text:
Forest Habitat Conditions
DCNR has long advocated balancing white-tailed deer populations with forest habitat conditions. Recent efforts to manage the state's deer herd in this manner, as well as new tools for landowners—such as the Deer Management Assistance Program—have yielded significant improvements in habitat conditions in some areas of the state. Other areas, however, continue to suffer from a lack of new forest growth, and habitat conditions and overall forest health remains poor.
Many DCNR stakeholders, from hunters to wildlife watchers to wildflower enthusiasts to private forest landowners, often ask about "forest recovery" in light of more recently balanced deer populations. While forest habitat recovery is complex process, this article will attempt to explain some of the many factors and variables involved.
Deer Impacts
Pennsylvania forests have sustained deer population densities high enough to cause impacts to forest vegetation since the 1920s. Researchers have studied the effects of deer on forest ecosystems for many years, and the impacts of deer on the forest are well established in decades of scientific literature. How do deer impact the forest? Through selective browsing of native plants, shrubs and trees, they influence the vegetation that grows in the forest. For example, deer like to feed on oak seedlings. By preferring oaks, they can effectively diminish the presence of the species in the forest while allowing less preferred species, such as striped maple, to thrive. In the most severe cases, deer can completely prevent the capacity of the forest to renew itself.
In some areas of the state, deer overbrowsing has eliminated the understory – the lower vegetation layer that includes young trees, shrubs and other plants. Deer feed extensively on many herbaceous plants such as wildflowers and other low-growing plants and even fungi. Some forest plants that deer prefer include large white trillium, bluebead lily, Canada mayflower, and numerous orchids. Because they never outgrow the reach of deer, plants that grow on the forest floor are continually vulnerable to deer impacts.
Forest Habitat Conditions
Pennsylvania's forests have benefited from recent efforts to balance deer populations with forest habitat conditions. Deer fencing on state forest land over the last two years (2009-2010) have been less than half of what they were five years ago. For the first time, fence dismantling equaled fence installation.
Despite recent gains in forest habitat health, in general, the forests of Pennsylvania are still in poor condition. According to USDA Forest Service Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data across all ownerships, approximately 54 percent of Pennsylvania's forests are adequately stocked with regeneration—the young trees and plants that will make up the future forest. (Only inventory plots with sufficient sunlight to establish regeneration are counted in this inventory.) Only 41 percent of the sample plots in the north-central region were adequately stocked with tree seedling and sapling regeneration. These numbers indicate that only about half of Pennsylvania's forests would regenerate following an overstory disturbance such as a wind event, insect outbreak or timber harvest.
Legacy Impacts
Excessive deer impacts can alter the course of forest vegetation development with long-lasting consequences. Often referred to as "legacy impacts," they can hamper forest recovery and habitat health for a long time. In some cases, such as the northern tier of Pennsylvania, legacy impacts can affect forest regeneration for decades.
Competing Vegetation
One type of legacy impact is the increase of "competing vegetation." When deer selectively browse on vegetation, they not only reduce the occurrence of preferred species in the forest understory, but they also create conditions for unpalatable or resilient species to become so plentiful that they may suppress other plants by producing dense shade on the forest floor. Examples of competing vegetation in Pennsylvania include hay-scented fern, New York fern, striped maple, American beech and striped maple. In many areas of the state, the forest understory is completely dominated by these species—both an unnatural and unhealthy condition. FIA data indicates that nearly one-third of forest understory communities are dominated by this type of competing vegetation.
Competing vegetation not only provides poor habitat for deer and other forest wildlife, it also prevents the establishment of more desirable trees and plants. Mats of fern and stands of shade-producing striped maple create poor conditions for many trees and plants to grow. Competing vegetation is a significant problem across Pennsylvania that continues to impede forest recovery. Even in areas where deer populations are relatively low, competing vegetation can prevent or significantly delay the establishment of regeneration.
Reduced Seed Banks, Production, and Slow Growth Rates
A major impediment to the recovery of the forest is the lack of seeds and other means of reproducing where browsing has been a factor for long periods of time. In these areas there may be few local seed sources remaining. Also, most forest herbs do not have long-distance dispersal abilities. In addition to limited seed dispersal mechanisms, rates of seed production are often affected in deer-impacted forests. This occurs because deer often selectively remove the flowering or fruiting stem even though they do not consume the entire plant.
The combinations of these factors, as well as the abundance of non-preferred and browse resilient species in many areas, adds to a scarce seed bank. These issues will affect vegetation dynamics long into the future.
Other Factors
When managing forests and deer from an ecosystem perspective it is important to consider the myriad factors that may be affecting forest regeneration and other processes. Accounting for these factors is necessary in making sound predictions about recovery times following a reduction of deer browsing impacts.
Insect infestations are just one of the many factors reducing the number of seedlings that become established. However, they are occasionally severe enough to prevent the regeneration of tree species, especially when insect infestations occur in conjunction with other stressors.
One example of an insect that has wreaked havoc on Pennsylvania forests is the gypsy moth. Gypsy moths were accidentally introduced into Massachusetts from Europe in the late 1860s and slowly spread to Pennsylvania where it began to cause heavy defoliations in 1969. When these insects move into an area they can kill large numbers of trees, especially hitting white oak and chestnut oak.
Gypsy moth outbreaks can have several effects on the natural regeneration of forests, particularly oak-mixed hardwood stands. One impact is the decrease in acorn production due to affected oak trees aborting undeveloped seeds and reducing subsequent crops. Acorn production is also reduced due to direct mortality of oak trees of seed-bearing size. These dynamics affect the establishment of desirable forest regeneration even when deer impacts are low.
Acid Deposition
Acid deposition occurs when acid-forming substances are transferred from the atmosphere to the surface of the earth. The deposited materials include ions, gases, and particles typically resulting from power generation and heavy manufacturing.
Research has shown that acid deposition can cause slower growth, injury, or death of trees, particularly sugar maple and red spruce. It has been implicated in forest and soil degradation in many areas of the eastern U.S., particularly in high elevation forests. Acid deposition generally causes stress to trees by interfering with calcium and magnesium nutrition and the physiological processes that depend on these elements. Acid deposition does not usually kill trees directly. Instead, it is more likely to weaken trees by damaging their leaves, limiting the nutrients available to them, or exposing them to toxic substances slowly released from the soil.
Quite often, injury or death of trees is a result of these effects of acid rain in combination with one or more additional threats. Other factors contribute to the overall stress of these areas, including air pollutants, insects, disease, overabundant deer, drought, or very cold weather. In most cases, in fact, the impacts of acid rain on trees are due to the combined effects of acid rain and these other environmental stressors.
The USDA Forest Service has been conducting a long-term research (23 years) on the effects of broad-scale lime application on Susquehannock State Forest to mitigate impacts from acid deposition and improve regeneration In this study, started in 1985, researchers treated stands with all possible combinations of liming, fencing and herbicide. The results indicate that fencing is by far the strongest predictor of good regeneration. Some less common species are positively affected by lime application or by the combination of lime and one of the other factors, but these effects appeared to be much subtler than the effect of controlling deer through fencing.
The Bureau of Forestry recognizes that there are many serious impediments to regeneration, but are supportive of studies to determine if liming should be more broadly used to mitigate the impacts of acid deposition.
Other Factors
Forest recovery in Pennsylvania is affected by a variety of factors. Some of these additional factors include invasive plant species, fire suppression in oak-dominated forests, diseases, and a host of other issues. However, the consensus among biologists and natural resource managers remains that the most important factor affecting forest regeneration is deer browsing and legacy impacts.
Deer management on state forest lands focuses on the ecosystems in which deer are a part. Deer densities in Pennsylvania need to be maintained at levels that will allow the restoration of full forest structure, diversity, ecological processes, and ecosystem function.
Forest Recovery: How Long Will it Take?
The forests of Pennsylvania will most likely not return to the same conditions that existed prior to heavy browsing impacts of the twentieth century, even with reduced deer browsing pressure. There have been too many changes in the forest ecosystem due to introduced tree diseases, insect infestations, and invasive plants. Nevertheless, the return of a diverse native understory can be expected; however, this recovery will have varying time depending on local and regional conditions.
Forest recovery begins with the restoration of quick-responding understory species such as blackberries and raspberries. The abundance and height of woody and herbaceous species often preferred by deer will also increase. These signs of recovery can be reached relatively quickly in stands where deer browsing impacts occurred only for a relatively short time. In these areas, when deer densities are brought back into balance with the habitat, and there is enough light to reach the forest floor, partial recovery can be achieved within 10 years.
Full forest restoration occurs when a full suite of shrubs and herbaceous plants become reestablished in the understory. This kind of recovery can take more than 50 years in more severe cases. How long it takes for full recovery depends on the severity of deer impacts, legacy impacts such as competing vegetation, and other factors such as the site's logging history, soil chemistry, length of the local growing season, presence of introduced species, and seed sources.
State Forest Habitat Management Efforts
To sustain the forest and help improve forest habitat conditions, the Bureau of Forestry strives to accelerate forest recovery. The bureau harvests approximately 15,000 acres of state forest land each year, increasing sunlight to the forest floor and spurring new growth and creating early-successional habitat.
When timber harvests occur in areas where deer impacts are high on state forest land, fences are installed to increase the probably of successful regeneration. Once deer browsing pressure is reduced, herbicide is often used to remove ferns and other competing vegetation that hinder seedling establishment and growth.. In addition to herbiciding, the bureau implements many practices designed to establish healthy new forests. In 2010 the Bureau of Forestry brush mowed 380 acres to control woody vegetation, planted trees to augment natural seedlings on 1,043 acres, scarified the seedbed to expose mineral soil on 411 acres, and implemented prescribed fire on 89 acres to control competing vegetation.
Overall, these practices are successful in establishing regeneration. However, because of their cost, they are usually only viable solutions on a small scale. Areas not as intensively managed will take much longer to establish healthy habitat conditions and recover for deer impacts.
A healthy forest will consist of young trees, shrubs, and a variety of wildflowers. The presence or absence of some wildflowers such as trillium, Canada mayflower, and Indian cucumber root can be key indicators of the level of deer impact on a given forest site. Another reliable indicator of a healthy forest is an understory, the young trees and plants that grow in the lower layer of the forest. A well developed understory is an essential habitat element for many plants and animals, but it also indicates the forest's capacity to renew itself. For more information visit the Healthy Forests-Healthy Deer Brochure.


