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How Close Should Temporary Veneers Look Like the Permament Ones?
How Close Should Temporary Veneers Look Like the Permament Ones?
Doctor Answers 10
Temporary Veneers vs Permanent Veneers
The temporary veneers I make are highly aesthetic. They are made from a wax-up on models of your teeth -- I call this wax-up my architectural blueprint or model, and it is supposed to lead us to the final smile design. After a week wearing the temps, you and I would meet back up so we can discuss how you like the temps (color, shape of the teeth/smile, etc) -- and we can make modifications to the temps if needed -- until you like them. Ideally I like to get your temps to a place where you REALLY like them -- and then I will design the porcelain based on these temps that you like. Doing it this way reduces the guess-work and helps me to ensure my patients are getting just what they want for their new smile. It's a big investment -- I need to be sure my patients get the results they want.
Learn more: http://www.AtlantaDentalSpa.com
Temporary Veneers are an IMPORTANT Guide to the Design of the Permanent Veneers
The temporary veneers are an essential part of the design process for the permanent veneers. These are often made from an initial design prepared from a diagnostic wax up prior to the process beginning. The shaping and refining of the temporary veneers gives the patient and the dentist a better idea of the look, and feel, of the new restorations and modifications can be more easily made to the temporary veneers that can be translated into the permanent veneers by the dental ceramist.
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How Close Should Temporary Veneers Look Like the Permament Ones?
Temporary veneers should look and feel just the way that you want the final veneers to look and feel. In fact, we no longer use the term temporaries, but rather they are called prototypes. This an important distinction because the purpose of these prototypes is to guide the laboratory in fabricating your final veneers. The protypes should be tweeked until you are truly satisfied with the look, feel, and phonetics. Once this is accomplished, impressions and photos of the prototypes should be sent to the lab so that they can be used as a blueprint.
Hope that this was helpful....Dr C
Temporary Veneers should look Fantastic
Temporary Veneers should look similar in shape size and alignment. Your smile is often undergoing a dramatic change when you have veneers placed. As a consequence pre-planning is critical. A wax up which acts a template is a great way to plan out you case. This model is what I use to make temporaries. Some Dentists will not do this step and use your existing teeth as the template. Although that is faster and less costly way of practicing, the problem with that method is that you do not get to "try-out" your new smile.
Wax-ups clear up a lot of issues such as size, shape, length and alignment. If you do not like these temporaries, you will not love your smile. Any issues need to be cleared up at this stage. Once you are happy with the temporaries, then we take pictures and models to send to lab, often sending the patient to lab as well. Our goal is to mimic this new smile.
Keep in mind I did not mention the "feel" of temporaries. Many patients mention the plastic, artificial feel of temporaries. Modern science has not solved this problem yet. In addition, color with plastic temporaries is never the same as porcelain, they are just too different. That said, veneers are fabulous and the temporaries should start you towards feeling great.
How Should Temporary Veneers Look
I feel the temporaries are the most important stage in determining the smile you want and to establish how the permanent restorations should look. Imaging and wax ups can be useful but until you see it in your mouth for a few days, and get feedback from those in your life, its really a guess. The permanent restorations should be a continuation of the process of making and adjusting temporaries to how you like them.
Esthetic temporary veneers
Temporary veneers should look pretty close to the permanents. They should be made from the diagnostic wax-up which was made to simulate an ideal desired final outcome.
They are made of an acrylic/plastic type material which is not as life-like as the final porcelain. Temps tend to be slightly duller and less translucent. However, the general shape, size, and color should be very close the finals.
After wearing the temps for a couple of days, you should give some feedback as to anything you don't like before the finals are made. I usually make a mold of the temps after I have modified them to the patients liking so the lab can copy them to the finals.
Hope this helps
Dr. T
How Closely Should Temporary Veneers Look Like the Permament Ones?
The answer is that the plastic temporary veneers ought to look pretty good. They ought to be a sketch of the aesthetic changes that you and your cosmetic dentist are transforming.
I tell my patients that these are an approximation of the final result. In complex cases they provide a "test-drive" so that you can get an idea of the changes and both you and the cosmetic dentist can see if these are the results you want.
I also make clear to my patients that the final porcelain veneers will look significantly better than any of the plastic temporary ones. We use a master ceramist who will also look at your plastic temporary veneers and you and he would discuss any improvements that could be added to the final porcelain.
The process of creating fantastic porcelain veneers (or a smile makeover) involves a lot of communication. In my practice each step that is done is an opportunity for you and I to discuss what to expect and move you closer to your dream result.
As a closing comment, use this opportunity to discuss your concerns with your cosmetic dentist. He should be able to keep you feeling confident about the journey.
Learn more: http://www.ScottGreenhalghDDS.com
Every dentist has their own technique
Learn more: http://www.bestseattledentist.com
Look of temporary veneers
If made with enough precision and detail, temporary veneers should look very closely like the permanent veneers. The shade of temporary veneers should also be the right match as the permanent ones. One of the purposes of temporary veneers is for the patient to get an idea of what to expect of the permanent veneers in terms of shape, size, and shade, and also the bite if the bite is to be altered. Best, Dr. Elizabeth Jahanian
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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Texas Child Study Center Receives Funding for Psychology Internships Accreditation Initiative May 1, 2013
The College of Education's Texas Child Study Center is one of three sites chosen by The University of Texas at Austin's Hogg Foundation for Mental Health to receive a portion of grants totaling $770,765.
The grants will support internship programs that are working to obtain American Psychological Association (APA) accreditation. The initiative aims to advance the mental health workforce in Texas by attracting well-qualified psychologists in training to the state and improving the psychological services being delivered to the people of Texas.
The Texas Child Study Center was created in response to a need for pediatric mental health services in Central Texas and is a collaborative effort between Dell Children's Medical Center of Central Texas and the College of Education's Department of Educational Psychology.
"In addition to training, our mission here at the center includes clinical service and research," said Kevin Stark, director of the center and a professor in the Department of Educational Psychology. "The doctoral internship program is one of our main training programs and has been in existence since 2009. If it's accredited, we'll have the first accredited internship program in pediatric psychology in the Austin area."
All supervising psychologists at the center have appointments through the Department of Educational Psychology and are clinical assistant professors. The doctoral interns also have appointments through the department and work closely with school psychology and counseling psychology students, as well as with postdoctoral fellows, who have appointments through the department.
The Hogg Foundation grant will provide support for accreditation activities and will be used to grow the internship program, increasing the number of interns from two to three this July and then from three to four next July. The grant also will fund important training for the current interns and training faculty, particularly in the area of how best to provide culturally competent services.
"We are very excited about this support from the Hogg Foundation to assist us in our efforts to become an APA-accredited internship program," said Jane Gray, Ph.D., director of the center's psychology training program. "Our program has evolved quite a bit over the past three and a half years and the timing is perfect for us to seek accreditation. This support will help us with our self-study process and help us further evolve by increasing the number of interns and providing educational and consultative opportunities for the center's supervisors and interns."
In addition to the three sites – Harris County Juvenile Probation Department, the Texas Child Study Center and the Texas Juvenile Justice Department – the Lone Star Psychology Residency Consortium also is being funded. All four grantees have psychology internship programs that are members of the Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers and all will use the grant funds to become APA-accredited.
"These grants come at a critical time for mental health in Texas, when there continues to be a persistent workforce shortage, especially in underserved areas, for psychologists and other mental health professionals," said Michele Guzmán, Ph.D., assistant director of research and evaluation at the Hogg Foundation. "It is our belief that these grants will foster new opportunities for clinical, counseling and school psychology students and attract well-prepared future psychologists to careers in Texas."
Having a number of APA-accredited internships in Texas is essential for the education and retention of psychologists in the state. With the addition of the recent awards, the Hogg Foundation has committed almost $3 million to strengthening psychology internships in Texas.

subset: commoncrawl


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Electronics > Electronics
current supply for servos
<< < (2/2)
I agree with jkerns. Amps are never "pushed" into a circuit, they are only "pulled" by the circuit. If the circuit tries to pull more amps than are available in the voltage source, the voltage will typically sag (drop) and you'll get brown-outs from electronics, and weaker performance from motors. You'll also end up stressing your batteries a lot, leading to shorter lifetime.
You should measure one of your servos in idle, and under load. Then multiply that by 14, and you'll know how much the entire robot will draw under maximal load. It may be that the 2300 mAh battery is delivering a lot less before it runs out, because the servos draw more than it's capable of delivering. That would change the equation for how much current you need in total. Thus, get a digital multimeter, and measure one of the servos first.
