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This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Objective: In Australia, vitamin D supply in food is limited, and sun exposure is the main source of vitamin D. However skin cancer risk is high, and the need to gain some sun exposure for adequate vitamin D is challenging public health messages to use protection in the sun. The complex vitamin D public health message may be confusing the public and, in particular, those at highest risk for vitamin D deficiency. This study explored vitamin D and sun exposure attitudes, knowledge and practices of some groups considered at risk of vitamin D deficiency and those delivering healthy sun exposure messages to children. Method: 52 adults participated in six focus groups. Results: Results corroborated with previous research showing low levels of vitamin D knowledge. Individual and environmental barriers to receiving adequate sun exposure were also identified. Conclusions and Implications: The message advocating balanced sun exposure to produce adequate vitamin D needs to be made clearer and be more effectively communicated. Findings provide insights to aid development of appropriate public health messages for safe sun exposure and vitamin D, especially for vulnerable groups.
While there continues to be uncertainty about recent claims of vitamin D's preventive role with some types of cancers [
In Australia, vitamin D content in food is almost non-existent, and it is predominantly gained from exposure to ultraviolet (UV) sun exposure. Because of its relationship to UV exposure, vitamin D status is associated with geography. There is greater insufficiency of vitamin D at high latitudes, like northern European countries [
Population groups at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency include the elderly living in residential care (22%–86% [
Findings from Australian surveys suggest that there is a limited awareness and understanding about vitamin D in the general community [
Successful communication of a health message has been associated with changes in people's beliefs about and attitudes toward a risky behaviour and, in turn, changes in that behaviour [
Qualitative focus groups (
Two health behaviour theories—
Participants were English-speaking adults aged over 18 years, living in Sydney, Australia. Purposive sampling ensured participants were recruited from the three groups of interest: (1) teachers (two groups—primary and secondary); (2) office workers (two groups); and (3) elderly (two groups—community dwelling and those in residential aged care facilities).
Recruitment of participants was conducted by an accredited recruitment agency—Stable Research. Participants were recruited from pre-existing registers and supplemented by additional methods (e.g., contacting local aged care facilities). Equal numbers of males and females were targeted across groups. Four focus groups were held in a location with a high migrant population to increase the cultural mix of the sample. "Office workers" were defined as those working in an indoor office at least four days a week. "Community living elderly" were persons aged 65 years living independently and "Elderly living in aged care" were persons aged 65 years and over living in an aged care facility or assisted retirement village.
An independent social market research organisation (IPSOS-Eureka) with experience in qualitative research was engaged to conduct the focus groups. Groups were conducted in four locations across Sydney. Following initial telephone contact by the recruitment agency to determine interest in participating, each participant was mailed an information statement and consent form prior to attending the group discussions. All focus groups were recorded. One of the authors was an observer in the focus groups (IB). All participants were offered $80 reimbursement for time and travel expenses. Ethics approval was granted by the University of Newcastle Human Ethics Research Committee.
Each focus group was led by an experienced moderator who used a discussion guide to focus the discussion. Informed by theoretical models outlined above, the discussion guide included items within the broad domains of: knowledge of vitamin D; awareness of vitamin D message; barriers to receiving adequate sun exposure; and communicating the vitamin D message.
Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were coded by two independent coders (JB & SL) using NVivo version 8 [
Fifty-two participants (23 males, 29 females) took part in six focus groups. Groups contained seven to nine participants and ranged from 1 to 1.5 h in duration. Whilst we aimed to include approximately equal numbers of males and females in each group, the group with primary school teachers included only one male participant (see
Focus group schedule.
|Male N
|Female N
|Office workers
|Independent living adults (65 years+)
|Office workers
|Community aged home residents (65 years+)
|Primary School teachers
|Secondary School teachers
Most participants felt they knew less about the benefits or role of Vitamin D in comparison to other vitamins. This was mainly attributed to comparatively limited media attention given to vitamin D compared to other vitamins, such as vitamin C or B. Many participants presumed vitamin D had to be essential and offer some health benefits, but few could name what these were.
Several participants could not recall a specific source of information for their knowledge of vitamin D. Sources of information on vitamin D mentioned by participants included (in descending order):
Most participants did not know whether their vitamin D level had ever been tested or assumed it had been tested as part of a blood test for a range of things.
Most participants tested and found to be low in vitamin D did not recall being told by their doctor why it was important, the consequences of inadequate vitamin D or how much sun was needed each day to ensure adequate vitamin D. Rather, it was common for participants to report that they had simply been told they "
Many participants identified mid-day or the hottest time of the day as the critical period when sun protection is needed.
Early morning (e.g., before 10:00) or late afternoon (e.g., after 15:00) was perceived as the ideal time to spend time in the sun, because "
Many participants admitted they were unsure of how long was needed to be in the sun for adequate vitamin D. There was a tendency however to overestimate the time required in summer, with 15–20 min being the most common response. Participants identified that time needed in the sun to get enough vitamin D might vary according to age, skin colour/type and nutrition. Discussion about the amount of sun exposure raised many questions regarding the impact of clothing and sunscreen.
Participants identified groups that may be at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency in Australia, including; the elderly or individuals who might have difficulty getting outside (e.g., immobile due to disability), workers confined to an office during the day, shift workers and those who cover their skin for religious reasons.
Current guidelines for vitamin D were communicated to participants (see "
Summary of key Australian guidelines for sun exposure for vitamin D sufficiency for the general population (moderate fair skin) and people at high risk of vitamin D deficiency.
|General Population
|Fair skinned people can achieve adequate vitamin D levels (>50 nmol/L) in summer by exposing the face, arms and hands or the equivalent area of skin to a few minutes of sunlight on either side of peak UV periods on most days of the week.
|In Sydney, in December to January (Australian summer), 6 to 8 min at 10 am or 2 pm.
|Naturally dark skinned people (Fitzpatrick skin type 5 and 6) are relatively protected from skin cancer by the pigment in their skin; they could safely increase their sun exposure. Other people at high risk of vitamin D deficiency should discuss their vitamin D status with their medical practitioner, as some might benefit from dietary supplementation with vitamin D.
|Vitamin D supplementation is likely to be required for this population group.
a The Risks and Benefits of Sun Exposure Position Statement. Approved by the Australian and New Zealand Bone and Mineral Society, Osteoporosis Australia, The Australasian College of Dermatologists and the Cancer Council Australia; updated 2007; b Calcium, Vitamin D and Osteoporosis [
Communication of the guidelines prompted questions from participants seeking more detail about the type of exposure needed. Participants were unsure how sunscreen and protective clothing affected the absorption of vitamin D and whether it is possible to "store" vitamin D by having longer period of sun exposure, but on fewer days per week. Several participants also wondered whether it would be equally acceptable to spend a shorter period of time in the more 'intense' sunlight during the middle of the day to get a "
A number of barriers to receiving adequate sun exposure were identified: lack of information and knowledge about the effects of vitamin D deficiency, concern about skin cancer and sun burn, ability to go outside, the weather and work. Overall, participants were much more aware of the "SunSmart" message than the "vitamin D" message and almost unanimously more concerned about preventing skin cancer than about ensuring they get enough vitamin D. Two reasons seemed to underpin thesefindings. Promotion of the "SunSmart" message, as well as an awareness of the dangers of skin cancer has led to participants purposefully limiting their sun exposure. In comparison, vitamin D deficiency seemed inconsequential and not serious enough to warrant any specific action.
Several participants highlighted that the "SunSmart" and "vitamin D" messages seem contradictory—on the one hand, the recommendation is to cover up and on the other hand, the recommendation is to expose skin. A few participants also mentioned that in addition to skin cancer, they were concerned about sunburn and, consequently, limited their exposure. Extremes of weather, including the summer heat and wet weather, being unable to go outside due to medical conditions and physical ability were identified as barriers to sun exposure.
The majority of participants' suggestions to help them meet recommendations for sun exposure centred around increasing incidental exposure, such as by parking the car further away from their destination, a brief walk at lunchtime and eating meals outdoors. Only one office worker and a secondary school teacher identified fortifying food with vitamin D or taking a supplement as a way of receiving adequate vitamin D.
Overall, participants felt the vitamin D message had not been effectively communicated. Participants made recommendations as to how to communicate the vitamin D message (communication medium) and what needs to be communicated (type of message).
Doctors and pharmacists were considered a good source of information about vitamin D, especially for the elderly.
While number of participants suggested combining recommendations for acquiring adequate vitamin D with related messages, such as the
This study used qualitative methods to explore understanding and awareness of the vitamin D message and opportunities and barriers to UV exposure. Focus groups were conducted with individuals at risk for vitamin D deficiency, including people who have limited access to outdoor sunlight through the day, including indoor office workers and elderly people in aged care facilities. The study provides new and unique knowledge in this emerging area, with implications for the development of the "balance" message.
The almost complete lack of awareness of the balance message and low levels of knowledge about vitamin D were not surprising. Previous quantitative community surveys conducted in Australia, although mostly in Queensland, have found similar results [
One factor, which may be contributing to the low levels of knowledge and difficulty in communicating the "balance" sun exposure message, is the lack of conclusive research evidence regarding how much time the public needs in direct UV exposure in order to assist their vitamin D status. Currently, the message is complex and different according to location, season and individual characteristics. Broad recommendations for the amount of skin an individual needs to expose to the sun and the amount of time to be exposed are based on incomplete data. As further research evidence is gathered, the messages will be made clearer and communicated more confidently.
Slogans, such as
One consequence of the success of the SunSmart messages is that some participants reported the need to use sun protection at all times, with some participants feeling that there was no safe time to be exposed, especially in summer. Encouragingly, most participants identified the middle of the day as unsuitable, and some believed that early morning or late afternoon were suitable for safe sun exposure. No participants offered "outside of peak UV times" as appropriate times to be in the sun. Instead, generic "early" and "late" in the day times were offered. This suggests that the UV Alert, which may be an appropriate tool for displaying safe and unsafe sun exposure times of the day, requires further promotion and education for people to understand and use the ratings.
Incidental exposure during the day was the most common type of sun exposure reported, with more time spent outside on weekends than weekdays. This type of sun exposure may not be sufficient for vitamin D, given that the recommendation of up to 10 min outside of peak UV time is based on estimates from ideal conditions of sun exposure (clear, open sky and an unshaded, horizontal surface) and may not correspond to typical outdoor behaviours [
Increasing incidental sun exposure through routine, daily, outdoor activities was the main strategy identified by participants for increasing sun exposure for vitamin D. Examples included parking the car ten minutes away from work and walking the distance and eating lunch outside the workplace. Improving education about the need for sun exposure and vitamin D was also suggested. Channels for communicating the vitamin D message included the mass media and internet, schools, doctors and pharmacists. While the mass media has been informally used to date, it's reporting of health news is less than optimal [
There was a division of opinion regarding whether the vitamin D message should be linked to the
This study is one of the first qualitative studies of the knowledge and attitudes of groups at risk of vitamin D deficiency. The use of the theoretical models proved instrumental to shaping aspects of the study. The focus groups found that social and physical environments, as proposed in the Social Cognitive Model, played a role in lack of UV exposure, both for office workers and elderly persons. As predicted by the Health Belief Model, perceived susceptibility to skin cancer and sunburn was greater than risk of vitamin D deficiency, and perceptions of the severity of the skin cancer and sunburn threats were greater than the threat of vitamin D deficiency. An examination of the barriers to the desired health behaviour revealed suggestions for overcoming the barriers. As a result, the study provides valuable insight into peoples' understanding of the vitamin D and sun exposure message. Other strengths of this formative research are its inclusion of groups at higher risk for vitamin D deficiency and a high number of participants. The use of multiple researchers to collect and analyse the qualitative data also reduced the potential for investigator bias in interpreting the findings. The generalizability of study results is limited, due to two main reasons. First, only select groups were included in the study. Secondly, detailed demographic or skin cancer history information about participants was not collected. Further research is required to generalise these findings to other types of community groups or individuals, including those with darker skin types or those who wear veiled clothing.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
BB and VR conceived of the study and developed the study protocol. BB and JB developed study materials. IB was an observer during focus groups. JB and SL conducted coding and analysis. All authors contributed to paper writing.