text:
Amy Kerswell
Immoral Bastards - Poem by Amy Kerswell
Some bastards are immoral.
Rapists and pedophiles.
Are they more than immoral?
Yes they are.
There beasts
And something not quite real.
Some day theyll get it
Get their just deserts.
The saying goes.
What goes around
Comes around.
I'll be living proof of it.
When I chop them up.
I have to get my own back.
before I get
More and more
Angry bitter and twisted.
They must pay.
I will make them pay.
And beg for mercy.
I'll be like a yelling banche.
I will get them.#
What do I have
Have left to lose?
Comments about Immoral Bastards by Amy Kerswell
Dave Condon (12/24/2006 1:38:00 PM)
I don't think pedophiles are immoral.
I don't think they should be compared to rapists.
I don't think pedophiles are beasts.
I don't think there is anything wrong with being attracted to children if that's the way a person is, however I think child abuse is bad and immoral. (Report) Reply
Read this poem in other languages
This poem has not been translated into any other language yet.
I would like to translate this poem »
Amy Kerswell's Other Poems
Famous Poems
Phenomenal Woman
Maya Angelou
Still I Rise
Maya Angelou
The Road Not Taken
Robert Frost
If You Forget Me
Pablo Neruda
Langston Hughes
Annabel Lee
Edgar Allan Poe
Caged Bird
Maya Angelou
Rudyard Kipling
Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening
Robert Frost
A Dream Within A Dream
Edgar Allan Poe

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Russia is defying international pressure to drop its support for separatists in eastern Ukraine following the shooting down of a Malaysia Airlines passenger jet – instead advancing its own narrative suggesting the rebels may be innocent and laying blame for the tragedy on the Ukrainian military.
Canada announced a fresh round of sanctions against Russia on Monday, and U.S. President Barack Obama called for Moscow to "pivot away" from the insurgency in Ukraine. But Russian President Vladimir Putin showed no signs of blinking. The Kremlin made a point of announcing that Mr. Putin will convene his Security Council, which includes Russia's military chiefs, on Tuesday.
It's not clear what security issues he has in mind, but the meeting seems likely to involve Moscow's relationship with the eastern Ukrainian rebels. Russia's defence ministry, meanwhile, rolled out an elaborate alternative theory that suggested a Ukrainian fighter plane had played a role in the downing of Flight MH17 and the deaths of all 298 people on board.
In a rare sign of co-operation, the UN Security Council, where Russia sits as a permanent member, passed a unanimous resolution calling for immediate access to the crash site, and for the repatriation of the victims' remains. There were also signs of progress on the ground: The rebels handed the "black box" flight recorders over to a Malaysian delegation, and a train loaded with 282 recovered bodies was finally allowed to leave the rebel-controlled area, headed toward the government-controlled city of Kharkiv and a waiting plane to move the remains to the Netherlands.
But as soon as the UN resolution was passed, the U.S., Australian and British ambassadors slammed Russia for not having acted fast enough to secure the crash site. "Russia's silence since Thursday sent a message to the illegal armed groups it supports: We have your backs," Samantha Power, the U.S. envoy to the UN, said.
Russian ambassador Vitaliy Churkin lashed back angrily, accusing the U.S. and its allies of playing politics with a tragedy.
Earlier Monday, Russia's defence ministry unveiled what it said was evidence that a Ukrainian Su-25 fighter jet had approached the Malaysia Airlines Boeing 777 shortly before the passenger plane exploded on Thursday.
"Records show that the Ukrainian Air Force plane ascended to the distance of three to five kilometres from the Malaysian Boeing," said Lieutenant-General Andrei Kartapolov, head of the main operations directorate of the Russian Army's General Staff. He produced what he said were video grabs from a Russian radar station in the city of Rostov, near the country's border with Ukraine, that appear to show a second contact in close proximity to the Malaysian plane just before MH17 was knocked out of the air.
"We would like Kiev to explain why a combat jet was flying almost at the same altitude and the same time with a passenger plane along the route dedicated for civilian air traffic," he said.
Lt.-Gen. Kartapolov said the Su-25 was within firing range of MH17, but it wasn't clear whether he was alleging the Ukrainian fighter had shot down the passenger plane or whether he was suggesting its presence explained why someone on the ground might have accidentally targeted the passenger plane.
Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko, who has called the downing of MH17 an act of "terrorism," said the Russian allegation simply wasn't true. "Everybody knows that in this period of time when the tragedy happened all Ukrainian planes were on the ground [in the area]," Mr. Poroshenko told CNN.
Russia's alternative version of events likely won't change many minds in the West. U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry declared on Sunday that "we know with confidence" that it was an SA-11 surface-to-air missile that hit the passenger plane, and that the missile was fired from a rebel-controlled part of eastern Ukraine. U.S. officials have accused Russia of providing such missiles – and well as training on the Soviet-era antiaircraft systems required to target and fire them – to the rebels, who have been fighting central government forces since April. The self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic rejects Ukraine's pro-Western government, and seeks eventual union with Russia.
On Monday, Mr. Obama accused the pro-Russian separatists of intentionally keeping international investigators away from the site of the plane crash, which came down in rebel-held territory near the village of Grabovo in eastern Ukraine. "What are they trying to hide?" Mr. Obama asked.
Foreign Minister John Baird was also dismissive of the Russian military's presentation. "I'm … very leery of any propaganda coming out of the Kremlin," he said in London after announcing Canada would expand the list of Russian individuals and companies targeted for sanctions. Mr. Baird said that if Russia wanted the world to consider its evidence, it "should be strongly and aggressively supporting securing the [crash] site."
Mr. Baird said he hoped European countries would take a tougher line toward Moscow. European Union foreign ministers are due to meet Tuesday to discuss new sanctions against Russia, in addition to those it has imposed since Russia annexed Crimea in March.
A furious Prime Minister Mark Rutte of the Netherlands, whose citizens accounted for the majority of the MH17 casualties, told his country's parliament that "all political, economic and financial options" were open if Russia didn't assist in securing rapid access for investigators to the crash site.
A Dutch-led team of forensics experts reached the rebel-held area Monday, four days after the disaster, and was allowed to see the refrigerated rail cars where bodies from the crash site were being stored. Larger teams of specialized investigators from the Netherlands, Malaysia and the United Kingdom have also arrived in Ukraine, but the Ukrainian government said Monday it was still unable to guarantee them safe passage.
Dutch Foreign Minister Frans Timmermans expressed outrage over delays in dealing with the crash victims. "Until the day I die I will not understand how it is possible that it would take us days to get an act of human decency together which is simply to be able to gather the remains in a respectful way, bring them to a morgue and bring them back home," he told reporters in New York.
Fighting meanwhile intensified in eastern Ukraine, with shells landing near the railway station in the city of Donetsk. A Donetsk People's Republic source told The Globe and Mail that the Ukrainian military had targeted the railway station with Grad rockets, and that at least three people had been killed. Another Donetsk resident said that he saw two bodies near the train station, but that he believed the incoming rounds had been fired from a rebel-held area near the city.Report Typo/Error
Follow @markmackinnonon Twitter:


text:
Choose Between Two Options
- $33 for a shampoo, haircut, deep-conditioning treatment, and blow-dry (up to a $65 value)
- $102 for a shampoo, haircut, keratin treatment, and blow-dry (up to a $300 value)
Though this merchant sometimes offers a discounted price online, this voucher is still the best deal available.
Victoria and Jazzmynn at U.b.U Color Salon
Hair color can have give extraordinary dimension to an otherwise plain haircut, whether it be through a bold all-over change or a few strategically placed highlights. The stylists at U.b.U Color Salon have mastered this process using high-end products such as Redken and Nioxin. Clients may also request a specialty keratin straightening treatment or nix unwanted hair during a private waxing session.


