the metric mile were Jesus Delgado in third in a time of 5:05 and Pedro Gonzalez one place behind in 5:07. Delgado and Gonzales also finished third and fourth in the 800-meter run in 2:14 and 2:15, respectively.
Sancho, meanwhile, won the 110-meter hurdles in 16.06 seconds and placed second in 300 meters in 42.46 seconds. He also was fourth in the long jump with a 19-7 leap.
Jesus Casas took fourth in the 3,200 in 12:44.
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Sungevity's online iQuote process and solar lease program make it easy and affordable for homeowners to benefit from solar power. Leveraging web-based solar analytics and satellite imagery, Sungevity can deliver a firm quote within 24 hours without a home visit and provide homeowner with immediate savings on their electricity bills. This affordability and ease of use, combined with Sungevity's solar social network strategy, is all part of Sungevity's mission to accelerate solar into the mainstream. Aligned with Sungevity's mission and values, the company is recognized as a B Corp, a new type of corporation that harnesses the power of private enterprise to create public benefit for all stakeholders, not just shareholders. Sungevity was recognized by B Corp as one of the "Best for the World" companies for using the power of business to solve social and environmental problems. For more information, visit www.sungevity.com.


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Check out this interactive map that shows all of the participating countries.
Here at the University of California, Davis, the renowned Botanical Conservatory will be open from 10am – 1pm on the 18th of May to celebrate Fascination of Plants Day 2013. The conservatory is home to the titan, or Amorphophallus titanium, a truly fascinating plant that takes 15 years to bloom, and has only been known to flower about 100 times around the world, including 7 times at UC-Davis!
Two more exciting events are plants in California, one at the Plant Biology Department at the Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford and the other at the Livermore Art Association. At Stanford, middle school students from East Palo Alto will use advanced imaging technologies to observe fluorescence and luminescence in plant materials. Further details about this event can be found here on the Fascination of Plants Day website. At the second event in Livermore, local artists and children will celebrate the impact of plants on our lives by decorating bicycle wheels with creative plant themes. On May 18th the wheels will be displayed by participating businesses in downtown Livermore along the path of the Amgen Tour of California. Details about this event can be found here.
The Fascination of Plants Day has attracted a lot of attention all over the world, with the Ministers of Agriculture in the Czech Republic, Norway and Slovakia officially serving as national patrons. The nearly 1000 events internationally will showcase about 250,000 plant species! Details about the various events and lots of fun facts and information can be found on Twitter.
The Ruminant Podcast episode 19: Pam Ronald on Genetic Engineering in Plant Breeding | the ruminant…sharing good ideas for farming and gardening.]]>
Those are strong words, and not written lightly. However, when a journalist carries the imprimatur of the world's most influential newspaper, he/she has standards to uphold, not the least of which is to know the basic facts about what one writes about. Bittman freely and often engages the debate over GMOs in food, from lobbying for government-mandated labeling to, most recently, attacking the biotechnology industry in a piece on the so-called Monsanto Protection Act (the debate about which the GLP deconstructed).
Like a climate-denying archconservative, Bittman and hasn't altered his views for years even as science has long since passed him by. As Keith Kloor, one of the world's sharpest commentators on the politics of agricultural biotechnology journalism, recently noted in a response to Bittman's latest, he couches his nutty views in reasonable-sounding verbiage that disguises the reality that his opinions are almost fact- and science-free.
Bittman and his ilk may score points at foodie dinner parties, but increasingly they are becoming the butt of jokes in science circles. Even worse, their shrill but influential voices are making it increasingly challenging for federal and state regulatory agencies to follow the science when it comes to promoting good nutrition and public health.
Read the entire article here: On GMOs, New York Times foodie Mark Bittman is a dark cloud in the brightening sky of reasonGenetic Literacy Project | Genetic Literacy Project.]]>
Today the NYT published an editorial concisely summarizing the issues and pointing out that there is little reason to make labeling compulsory.
Read more here:
Why Label Genetically Engineered Food? – NYTimes.com.]]>
Keith Kloor;: "When I drew attention to the piece via Twitter yesterday, there was near instantaneous shock and outrage to it from some scientists. Others also shook their heads in disbelief. "
Read on]]>


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Juvenile Court- Conasauga Circiut
Contact Information
Philip F. Woodward,
Robbie Walka,
Whitfield County Juvenile Court
205 N Selvidge St
Dalton, Ga 30720
706 278-6558
The Whitfield County Juvenile Court is located in the Ground Floor of the Whitfield County Courthouse in Dalton, Georgia and is a department within the government of Whitfield County.
Whitfield County is located approximately 90 miles northwest of Atlanta, Georgia, on Interstate 75 and U.S. Highways 41 and 76
Our Mission
The Whitfield County Juvenile Court is an independent juvenile court organized under Chapter 11 of Title 15 of the Official Code of Georgia. The Court is dedicated to serving the residents of Whitfield County by hearing all cases involving allegations of dependency, unruly conduct and traffic violations of children under the age of eighteen years, delinquency matters orconcerning children under the age of seventeen found within it's jurisdiction. If, after adjudication, a child is found to be in need of treatment, rehabilitation or supervision to safely remain in the community, the court will provide access to appropriate treatment programs whenever feasible.
Our Staff
The Whitfield County Juvenile Court staff has 12 full time employees and one part-time Volunteer Coordinator. Judicial functions are provided by 1 full time Judge and 1 associate judge. The day-to day operations are managed by a full-time Juvenile Court Administrator.
Supervision and diversion of at-risk delinquent and unruly children are provided by four (4) full time probation officers. There are bi-lingual staff members to serve the members of the Hispanic community.
Other Information
Juvenile Court Units
- Judge
- Administration
- Citizens Panel Review
- Court Clerk
- Intake
- Probation Officers
- Restitution
- Traffic
- Truancy