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Insurers to raise rates for Obamacare-linked policies
With the results sure to affect politics as well as pocketbooks, health insurers are preparing to raise rates next year for plans issued under the Affordable Care Act.
But how much depends on their ability to predict how newly enrolled customers — for whom little is known regarding health status and medical needs — will affect 2015 costs.
"We're working with about a third of the information that we usually have," said Brian Lobley, senior vice president of marketing and consumer business at Pennsylvania's Independence Blue Cross. "We've really been combing the data to get a first look."
At stake are price increases that buyers on the federal exchange, HealthCare.gov, and other online marketplaces will encounter when they get renewal notices this year. Forecasting success or failure could affect whether insurers stay on the exchanges, a key pillar of the health overhaul.
The 2014 enrollment period closed at the end of March for most consumers. Carriers selling medical plans on HealthCare.gov must file initial 2015 rate requests with federal regulators in late May or June — even though they have little idea about the health and potential costs of their newly enrolled members. Deadlines also loom for state-run exchange filings.
WellPoint, the biggest player in the online exchanges, is talking about double-digit rate hikes for 2015. Such increases would give ammunition to Republican critics before the November elections.
Analysts' expectations vary, but nobody is predicting decreases.
"We'll see rate increases in the marketplaces, but I think it's anyone's guess" about what the precise changes will be, said Sabrina Corlette, project director at the Georgetown University Center on Health Insurance Reforms. "It's like nailing Jell-O to a wall."
The health law required insurers to accept all applicants this year for the first time without asking about existing illness. That reduces what they know about customers and raises the likelihood that they'll sign sicker, more expensive members who were previously denied coverage.

subset: commoncrawl


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New Drowning Pool "Saturday Night"
Drowning Pool has teamed with something called "Noisecreep" to bring you the debut of their latest song. This is the first track featuring new vocalist Jason Moreno (ex-Suicide Hook). More after the jump.
Drowning Pool has teamed with something called "Noisecreep" to bring you the debut of their latest song. This is the first track featuring new vocalist Jason Moreno (ex-Suicide Hook). More after the jump.
You know that thing we have called radioPup? It's that little app that allows you to hear our radio stations across the country. Well, most of the ginormous radio stations (you know that ones that lay people off everyday and have this corporate sterilized playlists) have iHeartRadio. Well, to promote their musical equivalent of white paint the put on a radio show. It is indeed a big show, and a lot of HUGE artists play it to A: endear themselves to corporate radio bungholes, or B: because they are afraid of being 'punished" (lack of airplay) from the same types. I think somewhere along the line Green Day had a change of heart when it comes to playing this festival.
We've been talking about the new Soundgarden for a while, mostly because it was supposed to drop last week, before it was pushed up to Thursday of this week. The arrival of a new Avenged Sevenfold caught us a bit by surprise. More after this jump.
Just finished ONE listen to Green Day's "Uno" and I could not be more excited. In fact there are a lot of things I should be doing rather than writing this, but I wanted to dash out my initial thoughts. My first thought is WOW! More after the jump.
In This Moment & Hellyeah have confirmed show at Jake's. Two of the hottest acts on the road will be appearing on separate nights in Jake's Backroom. We've even managed to hook you up with some "low-dough" action for In this Moment. More after the jump.
First off, I guess I have to say that the following video contains profanity. Now that we're all pretending that profanity is not part of our daily lives, let's move on. This is ten minutes of cool video from Five Finger Death Punch. More after the jump.
The weekend after Thanksgiving Texas Tech hosts Baylor and the Pavilion hosts "Falling In Reverse". It should be a rockin' night in the Hub with a full lineup of new rock. Click through for the deets!
Woo-hoo! It's another free concert. My Darkest Days, who have been sluggin' 'em out of the park, are coming back to rock your corn dogs off!
I saw a Loudwire list of the top ten Pantera songs and it was off, to say the least. Then I realized, those Yankee baby-bottle suckers don't know what's up with the official Metal Band of Texas. More after the jump.
These videos I'm about to post are a little bothersome. They are far from perfect and like most videos from a concert the sound is usually blown out. Some of the shots of the bands and crowds though, make me concerned about the future of cameras at concerts. I hope bands will start to understand that this is just part of the business these days, but I know some won't. More after the jump.
Yeppers, the RockShow laid out a full on world premiere of the new 3 Days Grace this morning and it's a pipelayer! It's a little dubstep inspired but totally rockin'. The guys have really outdid themselves this time. Now, they've release a lyric video for the tune and you can by amongst the first anywhere to check it out. Click through to check it out.
Guns n' Roses have scheduled a three and a half week run in Vegas. The tickets went on sale this morning at ten a.m., but you still may have a chance for a day or two of debauchery in Sin City


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This product is no longer available.
You can try these similar gifts instead.
Thank You Gourmet Fruit Gift Basket
Fruit Ranch
A gift for even the most discriminating of tastes, this basket is a healthy way to tell them "Thanks for all you do." Includes seven pieces of the freshest fruits of the season, summer sausage, cheese and more tasty bites.


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Feadship Air
Feadship is comprised of the De Vries and Van Lent shipyard, and in some amazing serendipity, both high-profile yards launched yachts this past Saturday, March 26. Together, the yachts totaled 158.7 meters (520.6 feet).
Feadship is comprised of the De Vries and Van Lent shipyard, and in some amazing serendipity, both high-profile yards launched yachts this past Saturday, March 26. Together, the yachts totaled 158.7 meters (520.6 feet).
After a successful Miami boat show that saw the sale of a number of Sanlorenzos, the shipyard has been busy finishing and launching a few more yachts.
There was Lady Kathleen last month. And now March brings Bubu Forever. (And yes, it is pronounced like Yogi's little buddy.)
The Netherlands-based Heesen launched another innovative yacht hot on the tails of Air and Satori. The 55-meter (180-foot) Quinta Essentia is the largest launch by the yard to date.
It seems every week I am getting another announcement of a Heesen launch or contract signed. It's great news.
This past week they launched the 50-meter (164-foot) Satori, which is the enlightenment that is the first step to Nirvana in the Zen Buddhist tradition. At just under 500 gross tons, she has a top speed of 24 knots (27.6 mph), which will make it easy to marina-hop.
Even if you aren't, the Russians are. (I know I am focused on making it past 2012.)
The Super Bowl's crowd favorite commercial seems to be the VW Darth Vader commercial. An adorable commercial no doubt, but not the one that got me to sit up and go, "Did you see that?! That was A!" (What can I say? I like my job.)
At this point, I had been strangely quiet as I was at a Steelers-centric party as my good friend suggested it would be wise of me to keep my Packers cheering to a minimum.
It's hard to even remember what sunshine and warm water feels like when it looks like this outside your window:
This weekend, the New York Times published a story about the state of the megayacht industry. The gist of the story is that it is very hard to sell a megayacht these days, which isn't that surprising.
Part of the joy of moving to a new area is that it opens up new places to discover.
I grew up in Wisconsin, so if you want a great burger in Door County, give me a shout. (But I'll give you a hint.) Now I have the entire Eastern Seaboard to explore. I've been fortunate to see the Eastern Shore of Virginia and the Lowcountry, but I haven't been to much of the area a bit closer to New York City.
Founded by a Marine veteran from Miami, Operation WetVet gets combat veterans out on the water catching fish. But it also has a more profound purpose. See more here. ▶
Thinking of a unique name for your new boat can be tough, that's why we created a Boat Name Generator.
Try it here. ▶