text:
975 F2d 867 Trinsey v. Hazeltine
975 F.2d 867
Jack TRINSEY, also known as John S. Trinsey, Appellant,
Joyce HAZELTINE, Secretary of State of South Dakota; State
of South Dakota; South Dakota State Republican Party; Don
Peterson, Chairman of the South Dakota State Republican
Party; South Dakota Republican Central Committee, Appellees.
No. 92-1394.
United States Court of Appeals,
Eighth Circuit.
Submitted: August 3, 1992.
Filed: September 2, 1992.
NOTICE: Eighth Circuit Rule 28A(k) governs citation of unpublished opinions and provides that they are not precedent and generally should not be cited unless relevant to establishing the doctrines of res judicata, collateral estoppel, the law of the case, or if the opinion has persuasive value on a material issue and no published opinion would serve as well.
Before JOHN R. GIBSON, BEAM, and MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judges.
Jack Trinsey appeals from the district court's1 dismissal of his action challenging the constitutionality of South Dakota's statutes concerning presidential primaries. Having carefully reviewed the record, we find that no error of law appears. Accordingly, we affirm. See 8th Cir. R. 47B.
The Honorable John Bailey Jones, Chief Judge, United States District Court for the District of South Dakota


text:
TMG-L ArchivesArchiver > TMG > 2007-02 > 1171842356
From: "Kay Schmidt" <>
Subject: Re: [TMG] Keeping track of [CD] and [CM] designations inlumpedsources
Date: Sun, 18 Feb 2007 15:45:56 -0800
In-Reply-To: <firstname.lastname@example.com>
While I appreciate Lee's explanation of how to enter Hidden Text, that isn't
quite what I was asking. My question (unclearly worded in my earlier post)
is where does DeAnna put the hidden reminders of what goes in the Citation
> Deanna said:
> I use Hidden text to remind me. Example of the FF from my Census
> citation:
> [HID:]CD1=Household name, CD2=city, pg, fam/dw[:HID]{[CREF] }[TITLE] ...
> By using the Hidden fields, I can see the CD reminders right when
> I select the source type in my list. Works great for me.
That last paragraph has me puzzled. Where is she seeing the reminders?
(feeling dense) ... Kay Schmidt
This thread:
|Re: [TMG] Keeping track of [CD] and [CM] designations inlumpedsources by "Kay Schmidt" <>


text:
GENEALOGY-DNA-L ArchivesArchiver > GENEALOGY-DNA > 2009-04 > 1238777129
From: James Heald <>
Subject: [DNA] Comparison of Chinese, Yoruba, Watson and Venter genome y-snps
Date: Fri, 03 Apr 2009 17:45:29 +0100
I have uploaded a couple of spreadsheet files,
http://www.healds.org.uk/dna/snps/genome_snps_comparison.zip (189k)
http://www.healds.org.uk/dna/snps/genome_other_snps_comparison.zip (597k)
comparing the y-SNPs reported by the Chinese, Yoruba, Watson and Venter
genome projects to each other, and to the list of SNPs with more-or-less
ascertained positions from ISOGG's haplogroup tree from ISOGG, Adriano
Squecco's 23&Me spreadsheet, and the HapMap data.
The first file contains SNPs that were reported by either the Chinese or
the Yoruba project or both, with comparisons to the other sources; the
second, SNPs from other sources that were /not/ reported in the Chinese
or Yoruba sequenced genomes. In each case, the SNPs are sorted into
relevant haplogroup order where known, otherwise by position on the Y
Errors, omissions, corrections, suggestions etc would be very
appreciated, because (as will become clear) there is a lot I don't
understand in this data. But here are some preliminary comments:
Apparent Genotypes
* Chinese: O1a* (M119)
* Yoruba: E1b1a7a* (U174)
* Watson: R1b1b2a1a1* (U106)
* Venter: R1b1b2a1a1d1 (L44/L45/L46/L47)
* The reference sequence ("Hugo") is a composite from several
individuals, and its genotype varies from base to base. I would very
much like to know if anybody can shed any further light on this,
particularly if any particular stretches are known to all be from the
same individual.
From the data, it appears that Hugo is mostly R1b.
* At least some of Hugo is from R1b1b2a1a2d3a (S144)
* There is also some from G2a3b1a (S131), especially between circa
12942936 and 13714104
* It is possible that there may be other R1b individuals whose data also
went into the composite - eg perhaps Venter himself? Does anyone know
more about this?
Assessment of Data
From the genotypes, one would expect to see SNPs in the Yoruba genome
vis-a-vis the reference from E1b1a7a up to DE and back down to NOP;
SNPs from the Chinese genome from O1a up to NO; and SNPs from both the
Yoruba and the Chinese from P to R1b1b2a1a2d3a, and also from G to
G2a3b1a when HUGO is in G.
By and large, these are indeed observed. Comparing principally against
the current ascertainments on Adriano's 23&Me sheet, with some
additional ascertainments from ISOGG and from the HapMap data,
* The Chinese data, abstracted from the 385 Mb file YH-SNPs.gff
downloaded from http://yh.genomics.org.cn/download.jsp, shows 222 of the
226 SNPs that might be expected. The anomalies, where no SNP is
reported where one might have been expected, are at the following
chomosome positions:
- 3445259 (rs2552661); "derived under R"
- 10599615 (rs9786465); "P231 (R1)"
- 5072892 (rs2571764 / rs56285826); "derived between R1b and R1b1"
- 4026708 (rs4032353); "derived between R1b1 and R1b1b"
All of these were also unreported in the Yoruba genome.
In addition, there are two locations for which SNPs are reported for all
three other genomes, which might therefore be presumed to be "HUGO
private mutations", for which no Chinese SNP is reported. These are:
- 27198031 (rs35733966)
- 57435386 (rs12171801)
* The Yoruba SNP list was inferred from the dbSNP submission at
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP/snp_viewBatch.cgi?sbid=856991, as
described in my posting of 23 March, ten days ago. The last part of
Submitter SNP_ID is presumed to be the SNP position.
This matches 461 of the 484 SNPs that might be expected. The other 23
are highlighted in yellow in the appropriate column on the two spreadsheets.
In addition, there are 14 SNPs described by the 23&Me sheet as "derived
under E1b1" for which no SNP is reported by the Yoruba genome team.
However, as the only E1b1 members that have 23&Me tests are from
haplogroups E1b1a8 and E1b1a8a, it is entirely possible that many or all
of these mutations are in face "derived under E1b1a8", so indeed should
not be seen in an E1b1a7 genome.
* The Watson SNP list was taken from the 26 Mb file
watson-454-snp-v01.txt.gz, downloaded from
ftp://jimwatsonsequence.cshl.edu/jimwatsonsequence/. This appears to
give more SNPs than selecting the Ychromosome and "downloading HapMap
GFF file" from the James Watson genome browser.
Nevertheless, only 10 of the expected 28 SNPs were reported -- making
this apparently far and away the flakiest data set.
It is also noticeable, looking on the second spreadsheet, that SNPs that
were reported in Watson but nobody else appear to be clustered in runs,
uninterrupted by Venter SNPs.
I don't understand either this, or why so many SNPs appear to be
"missing" in the Watson data.
* The Venter SNP list was taken from the 259Mb file
HuRef.InternalHuRef-NCBI.gff, downloaded from
25 of the expected 28 SNPs are included, the exceptions being
- 13714104 (rs9786910); "derived under G"
- 13381370 (rs35285796); "L78 (derived under G2a3)"
- 5815550 (rs2566671); "L2/S139 (R1b1b2a1a2d3)"
all of these were also missing in the Watson list.
A complication with the Venter data is that the original file reports
many many sections of "heterozygous SNPs" - in parts of the Y chromosome
no-one seems to note as heterozygous; and where such Venter SNPs seem to
have been assessed by comparing with a quite different sequence than the
HUGO reference Y chromosome.
I'm not sure I understand exactly what's going on here, but I am
assuming that these were stretches that, because of the Shotgun method
used, the Venter team didn't know whether they aligned with the Y
chromosome or somewhere completely different. But they seem to have
been assessed against the somewhere completely different.
This also seems to raise a question, that where the Venter team reported
*no* SNP, does this really mean that there was no SNP? Or could it be
that they were comparing with some quite different chromosome, and there
was no SNP with respect to that? I wasn't sure which stretches of the
genome this issue might affect, so I wasn't sure how much of the Venter
"no SNP" results this might be a problem with.
Because of these issues, I have only partly included the data from the
Venter file. I have included all SNPs ("homozygous" and
"heterozygous"), but then I called it a day, so I haven't included all
the chromosome locations for MNPs and "mixed sequences", only those
which correspond to SNPs reported by one of the other sources. I've
instead extracted the Y-chromosome contents of the Venter SNP gff file,
and put them up so that they are there in full for anyone that wants
them, at http://www.healds.org.uk/dna/snps/Venter_ysnps.zip (97k).
RS numbers
I also came across an odd issue with a few RS numbers quoted for
particular locations, which it seems are now considered by dbSNP to be
"not uniquely located", and are no longer included in dbSNP's "map" of
the Y chromosome, the chromosome report at
This 'withdrawn?' RSs include eg:
- 3129109 (rs2652921)
- 4402048 (rs2452344)
- 4703090 (rs11096443), all reported with RS numbers by the Chinese team,
and eg:
- 142179559 (rs28392688); P139, co-defining Haplogroup F
- 3604898 (rs35699596); P254, defining Haplogroup F4
- 4985637 (rs4252209); MEH2, defining Haplogroup Q1a
and others.
Typically the dbSNP server responds "Mapped unambiguously on
non-reference assembly only", and comes up with more than one chomosome
on the reference assembly where the flanking sequences could
(more-or-less?) match.
But I don't understand why these RSs are not included in the "chromosome
report", when there are others with more than one chromosome which are
included (which I've tagged with 'M' in a column on the sheet); and when
there are separate chromosome reports for "Multi" and "NotOn". Seems
like a failure in the dbSNP audit trail that these RSs aren't appearing
in /any/ of those listings.
Numerical Breakdown
One useful way to sort the spreadsheet is into SNPs reported by both
Chinese and Yoruba genome teams, SNPs reported by one, and SNPs reported
by the other. (Coulmn G on the spreadsheet).
Doing that gives the following breakdown:
* 451 SNPs derived in Chinese AND Yoruba, of which 200 have ascertained
positions (more-or-less) in the tree, a further 166 have rs numbers but
no ascertained positions (33 JW != CV); and 85 are novel, with no rs
number (4 JW != CV)
* 1084 SNPs derived in Chinese NOT Yoruba, of which 22 have ascertained
positions (more-or-less) in the tree, a further 274 have rs numbers but
no ascertained positions (including 13 RS reported by the Chinese now no
longer in dbSNP main list), 39 JW != CV; and 808 are novel, with no rs
number, for which 10 JW != CV.
* 1305 SNPs derived in Yoruba NOT Chinese, of which 268 have ascertained
positions (more-or-less) in the tree, a further 377 have rs numbers but
no ascertained positions (2 RS no longer in dbSNP main list; 15 JW!=
CV); and 660 are novel, with no rs number (20 JW!= CV)
I've noted the number for which the JW report doesn't match the CV
report, because under "normal" circumstances (i.e. if SNPs are truly
UEPs, the SNP reports were accurate, and SNPs haven't been masked by
anything else going on), one might expect that:
- a mutation in either JW or CV, and a mutation in either the Chinese or
the Yoruba should mean a mutation in the other (either the Yoruba or the
Chinese); (since this presumably indicates a mutation which is 'private'
in the HUGO sequence, or at least between there and JW); and
- a mutation in either the Chinese or the Yoruba but not both should
mean that JW=CV, since the mutation presumably should be occurring
elsewhere than downstream of P.
But the large number of cases where JW != CV (which I have highlighted
on the sheet) indicates that there is more going on here than I have
Finally, something I found very striking was how much larger the number
of mutations reported in "Chinese NOT Yoruba" (ie Haplogroup NO to
Haplogroup O1a*) was than that reported in "Chinese AND Yoruba" (ie
Haplogroup P to Haplogroup R1b1b2a1a2d3a): 1084 versus 451, for what is
by definition exactly the same span of time in both cases.
Could different fixation rates due to different population histories
really lead to such a large difference?
And if they could, does that mean the dating method used in Karafet et
al (2008) now looks very questionable?
Hoping somebody can shed some light on all this,
All best,
This thread:
|[DNA] Comparison of Chinese, Yoruba, Watson and Venter genome y-snps by James Heald <>