Or, if you get a bench power supply, it typically has an amp meter built in. You can get a 18 volts, 5 amps, supply pretty cheaply (as well as bigger things, like 30 volts 10 amps.) This will let you measure the servo, and deliver some amount of power -- it may be that 10 amps is enough for "normal" load on your robot, and you don't need the more expensive 30 amp supply.
Also, bench supplies have adjustments for voltage, and current. Typically, they will attempt to reach the given voltage, but if more current than the set limit is reached, they will supply a lower voltage. You can typically short-circuit these supplies without damanging them; they'll just limit the voltage to something very low, to keep the current under the set limit. For any hobbyist serious about electronic circuits, the three must-have tools are:
- digital multimeter
- soldering iron
- bench power supply
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Survivor: Redemption Island
Matt Elrod: I felt like God was literally carrying me through 'Survivor'
By Elizabeth Kwiatkowski, 05/19/2011
Matt Elrod spent 29 days on Redemption Island, won six consecutive duels, fought his way back into the game, survived 10 duels in total, but then failed to re-enter the game a second time after he lost
: Redemption Island's last duel during Sunday night's CBS broadcast of the reality competition's finale.
Matt certainly "outplayed" most of his
: Redemption Island competitors, but his strategic game got him into trouble and he couldn't clench the victory of the game's eleventh duel when it counted the most -- resulting in his elimination and inability to resume competing for
: Redemption Island's one million dollar grand prize.
During a conference call with reporters on Monday, the 22-year-old pre-med student from Nashville, TN, talked about his
: Redemption Island experience -- including whether his winning streak led him to confidently believe he'd eventually rejoin the game again, what his reasoning was behind staying loyal to his former Ometepe tribe members who betrayed him rather than flipping to the Zapatera alliance, and how he suggested God helped him when he felt he "was going to die" on Redemption Island.
You were on Redemption Island for so long. Did you ever reach a point where you basically expected to win and felt it was God's plan to bring you back in the game a second time?
Matt Elrod:
It was never necessarily that God was carrying me further along in the game, but I felt like he was literally carrying my actual being as far as getting through each day mentally, physically and emotionally. But yes, I did kind of feel like I was just going to keep winning.
I just kind of got so used to it. In that last duel, when my vase fell, I was in disbelief. I was like, "Wait. How did that happen?" That's interesting. (Laughs) But you know, no. I don't think it was necessarily about God carrying me further in the game. It was more him just giving me the strength to just continue forward. He finally got tired I guess. (Laughs)
What was your final vote based on when deciding who should win the million dollars? Did you base it simply on Rob's gameplay since he blindsided you twice?
Matt Elrod:
I'd have to say that my vote was based on
excellence. Even though I played a very different game than Rob intentionally, I still love and respect the game of
. What he did was honestly, pretty incredible, and he deserved the million dollars.
If you played
again, how would you approach your strategy differently?
Matt Elrod:
Well if I were to play again, I probably wouldn't want to divulge my strategy to you know. So, I'm really not sure at this point. I'd love to go back. I'd love to have the opportunity, but I'm not sure if I would or not yet.
How have people reacted to you in the street, especially since you came in second for the fan vote?
Matt Elrod:
You know, since I cut my hair -- I cut my hair early on. People on the street really haven't noticed me until this weekend, and around my school -- I got to a small school -- everyone knows everyone anyways, so it wasn't really a huge deal.
I've gotten a lot of love and support from all my friends and family and family friends and everyone seems to be really, really proud of me. It's really humbling just knowing how many people I have behind me and really encouraging.
What was your reasoning when you chose Rob's alliance over Mike Chiesl's when you re-entered the game, and how much thought did you actually put into joining the Zapatera alliance?
Matt Elrod:
You know, they didn't really show this, but me and Mike actually had the exact same plan without talking to each other. Yeah, when I was on Redemption Island, I was constantly concocting all these different things that I could possibly do and Mike was the guy I wanted to do it with.
But then he came to me and I was like, "Wow this could be too good to be true," and I hadn't had the chance to talk to [Andrea Boehlke] yet. I just knew in my mind that Andrea was going to want to flip, but what I didn't see or expect was Andrea thinking that she was so high up in the Ometepe alliance. She thought she was No. 3.
So, thinking No. 3 -- probably going to end up in the finals -- that's when I saw there was no chance she was going to flip, and after that happened, I was like, "Well, I know there's still a target on my back because I don't think there'd be too many left of us after winning six duels."
That was when I went and tried to get the target off of my back by talking to Rob and trying to earn his trust, because there's a tangible unrest that was there with the former Ometepe tribe and myself, and I was trying to rid myself of that.
I kind of out-dumbed myself there and ended up putting an even bigger target on my back, (laughs) and I screwed it up for Mr. Mike. So, I guess if I had one regret, it would be that I messed up Mike's game.
If you made it back into the game, do you think you would have had a chance to win based on surviving so long on Redemption Island?
Matt Elrod:
I think I would have had a good a shot as anybody, you know? Winning 10 duels, I think I could have probably carried that moment with me, and maybe done well in the two Immunity Challenges and found myself in the final.
I really don't think that I could have gotten people to vote with me had I gotten back into the game, but I think it would have ultimately come down to me winning two Immunity Challenges. I think those were within my grasp, but I just fell a little short and found myself leaving the game in good company.
You basically attributed everything that happened in the game to God, was there any outcome you would not have attributed to him?
Matt Elrod:
Oh, see, that's a really tricky question, because I'm not God. I'm a 22-year-old silly boy with long blonde hair, or at least it used to be. I don't know the will and purposes of God, but I was just doing the best that I could. For me personally, I really loved my unique
story that I had. I played with my heart.
I gave it everything that I had and I don't think I could do anything but hold my head up high. I'd say honestly, my biggest regrets would be maybe messing up other people's games with my big mouth, but I can't really fully answer your question and I apologize for that. But I'm very proud of the way that I played and thankful for the people that I got to play it with.
Do you think God plays a direct role in a reality TV competition show?
Matt Elrod:
You know, the thing about Christianity is it's not like God works here and there in this situation and that. It's our lives. It's our very lives, and I believe he has a hand in everything. It's like, once again, where do you draw the line while there's all this pain and sorrow and tragedy in the world? Where's God in that?
So why is he helping out this goofy kid on
? It's like all these questions start coming up and I just don't understand it, but I know that I had to fully depend on him with my being, not to advance myself in the game but to keep going on Redemption Island.
Because there were times when I remember laying in my shelter and I was just like wanting to die or just like thinking that I was going to die right then and there. He really gave me the strength to keep going, to keep living. That's really what the strength that I was trying to convey was where I was getting it from. It wasn't necessarily progressing in the game, but yes.
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Note: Romania has stopped all international adoptions except in the case of biological grandparents of the child. In 2008, U.S. citizens adopted approximately 2 children from Romania.
This page is provided as a source of information for families formed through Romania adoptions and others interested in Romania.
Visit the Adoption Directory for Romania Adoption Agencies and other professionals and services.
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In this year leading up to Arizona's centennial, Feb. 14, 2012, we'll reprint a story or excerpts each day from the Arizona Daily Star or Tucson Citizen archives.
Nov. 10, 1912
The Marleys, the noted cattle thieves, for whom the cattlemen have been on the lookout for years to obtain evidence of their thefts, have at last been convicted.
Concerning their arrest and subsequent conviction, the Southwestern Stockman says:
The notorious cattle stealing case of over one year ago in Navajo County, in which the Marleys figured, and the value of the livestock alleged to have been stolen was said to have reached the gigantic sum of $65,000, was ended at Holbrook, when the jury brought in a verdict of guilty against the father and his three sons. ...
This case attracted very much attention in livestock circles throughout the west, and was without a parallel in criminal transactions of its class. The father and his sons conducted a wholesale butcher business, it was alleged, in supplying the Santa Fe Pacific with beef on the block, and at such a reduced price that the avenue of supply was naturally questioned, and later developments led to the discovery of the ways and means they had of filling the various contracts.
A canyon north of Winslow was found where the beeves were driven to and butchered, and the precaution was taken to burn the hides that carried the various brands of the many rangemen who were losing their cattle one by one and with the regularity of the rising of the sun. ...
Associated with this crime, the Marleys kept a scrap book of press notices published throughout the nation, which was so wide in the range of notoriety that hundreds of papers mentioned the wholesale transaction. The book was nine by twelve inches in size and carried over 100 pages of printed matter of the standard column in width and in small type, with no two clippings from the same paper.
- Arizona Daily Star
The Sundt Cos., O'Rielly Chevrolet, Research Corp. for Science Advancement, the University of Arizona, Freeport McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc., Rosemont Copper, Tucson Realty & Trust. Co., Jack Furrier Tire & Auto Care, Walgreens and Carondelet Health Network are sponsors of the Star's Arizona Centennial project.