text: Tommy Tuberville reportedly ditches recruits in the middle of dinner to take Cincinnati job By Frank Schwab | Dr. Saturday – 4 hours ago Tommy Tuberville's sudden departure from Texas Tech to Cincinnati surprised just about everyone, but it must have really surprised the Texas Tech recruits that were out to dinner with the coach when Tuberville simply left. At least that's the story told by a recruit to TexasTech.247sports.com. Devonte Danzey, an offensive lineman from Hutchinson (Kansas) Community College, said he and at least two other recruits were out with a large group of Red Raiders coaches including Tuberville at dinner on his official visit. "The waitress brought our food out, and we thought [Tuberville] went to the bathroom, but he never came back to dinner," Danzey told the website. "Then next thing I know, the next day, he made an announcement that he's going to Cincinnati." http://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/ncaaf...iddle-dinner-cincinnati-154637499--ncaaf.html Wow! :laugh2:


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Panasonic Projector Systems Company, a unit of Panasonic Corporation of North America, has unveiled its new 12,000 lumen three-chip DLP projectors for displaying HD content in large venues.
The high resolution PT-DZ12000U WUXGA (1920x1200 pixels) and PT-D12000U SXGA (1400x1050 pixels) models are designed for large venue and rental and staging solutions such as, commercial digital cinema, higher education, corporate and digital advertising customers.
- Wireless broadband developments in Southeast Asia markets
As of 2013, the 10 ASEAN nations had a total of over 700 million mobile subscriptions, with the CAGR from 2003-2013 reaching 24%. This Digitimes Research Special Report analyzes the various mobile broadband markets in ASEAN and looks at the respective trends in 4G LTE development for those markets.
- 2015 global tablet demand forecast
This Digitimes Research Special Report provides a 2015 forecast for the global tablet market and analyzes the strategies of key market players such as Google, Apple, Intel, and Microsoft.
- 2015 China smartphone panel trend forecast
This Digitimes Research Special Report analyzes the strategies of key China-based major panel makers BOE, Tianma and IVO for attacking the different market segments through technology and pricing, and their relationship to local vendors Huawei, Lenovo, ZTE, Xiaomi and Coolpad.


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Latest question:
How do you think the new GigE standards will influence the machine vision industry?
Respond or ask your question now!
FREMONT, Calif., Dec. 9 /PRNewswire/ -- WaferGen, Inc., a company developing novel data collection and analysis products for cell biology applications, today announced the launch of the first ever SmartSlide. The product is a unique environmentally controlled chamber that provides heat,humidity and CO2 balance for PH stability in a dynamic system. SmartSlide has been designed to advance the understanding of biological processes by making it possible to keep cells viable for extended periods of time while performing sensitive and quantitative imaging experiments. Current and expected applications for the product include: stem cell research, cancer research, drug interaction response and development, and cell culture process optimization. SmartSlide will be introduced at the American Society of Cell Biology Meeting in San Francisco , Dec 11-14 (booth #123).
"Using SmartSlide we have been able to visualize the emergence of feather primordia and track cellular patterns real-time, an achievement which would have been impossible with the frequent in and out transfers required by standard incubator systems", said Randall Widelitz, PhD, Keck School ofMedicine, University of Southern California. "Uniquely, WaferGen's new product allowed us to test various perturbing agents targeted at candidate molecules required for the periodic patterning process." Dr Randall Widelitzwill present a poster on this study 'Dynamic cell behavior during periodic pattern formation of feather buds' at the ASCB.
"The SmartSlide is a real time imaging platform based on a standard 6-wellmicro titer plate format that allows researchers to take time lapsed images of adherent cells over an extended period while the plate is on an inverted microscope -- without requiring that the plate be taken in and out of the incubator both in perfusion & static nutrient flow conditions," said VictorJoseph , Co-founder and Chief Technology Officer, WaferGen.
SmartSlide consists of three primary components: a disposable cell culture slide, a controller and smartware software. The first layer of the slide on the bottom is coated with a proprietary thin film layer to provide stable heating of cell culture walls. A controller connects to a computer andusing specialized software, manages the temperature of the slide as well as CO2 and nutrient flow at programmed levels to approximate the natural host environment of the living cell. SmartSlide technology easily integrates into most existing imaging platforms and is adaptable to individual system needs. For inverted microscopes with oil immersion objectives, the SmartSlide system includes a simple but effective heater for the objective lens.
"The SmartSlide system makes it possible to investigate, in real-time, biological questions that are either temperature and/or time dependent by approximating an in-vivo environment under the microscope," said Alnoor Shivji, Chairman, WaferGen. "It essentially offers researchers the opportunity to see a movie versus a snapshot of the process in question."


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Catherine Keener and Jane Fonda play alienated daughter and mother in this comedy directed by Bruce Beresford in which uptight Manhattan lawyer Diane (Keener) drives her teenage son (Nat Wolff) and adult daughter (Elizabeth Olsen) to meet their grandmother (Fonda) for the first time. Written by Christina Mengert and Joseph Muszynski, Peace, Love & Misunderstanding also features Chace Crawford, Jeffrey Dean Morgan and Kyle MacLachlan. The IFC Films release debuts June 8 in theaters and June 15 On Demand.
Hot Trailer: 'Peace, Love & Misunderstanding'
11 Comments
A hippie who's obviously had a lot of plastic surgery? This is why I wish actresses wouldn't ruin their faces with plastic surgery and just age gracefully like their European counterparts. A little something here and there is fine but when they end up looking like Jane Fonda or Faye Dunaway they're unable to believably play working class or period-era women. All they can play are rich bitches. The botched faces are just too distracting.
Nice cast – but "hot trailer"? Can it be any more boring and predictable?
Can't wait. Cast is perfection. I'm in the mood for a hippie flick.
This movie creates work for me… I will have to pinpoint every theater where this is playing so that I can avoid even driving by.
Clever use of Jane Fonda's history. Shows she's got a sense of humor about herself. (And when will she be a Kennedy Center honoree Caroline? You get Republican Jon Voight to show up. Where would Voight be without the Fonda-produced "Coming Home?" It would be the first Kennedy Center honors that people actually watch. In all ways she's paid her dues and done her time and revisited what she considers to be her mistakes. To not do it mocks the purpose and importance of the honor.) Beresford's great. Keener's style is a great contrast to Fonda. That Olsen kid is adorable. This looks like fun. Looking forward to it.
I love Fonda and Keener but they seem miscast opposite one another here.
looks good, Keener always delivers
Chase Crawford? No thanks.
I like both leads but this movie SCREAMS 'Hollywood' in all the wrong ways. It just has that sheen of schmaltz that is a Hollywood family relationship film with all the cutesy elements: uptight daughter; hippy mother; chickens running around the kitchen; hot replacement love interest; wise daughter; award son; etc. This film SCREAMS paint-by-numbers filmmaking. How do we not know how this movie will start and end? Haven't we seen this all?
This could be a great movie if they producers & directors had played it more naturally. :-(
Two great actresses deserve better.
i think this film needs to add more clichés and romantic comedy tropes per minute.