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The Optimistic Christian
What Would Jesus Occupy?
With the Occupy Wall Street protest entering its fifth week, there is no shortage of commentary reflecting Christian perspectives. Some, like Jim Wallis of Sojourners, are generally sympathetic to the protests. Bruce Wydick at Christianity Today takes the opportunity to point out that the conditions being protested have been brought on by a crisis in American values; they cannot be blamed neatly on one sociopolitical faction or another.
Other writers ask themselves, "What would Jesus occupy?" (See here as well.) And that's an important question. I believe the true answer, based on his life on earth, is: nothing. It is a remarkably simple answer, but one with profound implications. Our society has become all but deaf to those implications, glorifying as we do the force majeure of entitlement and sanctimony. But Jesus is the very antithesis of an occupier.
Among the most famous words of Jesus are those recorded in Revelation 3:20: "Here I am! I stand at the door and knock. If anyone hears my voice and opens the door, I will come in and eat with him, and he with me." (NIV) No passage more clearly reflects the attitude with which Jesus lived his life on earth, and with which he approaches us today.
Jesus never went anywhere uninvited. Even when he rebuked the money-changers in the Temple, he did not approach the institution as an antagonist, demanding entry on his own terms. He entered the Temple in obedience to the Father, as a Jew going to worship: exercising the privilege of a Jew under the commandments of God and the system of worship and priestly authority God had instituted. At no time did Jesus enter the premises of any person or institution on any but an orderly pretext.
The intention of the Occupy Wall Street protesters—to occupy the premises of others and challenge society's institutions—has been clarified during the week of October 10. Informed by the New York authorities that they would have to vacate Zucotti Park while it was being cleaned, the protesters insisted that their activities constitute an occupation, mounted on their terms. They are not there at the sufferance of the mayor or the police. (As I write this, we don't yet know the outcome of their promised showdown with the authorities on Friday, October 14.)
That's something Jesus would not do. He didn't have to defy the authorities in order to triumph. In fact, he obeyed their decrees all the way to the cross, rebuking Peter for showing resistance. The resurrected Jesus doesn't even "occupy" our hearts, the territory he was sent to claim. He dwells there only at our invitation. To us, too, he accords respect for our authority in that regard.
J.E. Dyer is a retired Naval intelligence officer and evangelical Christian. She retired in 2004 and blogs from the Inland Empire of southern California. She writes for Commentary's CONTENTIONS blog, Hot Air's Green Room, and her own blog, The Optimistic Conservative. Follow her on Facebook and Twitter.
Dyer's column, "The Optimistic Christian," is published every Monday on the Evangelical portal. Subscribe via email or RSS.