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Adriana Pereira
2011-12 Gamecock Spotlight Video2012-13 (SENIOR): Hampered by injuries for most of the fall ... Appeared in the Gamecocks' final two tournaments, the USTA/ITA Carolina Regional Championships as well as the UNM Fall Invitational ... Won one match at each event ... Began the spring playing in the bottom half of the singles lineup ... Won her first three dual events, the last of which helped the Gamecocks defeat Missouri 4-3 in the first round of the ITA Kick-Off Weekend in Ann Arbor, Mich. ... Lost her next four singles matches and exited the singles lineup until making another appearance against Georgia on March 17 ... Played in her final singles match against Mississippi State on April 5 ... Played limited doubles, teaming primarily with Ximena Siles Luna ... Competed with Alex Martin against Mississippi State and earned a critical 8-3 victory on court three to help the Gamecocks win the doubles point ... South Carolina went on to win the match by a narrow 4-3 margin, magnifying the importance of Pereira and Martin's doubles triumph ... Graduated in December 2013 with degrees in finance and marketing ... A member of the SEC Academic Honor Roll for the fourth year in a row.
2011-12 (JUNIOR): After being sidelined for much of the 2010-11 season with a shoulder injury, Pereira played the entire season her junior year ... Opened the year with a strong fall campaign by going 8-1 in singles matches ... Won all her matches at the Milwaukee Tennis Classic ... Took third place in flight six at the Furman Fall Classic ... Was the co-champion of the C flight at the Wildcat Invitational after advancing to the finals, but the tournament was cut short because of weather ... Had a successful opening weekend of SEC play with a pair of wins against Georgia and Tennessee, two teams ranked in the top five at the time ... Defeated Kate Fuller from Georgia in straight sets at No. 5 singles, a player ranked No. 69 when the two faced each other ... Fuller marked the highest ranked player Pereira has beaten in her career ... Followed up with a 6-2, 6-3 win over Joanna Henderson of Tennessee ... Scored a critical win for the Gamecocks in the first round of the NCAA Tournament against TCU by upending Gaby Mastromarino on court six in straight sets ... It avenged a loss Pereira took to Mastromarino when TCU and South Carolina played in the NCAA first round in 2010 ... The win helped the Gamecocks defeat the Horned Frogs 4-1 ... Played doubles with six different partners throughout the year and had two very memorable matches ... The first came when Pereira teamed with Dominika Kanakova versus Auburn, clinching the doubles point on court two ... Pereira and Kanakova trailed 7-3 but fought back to win in a tiebreaker 7-5 against a duo ranked No. 36 in the nation ... The match came just a day after the tragic passing of longtime coach Arlo Elkins, who had stepped aside from his coaching duties just a month earlier ... The second match came versus Florida when she teamed with Josefin Andersson, who normally played with Katerina Popova, but Popova was out with an injury ... Trailing 7-6 as the final match on at court three, Pereira and Andersson fought off multiple match points and eventually won the contest 7-2 in a tiebreaker to give Carolina its first doubles point against the Gators since 2002 ... South Carolina and Stanford were the only teams to win doubles against the 2012 national champions ... Earned a place on the SEC Academic Honor Roll for the third year in a row.
2011-10 (SOPHOMORE): Sat out the entire fall season while rehabilitating a shoulder injury suffered during spring 2010 ... Sat out the first 10 matches of the spring as well due to her shoulder ... Posted a 6-5 record in singles and went 4-3 in SEC matches, including 4-1 slate in conference play at No. 6 singles ... Used sparingly in doubles with a 2-4 record ... Played in her first match of the season against Auburn on March 11 at No. 6 singles ... Recorded a 6-2, 6-0 victory in that match to help the Gamecocks win 4-3 and capture their first SEC victory of the year ... Also won her next match versus Alabama playing on court six in three sets to give South Carolina a 5-2 win against Alabama ... Entered the doubles lineup for the first time of the season in South Carolina's 18th dual match at Kentucky on April 3 teaming with Anya Morgina at the No. 2 spot ... The duo ripped off an 8-1 win en route to a Gamecock sweep in doubles ... Played a huge role in helping South Carolina defeat Ole Miss in the opening round of the SEC Tournament ... With the Rebels leading 3-2 in singles with two matches left on court, Pereira trailed Abby Guthrie 4-2 in the third set at No. 5 singles ... Pereira rallied to win the next four games to place the match in Dijana Stojic's hands on court two ... Stojic went on to win in three sets to send South Carolina into the quarterfinals ... Won a key match in getting Carolina past Arizona in the first round of the NCAA Tournament ... After losing the doubles point, Pereira provided her team with its third singles victory at five in straight sets ... Earned a place on the SEC Academic Honor Roll for the second year in a row.
2009-10 (FRESHMAN): One of the Gamecocks' top performers as a freshman ... Won two singles matches at each fall tournament in which she appeared to finish with an 8-5 record ... Did not play singles in three of South Carolina's first five dual matches in the spring, but Pereira became a permanent fixture in the lineup after Josefin Andersson was lost for the season with an injury ... After entering the lineup for good Feb. 24 versus College of Charleston, Pereira won her first eight matches playing at Nos. 5 and 6 singles ... Ended her freshman campaign by winning seven of her final nine matches and became the Gamecocks' regular starter at five singles ... Went 9-2 in regular-season SEC matches to tie a school record for conference victories in a season ... Her 16 dual match wins and 24 overall victories registered third on the team ... Named SEC Freshman of the Week on April 7 after helping the Gamecocks to wins over Vanderbilt and Kentucky ... Won her doubles and singles matches against both Kentucky and Georgia in the SEC Tournament to finish 4-0 in the event and help the Gamecocks defeat Georgia in Athens, Ga., for the first time since 1996 ... Posted one of the better SEC records for Carolina in doubles with a 6-5 mark at the No. 3 position ... Played the majority of her doubles matches with Anya Morgina at three and went 7-6 ... Finished the season playing No. 3 doubles with Madeleine Saari-Byström.
HIGH SCHOOL: Ranked as high as No. 206 on the International Tennis Federation junior circuit ... Won the 21st International Pascuas Bowl in Paraguay in March 2008, defeating Giuliana Pino of Argentina in the finals 6-1, 6-2 ... Made the quarterfinals of the 28th Asuncion Bowl in March 2008 ... Had a strong finish to the 2007 season, winning the Till Tennis Cup in Brazil with a 6-4, 6-3 victory over Aranza Salut from Argentina in the championship ... Lost in three sets in the finals of the 20th International Pascuas Bowl, but did win the doubles title with partner Veronica Cepede Royg ... Also won the Till Tennis Cup in 2006 thanks to a 6-4, 7-5 triumph over Gabriela Vieira of Brazil in the finals ... Claimed the doubles title with Cepede Royg at the Till Tennis Cup that year as well ... A semifinalist at the 2006 Chile Junior Open.


