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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Influenza vaccine manufacturers require antigenically relevant vaccine viruses that have good manufacturing properties and are safe to use. In developing pandemic vaccine viruses, reverse genetics has been employed as a rational approach that can also be used effectively to attenuate the highly virulent H5N1 virus and at the same time place the H5 HA and N1 NA on a background of PR8, a virus that has been used over many decades to provide high yielding vaccine viruses. Reverse genetics has also been used successfully alongside classical reassorting techniques in the development of (swine flu) pandemic A(H1N1)v vaccine viruses.
Influenza vaccines were first developed over 60 years ago [
Human influenza viruses do not readily grow in embryonated hens' eggs; they have to adapt to this method of propagation [
Diagrammatic representation of the classical reassortment of influenza viruses.
This process has been used to this day in deriving vaccine viruses and is undertaken by a small network of laboratories working under the umbrella of the World Health Organisation (WHO) whenever a new influenza A strain is recommended for inclusion in vaccine. Whilst it was suspected early on that the genome of influenza viruses was not a single nucleic acid molecule, it was some time after the demonstration that influenza viruses will readily recombine that it was definitively shown that the genome consists of eight specific segments of RNA; thus this high level of recombination was in fact due to 'reassorting' of the genome segments during a co-infection [
In more recent years, technology known as reverse genetics has allowed a rational approach to the development of a candidate vaccine virus [
Diagrammatic representation of the reverse genetics process in generating a 6:2 reassortant virus containing the six internal genome segments from PR8 and two genome segments (the HA and NA encoding segments) from a wild type virus.
The way in which this technology can be used to generate potential high growth reassortants is that a virus can be reconstituted specifically with the six internal genome segments of PR8, the high yielding strain, and the two genome segments encoding the HA and NA surface antigens of a wild type virus to create a specific 6:2 reassortant. This is the gene constellation of many classically derived HGRs and studies show that reverse genetics derived 6:2 viruses have growth characteristics comparable to classically derived reassortants [
There are two additional advantages of this approach. Firstly, clinical samples from patients infected with influenza may contain other viruses with which a patient is co-infected which might replicate in eggs alongside the wild type influenza virus and remain during the derivation of an HGR by the classical approach. Extracting and cloning the RNA segments of an influenza virus during the reverse genetics approach eliminates this risk due to the processes involved and the specificity of PCR used during cloning. Furthermore, for a reverse genetics derived vaccine virus, the HA and NA segments could derive from a wild type virus isolated in cell cultures that have not been validated to be free of endogenous viral contamination; again, the reverse genetics process would eliminate any such infectious material. The second advantage is that when the viral genome is being cloned, the genetic sequences can be modified in a rational manner to introduce advantageous features into the virus that is being rescued. This feature came to the fore when the threat of a pandemic due to H5N1 avian influenza appeared on the horizon in early 2004.
Due to the highly pathogenic features of the avian H5N1 virus, it was not practical from a safety point of view to use the wild type virus in an egg production environment. Further, although the virus itself did not have to undergo an egg-adaptation step, being of avian origin in the first place, achieving optimal growth was technically demanding because the virus was highly virulent within the embryonated egg which caused considerable tissue destruction and subsequently it was difficult to purify virus from the fluids. The major molecular basis for the highly pathogenic phenotype resides within the HA genome segment and so reassorting by classical techniques would not necessarily have resulted in a safe virus, even though the intention would have been to introduce as many PR8 backbone segments into a reassortant virus as could be achieved. Thus it was by using reverse genetics that a safe and useful 6:2 reassortant virus could be created.
The molecular feature of high pathogenicity is a short stretch of basic amino acids located within the HA structure at a point known as the cleavage site (the HA has to be cleaved by a proteolyic enzyme in order for the virus to be infectious) [
At the onset of the avian H5N1 pandemic threat, there was a call from WHO to the small network of laboratories with this technology to develop appropriate high yielding and safe candidate vaccine viruses. This was achieved rapidly by three laboratories including ours in which the vaccine virus NIBRG-14 was generated within three weeks [
Because of the novelty of this situation, however, there remained concern regarding the pathogenicity of such viruses for mammalian species. The ferret is the mammalian model of choice for
Since 2004, H5N1 has remained a major pandemic threat. As is typical for influenza viruses, as the H5N1 panzootic developed the viruses have undergone genetic and antigenic drift and many clades and sub-clades which are antigenically distinct have been identified [
Available H5N1 vaccine viruses (as of September 2009)1
|Institution 2
|A/bar-headed goose/Qinghai/1A/2005
|A/whooper swan/Mongolia/244/2005
|A/common magpie/Hong Kong/5052/2007
|A/Japanese white-eye/Hong Kong/1038/2006
1. Reproduced with permission from reference [
2. CDC–Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA; FDA–Food and Drug Administration, USA; NIAID–National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, USA; NIBSC–National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, UK; NIV–National Institute of Virology, India; SJ–St Jude Children's Research Hospital, USA; HKU–University of Hong Kong, China Hong Kong SAR.
When the NIBRG-14 virus began to be used in vaccine manufacture, the vaccine industry noted that this and other H5N1 strains gave suboptimal yields of antigen. This caused concern in that the projected supply of vaccine in the event of a pandemic was going to be considerably less than previously estimated. At NIBSC, investigations were undertaken to determine the nature of the reduced antigen yield. Virus growth did not seem to be compromised as the virus could be grown to a reasonable titre in eggs; however, in the process of calibrating the reagents for vaccine potency, it was noticed that the HA content of harvested virions appeared to be less than normal. HA content of a virus preparation is typically determined from a PAGE analysis of the virus run under non-reducing or reducing conditions, followed by densitometric evaluation of the percentage HA of total virion protein. For the H5N1 viruses and vaccine viruses containing the H5N1 surface antigens, there were technical problems with PAGE analysis. Under non-reducing conditions, high molecular weight aggregates of protein were observed which contained HA, making assessment of the principal HA band unreliable, whilst under reducing conditions, the HA1 moiety ran adjacent to the NP protein and the HA2 moiety ran adjacent to the M1 protein, again making densitometric measurements potentially unreliable. This problem was overcome by the use of an endoglycosidase digestion step to remove the carbohydrate moieties from the HA glycoprotein [
Studies are underway at NIBSC to improve the HA content of NIBRG-14 virions and will be the subject of a separate publication. Other laboratories have reported on approaches to improve pandemic candidate vaccine viruses, for example, by use of alternate PR8 backbone strains, by creating 7:1 reassortants in which only the HA is derived from the wild type virus, or by genetic modification of the neuraminidase [
Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 viruses are not the only pandemic threat, as other animal viruses have occasionally infected humans and other mammals causing disease ranging from mild symptoms to fatal outcome [
In contrast to highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses, for which information about their geographical distribution, evolution and their epidemiological characteristics is actively sought and usually accessible, less information is available for avian and other animal viruses of other subtypes. In addition, the number of viruses of pandemic concern is potentially large, depending on the criteria applied to the designation of viruses as relevant in pandemic preparedness activities. Therefore, viruses to be included in a library programme have to be carefully selected to ensure (i) only a manageable, limited number of candidate vaccine viruses have to be generated and (ii) these are as representative, antigenically and genetically, of animal viruses of pandemic potential as possible. The main selection criterion for inclusion in a library of strains should be antigenic representativeness,
There are a number of possibilities for the type of candidate vaccine virus included in a library of strains. As most avian (and other animal) influenza A viruses, apart from some H5 and H7 viruses, are of low pathogenicity, classical reassortment with PR8 can be applied to generate a candidate vaccine virus. Reverse genetics technology can equally be used, and will normally result in viruses that are genetically and antigenically identical to those that can be generated by classical reassortment because the HA gene does not need to be modified in the case of low-pathogenic wild type viruses. In addition, wild-type viruses themselves may be used as candidate vaccine viruses in the case of low-pathogenic viruses; many viruses of pandemic concern are avian in origin, and some of these grow to high titres in embryonated hens' eggs without further adaptation, obviating the need to manipulate the virus in order to improve growth properties [
We and others have started to develop such libraries of candidate vaccine viruses representing mainly avian viruses of a number of subtypes [
NIBSC library of pandemic vaccine viruses
|Wild-type virus
|Candidate vaccine virus
|A/Hong Kong/213/2003
|A/turkey/Italy/3889/1999 (low path)
|A/New York/107/2003
|A/Hong Kong/1073/1999 (G1 lineage)
|A/chicken/Hong Kong/G9/1997(G9 lineage)
1. A classically derived reassortant;
2. All vaccine viruses coded 'NIBRG' are reverse genetics derived.
At the end of April 2009, the system of creating vaccine viruses using reverse genetics was put to the test with the appearance of so-called swine flu in persons in Mexico and bordering states of the USA. The causative agent, an influenza H1N1 virus, was antigenically distinct from the H1N1 strains currently circulating in the human population. The WHO network of laboratories, without any need to be requested to do so, immediately began the reverse genetics process for the derivation of a 6:2 safe reassortant vaccine virus. Unfortunately, no H1N1 virus had yet been incorporated into the library of viruses of pandemic potential described above. However, the experience gleaned over the past few years on H5N1 vaccine development was of immense value and by late May 2009, candidate reverse genetics-derived vaccine viruses were available from two laboratories, CDC (USA) and NIBSC (UK) [
There were major differences in deriving a vaccine virus from pandemic H1N1v compared to H5N1 viruses. Firstly, in the case of H1N1v, the virus clearly was able to infect humans quite readily and was not adapted to growth in eggs. Secondly, the virus was not a highly pathogenic virus in the way that the current H5N1 viruses are. The HA of H1N1v does not have any extra basic amino acid residues at the HA cleavage site and so there was no requirement to delete a portion of the HA genome segment–the viral RNA could be cloned into a rescue plasmid directly with no modification. Furthermore, although the virus would need to be handled under BSL3 containment, it was nowhere as virulent as the avian H5N1 viruses, and finally, the absence of the highly pathogenic motif in the HA meant that high yielding reassortant viruses could be derived by classical reassorting as well as by reverse genetics. Consequently, in the early stages of the epidemic both reverse genetics and the classical reassorting processes were used in parallel amongst the laboratories involved, with X-179A being developed at the New York Medical College and IVR-153 at CSL, Australia [
During the development of the first vaccine viruses, following from an expert discussion, the WHO advised that vaccine production using an attenuated H1N1v vaccine virus could proceed at a BSL 2 enhanced containment level [
These first vaccine candidates were useful but produced only about one half the amount of antigen typically obtained for a seasonal H1N1 virus. In this case, unlike with the H5N1 vaccine viruses, the reason was virus growth and not HA content per virion. Thus work continued during the summer of 2009 to develop improved vaccine viruses. By August good progress had been made. Here at NIBSC, continued passage of NIBRG-121 in embryonated eggs resulted in a virus (NIBRG-121xp) that produced approximately twice as much viral protein and similar to the amount achieved with seasonal H1N1 vaccine viruses. At the same time the NYMC laboratory, by further reassortment of X-179A, produced a new reassortant (X-181) which produced viral protein to similar levels as NIBRG-121xp. These two vaccine viruses are now being used by various manufacturers to produce pandemic A(H1N1)v influenza vaccine.
Available pandemic H1N1v 2009 vaccine viruses (as of October 2009) 1
|Parent virus
|Vaccine virus
|Developing institute 2
|Available since
|Wild type
|May 09
|X-179A cl
|27 May 09
|IVR-153 cl
|04 June 09
|X-181 cl
|14 Sept 09
|X-181A cl
|14 Sept 09
|NIBRG-121 rg
|27 May 09
|NIBRG-121xp rg
|06 Aug 09
|Wild type
|May 09
|CBER-RG2 rg
|19 June 09
|Wild type
|May 09
|IDCDC-RG15 rg
|27 May 09
|IDCDC-RG20 rg
|22 July 09
|Wild type
|May 09
|NIBRG-122 rg
|22 July 09
|A/Texas/5/2009 & A/New York/18/2009
|IDCDC-RG18 rg
|22 July 09
|A/New York/18/2009
|IDCDC-RG22 rg
|22 July 09
1. Reproduced with permission from reference [
2. CBER–Centers for Biologics Evaluation and Research, USA; CDC–Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA; CSL–Commonwealth Serum Laboratories, Australia; NYMC–New York Medical College, USA; NIBSC–National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, UK;
cl. classical reassortant;
rg. reverse genetics derived.
Each of the H1N1 vaccine viruses created during the summer of 2009 contained at least one mutation in the HA compared to wild type virus isolated in cell culture. These were most likely due to the need to egg-adapt the wild type H1N1v virus isolates and many of the mutations detected were similar to what has been observed in the past for the egg-adaptation of seasonal H1N1 wild type viruses [
To date, the H1N1v viruses have remained antigenically stable. However, these are influenza viruses and inevitably they will undergo antigenic drift and new vaccine viruses will be required to reflect these changes. In the past, the antigenic drift of human influenza A viruses has occurred in a linear fashion and as one variant gradually replaces a previous one, the strain that is most likely to dominate and cause disease has been recommended for inclusion in vaccine. In contrast, the drift of H5N1 viruses within avian species has not occurred in a linear fashion and many different antigenic variants co-exist in both the same and in disparate geographical regions. With good fortune, the H1N1v viruses will follow a linear evolution.
Work in the authors' laboratory and reported in this review was funded in part by Medical Research Council grant G0600509 (JSR); library reagents were produced partly on behalf of the FLUSECURE project with funding from the EU (JSR, OGE, John Wood). The authors thank Rachel Johnson and Kate Guilfoyle for expert technical assistance with the library project. The authors would also like to acknowledge all laboratories and countries that share influenza viruses with the WHO Global Influenza Programme.