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Eat your veggies -- and drink your beer -- at WaterCourse Foods tomorrow
Chef Rachel Kesley is cooking up a Southern picnic at WaterCourse Foods.
Danielle Lirette
Dan Landes, owner of WaterCourse Foods (which I review this week) has brewed his share of beer over the years -- so to him, beer and vegetarian food have always gone together. But he's excited to see that the craft-brewing industry is starting to agree. "Maybe when I started, a brewer wouldn't have wanted to put a porter next to whatever it is," he says.
But now that's changed -- as evidenced by WaterCourse's fourth annual beer dinner tomorrow.
See also: WaterCourse Foods -- Denver's landmark vegetarian restaurant should plot a more creative course
For this dinner, executive chef Rachel Kesley selected seven beers from Strange Brewing Company and designed a six-course tasting menu around each one, with the seventh beer as a palate cleanser.
The food is a variation on a Southern picnic, with pairings that include from baked bean pot-au-feu with pickled watermelon paired with watermelon hefeweizen specially made for the event; sweet tea-glazed crispy tofu with a corn and chive waffle and IPAphany India Pale Ale; and apple cobbler with salted caramel ice cream and Cherry Bomb Belgian stout.
The dinner is $70 and seatings start at 5 p.m. on Friday, October 4; to make a reservation, contact WaterCourse at 303-832-7313.
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Denver, CO 80218
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text:
East Leland is a 63 unit affordable housing development with a mix of flats and townhouses in three story buildings with one, two, three and four bedroom units. A mixture of paths and landscaped areas are provided throughout the courtyards and the site in order to allow a mix of outdoor activities for adults and children. In addition there is a day care facility, common laundry, classroom, community room and administrative offices totaling approximately 5,000 square feet.
Establish an urban street presence with the day care center, while maintaining a strong connection to the outdoors between the courtyards and the units through back porches and living spaces.
To develop a long and narrow 3 acre infill site with approximately 60 units and a licensed day care facility within a restrictive budget.
Design Features
- Individual ground level entries with private & semi-private front porches
- Pedestrian scale street frontage
- Interconnected courtyards with pedestrian pathways; play structure dedicated to day care
- Direct unit access to common courtyards
Interactive Street View
View Van Meter Williams Pollack LLP in a larger map


text:
Programs > Academic Programs
Academic Seminars
"'Abuse Not': Flesh and Bones in Sarah Mapps Douglass' Classroom"by
April Haynes(Hench Post-Dissertation Fellow, American Antiquarian Society)
Wednesday, April 21 2010, at 4:30 p.m.
Pavilion Room, Peter Green House
Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
PRÉCIS: Sarah Mapps Douglass (1806-1882) was an African-American Quaker and a founding member of the Philadelphia Female Antislavery Society. In the 1850s, she became the head of the girls department of the Philadelphia Institute for Colored Youth and delivered a number of lectures on physiology. Douglass overtly challenged racism while subtly navigating the politics of benevolence and channeling resources toward autonomous black institutions. Using the reports of philanthropists and colleagues who visited her classroom, this talk will show reform physiology in action. In the context of antebellum Philadelphia—where popular physiology lecturers taught thousands of white auditors how to read flesh and bones for racialized, gendered, and sexual meanings—Douglass created a protected, dynamic environment in which African-American girls learned to speak about embodiment.
Directions: The Peter Green House (home to Brown's history department) is located at the corner of Brown and Angell Streets on the Brown campus in Providence. Access to the Pavilion Room is avaiable through the porch stairs on Angell St.
A wine and cheese reception will follow the talk. Afterwards, there will be a dutch-treat dinner at a nearby restaurant. Please indicate your plans, especially if you wish to stay for dinner, by sending the completed form to Ann-Cathrine Rapp (or e-mail email@example.com) by April 14. the calendar and electronic registration form.
The Society regrets that it is unable to make refunds after that date.
Reservations are suggested (and deeply appreciated) for attending the seminar. Reservations are required to attend the supper.