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bolar had emptied both weapons of cartridges, and now he silently passed each his gun.
"He's crazy," complacently mumbled bolar, still at war on the biscuits.
bolar Selden squeezes a North-Sea piano—in other words an accordion.
We made camp at bolar Springs on August the 23d—a famous spring, and a beautiful spot.
The bolar cut from the shoulder may be prepared the same way.
Adam Selden sat down with it, and bolar came into the cave and was also given a drink by Chuck.
Among these earths are the clayey, bolar, sandy earths, and others of that kind.
Under cover of this Chuck and bolar, sprawling flat, had wriggled frantically out of the cave.


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(van koe mye' sin)
WHY is this medicine prescribed?
Vancomycin is used to treat colitis (inflammation of the intestine caused by certain bacteria) that may occur after antibiotic treatment. Vancomycin is in a class of medications called glycopeptide antibiotics. It works by killling bacteria in the intestines. Vancomycin will not kill bacteria or treat infections in any other part of the body when taken by mouth. Antibiotics will not work for colds, flu, or other viral infections.
HOW should this medicine be used?
Vancomycin comes as a capsule to take by mouth. It is usually taken 3-4 times a day for 7-10 days. To help you remember to take vancomycin, take it around the same times every day. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take vancomycin exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than prescribed by your doctor.
Take vancomycin until you finish the prescription, even if you feel better. If you stop taking vancomycin too soon or miss doses, your infection may not be completely cured and bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.
Are there OTHER USES for this medicine?
This medication should not be prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.
What SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS should I follow?
Before taking vancomycin,
- tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to vancomycin, or any other medications.
- tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications, vitamins, nutritional supplements, and herbal products you are taking. Be sure to mention amikacin (Amikin), amphotericin B (Fungizone), bacitracin, cisplatin (Platinol), colistin, gentamicin (Garamycin), kanamycin (Kantrex), polymyxin B, streptomycin, and tobramycin (Nebcin).
- tell your doctor if you have or have ever had inflammatory bowel disease (swelling of the intestine that can cause painful cramps or diarrhea), including Crohn's disease (a condition in which the body attacks the lining of the digestive tract, causing pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and fever) and ulcerative colitis (a condition which causes swelling and sores in the lining of the colon [large intestine] and rectum); hearing loss; or kidney disease.
- tell your doctor if you are pregnant, plan to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding. If you become pregnant while taking Vancomycin, call your doctor.
What SPECIAL DIETARY instructions should I follow?
Unless your doctor tells you otherwise, continue your normal diet.
What should I do IF I FORGET to take a dose?
Take the missed dose as soon as you remember it. However, if it is almost time for the next dose, skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one.
What SIDE EFFECTS can this medicine cause?
Vancomycin may cause side effects. Tell your doctor if this symptom is severe or does not go away:
- upset stomach
Some side effects can be serious. The following symptoms are uncommon, but if you experience any of them, call your doctor immediately:
- sore throat, fever, chills, and other signs of infection
• hives
- skin rash
• itching
- difficulty breathing or swallowing
- redness of the skin above the waist
- pain and muscle tightness of the chest and back
- unusual bleeding or bruising
- fainting
- dizziness
- blurred vision
- ringing in the ears
If you experience a serious side effect, you or your doctor may send a report to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) MedWatch Adverse Event Reporting program online (http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch) or by phone (1-800-332-1088).
What should I know about STORAGE and DISPOSAL of this medication?
Keep this medication in the container it came in, tightly closed, and out of reach of children. Store it at room temperature and away from excess heat and moisture (not in the bathroom).
Unneeded medications should be disposed of in special ways to ensure that pets, children, and other people cannot consume them. However, you should not flush this medication down the toilet. Instead, the best way to dispose of your medication is through a medicine take-back program. Talk to your pharmacist or contact your local garbage/recycling department to learn about take-back programs in your community. See the FDA's Safe Disposal of Medicines website (http://goo.gl/c4Rm4p) for more information if you do not have access to a take-back program.
What should I do in case of OVERDOSE?
In case of overdose, call your local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. If the victim has collapsed or is not breathing, call local emergency services at 911.
What OTHER INFORMATION should I know?
Keep all appointments with your doctor.
Do not let anyone else take your medication. Your prescription is probably not refillable. If you still have symptoms of infection after you finish the vancomycin, call your doctor.
It is important for you to keep a written list of all of the prescription and nonprescription (over-the-counter) medicines you are taking, as well as any products such as vitamins, minerals, or other dietary supplements. You should bring this list with you each time you visit a doctor or if you are admitted to a hospital. It is also important information to carry with you in case of emergencies.
- Vancocin
- Also available generically
Please note, not all procedures included in this resource library are available at Henry Ford Allegiance Health or performed by Henry Ford Allegiance Health physicians.
All EBSCO Publishing proprietary, consumer health and medical information found on this site is accredited by URAC. URAC's Health Web Site Accreditation Program requires compliance with 53 rigorous standards of quality and accountability, verified by independent audits. To send comments or feedback to our Editorial Team regarding the content please email us at firstname.lastname@example.com.
This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.
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Call Us: 207.450.2071
Email: email@example.com
Happy Holidays from JP Ware Design, we thought this was an interesting take on energy efficient construction. We wish everyone the best over the New Years Holiday, stay safe and stay warm….
JP Ware Design is a customer focused design and construction firm. We are members of the US Green Building Council (USGBC), and we practice sustainable design and construction methods. Founded in 2006 by Jesse P. Ware, Leed AP. Want to learn more? Email us now and become a fan on Facebook!
It is not to late to do an energy audit, December is a great time to do a Home Energy Audit, you can evaluate the loss areas in your home and keep you and your family warmer for less and save energy. You can do a lot yourself with a thorough examination of your house. Start with your doors and windows, checking for air leaks around the weatherstripping and caulking. Re-seal with new caulk and weatherstrip from the local hardware store, heat shrink plastic kits will not only help with sealing the drafts but also give you an added layer air which acts like insulation.
Other area to check are fireplace dampers, foundation cracks and service holes for plumbing and electricity through the foundation, seal these with spray foam in a can. Electrical outlets can be simply retrofitted with foam air seals.
Here is a link to a page with a do it youself "blower door", essentially pressurizing your house with fans to accentuate drafts so they are easier to locate :