text:
On behalf of AIDS Action Committee's Board
of Directors, staff, volunteers and, most importantly, our clients, we thank
you for making ARTcetera 2015 the most successful ARTcetera to date!
POST EVENT Questions:
can I view event pictures from the Saturday, October 3?
Please visit our Facebook
Album: Click Here!
I still purchase art?
We still have pieces for
sale at the opening bid price. Please visit:
can I pick up the art I purchased on Saturday, October 3?
Please call 617-450-1512 to
schedule an art pick up.
Hours of pick up
the week of October 11:
Avoid waiting in line the night of the event by coming to Early Bid Number Registration from 10 am - 2 pm at the Park Plaza Castle on Saturday, October 3.
More than twenty-five years ago, a group of Boston-area artists came together in response to the AIDS crisis, which was claiming the lives of so many of their friends, fellow artists and colleagues. They responded by creating and organizing the first ARTcetera, a contemporary art auction held at Boston City Hall, to raise money for AIDS Action Committee.
Over the years, ARTcetera has grown to become one of New England's premier art auctions and an essential funding source for AIDS Action. And, while the AIDS epidemic looks nothing like it did 25 years ago, this epidemic and AIDS Action's work are far from over.
Once again, the arts community and AIDS Action will celebrate our extraordinary partnership in this fight to stop the epidemic by preventing new infections and optimizing the health of those living with HIV.
If you have any questions regarding ARTcetera, please contact us at 617.450.1526 or email@example.com.
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Route 52 - Growing in Love for Christ
Ages 8–12: Love Jesus? Serve Others; Love Jesus? Resist Temptation; Love Jesus? Believe Him; Love Jesus? Follow Him
Lesson 1: Love Jesus? Serve Others
Bible focus: John 13:1-17, 31-38. I will learn to serve others.
Life focus: Love Jesus by serving others.
Lesson 2: Love Jesus? Resist Temptation
Bible focus: John 18:15-18, 25-27. I will learn to resist temptation.
Life focus: Love Jesus by following Him no matter what.
Lesson 3: Love Jesus? Believe Him
Bible focus: John 20:1-9, 19, 20. I will believe in Jesus and His resurrection.
Life focus: Love Jesus by believing what He said.
Lesson 4: Love Jesus? Follow Him
Bible focus: John 21:3-17. I will learn to follow.
Life focus: Love Jesus by believing Him, following Him, and serving Him.
Downloadable, customizable Bible lessons for kids—available by units for four age groups—ages 3 & 4, ages 4–6, ages 6–8, and ages 8–12. The same great content as Route 52™, but units are easy to edit and customize in Microsoft® Word to fit your needs. Route 52 Online is perfect for children's Sunday school/weekend programs, children's church, youth group, kids' club, and midweek Bible study programs.
View the Route 52 Online Overview Charts.
Download a free sample lesson for ages 8—12.
To download right-click (Ctrl + click for Mac users) and choose "Save target as..." or "Save link as..." or "Save linked file as...".
Please note: This is a downloadable product, so no physical product will ship. Because you will have the file upon order completion, all download sales are final.


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Shooting began on August 23, frequently interrupted by rain and thunderstorms, fog and humidity.
Dehydration, in heat and humidity as well as dry winter weather, is a major headache trigger.
In the mines, men toil in humidity that is almost suffocating.
The atmosphere is heady, the air is thick with humidity, and the landscape is beautifully untouched by the modern world.
The unit features three unlabeled controls, as well as a digital display of the current temperature and humidity.
He must shield himself from the humidity of the air; where shall he procure materials?
The haze varies with the temperature and humidity of the atmosphere.
The heat and humidity were both high, and they were sweating before a quarter mile was covered.
The enervating heat and humidity of perpetually cloudy Thymis.
The whole of the observations of temperature and humidity were of necessity eye-observations.
late 14c., from Old French humidité, from Latin humiditatem (nominative humiditas), from humidus (see humid).
humidity hu·mid·i·ty (hyōō-mĭd'ĭ-tē)
Dampness, especially of the air.
The amount of water vapor in the air. Humidity is measured in two ways: (1) Absolute humidity is the percentage of water vapor actually present in the air. (2) Relative humidity is the absolute humidity divided by the amount of water that could be present in the air. Relative humidity indicates the degree of comfort or discomfort one feels from the humidity, because it indicates the amount of perspiration that can evaporate from the skin.


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March 19, 2017
Orcenith Smith, conductor
Athenaeum Theater (directions)
Sunday, March 19, 2017 3:00 p.m.
Intimate Opera Company
of Indianapolis
"The Magic Flute" Overture | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)
Series: Symphony 101
Dances of Galanta | Zoltán Kodály (1882-1967)
Series: Imagination!
Operetta Selections w/Intimate Opera of Indianapolis
(selections subject to change)
"One Kiss" from "New Moon" | Sigmund Romberg (1887-1951)
Amy Hayes
"Softly as in a Morning Sunrise" from "New Moon" | Sigmund Romberg (1887-1951)
Steven Linville
"Serenade" from "The Student Prince" | Sigmund Romberg (1887-1951)
Blake Kendall
"The Desert Song" from "The Desert Song" | Sigmund Romberg (1887-1951)
Kim Wallace, Steven Linville
"Art is Calling for Me" from "The Enchantress" | Victor Herbert (1859-1924)
Kim Wallace
"Ah Sweet Mystery of Life" from "Naughty Marietta" | Victor Herbert (1859-1924)
Amy Hayes, Blake Kendall
"Ohio" from "Wonderful Town" | Leonard Bernstein (1918-1990)
Amy Hayes, Meagan Searles Todd
"Glitter and Be Gay" from "Candide" | Leonard Bernstein (1918-1990)
Amy Hayes
Act I Finale Quartet from "Candide" | Leonard Bernstein (1918-1990)
Amy Hayes, Kim Wallace, Steven Linville, Blake Kendall
The Philharmonic Orchestra of Indianapolis teams up with members of Indy's Intimate Opera to present a special look into the music of early 20th century operettas by Victor Herbert and Sigmund Romberg. These catchy works are shown to provide a gateway to the American musical as the Philharmonic/Intimate Opera performs selections from Leonard Bernstein's 1950s stage music, Sunday, March 19th at 3:00. Featured will be songs, duets and quartets from Romberg's The New Moon, The Student Prince, The Desert Song, Herbert's Naughty Marietta, The Enchantress, and Bernstein's Wonderful Town, and Candide.
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You could say that cats and porn make the internet go round - and you'd be right. But I'd counter that cat videos and porn videos are really what powers the internet. That and people hurting themselves (on video). And really great covers of obscure songs (on video). And local newscasters making fools of themselves (on video).
Basically, video is king. Digg knows this. According to the company, their video tag has consistently been the most-popular tag on the site.
So, in order to "meet the growing demand," Digg has just launched Digg Video, a video-only section on the site.
"Over the past year or so we've noticed something: people like watching videos. People really, really like watching videos. In fact, since we relaunched Digg two summers ago, our Video tag has consistently garnered more traffic than any other. Apparently the world is even more bored at work than we knew. In order to meet the growing demand, we're proud to announce that we've launched Digg Video, a section of Digg solely dedicated to collecting and promoting the best and most interesting video content on the Internet. It's the Digg you already know and love, just in video form," says the Digg team.
Digg Video works just like the Digg you're used to, but it's dedicated to videos and videos only. It's that simple.
For now the Digg Video section is only available on the web - but it's coming to iOS and Android soon. Now, you have three options when choosing how to Digg - regular, video, and of course, reader.


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After taking a four-month hiatus to allow for the bird nesting season on Seahorse Key, the island and its lighthouse will be open to visitors on Saturday, July 2, from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
Hello, my name is Miss Daisey Dumpster. I was found by my human-mother almost exactly 4 years ago beside the big garbage dumpster at the Cedar Key school.
I did not look nearly as beautiful and healthy as I am now, having been dumped off at the age of about 6 weeks old with only a small food and water dish as my companions. Now, I am strong and playful, romping with my brother-cat and my two sister-dogs at my forever home on the island of Cedar Key. I was one of the lucky ones.
Kindergarten Graduation
Hannah Stallworth
Shark Correspondent
Smiles were all around as Cedar Key celebrated their Class of 2016.
The Levy County Supervisor of Elections is seeking to increase voter participation this election year by organizing a "Pledge to Vote" campaign.
Supervisor Tammy Jones said this is a non-partisan push to encourage voters to take a proactive role in this year's elections. Businesses and organizations that partner with her office on this campaign will be promoted on the Supervisor of Elections Office Facebook page.