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This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (
The conversion of heat into current can be obtained by a process with two stages. In the first one, the heat is used for distilling a solution and obtaining two flows with different concentrations. In the second stage, the two flows are sent to an electrochemical cell that produces current by consuming the concentration difference. In this paper, we propose such an electrochemical cell, working with water solutions of zinc chloride. The cell contains two electrodes, made respectively of zinc and silver covered by silver chloride. The operation of the cell is analogous to that of the capacitive mixing and of the "mixing entropy battery": the electrodes are charged while dipped in the concentrated solution and discharged when dipped in the diluted solution. The cyclic operation allows us to extract a surplus of energy, at the expense of the free energy of the concentration difference. We evaluate the feasibility of such a cell for practical applications and find that a power up to 2 W per m2 of the surface of the electrodes can be achieved.
Salinity gradient power (SGP) is the production of renewable and clean power from naturally available water reservoirs with different salinity [
The two most mature SGP techniques [
A new, promising family of electrochemical techniques has been recently introduced. The "capacitive mixing" (CAPMIX) technique [
The application of SGP techniques to artificially produced concentration differences has been limited, up to now, by the recovery of by-products of other processes [
Such a thermoelectric conversion can be used for producing electrical energy from low- and medium-temperature heat sources, for example, solar concentrators working with so-called non-imaging optics [
Thermoelectric conversion is usually performed by means of heat engines, e.g., Stirling motors [
Another relevant feature of a heat-to-current converter working with zinc chloride solution is that it can easily work with low-temperature heat sources,
The objective of the present study is to present a proof-of-concept of the zinc-silver AccMix cell, aimed at the evaluation of the feasibility and of the actual performances in terms of energy efficiency and power production. The AccMix cell is described in Section 2. The boiling point and its relation with the overall efficiency and the specific free energy of the solution, is discussed in Section 3.1. The equilibrium cell voltage is discussed in Section 3.2. The discussion of the kinetics and the measurement of the power production is presented in Section 3.3. In Section 3.4, we report some unwanted effects, leading to a reduction of the power production, which have been observed in some cases, but which can be avoided by operating the cell in a suitable regime.
In this section, we describe the implementation of an unusual SGP cell working with a zinc chloride solution, a good candidate for the closed-cycle heat-to-current converter based on SGP technology. The cell is operated with AccMix cycles and is inspired by the electrodes used in the batteries with the highest power density, such as the silver oxide-zinc [
Focusing on one of the cells, the cycle is shown in
The energy comes from the voltage rise that takes place when the solution concentration is changed, which is given by Nernst equation: the charge is put into the cell at a lower voltage than that at which it is then extracted. We have shown that the voltage is connected with the adsorption of the solute during the step of the cycle in concentrated solution and its release in the diluted solution [
The AccMix cell is basically an accumulator,
It is worth noting that the cell voltage,
In order to find good electrodes for the zinc chloride solution, we can profit from the wide literature about rechargeable batteries. However, the requisites of our electrochemical cell are different from the requisites of a usual rechargeable battery. The energy that is extracted in each cycle is of the order of The electrical charge efficiency of the charge/discharge cycles must be excellent: low self-discharge, The energy efficiency of the charge/discharge cycles must be extremely high: low overvoltage. An extremely high number of cycles.
The electrical charge efficiency of the charge/discharge cycles must be excellent: low self-discharge,
The energy efficiency of the charge/discharge cycles must be extremely high: low overvoltage.
An extremely high number of cycles.
For reaching these parameters, we must use charge and discharge currents that are much less than the currents usually applied in rechargeable batteries and apply them for much shorter times. It is thus necessary to study the behavior of the cells under very unusual conditions and such information is often lacking in the literature.
In the AccMix cell presented in this paper, one of the electrodes is a zinc foil and the other is a silver foil or felt covered with silver chloride. The electrolyte is a water solution of zinc chloride, concentrated and diluted as necessary in Steps A and C.
The interest in such an electrochemical cell stems from the fact that a cell with similar electrodes is used as a primary battery, with an excellent power density. A second reason of interest is that zinc chloride has an extremely high solubility in water and leads to a very high boiling point elevation. This property is connected with the high efficiency of the whole energy conversion cycle [
The electrodes are 0.1 mm-thick 1 × 1 cm foils (Alfa Aesar). The silver electrode is covered by silver chloride by means of anodization [
The electrodes are kept at a distance of 0.6 mm, spaced by means of two nylon wires, and clamped between two current collectors made of graphite slabs 1 mm thick.
The solutions are obtained by dissolving zinc chloride (Alfa Aesar) in deionized water. We observed that different solutions, obtained with less pure salts from various producers, have different pH, probably due to the strong effect of impurities. In order to simplify the comparison, we decided to adjust the pH of the solution, by adding 0.37% in mass of HCl. In the case of the salt from Alfa Aesar, the pH of the 68% solution decreases from about 2 to 1. The addition of HCl also has the side effect of decreasing the turbidity of the solutions, which is observed at concentrations between 10% and 60% of ZnCl2.
The flow of solutions is obtained by means of two peristaltic pumps, connected with the high- and low-concentration solution reservoirs. The outlets of the pumps are connected together just before the cell input; the flow of the solution takes place parallel to the wires used as spacers. The pumps are activated sequentially during the cycle, in order to deliver the high- and low-concentration solutions during the different phases. The flow is continuous, at 0.5 cm3/s, during the whole phase. In the present experiment, the output flow is discarded: this actually represents a simplification of the experimental setup with respect to a real device, in which a recirculation of the solutions must take place.
The reactions taking place in the cell during the AccMix cycle are shown in
It is evident that zinc chloride is temporarily stored in the electrodes during the step in a higher concentration and is later released into the less concentrated solution: we are actually performing an accumulator-mediated mixing,
The traditional scheme of the AccMix cell [
The choice of the solution,
Working with solutions at about 0% and 80%, we expect a theoretical efficiency of 10% with a single-effect distiller [
The boiling temperature as a function of the concentration allows us to evaluate the free energy of the solution [
We measured the cell voltage in an open circuit. The result is shown in
The solid line is calculated from the boiling point elevation curve. This curve actually allows us to evaluate the derivative of the Gibbs free energy with respect to the number of units of ZnCl2 that are dissolved in the solution [
It must be noticed that the boiling point elevation allows us to evaluate only the variation of the chemical potential
It can be noticed that the cell voltage is nearly linear in the concentration and quite different from the logarithmic dependence that would be expected by approximating the activities with the concentrations. However, this is not surprising: at the highest concentrations that we consider, the solution is mainly composed of zinc chloride, and water is the minor component.
We characterized the kinetic behavior of the cell by means of the charge/discharge cycles performed at a constant concentration, at various values of the current. The cycles were composed of a charge phase at a given positive constant current for 60 s, followed by a discharge phase at the opposite current for 60 s. The cycle duration was chosen in order to mirror the actual duration of the typical AccMix cycles. The dissipated power is evaluated as the average of the product of the current and voltage over five cycles. The cycles can be effectively represented by plotting the cell voltage as a function of the electric charge that has flown through the cell (
The measured power dissipation is shown in
The power dissipation is lower in the case of the felt obtained with the silver wool, in agreement with the larger effective surface; that is, approximately 15 cm2 for the 1 × 1 cm felts we used.
By means of a reference electrode, we tried to roughly measure the potentials of the single electrodes of the cell, in order to evaluate their individual contributions to power dissipation (the contribution of the resistance of the solution, although still visible in the case of the 68% solution, is relatively small).
The power dissipation at the Ag/AgCl electrode is reported in
The power dissipation at the zinc electrode is reported in
With our experimental setup, we performed a series of AccMix cycles, which were composed of a charge phase of 60 s in concentrated solution at a given current and a discharge phase of 60 s in diluted solution at the opposite current. Between any two consecutive phases of this type (the "active" phases of the cycle), there was an interval of 60 s at zero current, during which, we could transfer the electrodes from the container of the concentrated solution to that of the diluted solution or
We measured the power production at various current intensities. The results are shown in
The overall efficiency
The efficiency
In our 1 × 1 cm2 cell, at a current of 5 mA,
The behavior of the electrodes apparently keeps memory of their recent history. This was seen in some particular cases of charge-discharge cycles, as those described in Section 3.3. In
The first phenomenon can be explained as the depletion of the AgCl that was formed on the surface of the silver foil during the anodization. An analogous phenomenon has been described as an increase of the cathodic overpotential [
Furthermore, the second phenomenon can be related to already observed effects. It has been noticed that the anodic current becomes stronger after a phase in which the current has a cathodic direction [
It is however difficult to systematically reproduce these phenomena. The best performance is of course obtained when either the potential increase in the charge or the potential fall in the discharge are avoided, and the cycle is represented by a roughly regular parallelogram in the (
This section reports a comparison between our technique and the other SGP techniques described in the literature, performed in terms of power density, energy conversion efficiency and cost per power. It must be noticed that the various SGP techniques are mainly studied as a means for producing power from NaCl solutions; this limits the salinity to values well below the concentrations of our ZnCl2 solutions. We will consider the ZnCl2 water solutions at 4.5% and 68%.
With such solutions, the maximum power production we achieved is around 2 W/m2 of electrode. By using microporous materials, e.g., sintered powders, we can have a surface of the order of 100 cm2/g; this leads to a cost of the order of ten euros per W.
The reverse electrodialysis (RED) [
In the case of the cited ZnCl2 solutions, the voltage of the RED device would be 160 mV per couple of membranes. This voltage is quite close to the voltage that is usually obtained working with sea and river water. In this case, a wide literature (see [
For solutions with high concentrations, the pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) [
Other AccMix techniques, such as CAPMIX, could be used, in principle, for ZnCl2 solutions. In the so-called "capacitive double layer expansion" (CDLE) technique [
We have shown that our AccMix cell is efficient in converting the free energy of the zinc chloride solution into electrical current. The fact that the open-circuit voltage practically coincides with the value theoretically expected from thermodynamical considerations (
As already noticed, the bottleneck of the system is the silver/silver chloride electrode. For this reason, further improvements might be obtained by replacing the silver electrode with other materials interacting with chlorine ions, e.g., conducting polymers, like polypyrrole.
We thank Alessandro Atti, Pino Gherardi and Paolo Turroni [
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Sketch of the heat-to-current converter system. The electrochemical cells consume the concentration difference between two flows, A and B, using the available free energy for producing an electrical current. The concentrations are then restored by means of a distiller, which consumes heat. The system is thus a heat-to-current converter.
Cycles of the accumulator mixing (AccMix) technique. The cycle starts with the cell filled with the high concentration solution. The phases are: (1) charge; (2) flow of dilute solution; (3) discharge; (4) flow of concentrated solution.
The AccMix cell for zinc chloride. The reactions taking place in the two steps of the AccMix cycle are shown. Legend:
Boiling point elevation of the ZnCl2 solutions at 1 atm pressure. Data kindly provided by Italshell [
The available free energy. The graph shows the energy that can be ideally produced by a cell per liter of solvent in the diluted solution, as a function of the concentration of the outgoing diluted solution. The concentrated solution has a mass fraction
The cell voltage as a function of the concentration. The voltage is measured in an open circuit. Two independent sets of measurements are shown. Four measurements are performed and averaged; the error bars represent the observed standard deviation. The solid line has been obtained from the chemical potential, in turn calculated from the boiling point elevation.
Example of the charge–discharge cycle. The cycle is clockwise.
The average dissipated power during charge-discharge cycles in ZnCl2 solutions. The various data sets refer to different concentrations and different electrodes. The size of the electrodes is 1 × 1 cm; in the case of the Ag wool, this is the macroscopic dimension of the felt. The reported power is an average over five consecutive cycles; the standard deviation is less than 6%.
The average dissipated power density at the AgCl/Ag electrode. The conditions are the same as
The average dissipated power density at the Zn electrode. The conditions are the same as
Example of the AccMix cycle. The cycle is counterclockwise. The voltage rise is approximately 160 mV. The overvoltage, which reduces the cycle's surface, results from the flowing current of 4 mA.
The average gained power in the AccMix cycles. The concentrations of the ZnCl2 solutions are
Charge–discharge cycles with the voltage fall at the end of the discharge phase. The cycles are clockwise. A strong deviation from the rectangular shape of the cycle is evident at the end of the discharge phase (the branch at the lower voltage).
Charge–discharge cycles with the voltage increase at the end of the charge phase. The cycles are clockwise. The arrow shows the decrease of the peak with time.


text:
Khemisset Vacation Packages
Rabat, Morocco's capital, is about 45 miles (72 kilometers) to the west of Khemisset, while Casablanca is 90 miles (145 kilometers) to the west.
Rabat-Sale-Zemmour-Zaer attracts travelers from all over the globe, which means getting around is easy. Be sure to set aside plenty of time to explore the numerous things to see and do this region has to share. If you're looking for other places to check out, you'll find Oulmes, 25 miles (40 kilometers) to the north, and Nzala 30 miles (48 kilometers) to the west.
Meknes is 30 miles (48 kilometers) from Khemisset. This center offers a wide range of points of interest, including Bou Inania Medersa, Mausoleum of Moulay Ismail and Bab el-Mansour. If you still have time left, be sure to check out Institut Francais de Meknes, Place el-Hedim and Kobt Souk before heading back to Khemisset.
Experience moments of tranquility at Rabat-Sale-Zemmour-Zaer 's mosques. Experience a little culture, learning and lore amid the great outdoors at Rabat-Sale-Zemmour-Zaer 's fascinating open-air markets.
See a side of Khemisset most visitors don't see by joining a local guide on one of the city walking tours.
Good holidays are about making new friends and doing things differently to at home. Rabat-Sale-Zemmour-Zaer is a great spot for such a holiday.