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Home Software Top Tips Archive Glossary Other Stuff
February 07
Missing Movie Clips
Hi Rick, I have a couple of questions regarding
digital video. I am a complete newbie to DV editing, as you will see. I have
made a 10 minute video using Windows Movie Maker. I saved it as a wmv file of
70Mb for the boss to look at and in the meantime was tidying up the various
files and collections I have accumulated in the process of working. As soon as
I put the files in the trash they disappeared and when I found that I had lost
some of the vital clips, which I had edited in the movie, I could not restore
them from the trash.
I have searched high and low in temp files etc but
cant get everything I need back. I obviously dont understand how the program
stores the clips and edits etc how do I learn about this and avoid doing it again?
Can I import the wmv file in to any editing program and edit further? When I
try in WMM the clips are missing. I hope you get the gist of what Im asking
and can help
Karen Smallwood
A. I understand why newcomers to non-linear editing
find it confusing, PCs make it all appear so simple and you dont see any the
really fancy footwork thats going on behind the scenes. The term non-linear
may help to explain whats going on.
In the olden days, before PCs got in on the act the
only way to edit a video recording was to physically copy clips from a
camcorder or VCR to another VCR. This is linear editing as the original
recording is strung out on a length video tape, and each clip has to be
re-recorded onto the second VCR in the correct sequence. In the early days you
had to wind the tape back and forth manually but later on the process was
automated, using an edit controller, which stored the edit in and out points of
each clip on an Edit List, and controlled the transport systems of the source
and record VCRs.
Non-Linear editing on a PC does away with all that
tape shuttling. The original recording is stored on a hard disc, which means
any part of it can be accessed more or less instantly. So, when you edit a
recording on a PC and create lots of clips, they dont actually exist as
such. The little thumbnails you see on
the timeline simply represent the edit in and out points on the Edit List. So
when you deleted the project files all you were actually deleting was a set
of numbers, telling the program which parts of the original recoding you wanted
to use, where you wanted them to be in the finished recording, and any other
attributes, such as scene transitions, effects and so on. The finished movie
the .wmv file is created from this data, and that does exist, and it can be
imported into other editing programs that can read this format (most do).
The bad news is that once you deleted the project it probably
became unrecoverable. There is some good news and that is your original
recording and the finished recordings are both still intact, so if needs be you
can go back and recreate the project.
Email on the Move
Hi Rick, I am
relatively new to computing. I use Outlook Express for my emails. Can you
explain to me how I can check my emails when I am away from home please?
Ron Howarth, via
A. This question
comes up a lot so heres a quick run-down or your options. If you are taking a
laptop with you on your travels then all you have to do is set up your email
account(s) in Outlook Express and when you connect your PC to the Internet you
will be able to send and receive emails as normal.
Your net connection
options are many and various. If you have access to a phone line then you can
use a basic dial-up connection and if you are going abroad check to see if your
ISP has any local dial-up numbers, otherwise you will have to call home to the
UK, which can work out expensive. You can also use your mobile phone for a
dial-up connection, provided it can communicate with the PC via a data cable,
BlueTooth or Infra-red link. Speeds can be painfully slow if you dont have a
high-speed data facility, and its expensive too, especially if you are abroad,
so its really only suitable for very occasional use and emergencies.
By far the best
option is Wi-Fi, and you should be able to find a free hotspot in most large
towns and cities throughout the world, otherwise there are plenty of paid-for
services in Internet cafes. Hotels often provide broadband access, sometimes
free, via Wi-Fi or through a LAN/Ethernet socket in your room, so pack a
connecting cable or you'll have to hire or buy one locally.
If you are not taking
a PC or PDA then you can pick up your mail on a colleagues PC or in an
Internet café, and the simplest way to do that is though a webmail service like
mail2web. Its free, all you have to do
is visit the website, tap in your email address and password and it displays
the contents of your inbox, so you can send, read and reply to messages.
XP Mystery Restart
Dear Rick, I wonder if you can help? My Windows XP computer
restarts automatically. Sometimes it goes for days without doing it and then
during the last couple of days it has
done it several times.
Because I share the computer with my partner, I used to assume he had closed it
down and so wasnt aware of the problem initially. But no, looking back I
think it has probably been continuing and getting worse for several months now.
Ive followed your tips and gone into Start Up and Recovery to deselect the
Automatic Reboot but it was actually already deselected.
As the problem has continued for quite a time, Ive no idea at what point to
try setting the System Restore and I imagine if I did, it would mean huge
problems getting it back up to date.
Im even wondering if there might be a bit of a conflict with BT Yahoo, BT and
Internet Explorer although it can happen even when Im not online. (We have
dial up not Broadband)
Neither of us is very computer literate and we have not therefore installed
lots of other things. In fact I cant think of anything offhand, which was
installed just prior to when the problem is likely to have started. Is there a
reasonably quick and easy way to sort this out please
Tricia Sabine
A. Faults like these can be swines to sort out, but I think
we can rule out conflicts between BT and IE, though badly coded websites have
been known to frazzle a PC. The first thing I would do is try and see if there
is a pattern to it. For example, does it only happen when you are using
visiting a particular website, using an application, have certain programs
running in the background, accessing a file or drive? If so try and narrow it
down to one event and if a program is involved reinstall or check the
manufacturers website.
Does it happen after the PC has been on for a
while? This might indicate a cooling problem, so check and degunge the fans on
the CPU and in the power supply with an air duster (a tin of compressed gas,
available from most stationary suppliers). If there is a software problem it
may have been logged by Windows, so go to Start > Control Panel >
Administrative Tools > Event Viewer and check through the logs to see if
theres an error message that coincides with the time of the last restart.
Device drivers can cause this, so pop along to your PCs motherboard, audio and
video adaptor manufacturers websites and check to see if there are any updated
drivers available.
Instruction at Referenced Memory Error Message
Hi Rick, I have used your site to educate myself about
computers, as I am about to retire, so a million thanks for it being in my
language. I have recently started having an error message when closing outlook express,
which says The instruction at 0x77f124se referenced memory could not be
written etc., click ok to terminate the program, which I then do with no ill
effects that I can see. Although searching your archive and the Internet I
cannot find how to correct it. I wondered if you had any thoughts?
Adrian Wells
A. Thanks for the kind
comments and after a build up like that I am afraid to be the bearer of bad news and say I haven't
the foggiest idea what's wrong! These sorts of error messages are often hardware related and
a nightmare to fix as they can be caused by just about anything. I have heard
of people tearing their PCs apart, re-installing Windows and still not
finding it. It can also be due to recent updates, software installation, Service
Pack 2 and so on. If it coincided with a download or install of some type then
thats the place to start.
I can find no reference to your specific message
but there are a few instances of similar faults being caused by dicky RAM
modules. If you have two or more RAM board, or a compatible spare, try swapping
them out, Windows XP will launch with only 128 or 256MB installed. If you have
a spare video card try swapping that as well, and although I dont think it has
anything to do with Outlook Ex, it wouldnt hurt to uninstall and reinstall
Internet Explorer (OE is part of IE). Failing that, ditch
OE and use Mozilla
Thunderbird, which is just as good and free.
Sending Photographs by Email
Hi Rick, I run windows XP and I have a problem with my
photos. The files are too big. Every
time I open an image file in My Pictures, it shows that I am
"viewing" at 50% or sometimes even less; if I go to 100% I can only
see a small portion of the photo. When I email a picture or two in OE by
attaching the chosen pictures from the My Pictures folder the email is slow to
send and slow to download (despite my 4MB broadband).
When I choose to email through My Pictures, by clicking on
Email this file, I am asked if I want to reduce the size and when I choose
yes, the photo goes quickly, but it seems I can't send more than one photo per
email this way, so I'm stumped. Can you advise me how to select all my photos
and reduce the size of each file and save my friends and family tearing their
hair about because of my huge files?
Roger Longstaff
A. The size of digital photographs often confuses
newcomers to computing and/or digital photography, and its easy to see why because
of the way PCs can scale or resize an image to fit the screen or a window.
It gets even worse when you throw things like the number of pixels and file
compression into the mix, so lets start at the beginning, with the camera.
The more pixels the cameras image sensor has the more
detail it will capture. The more pixels there are the larger the picture can be
printed or displayed, before it starts to look grainy. Conversely it also means
you can crop the picture -- i.e.
select part of the image and the pore pixels there are in the original the
better the crop will look. The downside to lots of pixels is the size of the
picture file, which basically means youll get fewer images on the memory card.
Most cameras have a quality setting, which compresses the data, to make the
files smaller so you can get more pictures on the card. What that boils down to
is depending on the specification of your digital camera, and the settings you
use, pictures files are typically be between 1 and 4 megabytes.
Many ISPs impose a limit on the size of email file
attachments, theres no hard and fast rule but 1Mb is not unusual, so clearly
you cannot send pictures files hot off the camera as they are simply too large.
The Email this file option in My Pictures creates a highly compressed version
of a selected image file, which it attaches to an email message, its small
enough to view comfortably view in a message window on the screen, without
sacrificing too much quality. You can also do this with other applications, and
I highly recommend Picasa,
which has an excellent picture email facility. But in answer to your last
question, you can send multiple images from My Pictures, simply hold down the
Ctrl key and select all of the images you want to send and you will see E-mail
this file has changed to E-mail the selected items click on it and it will
ask if you want to Make all my pictures smaller?, click OK and they will be
automatically attached to a blank new message.
Flash Memory & NTFS Formatting
Hi Rick, I would like to format my CF Card as NTFS but
Windows won't let me. For some reason it's stuck in the ancient FAT32 format
and is actually much slower at file transfers than my USB hard disk! It's fine for photos, but whenever I
transfer a typical PC work folder with lots of small files it's just
ridiculously slow. I presume this is because of the obsolete file system, as
flash itself is supposed to be fast.
It's a (very expensive) Sandisk Extreme III card and has
been confirmed as genuine. Sandisk technical support did not know how to format
it as NTFS! I hope you can help.
Garry Wright
A. Although the
microcontrollers in some flash memory devices do not support NTFS most do, but
there are good reasons for not using it. Firstly the NTFS system is much more
dynamic than FAT 16/32; data is being constantly journalled, which involves
many more read/write cycles and since these memory cards have a
finite life -- determined by the number of read/write cycles -- NTFS
formatting will reduce its life expectancy.
Secondly, because
the card is being constantly interrogated by the PC to check and update the
contents, you can't just pull it out of the socket -- as you can with a
FAT32 formatted card -- and get away with it. If you do there's a very good
chance the data it contains will be lost or corrupted. The drive has to be
formally 'ejected', using the Safely Remove Hardware utility in
the System Tray, which the manufacturers rightly expect few users will have the
patience to do.
may be that your card does not support NTFS but if you haven't already
done so try formatting it from System Management (Start > Control Panel >
Administrative Tools > Computer Management > Disk Management, right-click
on the drive's entry and select Format.
Slipstreaming XP and Motherboard Drivers
Hi Rick, I have only recently found your website so this question may
have already been answered. Is it possible to build a Slipstream CD with not
only XP and SP2 but also the drivers for the various motherboard components
e.g. Graphics, Sound, Ethernet etc. so that on re-installing XP on the same
machine, XP install will find and install the correct drivers for the
motherboard components automatically?
A. For those of you that may have missed it Slipstreaming is
a way to combine your Windows XP installation disc with Service Pack 2 and the
most recent updates on a single discs, basically to save time if you have to
carry out a full re-installation or want to install XP on a new PC. Its worth
doing in any case as a way to backup your installation discs. If you want to know how to do it have a look
at Boot Camps 428
and 429
Combining the Slipstream with a set of drivers
is certainly possible but Im not sure it would be
worth the time and effort involved. The obvious problem is that it could only
ever be used with that one motherboard, you have to ask yourself how many times
you are likely to want to re-install XP on that one PC? If you want to have a
go then if you refer to Boot Camp articles, you can pop all of the drivers into
a folder and add them to the other sub-folders in the main XP2 folder and
theyll be added to the image. The only problem that might arise is if the
drivers take the files over a CDs 700Mb limit, but the only way to find out is
to try. Afterwards, when Windows has been installed you can point requests for
driver files to the folder where they are stored.
Upgrading USB Ports
Hi Rick, I hope you can help a 71year old silver surfer. Is
there any way that I can change my USB 1 ports into USB 2 types?
A. Good news, there is, probably... It all depends on what
operating system you are using and the age of your PC, in particular the
motherboard, but provided its no more than four or five years old, and you are
using Windows 98SE or ME, or better still XP, then all you have to do is get
hold of a USB 2 PCI adaptor card. This plugs into a spare slot on the motherboard
and all you have to do is install the driver, which will be on the supplied CD,
and you are in business. Theres plenty to choose from, usually with 2 or 4
ports, and prices start from less than £5 from online sellers like Aria
DVD Life Expectancy, Never Say Never...
Hi Rick, when using DVD or CD for backup or storage it would
be useful to know if these discs have a limited life span? Do the materials
used to make DVDs and CDs deteriorate? Should I buy cheap or expensive, branded
name or any?
David Braisher.
A. Nothing lasts forever and optical discs are no exception,
however, there is a more fundamental question, and thats the longevity of the
devices and drives needed to read a particular media. The point is, even if discs
last 100 years (and well come to that in a moment), will there still be PCs
around to read them in a centurys time, or even 50 years, or even 25?
We dont have to look very far to see examples of how this
works. Who today has a PC capable of reading 5.25 floppy discs, and they only became
obsolete 10 years ago? The 3.25-inch floppy diskette is going the same way as
we speak and very few new PCs have floppy drives these days. On the plus side,
once data is in the digital domain it is relatively simple to keep copying it
to the media of the day, providing of course you have the equipment to read it
in the first place.
As for CD and DVD longevity, the short answer is no one
really knows for sure. Accelerated lifetime tests suggest data on recordable
discs stored in ideal conditions should be readable for between 50 and 100
years but since the formats have only been around for 15 years or so and with
ongoing improvements in materials and manufacture, whos to say how long they
will last.
What can be said with some certainty, however, is that if
they are stored incorrectly the data can be lost in a matter of weeks or
months. Strong sunlight is a real killer for recordable discs, as is excessive
heat and humidity, and it goes without saying but Ill say it anyway that
scratches and careless handling can also destroy discs. In short, if you keep
your discs in the kind of conditions you would be comfortable in, but without
the sunlight, then they should last for between 25 to 50 years, maybe a lot
longer, and you can take it as read that good quality discs from top name
manufacturers should last longer than cheapo no-name discs. For complete security its a good idea to
re-record your data every 10 years, or store a mothballed PC (and the
instructions how to use it) along with your discs if you want them to be
accessible to future generations.
Ripples on the Screen
Hello Rick, during the past few months I have noticed a
strange screen distortion. It is as if the inside of the screen is being
continually washed over by a regular and constant series of ripples, rather
like regular ripples on a beach! The
computer performance doesn't seem to be affected. I am wondering if it is a
simple setting problem that I am not aware of and whether you have encountered
it before?
Don Roylance
A. I can think of two possibilities. The first one happened
to me, some years ago, and it all began when I installed a new desk light from
Ikea. The lamp is a low-voltage type, with a super-bright bulb on the end of a
telescopic arm. In the base of the lamp theres was a chunky mains transformer
and if it came within a foot of a CRT monitor the magnetic field it generated
produced something very similar to the rippling effect you describe. Similar
things can happen if you have any other mains power devices, or indeed anything
with coils or transformers close to a CRT display.
The other possibility is a fault. Its most
likely the monitor but Ive been bitten often enough to know that anything is
possible. However, the easy way to check is to substitute a known good monitor,
and if the ripples go away Roberts your mothers brother... Unfortunately its
simply not economic to repair most monitors, so if it turns out to be dicky its
a good excuse to upgrade to a bigger brighter and thinner display (if you are
replacing a CRT model).
Standby Kills Laptop Wi-Fi Connection
Hi Rick, when I put my laptop on standby and then open it
again I find my wireless link has gone. I can fix that but it is a
nuisance. I never used to have this
problem so what have I erroneously altered and what please can I do to sort it?
Alan Kennedy
A. Since it used to be okay the most likely
explanation is that your machines power management settings have changed. This
could be in Windows or more likely the Wi-Fi card or adaptors own setup
utility. The place to look is Device Manager, press Winkey + Break, select
Hardware > Device Manager and navigate your way to your wireless adaptors
entry. Right click on it and select Properties and check the contents of the
Advanced or Power Management tabs for any items that suggest Windows is allowed
to switch it off when the computer is in Standby or Power Save mode.
Home Software Top Tips Archive Glossary Other Stuff
Copyright (c) 2008 Rick Maybury Ltd.


