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P-47 Thunderbolt
|P-47 Thunderbolt
|Republic Aviation Company
|Designed by
|Alexander de Seversky
Alexander Kartveli
|Maiden flight
|6 May 1941
|Primary user
|United States Army Air Force
|Number built
|Unit cost
|US$83,000 in 1945[1]
|Republic XP-72
The American Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, also known as the "Jug," was the largest single-engined fighter of its day. It was one of the main United States Army Air Force (USAAF) fighters of the Second World War. The P-47 was effective in air combat but proved especially adept in the ground attack role. Its modern-day equivalent, the A-10 Thunderbolt II takes its name from the P-47. The Thunderbolt also served with a number of other Allied air forces.
The P-47 Thunderbolt was the product of two Georgian immigrants, Alexander de Seversky and Alexander Kartveli, who had left their homeland to escape the Bolsheviks.
P-43 Lancer / XP-47B
In 1939, the Republic Aviation Company designed an AP-4 demonstrator powered by a Pratt & Whitney R-1830 radial engine with a belly-mounted turbocharger. While the resulting P-43 Lancer was in limited production, Republic had been working on an improved P-44 Rocket with a more powerful engine, as well as on a fighter designated the AP-10. The latter was a a lightweight aircraft powered by the Allison V-1710 liquid-cooled V-12 engine and armed with a pair of 0.50 caliber (12.7 mm) machine guns. The United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) backed the project and gave it the designation XP-47.
As the war in Europe escalated in the spring of 1940, Republic and the USAAC concluded that the XP-44 and the XP-47 were inferior to the German fighters. Republic unsuccessfully attempted to improve the design, proposing the XP-47A. Alexander Kartveli subsequently came up an all-new and much larger fighter which was offered to the USAAC in June 1940. The Air Corps ordered a prototype in September, to be designated the XP-47B. The XP-47A, which had almost nothing in common with the new design, was abandoned.
The XP-47B was all-metal construction (except for fabric-covered tail control surfaces) with elliptical wings. The cockpit was roomy and the pilot's seat was comfortable, "like a lounge chair" as one pilot would later put it. The pilot was provided with every convenience, including cabin air conditioning. The canopy doors hinged upward. Main and auxiliary self-sealing fuel tanks were placed under the cockpit, giving a total fuel capacity of 305 US gallons (1,155 L).
Power came from a Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp two-row 18-cylinder radial engine producing 2,000 hp (1,500 kW) and turning a four-bladed Curtiss Electric constant-speed propeller 146 inches (3.7 m) in diameter. The loss of the AP-4 prototype to an engine fire ended Kartveli's experiments with tight-fitting cowlings, so the engine was placed in a broad cowling that opened at the front in a "horse collar"-shaped ellipse. The cowling admitted air for the engine, left and right oil coolers, and the turbosupercharger intercooler system. The engine exhaust gases were routed into a pair of wastegate-equipped pipes that ran along each side of the cockpit to drive the turbosupercharger turbine at the bottom of the fuselage about halfway between cockpit and tail. At full power, the pipes glowed red at their forward ends and the turbine spun at 60,000 revolutions per minute. The complicated turbosupercharger system with its ductwork gave the XP-47B a deep fuselage, and the wings had to be mounted in a relatively high position. This was problematic since long landing gear were needed to provide ground clearance for the propeller. To reduce the size and weight of the long landing gear, it was fitted with an ingenious mechanism by which it telescoped out nine inches (230 millimeters) when extended.
XP-47B was a very large aircraft for its time with an empty weight of 9,900 pounds (4,490 kg), or 65 percent more than the YP-43. Kartveli is said to have remarked, "It will be a dinosaur, but it will be a dinosaur with good proportions."[2] The armament consisted of eight 0.50 caliber machine guns, four in each wing. The guns were staggered to allow feeding from side-by-side ammunition boxes, each with a 350-round capacity. Although the British already possessed eight-gun fighters in the form of the Hurricane and the Spitfire, these used the smaller .303 inch (7.7 mm) guns.
The XP-47B first flew on 6 May 1941 with Lowry P. Brabham at the controls. Although there were minor problems, such as some cockpit smoke that turned out to be due to an oil drip, the aircraft proved impressive in its first trials. It was eventually lost in an accident in August 1942.
The XP-47B gave the United States Army Air Forces (as the Air Corps became known in June 1941) cause for both optimism and apprehension. While possessing good performance and firepower, the XP-47B had its share of teething problems.
Its sheer size and power made for challenging takeoffs which required long runways. There were problems with canopy jams, with the guns, with the fuel system, and with the engine installation. At high altitudes, the ignition system arced, and the loads on the control surfaces became unacceptable, causing the ailerons to lock up. The fabric-covered control surfaces also tended to rupture at high altitudes due to the air trapped in them.
Republic addressed the problems, coming up with a sliding canopy that could be jettisoned in an emergency, a pressurized ignition system, and new all-metal control surfaces. While the engineers worked frantically to get their "dinosaur" to fly right, the USAAF ordered 171 P-47Bs. An engineering prototype P-47B was delivered in December 1941, with a production prototype following in March 1942, and the first production model provided in May. Republic continued to improve the design as P-47Bs were produced, and although all P-47Bs had the sliding canopy and the new General Electric turbosupercharger regulator for the R-2800-21 engine, features such as all-metal control surfaces were not standard at first. A modification unique to the P-47B was the radio mast behind the cockpit that was slanted forward to maintain the originally designed antenna wire length in spite of the new sliding canopy.
The P-47B not only led to the P-47C but to a few other "one off" variants. A single reconnaissance variant designated RP-47B was built. In September 1942, the 171st and last P-47B (41-6065) was also used as a test platform under the designation XP-47E to evaluate the R-2800-59 engine, a pressurized cockpit with a hinged canopy and, eventually, a new Hamilton Standard propeller. The plans for production were cancelled after increased emphasis on low-level operations over Europe.[2][3] Another P-47B was later fitted with a new laminar flow wing in search of higher performance and redesignated XP-47F.
Operational history
Initial deliveries of the Thunderbolt to the USAAF were to the 56th Fighter Group, which was also on Long Island. The 56th served as an operational evaluation unit for the new fighter. Teething problems continued. A Republic test pilot was killed in an early production P-47B when it went out of control in a dive, and crashes occurred due to failure of the tail assembly. The introduction of all-metal control surfaces and other changes corrected these problems. In spite of the problems, the USAAF was interested enough to order an additional 602 examples of the refined P-47C, with the first of the variant delivered in September 1942.
Beginning in January 1943, Thunderbolt fighters were sent to the joint Airforce and Civilian Millville Airport in Millville, NJ in order to train civilian and military pilots.
Essentially similar to the P-47B, the initial P-47Cs featured strengthened all-metal control surfaces, an upgraded GE turbosupercharger regulator and a short vertical radio mast. After the initial manufacture of a block of 57 P-47Cs, production moved to the P-47C-1, which had an eight inch (200 mm) fuselage extension forward of the cockpit at the firewall to correct center of gravity problems, ease engine maintenance and allow installation of a new engine mount. There were a number of other changes, such as revised exhausts for the oil coolers, and fixes to brakes, undercarriage and electrical system as well as a redesigned rudder and elevator balance. The 55 P-47C-1s were followed by 128 P-47C-2s which introduced a centerline hardpoint with under-fuselage shackles for either a 500 pound (227 kg) bomb or a 200 US gallon (758 L, 166.5 imp. gal) fuel tank. The main production P-47C subvariant was the P-47C-5 which introduced a new whip antenna and the R-2800-59 engine with water-methanol injection with a war emergency power rating of 2,300 horsepower (1,700 kW). The P-47C was able to fly extended, long-range missions beginning in July 1943.[4]
P-47 enters combat
P-47Cs were sent to England for combat operations in late 1942. The 56th FG was sent overseas to join the Eighth Air Force, whose 4th and 78th Fighter Groups were also equipped with the Thunderbolts. The 4th Fighter Group was built around a core of experienced American pilots, volunteers who had served with the British Royal Air Force (RAF) during 1941-42 in the Eagle Squadrons. Commenting on the P-47s size, British pilots joked that a Thunderbolt pilot could defend himself from a Luftwaffe fighter by running around and hiding in the fuselage.
The first P-47 combat mission took place 10 March 1943 when the 4th FG took their aircraft on a fighter sweep over France. The mission was a failure due to radio malfunctions. All P-47s were refitted with British radios, and missions resumed 8 April. The first P-47 air combat took place 15 April with Major Don Blakeslee of the 4th FG scoring the Thunderbolt's first air victory. On 17 August, the P-47s performed their first escort mission, protecting a B-17 force on the first leg of a raid on Schweinfurt, Germany.
By the summer of 1943, the Jug was also in service with the 12th Air Force in Italy, and it was fighting against the Japanese in the Pacific with the 348th Fighter Group flying escort missions out of Brisbane, Australia.
Refinements of the Thunderbolt continued, leading to the definitive P-47D, of which 12,602 examples were built. The "D" model actually consisted of a series of evolving production blocks, the last of which were visibly different from the first.
The first P-47Ds were actually the same as P-47Cs. Republic could not produce Thunderbolts fast enough at its Farmingdale plant on Long Island, so a new plant was built at Evansville, Indiana. The Evansville plant built a total of 110 P-47Ds, which were completely identical to P-47C-2s. Farmingdale aircraft were identified by the "-RE" suffix after the block number, while Evansville aircraft were given the "-RA" suffix.
The P-47D-1 through P-47D-6, the P-47D-10, and the P-47D-11 successively incorporated changes such as the addition of more engine cooling flaps around the back of the cowl to reduce the engine overheating problems that had been seen in the field. Engines and engine subsystems saw refinement, as did the fuel, oil and hydraulic systems. Additional armor protection was also added for the pilot.
The P-47D-15 was produced in response to requests by combat units for increased range. The internal fuel capacity was increased to 375 US gallons (1,421 L) and the bomb racks under the wings were made "wet" (equipped with fuel plumbing) to allow a drop tank to be carried under each wing, in addition to the belly tank. A variety of different drop tanks were fitted to the Thunderbolt during its career — following the early conformal 200 US gallon (758 L) ferry tank and the lozenge-shaped flat 200 US gallon belly tank, teardrop-shaped 75 US gallon (284 L) and 150 US gallon (568 L) metal underwing drop tanks were developed. The P-47 could also carry British-designed 108 US gallon (409 L) and 200 US gallon tanks made of plastic-impregnated paper. Though they could not store fuel for an extended period of time, they worked quite well for the time it took to fly a single mission. These tanks were cheaper, lighter and were useless to the enemy if found after being dropped — not only did they break apart, but they did not provide the enemy with any reusable materials that could be scavenged for their own war effort. With the increased fuel capacity, the P-47 was now able to perform escort missions deep into enemy territory.
The P-47D-16, P-47D-20, P-47D-22, and P-47D-23 were similar to the P-47D-15 with minor improvements in fuel system, engine subsystems, a jettisonable canopy, and bulletproof windshield. The Curtiss propeller was replaced by new and bigger propellers, with the Long Island plant moving to a Hamilton Standard propeller with a diameter of 157.875 inches (4.01 m), and the Evansville plant switching to a new Curtiss propeller with a diameter of 156 inches (3.96 m). With the bigger propellers, Thunderbolt pilots had to learn to be careful on takeoffs to keep the tail down until they obtained adequate ground clearance. Failure to do so damaged both the propeller and the runway.
Even with two Republic plants rolling out the P-47, the USAAF still was not getting as many Thunderbolts as they wanted, consequently, an arrangement was made with Curtiss to build the aircraft under license in a plant in Buffalo, New York. Most of the Curtiss Thunderbolts were intended for use in advanced flight training. The Curtiss aircraft were all designated P-47G, and a "-CU" suffix was used to distinguish them from other production. The first P-47G was completely identical to the P-47C, the P-47G-1 was identical to the P-47C-1, while the following P-47G-5, P-47G-10, and P-47G-15 subvariants were comparable to the P-47D-1, P-47D-5, and P-47D-10 respectively. Two P-47G-15s were built with the cockpit extended forward to just before the leading edge of the wing to provide twin tandem seating, designated TP-47G. The second crew position was accommodated by substituting a much smaller main fuel tank. The "Doublebolt" did not go into production but similar modifications were made in the field to older P-47s, which were then used as squadron "hacks" (miscellaneous utility aircraft). Curtiss built a total of 354 P-47Gs.
Bubbletop P-47s
All the P-47s to this point had a "razorback" canopy configuration with a tall fuselage spine behind the pilot which resulted in poor visibility to the rear. The British also had this problem with their fighter aircraft, and had devised the bulged "Malcolm hood" canopy for the Spitfire as an initial solution. This was fitted in the field to many North American P-51 Mustangs, and to a handful of P-47Ds. However, the British then came up with a much better solution, devising an all-round vision "bubble" canopy for the Hawker Typhoon. USAAF officials liked the bubble canopy, and quickly adapted it to American fighters, including the P-51 and the Thunderbolt. The first P-47 with a bubble canopy was a modified P-47D-5 completed in the summer of 1943 and redesignated XP-47K. Another older P-47D was modified to provide an internal fuel capacity of 370 US gallons (1,402 L) and given the designation XP-47L. The bubble canopy and increased fuel capacity were then rolled into production together, resulting in the P-47D-25.