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For some reason the photos aren't showing up in this post anymore. I've copied the write-up over to here so you can still see the pictures.
Like most of us with the 3.8, I had a crack in my driver's side manifold. I read about a product called ThermoSteel on another forum, which is an epoxy-like adhesive that claims to be good for temperatures up to 2500F (JB-Weld is only good up to 600F, so is not suitable for a manifold repair). The manufacturer claims that this stuff is as strong as a hot weld. For $8 at AutoZone, I figured I'd give it a shot. We'll see how long it holds up over time. I'll report back here with an update from time to time to let you know how it's holding.
It's a pretty simple procedure, and took me all of 20 minutes to do. The hardest part was getting the rear bolt off of the heat shield:
There's not much room to work in there, so a U-joint and a long extension or two are needed. It's a 10mm bolt. These are very tight and probably rusted on, so you might want to spray some penetrating oil on first and let it sit for a few hours or overnight.
The other bolts are a little easier to reach. The lower one takes a little finesse too, because there's not much room. You'll probably need the universal joint there too.
Once you remove the bottom nut, the two pieces of the heat shield will come apart. It might be easier to pull the top section off if you remove the spark plug wires and get them out of the way. Once you have the heat shield off, you'll see this :
Grab your package of ThermoSteel:
Read the directions on the package. Pretty self-explanatory. You need to mix it very thoroughly, and make sure you get all the gunk that has settled to the bottom and mix it in. I used a flathead screwdriver to mix it up. It should be about the consistency of toothpaste when you're done.
Smear it on with a brush or your finger. Put it on thick. The instructions say up to 1/4 inch thick is okay. Mine was just a hairline crack - for a wider opening you might need to pack it down in there or use some wire mesh to cover the hole first.
Let it cure for five or six hours. The instructions say to heat the surface gradually after it cures...I'm not sure how you can really do that with an exhaust manifold, but I just started the engine and let it run for a minute or two, then shut it down. Then I waited a half hour and started it again. Repeated this three or four times and figured that was good enough. Then I reinstalled the heat shield and let it sit overnight before running the engine to full temperature.
That's all there is to it. I'll let you know how it holds up over time.
*** Update #1 8/04/2012 : 3 months and still holding ***
*** Update #2 9/11/2012 : 4 months and still holding ***
*** Update #3 7/08/2013 : 15 months and still holding ***


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Thanks to the high-profile efforts of Senators Ted Cruz, Mike Lee, and others, including the House majority, there is a stark contrast between the two major parties regarding Obamacare. One party is all-in for it, the other is indelibly etched in the public mind totally opposing it. Republicans would be foolish to change that, but even as Obamacare implodes, that's just what some are calling on them to do.
Writing at Fox News, for instance, Peter Morici lays out the case for accepting Obamacare and trying to change it.
The wheels have come off Obamacare. Even the website will not be ready by December 1; two months after it was launched. On the political level, why would Republicans accept the failed Obamacare now, as Democrats scurry away, and when the reality of government delivery is daily making stronger the arguments for its full repeal?
Republicans should stop cheering for ObamaCare to fail. It may be dreadful, but going back to what we had before is not possible. The real political hay is to be made improving the law to lower prices and premiums — details Democrats forgot.
The political and policy ramifications of Obamacare are related, but Republicans do not oppose Obamacare simply on political grounds. Making "political hay" is secondary to preserving the liberty and economic well-being of Americans and avoiding out of control federal health spending.
The wheels have come off Obamacare. E
Click Here To Read The Rest of: Democrats Own Obamacare