Tropical Storm Colin washed ashore on Monday and for residents and officials it looked more like a hurricane exercise than a storm that could do real damage.
"It was a very nice wake up call to shake the rust off," said Levy County Emergency Management Assistant Director David Peaton.
The jokesters of the big top kept the laughs coming as the Cedar Key Kindergarten class held their annual end of school year circus.
From magicians to wild animals, the Cedar Key kindergarten students strutted their stuff at teh annual end of the school year circus.
A 17-year-old is in critical condition following a one-vehicle accident Monday shortly after 1 p.m. on U.S. Highway 19 at Northwest 135th Lane, according to a Florida Highway Patrol report.
Trevor D. Hill, 17, was transported to Shands Hospital in Gainesville after he lost control of his 2003 Ford Escape while southbound on U.S. 19 during heavy rain, overcorrected and the SUV started to rotate.
ORLANDO - More than one in 10 Floridians and nearly a quarter of African-Americans in Florida will be shut out of the polls in November because of past mistakes ― but civil rights activists say they hope to change that.
U.S. Rep. Alan Grayson, D-Fla., has introduced legislation in the House ― HR 5352 ― that would restore voting rights to people after leaving prison, with the exception of those convicted of murder, manslaughter or sex crimes.
Copyright © 2017
The Cedar Key Beacon is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Levy County and Cedar Key Florida, and the surrounding area.


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Here is another dynamic piece of furniture, a sofa that a way depicts the popular brick game Tetris. He sofa somehow incorporates all the comforts a person would look for as it combines a sofa, coffee table and ottoman all rolled into one.
The Slot comes with common constructional gaps you can find in between the cushions. When slotted, the table can slide in and out of the said piece while maintaining the optimal position.
The Slot sofa was designed using traditional construction and makes use of textile upholstery and is capped off by a bent plywood. The sofa is a handmade creation of Matthew Pawk.
Check out other interesting tags at BedZine: brick game, coffee table, Cushions, dynamic piece, game tetris, gaps, handmade creation, optimal position, ottoman, piece of furniture, plywood, textile, traditional construction, upholstery
See more Categories at BedZine: BED Furniture.


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Bells of Christmas
Credits & Info
- Uploaded
- Dec 22, 2011 | 11:19 AM EST
- File Info
- Song
- 2 min 31 sec
- Score
- 4.32 / 5.00
Related Content
Heard in 3 Entries!
View all submissions featuring this audio file.
Licensing Terms
Please contact me if you would like to use this in a project. We can discuss the details.
- Score:
- Rated 4.32 / 5 stars
- Plays & Downloads:
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Author Comments
Rated 5 / 5 stars
It made me smile. Great, man.
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Lovin' this track. It does indeed give a very wintry feel to me when I listen to it, and the layering of different audio tracks was done wonderfully. Love it. Well done.
Rated 5 / 5 stars
perfect score i rarely give out a perfect 5 rating. but you sir did a fantastic job. i can see my self making a beautiful animation with this, feels like a really good intro. don't worry if it happens i will give credit.
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Build build build....got me waiting to see how it would end. It definitely did not disappoint.
Thank you :D I'm glad you liked it
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Soft, gentle, and relaxing. I'm not much of a Christmas guy myself, but you sir know how to put a melody together. My thanks to you for this wonderful submission.


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The Worst Dressed of the 2011 MTV Movie Awards (PHOTOS)
Now that all of the squeal-worthy celebs have cleared the red carpet at the 2011 MTV Movie Awards it's time to look at some of the unfortunate style slip-ups of the night.
From The Twilight Saga's newly-engaged Nikki Reed to legendary actor Jim Carrey, there were a few fashion mistake on the red carpet this year but, hey, what would an awards show be without a few outrageous looks?
Check out Celebuzz's picks for the Worst Dressed at the 2011 MTV Movie Awards and be sure to follow Celebuzz on Twitter, Facebook and Tumblr for more great celeb fashion coverage!


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This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
A micromachined electrostatically suspended six-axis accelerometer, with a square plate as proof mass housed by a top stator and bottom stator, is presented. The device structure and related techniques concerning its operating principles, such as calculation of capacitances and electrostatic forces/moments, detection and levitation control of the proof mass, acceleration measurement, and structural parameters design, are described. Hybrid MEMS manufacturing techniques, including surface micromachining fabrication of thin film electrodes and interconnections, integration fabrication of thick nickel structures about 500 μm using UV-LIGA by successful removal of SU-8 photoresist mold, DRIE of silicon proof mass in thickness of 450 μm, microassembly and solder bonding, were employed to fabricate this prototype microdevice. A levitation experiment system for the fabricated microaccelerometer chip is introduced, and levitation results show that fast initial levitation within 10 ms and stable full suspension of the proof mass have been successfully demonstrated.
An electrostatically suspended accelerometer mainly comprises a mechanically free proof mass and stator electrodes, which maintain the mass suspension at its null position by capacitive position detection and electrostatic levitation control. The operation principle of this servo-controlled electrostatic accelerometer is based on the measurement of the electrostatic force necessary to maintain the proof-mass motionless with respect to the sensor cage [
Traditional electrostatic space accelerometers, whose proof-mass is usually made of platinum-rhodium alloy or gold coated titanium alloy, are mainly manufactured by accurate machining and grinding, and thus suffer from the problems associated with complicated machining processes, large size and high cost, which limits their potential applications for micro platforms such as micro spacecraft, micro aerial vehicles, unmanned underwater vehicles, small long-range munitions,
Although the ESMA has the potential to deliver navigation-grade performance, relatively little work has been done to realize it, due to the difficult techniques required, such as microfabrication, high vacuum packaging, detection and control of six degrees of freedom (6-DoF) of the proof mass. Among these techniques, one of the most challenging is microfabrication, because very small gap spacing, for electrostatic forces or torques generation and capacitive detection, should be formed between the proof mass and the stators. Using proprietary Ball semiconductor technology [
Two main popular micromachining techniques have been investigated to develop the levitated microaccelerometer, that is, high-aspect-ratio electroplating [
To improve the operational stability and capacitive detection sensitivity of the ESMA in all directions, especially in lateral orientation, thick flat proof mass and high aspect ratio lateral gaps between the proof mass and sidewall electrodes are required. High aspect ratio micromachining methods, like the well-developed bulk silicon DRIE process and non-silicon X-ray LIGA or UV-LIGA process, can be used to fabricate such thick proof mass and sidewall electrodes. Although the X-ray LIGA and DRIE techniques are better processes for high aspect ratio microstructures, advanced equipment as well as complicated fabrication procedures are an evident burden to production cost. The UV-LIGA technique, utilizing ultraviolent (UV) light as exposure energy, can be performed with the standard lithography equipment. As for the ultrathick, high-aspect-ratio MEMS-type applications, the most promising UV-LIGA technology is based on the SU-8 photoresist [
In this paper, the structural design and detailed operation principles of a six-axis electrostatically suspended microaccelerometer, with a square plate as proof mass housed by a top stator and bottom stator, are presented. Hybrid MEMS manufacturing techniques, including surface micromachining fabrication of thin film electrodes and interconnections, integration fabrication of about 500 μm thick nickel structures using SU-8 UV-LIGA, DRIE of silicon proof mass in thickness of 450 μm, microassembly and solder bonding, were employed to fabricate this sensor prototype. In addition initial levitation and stable suspension of the proof mass for the fabricated ESMA chip were successfully demonstrated. Section 2 of this paper describes the design of the ESMA device and its detailed operating principles. The microfabrication processes of the designed ESMA, including processes of the top stator, bottom stator, silicon proof-mass and reflow bonding, are described in Section 3. Section 4 is the fabrication results and discussion. Levitation experiment system and results for the fabricated ESMA chip are presented in Section 5. Section 6 gives the conclusions of this paper.
In the following, the designed structure and detailed techniques about the operation principles for the micromachined electrostatically suspended six-axis accelerometer are described.
To realize stable electrostatic levitation, the electrostatic forces should be generated in such a way that the net potential of the proof mass is held a constant, usually virtual ground, so that by changing potentials of the control electrodes, magnitude and direction of the resultant forces or moments exerting on the proof mass can be precisely adjusted. Since there is no mechanical connection to the substrate, to maintain the proof mass at zero potential and to measure its suspended position, two special approaches are often taken. One approach, employed in the macro electrostatically suspended accelerometer [
The structure of an electrostatically suspended six-axis microaccelerometer with a square plate proof mass housed by stator electrodes, assembled using hybrid microfabrication technology, is illustrated in
A square plate, which may have a certain number of through holes (not shown in this figure) to reduce air damping when working at low vacuum environment, is employed as the suspended proof mass. It can be made of silicon fabricated by DRIE or metal employing LIGA-like micromaching methods or conventional ultra-precision machining methods.