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PHOTO GALLERY: Ben Affleck & Jon Hamm Film 'The Town'
Ben Affleck and John Hamm? Yes, please!
The two actors were spotted on the set of their new flick, This Town, in Boston, MA over the weekend.
While Ben was seen is costume as a Boston Medic, then did an outfit change as he directed Jon Hamm and Jeremy Renner during their scenes!
Check out the new pics of Ben doing double-duty on the set of This Town.


text:
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text:
Estonia, Petseri County, New Surname Register Cards (FamilySearch Historical Records)
|This article describes a collection of historical records available at FamilySearch.org.
Access the records: Estonia, Petseri County Surname Register Cards, 1921-1923 .
- 1 Title in the Language of the Records
- 2 Record Description
- 3 Record Content
- 4 How to Use the Record
- 5 Related Websites
- 6 Related Wiki Articles
- 7 Contributions to This Article
- 8 Citing FamilySearch Historical Collections
Title in the Language of the Records
Eesti, Petserimaa Uus Perekonnanimi Registreeri kaardid
Record Description
This collection will include records from 1921 to 1923.
This is a collection of new surname register cards for residents of Narva and Petseri counties who didn't have Estonian names. Name cards are organized alphabetically by the new surnames. The text is handwritten in Estonian.
During the first period of the Independent Republic (1918-1940), over 210,000 people acquired their own surnames. New names replaced those that were insulting (Kõnts "Filth", Sopaauk "Muckhole"), weird (Kollikivi "Ghost-stone", Pudrunahk "Porridgeskin"), foreign (Apfelbaum, Vassiljev), of mixed origins (Jahimann, Karubach) or undesirable on other grounds.
Those of non-Estonian origin had to renounce to their original German, Russian, or other language names and take Estonian names instead. In order to change their names, they had to apply for a name change and then register the new one.
Between 1920 and 1934, only 820 names were spontaneously estonianised. Estonianisation of names effectively began in 1935, in which year there were approximately 34,000 name changes; by 1940, there had been about 200,000. Some of the new surnames were translations or equivalents of the old names, but others were simply chosen for their attractive sound, meaning, or association.
For an alphabetical list of records currently published in this collection, select the Browse link from the collection landing page.
In several instances in the history of Estonia, the government requested people to change their foreign language names to an Estonian name (referred to as the Estonianisation of names). Estonianising foreign-sounding family names was initiated in 1921, although the results were rather modest at first. The situation changed after Konstantin Päts established his authoritarian regime in 1934 and the process acquired a political dimension. Getting an Estonian name became the main cornerstone of demonstrating a person's national unity.
This collection of name change cards is reliable for genealogical purposes as it was performed in front of a government official authority.
Citation for This Collection
The following citation refers to the original source of the information published in FamilySearch.org Historical Record collections. Sources include the author, custodian, publisher and archive for the original records.
- "Estonia, Petseri County, Surname Register Cards 1921-1923" Images. FamilySearch. http://FamilySearch.org : accessed 2013. Citing District Financial Office. National Historical Archive, Tartu.
Suggested citation format for a record in this collection.
Record Content
|This image needs a translation.You can help by adding an English translation of the image. (Instructions)
These population register cards usually contain the following information:
- Name and surname
- Ages
- Place of residence
- New name and surname
How to Use the Record
To search the collection, follow this series of links:
⇒Select "Browse through images" on the initial collection page
⇒ Select the Record type (Kirjetüübi)
⇒ Select the Surnames (Perekonnanimed) which takes you to the images
Look at the images one by one comparing the information with what you already know about your ancestors to determine which one is your ancestor. You may need to compare the information about more than one person to make this determination.
This collection is organized alphabetically by new surname; therefore, by knowing that name it could be easy to locate your ancestor in this collection. It is usually possible to research Estonian family history confidently back to the period of the assigning of surnames and, with luck and patience, beyond this date using family reconstruction techniques based upon the parish registers and revision lists.
Related Websites
- Estonica - Encyclopedia about Estonia - Personal Names
- Bluebird Research-Estonianisation of names
- Bluebird Research-Taking of Estonian surnames
Related Wiki Articles
Contributions to This Article
| We welcome user additions to FamilySearch Historical Records wiki articles. We are looking for additional information that will help readers understand the topic and better use the available records. We also need translations for collection titles and images in articles about records written in languages other than English. For specific needs, please visit WikiProject FamilySearch Records.
Please follow these guidelines as you make changes. Thank you for any contributions you may provide.
Citing FamilySearch Historical Collections
When you copy information from a record, you should list where you found the information. This will help you or others to find the record again. It is also good to keep track of records where you did not find information, including the names of the people you looked for in the records.
A suggested format for keeping track of records that you have searched is found in the wiki article Help:How to Cite FamilySearch Collections.
Citation Example for a Record Found in This Collection
|This citation example isn't from this collection. You can help by replacing this example with a citation for a record found in this collection.
- "Delaware Marriage Records," index and images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org): accessed 4 March 2011, entry for William Anderson and Elizabeth Baynard Henry, married 23 November 1913; citing marriage certificate no. 859; FHL microfilm 2,025,063; Delaware Bureau of Archives and Records Management, Dover.
- "El Salvador Civil Registration," index and images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org): accessed 21 March 2011, entry for Jose Maria Antonio del Carmen, born 9 April 1880; citing La Libertad, San Juan Opico, Nacimientos 1879-1893, image 50; Ministerio Archivo Civil de la Alcaldia Municipal de San Salvador.
When the citation has been replaced with a citation specific to the collection described, please change the heading to "Citation Example for Records Found in This Collection".


text: CHAIRMAN WILLCOX HAPPY HARMONIZER - Makes No Mention of the Past in Welcoming Moose Back Into G.O.P. Fold. PLANS EFFICIENT CAMPAIGN Manager of Hughes Forces Will Issue Appeal to the Independent Voter. - View Article - NYTimes.com Your browser does not support iframes. Please use this link to view your article: view article.


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The Division of Marine Fisheries has been hosting the Massachusetts Recreational Saltwater Fishing Derby for over 30 years. In 1983, the Division took over what was once the Governor's Cup from the then Division of Tourism (now the Massachusetts Office of Travel and Tourism). In 2009, the Derby expanded; a Catch-and-Release Derby now compliments the original Weigh-In Derby.
Both the Catch-and-Release and Weigh-In Derbies are annual events, running from January 1 through November 30, and are free to enter. Each Derby has its own set of rules (see here file size 3MB) and target species. Click below to learn more about each Derby. Click here to see photos of past Derby winners.
Catch and Release Derby
New in 2009, the Division of Marine Fisheries added a catch and release category to our longstanding and popular Massachusetts Saltwater Fishing Derby. While traditionally the derby has required the harvest and weigh-in of fish, this new format will allow catch and release oriented anglers a chance to showcase their angling skills too.
Weigh-In Derby
Each year, January 1 through November 30, MarineFisheries conducts the Massachusetts Saltwater Fishing Derby. This is a free derby, meaning no entry fees. Fish entered must be caught by hook and line and measured and weighed at a MarineFisheries-certified official weigh station.
Massachusetts Saltwater Game Fish Records
Check here for up to date Massachusetts saltwater game fish records.


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Georgiana slipped off her pinafore, and Stuart, who had insisted on waiting for her, hung it upon its accustomed nail.
"Give it to me," cried the Prince; and reaching after it, he hid it under his pinafore.
Then, very quietly, she took off her own pinafore, and stole across the room and listened at Gaga's door.
But it looked to me like a child's pinafore, greatly enlarged.
Tom found her there, drying and smearing her face with an earthy corner of her pinafore.
But a young man of nineteen ought not to be attached to his mother's pinafore!
Miss Summers abruptly rolled up her work at this unsympathetic remark, and took off her pinafore.
The 'pinafore' announcement was for the edification of the New Londoners.
And just look at that pinafore, that was put on you clean this morning, and now it is all over dirt!
Then why don't you substitute something in place of 'pinafore?'