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Huntington Beach, CA 92648
- $$$
- Dinner, Lunch
- Beer/Wine
- Parking Lot Available
- Reservations Accepted, Reservations Not Necessary
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On The Line: Dennis Midden Of BrewBakers, Part Two
Wednesday, August 7, 2013 at 5 p.m. by Anne Marie Panoringan
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Great cruise: Mariner of the Seas Cruise Review by kidznco
Overall Member Rating
Great cruise
Destination: Asia
Embarkation: Singapore
Embarkation was fairly efficient and we had a chance to explore and have something to eat before lifeboat drill. The ship is large and presents very well. We had a terrific stateroom on deck ten midship. It was an accessible interior large enough to cartwheel in! We don't need an accessible cabin but as this one was spare and we were able to have it we did enjoy it. Plenty of storage, big comfy bed. It was kept immaculate by our friendly (possibly a bit long winded) cabin assistant. Being only one floor down from windjammer was great. There were no robes provided and I did miss this as they are included on carnival. My son also missed the chocolate in the pillow - also a carnival thing. We both enjoyed the towel animals.
Kids club was a huge hit for my son. He made great friends and wanted to be there as much as possible. More This was terrific as it gave me a chance to see the ports and shows and eat in a relaxed fashion in the evenings.
I saw every show offered (ice skating one twice) and enjoyed all of them. It is certainly not West End or Broadway quality but it is very entertaining and the performers work hard. The dance party is the promenade was also fun to watch.
We ate breakfast and lunch in Windjammer each day. This buffet is fine - not fancy and some foods are better than others but you would have to be pretty fussy to find nothing you would enjoy. Generally I think it is better than the Carnival buffet though the fresh made pizza and omelettes were better on Carnival. It is great to sit out the back of the boat and eat here - beautiful views. The staff were so helpful in helping us find a table and entertaining my son. I usually got him early dinner here too.
I ate dinner in the MDR each night. I had my time dining and just turned up when I was ready. Mainly I worked around shows as these were my priority. I never had to wait and was able to always get a table on my own. I hate making small talk at dinner! Service was very friendly. Food is good without being exceptional. Carnival food in the MDR is much better. Drink service was hopeless in MDR - very slow. Cocktails much better on carnival. Royal's were watered down and tasteless. Drinks are reasonably priced. I only had one alcoholic drink per night and drank water the rest of the time as we do at home.We did not try the specialty restrurants or room service.
We did go to the special breakfast with the characters but we were bored and left early. Service was slow, food was cold when it got to us. There were waiters very sneakily offering fresh oj and not letting on that it had to be paid for separately - I saw several people get caught by this.
We did not do any royal excursions but arranged our own. We did have a near disaster in Phuket when a tour I had booked ran much later than we had been told - I had checked twice by email and we were lied to twice by the Thai company. Thank goodness the ship waited for us as we were only wearing swimmers and had no ID with us at all, little money and my son did not even have shoes.
We are very active and took part in lots of activities such as ice skating and sports. In fact we ran out of time to try everything we wanted. Wish we had stayed on the ship more and spent less time in the ports. Great recreational facilities. I went to the gym every day and also did a lot of walking around the promenade deck to try and work off the food. We spent a lot of time in the pools.
The photographers were annoying and difficult to avoid. I don't like feeling we are being forced to have photos - especially as they are all posted publically for everyone to see. I literally had to push away to avoid being photographed at times.
A cruise is a great value holiday. I love that so much is included. We never spend more than $100 extra. For a single Mum and son it is perfect and it gives us time together as well as time separately, wonderful service, entertainment and activities. It is a real holiday and we already have three more cruises booked in the next 12 months to look forward to. Less
Published 03/11/14
Cabin review: 1305
Spacious, lots of storage. Very convenient to windjammer, pools and adventure ocean.
Read Cruise Critic's Mariner of the Seas Review >>
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Christina Applegate at 2012 Women In Film Awards: My Hair in 'Married With Children' Sucked
Christina Applegate has had some really bad hair days — and she's owning it.
The Up All Night actress received the Norma Zarky Humanitarian Award at Tuesday night's Women in Film 2012 Crystal + Lucy Awards in Beverly Hills, where she recounted an unhappy trip she recently took down memory lane:
"I woke up to an episode of Married With Children the other day…"
She continued:
Oftentimes, we forget to set the sleep timer on the TV, which is really not a good thing because I woke up to a Lizzie Borden documentary, which is bad — but I woke up to an episode of Married With Children and my hair just looked so sh*tty that I had to turn that TV off really fast."
Disastrous 'dos clearly haven't affected Applegate's career — the TV/movie star is in higher demand than ever.
In fact, speculation about her involvement in the upcoming Anchorman 2 has run rampant since production of the movie was announced. Unfortunately, even she's a bit in the dark:
I don't know [much about the sequel] — the guys are writing it. I don't know for sure if I'm a part of it yet, that's all up to them. Let them kind of write it, and we'll find out probably in the next couple months."
So if Will Ferrell & Co. write Christina a role, will she take it? She told Celebuzz:
"Are you kidding me? Yeah!"
Don't you think Christina is a necessary part of Anchorman 2? Sound off below:


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Log In / Sign-Up | My Account | Customer Service
Log In / Sign-Up | My Account | Customer Service
sendLog In / Sign-Up |
The DP720 and DP750 Bundle is a complete DECT cordless VoIP phone solution that allows users to mobilize their VoIP network throughout any business, warehouse, retail store and residential environment.
The Grandstream GXP2140 is a Linux-based device with 4 lines, Gigabit
ports to guarantee the fastest possible connection speeds, 5 XML
programmable soft keys for customization and 5-way voice conferencing to
keep business users in-touch.
The Grandstream GXP2135 is an enterprise-grade IP phone that supports 8 lines, 4 SIP accounts, Gigabit speeds and up to 32 virtual BLF/speed-dial keys - making it ideal for busy workers.
The GXP2130v2 is a state-of-the-art enterprise grade IP phone that features up to 3 lines and 2.8 inch TFT Color LCD
The Grandstream GXP1782 supports 8 lines, 4 SIP accounts and includes 32 digitally programmable BLF/speed-dial keys. The GXP1782 offers dual Gigabit ports to support up to 1000Mbps connections speeds.
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The Grandstream GXP1760 is a mid-range IP phone with 6 lines, 3 SIP accounts, 6 dual-color line keys and 4 XML programmable context sensitive soft keys on a 200 x 80 pixel back-lit LCD display screen.
The Grandstream GXP1630 is a Linux-based phone including 3 lines, 3 XML programmable soft keys, 8 BLF keys and 4-way conferencing.
The Grandstream GXP1628 is an entry-level Gigabit IP phone featuring 2-lines, 8 BLF keys and 3-way conferencing to keep workers in-touch and productive.