A top glass plate and a bottom glass plate are used as substrates for carrying electrodes and interconnections. The stator electrodes, composed of axial levitation electrodes, lateral levitation electrodes and common electrodes, are symmetrically arranged around the proof mass to form capacitors for 6-DoF electrostatic levitation and capacitive detection. Here levitation control electrodes are used for electrostatic forces generation and proof-mass position sensing simultaneously. On the bottom stator and top stator, thin film electrodes, composed of axial levitation electrodes and common electrodes, are formed. Four pairs of axial levitation electrodes at each stator plate, illustrated as Z1∼Z4 at the top stator and Z5∼Z8 at the bottom stator, are symmetrically disposed along the X-axis and Y-axis. These axial levitation electrodes are used to detect and control the proof-mass displacement in three degrees of freedom, which are the translation along the Z-axis and the rotations around the X and Y axes. There is a common electrode located in the center of each plate. Both the common electrodes, used for signal pick-off or exciting, are connected together to form a large common electrode. On the bottom stator, eight pairs of lateral levitation electrodes made of thick electroplating metal, labeled X1∼X4 in the X-axis direction and Y1∼Y4 in the Y-axis direction, are symmetrically distributed around the axial levitation electrodes. The lateral levitation electrodes are detection and control electrodes used for 3-DoF in-plane motion control of the proof mass, that is, the translations along the X and Y axes, and the rotation around the Z-axis.
To prevent large axial and lateral displacements of the proof mass from contacting the stator electrodes, five axial stoppers and eight lateral stoppers, as shown in
To develop a six-axis microaccelerometer, the levitated proof mass must be stably maintained at its null working position relative to the stator. The levitation of the proof mass, in 6-DoF of three translations and three rotations, is servo-controlled by capacitive position detecting and electrostatic actuating through control electrode pairs.
The closed-loop electronic control is used to generate electrostatic forces maintaining the proof mass at the center of the cavity. In the presence of external forces and/or moments, the proof mass displaces away from its nominal position, resulting in a change in the capacitance formed between the levitation control electrodes and the proof mass. The control electronics then detect these capacitance changes and, in turn, apply voltages to the levitation electrodes, generating electrostatic forces in order to rebalance the position of the proof mass. The voltages that are required to generate these balancing forces and/or moments can be used to measure the input accelerations.
To describe the operation of the designed 6-axis ESMA in detail, in the following, the capacitances and electrostatic forces/moments between levitation electrodes and the proof mass, position detection of the proof mass, acceleration measurement and main performance indexes, structural parameters design based on hybrid microfabrication method, are presented.
Here only the lateral levitation electrode pairs X
The capacitance between the lateral levitation electrode X1p and the proof mass is:
In the same way, the capacitance between the lateral levitation electrode X1n and the proof mass is:
Therefore, the linear expression for the total capacitance between the lateral electrode pair X1(X1p,X1n) and the proof mass is:
Here, nominal capacitance between one lateral electrode pair and the proof mass at the null position is:
In the same way, the linear capacitance expressions between the other three lateral electrode pairs and the proof mass are:
So the differential capacitances caused by the translation displacement
Similarly, the linear capacitance expressions between the four lateral electrode pairs Y
Using the same derivative process, the linear capacitance expressions between the eight axial levitation electrode pairs Z
The electrostatic force applied to the proof mass generated by the lateral electrode X1p with actuation voltage of
As well, the electrostatic force generated by the electrode X1n is:
Therefore the electrostatic force generated by the lateral electrode pair (X1p, X1n) is:
In the same way, the electrostatic forces generated by the other three lateral electrode pairs are:
For the voltage applied to the levitation electrode, a preload bias voltage superimposed feedback voltage, which is generated by a controller according to displacements of the proof mass, is employed. Assuming the feedback voltage that makes the proof mass have positive linear or angular displacement, in right-hand rule, is positive, the voltages applied to the lateral levitation electrode pairs X
So, the resultant electrostatic force along the X axis generated by the lateral levitation electrode pairs (X
This is a one order model about electrostatic force and displacements of the proof mass, where axis-coupling between
When the active electrostatic bearing system of the micro-accelerometer is working at the null place, the
This is a linear and decoupled model of electrostatic force and displacements of the proof mass, which is often used as control model of the electrostatic bearing system and by combining PID controller using different control algorithms, the performance parameters of the system such as frequency characteristics, bandwidth et al could be designed [
According to the formula (2), the electrostatic moment applied to the proof mass, generated by the lateral electrode X1p with actuation voltage of
As well, the electrostatic moment generated by the electrode X1n is:
Therefore the electrostatic moment generated by the lateral electrode pair X1 (X1p, X1n) is:
In the same way, the electrostatic moments generated by the other three lateral electrode pairs are:
The resultant electrostatic moment around the Z axis generated by the lateral levitation electrode pairs X
This is a one order model with respect to the electrostatic moment and axis-coupling displacements of the proof mass, which is used to accurately describe angular movement of the proof mass. Like the electrostatic force
When the micro-accelerometer is working at the null place, the small second order quantities of the
According to geometry symmetry and the same derivative process as the X-axial lateral electrode pairs, we can get similar linear and decoupled model as (31) about electrostatic moment
Therefore the total electrostatic torque
The electrostatic forces along Y-axis and Z-axis, and total electrostatic moments around X-axis and Y-axis can be derived in the same way.
To detect displacement signals of the ESMA, two capacitive detecting schemes can be applied to the same accelerometer structure. One detecting scheme is the frequency multiplex method with common electrodes used for signal pickoff [
In this paper, the frequency multiplex detecting method is employed. For the electrodes structure of the microaccelerometer shown in
The top and bottom common electrodes are electrically connected together, so a total common capacitance between a common pick-up electrode and the proof mass is
Set Laplacian operator
Assuming (
Here they have six different frequencies, and the carrier signals applied to differential electrode pairs are of the same magnitude but phase-inverted. Then, the hybrid-frequency sensing signal applied to each control electrode pair is expressed as:
When the proof mass is suspended at its null position by electrostatic bearing system, its 6-DoF displacements (
The above displacement-detection
It can be seen that the output voltage
According to the force balance condition:
When the proof mass of the accelerometer is actively suspended at its working position, the moment balance condition for measuring applied angular acceleration
Similar relationships between the feedback voltage
From expressions (43) and (45), we can see that the inputted accelerations
When the feedback voltage is equal to the bias voltage, the proof mass is subjected to the maximum of electrostatic force/moment. Thus, the maximum measurable acceleration of the accelerometer can be theoretically calculated as:
Thus, by increasing preload bias voltage, the maximum measurable acceleration can be improved, however, the upper bound of allowable actuation voltage is set by electric breakdown voltage between the proof mass and the associated electrodes. According to the modified Paschen curve for MEMS structures [
It can be seen that the sensitivity
By designing large sensing capacitive gaps and employing a large mass
Remarkably, the detection sensitivity varies inversely with the maximum measurable acceleration, that is, when operation range of the accelerometer is designed larger, the detection sensitivity or resolution is lower.
According to the above-mentioned analysis, for different parameters of the structure and levitation control system, performances of the electrostatically suspended microaccelerometer may vary depending on different applications. For instance, the ESMA may be used as following [
According to the above analysis, the mass and size of the proof-mass, the capacitive gaps, and the surface flatness of the electrodes and the proof-mass are directly linked to the measurement range, sensitivity and accuracy of the ESMA. A relatively large proof mass, with a thickness of several hundred microns, should be fabricated, which will reduce the Brownian displacement noise, consequently, making the device potentially suitable for the development of a high performance accelerometer, so the accurate microfabrication of large area, small gap spacing capacitors is one of the key techniques for this highly sensitive ESMA device.
Microassembly is a critical enabling technology for hybrid manufacturing of complex 3D MEMS devices that utilize non-semiconductor materials and incompatible fabrication processes [
As shown in
In this paper, the main structural parameters illustrated in
As the structure shows in
In the following, the microfabrication processes of the two stators, the proof mass and the bonding are described, respectively, and the key fabrication steps are explained in detail.