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Segmental retaining walls (SRWs) have a firm presence within the retaining wall market and continue to grow in popularity, thanks to a marketing strategy known as co-op marketing. In co-op marketing, a licensor, its licensees, and distributors work together to promote the licensor's product. A licensor holds the patent for an SRW unit; licensees produce the units and pay royalties to the licensor; distributors pay the producer a royalty for the right to sell SRW units to installers. Segmental retaining wall block comes in either crib or modular units. Modular units contain internal steel reinforcement and must be placed by crane. Modular units ar significantly lighter and can be placed by hand or with a light crane.
Sales Surge as SRW Producers Improve Marketing
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subset: commoncrawl


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Upon opening the pages of The Church Under Attackyou realize two things. First, this is a well-researched book dealing with a pivotal 500 year period in Church history. Second, the author has found a way to present this history in an entertaining fashion that draws you in. Dr. Diane Moczar has managed to do something not every author of a history book can do. Make learning history enjoyable.It would seem an impossible feat to do in a mere 234 pages, but Dr. Moczar has managed to touch upon … [Read more...]
Archives for June 2013
The Church Under Attack : Five Hundred Years That Split the Church and Scattered the Flock
CBB Interview with Dr. Diane Moczar
This week's interview is with Dr. Diane Moczar, author of a number of great books on Church history.Q: What inspired you to write The Church Under Attack?A: Well, my very first book was about the early centuries of the Church, and I had always felt I should finish the story. When I was a history professor I taught both History 101 and 102, and I wanted a Catholic History 102 book to keep the first one company.Q: What do you feel was the most threatening attack on the Church, the one … [Read more...]
Consuming the Word : The New Testament and the Eucharist in the Early Church
When I heard Scott Hahn was releasing a new book my immediate reaction was….this one goes on the review list. Like Dr. Hahn, I am also a convert to the Catholic faith, and have always found his books informative and well written and his latest release is no exception.Consuming the Word: The New Testament and The Eucharist in the Early Church is a book, that I feel is approachable for any level reader. In fact Scott has said he wanted everyone to be able to read and understand this volume. He … [Read more...]
CBB Interview with Scott Hahn
I am admittedly a bit fanboy here but this week I have the pleasure of sharing my recent interview with Dr. Scott Hahn.PETE: Your new book Consuming the Word, spends some time on the Church Fathers. What lessons do they teach that you feel are the most important for our Church today?SCOTT HAHN: The Church always speaks of the Fathers as witnesses. They witness to the Apostolic Tradition, the faith handed on by the Apostles. It was the Fathers who produced the canon of Scriptures, … [Read more...]
Karol from Poland : The Life of John Paul II for Children
Karol from Poland - The Life of Pope John Paul II for Children written by M. Leonora Wilson is just what the title says. A biography of a boy named Karol from Poland who grew up to become Pope John Paul II. This story for young children begins with Karol's early years learning about God from his mother. These pages seem to be trying to teach the reader the same things Karol's mother taught him. This part of the book can be a wonderful opportunity to teach further and reinforce these same thi … [Read more...]
CBB Interview with Brian Caulfield
My series of author interviews continues, this week with Brain Caulfield author of Man to Man, Dad to Dad: Catholic Faith and Family.PETE: What inspired you to compile this book?BRIAN CAUFIELD: The short answer is that there was nothing like it on the market and Pauline Books & Media decided to remedy that situation and publish a book for Catholic men and fathers, Man to Man, Dad to Dad: Catholic Faith and Family. We brought together 14 experts writing on different topics that … [Read more...]


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City Service Information
We're pleased to serve you with electric, water, garbage and sewer service. This will give you a brief overview of our electric service. As a municipally owned utility system, we are dedicated to giving you responsive and neighborly service because we live here, too.
If after reading this guide, you have further questions about our services, please call us at 435-1700 or visit us at 116 S. Mtn. St. between 8 a.m. and 5 p.m. Monday through Friday. We are available to assist you in any way possible.
The city will provide you with a free green container called a "hobo". Garbage will be emptied from your curbside once a week. Check with us at City Hall for the exact day of your pickup. For a more detailed copy of garbage pickup, leaves, grass clippings, appliances, etc., just ask and we'll be glad to supply you.
The City of Cherryville is a public power community. As such, Cherryville generates revenue from electric sales. These revenues help the city provide many community services and improved facilities for its residents. Because the utility is locally controlled, you have a voice in the activities of the electric system. Customers can speak out on utility issues at municipal council meetings. Public power systems are service-oriented and non-profit. The "stockholders" of our utility are the citizens of our community. We are your Hometown Connection.
How To Start Service
We are dedicated to delivering extraordinary service to our community. When you move to our city, we would like to meet you and explain our service options. Please call or come by the utilities office during normal business hours. At that time we request that you complete an application for service,, which will include your address, the date you'd like service to begin, your social security number and some form of photo identification,, such as a driver's license.
As a non-profit utility, the city is charged with the responsibility of prudent management of the city's finances. Therefore,, we collect a deposit for utility services as security that all bills will be paid in full by their due date. We realize that most customers pay their bills in full and on time,- however we seek to protect the good paying customers from the detriment of uncollectible accounts by other customers. You may not have to pay a deposit if you own your home.
How to End Service
When you decide to leave your present location, please call us a few days before you plan to move. We'll need to read your meter a final time and get a forwarding address to send your final bill. If you're transferring service to another location served by Municipal utilities, the remaining amount you owe at your present location will be transferred to the new account, under most circumstances.
Customers Rights
A customer has a right to request his deposit he refunded if he discontinues service from the City of Cherryville.
If a customer is notified of an impending disconnection for nonpayment, the city will make all reasonable efforts to work out payment arrangements prior to disconnection, according to an agreement with the citys representatives.
A customer has a right to request, free of charge, historic billing and usage information.
A customer has a right to a review of any complaint according to the City's grievance procedure.
Service Options
Because we are here to serve you, the city offers several options:
Ask us for more information about these special programs.
Billing and Payment
Each month you will receive a bill which will detail your utility usage and the amount due to the city. The bill also will include all applicable taxes. Bills are past due if not paid by the due date on the bill. Also on the bill are the phone number and address of the city. If you have a question about your bill, please call us. You may pay your bill by mail or bring it to the city utility office.
We do not want a situation to arise that would disrupt your utility service. It is always more favorable to contact a Municipal utility employee prior to disconnection rather that to make arrangements after service is involuntarily interrupted. Payment options may be available prior to disconnection which will save the customer from additional higher deposit amounts and additional fees.
How Rates Are Set
The city's rates are set by its local governing body and are designed to be fair and nondiscriminatory. Setting rates locally offers rate regulation that is responsive to the customers of our system. We can provide you with a rate schedule at your request.
New and potential business customers are encouraged to provide the city utility department with the load characteristics of their facility. The city may require special conditions and contracts for electric service based upon necessary investment in special equipment.
About Your Meter
We read your meters each month to measure the amount of each service you use. Your meters will be read by city utility employees, according to the city's schedule. Reading dates will vary slightly from month-to-month due to weekends, holidays, weather conditions and other factors. It is important that the meter reader have access to your meter to get an accurate reading. Should you suspect there is a problem with your electric meter, the city will test the meter free of charge, once in a twelve-month period. If the meter test shows the meter to be inaccurate,, adjustments may be made. Please remember that tampering with a meter can be dangerous and is illegal. Call us if you have a metering concern.
Saftey Around Electricity
Please remember that our utility has both underground and overhead electric lines. The equipment related to electrical transmission may be damaged by humans, animals or the weather. If you see unsafe electric equipment, please notify the city immediately. Stay away from downed power lines, and exercise caution when working with ladders or antennae near power lines.
Our tree trimming program is designed to help maintain the reliability of our electric system. Trees that grow into power lines can cause power outages and may be a safety hazard.
In the event of an emergency or outage, please call 435-1700 from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. or 435-1707 after hours.
Conservation Tips
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Paul Reubens Brings Pee-Wee Herman To Broadway
In case you haven't heard, "The Pee-wee Herman Show" opened on Broadway this week and it is offering up all the playhouse shenanigans you can handle. Tucked into the realm of nostalgia, this play is essentially a 90-minute version of Paul Reubens' TV show that "Playhouse" fans have been missing for decades. All the originals are back, including Magic Screen, Mailman Mike, Pterri, and furniture favorite Chairy. To keep up with modern times, the play also introduces a few new elements, including a talking ShamWow! and sly mentions of Reubens indecent exposure arrest. While the secret word of "The Pee-wee Herman Show" might be "fun," not all the critics agree. See what some of them have to say after the jump. New York's Culture Vulture said:
"Best not to overthink it: You're not going to Pee-wee for a wistful seminar in the disposability of popular culture. You're here for the foil ball, the Penny cartoon, for Cowboy Curtis (Phil Lamarr, taking over for Laurence Fishburne) and Miss Yvonne (still played by Lynne Stewart). Well, they're all here, and more besides. From the moment the light hits that Skittles-hued set, you know you're either with Pee-wee or indifferent to him, a condition largely governed by age, attitude, and blood-sugar level. Is Pee-wee still "the luckiest boy in the world"? Or just a pop anomaly come round again, like some kandy korn comet, for another pass? Does it matter? Chillax. Pull up a Chairy. It's all good." [Vulture]
Entertainment Weekly's take:
"In a liberating wink, Reubens doesn't stint on giddy new jokes at the expense of e-mail, ShamWow! pads, and the gossip-page knowledge of his own notorious history. Mailman Mike (John Moody from the original stage show) delivers a letter from a prison friend, and Pee-wee even shows off the abstinence ring he proudly wears (take that, Jonas Brothers!). Thus do the centuries past and present collide while the host cooks deep-fried onion rings for his buddies and wishes his deepest wish: to be able to fly. What he's really cooking up, though, is a knowing Proustian reflection on time passing and innocence lost — both Reubens' and our own." [EW]
And The New York Times opines:
"The Pee-wee-ignorant or the Pee-wee-averse are definitely not invited to the party. At times I felt a bit like a wallflower myself. I knew Pee-wee primarily from his debut movie, 'Pee-wee's Big Adventure,' Tim Burton's breakthrough film, and was disappointed that the stage show featured little in the way of adventure, which is to say plot. The production is just a merry jumble of beloved bits designed to push the audience's buttons with their familiarity. (Some date all the way back to the original 'Pee-wee Herman Show,' staged in Los Angeles in 1981.) A string of unrelated diversions can be perfectly pleasing in a half-hour dose, but after 90 minutes I began to feel like a fidgety kid in need of an Adderall fix." [NY Times]
Will you be going to see this one?