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- 1 of 1 Photos | View More Photos
Good day!
Mostly cloudy Friday with a shower or two. Highs near 60. Details on page A-10.
Cruise-in is Saturday
Millenium Street Rodders Car Club will have a cruise-in from 6 to 9 p.m. Saturday at the Dairy Queen, Southgate Parkway, Cambridge.
FFA flower sale ongoing
The John Glenn High School FFA is selling flowers, vegetables and herbs.
Hanging baskets as well as mix matched flats are $10.
Stop at John Glenn High School to purchase flowers during school hours or until 5 p.m. on Tuesdays and Thursdays. Questions?
Call Emily West at 740-891-9759 or Haleigh Mitchell at 740-891-8201.
Blood drive set for Friday
American Red Cross Blood Drive will be from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. Friday at the Guernsey County Children Services.
Thomas Foraker, Texas
Robin Leach, Summerfield
Carl Lyons, North Carolina
David Talbert, Cambridge
Junior Todd, Virginia
Thought of the day
The thief comes only to steal and kill and destroy; I have come that they may have life, and have it to the full. John 10:10


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Alexis Bellino's Bikini Bod On Display Wrapped In Stars And Stripes [PHOTOS]
This past Friday (June 29, 2012), Alexis Bellino aka Jesus Barbie from the Real Housewives of Orange County, showed off her pre-Independence Day patriotism by wearing a red, white and blue bikini and flaunting those implants!
The blonde was seen lounging around the crowded pool at Encore Beach Club outside the Encore Las Vegas resort with hundreds of other pre-holiday revelers and her husband Jim.
Bellino piled on the makeup and wore false eyelashes during her appearance, despite a travel mishap.
She tweeted: "Ug! headed out for night, but realized my face soap & makeup brushes r n Jim's lost luggage! Poopy!! But Ain't no stopping us right now:-)"
Thank goodness she was still able to put on her face for the event!