It was followed by similar bubble-top variants, including the P-47D-26, P-47D-27, P-47D-28, and P-47D-30. Improvements added in this series included engine refinements, more internal fuel capacity, and the addition of dive recovery flaps. Cutting down the rear fuselage to accommodate the bubble canopy produced yaw instability, and the P-47D-40 introduced a dorsal fin extension in the form of a narrow triangle running from the vertical tailplane to the radio aerial. The fin fillet was retrofitted in the field to earlier P-47D bubble-top variants. The P-47D-40 also featured provisions for ten "zero length" stub launchers for 5 inch (127 mm) High Velocity Aerial Rockets (HVARs), as well as the new K-14 computing gunsight. This was a license-built copy of the British Ferranti GGS Mark IID computing gyroscopic sight which allowed the pilot to dial in target wingspan and range, and would then move the gunsight reticle to compensate for the required deflection.
P-47 as a fighter-bomber
By 1944, the Thunderbolt was in combat with the USAAF in all its operational theaters, except the Battle of the Aleutian Islands. With increases in fuel capacity as the type was refined, the range of escort missions over Europe steadily increased until the P-47 was able to accompany bombers in raids all the way into Germany. On the way back from the raids, pilots shot up ground targets of opportunity which led to the realization that the P-47 could perform a dual-function on escort missions as a fighter-bomber. Even with its complicated turbosupercharger system it could absorb a lot of damage, and its eight machine guns could inflict heavy damage on lightly armored targets. The P-47 gradually became the USAAF's best fighter-bomber, carrying the 500 pound (227 kg) bombs, the triple-tube M-8 4.5 inch (115 mm) rocket launchers, and eventually HVARs. The P-47 destroyed thousands of tanks, locomotives, and parked aircraft, and tens of thousands of trucks and other vehicles [citation needed].
Although the P-51 Mustang replaced the P-47 in the escort role, the Thunderbolt still ended the war with 3,752 kills claimed in over 746,000 sorties of all types, at the cost of 3,499 P-47s in combat.[5] In Europe, the Thunderbolt flew more sorties (423,435) than P-51s, P-38s, and P-40s combined.
The 56th FG was the only 8th Air Force unit still flying the P-47, by preference, instead of the P-51 by the end of the war. The unit claimed 647 air victories and 311 ground kills, at the cost of 128 aircraft.[6] Lieutenant Colonel Francis S. "Gabby" Gabreski scored 31 victories,[7] including three ground kills, Captain Bob Johnson scored 27 (with one unconfirmed probable kill leading to some giving his tally as 28),[8] and 56th FG Commanding Officer Colonel Hubert Zemke scored 17.75 kills.[9]
In the Pacific, Col Neel Kearby of the 5th Air Force destroyed 22 Japanese planes and was awarded the Medal of Honor for an action in which he downed six enemy fighters on a single mission. He was shot down and killed over Biak in March 1944.[10]
P-47 in non-US service
P-47s were operated by several Allied air arms during World War II. The RAF received 240 razorback P-47Ds which they designated "Thunderbolt Mark I," and 590 bubbletop P-47Ds, designated "Thunderbolt Mark II"s. Except for a few evaluation aircraft, these were operated by the RAF from India for ground attack operations, known as "cab rank" sorties, against the Japanese in Burma. They were armed with 500 pound (227 kg) bombs or, in some cases, the British "60 pounder" (27 kg) RP-3 rocket projectiles. The Thunderbolts remained in RAF service until October 1946.
The Brazilian Expeditionary Force received 88 P-47Ds, flying them in combat during the Italian campaign. In 1945, the Mexican Escuadron Aereo de Pelea 201| (201st Fighter Squadron) operated P-47Ds as part of the US Fifth Air Force in the Philippines. In 791 sorties against Japanese forces, the 201st lost no pilots or planes to enemy action.[11] The Free French Air Force received 446 P-47Ds in the last year of the war in Europe, and these aircraft would see action in the 1950s during the Algerian War of Independence.
The Soviet Union also received 203 P-47Ds. The fighters were assigned to high-altitude air defense over major cities in rear areas. Unlike their Western counterparts, the Soviet Air Force made no notable use of the P-47 as a ground attack aircraft, depending instead on the P-39, P-63, and their own widely-produced Ilyushin Il-2.
Republic made several attempts to further improve the P-47D:
Two XP-47Hs were built. They were major reworkings of existing razorback P-47Ds to accommodate a Chrysler XI-2220-11 water-cooled inline 16-cylinder inverted vee engine. However, such large inline engines did not prove to be especially effective.
The XP-47J began as a November 1942 request to Republic for a high-performance version of the Thunderbolt using a lighter airframe and an uprated engine with water injection and fan cooling. Kartveli designed an aircraft fitted with a tight-cowled Pratt & Whitney R-2800-57(C) with a war emergency rating of 2,800 horsepower (2,090 kW), reduced armament of six 0.50 inch (12.7 mm) machine guns, a new and lighter wing, and many other changes. The first and only XP-47J was first flown in late November 1943. When fitted with a GE CH-5 turbosupercharger, the XP-47J achieved a top speed of 440 knots (505 mph, 813 km/h) in level flight in August 1944, making it one of the fastest piston engine fighters ever built. However, by that time Republic had moved on to a new concept, the XP-72.
The P-47M was a more conservative attempt to come up with a higher-performance version of the Thunderbolt. Three P-47Ds were modified into prototype YP-47Ms by fitting the R-2800-57(C) engine and the GE CH-5 turbo-supercharger. The YP-47M had a top speed of 410 knots (473 mph, 761 km/h) and it was put into limited production with 130 built. However, the type suffered serious teething problems in the field due to the highly-tuned engine, and by the time the bugs were worked out, the war in Europe was over.
The P-47N was the last Thunderbolt variant to be produced. It was designed as an escort fighter for the B-29 Superfortress bombers flying raids on the Japanese home islands. Increased internal fuel capacity and drop tanks had done much to extend the Thunderbolt's range during its evolution, and the only other way to expand the fuel capacity was to put fuel tanks into the wings. Thus, a new wing was designed with two 50 US gallon (190 L) fuel tanks. The second YP-47M with this wing flew in September 1944. The redesign proved successful in extending range to about 2,000 miles (3,200 km), and the squared-off wingtips improved the roll rate. The P-47N entered mass production with the uprated R-2800-77(C) engine, with a total of 1,816 built. The very last Thunderbolt to be built, a P-47N-25, rolled off the production line in October 1945. Thousands more had been on order, but production was essentially cut off with the end of the war in August. At the end of production, cost of a Thunderbolt was $83,000 in 1945 US dollars.
Postwar service
The USAF Strategic Air Command had P-47 Thunderbolts in service from 1946 through 1947.
The P-47 served with the Army Air Forces (United States Air Force after 1947) until 1949, and with the Air National Guard until 1953, receiving the designation F-47 in 1948. P-47s also served as spotters for rescue aircraft such as the OA-10 Catalina and Boeing B-17H.
The type was provided to many Latin American air forces some of which operated it into the 1960s. Small numbers of P-47s were also provided to China, Iran, Turkey, and Yugoslavia.
A total of 15,686 Thunderbolts of all types were built, making it one of the most heavily produced fighter aircraft in history. A number of P-47s have survived to the present day, and a few are still flying.
Flying the Thunderbolt
All P-47s had an inherent ground handling challenge exacerbated by torque of the large propeller and the large nose that was difficult to see over during taxiing. Ground crewmen sometimes sat on the wing and used hand signals to provide directions to the pilot. The heavy weight resulted in a long takeoff run and, once in the air, the P-47 was not particularly maneuverable, though it became more agile, in comparison to most other fighters, at high altitudes. It did possess a good roll rate and climb/dive performance. Its success in combat depended on utilizing energy-conserving "dive-and-zoom" tactics. One Thunderbolt pilot compared it to flying a bathtub around the sky. On the positive side, the P-47 was rugged and well-armed. It could sustain a large amount of damage and still be able to get its pilot back to base. Quentin C. Aanenson documented his experiences flying the Thunderbolt on D-Day and subsequently in the European Theater in his video documentary "A Fighter Pilot's Story," aired on PBS in 1994.
The Thunderbolt was also one of the fastest-diving aircraft of the war — it could reach speeds of 480 knots (550 mph, 885 km/h). Major Robert S. "Bob" Johnson described the experience of diving the big fighter by writing, "the Thunderbolt howled and ran for the earth".[12] Some P-47 pilots claimed to have broken the sound barrier, but later research revealed that due to the pressure buildup inside the Pitot tube at high speeds, airspeed readings became unpredictably exaggerated.
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- P-47D, serial no. 42-23278 National Museum of the United States Air Force, Dayton, OH
- P-47D-RE, "razorback," serial no. 42-22331 (wreckage in storage) Carolinas Aviation Museum, Charlotte, NC
- P-47D-30-RE, serial no. 44-20371, Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace, Le Bourget, France
- P-47D-30-RA, serial no. 44-32691, National Air and Space Museum (Smithsonian), Washington, DC
- P-47D-40-RA, "Tarheel Hal," serial no. 44-90368, Lone Star Flight Museum
- P-47D, "Norma," serial no. 45-4945, New England Air Museum, Windsor Locks, CT
- P-47D, serial no. 45-49181/N444SU,painted as Francis "Gabby" Gabreski's "HV-A," Kalamazoo Air Zoo, Kalamazoo, MI
- P-47D, serial no. 45-49167,National Museum of the United States Air Force, Dayton, OH
- P-47D, serial no. N7159Z (under restoration) Flying Heritage Collection, Arlington, WA
- P-47D, "Big Stud," serial no. N14519, Museum of Flight, Seattle, WA
- P-47D, "Big Chief," serial no. N47RP, Palm Springs Air Museum Palm Springs, CA
- P-47D, "Hun Hunter IV" and P-47D, "Wicked Wabbit," Tennessee Air Museum, Gatlinburg, TN
- P-47D, "Hairless Joe" Serial #: 44-90471, owned by Henry J. "Butch" Schroeder
- P-47D, serial no: 44-90447, flying example at original factory at Republic Airport, at the American Airpower Museum in Farmingdale, NY.
- P-47M, serial no.G-THUN "No Guts No Glory", The Fighter Collection, Duxford UK
- P-47N, serial no. N47TB Commemorative Air Force (CAF), Midland, TX
- P-47N, serial no. 44-89425, Peterson Air & Space Museum Peterson AFB, Colorado
- P-47N, serial no. 44-89320, USAF Armament Museum, Eglin AFB, Florida
- P-47D-25-RE s/n 42-26760,Brazilian Air Force Propertie, currently leased to Museu Asas de um Sonho, São Carlos - Brasil
Specifications (P-47D Thunderbolt)
General characteristics
- Crew: One
- Length: 36 ft 1 in (11.00 m)
- Wingspan: 40 ft 9 in (12.44 m)
- Height: 14 ft 7 in (4.45 m)
- Wing area: 300 ft² (27.87 m²)
- Empty weight: 10,000 lb (4,535 kg)
- Loaded weight: lb (kg)
- Max takeoff weight: 17,500 lb (7,935 kg)
- Powerplant: 1× Pratt & Whitney R-2800-59 twin-row radial engine, 2,535 hp (1,890 kW)
- Maximum speed: 426 mph at 30,000 ft (685 km/h at 9,145 m)
- Range: 800 miles combat, 1,800 mi ferry (1,290 km / 2,900 km)
- Service ceiling: 43,000 ft (13,100 m)
- Rate of climb: 3,120 ft/min (15.9 m/s)
- 8x 0.5 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine guns
- Up to 2,000 lb (907 kg) of bombs
- 10x 5 in (127 mm) unguided rockets
P-47 Thunderbolt in popular culture
Czech composer Bohuslav Martinů paid a tribute to the airplane with his scherzo for orchestra Thunderbolt P-47. It was premiered 19 December 1945 in Washington, D.C..
Steve Earle's song "Johnny Come Lately" is about an American P-47 pilot in World War II; it contains a verse "My P-47 is a pretty good ship/ She took a round comin' cross the channel last trip."
- ↑ Knaack, Marcelle Size. Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems: Volume 1 Post-World War II Fighters 1945-1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, 1978. ISBN 0-912799-59-5.
- ↑ P-47 Thunderbolt. Top Fighters.com (2006). Retrieved on 12 July, 2006.
- ↑ Green 1961, p.178.
- ↑ Green 1961, p.173.
- ↑ Republic P-47D Thunderbolt. Museum of Flight (2004). Retrieved on 12 July, 2006.
- ↑ 8th Air Force 56th FG. U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II (June 18, 2004). Retrieved on 14 July, 2006.
- ↑ Francis S. "Gabby" Gabreski. USAF Air University. Maxwell-Gunter AFB (17 April 2006). Retrieved on 14 July, 2006.
- ↑ Rose, Scott (11 June 2006). Robert S. Johnson. Warbirds Resource Group. Retrieved on 14 July, 2006.
- ↑ Col. Hubert 'Hub' Zemke. Acepilots.com (29 July 2003). Retrieved on 14 July, 2006. Zemke flew a P-38 for three of his kills
- ↑ Colonel Neel Earnest Kearby. Air Force History. Air Force Historical Studies Office (20 January 2004). Retrieved on 14 July, 2006.
- ↑ Velasco, E. Alfonso, Jr. (2006, 9 January). Aztec Eagle - P-47D of the Mexican Expeditionary Air Force. IPMS Stockholm. Retrieved on 14 July, 2006.
- ↑ P-47 Thunderbolt. [1] Access date: 14 July 2006.
- Cain, Charles W. and Gerram, Mike.Fighters of World War II. Profile Publications, 1979.
- Davis, Larry.P-47 Thunderbolt in Action, Squadron/Signal Publications (#67). Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1984. ISBN 0-89747-161-X.
- Donald, David (ed.) American Warplanes of the Second World War.London: Airtime Publications, 1995. ISBN 1-84013-392-9.
- Green, William. Fighters Vol. 2 (Warplanes of the Second World War). New York: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1961.
- Mondey, David. American Aircraft of World War II.Edison, New Jersey: Book Sales, 1996. ISBN 0-7858-1361-6.
- Mondey, David. The Concise Guide to American Aircraft of World War II. London: Chartwell Books, Inc., 1994. ISBN 0-7858-0147-2.
This page is based on "The Republic P-47 Thunderbolt", version 1.1, by Greg Goebel. The original version (placed in the public domain) can be accessed at: [3]
External links
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- Focke-Wulf Fw 190
- Grumman F6F Hellcat
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|Military aviation · Airliners · General aviation · Famous aviation-related deaths
|Flight airspeed record · Flight distance record · Flight altitude record · Flight endurance record · Most produced aircraft
de:Republic P-47 es:P-47 Thunderbolt fa:پ-۴۷ تاندربولت fr:Republic P-47 Thunderbolt gl:P-47 Thunderbolt he:ריפליק P-47 it:Republic P-47 Thunderbolt ms:Republic P-47 nl:P-47 Thunderbolt ja:P-47 (航空機) no:Republic P-47 Thunderbolt pl:Republic P-47 Thunderbolt pt:Republic P-47 Thunderbolt sr:П-47 Тандерболт fi:P-47 Thunderbolt sv:Republic P-47 Thunderbolt tr:Republic P-47