To fabricate the top stator of the ESMA, special attention should be paid to the wet etching of the positioning pits, because by metallization of the pits, such as in electroplating, the top stator can be solder joined with the pillars of the bottom stator, which provides signal routes to the pads of the bottom stator. For metallization, the deep etched pits should have sloped walls with smooth surfaces and a small ratio of lateral undercutting to the etch depth. Borosilicate glass, such as Pyrex, can be wet etched with better pits or grooves profile, so a Pyrex 7740 wafer is used as the top substrate in this work. The fabrication flow of the top Pyrex wafer is simply illustrated in
The first part, as shown in
As shown in
The second part is a surface micromachining process, as shown in
For bottom stator fabrication of the gyroscope, the surface micromachining process was employed to form stoppers, thin film electrodes and the interconnections. Then, using SU-8 ultrathick photoresist as electroplating mold, the thick nickel structures, such as pillars, lateral electrodes and stoppers, were integrated with the fabricated circuitry on the same chip. The key fabrication technique of the bottom stator was the integration of thick nickel structures with the bottom structures by successful removal of SU-8 mold.
SU-8 has been used extensively in making high aspect ratio MEMS device structures [
A schematic diagram of the fabrication process of the bottom stator, using quartz glass as substrate, is shown in
For subsequent integration of thick nickel microstructures, a 0.5 μm alumina passivation layer was patterned with phosphoric acid to expose the surface of the metal foundations, on which thick Ni structures would be electroformed. To obtain good step coverage, a 30/200 nm Cr/Au layer, serving as a seed layer for electroplating, were deposited via sputtering [
On the exposed areas of the Cr/Au seed layer, the Ni structures were electroplated in a nickel-sulfamate based solution. The electroformed Ni structures, together with the SU-8 mold, were planarized by a grinding step [
The proof mass fabrication process was relatively simple because only one lithography step was needed. However, a flat proof mass with vertical sidewalls and smooth surfaces had to be carefully fabricated. In this paper, a monocrystalline silicon proof mass was micromachined by DRIE using an Alcatel 601E machine. Firstly, a double-side polished, n-type Si (100) wafer, in a designed thickness of the proof mass, was bonded with an accompanying wafer, using 4 μm benzocyclobutene (BCB, Dow Chemical) void-free coating as the adhesive material [
For the assembly, each released proof mass, with required sizes of side length and thickness, was put into each bottom stator which has been thinned by grinding and polishing with controlled height of the lateral electrodes; then, the bottom stator was aligned with the top stator through the transparent glass substrate. They were then clamped by a jig, which would provide a pre-tightening force for tight contacting between the top stator and top surface of the lateral electrodes after reflow bonding, consequently, the designed axial gaps would be ensured. Finally, the two clamped stators were bonded by reflow of SnAg solders at N2 atmosphere in a reflow oven, with a peak temperature of about 260 °C. This also provided an automatic self-alignment of the two stators due to the surface tension during the reflowing process. This bonding could be wafer-level or chip-level.
A microphotograph of one of the etched pits after removal of the photoresist is shown in
For the fabrication of the bottom stator, as the SEM image in
Optical photographs of one of the silicon proof masses, made from the double-side polished wafer through DRIE then coated with sputtering deposited Cr/Au conductive layer, are shown in
After the three parts, namely top stator, bottom stator and the proof mass, were assembled and the two stators were bonded by solder reflow, an ESMA chip about 10 × 10 × 3 mm3 in size, forming lateral gap of 10 μm and axial gap of 4 μm, was obtained, as the optical image in
A schematic diagram of close-loop detection and control system for the ESMA sensor, which mainly consists of micro-displacement detection unit, DSP control unit and voltages combining unit, is illustrated in
Employing an AD9832 as direct digital synthesis (DDS) chip controlled by the 89C51 microcontroller, together with band pass filter (BPF) and phase shifter circuits, the signal generator can produce multi-frequency sine waves with changeable phases. These signals, with frequencies in the range of 100∼220 KHz, are used as 6-axis displacement detection carriers and reference waves for modulation and demodulation, respectively. By applying sensing signals to the control electrodes, the small AC current detecting signal
At present, stable full levitation control of the proof mass has been demonstrated, as levitation displacement curves shown in
Since the Tektronix oscilloscope employed has only four channels, position response curves of the proof mass, in form of detection voltages, for channel Z1, Z2, Z3 and X positions are illustrated in
Here the proof mass was levitated against the force of gravity along the Z-axis direction from its seated axial stoppers to some given suspension position. Z1, Z2 and Z3 were the three differential capacitance positions of four differential capacitances formed between Z-axis levitation electrodes and the proof mass, as shown in
In this paper, a designed structure of a micromachined electrostatically suspended six-axis microaccelerometer, with a square plate as proof mass housed by top stator and bottom stator, was presented. Its detailed operation parameters such as the capacitances and electrostatic forces/moments, detection and levitation control of the proof mass position, acceleration measurement and main performance indexes, structural parameters design using hybrid microfabrication method, were presented. A precision ESMA prototype chip was achieved using hybrid microfabrication techniques, that is, the top stator and the bottom stator were fabricated by surface micromachining and UV-LIGA integration fabrication of thick nickel structures using SU-8 photoresist, the gold coated silicon proof mass of 450 μm in thickness was mainly obtained by DRIE, and then they were assembled and solder-reflow bonded. At the bottom stator, by successful removal of SU-8 mold using fuming sulfuric acid oxidizing method, the nickel structures about 500 μm thick were integrated with the surface micromachined structures such as axial stoppers, electrodes and interconnections. Levitation control experiments show that fast initial levitation within 10 ms and stable full suspension of the proof mass for the fabricated ESMA chip were successfully demonstrated. At present, linear and angular acceleration measurement and calibration of this microaccelerometer are ongoing. For higher microfabrication precision and smaller lateral gap spacing formation, the x-ray LIGA technique will be employed in further research. The hybrid microfabrication techniques described in this paper can be applied for fabrication of other complicated 3D MEMS devices.
The authors wish to thank Beijing Research Institute of Aerospace Control and Instrument for financial support. This work is partly supported by Aerospace Support Foundation (11GFZ-JJ02-005), Shanghai Municipal Natural Science Foundation (10ZR1415500), National Natural Science Foundation of China (51075278), Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University from Ministry of Education of China (NCET10-0583) and National Key Lab Foundation of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology (9140C790405110C7904).
The exploded view of the microaccelerometer configuration.
Structural parameters of the accelerometer along X-axis direction.
Surface plots of
Equvalent capacitive circuits of the micro-accelerometer when common electrodes are used for pickoff.
Schematic fabrication structure of the micro-accelerometer.
Process flow of the top stator.
Schematic diagram of the fabrication process of the bottom stator.
Fabrication results of the top stator:
Fabrication results of the bottom stator:
Schematic diagram of detection and control system for the ESMA, taking differential electrode pairs X1(X1p, X1n) and X3(X3p, X3n) for example.
Levitation experiment system for the fabricated micro-accelerometer.
Electrostatic levitation displacement curves of the proof mass:
Main design parameters of the first prototype of ESMA.
|Basic side length of the proof mass,
|Basic thickness of the proof mass,
|Mass of the proof mass,
|43.74 (silicon), 144.18 (nickel)
|Main moment of inertia,
|2.624 (silicon), 8.651 (nickel)
|Moment of inertia around x- or y-axis,
|1.320 (silicon), 4.350 (nickel)
|Nominal axial gap, dz0/μm
|3∼5 (vary with the lapped height of the lateral elctrodes)
|Nominal lateral gap, ds0/μm
|3∼12 (vary with small changes of side length of the proof mass)
|Area of each axial levitation electrode Az/mm2
|Area of each common electrode, AC/mm2
|Area each lateral levitation electrode, As/mm2
|Capacitance of all common electrodes,CC0/pF
|71.639(dz0 = 4 μm)
|Capacitance of one axial electrode pair, Cz0/pF
|10.129(dz0 = 4 μm)
|Capacitance of one lateral electrode pair, Cs0/pF
|1.020(ds0 = 10 μm for UV-LIGA)
|2.550(ds0 = 4 μm for X-LIGA)
|Bias voltage for axial suspension, Vz0/V
|10 ∼ 40
|Bias voltage for lateral suspension, Vs0/V
|20 ∼ 50
Process conditions of SU-8 2100 (from MicroChem) with mold height of about 500 μm.
|Spread: 200 rpm ,15 s
|Karl Suss RC8
|Spin: 700 rpm, 20 s
|Soft bake
|65 °C, 30 min; 95 °C, 120 min
|Dose 2.6 mW/cm2, 250 s
|Karl Suss MA6
|Post-expose bake
|65 °C, 30 min; 90 °C, 40 min
|convection oven
|40 min immersion in PGMEA
|RIE cleaning
|O2 35 sccm, pressure 5 Pa, 25 W, 300 s
|Alcatel Nextral 100


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Texas Baptist Forum
- November 12, 2008
West Texas missing
The list of nominees for Baptist General Convention of Texas trustees/directors (Oct. 27) is quite interesting. If you look at their hometowns and draw a line from Amarillo to Midland to San Angelo to San Antonio, you will find names from only three cities—Muleshoe, Odessa and Del Rio—west of that line.