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The 49ers are 0-4 for the first time in God knows how long. The 49ers had the game won yesterday despite Alex Smith's two interceptions, thanks to Nate Clements forgetting to do his best stop, drop and roll. Here is a quick look around Ninerland the morning after.
Singletary's job safe for now In a week in which his offensive coordinator was fired, San Francisco 49ers head coach Mike Singletary's job is safe for now, according to team and league sources. – [Adam Schefter]
The 49ers are getting beat mentally, not physically. The Chiefs might have beaten them on both fronts, but the mental aspect has certainly come into play during close defeats to New Orleans and Atlanta. – [Mercury News]
Roddy White felt confident he could force another fumble because, in his words, the 49ers did not know better. – [Mercury News]
Taylor Mays played every snap against the Falcons even though Reggie Smith appeared to be ahead of Mays on the depth chart following Michael Lewis' abrupt departure from the team. – [Matt Maiocco]
The 49ers scored a touchdown on their opening drive for the first time since Mike Martz was coordinator. – [Matt Maiocco]
Singletary says he never thought about switching quarterbacks. – [Matt Barrows]
Smith graded himself more harshly than Singletary graded the quarterback. – [Eric Branch]


text: http://www1.dallascowboys.com/news.cfm?id=064F56A5-FD6D-084A-0C9261D1462C933C Nick Eatman DallasCowboys.com Staff Writer June 8, 2004, 5:13 p.m. (CDT) IRVING, Texas -- The Cowboys added another player to their roster Tuesday, signing rookie tight end Landon Trusty. The club had a roster spot open after rookie linebacker Ryan Fowler was released two weeks ago after suffering a back injury. But instead of signing a linebacker, the Cowboys decided to add another player to an already-deep tight end position. Trusty (6-7, 270) played his college ball at Division II Central Arkansas, where he also started two seasons for the basketball team. The oversized tight end is known for his pass-catching ability and powerful blocking. But his lack of speed down the field likely hurt his draft status. Coming out of high school, Trusty attracted schools such as Alabama and Michigan, but torn ligaments in his knee suffered during his senior season lessened interest from many schools. But at UCA, Trusty was one of the Bears' top offensive players, catching 78 passes for 1,062 yards and 20 touchdowns during his four collegiate seasons. He was also named a two-time Academic All-American, carrying a 4.0 grade-point average throughout his career at UCA. The Cowboys now have six tight ends on the roster, including deep snapper Jeff Robinson, who was used on goal-line situations last year, catching two passes for two touchdowns. But with Dan Campbell and Jason Witten expected to be heavily involved in the offense, Trusty will likely have to compete for a roster spot with four-year veteran James Whalen, one of the team's better special teams player, and rookie Sean Ryan, a fourth-round pick from Boston College.


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We've finally done it! After ten years of operation and trying various tour routes, we have finally whittled it down to just one perfect tour which we consider to be the ultimate flying experience, the 65 minute Grand Deluxe Tour of Kauai!
There are a couple of choices for you. We have two different types of plane, our larger 6 passenger AirVan and our smaller 2 passenger Cessna. And two tour choices in each plane.
In our AirVan we can give you the highest quality air tour of Kauai, bar none. This roomy plane has huge bubble windows which give you an unobstructed wrap around view as well as a downward view. Communication with your pilot, and each other, is easy using our noise canceling bose headsets. You can enjoy the pilot's expertly crafted narration and artfully selected music, ask questions, share stories and have an unparalleled emotionally charged and rewarding visual experience of what many describe as one of the most beautiful places in the world.
We have two ways of booking this tour, the AirVan Grand Deluxe Tour or the AirVan Private Charter for larger groups.
Tour times are at 9:30, 11:00, 1:00, 2:30 and *4:00 (*times marked are seasonal)
Kama`aina Discount Rate: $120
Children; 1 month to 23 months are free and are lap children, seat not required
Children; 24 months to 3 years of age are free and a seat is required
You must call or email us to arrange for children to ride for free
Book Now!
*If you wish to pay cash, please call to make your reservation.
*Per seat weight limit 330 pounds.
Up to $200 off!
$550 for 5 or 6 persons, +6% taxes & fees.
No additional fuel surcharge!
Just $92 per person for a group of 6! Book Now!
*Total body weight restricted to 1200 pounds. Per seat weight limit 330 pounds.
Our Cessna is an awesome way for couples to enjoy the beauty of Kauai. This small plane will comfortably carry only two of you, one in the front co-pilot seat, and the other behind. Our interactive communication system with noise canceling headsets gives you the opportunity to share your experience with each other and the pilot in a more private setting, and with only two on board you may have a personal experience of the incredible beauty of Kauai. The windows are smaller than the AirVan and some describe the viewing difference to be a Van vs. a Sports car – you can still see everything, but in a different way.
Flight times are at 9:00, 10:30, 12:30, 2:00 and 3:30
Sale Price Only $270 per couple!
in the Cessna!
CLICK HERE for more information.
NO fuel surcharges or hidden fees! We really do fly for 65 minutes, we don't just say we do!
We strive to hear you say "Best thing I did on Kauai!" – that is music to our ears!
photo & video gallery!
- Kipu Kai
- Jurassic Park falls
- Waimea Canyon
- Na Pali Coast
- Wai'ale'ale crater
- Hanalei Bay
- Hanalei Valley waterfalls
- Winter whale watching
- Starting in Lihue, you will first see Kipu Kai, the beach made famous by Harrison Ford's 6 Days and 7 Nights.
- Travel on to see the famous Jurassic Park waterfall in the beautiful Hanapepe Valley (weather permitting).
- Soar over the vast Waimea Canyon, the "Grand Canyon of the Pacific" as well as the famous Na Pali Coastline.
- Finish off with the lovely Hanalei Bay before heading back to the Lihue Airport.
- The additional time also allows us to show you the numerous waterfalls of the Hanalei Valley as well as the crater below Kauai's Mt. Waiale'ale.
- In winter months, whale watching may be feasible.
At approximately 65-70 minutes, this is the ultimate air tour of the Garden Isle.


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Nurse among suspects in drug raid
Updated 6:36 am, Friday, September 20, 2013
SAN ANTONIO — A raid this week in Spring Branch has netted three suspects, including a former Navy nurse, as federal agents investigate a suspected methamphetamine distribution ring.
The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration arrested nurse Anna Nicole King, Carlos "Bear" Martinez and Raul Bautista following Thursday's raid in the 200 block of Long Meadow, records show. The probe included undercover buys of the drug.
Based on their investigation, agents found Martinez is a source of supply, and he stays at the home, a DEA affidavit said. The affidavit said King owns the $400,000 home, and that Bautista provided security.
During the search, agents seized 5 ounces of meth, the affidavit said.
News Channel
In court Thursday, U.S. Magistrate Judge John Primomo ordered all three held pending bail hearings later this month.
While he appointed lawyers for Martinez and Bautista, the judge didn't do so for King, who had won a large, unspecified civil settlement in recent years.
"Based on the information I have, you came into a lot of money three years ago," Primomo said. "Even though you say it's gone, you're going to have to hire your own attorney. That was a lot of money."
King's Facebook page said King, originally from Hobbs, N.M., studied neuroscience at Washington State University and New Mexico State University.
If convicted, the defendants face 10 years to life in prison.
Twitter: @gmaninfedland
Twitter: @gmaninfedland


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Manicures are great for people who work with their hands a lot, such as gardeners or the people who mash potatoes at restaurants by squeezing them really hard. Get some eyes on your hands with this Groupon.
Choose from Three Options
- $17 for one Shellac color manicure (a $35 value)
- $27 for one Shellac color manicure and one regular pedicure (a $60 value)
- $37 for one Shellac color mani-pedi (an $80 value)
During the Shellac manicure, a technician massages the hands with lotion and trims, shapes, and grooms the nails before painting them with a colorful coat of chip-resistant gel polish that can last for up to two weeks. The pedicures also include trimming, shaping, grooming, and polishing treatments for the toenails as well as a massage and a soothing hot towel.
Nail Spa
At the newly opened Nail Spa, chandeliers cast light through arched doorways, illuminating a plush lineup of pedicure chairs and manicure stations. In the rear, inside private treatment rooms, waxing specialists perform their craft, removing unwanted hairs with the care, grace, and speed more often associated with electric storks. The staff members also administer facials and eyelash treatments.


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The Playhouse on Rodney Square proudly exemplifies the DuPont Company's belief that lifting the arts lifts us all. In addition to our Broadway Series and special events, the Theatre presents an acclaimed Children's Series that reaches more than 30,000 children each year.
DuPont puts science to work by creating sustainable solutions essential to a better, safer, healthier life for people everywhere. Operating in more than 70 countries, DuPont offers a wide range of innovative products and services for markets, including: agriculture; nutrition; electronics; communications; safety and protection; home and construction; transportation; and apparel.
In 1802, DuPont was primarily an explosives company. One hundred years ago, our focus turned to chemicals, materials and energy. Today, we deliver science-based solutions that make real differences in people's lives around the world in areas such as: food and nutrition; health care; apparel; safety and security; construction; electronics; and transportation. Look closely at the things around your home and workplace, and chances are, you'll find dozens of items made with DuPont materials.
Our ability to adapt to change and our foundation of unending scientific inquiry has enabled DuPont to become one of the world's most innovative companies. But, in the face of constant change, innovation and discovery, our core values have remained constant: commitment to safety, health and the environment; high ethical standards; and treating people with respect.