text:
Cash Isa rates may be low but make sure you don't get even less than expected. Watch out for the follwoing tricks:
The gravity-defying rate that is not all it seems
Both Halifax (on its Junior Isa) and Santander offer market-beating Isa rates, but only to those buying another financial product from the bank. Often these linked products may not offer such competitive terms. Don't get swayed by the headline Isa rate and get a raw deal on other investments.
Instant-access accounts that you can't access
Although they may be called "instant access", some banks impose restrictions on the number of withdrawals you can make a year. Exceed this, and interest rates plummet.
Bonus rates that disappear in smoke
Most "best-buy" cash Isas include a bonus — payable for just a year — that makes up the lion's share of the return. Make the most of these short-term rates, but switch once this advantage has gone.
The locked-room rate
Some best-buy Isas don't allow transfers in. Those who stick with the same provider each year can find they are locked out of their bank's best offering. Don't focus solely on this year's Isa — make sure you maximise returns on existing cash Isas, too.
A tax-free account that costs you more
Returns may be tax-free on Isas, but some providers manipulate rates so the Isa pays less than a comparable savings account. Do your sums before buying.
• Get the best of the Telegraph's money news and advice emailed to you once a week: Sign up for the money newsletter

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Dome Cafes with or near Playgrounds
One of my favourite things to do is grab a coffee, breakie or light meal at a Dôme Café – it's always delicious and with an extensive menu there is something to satisfy you at any time of the day. Some of my favourite Dômes North of the River are situated near playgrounds and provide a great opportunity to entertain the kids before or after – or if you grab a takeaway, you can combine it with your Dôme experience. Here are three Dômes that I frequent often:
Hillarys Boat Harbour, Sorrento Quays
The Dôme at the Boat Harbour is part of the assortment of eateries that have lovely views over the harbour waters towards the kid-friendly beach. The beach boasts a great sand based playground that is shaded in summer. It has a climbing structure with two slides, tunnel, bridge, and a separate bouncy boat and two rockers. For more info on the playground click here.
Mullaloo Beachfront
This lovely Dôme has views of the sea across the road and rolling green lawns of Tom Simpson Park. The park offers two playgrounds for the kids – one has an enjoyable climbing structure to climb and slide down, as well as two swings nearby; the other one is sand based and has two wooden pirate ships as well as a large round base swing. Grab a takeaway drink and you can relax in one of the shaded picnic shelters near the playgrounds or on the grass. Tip: use the Dôme toilets while you there, as the park has a toilet block which is not as nice to use. For more info on the Mullaloo Playgrounds click here.
Mindarie Marina
This Dôme has its own outside playground attached to it at the rear of the café. You will need to sit close to the windows or at the outside tables near the playground to watch your kids. Sadly you miss out on the water views of the Marina, but its worth it if you need to keep the kids occupied. The play structure is fenced in and gated.
The vast Dôme drinks range includes great traditional coffees – hot or cold; teas; smoothies (Berry Bliss, Banana Burst, Mango Fandango); Espreskis (chocolate iced coffees blended with chunks of yummy choc pieces); traditional milkshakes and fresh juices.
For kids there are special coffee-free Espreskis – choose between Squashed Frog and Fluffy Koala. If you order a milkshake (choc, banana, mint, strawberry or vanilla) ask for a plastic takeaway cup, even if you are sitting at a table, to avoid spill disasters. The babychinos are served with two marshmallows, and are a real bargain at only $1 each!
The kids food menu is well thought out and includes: Fish & Chips; Chicken & Cheese Melt; Chicken Tenders & chips; Ham & Pineapple Pizza and Spag Bol. There is also a kid size Bacon & Egg Breakie and a delicious pancake stack.
For the adults there are endless salads; soups; sandwiches; full and light breakfast choices – including vegetarian and pancake options; snack plates, pastas and even pizzas! It would take a lifetime to sample it all.
For a sweet treat there is a great range of muffins, cake, slices and fun biscuits (e.g. speckles) on display at the counter.
The huge menu is illustrated with photos of every item, leaving nothing to the imagination! But it is well organised and easy to navigate with special tabs on the side to locate categories.
Service is pay at the counter, take a number and wait at your table for drinks and food. If it's a busy day the wait can be a while, which is the only downside. However all Dômes have a clever kids menu that doubles as a colouring-in page with extra activities such as mazes and quizzes written in-between the food on offer. This menu changes frequently, so we always seem to have a new picture to keep our 5-year-old busy (and you can take it home with you). They also provide the colour pencils, which are free with any order of a kids meal. You can borrow these anyway from the condiment kiosk that also houses paper cups and a free supply of water.
I am hoping to discover other kid friendly Dômes to visit around Perth, but I somehow always end up at the same ones.
For a café locator visit the Dôme website.
other restaurants in Perth click here.
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text:
Outside of a marathon, the best way to test people's endurance is to see how long they can listen to a radio play-by-play of a marathon. Take on a real challenge with this Groupon.
Choose Between Two Options
- $39 for two Groupons, each good for one Splash Dash 5K race admission (a $90 total value)
- $78 for four Groupons, each good for one Splash Dash 5K race admission (a $180 total value)
The Splash Dash 5K race takes place on Saturday, August 10, at 8:30 a.m. at Old Settlers Park. Runners get a shirt, and can nibble free treats while listening to music at the afterparty.
Splash Dash 5k
While runners often rely on high-tech fabrics and energy drinks to keep them cool and hydrated, the Splash Dash 5K takes a less sophisticated approach: manning the sidelines with a water-gun-toting Splash Squad. With awards for best times as well as best costume, runners can tackle the course with as much intensity or lightheartedness as they want, though all entrants must negotiate jets of water and water balloons as well as the penguin plunge ice bath, which has water and half a ton of ice. Meanwhile, a 1K fun-run course gives youngsters a chance to get soaked on the go without having to climb inside their parents' timing bibs.


text:
Acupuncture redirects the flow of energy, just like hooking up a car battery to a pumpkin. Get recharged with this Groupon.
Choose Between Two Options
- $55 for one acupuncture session and ZAC laser treatment with initial exam (up to a $130 value)
- $125 for three acupuncture sessions and ZAC laser treatments with initial exam (up to a $370 value)
Included in the 75-minute acupuncture session, a 30-minute ZAC laser treatment aims to reduce blood viscosity and blood-sugar levels.
Wading barefoot through a muddy swamp has no noteworthy health benefits, but Footopia's mud footbaths are a different story. Infused with natural herbs and crystals, they rejuvenate toes and draw toxins from the body. The holistic health facility's team specializes in these treatments as well as other foot-centric services. During foot reflexology, they apply pressure to specific points on the feet that may correspond with other parts of the body to improve one's overall well-being. Footopia'a highly trained massage therapists can also ply the whole body with deep tissue kneads that are more effective than rubbing your back against your barn.


text:
THE 2007 JOINT HIGHLIGHTS of Performance, Budget and Financial Information for the U.S. Department of State and U.S. Agency for International Development is published by the Bureau of Resource Management, U.S. Department of State, in coordination with the Office of the Director of U.S. Foreign Assistance and the Bureau of Management, U.S. Agency for International Development.
THE JOINT HIGHLIGHTS CORE TEAM IS COMPOSED OF Nina Blassengale, Melane Rose Boyce, Gerald Britan, Adam Bushey, Stephanie Cabell, Kevin Covert, Julia Gomez, Linda Howey, Horace Johnson, Janet Kerley, Yaropolk Kulchyckyj, Krishna Kumar, Reaz Mehdi, Subhi Mehdi, Ed Platte, Andrea Sternberg, Mary Stewart, Frank Sullivan, Jill Thompson, and Gloria White.
SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TO the Department of State's Bureau of Public Affairs and Bureau of Administration and to USAID's Bureau for Legislative and Public Affairs for their assistance in posting the document to the Internet.
WE OFFER OUR SPECIAL THANKS TO the DesignPond, in particular Sheri Beauregard and Michael James, for their outstanding contributions to the design of the Report. We also thank Denisa Antoine and Portia Cobb from Global Publishing Solutions for their assistance in printing and distributing the document worldwide. With the exception of design support, this document was prepared by Federal employees.


text:
2 Min Read
* Vadim Yakovlev named chairman, succeeds William Guinness
* Igor Tsibelman named CEO, succeeds Stuard Detmer
* 3 non-executive directors also appointed (Adds detail)
LONDON, Aug 12 (Reuters) - Russian oil and gas explorer Sibir Energy SBE.L said on Wednesday its chairman and chief executive have both stepped-down from the board.
In a statement it said William Guinness would be succeeded as chairman by non-executive director Vadim Yakovlev, while Igor Tsibelman, previously deputy CEO, would become CEO in place of Stuard Detmer.
The appointments reflect the control over the business of Gazprom Neft (SIBN.MM), the oil arm of the the world's largest gas company Gazprom (GAZP.MM), which has acquired ownership over a majority of the voting rights of Sibir's shares.
Sibir also announced the appointment of three non-executive directors -- Dmitry Bekker, Maxim Viktorov and Andrei Martianov.
Bekker is a representative of The Central Fuel Company and the Moscow city government, while Viktorov and Martianov are nominees of The Central Fuel Company and Gazprom Neft, respectively.
Trading in Sibir's shares was suspended in February on London's AIM after it was revealed that debt from property deals of one of its main shareholders, Shalva Chigirinsky, was higher than had previously been announced. [ID:nLJ308825]
Reporting by James Davey; Editing Bernard Orr


text:
You can speak to us at anytime.
Call us on 8223 5879.
We are here 24 hours a day,
7 days a week.
Our family story
Where we come from...
Frank J Siebert, still remembered by many people in the community today, was known for his kindness, his wide-ranging interests and involvement in the community, and for his irrepressible personality and mischievous deeds.
Frank's father, Joseph Bartholomew Siebert, upon his arrival from Germany in the 1860's, commenced trading as a carpenter and builder. Based in Adelaide, and with strong links to the newly established community, he extended his activities to include undertaking, which became his primary occupation.
Frank followed in his father's footsteps, and renamed the firm Frank J Siebert, Funeral Directors, the name it still trades with today.
Joseph B Siebert, the third of Frank's four sons, became the manager of Frank J Siebert Funeral Directors, until his sudden death in 1969.
The company continued on under the proprietorship of Joe's sister and his wife, Gertrude and Betty Siebert, and now, in the best traditions of family businesses, the company is under the management of Joseph's son, Bernard.
We take a great deal of pride in the fact it is still a family owned company with a long tradition of uncompromising quality of personal service.
....makes us who we are today.
In spite of all the developments and changes through four generations, the things that really matter have endured: economy, personal care, professional conduct, sensitivity and concern for the family.
The mission of this firm is to offer funeral services that dignify the strong emotions experienced at the time of loss.
Our most important role is to assist families to create powerful memories of that final farewell.
It is our privilege to be invited into a family at such an intimate time. Our response to this invitation is a promise of the highest quality of service, and a commitment that the only things that matter at such a time are the wishes of those we serve.


text:
warning: deprecated conversion from string constant to 'char*' [-Wwrite-strings]
"You are my dreams " is a unnamed string constant (i.e. there is no variable which you can use to access the string). I guess the memory that is needed to store the string constant is de-allocated right after line 11 in your code, which results in unpredictable behaviour of your program (depending on compiler).
You are my dreams Hellow
const char*.


text:
Habrough railway station serves both Habrough and the nearby town of Immingham.
Thanks to its position on the southwest bank of the Humber Estuary, Immingham once played a vital role in the maritime industry. In fact, the area has always been well served by rail due to the nearby port…
Many people now take a train to Habrough for business or to take advantage of the great transport links. Quick tip: if you're staying overnight and looking for somewhere to eat, the restaurant at The Habrough is well worth a visit.
We offer regular and comfortable trains to Habrough from major towns and cities in the north of England and Scotland. All our trains have the option of travelling First class and a trolley service is available on our core routes.Buy tickets


text:
A local variable has a local scope.Such a variable is accessible only from the function or block in which it is declared.
Example of Local variable :
The class variable are declared in the class but not within methods of any
class. Whereas the local variable exits within the methods of any class. Below
two program are shown which help you to understand the difference between the
class and local variable :
Showing Local Variable
public class LocalVar {
Showing the Class Variable
public class ClassVar {
Java classes can be grouped together in packages. A package name is the same as the directory (folder) name which contains the .java files. You declare packages when you define your Java program, and you name the packages you want to use from other libraries in an import statement.
For More Details Click Below :
Posted on: July 5, 2010 If you enjoyed this post then why not add us on Google+? Add us to your Circles
Share this Tutorial Follow us on Twitter, or add us on Facebook or Google Plus to keep you updated with the recent trends of Java and other open source platforms. Connect Me on Google+


text:
|Food Labeling; Gluten-Free Labeling of Foods; Public Meeting
|FDA Comment Number :
|Submitter :
|Ms. Carol Meier
|Date & Time:
|09/09/2005 06:09:52
|Organization :
|Ms. Carol Meier
|Category :
|Health Professional
|Issue Areas/Comments
| As a health care provider and a celiac with children who are celiacs, I encourage you to NOT adopt a zero tolerance for labeling a product gluten free. The European standards have worked well in Europe, and I can testify first hand that the imported products that my family uses do not cauase problems for us. With teenagers, it is imperative to have a large variety of products available to us. In fact, limiting the choices and variety of products could have a negative effect on their health. Without options they may edge toward 'cheating' with foods containing gluten.
Carol Meier, RN, MSN


text:
Important Information
Issue No 68|
Winter Quarter | February/March 2011
Engineering Instructors
GRCC Engineering students rise to
the top of major universities. -
*Specific dates to be determined by June 1
It is my sad duty to inform you that
two of our dear Chinese students were
involved in a tragic automobile accident
on February 2, 2011.
The driver lost
control of the vehicle, and it hit a
power pole. Unfortunately, the passenger
died at the scene, and the driver was
hospitalized with serious injuries.
He is expected to physically recover
well. The families were notified and
have come to the US to attend the necessary
details, with our help. We have supported
the parents, the students and each other
in this difficult time. The college
president and Board of Trustees have
actively supported the family and students
as well. In respect for the privacy
of the families, we will not disclose
further details.
The only slight silver
lining in this tragedy is the fact that
the safety record of our international
students has been very high, and that
the vast majority of them will continue
on their path to transfer to top universities
all over the US. Thank you for your
good thoughts to our students, and to
us, in this very sad event.
Ross Jennings
Vice President - International Programs,
Green River College
Are you planning to attend NAFSA?
The conference will be May 31- June
We warmly invite you to attend our
Green River Partner Appreciation Reception.
Let us know if you are planning to
join us. RSVP to Wendy Stewart:
Also, please let us know if you would
like to visit our campus while you are
in the area. Vancouver is only 2 ˝ hours
from Seattle by car. We would be delighted
to host your visit to our campus and
the Seattle area
We are committed to delivering outstanding
personal service to you and your students.
We need your help to continually improve.
Please send me your feedback and
let us know how we can better serve


text: They keep our schools running Editor:I have been reading many letters and comments in The Daily Record about our area schools. My thoughts pertain to a group of people who play a very vital part in the operation of any school system.As a former teacher (retired), I have personally observed these people performing their duties for many years and feel that the general public is not aware of how these people contribute to everyday school activities.The custodians, bus drivers, librarians, cooks, secretaries, groundskeepers, maintenance people and many others are there behind the scenes answering the ceaseless demands of teachers and administrators and are very often taken for granted and not given much recognition.Their duties go on every day and in a very few days when the current school year ends for students, teachers and administrators these people will proceed to turn our school facilities "inside out" in preparation for the next term.Without these people, where would we be?I ask the public to think and be aware of what these employees contribute to our schools and if the opportunity presents itself, say "thank you." I know I have many times.John ForceShreveAmerica's last wild buffaloEditor:History books tell us there were once 30-60 million buffalo roaming freely in North America. By the 19th century only 23 individuals remained by taking refuge in Yellowstone National Park.Now that the genetically pure and wild buffalo's numbers are up to roughly 4,200, there are new threats to these beautiful and sacred creatures. Government agencies such as the Montana Department of Livestock, National Park Service, National Forest Service and Montana Fish and Wildlife, haze, capture, quarantine and slaughter America's last wild buffalo.The last wild buffalo have chosen to give birth along the Madison River and on the Horse Butte Peninsula just 7 miles out of Yellowstone Park in the Gallatin National Forest in Montana. Montana has laws against bison entering the state. The Park Service justifies the killing of the buffalo to keep them away from cattle grazing adjacent to the park. The Montana Department of Livestock justifies hazing (chasing buffalo back into the park or a capture facility) and slaughtering wild buffalo because of a disease.Some of the buffalo carry brucellosis, a bacterial disease that can cause infected cows to abort their first pregnancy. The state of Montana is concerned about its "brucellosis free" status. The disease is carried by nearly all of Yellowstone's wildlife such as bear, moose and coyote. The buffalo develop an immunity to the disease' brucellosis, which can only be transmitted to cattle through consumption of infected birthing materials. This transmission from buffalo to cattle has never happened in the wild.The bison that come to give birth at Horse Butte are being hazed on a daily basis, sometimes during the sacred process of giving birth, either into a capture facility to be quarantined or sent to slaughter. During the 1996-1997 winter and spring, nearly 1,100 buffalo were slaughtered when they crossed the arbitrary park boundary and entered into Montana. This led to the creation of the Buffalo Field Campaign, a nonprofit organization which documents every action taken against the buffalo by the government agencies.I have been a volunteer with the campaign since January of 2005 and have seen the hazing and slaughter of these sacred wild animals by my own government. These aren't Montana's bison, they belong to America.The Buffalo Field Campaign needs your help! Visit their Web site at www.buffalofieldcampaign.org to find out how you can help stop the slaughter!Natalie SchafrathWooster


text:
Father: John YEATON b: ABT 1683 in Star Island, Isle Of Shoals, Rockingham, N.H.
Mother: Elizabeth RANDALL
Marriage 1 Elizabeth WENTWORTH b: 8 JUN 1712 in Dover, N.H.
Marriage 2 Elizabeth DREW b: 2 NOV 1709 in Dover, N.H.
Marriage 3 Mary SLOPER(?) b: not earlier than 1715
RootsWeb.com, Inc. is NOT responsible for the content of the GEDCOMs uploaded through the WorldConnect Program. If you have a problem with a particular entry, please contact the submitter of said entry. You have full control over your GEDCOM. You can change or remove it at any time.


text:
Call of Duty: Black Ops' fourth DLC pack, Rezurrection, has launched for the 360. The latest undead-centric release includes Moon, four remastered Zombies levels, the Zombies soundtrack, and a Moon theme. Moon includes new weapons, gear, and zombie types. The remastered levels include Nacht der Untoten, Verruckt, Shi No Numa, and Der Riese. For gamers who already have the remastered maps through the Classic Zombie pack that came with the Hardened and Prestige Editions, the pack can be redownloaded to "get Rezurrection with Moon; and Black Ops will make available the soundtrack and theme for free."
To mark the release of Rezurrection and help kick off the first ever Call of Duty fan celebration, Call of Duty XP, this September 2-3, the team will host Double XP over the Labor Day holiday weekend from Friday, September 2 through Monday, September 5th.
Official Site: CallofDuty.com


text:
Archinect - News 2017-07-25T04:54:49-04:00 http://archinect.com/news/article/150010190/2017-rice-design-alliance-spotlight-prize-goes-to-oopeaa 2017 Rice Design Alliance Spotlight Prize goes to OOPEAA Mackenzie Goldberg 2017-05-31T14:12:00-04:00 >2017-06-02T12:01:04-04:00
The ninth annual Spotlight Prize has been awarded to the Finnish firm OOPEAA. The award, given by the Rice Design Alliance—a non-profit program connected to Rice's School of Architecture—celebrates the work of emerging architects from the U.S. and abroad. Eligible candidates must be within the first 15 years of professional practice as the prize intends to highlight the work of exceptionally gifted architects at an early stage in their architectural careers. Previous winners have included Sou Fujimoto, Anton Garcia Abril, and LA Dallman among others.

Periscope Tower. Image Courtesy of Rice Design Alliance.

This year's recipient, Anssi Lassila, founded OOPEAA Office for Peripheral Architecture in 2004, and gained international recognition for his Kärsämäki Shingle Church. He is known for combining sculptural forms with traditional materials and innovative techniques, which in Finland, often means working with wood, a material Lassila has extensive knowledge of. He has won numerous aw...
 http://archinect.com/news/article/149977272/one-last-chance-for-the-guggenheim-helsinki One last chance for the Guggenheim Helsinki Nicholas Korody 2016-11-07T14:13:00-05:00 >2016-11-30T21:02:42-05:00
Earlier this year, news broke that the Finnish government had vetoed plans for the Guggenheim Helsinki Museum, a controversial satellite of the famed New York institution. Now, a new proposal has been prepared by the City government and the museum's support foundation, which will be presented to the City for a final vote on the fate of the project.

The Guggenheim Helsinki was first proposed in 2011 but was voted down by the City of Helsinki in 2012. Afterwards, the Guggenheim Foundation prepared a new proposal and helped organize a massive design competition—one of the largest ever. The relatively-unknown studio Moreau Kusunoki Architectes won the competition.

According to estimates, the museum would cost around €130 million. The new plan proposes that the City of Helsinki would finance the majority of the costs, around €80 million, while the Supporting Foundation would put in €15 million. The rest would come from private sources, which already are said to have reached unprecedented l...
 http://archinect.com/news/article/149968971/finland-has-greatly-reduced-its-homeless-population-here-s-how Finland has greatly reduced its homeless population — here's how Nicholas Korody 2016-09-16T19:13:00-04:00 >2016-09-19T00:28:53-04:00
Finland is the only European country where homelessness has decreased in recent years. At the end of 2015 the number of single homeless people was for the first time under 7,000 and this number includes people living temporarily with friends and relatives, who constitute 80% of all homeless people [...] The main explanation for this success is quite simple: when the national programme started housing first was adopted as a mainstream national homelessness policy.

The housing first model is quite simple: when people are homeless, you give them housing first – a stable home, rather than progressing them through several levels of temporary and transitional accommodation.

In related news:

How 4 US cities are applying architectural solutions to homelessness

Denver collaborative wants to offer mobile laundry service to the city's homeless

LAPD directs officers to treat homeless people "with compassion" in new vague policy

Portland responds to homelessness crisis by temporarily allowing 'rough sleeping' on sidewalks and in parks

 http://archinect.com/news/article/149967436/finnish-government-pulls-funding-for-the-guggenheim-helsinki Finnish government pulls funding for the Guggenheim Helsinki Julia Ingalls 2016-09-08T13:16:00-04:00 >2016-09-14T00:24:34-04:00
The Guggenheim Foundation's Helsinki museum, the design of which was chosen after a hotly anticipated competition last year, is now missing a major financial backer, namely, the government of Finland. Prior to its withdrawal, Finland was going to pick up construction costs and a portion of the operating fees in exchange for top-tier artworks and exhibitions from the Guggenheim.

However, this pull-out isn't entirely unexpected. Before the winning design by Moreau Kusunoki Architectes was even chosen, there were rumblings of dissent: many in Finland felt that the Guggenheim was becoming a bland franchise, to the point that an alternative competition, "The Next Helsinki," was launched to solicit other designs. As Sampo Terho, parliamentary head of the Finns Party, said, "This is the end of the matter, we have ruled out state funding (for Guggenheim) once and for all, for this government."

Listen to our interview with Moreau Kusunoki Architectes about their winning design for the Guggen...
 http://archinect.com/news/article/149941622/finnish-university-receives-grant-to-explore-industrial-applications-for-hemp Finnish University receives grant to explore industrial applications for hemp Nicholas Korody 2016-04-20T17:32:00-04:00 >2016-05-04T23:36:38-04:00
Turku University of Applied Sciences has received a grant of 70,417 euros to see if hemp could be used more in construction projects. The research will involve investigating the soundproofing and fireproof properties of the substance. Researchers will also look at how hemp decomposes and to see how it could be used as fertilizer - in order to determine how eco-friendly hemp's waste materials are.

The article is careful to note that hemp has far less THC than marijuana and is therefore not a psychoactive substance (obviously) – but the news still feels topical.

Hemp has been used for centuries for ropes, oils and textiles. But marijuana criminalization efforts in the 20th centuries seriously hurt hemp's brand (among other things). Now that marijuana is beginning to become destigmatized, there's been a renewed interest in hemp and its many potential uses.

"Hemp-based concrete is already marketed with names like Hempcrete and Canosmose, and is made up of a mixture of hemp fibres, lime and other materials," the authors note. "The mixture is not as strong as conventional concrete however and is used in conjunction with extra framing support."