I realize that segment of the state isn't as heavily populated, but there are plenty of Baptists in this vast territory.
I'm hoping this isn't a normal pattern of leadership for the Baptist General Convention of ... Texas.
Don Henry
Russian encouragement
We know many of our friends in the United States are disappointed John McCain did not win the presidential election. Russian Baptists too are concerned the struggle for Christian values—for the family and against abortion—may have suffered a setback.
But we hope the victory of a Democratic president might lead to better relations between the USA and Russia. We hope the war in Iraq can end soon, and the USA might again become a part of the "concert" of European nations. May the USA see itself as a partner and not as a country apart and aloof from other nations. We do not want another Cold War.
We are happy Barack Obama is a member of a Protestant denomination and he has close ties to the Baptist community in Chicago.
We congratulate him on his victory, for it shows that even a person with a very modest background can achieve great things. That is a source of hope to all of us. His victory is an example of the great possibilities which democracy can bring.
We wish Barack Obama and our two countries God's best.
Vitaly Vlasenko
Director for External Church Relations
Russian Union of Evangelical Christians-Baptists
Moscow, Russia
Denounce racism
The appalling activities that occurred on Baylor University's campus on Election Day and since are despicable and should be repudiated by every one of us who holds a Baylor degree.
The Standard reported a noose was found hanging from a tree, and police had to be called to quell a politically inflamed shouting match in front of Penland Hall.
Several current students to whom I've spoken are aghast at the T-shirts and comments across campus that cast the results of the election in virulent and even apocalyptic terms.
At this moment, I am not "Baylor Proud." How sad that, at a school which claims to maintain exceptional Christian values, students' responses fall so far short of even the most basic civil behavior. What a contrast to John McCain's concession speech and his eloquent plea for unity.
I'm grateful for Interim President David Garland's strong denunciation of the events. Every alumnus should join him.
Robert Dilday
Richmond, Va.
Jimmy Carter's arrogance
It's so comforting to know Jimmy Carter has the answers to all the problems that that could restore the U.S. standing abroad (Nov. 3). The arrogance of this man truly astounds me.
As the worst president this country has ever experienced, our media still grants him a forum to lecture us on how horrible America is and how his worldview is what will save us. When he had the chance, his policies did far more damage to America's reputation than anything President Bush has done, by projecting the U.S. as a weakling nation that wasn't interested in standing up to tyrannical dictators and godless communism. Not to mention his disastrous domestic policies that created record high inflation and unemployment as well as anti-family judicial appointments.
Steve Kent


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|Home > Sport > Union > Article
Hodgson would arrive at airports in his pyjamas and don the dressing-gown to fly to some matches. He loved pranks, including filling the bladders of footballs with water to upset the opposing kicker.
Even on the Test arena, Hodgson performed trickery. During one Test, he was struggling to get through the All Blacks defence. That is, until Hodgson, with ball tucked under his arm, held up his hand and shouted, "Stop!". The opposition was so stunned it did stop, allowing Hodgson to break through.
Australia bred tough forwards in those days, like Edward "Weary" Dunlop, who years after two Test appearances against NZ in 1932 and 1934, became an Australian hero, primarily through his medical care for fellow World War II prisoners of war.
For the 1934 SCG Test, both teams stayed at the Wentworth Hotel, but according to Dunlop's biographer, Sue Ebury, the All Blacks refused to be sociable.
Ebury wrote: "Each morning Weary greeted this 'soundless phalanx' and walked on until one of their number, Beau Cottrell, caught him up in the hotel corridor to explain that Geddes, the manager, had forbidden them to fraternise with the opposing side. 'You'll find us very friendly after the match,' he said.
"Weary shrugged. 'OK, Beau, you go and tell your manager that the fact I said good morning to you doesn't mean that I won't try to knock your bloody heads off on Saturday'."
It was a brutal Test. One All Black forward pinned him, and another let fly with his elbow. Dunlop's nose was flattened.
Australian captain Alec Ross tried to persuade Dunlop to leave the field, only to be told: "Do me a favour. I don't want to leave this ground until I've settled a score." Eventually, Dunlop found his man, and kneed the All Black in the face, only to discover he had "got the wrong man".
In the dressing room after the match, Dunlop set "his freshly re-broken nose by inserting a toothbrush up each nostril" - after draining the usual two bottles of beer awaiting him on top of his locker "by way of an anaesthetic".
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Guide to UK Taxation for the self employed
Commencing self employment?
If you start working for yourself one of the first things that you should do is register with the HM Revenue & Customs. You must register within three months of commencing self employment otherwise you will be liable to a £100 penalty. You should register as self employed online through the HMRC website at this address (https://www.gov.uk/set-up-sole-trader).
Once you have decided to become self employed one of the key differences that you should be aware of is that the tax rules are quite different from those governing the taxation of employees. Unlike employees no tax and national insurance is collected from your earnings at source, you must instead set aside part of your income towards the bills that you will receive. This is something that takes some getting used to but it is important if you wish to avoid an unwelcome surprise. At John M Taylor & Co we aim to give our clients as much warning as possible of the tax payments that will be due each year.
How do HMRC tax your self employment profits?
As a self employed individual you will be required to complete a Self Assessment Tax Return each year disclosing your self employment profit. Your Tax Return will show details of all your self employed income each year less any expenses incurred for the purposes of your trade. However, different expenses are treated in different ways depending on what they relate to.
For example the purchase of capital assets such as motor vehicles or machinery for use in your business will be relieved through the capital allowances regime whereby a percentage of your expenditure is allowed against your income over a number of years. The capital allowances regime applies mainly to longer life assets that have a useful life of longer than one year and the allowable deduction against your income reflects the true lifespan of the asset.
If you take stock from your business for personal use it is treated as a sale at market value and your income increases accordingly. However, it may be possible to avoid this if it can be shown that the item(s) was never actually part of your stock and was instead a private purchase allocated to drawings.
What is the current rate of Tax?
For the 2017/18 tax year tax is payable at the following rates on earned income:-
|Tax Rate
|Earnings up to £11,500
|Earnings Between £11,500 to £43,000*
|Earnings between £43,001 to £150,000
|Earnings over £150,001
* For English resident taxpayers the higher rate tax threshold is £45,000
What is my accounting period?
Once you commence self employment you are free to choose whatever accounting period you choose. There are a number of factors you should consider when doing this as it can bear an influence on the tax payable in the early years of your trade. Over the entire period of your self employment the total Tax and Class 4 National Insurance payable should be the same regardless of your accounting period (subject to consistent tax and national insurance rate bands). If you do not have a 5 April year end then the general rule is that you pay tax on your profits during the twelve months ending on your accounting period end date arising in that tax year. If your year end is 31 December 2017 then your taxable self employment income for the 2017/18 tax year is your taxable profit arising during the year ending 31 December 2017.
How does HM Revenue & Customs collect my tax payments?
- Self Assessment
As mentioned above self employed individuals have to complete a Self Assessment Tax Return each year. Tax Returns are issued for each tax year with every tax year ending on 5 April. For example the 2016/17 Tax Return will be issued in April/May 2017 and must be submitted by 31 October 2017 if submitted on paper and by 31 January 2018 if filed online. If you submit your Tax Return late automatic penalties will be applied.
Important - If you want HM Revenue & Customs to calculate your tax for you your Tax Return must be lodged by 31 October 2017, otherwise you will have to calculate your own tax.
- Payment of Tax
If you started trading in 2016/17 your first Tax Return will be for the year ended 5 April 2017. The total Tax and Class 4 NIC due for the year ended 5 April 2017 will be payable at 31 January 2018. Also payable at this date will be the first payment to account for 2017/18 with a further payment to account due at 31 July 2018. Payments to account usually take the form of 50% of the previous tax years liability but can be reduced if you have reason to believe that your tax liability for the current tax year is lower than in the previous tax year.
If you do not make these payments on time interest and surcharges will be applied to your account.
What happens in my first year of trading?