text:
by Staff Writers
Bangkok (AFP) Oct 26, 2011
Thai authorities urged residents in flood-prone areas of Bangkok to evacuate Wednesday, warning them that the arrival of a massive deluge of water was imminent.
A huge runoff from the north equivalent to 480,000 Olympic swimming pools is expected to reach the capital at the same time as seasonal high tides, the UN's Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs said.
"The floodwater has reached the inner city," it said in a statement, putting the expected volume of water at 1.2 billion cubic metres.
The government has ordered a five-day holiday from Thursday for 21 provinces including Bangkok, to allow the city's residents to prepare for the inundation or leave.
"I would like to ask Bangkok people who are already affected or could be affected soon to consider evacuating to other places," said Thongthong Chantarangsu, spokesman for the country's Flood Relief Operations Centre (FROC).
"Food and deliveries will become more difficult," he added. FROC said it was working on providing extra shelters across the city of 12 million people.
Bangkok governor Sukhumbhand Paribatra said that a large amount of water "will get to Bangkok tonight", after Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra said flood barriers might not be able to hold back the deluge.
During the holiday Government offices will be closed and authorities have urged public and private companies to allow their staff the time off, but the central bank said financial markets and banks would not shut.
Public schools in Bangkok, currently on holiday, are not expected to reopen until November 15, and several international schools have also delayed the return of pupils.
More than 600 inmates, including some on death row, were moved on Wednesday from the notorious Bang Kwang prison on the Chao Phraya riverbank -- better known as the "Bangkok Hilton".
Workers at Dusit Zoo, also near the waterway, also began to evacuate some of its residents, including spotted deer and antelopes, while structures were provided for lions to climb up to safety.
Adding to the deluged kingdom's woes are fears of crocodiles on the loose from flooded farms -- another three were captured Wednesday in Nonthaburi province, north of the capital.
"They are between 1.7 and 1.8 metres (five and a half and six feet) long," an official from the fisheries department told AFP, adding that they knew of no attacks on humans by the escaped reptiles, whose numbers remain unclear.
The country's worst flooding crisis in decades has been plagued by contradictory information from national and local authorities, confusing Bangkok residents who have been bracing for the onslaught of water for days.
Yingluck said on Wednesday she was "fifty percent confident that the inner zone of Bangkok will not be completely flooded," toning down comments from a day before when she said flooding in central Bangkok was "highly likely".
She said a "worst-case scenario" would see parts of the low-lying city inundated by "more than one metre" of water.
"Initially, the floods in Bangkok will last for two weeks to one month," she added.
Many supermarkets were running low on essential items such as bottled water and eggs as residents stocked up on goods ahead of the expected deluge, and the premier advised people to boil tap water before consuming it.
More than 370 people have been killed in the three-month flood crisis caused by unusually heavy monsoon rains, damaging the homes of millions of people and forcing tens of thousands into evacuation centres.
Bangkok's main international airport, Suvarnabhumi, is operating as normal but the domestic Don Mueang airport in the north of the city suspended flights on Tuesday until November 1, after waters started seeping onto the runways.
About 4,000 flood evacuees who had found refuge at a disused terminal on the compound were being moved to other shelters.
The disaster is expected to shave around one percent off Thailand's economic growth in 2011, according to the government, which on Tuesday announced a raft of measures to help flood-affected businesses in an bid to reassure investors.
Proposals to boost investor confidence include about $10 billion in soft loans and tax waivers.
Bringing Order To A World Of Disasters
When the Earth Quakes
A world of storm and tempest
Comment on this article via your Facebook, Yahoo, AOL, Hotmail login.
Bangkok in 'crisis mode' as floods advance
Bangkok (AFP) Oct 25, 2011
Bangkok's second airport shut down Tuesday as floodwaters advanced into the Thai capital, forcing authorities in "crisis mode" to declare a five-day public holiday in preparation for the deluge. The cabinet ordered an October 27-31 holiday for Bangkok and 20 other provinces affected by the kingdom's worst flooding in decades, amid warnings a high tide would surge up the capital's main river ... read more
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text: [Federal Register: March 17, 2004 (Volume 69, Number 52)] [Notices] [Page 12700] From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov] [DOCID:fr17mr04-86] ----------------------------------------------------------------------- DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Food and Drug Administration [Docket No. 2004N-0114] Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collection; Comment Request; Institutional Review Boards AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration, HHS. ACTION: Notice. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is announcing an opportunity for public comment on the proposed collection of certain information by the agency. Under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (the PRA), Federal agencies are required to publish notice in the Federal Register concerning each proposed collection of information, including each proposed extension of an existing collection of information, and to allow 60 days for public comment in response to the notice. This notice solicits comments on the recordkeeping requirements for institutional review boards (IRBs). DATES: Submit written or electronic comments on the collection of information by May 17, 2004. ADDRESSES: Submit electronic comments on the collection of information to: http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/leaving.cgi?from=leavingFR.html&log=linklog&to=http://www.fda.gov/dockets/ecomments. Submit written comments on the collection of information to the Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. All comments should be identified with the docket number found in brackets in the heading of this document. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Karen L. Nelson, Office of Management Programs (HFA-250), Food and Drug Administration, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857, 301-827-1482. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Under the PRA (44 U.S.C. 3501-3520), Federal agencies must obtain approval from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for each collection of information they conduct or sponsor. ``Collection of information'' is defined in 44 U.S.C. 3502(3) and 5 CFR 1320.3(c) and includes agency requests or requirements that members of the public submit reports, keep records, or provide information to a third party. Section 3506(c)(2)(A) of the PRA (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A)) requires Federal agencies to provide a 60-day notice in the Federal Register concerning each proposed collection of information, including each proposed extension of an existing collection of information, before submitting the collection to OMB for approval. To comply with this requirement, FDA is publishing notice of the proposed collection of information set forth in this document. With respect to the following collection of information, FDA invites comments on these topics: (1) Whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of FDA's functions, including whether the information will have practical utility; (2) the accuracy of FDA's estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions used; (3) ways to enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and (4) ways to minimize the burden of the collection of information on respondents, including through the use of automated collection techniques, when appropriate, and other forms of information technology. Institutional Review Boards--(21 CFR Part 56.115)--(OMB Control Number 0910-0130)--Extension When reviewing clinical research studies regulated by FDA, IRBs are required to create and maintain records describing their operations, and make the records available for FDA inspection when requested. These records include the following: (1) Written procedures describing the structure and membership of the IRB and the methods that the IRB will use in performing its functions; (2) the research protocols, informed consent documents, progress reports, and reports of injuries to subjects submitted by investigators to the IRB; (3) minutes of meetings showing attendance, votes and decisions made by the IRB, the number of votes on each decision for, against, and abstaining, the basis for requiring changes in or disapproving research; records of continuing review activities; (4) copies of all correspondence between investigators and the IRB; (5) statement of significant new findings provided to subjects of the research; and (6) a list of IRB members by name, showing each member's earned degrees, representative capacity, and experience in sufficient detail to describe each member's contributions to the IRB's deliberations, and any employment relationship between each member and the IRB's institution. This information is used by FDA in conducting audit inspections of IRBs to determine whether IRBs and clinical investigators are providing adequate protections to human subjects participating in clinical research. FDA estimates the burden of this collection of information as follows: Table 1.--Estimated Annual Recordkeeping Burden\1\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Annual Frequency of Hours per CFR Section No. of Recordkeepers Recordkeeping Total Annual Records Recordkeeper Total Hours -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56.115 5,000 14.6 73,000 4.5 328,500 Total ....................... .......................... ....................... .................... 328,500 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ There are no capital costs or operating and maintenance costs associated with this collection of information. The recordkeeping requirement burden is based on the following: The burden for each of the paragraphs under 21 CFR 56.115 has been considered as one estimated burden. FDA estimates that there are approximately 5,000 IRBs. The IRBs meet on an average of 14.6 times annually. The agency estimates that approximately 4.5 hours of person- time per meeting are required to transcribe and type the minutes of the meeting; to maintain records of continuing review activities; and to make copies of all correspondence between the IRB and investigative member records, and written IRB procedures that are approximately five pages per IRB. Dated: March 9, 2004. Jeffrey Shuren, Assistant Commissioner for Policy. [FR Doc. 04-5991 Filed 3-16-04; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4160-01-S