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Heeney Homes for Sale
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Robert Irvine Takes on His Next Challenge: ChefVilleby FN Dish Editor in Food Network Chef, September 19th, 2012
Fans of the popular social game ChefVille and Robert Irvine fanatics can rejoice — the two are coming together on a culinary adventure as they tackle a series of tasty to-dos.
Beginning today, Robert will face his biggest challenge yet as he helps ChefVille players enhance the in-game establishments they have designed by mastering dishes from around the world, while improving their restaurants.
Throughout the next two weeks, ChefVille players can go on a series of quests cooked up by Robert — everything from ingredient cultivation and specialization, dish mastery and customer service — without the actual growing pains of owning a real restaurant. Similar to his role on Restaurant: Impossible, Robert will guide ChefVille players along the way, providing tips and tricks — and a little tough love when necessary.


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The Bank of Japan faces a crucial test this year for its monetary policy amid lingering uncertainty over prices.
The central bank is now aiming for inflation of 2 percent "around the second half" of fiscal 2016, which starts in April, under its policy of monetary easing.
But the pace of growth in consumer prices appears unlikely to accelerate for the time being. One factor in this is cheap oil, which eases the costs of manufacturing.
Analysts believe the financial markets may increase pressure on the BOJ for additional easing if inflation remains low.
In gauging price trends, the BOJ is paying close attention to the movements of the consumer price index, a tally that excludes the often-volatile prices of fresh food and energy.
In November 2015, the index rose 1.2 percent year-on-year, mainly because of rises in food prices.
BOJ Gov. Haruhiko Kuroda has sounded bullish.
"Japan's price trend has been steadily improving," he has declared. "An exit from deflation is certainly coming into sight."
The growing CPI is not the only positive factor. Some companies have been hiking the prices of their products, passing on increased costs of materials because of the weaker yen.
Still, many economists predict the CPI's growth rate to start decelerating in the spring.
Junichi Makino, chief economist at SMBC Nikko Securities Inc., said the weak yen's effect of pushing up prices will dissipate, while pay hikes likely to be agreed in this year's shunto spring labor-management talks will be smaller than those last year.
The BOJ will monitor the shunto negotiations closely, as it hopes wage hikes will result in greater household spending and thereby boost inflation.
But some analysts warned it remains uncertain whether wage hikes will spread to a wide range of business sectors, given that the rate of economic growth in China and other emerging nations is declining.
The BOJ would be forced into additional easing if the yen climbs and the stock market tumbles, Yasunari Ueno, chief market economist at Mizuho Securities Co., said.
Other economists have shown similar concerns. And critics agree that the BOJ has its work cut out this year to push the nation into 2 percent inflation.


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[[Image:|thumb|300px|right|Spartan apple]]
About Spartan apple Edit
A firmer offspring of the Mac is the Spartan apple (a Newtown Pippin cross). An all-purpose medium sized apple that is a cross between the McIntosh and the Newtown apple. It is dark red in color and has a crisp, white flesh providing a uniquely sweet flavor. It is a great snacking apple and cooks up soft, making it excellent for applesauce.