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Lost ... And Found
Abandoned as a newborn 40 years ago, woman has put together the pieces of her life
By PATTI SELLS | News-Telegram Feature Writer
July 25, 2007 - Freddie Alsobrooks is alive and well and living in Sulphur Springs with three children of her own.
But first, she had to put together the pieces of her life through love and forgiveness.
"My life has been surrounded in mystery," said Freddie, who credits her adoptive parents, the late Fred and Vida Alsobrooks, for instilling within her a healthy attitude about the unfortunate circumstances under which her life began. "They taught me that there is goodness in everybody and that you don't know what people are going through until you've walked in their shoes."
It was 40 years ago today — July 25, 1967 — when the headlines of the News-Telegram read, "Newly-Born Baby Found In Box on Lover's Lane."
She was less than an hour old and weighed a mere 4 pounds, the newspaper reported. The infant girl was found bloody and covered with ants by a water works employee on a dirt road known in the area as Lover's Lane, which runs alongside of what is now the Stonebriar housing edition off of State Highway 11 west.
"I might forget what I had for supper yesterday, but I won't ever forget that," said A.L. Brown, who came upon the scene that hot July afternoon. "I knew [police officer] Glen Wagner, and he said, "A.L., come look what somebody's done gone and throwed away.' She was laying there in a Folgers Coffee box just a-cryin'."
Hospital reports stated that a female infant identified as "Baby X" was brought into the emergency room by officer Wagner. The product of an approximately 8 1/2-month gestation, it was determined that she was less than an hour old when she was found, with the umbilical cord and placenta still attached.
�I may have been unknown to people, but God, he knew who I was,� said Freddie.
As news of Baby X spread throughout the community, requests to adopt the infant soon began to pour in.
Having already adopted two sons, the Alsobrooks, a prominent family in the community and owners of Alsobrooks Funeral Home from 1949 to 1975, immediately took action and were chosen from among numerous families who stepped forward to offer the baby a home.
�They were good Christian people, and I was so blessed to have them for my parents,� said Freddie.
As she grew up, Freddie said, she knew that her two older brothers were both adopted. However, it did not dawn on her that she herself might be adopted until she began to reach adolescence.
"I was about 14 when I started asking questions," she said. "I would hear things, really harsh things — rumors at school — and go home and ask Mom about it. She'd just say, 'Oh, you know how kids are.' She wasn't ready to tell me. I think everyone in my family was a little concerned about how I would handle it."
It was finally a cousin, with whom she was very close, who told her she was adopted.
�I went back to my mom and made it very clear to her that I wasn't going anywhere," Freddie emphasized. " I assured her of my love and told her, 'I just need to know who my people are.'"
Mrs. Alsobrooks confirmed the news and told Freddie how she had been found on the side of a road.
��My parents raised me to be very loving, understanding and forgiving,� explained Freddie. �I was taught to realize that you don�t always know what people are going through. So that�s what was going through my mind. I was concerned about everybody else�s feelings and I just wanted them to know I was all right. It was OK for me to know this.�
Though no one had ever come forward in the case, it didn't take long for names to begin to circulate among the community. The names, Elmer Dial and Mattie Ivery Allen were revealed to the young girl.
She had never heard of Mattie Ivery Allen, but the name Elmer Dial was familiar to her.
�He used to help my dad dig graves,� she recalled. �His father and my father were best friends, so he was close to our family.�
However, it wasn't until the death of his father that Elmer himself found out that Freddie was his daughter.
According to Freddie, she was about 3 years old when Elmer's father died, and she was helping her dad set up chairs for his funeral.
�I remember he kept calling me Dorothy, supposedly because I looked so much like his niece whose name was Dorothy,� explained Freddie.�
Elmer, unaware that the little girl was his, was taken aside by a family friend and told the news, according to Freddie.
When she was 14 and discovered the truth, she confronted Elmer.
�I think he was scared to death,� Freddie said with a laugh.�
Elmer told her that he never knew Mattie was even pregnant. After their brief relationship ended, he said he left to work in West Texas for several years before coming home and learning what had happened. Knowing the Alsobrooks family personally, he was content to watch the young child from a distance, knowing she was being raised in a good home.
With no word as to the whereabouts of Mattie, Freddie's curiosity was satisfied for the time being. Ten years passed before Freddie began questioning her mother for more details.
She was informed that there were newspaper reports, as well as police and hospital reports, that she might be able to track down.
Her first stop was the police station, where she was given the name of Glen Wagner.
�He was no longer alive, but his mother was,� recalled Freddie, who paid the elderly lady an unannounced visit. �I was really nervous. When she opened the door, she looked at me and then quoted my full name � Freddie Ernestine Alsobrooks. She knew exactly who I was.�
According to Freddie, Mrs. Wagner was very excited to finally meet her, and then commenced to tell her the story of her name.
�Come to find out they were going to name me Glenda Ernestine, after her son Glen and the police chief, Ernest Martin,� Freddie said.�
However, Glen declined the honor, saying she should be named after her adoptive father.
�She told me that he talked about me a lot,� Freddie remembered. �She said it took so much out of him. �It did something to him,� she said. He was never the same.�
After that, she went to the News-Telegram and began to search through the archives.
�I began searching, and when I got to July and read the article about my abandonment, I was shocked,� she admitted. �It felt like my heart just stopped. I got very teary-eyed. I was so excited to have found something, but also in my mind I was thinking �I need to find her.��
Soon after that, Freddie, 24, who was married and raising three young children in the Dallas area, was told by a friend that Mattie had recently suffered a heart attack.
Freddie felt even more compelled to find her.
�All I could think about was, 'She�s living with this. She has to let it go and know that I forgive her,'� Freddie said.
She learned that Mattie was also living in the Dallas area, and was given the telephone number of one of her sons.
�I called him up and told him who I was and that Mattie was my birth mother,� said Freddie. �I told him I would like to meet her, but I knew of her health condition and didn�t want to cause any more stress in her life right now.�
Instead of meeting with Mattie, Freddie met with Jerry Allen, her half brother, the following week. She said it felt like they had known each other for years, and when she showed him pictures of her children, he exclaimed that her youngest son looked just like Mattie.
It was two weeks before her 25th birthday when she finally made the call to her biological mom.
�I told her who I was and she got real quiet,� remembered Freddie. �I told her �If this is true, you have three grandchildren, and I would like to meet you.�
Mattie told her to come over.
�The first thing she did was took my hands and looked at them and said, �You have hands just like mine,�� recalled Freddie.
As they sat together, Mattie revealed that she had five children by another man that she was raising alone at the time of her birth. Unable to afford going to the hospital she went to a mid-person to assist in the delivery. After a long, exhausting labor, the baby was born unresponsive.
�She told me I was stillborn,� explained Freddie.� �She said I wasn�t breathing, and she was sent home.�
According to Mattie, she went home and collapsed into a deep sleep. When she woke up, news of an abandoned newborn baby was all over town.
�She didn�t know what to think or do. She was afraid to say anything,� said Freddie. �She felt like no one would believe her.
"I chose to believe her."
Mattie stayed in Sulphur Springs for a couple of years before moving out of the area and getting on with her life.
�I have no regrets in discovering the truth about my life,� said Freddie. �I just needed to know and deal with it, and to help others deal with it, also. �
The two were able to develop a relationship as the years went by, and Mattie even came to live with Freddie in her old age.
�I was taking care of both my mothers at one time. I had both of them living in my home, and it was beautiful,� said Freddie, whose adoptive mother died in 2004, followed by her biological mother's death in December of 2006. �She carried me the first 8 months of my life, and she was with me during the last 8 months of her life. We were together in the beginning of life and in the end. That�s something special to hold on to.�
Elmer is the only one of her parents left alive — Freddie lost her adoptive father back in 1975.
�I tell people my story when things are looking bad for them, just to encourage them,� explained Freddie. �I hope that my story helps others to know what it means to forgive. You have to forgive in order to move on and for God to bless you. God gave me life. The odds were against me, but God saw me through. He�s blessed me with three children of my own, and a grandbaby on the way. Yes, there are still a lot of unanswered questions, but I accept they are not meant for me to know. This is closure for me. I�ve got all the answers I need.�
Older Archives
Looking for News-Telegram Sports and News Archives for January 2004 - November 2008


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The department store chain's chief executive
"David Jones major pitch is to women, its customers and staff are mainly women and the company should be the model of the very highest standards of behaviour in this regard," Ms Ridout said in a statement on Friday.
"For him to fall short of these standards clearly can't be tolerated and the board has quite rightly acted quickly and decisively.
"It is a real pity that a person of his obvious talent has had to leave in these circumstances."


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BEREA In the AFCs complicated playoff scenarios, Clevelands playoff chances all hinge on one thing:
Current subscribers have full access to all online news content as part of their subscription. If you are a current subscriber, please log in with your website account information for full access. If you are a current subscriber, but have not yet registered for access to the website, please call our Circulation Department at (330) 821-1200


text: When it comes to dating, sometimes it's your body, but his emotions in the mix. Are breast or butt implants a turn off? Will an old tattoo with another man's name be a day-one deal-breaker? For our new July Body Issue (on stands now) ESSENCE Relationships Editors Charli Penn and Charreah K. Jackson asked real men to weigh in on women's body enhancements, tattoos and hair types. Watch what happened!