text:
Smoked filled evenings.: Carnival Freedom Cruise Review by beachboy2
Overall Member Rating
Smoked filled evenings.
Destination: Eastern Caribbean
Embarkation: Fort Lauderdale (Port Everglades)
Excursions: If you like guitars ands showgirls, in San Juan the Juan Carlos show is great. Juan Carlos is amazing, but the location is not great. Snorkeling at Coki Pt is okay for beginner,but no so great for experienced snorkelers. I took a cab there and local people working the beach will drag you in to rent their beach equipment (pushy). The Antigua excursion on the catamaran around the entire island was long, but alot of fun (free rum punches too). On Tortola we took a local excursion to Jost Van Dyke White Bay and Soggy Dollar Bar. The trip there was long but beautiful with island on both sides of the boat. The beach was absolutely beautiful and the snorkeling was decent. In Nassau, we More shopped at the straw market and walked through part of Atlantis. A cab is only $4 over there and back. You get off at the Marina village and walk though shops and luxury yachts. At the end, you can go into the casino and also walk around it. This is all free. We did not go over to the waterpark. The ferry over to Atlantis is a hassle and cost $3. Avoid it!
On the negative, except for the shows, we could not enjoy thte clubs and bars. There is a great Asian rock band in Habana, but you would hit heavy smoke before ever going in (none from cigars). The was smoke at all bars. There would be a few of the same smokers in each bar every night and all the rest of the people with nothing to do. If smoking is needed, then there needs smoking/non-smoking sections in each large lounge with good ventilation.
Beware if you purchase liquor on or off the ship. They confiscate the liquor. The staff did not tell you that liquor would not be returned until the day of debarkation. This is the morning after they already took my luggage. I purchased 6 bottles that I had to carry off the ship and then find my luggage. I then had to get porter help and find a place out on the sidewalk by the taxis and repack my luggage to include the liquor. Bingo and "Morning Show" at pool is annoying for a pool atmosphere!The people working the lido buffets did not seem happy as on other cruises.
I would never book this ship again. Less
Published 03/16/11
Cabin review: 4C1311 Interior
Cabin was good size and fairly quiet in bottom, middle of ship.Read All Interior (4C) Reviews >>
Port and Shore Excursions
Read Cruise Critic's Carnival Freedom Review >>
Absolutely Gorgeous Ship
First time on a mega ship
This ship is an amazing electr...
First Cruise
This was awesome!! This was ou...
Enjoyed our cruise. The CD was...
Lots of winners and few losers...
Family with friends
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text:
The eventual victor for
Global miners such as Equinox, Minmetals Resources and Barrick Gold are well aware of the unique opportunity presented to them by a slow economic recovery in the west, which has led to low global borrowing rates, while high demand for commodities in the east has made their businesses attractive. This has enticed them to move on key strategic mining assets.
Debt and the ability to source it cheaply has been central in Equinox's bold move on Canadian miner Lundin; the left-field bid for Equinox by Minmetals; and Barrick Gold's subsequent $7 billion gazump of Minmetals. But when it comes to acquisition debt, quality is just as important as cost and quantity.
China-backed Minmetals executives proudly pointed out that its bid for Equinox was driven by its ability to source the cheapest debt available by Chinese policy banks, which analysts estimate to be about 2 per cent above the LIBOR rate.
Minmetals' $5 billion loan facility equated to double its market capitalisation, showing that Chinese state lending allowed miners to punch considerably above their weight in their push for mining assets.
But while Chinese debt, like the goods it produces, might be the cheapest, it isn't always the best.
Miners may believe that Chinese bank loans are abundant, but Western bankers have dismissed Chinese financing as somewhat of an enigma.
Chinese policy loans are longer and cheaper than Western bank loans but they seldom eventuate. The process is cumbersome and delays are frequent.
Western loans and bond issues are viewed as a far more dependable lending process. Certainty of financing is far more critical when miners are in a race against time.
As Minmetals raced to get its bid for Equinox in order – a requirement under Canadian listing laws – Barrick made its move with its $5 billion credit facility fully committed from its lenders.
And Barrick also got its debt incredibly cheap. As an investment grade miner rated below only Rio Tinto and BHP Billiton, its bankers provided funding at a rate of about 3.5 per cent.
The Australian Financial Review


text:
Ask Health Experts and Get Answers to Your Health Question ASAP
Living kidney donors usually range in age from 18-60 years. Aging results in a gradual decline in kidney function such that the amount of transplanted kidney function becomes a limiting factor after age 60 years. Over the age of 65 years this surgery is performed rarely though there is no such cut off limit. The donor should be free from diseases like high blood pressure, diabetes, cancer, kidney disease and heart disease. Since, you are 73 years of age, I do not see you as a potential donor. You can discuss it with your doctor. Thanks and best wishes.
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text: To get from L'Aquila to Lentini by train you can catch one of the 2 trains that everyday travel between these two cities. The first train to Lentini leaves from L'Aquila at 07:22 and the last train departs at 16:55. If you choose a local train the trip lasts on average 14:27 hours. For your trip from L'Aquila to Lentini by train you can choose to leave from one of L'Aquila main stations: L'Aquila On Wanderio you can compare all schedules, fares and railway companies to Lentini and book the best itinerary starting from L'Aquila.