Here's some other 4/20-related articles from the archives:

From KFC to THC

Pot Clinics Grow Like Weed in SF

House of hemp? Pushing cannabis as a construction material

When in Rome, breathe.

 http://archinect.com/news/article/147348305/for-alvar-aalto-s-118th-b-day-a-museum-extension-a-few-enduring-favorites For Alvar Aalto's 118th b-day, a museum extension + a few enduring favorites Julia Ingalls 2016-02-04T14:10:00-05:00 >2016-02-11T01:09:02-05:00
Fittingly for Furniture February, Alvar Aalto would have turned 118 this month, which has prompted Archinect to celebrate his paradigm-defining designs. We're not the only ones: the existing Alvar Aalto Museum and the Museum of Central Finland will be getting an extension (the winners of the competition can be viewed here: http://www.alvaraalto.fi/ruusupuisto). One of the proposals that didn't win features Aalto-specific materiality ("light color clay bricks in grid pattern for the floors and the circulation elements to the original masonry bricks walls in a way to match the colors but announce the new building with a different texture" according to a press release by the design firm Architensions). Here are renderings of Architensions' proposed museum extension:

And, just because we can, a quick tour through some of Aalto's masterful furniture work:

February is furniture month here on Archinect! Send us your furniture musings, interviews, reviews, designs, projects and investigation...
 http://archinect.com/news/article/146741386/best-snow-ice-architecture-2016-edition Best snow + ice architecture, 2016 edition Julia Ingalls 2016-01-27T14:35:00-05:00 >2016-02-10T23:25:47-05:00
In China each year, the Harbin Ice and Snow Festival features both buildings and sculptures constructed entirely of ice and snow, which are augmented with nighttime illumination. Here are a few highlights from this year's festival:

China doesn't have a lockdown on spectacular ice and snow architecture. The Pyotr Yeropkin-designed 20 meter tall by 50 meter wide Russian Ice Palace, which has been reconstructed every year since 2005 (although the design dates back to 1740) in St. Petersburg, has interior spaces with custom ice furniture:

Quebec's Hotel de Glace offers a functional, if chilly, opportunity to experience ice and snow architecture. Each year, guests can stay inside one of its 44 rooms (some of which come with seemingly oxymoronic amenities, like a fireplace):

Lastly, there is the SnowCastle of Kemi by the Gulf of Bothnia in Finland, which is constructed annually and features an accompanying SnowRestaurant, SnowChapel, and SnowHotel. The SnowCastle's official website is carefu...
 http://archinect.com/news/article/146657627/what-s-new-in-dubai-shipping-a-gigantic-floating-swimming-pool-deck-over-all-the-way-from-finland What's new in Dubai: shipping a gigantic floating swimming pool deck over all the way from Finland Alexander Walter 2016-01-26T13:56:00-05:00 >2016-01-27T08:45:36-05:00
Dubai's iconic sail-shaped hotel, the Burj Al Arab Jumeirah, is about to undergo a dramatic expansion of its footprint with the addition of a huge deck extending out over the waters of the Gulf. In what's being called a "world first" in marine design and engineering, the so-called North Deck has been manufactured at a shipyard in Finland and is now undergoing an 8,000-nautical-mile journey by ship, in six sections.

Related news stories on Archinect:

Archinect speaks to designer of controversial Dubai Frame project

After massive Dubai skyscraper blaze, experts concerned about towers built before 2012 with 'highly flammable exterior cladding'

Unchecked climate change will make the Gulf uninhabitable, claims new study

 http://archinect.com/news/article/145117570/rejected-leonardo-da-vinci-design-will-finally-come-to-life-as-world-s-longest-ice-bridge Rejected Leonardo da Vinci design will finally come to life as world's longest ice bridge Alexander Walter 2016-01-06T13:32:00-05:00 >2016-01-18T01:26:14-05:00
In 1502, at the request of the Turkish sultan, Leonardo da Vinci came up with the design for a stone bridge that would cross the Golden Horn [...]. With a span of some 240 meters, it would have been the longest bridge in the world—if it had been built. Now, more than 500 years after the sultan rejected da Vinci's design, a team of students and volunteers in the Finnish town of Juuka are in the process of constructing a scale model of the original drawing—out of ice.

Related stories in the Archinect news:

Gaudí's uncompleted masterpiece will finally be finished—in ice

IceCave Iceland is a city in the glacier

Frank Gehry designs "Icehenge" desk for Inland Steel in Chicago

 http://archinect.com/news/article/130426596/archinect-s-lexicon-sisu Archinect's Lexicon: "Sisu" Amelia Taylor-Hochberg 2015-06-26T13:02:00-04:00 >2015-07-05T09:47:35-04:00
"Sisu" is a Finnish word, describing a trait with no precise English translation, but conveyed through the following qualities: stoic determination, bravery, guts, resilience, perseverance and hardiness. It is a quality strongly associated with Finnish identity, from a history of being bullied geopolitically by neighbors Russia and Sweden, and the paralyzingly cold, dark winters. According to its robust English-language Wikipedia entry, "Sisu is about taking action against the odds and displaying courage and resoluteness in the face of adversity. Deciding on a course of action and then sticking to that decision against repeated failures is Sisu. It is similar to equanimity, with the addition of a grim quality of stress management."

I first came across "sisu" in the Glossary on Free Cooper Union's website, a compendium resource of the protest movement against the school's decision to begin charging tuition. The "sisu" entry is accompanied by a definition adapted from Wikipedia, and wh...
 http://archinect.com/news/article/130277836/who-are-helsinki-guggenheim-winners-nicolas-moreau-and-hiroko-kusunoki Who are Helsinki Guggenheim winners Nicolas Moreau and Hiroko Kusunoki? Amelia Taylor-Hochberg 2015-06-25T09:33:00-04:00 >2017-06-24T00:46:03-04:00
Before yesterday's announcement that Moreau Kusunoki Architectes had won the highly contentious and big-budget Guggenheim Helsinki competition, the firm wasn't much used to the spotlight. Querying Google Trends for "Moreau Kusunoki" preceding the Guggenheim news, the firm barely blips twice since the husband-wife duo, Nicolas Moreau and Hiroko Kusunoki, began their practice in 2011. Before now, the highest instance of search traffic was in December of 2014, when the six finalists for the competition were announced. Their website's "info" section currently includes only contact information.

After having won such a high-profile competition, the firm had to make some kind of statement of its architectural perspective, and revealed that their media silence was highly intentional, as "architecture is best conceived in reserve and introspection, which are favorable to the emergence of poetic visions." Or at least so states their firm bio, released as part of the press packet for the Guggen...
 http://archinect.com/news/article/130249664/a-black-museum-for-the-white-city-of-the-north-moreau-kusunoki-architectes-selected-to-design-guggenheim-helsinki A black museum for "The White City of the North": Moreau Kusunoki Architectes selected to design Guggenheim Helsinki Archinect 2015-06-23T13:29:00-04:00 >2015-07-05T09:53:24-04:00
One year and 1,715 entries later, the Guggenheim Helsinki Design Competition has selected Paris-based Moreau Kusunoki Architectes as the grand-prize winners today for their design, "Art in the City". In recent years, the Foundation's plans for building a new Guggenheim in Helsinki prompted lively debate among local residents and architects worldwide alike, including the launch of the Next Helsinki counter-competition that wondered whether Helsinki even needs a Guggenheim Museum.

But just like the whirlwind of discussions around the project, the competition itself is just as memorable: Stage One reeled in an astounding 1,715 anonymously submitted entries from around the world last fall, attracting a variety of designs ranging from the safer-yet-promising to the bolder-but-downright wacky. By the start of Stage Two this past January, only six teams – whose team names remained unidentified – made the cut. Over the following months, each finalist team received additional briefing to deve...
 http://archinect.com/news/article/126303154/get-a-glimpse-of-the-guggenheim-helsinki-stage-two-finalist-proposals Get a glimpse of the Guggenheim Helsinki Stage Two finalist proposals Justine Testado 2015-04-27T20:33:00-04:00 >2015-05-04T23:01:55-04:00
The big announcement of the winning Guggenheim Helsinki concept is only weeks away, so start making those predictions now. In the meantime, the Stage Two proposals of the six finalists have been revealed.

Throughout Stage Two, the teams worked on further developing their initial concepts for final submission. On that note, the finalist teams are AGPS Architecture Ltd. (Zurich, Switzerland; Los Angeles, USA); Asif Khan Ltd. (London, United Kingdom); Fake Industries Architectural Agonism (New York, USA; Barcelona, Spain; Sydney, Australia); Haas Cook Zemmrich STUDIO2050 (Stuttgart, Germany); Moreau Kusunoki Architectes (Paris, France); and SMAR Architecture Studio (Madrid, Spain; Western Australia).

Although the teams have been named, they'll remain unmatched to their Guggenheim Helsinki proposals until the winning announcement in June. Check out the proposals below:

↓ GH-121371443 (concept boards)

↓ GH-76091181

↓ GH-5631681770

↓ GH-5059206475

↓ GH-1128435973

↓ GH-04380895

This past January,...
 http://archinect.com/news/article/125833259/the-next-helsinki-shortlist-demonstrates-that-a-new-guggenheim-isn-t-the-only-option The Next Helsinki shortlist demonstrates that a new Guggenheim isn't the only option Justine Testado 2015-04-21T18:02:00-04:00 >2015-04-28T20:48:54-04:00
The controversy surrounding the Guggenheim Helsinki has made the project a hot topic in recent years. While the large response to the Guggenheim Helsinki Design Competition is already widely known, is a new Guggenheim Museum truly what Helsinki needs? This is the burning question of The Next Helsinki counter-competition organizers, who describe the Guggenheim franchise as "the cultural equivalent of Starbucks". Organized by Checkpoint Helsinki, Terreform and G.U.L.F. (Global Ultra Luxury Faction), architects, designers, urbanists, and environmentalists worldwide submitted their alternative ideas on how the site can be transformed to best meet Helsinki's cultural, spatial, and sustainability needs.

The call for ideas drew in 217 international entries from 40 countries on five continents, according to architect Michael Sorkin, who chaired the jury. In the end, the jury shortlisted eight entries they deemed as outstanding ideas -- which are not necessarily refined and final proposals. (...
 http://archinect.com/news/article/117982575/guggenheim-helsinki-finalists-begin-last-leg-of-the-competition Guggenheim Helsinki finalists begin last leg of the competition Justine Testado 2015-01-12T02:00:00-05:00 >2015-01-27T09:44:33-05:00
The six Guggenheim Helsinki finalists shortlisted early last month will begin Stage Two of the highly debated competition with a visit to the museum site in Helsinki from January 14-16 as they start further development on their current proposals for final submission this April.

The names of the finalists have been revealed, but will not be matched to their proposals until the winner is announced in June 2015. The winning team will receive a prize of €100,000 (approx. US$136,000), while each runner-up will receive €55,000 (approx. US$75,000)

The finalists are:

AGPS Architecture Ltd. (Zurich, Switzerland; Los Angeles, USA)

Asif Khan Ltd. (London, United Kingdom)

Fake Industries Architectural Agonism (New York, USA; Barcelona, Spain; Sydney, Australia)

Haas Cook Zemmrich STUDIO2050 (Stuttgart, Germany)

Moreau Kusunoki Architectes (Paris, France)

SMAR Architecture Studio (Madrid, Spain; Western Australia)

During the two-day visit, finalists will meet with the competition jury and Guggenheim Foun...
 http://archinect.com/news/article/117207893/archinect-project-collections-presents-your-guggenheim-helsinki-proposals Archinect Project Collections presents your Guggenheim Helsinki proposals! Archinect 2014-12-30T19:37:00-05:00 >2015-01-05T18:23:42-05:00
One of 2014's most popular news item was the announcement of Stage One of the not uncontroversial Guggenheim Helsinki Design Competition.

With a mind-boggling pool of over 1,700 Stage One entries (and one Idaho potato) from 77 countries, it's tough to grant each proposal an appropriate platform and audience — so we created a new exciting Archinect feature: Project Collections!

Over the past few weeks, many of you had already followed our call to share your own submissions as project posts directly on your Archinect people or firm profiles, and Project Collections has them now all accessible in one handy Guggenheim Helsinki list.

Haven't submitted your entry yet? Worry not — the collection is an ongoing effort and new matches are constantly being added to the list.

TO SHARE YOUR GUGGENHEIM HELSINKI SUBMISSION:

Simply submit your entries as project posts to your Archinect profile. Don't have a profile yet? Click here if you're a firm, or here if you're an individual.

We're adding entries t...
 http://archinect.com/news/article/112893576/restoration-of-alvar-aalto-s-viipuri-library-wins-2014-world-monuments-fund-knoll-modernism-prize Restoration of Alvar Aalto's Viipuri Library wins 2014 World Monuments Fund/Knoll Modernism Prize Justine Testado 2014-11-04T17:51:00-05:00 >2014-11-12T23:07:35-05:00
The Finnish Committee for the Restoration of the Viipuri Library with the Central City Alvar Aalto Library in Vyborg recently won the 2014 World Monuments Fund/Knoll Modernism Prize for restoring Alvar Aalto's historic Viipuri Library in Vyborg, Russia. Established in 2008, the prize is awarded biennially for an innovative architectural or design solution that has preserved or enhanced a modern landmark or group of landmarks.

The biennial Knoll Prize will be presented at The Museum of Modern Art in New York City on December 1, followed by a free public lecture from the winners. The prize includes a cash award of $10,000 and a limited edition Mies van der Rohe-designed Barcelona Chair from Knoll.

The Viipuri Library, c. 1935 ↓

Find more photos and other details on Bustler.
 http://archinect.com/news/article/111893104/what-do-you-think-of-the-guggenheim-helsinki-stage-one-entries What do you think of the Guggenheim Helsinki Stage One entries? Justine Testado 2014-10-22T19:25:00-04:00 >2014-11-03T13:31:45-05:00
Stage One of the Guggenheim Helsinki Design Competition reeled in a whopping 1,715 entries from 77 countries. Although the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation officially launched the competition this past summer, the idea of proposing a new Guggenheim Museum for the city of Helsinki has already stirred plenty of debate...Most of the entries received were from the United States, Italy, the United Kingdom, France, Japan, and of course, Finland.

We picked out a few fairly promising submissions and more, uh, interesting ones.

Check out more of our picks and other details on Bustler.
 http://archinect.com/news/article/108582827/the-next-helsinki-counter-competition-launches-in-response-to-guggenheim-helsinki-controversy The Next Helsinki counter-competition launches in response to Guggenheim Helsinki controversy Justine Testado 2014-09-09T21:07:00-04:00 >2014-09-18T17:08:27-04:00
On the same day that Stage One of the Guggenheim Helsinki competition will conclude, The Next Helsinki is launching their own international call for alternative solutions to attract the best ideas that they believe would better meet the needs and enhance the city of Helsinki, Finland. Launched by a group of independent arts organizations and chaired by Michael Sorkin, The Next Helsinki bluntly addresses the controversy that the Guggenheim Helsinki competition has sparked [...].

Below is The Next Helsinki announcement:

"Coinciding with the end of the official competition for the design of the controversial Guggenheim Helsinki, a group of independent arts organizations has issued a call for submissions for alternative ideas. This competition—titled The Next Helsinki—is designed to attract innovative ideas about how to more fully meet the city's cultural, spatial, and sustainability needs.

Following the success of the Guggenheim Bilbao in transforming that region's tourist economy, many city managers have been seduced by the fantasy that a high-concept museum, designed by a starchitect, will turn around its urban fortunes in a similar way. Advocates of this branding formula see Helsinki as an ideal candidate for a new Guggenheim franchise. Yet the proposal has generated a surprisingly heated public debate among Finland's citizenry, with pro and anti-Guggenheim sentiment running high.

The Next Helsinki competition aims to elevate the debate by giving voice to b...
 http://archinect.com/news/article/104244523/helsinki-divided-on-plan-for-a-guggenheim-satellite Helsinki Divided on Plan for a Guggenheim Satellite Alexander Walter 2014-07-15T13:12:00-04:00 >2014-07-16T18:46:54-04:00
City boosters in this Nordic capital dream of a Guggenheim museum of Finnish wood rising near the Baltic Sea and one day drawing millions of tourists and cruise passengers. But the huge costs of the proposed development are stirring a backlash here against an institution that is ordinarily accustomed to eager suitors.

Previously: Helsinki city council reserves plot for Guggenheim
 http://archinect.com/news/article/103093761/gaud-s-uncompleted-masterpiece-will-finally-be-finished-in-ice Gaudí's uncompleted masterpiece will finally be finished—in ice Alexander Walter 2014-06-30T13:54:00-04:00 >2014-06-30T13:57:26-04:00
A group of students at the Eindhoven University of Technology are trying to build a new, temporary version of the monumental church well before then, but with some notable differences. At just over 123 feet tall, their Sagrada Familia will be a 1:4 model of the original. It will be erected on a site in Finland, almost 2,000 miles north of Barcelona. It will take them three weeks to build it this winter, rather than a century. And instead of stone, it will be constructed out of ice.

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <meta> http://archinect.com/news/article/98971185/department-of-state-and-finnish-officials-dedicate-renovated-u-s-embassy-in-helsinki Department of State and Finnish officials dedicate renovated U.S. Embassy in Helsinki Justine Testado 2014-04-30T20:35:00-04:00 >2014-05-06T22:33:38-04:00
U.S. Department of State, OBO, and local Finnish officials hosted the dedication ceremony for the new campus of the U.S. Embassy in Helsinki, Finland today. Located in the same 3-acre site since the 1930s in the Kaivopuisto District in downtown Helsinki, the $114 million project had Moore Ruble Yudell of Santa Monica, CA as design architect; PAGE of Arlington, VA as architect of record; and BL Harbert International LLC from Birmingham for construction.

Started in November 2011, the three-phase project consisted of renovating existing spaces and adding new facilities to enrich the campus. The transformation of the existing office annex into the new Innovation Center finished in January 2013 while completion of the new chancery in phase two happened this past February. If all continues to go well, the existing chancery and ambassador's residence will be renovated by this December.

Finnish cultural references in the new Embassy's aesthetics include the permanent art collection and the ne...
 http://archinect.com/news/article/91148304/helsinki-city-council-reserves-plot-for-guggenheim Helsinki city council reserves plot for Guggenheim Alexander Walter 2014-01-13T15:29:00-05:00 >2014-01-20T18:01:10-05:00
Now that Helsinki has decided to reserve a plot in the South Harbour, the Guggenheim Foundation can organize and fund an international architecture competition for a potential Helsinki museum location.

 Previously: Another Step Toward a Guggenheim in Helsinki
 http://archinect.com/news/article/77844999/verstas-architects-saunalahti-school-exemplifies-finnish-school-architecture VERSTAS Architects' Saunalahti School Exemplifies Finnish School Architecture Alexander Walter 2013-07-24T19:07:00-04:00 >2013-07-25T02:18:49-04:00
Helsinki-based VERSTAS Architects has shared with us the beautiful Saunalahti Comprehensive School project in Espoo, Finland's second largest city. The school building, completed last fall, was the result of an open architecture competition in 2007 which VERSTAS Architects won.

 At the core of the design process for Saunalahti School stood the question of, primarily, how the physical school environment effects the learning results, and secondly, if a school building could also serve the larger audience as well. – Crucial thoughts considering the continuously highest ranking of Finnish education in international comparison.
 http://archinect.com/news/article/68070531/architects-rudanko-kankkunen-wins-purchase-in-aurinkokivi-school-competition Architects Rudanko + Kankkunen Wins Purchase in Aurinkokivi School Competition Alexander Walter 2013-02-21T20:43:00-05:00 >2013-02-27T05:20:23-05:00
Helsinki-based duo Architects Rudanko + Kankkunen has sent us their entry in the architectural competition for a future school concept in Vantaa, Finland. The design proposal for Vantaa's Aurinkokivi area was awarded a purchase prize for its inspiring architecture and child-friendly spaces.

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <meta> http://archinect.com/news/article/34031950/another-step-toward-a-guggenheim-in-helsinki Another Step Toward a Guggenheim in Helsinki Archinect 2012-01-10T14:37:00-05:00 >2014-01-13T15:34:26-05:00
The results are in from a yearlong feasibility study commissioned by the City of Helsinki and undertaken by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum to examine the possibility of building a new Guggenheim Museum in Finland. The study concluded that yes, such a project would significantly boost Helsinki's efforts to become a cultural capital.

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <meta> http://archinect.com/news/article/30707241/big-to-design-ski-resort-in-lapland BIG to Design Ski Resort in Lapland Alexander Walter 2011-12-12T18:56:32-05:00 >2011-12-16T10:27:14-05:00
BIG has just been announced winning an invited competition for Koutalaki Ski Village, a 47,000 m2 ski resort and recreational area in Levi, Finland.

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <meta> http://archinect.com/news/article/17140563/serlachius-art-museum-g-sta-proposal-by-eero-lunden-studio-eric-tan-of-pinkcloud-dk Serlachius Art Museum Gösta Proposal by Eero Lunden Studio + Eric Tan of PinkCloud.DK Archinect 2011-08-17T01:49:00-04:00 >2013-05-22T17:58:38-04:00
Eero Lunden Studio from Helsinki, Finland and Eric Tan of Danish firm PinkCloud.DK have sent us their collaborative entry to the Serlachius Art Museum Gösta design competition in Mänttä, Finland.

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <meta> http://archinect.com/news/article/16494487/church-invests-in-modern-architecture Church invests in modern architecture Archinect 2011-08-11T11:37:31-04:00 >2011-08-11T12:17:11-04:00
The Chapel of St. Lawrence in Vantaa and the famous Temppeliaukio Church in Helsinki are both results of architectural competitions. The competition system has brought around a hundred church buildings to Finland.

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <meta> http://archinect.com/news/article/11395951/serlachius-art-museum-g-sta-proposal-by-maca Serlachius Art Museum Gösta Proposal by MACA Alexander Walter 2011-06-27T14:24:03-04:00 >2011-06-28T05:12:11-04:00
Young, Madrid-based architecture office MACA has shared with us their entry to the international design contest for the extension to the Serlachius Art Museum Gösta in Mänttä, Finland.

 See more of MACA's work here.


text:
Upcoming Conferences and Events
SBJ/August 11 - 17, 2003/Facilities
Construction update: Lambeau Field
Published August 11, 2003
Project: Renovation of 45-year-old Lambeau Field, Green Bay
Home team: Green Bay Packers
First event: Preseason game Aug. 23
First regular-season game: Sept. 7
Architect: Ellerbe Becket
General contractor: Turner Construction
Project size: $295 million, 2½ years
Financing: Public/private partnership between Brown County, state of Wisconsin, the Packers and the NFL
Latest developments:
• Construction of 3,200 indoor club seats. (The same number of outdoor club seats were added in 2002.)
• Additional 6,600 bleacher seats added to general bowl. New sound system in the north end zone and new scoreboards and replay screens in both end zones.
• New rest rooms, concession areas, general concession office, remodeled visiting team locker rooms and game day "work area" for officials.
• Finishing touches to the 365,000-square-foot, five-story Lambeau Field Atrium. The structure serves as a destination point for several attractions with event rental space as the complex focuses on year-round hospitality business.
Fun fact: As part of the Packers' objective to book more off-season dates at the new Lambeau, locally based private facility management firm PMI will promote snow-cross, a snowmobile competition, inside the stadium in late February. Officials aim to use the event to create a winter festival in Green Bay with concerts and other snow- and ice-related events.
— Don Muret


text:
Some customers who updated to Acrobat 9.4.2 have been experiencing printing problems.
After updating to Acrobat 9.4.2, one of the following occurs when you print to a printer from Acrobat:
- Error: "Before you can perform print-related tasks such as page setup or printing a document, you need to install a printer."
- Nothing happens when you click the OK button in the Print dialog. For example, no progress bar appears and nothing is printed.
We just released a technote to help remedy this problem.
You can find the technote here.
UPDATE: We re-released the 9.4.2 patch. If you have not already applied the patch, you can simply reboot your system and the updater will fetch the newer version and then you don't need to go through the process outlined in the technote.


text:
The Democrats' Fake Hate Crime [Mark Steyn]
Jonah mentioned this the other day in his column, but the tireless Andrew Breitbart returns to the theme, to devastating effect.
On March 20th, something truly extraordinary happened. On the eve of the health care vote, a group of black Democrat Congressmen (eschewing the private tunnels they usually use to cross from their offices to the Capitol) chose to walk en masse through a crowd of protesters, confident that the knuckledragging Tea Party goons they and their media pals have reviled for a year now would respond with racial epithets.
And then, when the crowd didn't, the black Congressmen made it up anyway.


text:
It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our simple sign up form and login to the website.
This step is optional but will seriously increase your chances of having members look at your profile. Type a little about yourself, your hobbies and upload any nice photos of yourself.
Use our website's state-of-the-art search to spot members who suit your criteria. Or just look through listings and spot folks that seem interesting.
Identified someone who appeals to you? Send them a few words or just a wink and see if they're interested. With a little luck you'll be on your way to true love.
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text:
Note: This item has been previously opened and/or installed. Signs of installation may be present including opened packaging and minor scratches, however item is functional and contents are complete.
The SPH10H is a Bluetooth Headset & Intercom designed for Half Helmets. By simply attaching the SPH10H to your half helmet, you can call handsfree on your Bluetooth mobile phone and listen to stereo music by Bluetooth wirelessly, and have intercom conversations in full duplex with other users.
Thanks to the latest Bluetooth v3.0 and the advanced digital processing technology, the SPH10H offers the best sound quality for both incoming and outgoing sound in its class. Also, the easy-to-access and intuitive button operations make the SPH10H a perfect companion for motorcycle riders.
|Product Style
|RevZilla Item #
|Manufacturer Product #
|Sena SPH10H Bluetooth Intercom For Half Helmets [Previously Installed]
|Out of Stock
Orders $39.99 and over qualify for our fast free shipping offer. Click Here for FREE Shipping Terms and Conditions.
Please see our International Orders page for orders shipping outside the US.
We show real-time availability on this product page when you select the size/color item you want. Most items will ship the same business day an order is placed,however if an item requires additional processing time a message will be shown indicating such.
See our full Shipping Policy for further details.
If your order arrives and it is not right, we will we'll fix it, NO NONSENSE, we promise.
Doesn't fit or just not happy with it? You can return any new, unused and unaltered item within 30 business days of delivery receipt of your item. We will issue a full refund to your original payment method.
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Have a functionality, fit, or otherwise product-specific question about the Sena SPH10H Bluetooth Intercom For Half Helmets [Previously Installed]? Ask it here! If you have a customer service or shipping question, please direct it to our Customer Service department.


text:
Christina Schultz, MA
Resident in Counseling, Supervised by Thomas Lamp, LPC
New Directions Counseling, 150 S. Washington St Suite 303, Falls Church, VA, Falls Church, Virginia 22046
As a Christian Counselor, I respect the dignity of all life, the spirit, all people, and the value of marriage and relationships. I have received training in how to integrate and evaluate the Christian client's religious teachings, values, and faith and spiritual development into their mental health goals. I employ religious and spiritual assessments to understand Christian clients' use of both positive and negative religious coping and spiritual practices, which becomes important in identifying shame, blockages to faith and spiritual development, and understanding faith issues that may occur when faced with tragic life events.
John Raymond, MA, MS, LPC
Licensed Professional Counselor
129 Park St. NE Suite C., Vienna, Virginia 22180
Working from a Christian worldview gives me enormous grace and acceptance for what ails us. God knows our hearts. Christ loves us to the point of suffering and death. The Holy Spirit comforts us in our confusion. God is the One who transforms us. I am honored to be a part of that transformation. I rest in His work. Learn more: JohnandJanetRaymond.com
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As Christians, we are not immune to human pain and suffering. We read that "it was for freedom that Christ set us free" (Galatians 5:1, NASB), but sometimes we feel like slaves of anxiety, depression, relationship problems, or something else. So what does freedom look like for you? I invite you to begin a Christian Counseling journey, where your faith intersects with the tools of psychology in compassionate, judgment-free sessions. I learned to integrate Christian faith and psychology in my graduate training. Prior to graduate school, I worked for six years as a discipleship counselor for women in a local Christian ministry. Please contact me for more information.


text:
Do you take last minute bookings?
"Our party's tomorrow! Is it too late to book?"
Days often fill up weeks in advance, and so the sooner you call or email to book the magic show the better. But, if there is availability for the time you are looking for, you can book as late as the morning of the event.
Do you perform outside of Toronto?
"Our special event is several hours from the city…?"
Wonderphil can be available for magic shows just about anywhere, but additional travel fees may apply for locations outside the immediate Toronto area. Should such fees apply, they will be discussed before you book the show and won't come as a surprise.
Are all of your magic shows the same?
"We've seen you perform a show before. Will you be able to perform a different one at our party?"
Often you'll find, especially with children, that there are favourite parts of the show that they are happy to see again. That said, no one show contains all of the magician's repertoire, so let Wonderphil, The Magic Guy know where you've seen him perform, and he will ensure the performance at your event contains some different material.
What age group is your show targeted towards?
"Will children of any age enjoy your shows?"
All of the magician's shows are targeted to the audience he's performing for. There are shows ready to be enjoyed by kids as young as three and everyone older. Whether your party will be for kids, adults, or a mix of all age groups, you can be sure the show will be perfectly suited for the audience.
How much space to you need?
"We don't have a lot of room at our home. Will that be a problem for your show?"
Of course, the more space the better, but so long as the audience has room to sit comfortably in front of the performance area, there should be enough space for the show. Ideally though, a 'stage' area that is 2 metres square works best, but if this isn't possible, simply discuss the setting with the magician upon booking.
How do we prepare for the show?
"Are there any requirements that we should have ready for you?"
Almost everything needed for the show is provide by the magician. The Magic Guy will bring a small table and box with props. For some shows he will also bring some small audio equipment, and so you may need to provide access to a power outlet close to the performance space.
Are you insured?
"Do you carry performers' liability insurance?"
Yes, The Toronto Magic Guy, Wonderphil, does carry liability insurance.
Why should we be concerned about insurance?
"What does you being insured mean to us?"
Hiring an entertainer who carries insurance is just good sense. Some venues require it of all entertainers brought in for private functions, and for your own home you'd want any professional, whether they be plumbers or magicians, to have insurance. Carrying insurance is also a clear sign of a professional entertainer, and this lets you know they are prepared, experienced, and take their job seriously.
What do the grownups do during the show?
"It's a kids birthday magic show, so where should the adults go?"
An adult should be present with the children during Wonderphil's magic show and visit. It's also a good idea to remind all the grown ups that too much talking in the background will distract the kids from getting the most out of the show. That said, the adults should gather around and watch the show along with the children, as they'll find much of it entertaining and even magical! Beyond that, it's fun to watch the children roar with laughter and have such a good time.
Do you make animal balloons?
"Will the kids get an animal balloon after the show?"
Wonderphil no longer offers animal balloons as part of his show, but can recommend some excellent balloon artists for your party. These are people who specialize in animal balloon sculptures, and can make some really exciting balloons for the kids.
Can we take photos and videos?
"Everyone has a camera… can we take pictures?"
For private parties you are definitely able to take photos and video of the magic show. Please remember though, public display of the video can only be done after obtaining permission from Phil Pivnick, (Wonderphil). Public display includes uploading video to sites including Facebook and Youtube.


text:
The Equipment Autumn 2011
This issue of The Equipment has a focus on Haiti - the shaken land, with a prayer focus, service idea and recipe related to our work in this desparately needy country.
There is also a quiz, Link up ideas and vacancies for serving with BMS around the world.
You can download a PDF of this issue by clicking the link below.


text:
Scotch-Irish-L ArchivesArchiver > Scotch-Irish > 2000-02 > 0951432407
From: "the Hamiltons" <>
Subject: re: Gringos
Date: Thu, 24 Feb 2000 16:46:47 -0600
Years ago I told my brother about the source of "gringos" being one of the tunes like "Green Grows;"
And sibling rivalry being what it is, he went out of his way to cite experts who said that this
is one of those "dear-to-our-hearts" myths that persists. I believe that there is a theory that the word came from the Spanish word "grigo" (sounds like that anyway) meaning Greek , as in "it's all Greek to me" I guess! But here's hoping he's wrong and that I can say, "gotcha!"
This thread:
|re: Gringos by "the Hamiltons" <>