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Apple will offer refunds to people who bought its latest iPad following a claim by Australia's competition regulator that it ran misleading advertisements over the device's 4G connectivity.
The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) took Apple to the Federal Court in Melbourne on Wednesday for allegedly violating sections of the Australian Consumer Law.
[ Learn about consumerization of IT in person March 4-6, 2012, at IDG's CITE conference in San Francisco. | Get expert advice about planning and implementing your BYOD strategy with InfoWorld's 29-page "Mobile and BYOD Deep Dive" PDF special report. | Keep up on key mobile developments and insights with the Mobilize newsletter. ]
The ACCC claims that Apple's advertisements misled the public over the device's 4G capabilities, as the latest iPad is not compatible with Australia's sole 4G network, which is run by Telstra.
Telstra operates its 4G service within the 1800MHz band, while the latest iPad can only be used on the 700MHz and 2100MHz LTE bands. The new iPad is compatible with 4G LTE networks in the United States and Canada using data speed specifications including HSPA, HSPA+, and DC-HSDPA.
At Wednesday's hearing, Apple agreed to several of the ACCC's remedies, although the two sides are scheduled for two more court hearings next month and a liability hearing in May.
Apple agreed to display an advisory by April 5 on its website and in promotional material, reading, "This product supports very fast cellular networks. It is not compatible with current Australian 4G LTE networks and WiMAX Networks." The same message will be displayed in its stores and by resellers.
The company will also e-mail people who bought an iPad between March 16 and March 28 and inform them of the connectivity issue and offer a refund, according to a news release published by the ACCC after the hearing.
Apple officials could not be reached on Wednesday. An ACCC official declined to comment, citing the ongoing legal case.
A directions hearing is scheduled for April 16, with a mediation hearing scheduled for April 18. A hearing on liability is scheduled for May 2.
The ACCC said on Tuesday it would seek to ensure consumers are aware of the iPad's "correct technical capabilities" as well as pursue other orders including injunctions, financial penalties, corrective advertising, and refunds.
Send news tips and comments to email@example.com


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West Australian Nationals leader
"This is not about buying the farm," Mr Grylls said. "The farm doesn't exist; we are building it."
The Australian Financial Review reported on Thursday that the Chinese and Australian governments were studying what policy changes would be needed to facilitate large-scale investment in undeveloped land in northern Australia.
Mr Grylls, the WA regional development minister, has discussed the effect of foreign investment in agriculture on regional infrastructure with Senator Joyce, a noted sceptic.
The senator said attracting local investors to farms and farmland should be the priority.
"It's similar in a way to bringing in overseas workers," Senator Joyce said. "It's an alternative but should be one of your last ones."
The Queensland senator said the interest from Chinese government-owned companies in Australian agriculture was based on their interest in shoring up access to food rather than commercial investments.
He said this could eventually trigger a clash of national interests with China. "They're putting a footprint down and it's the footprint of another nation's government," he said.
Senator Joyce said former Labor prime minister
The AAco consortium includes a foreign investor but its managing director, David Farley, maintains Australians should retain control of critical agricultural assets.
"It's very, very important that we keep control of the development, the stewardship, and the productivity of these assets so that we're at a point of being able to control the distribution into the market channels effectively, so that we're not putting our country at risk at all," Mr Farley told ABC's The Business program.
"There's no need for a Chinese investor to win this at all. Australia's more than capable of developing this asset itself."
Mr Grylls said the resources industry had benefited significantly from foreign investors, a situation that should be encouraged for agriculture because the growth driver for both sectors was urbanisation in Asia.
Senator Joyce said he understood Mr Grylls's enthusiasm for Chinese investment but counselled caution.
Rural Liberal senator
"This is about the future of sovereignty as we know it," he said. "We need to find out what's happening now and model where it will take us if we don't do anything about it."
National Farmers' Federation chief executive Matt Linegar said farmers would wait for the outcome of the study before judging.
"If this is about a commercial venture . . . and we're seeing foreign investment in things like infrastructure that would otherwise not be there, then we would see it as an opportunity," he said.
"If, on the other hand, we're talking about foreign investment, particularly for sovereign-owned entities that seek to tie up supply chains or value chains and simply ship back to the country of origin, we would see it as a threat."
The Australian Financial Review


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Buster Posey has a 'little fracture' in finger, may play through it
X-Rays showed that Giants franchise cornerstone Buster Posey has a "little fracture" is his right ring finger.
More MLB: Scoreboard | Standings | Probable Pitchers | Sortable Stats | Odds
UPDATE: Posey has a "little fracture" in the finger, manager Bruce Bochy told Andrew Baggarly of CSN Bay Area. He'll take a few days off and if he can tolerate the pain after that, they'll let him play through it.
* * *
The Giants have sent reigning NL MVP Buster Posey for x-rays on his injured right ring finger, reports Alex Pavlovic of the Mercury News. The results are not yet available.
Posey, 26, suffered a torn fingernail while blocking a pitch in the dirt in the sixth inning on Tuesday. He finished the inning but was lifted after that and has not played since. Posey told Pavlovic he feels better but is still not ready to take swings.
In 130 games this year, Posey has hit .309/.377/.475 (145 OPS+) with 14 home runs. The Giants are in last place in the NL West at 62-77, so there's no real reason to rush Posey back to the lineup at this point of the year.


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All last chance sale items are final sale!
In embroidered sheer georgette, the Handkerchief Hem Dress is the one dress we need for a more formal occasion (of course it can still be worn barefoot). Embroidery techniques were inspired by centuries old lace panels and our silhouette was inspired by 1970's handkerchief dressing. This style has an open back and adjustable tassel ties at back.
- model is 5'8" and wears a size Medium
- 100% viscose georgette
- Fits true to size
- Made in India with care
- Dry clean only
Notify me when this product is available
HANDKERCHIEF DRESS -- Black
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