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Identifying Carpenter Ants | Signs of Carpenter Ant Infestation | Carpenter Ants at Work
Why Pesticide Don't Work | Nocturnal Construction | A Nest Inside? | Water Damage
Carpenter Ant Problem?
Identifying Carpenter Ants
of Carpenter Ant Infestation
Mold and Carpenter Ants - What you need to know
|Carpenter Ants at Work
Carpenter Ants are a beneficial insect species in nature. They become a problem when they build a nest in the house and can cause damage to a wood structure over time. They are not as destructive as termites as they excavate the wood for nesting purposes, but do not eat it. One indicator of a carpenter ant presence is "frass", little mounds of small wood particles somewhere in or around the house.
Pesticides Don't Work
Nocturnal Construction
Water Damage
Identifying Carpenter Ants |
Signs of Carpenter Ant Infestation | Carpenter
Ants at Work
Copyright 2005 © Evergreen Pest Control Services


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Cherrygurl18's Mom Answers Activity
How do I deal with my obsession with TV programs about childbirth? Watch this
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This is my first pregnancy and I have been doing the same but for me it's freaking me out and to be honest kindof grossing me out. I thin...posted by Baby Bianchette


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Home > Postings > PM Speech
PM discusses Arctic Refuge with environmental leaders
Left image - Front Row: Elizabeth May, Norma Kassi, Paul Martin, David Suzuki. Back Row: Ken Madsen, Larry Bagnell (MP for Yukon), Monte Hummel, Glen Davis. Photos by Brigitte Bouvier.
On September 8, 2005, Prime Minister Paul Martin met with Canadian environmental leaders at 24 Sussex in Ottawa to discuss the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR).
In a change from U.S. practice over the past 25 years, the government of the United States plans to allow oil drilling in the Refuge, a pristine arctic environment located in Alaska.
The decision could have significant impacts on Canda's environment and people. Over 100,000 Porcupine caribou spend summers in the Refuge and winter in Canada, providing an essential resource to the Gwitchin people of northern Yukon. This herd is supposed to be managed and conserved through a Canada-U.S. agreement in place since the late 1980's.
The purpose of the meeting was to thank the Prime Minister for his strong statements in support of the refuge and against drilling. Monte Hummel of WWF presented the PM with two volumes of signatures on the refuge (approx. 70,000 names) from the donotdrill.ca website.
Address by Prime Minister Paul Martin at the Economic Club of New York - Arctic Refuge
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Welcome to WebmasterWorld Guest from 188.8.131.52
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There seems to be 3 main view points when it comes to PFI:
1. AGAINST PFI - It's deceptive, gives unfair advantage to those that pay, and hurts overall relevancy.
2. NEITHER FOR NOR AGAINST - It does not impact the results one way or the other
3. FOR PFI - It helps make search results better by allowing otherwise non-indexable content to be indexed
I myself vote for option 1 - AGAINST PFI.
In my opinion, anyone who fully understands how PFI works (and is honest with themselves) has to admit that there are serious, fundamental flaws with the PFI model. I have worked very closely with many of the top search engines in the past to develop these programs, and have come to the conclusion that PFI is a fatally flawed model that is destined for extinction.
Here's my take on it: The end goal of a search engine is to build a thorough database of as many pages as they can, and to continually add more fresh content to keep it up to date. The goal of PFI is to make as much money as possible from people paying to have their sites "included" in that index.
I believe there is a serious, fundamental conflict of interest with these two end goals. Both cannot flourish at once. The more one goal is met, the more difficult the other goal becomes to acheive.
If a search engine was truly trying to build the best possible index, it would promptly and frequently crawl all urls for free, in order to keep their index fresh and complete. If they did that, however, there would be absolutely no incentive for anyone to pay to have their URL's included. PFI creates an incentive for the search engine to NOT spider the entire web... and to NOT continually add more and more fresh good content.
A long time ago, Inktomi was faced with an intersting dillemma (i was part of this discussion)... How do they spider the web for new content, but still make people feel the need to pay to be included. They dealt with this by spinning it such that you were paying to ensure "fast and frequent" spidering. In other words, the only way they can make it seem worhtwhile to pay, is to admit that their search engine is poor quality since it cannot go out and index the web quickly and often by itself.
(If they're smart, Yahoo will now recognize that Google is doing just that... they're indexing more and more of the web, and they're keeping it fresher and fresher over time. MSN is about to come out with their own spider and index soon... with Bill Gates vowing revenge on Google, do you think Microsoft has the resources to build a search engine that can spider and index the web and keep it fresh and up to date? (Hint: $50 Billion in cash).
Another main conflict of interest that Inktomi discovered a long time ago: What to do when someone with a 500 page website, full of good fresh content, submits just a few pages of the site? Well... if they were TRYING to build the best possible index, they would go ahead and crawl the rest of that site for free, to be sure they included that good content in their index for people to find. Of course... if they did that... they realized that this person would never again pay for another page of their site to be included!
So what did they decided to do? They decide to NOT index the rest of that good content... and rather decide to ignore it in the hopes that they can make a few extra bucks by forcing the webmaster to pay to have those pages included as well. This is a great example of choosing short term money over the best interest of their search engine users.
One more example of what makes PFI such a terrible model: What to do when someone who ALREADY has 500 pages of content in the Inktomi dbase, but submits one of their pages. Yer gonna love this one... they decide that since you've proven your willingness to pay for inclusion, we'll just go ahead and pull the other 499 pages from our index... in the hopes that you'll pay for all those too. This is the most dramatic example of how willing Inktomi is to sacrifice good quality content in order to make a fast buck. I know for a fact this was their policy up until awhile ago... and i have no reason to believe this policy has changed.
This is not to mention the issue of "Trusted Feeds" that allow PFI firms the ability to create cloaked doorway pages and manipulate the search results such that their feeds rank higher. Even proponents of these types of feeds in this forum admit that these "Trusted Feeds" can acheive higher ranks if the company preparing them optimizes them correctly. How is that fair?
Final point: if the average user knew that the results in the main body of MSN were influenced by money, they would be surprised. I always ask friends and family and they always seem surprised to hear that. Ralph Nader even filed a complaint claiming PFI was "deceptive advertising". PFI operates in the shadows. The engines know that its a concept that few people understand enough to be appalled by. However, the more savvy people get as time goes on, the more offended they are at the concept.
It may sound like i am bashing Inktomi/Yahoo. I am not. In fact, I very much applaud Yahoo for the recent changes and congratulate them on a great new index. It's merely my desire to see a healthy variety of high quality search engines, competing with each other for the best product, that makes me so against the concept of PFI. Yahoo simply CANNOT compete with Google in the long run with a PFI-based search engine that lacks the type of fresh, thorough content that Google strives for month after month (even if they are a bit goofed up right now :)
So there's my explanation of why i vote #1 - Against PFI.
What's your vote?
[edited by: TrafficL at 6:34 am (utc) on Feb. 20, 2004]
joined:July 21, 2000
votes: 0
PFI has been around for years and is causing a bit of a stink currently because of the CPC element of the Yahoo model.
Effectively, this rules many people out of using their new form of page PFI as the costs can be prohibitive.
PFI is and will continue to be a highly effective way of getting normally difficult to index content indexed quickly and updated regularly. Provided it is subject to an algo which regards the merits of good free pages and PFI data with equality then it can be a very good way of maintaining fresh results for users. Of course, because of the frequency of updates, users of PFI have an advantage over those not using it as far as optimising their pages is concerned. With Yahoo! Search this appears to go further, with feedback from the search engine to their paying customers. Lack of which was something that was a major complaint previously. But, if PFI clients don't use these services or fail to adjust their pages, they will probably remain in the dumps.
When MSN dropped LookSmart, the majority of people seemed to comment that their results were a lot better. Not that they were swamped with PFI.
Provided editorial review is strict (and over the past few weeks - it has become very strict - note the people moaning about their PFI pages being demoted to the bottom of the pile) and algo integrity is maintained (yet to be seen) - then PFI should be good for both surfers, users of PFI and search engines.
Slip on any of those areas, particularly on failing to satisfy surfers - which can only be done by regular and frequent free crawls for the vast majority of sites - both commercial and informative - and it will fail.
Don't take from this that I am blindly willing to fall into line with the new Yahoo! Search. I, for one, am looking very seriously to see where it can and where it may not work. The likelihood of me using PFI for smaller clients now is almost none - whereas previously it was part of my standard process. Feeds will continue as previously (depending on the CPC rate). So, if anything, I am likely to spend many tens of thousands less on PFI than I did previously. It just doesn't make current economic sense for any international sites I deal with - and, of course, it has no effect on results in the UK where they will probably bring in a similar model at a rate almost double that in the US - if Overture UK prices are anything to go on.
But is PFI evil? No, IMO! Only the way it is used by search engines who allow it can determine that.
I do see a new business model whereby SEM companies optimise for relevant traffic and charge clients for these - taking the risk of a client being charged for useless clicks out of the equation!
"To be clear, Lanzone said that the company will still allow site operators to pay to submit their sites to its index, but that that payment would not guarantee inclusion in the database."
How do people rationalize that?
"Yahoo's vice president of Web search, Tim Cadogan, said the company's commercial relationships with paid inclusion customers will not influence its search results. Rather, it will keep an "iron wall" between those relationships and the billions of Web documents it indexes regularly, governed by its relevancy ranking and quality controls in place"
To a large degree, TrafficL, your sound message on Trusted Feed is getting lost when you simplify your argument into a PFI only consideration. Clearly these are seperate issues.
Reason given...save your money for something better. You are more likely to get penalized. Once a paid customer forget about free crawling from the engine in question forever. Not to mention that your listing will (in most cases) prove worthless. I am yet to see any visitor clicking from a paid listing i took via Position Tech.
That�s for a site which normally rank well and appears on 2nd or 3rd SERPs with other search engine.
$25-$35 per URL, yeah�.right, what waist of money. I would have been better off spending that money with Adwords (full stop).
joined:Feb 1, 2004
votes: 0
I can't trust search engines not to add favour to inclusion.
I wanted to comment that I had the same experience as you only it was through using PFI. You said this:
I had my website ranking 1,2,3,5,& 8 with my major search terms and then I signed up with Overture PPC.
Two days later (2/27/2004) all my free listings with Overtures partners (Yahoo, MSN, etc.) disappeared. I couldn't even find my web site typing in my URL, much less my search terms.
I sent an email to the sales rep (Friday 2/27/2004 late night)at Overture and told him I knew what they had done, and they I wanted my well earned "status" back or I would contact the FCC, FTC, or whoever it took to get results.
The sales rep had told me he came on duty at 1:30 pm Mon-Fri.
All my "free site listings" showed back up the following Monday afternoon (3/1/04) at every one of Overture's partner search engines.
I received emails trying to sooth me (sucking up)and was given credit for the $149 sign up fee I paid. (He gave me a $50 discount in the beginning.)
Coincidence? NOT!
I cannot be the only small business they have done this to. Start testing them.
Can you say who you contacted? I want my free listings that were in yahoo back again. They are lost for 2 domains that I submitted 2 pages on. Both previously had 500 pages each in yahoo. I am not sure who to even contact since I never get responses from PFI.
If anyone can comment on this situation (where you submitted to PFI since the overture/yahoo situation and then lost your listings that were free in yahoo (and maybe msn too) that would be very helpful. I would also appreciate a contact number or email. I also noticed when inktomi had those 4000 errors these 2 domains were back in yahoo!
[edited by: TrafficL at 7:39 pm (utc) on Mar. 14, 2004]
After listing with Adwords, even typing in http:/www.mydomainname.com I received the original message my hosting company posted "saying to upload my site via and FTP program".
That cannot be a coincedence at all. That web page info hasn't been displayed in months. Not since I uploaded my site and submitted with all search engines through a third party company.
SE's talk about relevance. That is a joke. Just type in any search term to locate a website related and you get about 90% of irrelavent sites, mostly directories that have nothing to do with where adn what you are looking for.
I predict Bill Gates will change the landscape and make a search engine useful to real people.
I hear alot of my friends and customers say they don't use the web much anymore because you can't find what you are looking for.
Why can't you put in a specific search term for a specfic area without getting thousands or hundreds of thousands of "matches"?