In your first year of trade you may not actually have traded for a full twelve months. In this case your taxable self employment income is your taxable profit for the period ending 5 April. For example you may start trading on 15 January 2017 and choose to have a 31 January 2018 year end. This would mean that during 2016/17 you would be assessed on your profit attributable to the period ending 5 April 2017. In 2017/18 you would be assessed on the 12 months ending 31 January 2018. Say for example the taxable profit for your first period of trading was £19,500 your income would be assessed as follows:
2016/17 - 15 January 2017 to 5 April 2017 – 2.5/12.5 x £19,500 = £ 3,900
2017/18 - 1 February 2017 to 31 January 2018 - 12/12.5 x £19,500 = £18,720
You may notice from the above example that your profits during the period 1 February to 5 April 2014 will be taxed twice. The profit for this period is known as 'overlap profit' and relief for this overlap period will be given when your business comes to an end. If you ceased trading at 5 April 2019, having made a profit of £25,000 during your final year of trading, this relief will be given as follows:-
2018/19 - Profit for year ending 5 April 2019 -£25,000
Less overlap relief - £3,120
Profit for year ended 5 April 2019 - £21,880
What about National Insurance?
Self Employed people pay national insurance on their earnings in a different manner to employed people. As self employed people's earnings may fluctuate from year to year their entitlement to state benefits could potentially be effected if they made a loss. To safeguard their entitlement to such benefits self employed individuals pay a Class 2 National Insurance stamp of £2.85 per week (in 2017/18). In addition to this they also pay Class 4 National Insurance of 9% of their earnings between £8,164 and £45,000 with any earnings over this amount attracting a National Insurance charge of 2%.
Key Points
- Penalties and interest are payable if either your Tax Return is late or your tax payment is late.
- If you fail to register with HMRC within three months of starting self employment a £100 penalty will be charged.
- Your Self Assessment Tax Return must be lodged with HMRC by 31 October if you want your tax liability to be calculated for you.
- The 2016/17 filing deadline is 31 October 2017 for paper Tax Returns or 31 January 2018 if you file your Tax Return online.
- Your Tax liability for 2016/17 will be due for payment on or before 31 January 2018 along with a further 50% as a payment to account for 2017/18.
We hope that you have found this guide useful. If you would like some further advice or assistance please contact us.


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Grapevines > White Grapevines > Brianna Grape Vines
Elmer Swenson Variety. Winter hardy in South Dakota. This grape produces a lovely semi-sweet white with can have hints of apricot, peach, pineapple and honey. A lovely fruity nose. Also makes a good white juice.
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Berzo Ariwan, 35, is a Kurd who fled Iraq in 1992, leaving his family behind.
He reluctantly emigrated after both his family and he began to be harassed over his father's former links to the Kurdish liberation movement.
Now settled in Colindale, London, Mr Ariwan believes Saddam should have been kept alive and all his crimes brought to light.
"I don't agree with Saddam's execution. Why was he executed for a whole series of crimes that have not yet been brought out into the open?
"There's been enough blood letting and executions, that's been the culture of Iraq and the current government should have put a stop to it.
"These new images of men in hoods performing an execution has been going on for 35 years.
"I would have kept Saddam alive and had the millions of people who suffered under him file through his cell.
"He always bragged that he had the support of the Iraqi people. They should have let him see the millions that suffered at his hands."
Zara Mohammed, a Faylee Kurd from Baghdad who now lives in London, was held in prison for 25 days and tortured before coming to Britain around 25 years ago.
She says some 150 members of her family were taken by Saddam's regime.
"We have been waiting for this for 25 years. It is easy when somebody kills your innocent family.
"I'm not happy because they didn't show the death in front of the people. I want to see this moment, like every woman, every mother, every sister.
"I'm not happy because my brothers are gone, and if they kill him a million times, my brothers will not come back."
Dara Attar, is a Kurd and an oil consultant who fled Iraq in 1972. He said: "I feel happy this tyrant is out of the way.
"I'm not very much for killing and hanging from the human side of it, I probably wish he would have just stayed in prison, but at the moment I can't be anything but happy.
"This man caused hundreds of thousands of deaths, he was a very unjust tyrant, a very severe man, he was a psychopath who enjoyed killing people."
He said he thought there would be a "very major welcome" at the news of the execution among Kurdish people in Iraq.
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The optimal control of diffusions
- Accepted:
- Citations
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Using a differentiation result of Blagovescenskii and Freidlin calculations of Bensoussan are simplified and the adjoint process identified in a stochastic control problem in which the control enters both the drift and diffusion coefficients. A martingale representation result of Elliott and Kohlmann is then used to obtain the integrand in a stochastic integral, and explicit forward and backward equations satisfied by the adjoint process are derived.
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TURNAGE, Chief Justice.
Roger Roots filed a complaint in the Thirteenth Judicial District Court, Yellowstone County, alleging that the Montana Human Rights Network (MHRN) defamed him by publishing a booklet in which it described him as an organizer for the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). The court granted summary judgment for MHRN. We vacate and remand.
The issue is whether summary judgment was proper.
MHRN is a private nonprofit Montana corporation. In May 1994, it published a booklet entitled A Season of Discontent, in which it described Roots as "Roger Roots, Billings Ku Klux Klan organizer."
A month later, Roots brought this action for defamation and "invasion of privacy/malicious harassment/creation of a climate of fear." He originally named four defendants. By the time of the ruling herein appealed, the action had been narrowed to a libel case against MHRN.
The District Court described Roots as a man who
The District Court ruled that Roots is a public figure for limited purposes. It concluded, therefore, that to succeed in this
The court ruled that Roots had not met his burden of showing that the statement was false or that MHRN acted with malice. It granted summary judgment for MHRN.
Was summary judgment proper?
Summary judgment is proper when the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, admissions, and any affidavits on file show that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Rule 56(c), M.R.Civ.P. This Court reviews a summary judgment decision under the same standard as that used by the district court in making the decision. Minnie v. City of Roundup (1993), 257 Mont. 429, 431, 849 P.2d 212, 214.
Roots accuses MHRN of defaming him by naming him as a KKK organizer in its booklet A Season of Discontent. Defamation is defined as either libel or slander. Section 27-1-801, MCA. Libel is a false and unprivileged publication by writing which exposes a person to hatred, contempt, ridicule or obloquy; causes the person to be shunned or avoided; or tends to injure the person's occupation. Section 27-1-802, MCA.
The right to free speech under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution places limits on the application of state defamation laws. New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964), 376 U.S. 254, 84 S.Ct. 710, 11 L.Ed.2d 686. A public figure cannot recover damages upon a claim for defamation without a showing of actual malice. Sullivan, 376 U.S. at 279-80, 84 S.Ct. at 725-26. This standard also applies to limited purpose public figures, or persons who have voluntarily injected themselves or are drawn into a particular public controversy and become a public figure for a limited range of issues. See, Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. (1974), 418 U.S. 323, 94 S.Ct. 2997, 41 L.Ed.2d 789.
In this case, the District Court ruled as a matter of law that Roots was a public figure for limited purposes
Our review of the record convinces us that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether Roots became a public figure for a limited purpose or remained a private figure involved in matters of public concern.
The First Amendment protects statements of opinion on matters of public concern where they do not contain a provable false factual connotation or where they cannot reasonably be interpreted as stating actual facts about an individual. Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. (1990), 497 U.S. 1, 18-20, 110 S.Ct. 2695, 2705-06, 111 L.Ed.2d 1, 17-18. The statement that Roots is an organizer for the KKK contains a factual connotation which may be proven false. The statement can also be reasonably interpreted as stating an actual fact about Roots. We conclude, as did the District Court by implication, that the First Amendment does not shield MHRN from this action.
The District Court relied upon Philadelphia Newspapers, Inc. v. Hepps (1986), 475 U.S. 767, 106 S.Ct. 1558, 89 L.Ed.2d 783, for the rule that the plaintiff in a defamation action concerning a matter of public concern has the burden of proving the falsity of the alleged defamatory statement. In cases in which the fact finding process is unable to conclusively resolve whether the statement is true or false, the plaintiff's action must fail. Hepps, 475 U.S. at 776, 106 S.Ct. at 1563.
When summary judgment was entered in the present case, though, the fact finding process had not yet been completed. While discovery had been conducted, trial had not yet been held. We conclude that the District Court's reliance upon Hepps was misplaced.
As the party moving for summary judgment, MHRN bore the burden of establishing the absence of genuine issues of material
Roots filed affidavits in which he denied having ever organized meetings or rallies or distributed literature for the KKK, and stated that he had "never ordered, requested, or urged any human being to join the Ku Klux Klan [or] ... support the Ku Klux Klan." He also filed an affidavit by his friend John Abarr, who stated:
While the affidavits filed by Roots do not definitively disprove that he is an organizer for the KKK, they demonstrate an issue of fact as to the truth or falsity of the statement.
Because the record discloses genuine issues of material fact as to whether Roots is a public figure for limited purposes and as to the truth or falsity of MHRN's description of him as an organizer for the KKK, we hold that entry of summary judgment for MHRN was improper. The judgment for MHRN is therefore vacated and this case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
GRAY, TRIEWEILER, LEAPHART and ERDMANN, JJ., concur.