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Lallubhai Amichand Ltd
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Playful Learning with GameUp - A FREE One-Day Professional Development Session on Game-Based Learning in the Classroom
Saturday, March 23, 2013 from 9:30 AM to 3:30 PM (EDT)
Who: BrainPOP Educators grades 3 and up, with an interest in game-based learning. Please note, you must be registered on BrainPOP Educators and have a valid BrainPOP School subscription.
What: A Free One-Day Professional Development Session on Game-Based Learning in the Classroom
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Nina Tandon studies electrical signaling in the context of tissue engineering, with the goal of creating "spare parts" for human implantation and/or disease models. After receiving a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from Cooper Union, Nina worked on an electronic nose used to "smell" lung cancer as a Fulbright scholar in Rome. She studied electrical stimulation for cardiac tissue engineering at MIT and Columbia, and now continues her research on electrical stimulation for broader tissue-engineering applications. Tandon was a 2011 TED Fellow and a 2012 Senior Fellow. Nina was also honored as one of Foreign Policy's 2015 Global Thinkers.
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Anniversary Sale
Tumi Alpha Bravo Rolling 22-Inch Carry-On
Sale: $417.90
After Sale: $625.00
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A skeletal rib cage embossment centered on the spine lends sleek, modern definition to this leather zip-around wallet designed with six card slots as well as currency and coin compartments. Color(s): black. Brand: ALEXANDER MCQUEEN. Style Name:Alexander Mcqueen Rib Cage Leather Half Zip Wallet. Style Number: 953483. Available in stores. ... Learn More
BELLROY 'Hide And Seek' Wallet
Hidden pockets provide some extra storage room in a super-slim wallet crafted from responsibly sourced, vegetable-tanned leather. Color(s): black, charcoal, charcoal/ arctic blue, cocoa, java. Brand: BELLROY. Style Name:Bellroy 'Hide And Seek' Wallet. Style Number: 113650. Available in stores. Learn More
COMME DES GARÇONS 'Luxury Group' Continental Long Wallet
An embossed diamond motif textures the richly colored leather of a handsome, Spanish-crafted wallet designed with plenty of space for your cards and currency. Color(s): beige, black, blue, brown, burgundy. Brand: Comme des Garcons. Style Name:Comme Des Garçons 'Luxury Group' Continental Long Wallet. Style Number: 742018. Available in stores. Learn More
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TRASK 'Jackson' Super Slim Leather Wallet
Available in a range of fine leathers and branded with an embossed Trask logo, this handsomely rustic slimfold wallet is crafted for a classic masculine look. Color(s): black, cognac, mahogany, scotch. Brand: TRASK. Style Name:Trask 'Jackson' Super Slim Leather Wallet. Style Number: 5183011. Available in stores. Learn More
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This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Chemical carcinogens are substances which induce malignant tumours, increase their incidence or decrease the time taken for tumour formation. Often, exposure to chemical carcinogens results in tissue specific patterns of tumorigenicity. The very same anatomical, biochemical and physiological specialisations which permit the kidney to perform its vital roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis may in fact increase the risk of carcinogen exposure and contribute to the organ specific carcinogenicity observed with numerous kidney carcinogens. This review will address the numerous mechanisms which play a role in the concentration, bioactivation, and uptake of substances from both the urine and blood which significantly increase the risk of cancer in the kidney.
The incidence of renal cancer in the European Union per head of population is approximately 15.8 and 7.1 per 100,000 for males and females respectively [
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most prevalent neoplastic renal disease, accounting for 90%–95% of all reported renal cancers [
Loss of function of the protein Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) has been implicated in the majority of ccRCC cases. VHL in conjunction with elongin B, elongin C and cullin [
Aberrant HIF signalling not only promotes tumourigenesis through sustained mitogenic signalling and encouragement of vascularisation, but also disrupts the metabolic status of cancerous cells. As mentioned previously, Glut-1 expression is Hormone Response Element (HRE) dependent, and is commonly found to be upregulated in clear cell renal carcinoma [
Chemical carcinogens are, by definition, substances which when ingested, inhaled, applied to the skin or which in other ways acquire access to tissues of the body, induce malignant tumours, increase their incidence or decrease the time taken for tumour formation [
The kidneys receive approximately 25% of cardiac output and filter the plasma the equivalent volume of the entire extracellular fluid several times over each day. As a result the risk of exposure to carcinogens is disproportionately high for the epithelium of the nephron when compared to epithelial tissue found elsewhere in the body. In addition to this, one of the primary functions of the kidney is the creation of concentrated urine. Removal of waste products from systemic circulation and excretion into the urine means that as water and solutes are reabsorbed from the urine the concentration of waste products, including carcinogens increases. As such, the epithelium of the nephron would appear to be at a significantly greater risk of from blood borne carcinogens than other epithelial tissues.
The kidney is a biochemically active organ and contributes significantly to metabolism of xenobiotics. Lipophilic substances, for example, are not removed efficiently by the kidney and as such, addition of a polar group allows for the efficient clearance of these substances. One such class of enzymes which perform this function, also known as phase I metabolism, are the cytochrome p450 mono-oxygenases (also known as CYPs). While the majority of cytochrome p450 enzymatic activity occurs in the liver, CYPs are also expressed in other tissues including the kidney [
While the CYP super family usually contributes to the detoxification of xenobiotics, there are instances whereby oxidation results in the creation of a toxic metabolite. The enzymatic activity of several CYP enzymes has been shown to result in the bio-activation of non-carcinogenic pro-carcinogens to their carcinogenic form. CYP1A1 for example, which is known to play a role in the bioactivation of benzo[
Phase II reactions generally involve conjugation of the phase I metabolite with glucuronic acid glutathione, amino acids or sulfonates. While conjugation usually results in the amelioration of the toxicity of a particular metabolite, there are several known instances whereby conjugation results in the bioactivation of pro-carcinogens to their carcinogenic metabolites. It has been shown that overexpression of sulfotransferase 1 (SULT1), which mediates the conjugation of a sulphate group, increases aristolochic acid DNA adduct formation [
While filtration by the glomerulus is the primary mechanism for removal of xenobiotics and waste products from the blood, these compounds can also be excreted directly from the blood into the lumen of the nephron via transcellular transport. As one of the functions of the nephron is removal of xenobiotics from systemic circulation, the epithelium of the nephron is endowed with specific transport mechanisms to allow the transport of polar xenobiotics across the monolayer in such a fashion (reviewed by [
As this excretion pathway involves transcellular transport, anionic and cationic compounds including carcinogens, which would otherwise not cross the plasma membrane, are granted access to the cytosol and depending on the mechanism of action of the carcinogen in question may interact with the genome or interfere with other cellular processes (
Several carcinogens are known to be handled by the organic anion transport (OAT) family of transport proteins. Several organic anion transporters, including OAT1, OAT2 and OAT3 have been shown to have an affinity for aristolochic acid (AA), and result in a subsequent increase in uptake of the pro-carcinogen AA-I in toxicologically relevant concentrations in mouse models [
Cancer is a broad term which covers a range of distinct pathologies from solid to haematological tumours which can arise in almost any organ or tissue in the body. Given that cancer describes such a large group of related disease types it is perhaps unsurprising that there are a large number of chemical carcinogens with numerous methods of action and selectivity for various tissue types. Classification of chemical carcinogens is complex, and depending on the region, may be classified in numerous different ways. These classification methods may be simplified however, as carcinogenic agents are often simply described as either genotoxic or non-genotoxic carcinogens (
Polar substances cannot readily cross the plasma membrane. The transport of the polar waste products across the epithelial monolayer of the proximal tubule, is facilitated by a family of solute carrier proteins, including members of the organic anion transport (OAT) and organic cation transport (OCT) family. Polar molecules, which may not gain access to the cytosol otherwise, may do so via the actions OCT/OAT system. Carcinogens may then either directly interact with and damage DNA, in the case of genotoxic carcinogens, or may act through secondary mechanisms such as steroid hormone receptors (SHR) or reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation to promote carcinogenesis in the case of non-genotoxic carcinogens.
Genotoxic carcinogens are agents which covalently bind, or in some other way physically interact with the DNA to induce adducts [
Non-genotoxic carcinogens are a more diverse group of chemicals in terms of their mechanisms of action and chemical properties. As opposed to genotoxic carcinogens which are capable of altering the genetic sequence and directly initiating carcinogenic mutations, non-genotoxic carcinogens may be regarded as tumour promoting agents, that is, they encourage the clonal expansion of cells which have already acquired carcinogenic mutations Non-genotoxic carcinogens do not interact directly with the DNA to promote tumour progression; however there are many physiological processes which control cell growth and division which are potential targets for these agents. Included among these are receptor and non-receptor mediated endocrine modulation [
Ochratoxin-A (OTA) is a secondary metabolite produced by several species of the
Structurally, OTA is composed of a chlorinated dihydroisocoumarin bound to a phenylalanine moiety (
However the mechanisms by which OTA induces neoplastic lesions in the proximal tubule are less clearly defined. Much work has been carried out in efforts to determine whether OTA should be classified as a genotoxic or non-genotoxic carcinogen. Given the frequency with which OTA is found as a contaminant in food and drink, reclassification of OTA as a genotoxic carcinogen would have serious implications for the food and drink industry as a 10-fold reduced human risk differential may be applied when evaluating a non-genotoxic carcinogen
Potassium bromate (KBrO3) is a salt which is used as an oxidising agent. Its oxidising properties have led to it being used as a maturing agent in the processing of flour. While used in the USA as a flour maturation agent since 1914, KBrO3 has been banned in the E.U., Canada, Sri Lanka, China, Brazil, Nigeria and Peru as a food additive. While in the E.U. at least, KBrO3 is no longer a legal food additive, exposure through contaminated drinking water is still possible. The ozonation process used to sterilise drinking water, in the presence of bromine, may give rise to the formation of KBrO3[
Potassium bromate is composed of a bromic acid moiety bound to a potassium salt (
Oxidative stress is also believed to be the causal factor in KBrO3 induced carcinogenesis. KBrO3 exposure has been shown to result in the formation of the oxidative DNA adduct 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OHdG) [
Aristolochic acid (AA) is a naturally occurring alkaloid compound found in extracts of the
Aristolochic acid is composed of a mixture of related nitrophenanthrene compounds (
Given the number of chemical substances that humans are exposed to each day, identifying those substances which are potential carcinogenic hazards is perhaps the most important step in the risk assessment process for chemical carcinogens. Current legislation is focused on the reduction in the volume of animal studies used for toxicological assessment (reference REACH) and as such, there is an increasing drive towards the implementation of
The physiological functions performed by the epithelium of the proximal tubule, by their very nature, increase the risk of exposure of these cells to blood borne chemical carcinogens. The concentrating and metabolising mechanisms, which are required for the efficient removal of waste from the body, make this tissue a unique target for chemical carcinogenicity. As such, it is essential that the future of carcinogenicity testing include a renal specific component should the
The initiation/promotion theory of cancer progression DNA damage resulting from multiple possible sources, including chemical exposure may result in the acquisition of pro-cancerous mutations (initiation). Upon detection, DNA repair mechanisms may amend the altered genome, or induce apoptosis. Failure to do so may result in the clonal expansion of the initiated cell (promotion and progression).
The role of the organic anion/cation transport system in carcinogenesis.
IARC carcinogen classification for compounds affecting the renal and urinary system: Several examples of chemical substances which are either known or suspected to induce cancers of the kidney and urinary system. IARC grouping: Class 1—known to cause cancer in humans, Class 2A—probably carcinogenic to humans, Class 2B—possibly carcinogenic to humans, Class 3—not found to be carcinogenic to humans.
|Possible source of exposure
|IARC Classification
|By-product of combustion
|Aristolochic Acid
|Use of aristolochia in herbal medicine
|Contamination of drinking water
|Motor vehicle exhaust fumes
|Chlorination of drinking water
|Cigarette smoking, industrial activity
|Rubber manufacturing
|Ochratoxin A
|Fungal contamination
|Potassium Bromate
|By-product of water bromination
|Fungal contamination
|Renal pelvis and ureter
|Aristolochic acid
|Aristolochia species
|Phenacetin (and Phenacetin containing mixtures)
|Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication
|Urinary bladder
|Cigarette smoking, industrial exposure
|Cigarette smoking, industrial exposure
|Contamination of drinking water
|Benzidine based dyes
|Discontinued pharmaceutical agent
|Chemotheraputic pharmaceutical
|Industrial/laboratory exposure
Structure of Ochrotoxin A [
This work was funded by the EU 6th Framework grant "carcinoGENOMICS", 7th Framework grant "SysKid" and the CEFIC Long-range Research Initiative.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.


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The Sandra Bullock-Jesse James divorce papers have surfaced. TMZ says they were filed Friday in Austin using only initials -- backwards initials for Bullock: B.A.S.
Jesse James was also identified by his initials -- J.J.G. Jesse's middle name is Gregory.
The paperwork simply says the two "have ceased to live together as husband and wife" and that the "marriage has become insupportable because of discord or conflict of personalities." Here are the docs.
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[Date Index]
[Thread Index]
[Author Index]
Re: Convenient way to add inline formatting to usage Messages
Use ToString[ foo, StandardForm]
f::usage =
"f[" <> ToString[Subscript[Style["x", Italic], "1"], StandardForm] <>
"," <> ToString[Text[" \[Ellipsis]"], TraditionalForm] <>
"] is a function of a sequence of " <>
ToString[Style[Subscript["x", "i"], Italic], StandardForm]
On Tuesday, June 21, 2011 4:52:57 AM UTC-5, Alexey Popkov wrote:
> Usage Messages of built-in functions have embedded in-line formatting. For example:
> In[1]:= AiryAiPrime::usage // FullForm
> Out[1]//FullForm=
> "\!\(\*RowBox[{\"AiryAiPrime\", \"[\", StyleBox[\"z\", \"TI\"], \"]\"}]\) gives the derivative of the Airy function \!\(\*RowBox[{SuperscriptBox[\"Ai\", \"\[Prime]\"], \"(\", StyleBox[\"z\", \"TI\"], \")\"}]\). "
> One can see that this in-line formatting is based on the set of styles defined in "Styles for Inline Formatting" section of the Core.nb stylesheet. But I have not found any description of these styles as well as any description of the convenient way to add formatting to usage Messages.
> What is the convenient way to add in-line formatting to user-defined usage Messages in Mathematica? What are the usage rules of default styles for in-line formatting defined in the Core.nb stylesheet? I would like to add in-line formating for messages in my package just with Mathematica, without installing additional components like Workbench etc.


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Care for cats, dogs & other domestic/companion animals
Care for horses & livestock/farm animals
Cancer is a diverse and complex disease with a wide range of clinical outcomes. Treatments can vary widely and include therapeutic interventions such as chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, and supportive care. Many patients require a combination of these treatments. For the owners of pets diagnosed with cancer or a suspicion of cancer, it can be overwhelming and confusing to navigate through multiple appointments with various clinicians before they decide on a treatment course.
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A TEENAGER who has overcome bullying has now won a Young Slimmer of the Year award after shedding nearly five stone.
Tamara Nemeth, who is known as "Mara", has lost four stone and nine pounds after deciding to embark on a diet which saw her cut down on portion sizes and eat more fruit and vegetables.
The 17-year-old, who lives with her mum Angela Goodchild, in Chopin Road, Brighton Hill, Basingstoke, weighed just over 22st in January last year, and the weight loss has seen the teenager drop five dress sizes to a size 16.
Mara decided to shed the pounds after suffering years of bullying, which started in 2008 and saw the teenager attend three different schools before moving to Broadoaks, an educational establishment for young people with behavioural difficulties.
But with help from the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS), and a confidence boost from her weight loss, Mara has begun to overcome her social anxiety and hopes to attend Basingstoke College of Technology in September to study a "Directions" course.
Mara – who has been crowned Young Slimmer of the Year by her local Slimming World branch – told The Gazette: "I am really happy. The first couple of months were tough, but as the weight came off, I was more motiva-ted to keep going.
"Before, I didn't eat much fruit and vegetables and now I need to find something to fill me up, so I eat fruit for breakfast. I drink lots of water – I go through three bottles a day."
Mara is determined to keep her healthy eating regime going. She said: "I am still going to keep going because I need to get the weight off, and I will keep going until I am happy."
Mara's mum Angela, who has also lost more than two stone, added: "I am very proud of her. I have had to buy her a new wardrobe."


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Pacific Rim WonderCon Trailer Arrives
Jaeger! Kaiju! Ship! Batter up!
Never let it be said that Guillermo del Toro – and his backers at Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures – don't listen to demands. Though the director announced at WonderCon that the Pacific Rim footage shown there would only be screened once more before release (at CinemaCon), he has heard the cries of the many and now the extended trailer is online for everyone to enjoy.
The trailer lets Dr. Newton Geiszler (played in the film by Charlie Day) explain a little more about the motives of the monstrous Kaiju – to whit, they first made landfall in San Francisco and began their attacks on population centres so as to take out the "vermin" (or "the human race" as we prefer to be called). Admittedly, given their actions, it's not exactly the most original theory, though Geiszler seems to think we should try to understand them. "Or we could just blow 'em to pieces," counters Jaeger pilot Raleigh Becket (Charlie Hunnam). Guess which idea gets more play here?
Yes, del Toro's giant robots vs massive monsters mash-up offers more destruction and glimpses at cast members including Idris Elba, Rinko Kikuchi and Ron Perlman, plus, of course, Elba once more urging his pilots to cancel the apocalypse.
Pacific Rim lands on our screens on July 12. Take a gander at one of the trailers below and check out our breakdown…


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QUAKER-ROOTS-L ArchivesArchiver > QUAKER-ROOTS > 1999-09 > 0936545459
From: Edward Sinker <>
Subject: Re: [Q-R] Camp Meeting
Date: Sun, 05 Sep 1999 16:30:59 +0100
I am reading, Henry Ward Beecher, The Indiana Years, 1837-1847
by Jane Shaffer Elsmere, p. 146, which seems to suggest that camp
meetings might be a Presbyterian phenomenon.
"The first Presbyterian camp meeting in the West had taken place in
Logan County, Kentucky, in July 1800 and it had become the proto-
type for succeeding gatherings. People had come from as far away
as one hundred miles to attend. Placing their tents and waggons to
form a hollow square, the people assembled in the center where they
sat on rows of logs around a rude platform; and it was from this
temporary pulpit that the worship services originated." - Ed
Edward Sinker
Church Lea
Herefordshire HR8 1PX
This thread:
|Re: [Q-R] Camp Meeting by Edward Sinker <>


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To many people, getting liposuction seems too risky, like speaking up when a tall man takes your luggage by accident. Play it safe with your shape, thanks to this Groupon.
Choose Between Two Options
- $189 for 12 lipotropic injections (a $780 value)
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Bella Cache'
Decorated with fancy mirrors, pink flowers, and scads of crystalline chandeliers, Bella Cache' looks nothing like a doctor's office. But the glitzy environment holds fully credentialed medical staff, including a physician, nurse practitioner, therapist, and registered nurse in addition to licensed cosmetologists. The diversity of talent lets Bella Cache' offer weight-loss, nutrition, and counseling services alongside eyelash extensions and body wraps.


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1 UNF Drive
Building 1, Room 2200
Jacksonville, FL 32224
Phone: (904) 620-5804
Fax: (904) 620-2668
E-mail: email@example.com
The Jacksonville Environmental Symposium presents a unique opportunity for members of the community to interact with the regulatory agencies responsible for developing and implementing environmental policy. Read more and register.
Check out the Environmental Center's new blog! The first story is about the 2017 St. Johns River Experience and includes a video produced by student Sean Lahav. Read more.
Upcoming Events
Microplastics and Invasive Species Workshop — Monday, July 24, from 5-7 p.m.
Jacksonville Environmental Symposium — Friday, September 15, from 7:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
Click here for more information on these and other events.
Copyright © 2017 University of North Florida1 UNF Drive | Jacksonville, FL 32224 | Phone: (904) 620-1000
Contact |
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This painting was a work in progress and completed after the death of my neighbour when I lived in North York near Yonge/Finch Subway Station in the early 2000s. He was always outside when I was on my way home from university studies downtown. Late at night while I was watching TV with one of my ex boyfriends there was a knock at the door and a policewoman showed me his picture and asked if I recognized it, I did not, then showed me another and it was his car, and I recognized that, then she told me his body was just found in his car north of the city and I didn't scream or cry I just started shaking and ran to get my parents who were sleeping on the third floor of our north york condo. One of the most horrifying moments of my youth.
To put this situation into perspective, this was considered to be an executive condominum building with an underground parking lot filled with BMWs, Hummers, Mercedes, and professionals and their families. Access to our home was thru a private door in the secure underground parking lot with transponder only entry. We had a full-time grounds keeper who walked around sweeping the sidewalks all day and the gardens were changed every season by professional landscapers. A made-for TV movie was filmed here and the director yelled at me for leaving my home for school while shooting his movie. We ordered our groceries from the internet and had them delivered. Things like this did not happen here.
I was offered $400 for this painting shortly after it was completed and not willing to part with it at that time, but am willing to now part with it. It is large, at 4 by 6 feet on a gallery style canvas.
As of June 2014 I have decided to put this painting up for sale.
The asking price is: $1,000,000 Canadian
Thank You!


text:
As part of its new Women's Wellness initiative, Schnucks Pharmacies has announced that four different oral breast cancer medications (Letrozole, Megestrol, Anastrozole and Tamoxifen) will be available for $9 with a valid prescription.
Roche on Wednesday announced that Genentech, a member of the Roche Group, has entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Seragon Pharmaceuticals, a privately held biotechnology company based in San Diego.
The Community Specialty Pharmacy Network has entered a contract with Dara BioSciences to distribute a nonsteroidal anti-estrogen product.
The Food and Drug Administration has approved a new use for a Novartis cancer drug.
Greenstone has introduced an authorized generic treatment for breast cancer, the generics subsidiary of Pfizer said.
Mylan has launched a generic treatment for breast cancer, the drug maker said Monday.
Anglo-Swedish drug maker AstraZeneca has created a savings card for users of one of its...


text:
- Pastel
- Pastel Pas"tel, n. [F.; cf. It. pastello. Cf. {Pastil}.]
1. A crayon made of a paste composed of a color ground with
gum water. [Sometimes incorrectly written {pastil}.]
``Charming heads in pastel.'' --W. Black.
[1913 Webster]
2. (Bot.) A plant affording a blue dye; the woad ({Isatis tinctoria}); also, the dye itself. [1913 Webster]
3. a drawing using pastel, or of a pastel shade.
4. the art or process of drawing with pastels.
5. any of various light or pale colors.
6. a light literary work, as a sketch. [1913 Webster]
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English. 2000.


text:
|Date added:
|September 22, 2012
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The Homeschool Naturalist program is offered as a series of eight different two-hour long visits to the Ogden Nature Center. These programs will be offered once monthly from September to May (no program in December) on the last Wednesday of each month.
Pre-registration and payment is required at the time of registration. Space is limited. Please call 801-621-7595 to register for the Homeschool Naturalist program.
Cost and Payment
The fee for the Ogden Nature Center Homeschool Naturalist program is $95 for non-members and $80 for members per child per school year. A 15% discount will be given to families who enroll more than one child in the program
Student Age
Students aged 6-12 may register for the program.
Children who are not registered for the program should not be brought to class, including all siblings. Please make arrangements for other children on the dates of your visits.
You are welcome to attend any and all visits with your children and act as a chaperone. If you choose to attend, we would like to stress the importance of your active participation. Please be willing to help with all children, not just your own. We also ask that you turn off all cell phones and other distractions for the duration of the visit.
Our programs will be held even if weather is inclement. Please be sure your child is adequately prepared for weather conditions including rain, snow, sun, cold, and heat.
West Nile Virus
West Nile Virus has been reported in the Ogden Area this year. As your child will be outdoors for a large portion of the visit, we recommend that you protect him/her with insect repellent containing DEET. The chance of contracting the disease or of displaying any symptoms is fairly low, but it's always best to take precautions.
Program times
All programs will begin at 12:30 p.m. and end at 2:30 p.m. Please be punctual, as your child may miss some vital information at the start if they are late, and may also cause a distraction for those who are on time. If you will not be attending a visit, be sure to pick your child up on time as well. Teachers often have other assignments right after your program and are not available to supervise children waiting for rides.
Expected Behavior
Please prepare your child by helping him or her to understand appropriate group learning behavior. Raising hands before shouting out questions or ideas, taking turns, staying with the group, and being respectful to class-mates and teachers will be essential for a productive learning experience. Students may also be asked to stand in lines.
Homeschool Naturalists 2016-2017 schedule -Citizen Science
Real scientific research can sometimes feel beyond the grasp of ordinary people, let alone children. Citizen science projects offer amazing opportunities to take part in authentic field research. This year, homeschool students will participate in diverse citizen science projects to learn and explore the natural world of Utah.
September 28th: Field Insect Citizen Science
Students will participate in a nation-wide monitoring projects of monarchs and other field insects at the Ogden Nature Center. Students will also learn about the astounding lifecycle and migration patterns of monarchs as well as how they can track their migration from home.
October 26th : Water Quality Citizen Science
Water is one of Utah's most precious resources. Students will explore the importance of water quality in our local ecosystems and communities. They will then launch a water quality citizen science project sponsored by Utah State University at the Ogden Nature Center. Students will continue to test the quality of the Nature Center's ponds and streams throughout the homeschool program.
November 30th : Wilderness and Outdoor Skills
Here in Utah, we are lucky to have access to thousands of acres of magnificent wilderness. These wild places are gateways to studying and enjoying nature. Students will spend November and January exploring the history of American wilderness as well as learning outdoor skills critical to any wilderness adventure. Students will examine the 1964 Wilderness Act and discuss the role of wilderness in our society while honing skills such as fire building, tracking, and knot tying.
January 25th : Wilderness and Outdoor Skills (continued)
Students will continue their study of American wilderness and the skills necessary to explore it.
February 22nd : The Great Backyard Bird Count
Every February, thousands of veteran and beginner birders around the world take part in one of the largest citizen science projects: the Great Backyard Bird Count. At the Ogden Nature Center, homeschool students will learn the fundamentals of birding and then head out into the field to log their own bird sightings into eBird, an online citizen science database. We will then compare our findings to the results of the 2017 Great Backyard Bird Count.
March 29th : Seed Saving and Plant Heredity
As Utah's wildlife begins to swing into spring, homeschool students will do the same by starting garden plants indoors. Students will learn about the benefits of seed saving as well as the importance of heredity for both wild and garden plants. The plants students start in March will be planted in the Ogden Nature Center's garden in April and May.
April 26th : Nest Watch Citizen Science
A true citizen scientist not only searches for local birds, but also researches their life cycles. In March, students will learn about the nesting cycles of local birds and observe wild nests as a part of the Cornell Lab of Ornithology citizen science project, Nest Watch. The data students gather will assist researchers in understanding biology and behavior of regional birds.
May 31st : Return of the Monarchs
Homeschool students will wrap up their year at the Ogden Nature Center by returning to our fields to observe the descendants of the monarchs they monitored back in September. Students will search not only for the butterflies, but also for their eggs, caterpillar offspring, and chrysalises to continue their citizen science monitoring from the Fall.


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Find a Nedbank Branch
We offer loans to start up, grow, offer flexibility or manage debt.
Our specialists have in-depth knowledge and understanding of your industry.
We are market leaders in commercial property finance.
We specialise in providing tailor-made options to finance your asset purchases.
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Gretchen A. West
Senior Advisor
Silicon Valley
Years before the commercial drone industry was taking off (pun intended), Gretchen West was already at the forefront of the unmanned systems industry, advocating on behalf of the global community to reduce barriers to enable operations and use.
As a senior advisor in the Global Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Practice Group, Gretchen's focus on innovation and technology has helped clients navigate business and market entry strategies, find value-added capabilities to ensure successful operations, and understand the regulatory environment and associated challenges.
Widely recognized as a pioneer in the commercial drone market and other emerging technologies, Gretchen is co-leading efforts to change the future of how technology influences policy. With experience across multiple industries — defense, civil, and commercial — Gretchen brings a wealth of knowledge and experience to our clients and also is highly networked and gifted at bringing companies together to expand market opportunities.
Featured in over 75 print and TV media outlets including NBC, CNN, MSNBC, Fox News, Fortune, Forbes, Politico, The New York Times, The Washington Post, NPR, and more, Gretchen has educated various industries on the benefits of many frontier technologies enabling our clients to understand, grow, and succeed. As a former east coaster, she represented the unmanned systems industry in front of Congress and other federal agencies providing testimony, briefings, and educational presentations.
Now plugged into Silicon Valley and working with the movers and shakers in technology for our firm, she also serves as the co-Executive Director for the Commercial Drone Alliance, which is breaking down barriers and advancing drone use for end users through development of technology solutions. And once again enabling technologies to help our clients grow and succeed.
Areas of Focus
Latest thinking and events
Hogan Lovells Publications
Real-name registration requirement imposed for civilian-use drones in China
Hogan Lovells Publications
Big News: Proposed Small UAS Rule for Flights Over People at White House for ReviewUAS Alert
Hogan Lovells Publications
Part 107 Progress Report: How's It Going?UAS Client Alert
Hogan Lovells Publications
Part 107 Takes Flight: The Takeaway for Energy CompaniesUAS Alert
Hogan Lovells Publications
A Historic Day for Commercial Drones: Part 107 Takes FlightsUAS Alert
The FAA and DOT Just Released the Small UAS Rule: Will Your Company be Ready?
27 June 2016, 3:00 p.m. - 4:00 p.m.


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A foot bridge is being built to connect the base's Veterans Memorial Garden with the new Naval Hospital.
The pedestrian bridge and trail provide access over a drainage ditch along the western edge of the garden, just yards away from the hospital, which is slated to open in early 2014. The path from the hospital will make it easier for people to visit the garden, which augments the hospital's meditation gardens. The hilltop garden sits next to the Pacific Views Event Center and overlooks the ocean. It has flower-lined walks filled with drought-resistant native plants, palms, sycamores and pines.
"The garden is a quiet place where people can reflect," said Bob Warrick, who has been overseeing maintenance of the garden for 10 years, working with Marine and civilian volunteers. The Assault School Battalion manages the garden.
Gen. William Bowden dedicated the garden in 2003 in honor of Camp Pendleton's active-duty service members and veterans.
Monuments honor prisoners of war, those missing in action, the 5th Marine Division, the 4th Marine Division and the 1st Marine Division.
The bridge is north of the hospital, leading from a parking lot east into the garden. Construction of the bridge is scheduled for completion early this summer by Clark/McCarthy, the firm building the hospital.


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Cover Letters for Teens - Queens Library: Arverne Branch
Hours: 4pm
Ages: TE
312 Beach 54 Street - 718-634-4784
Arverne, NY 11692
Description: Remember when getting an after-school job as a kid was as easy as walking down to the local diner and asking for an application? Now that the economy has made the competition a little more fierce, teens need to be more job-savvy than ever before. In this class, learn how to write cover letters that get attention and wow future employers.


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Docetaxel Plus Cisplatin vs Docetaxel Plus Gemcitabine Chemotherapy in Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Preliminary Analysis of a Multicenter Randomized Phase II Trial
Docetaxel Plus Cisplatin vs Docetaxel Plus Gemcitabine Chemotherapy in Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Preliminary Analysis of a Multicenter Randomized Phase II Trial
Docetaxel (Taxotere)/cisplatin (Platinol) and docetaxel/gemcitabine (Gemzar) are active and well-tolerated chemotherapy regimens for the treatment of patients with advanced nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A phase II randomized trial was conducted in order to compare the efficacy and toxicity of these regimens.
A total of 315 chemotherapy-naive patients with stage IIIB and IV NSCLC were enrolled in the study. Patients were randomized to either arm A (docetaxel 100 mg/m², day 1, and cisplatin 80 mg/m², day 2), or arm B (gemcitabine 1,100 mg/m², days 1 and 8, and docetaxel 100 mg/m², day 8). Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) (150 µg/m² subcutaneously) was given in arm A (days 39) and in arm B (days 915). Both regimens were repeated every 3 weeks.
For arm A (docetaxel/cisplatin) the results are as follows: Number of patients treated/evaluated: 152/132; complete response (CR): 3 patients (2.3%); partial response (PR): 39 (30%); overall response rate: 32% (95% CI: 24%40%); stable disease (SD): 42 (32%); progressive disease (PD): 48 (36%); duration of response: 5 months; time to progression: 8 months; median survival: 10 months; 1-year survival: 42%.
Arm B (docetaxel/gemcitabine) results are as follows: Number of patients treated/evaluated: 144/114; CR: 1 patient (0.9%); PR: 38 (33%); overall response rate: 34% (95% CI: 25%43%); SD: 37 (32%); PD: 38 (33%); duration to response: 4 months; time to progression: 8 months; median survival: 9 months; 1-year survival: 38%.
The probability of response to docetaxel/cisplatin was significantly higher (P = .03) in patients with a nonadenocarcinoma, while the opposite was observed in patients with an adenocarcinoma (P = .002). A total of 1,161 cycles were administered (arm A = 595; arm B = 566) with a median of 3 (arm A) and 4 (arm B) cycles/patient. Toxicity by World Health Organization (WHO) criteria (arm A/arm B) was as follows: grade 3/4 anemia, 9 patients (6%)/6 patients (4%); grade 3/4 neutropenia, 50 (33%)/31 (22%); grade 3/4 thrombocytopenia, 4 (3%)/7 (5%); febrile neutropenia, 24 (16%)/20 (14%); grade 3/4 diarrhea, 18/4 (P = .00296); grade 3/4 fatigue, 45 (30%)/49 (33%); grade 2/4 neurotoxicity, 10 (7%)/6 (4%).
CONCLUSION: These preliminary results seem to indicate that the docetaxel/cisplatin and docetaxel/gemcitabine regimens have comparable activity and toxicity profiles in patients with advanced NSCLC.
Click here for Dr. Vincent A. Millers commentary on this abstract.