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Hi Everyone!
My name is Jess and I'm the new addition to the UX Design team at Envato! I started working here 2 weeks ago, and I'm finding myself learning something new every single day.
I was previously a UX Designer in a software house and an agency environment. Being here in the marketplaces team feels both fresh and exciting! You'll be seeing me more on the forum, asking the community to help out on a few things from time to time.
Looking forward to making marketplaces better and improving all of our lives one step at a time!
Cheers, Jess
welcome Jessng
Welcome Jess!
Welcome to envato jessng
Hi there. Can't wait to see the results of the new hires.
Hi Jess and welcome to the family
We're very excited to have you on board Jess!
All aboard!!
Welcome to Envato.
Welcome to Envato
Hi Jess – welcome to Envato


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Brunswick Catch's first membership meeting is scheduled for 6 p.m. Monday, May 3, at Inlet View Bar & Grill in Shallotte Point.
Brunswick Catch, now consisting of more than 50 members, is a freshly launched group of commercial fishermen, seafood dealers and restaurant owners. It formed with the assistance of the Brunswick County Economic Development Commission, Brunswick County commissioners, North Carolina Sea Grant and Carteret Catch.
According to the students of Shallotte Middle School, 85 percent feel safe during school hours, 10 percent do not and 5 percent did not respond to a safe school survey issued by principal Paul Price.
"That was real positive to hear," Holly Borden, SMS teacher, said of the high percentage of students who feel safe at school.
But when it came to bullying, numbers were not as positive. Thirty-nine percent of students admitted to being bullied at school.
Scott Long, a NFL hopeful and former wide receiver for the University of Louisville, says it doesn't matter what you do, make sure you enjoy doing it.
Long, who graduated from South Brunswick High School, visited with students at Bolivia Elementary School recently and encouraged students to set goals at an early age to achieve success.
"I was able to take a childhood dream and turn it into something bigger," he told students.
"Celebrating more birthdays" is the theme of this year's Brunswick County Relay for Life at West Brunswick High School. It is set to begin tonight with events for local cancer survivors and those who support them.
A reception for survivors and their caregivers and loved ones is scheduled for 5 p.m. at the school, followed by a group photo on the football bleachers. Each survivor will receive a copy of the photo with a thank-you note.
Event organizers said it was to be a celebration.
The largest crowd to date gathered last Thursday afternoon at Waterfront Park in Southport for the fourth annual Flower Launch in correlation with Child Abuse Prevention Month, sponsored by the Community Child Protection Team.
District Judge Sherry Tyler served as the event's guest speaker and said the purpose was to celebrate those who have provided services to the county's juveniles.
Two Republican candidates from the northern end of the county will vie for the GOP nomination to the Brunswick County Board of Education District 5 seat during this year's primary election.
David Hollis, a civil engineer, will face John Thompson, an architect who previously served a one-year term on the board of education.
Hollis, who is a graduate of Brunswick County Schools and a parent of five, said his decision to run for the board stems from concerns he and other parents have regarding the Brunswick County school system.
SUNSET BEACH—A terminal groins presentation is on the monthly meeting agenda of Sunset Beach Town Council next Monday night, May 3.
A workshop is at 6:45 p.m., followed by the meeting at 7 p.m. at town hall on Sunset Boulevard.
Rob Young, professor of geosciences with Western Carolina University, and Len Pietrafesa, director of external affairs with North Carolina State University, are scheduled to give a terminal groins presentation.
SUNSET BEACH—The town planning board will consider an application for a special use permit to operate four electronic gaming machines at the Sunset Beach Fishing Pier.
A board of adjustments hearing is scheduled for 9 a.m. Thursday, May 6, at town hall.
CAROLINA SHORES—The next town board of commissioners' monthly workshop is scheduled for 10 a.m. next Monday, May 3.
The board's monthly meeting will follow at 6 p.m. Thursday, May 6.
Both sessions will be in the town meetings chamber at town hall, 200 Persimmon Road.
CAROLINA SHORES—Over the past year, town administrator Linda Herncane has illegally deleted and used town e-mail to poll commissioners for information that should have been discussed at a called meeting.
On March 29, former town commissioner Gere Dale filed a public records request with town clerk Lisa Anglin requesting any e-mails issued to the town board of commissioners between March 9 and March 26.
Copyright © 2017
The Brunswick Beacon is your source for local news, sports, events and information in Brunswick County, North Carolina and surrounding areas.


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- Lifetime ltd transferable warranty with smart choice protection (non-prorated material and installation labor coverage) for the first ten years; See GAF Shingle & Accessory Ltd Warranty for complete coverage and restrictions
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Alternative Title: Cronartium ribicola
Learn about this topic in these articles:
association with Ribes
...currant ( R. aureum), bearing spicy-fragrant yellow flowers; and R. viburnifolium, a sprawling evergreen. Because all Ribes species are alternative hosts of the destructive blister rust fungus, which also attacks white pines, there are local prohibitions to growing Ribes near any white pine plantations.
...and colourful fruits, and they are cultivated as garden ornamentals. Certain Ribes species act as alternate hosts to Cronartium ribicola, a parasitic fungus that causes white-pine blister rust, an extremely destructive forest disease found especially in the United States and Canada. Fungal spores that germinate on Ribes plants are blown to the pines, where the disease...
effect on white pine
...cereals and grasses. Other heteroecious rusts include those that use junipers (red cedar) as one host and apple, Japanese quince, hawthorn, rose, and related plants as the other; white pine rust ( Cronartium ribicola), with five-needled pines as one host and currant and gooseberry ( Ribes) species as the other; and a rust with Douglas fir as one host and poplars as the other....


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LATHAM-L ArchivesArchiver > LATHAM > 2003-05 > 1053041662
Subject: Re: Abbreviations
Date: Thu, 15 May 2003 19:36:15 EDT
I thought the USPS uses CN for Canada and CA for California?
Peter J.
In a message dated 05/14/2003 10:42:37 PM Central Daylight Time,
> An example of this is the abbreviation "CO." Even here in the USA the
> meaning
> of this isn't clear as it can mean Colorado or County or company. Another
> example would be the abbreviation "CA." It can mean either California or
> Canada.
This thread: