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An alert monkey (A) compared with a monkey in depressed posture (B). These photographs were taken by the same photographer at approximately the same distance from each monkey. The nondepressed monkey (A) was alert and orienting toward the photographer (a potential threat), whereas the depressed monkey (B) seemed oblivious to the presence of a human being. The depressed monkey (B) was sitting in a slumped or collapsed body posture, with open eyes directed downward, and was unresponsive to environmental events.
Serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) binding potential (BP) and time spent in the depressed posture. The main effect for depression was significant (F2,14 = 9.13; P<.003). There were differences in 5-HT1A BP between brain areas (repeated-measures F10,140 = 37.96; P<.001). There was no difference in the relationship between 5-HT1A BP and depression by brain areas (levels of depression × brain areas interaction: F20,140 = 1.02; P = .44). Amyg indicates amygdala; cing, cingulate; hippo, hippocampus; L, left; and R, right. Error bars represent SD.
Shively CA, Friedman DP, Gage HD, Bounds MC, Brown-Proctor C, Blair JB, Henderson JA, Smith MA, Buchheimer N. Behavioral Depression and Positron Emission Tomography–Determined Serotonin 1A Receptor Binding Potential in Cynomolgus Monkeys. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(4):396-403. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.4.396
© 2017
Current animal models of depression are inadequate to further our understanding of depression. New models that allow for analysis of cognitive function and sex differences are needed.
To characterize serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptor binding potential (BP) and its relationship with specific characteristics of behavioral depression in cynomolgus monkeys.
A 23-month case-control study.
Small social groups in the laboratory.
Seventeen adult female cynomolgus monkeys.
Main Outcome Measures
Serotonin 1A receptor BP was examined by positron emission tomography using the radioligand 4,2"-(methoxyphenyl)-1-[2"-(N-2"-pyridinyl)-p-fluorobenzamido]ethylpiperazine in the raphe, amygdala, hippocampus, and anterior cingulate cortex in monkeys characterized by behavioral observation as depressed or not depressed. Aggression, submission, affiliation, pathologic behaviors, and activity levels were determined by behavioral observation. Heart rate and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function were also determined.
Throughout the brain areas examined, there was a reduction in 5-HT1A BP in depressed monkeys. The 5-HT1A BP in the amygdala and hippocampus was associated with aggression and submission. Friendly interaction, grooming, and locomotion were associated with 5-HT1A BP in the left cingulate cortex, whereas attention directed toward the environment was associated with 5-HT1A BP in the right cingulate cortex. The 5-HT1A receptor BP was inversely associated with heart rate in the raphe, left cingulate, and right amygdala.
This is the fourth in a series of studies that suggest that depressive behavior in adult female cynomolgus monkeys is similar to that observed in humans. It has been observed in 2 large groups of monkeys randomly selected from feral populations, suggesting that the capacity for depression is inherent in the species. This animal model holds promise to further our understanding of the basic mechanisms of affective behavior, the neuropathophysiologic characteristics of depression and the cognitive dysfunction that accompanies them, genetic and environmental factors that may affect depression risk, and the role of reproductive function in the excess depression risk in women.
The lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder in women is nearly twice that in men (21.3% vs 12.7%).1 Sex differences in prevalence occur during the reproductive years. Several biological processes may contribute to this increased risk, including hormonal fluctuations related to reproductive function and sensitivity to these hormonal fluctuations in brain systems that mediate mood states. Sensitivity to hormonal fluctuations manifests as excess risk of depression associated with changes in reproductive system function during premenstrum, pregnancy, post partum, and perimenopause.2,3 In addition, women are more likely than men to respond to stress with depression.4
Animal models have been used routinely to study the neurobiologic characteristics of depression and to test the efficacy of pharmacotherapies. Nearly all of this work has been performed in male rodents despite the early observation of sex differences in adaptation to chronic restraint stress.5,6 Sex differences have also been observed in the efficacy and adverse effects of the commonly prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).7 Deficits in attention and effortful information processing are characteristic of depression, and a common adverse effect of SSRIs is cognitive dysfunction,8,9 which was not anticipated by tests of efficacy in rodent models. Recently, the validity and utility of currently available animal models of depression have been questioned, and the need for more and better animal models using sophisticated imaging techniques has been emphasized.10,11
Historically, nonhuman primate (Macaca species) models have been widely used to study depression, primarily in infants.12 Price13 was the first to postulate changes in affect with changes in social dominance relationships, a model of specifically adult depression. He perceived the depressive behavior that accompanies loss of status as adaptive because it decreases the likelihood that the subordinate will fight back, and he recognized the evolutionary implications of depression in nonhuman primates.13,14 Price and coworkers15,16 observed that subordination stress alters behavior and physiologic processes and they formalized their thinking about the relationship between social status and depression in a social competition hypothesis of depression. Depression has an inverse relationship with socioeconomic status in the human population as well.17 It has been hypothesized that it is the stress of low socioeconomic status that increases the risk of disease.18
In keeping with Price and colleagues and owing to the need for an animal model of depression in females, we studied the relationship between social status and mood-related behaviors in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Socially subordinate female cynomolgus monkeys live in an environment that is similar to that of human beings of low socioeconomic status. They receive more aggression, are more vigilant, are groomed less, and spend more time alone (ie, out of arm's reach of another monkey) than their dominant counterparts and thus appear socially stressed.19 Perhaps due in part to this apparently stressful social environment, subordinates also have many physiologic characteristics that are risk factors for or correlates of disease. Subordinate females are hypercortisolemic and dyslipidemic and have a high heart rate (HR) response to stress, impaired ovarian function, more coronary and carotid atherosclerosis, and reduced striatal dopamine D2 receptor binding potential (BP) relative to dominants.19- 24
We studied behavioral depression, defined as a slumped or collapsed body posture accompanied by a lack of responsivity to environmental events, in 42 socially housed females for 2 years (Figure 1).25 Subordinates were more likely than dominants to display depressed behavior.26 In subsequent studies,27- 31 it was observed that monkeys displaying behavioral depression had other behavioral and physiologic characteristics in common with human depression, including reduced body fat, low levels of activity, suppressed ovarian function, low insulin-like growth factor I levels, dyslipidemia, high 24-hour and overnight HRs, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis disturbances. To our knowledge, the neurobiologic characteristics of this monkey model of stress-associated depression have not yet been described.
The 5-HT1A receptor is implicated in major depressive disorder. Results of positron emission tomography (PET) studies of 5-HT1A receptor BP, using WAY-100635, in nonmedicated patients with major depressive disorder suggest that 5-HT1A BP is decreased in several cortical regions (mediotemporal, orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate, insula, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). Laterality in these effects was observed in the mediotemporal, ventral anterior cingulate, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.32,33
In the experiment reported herein, 5-HT1A receptor BP was evaluated using PET in the raphe nucleus, amygdala, hippocampus, and cingulate cortex of monkeys that varied by degree of depressive behavior, and the relationships between 5-HT1A BP in these neuroanatomic regions and key behavioral and physiologic characteristics of depression were determined.
Thirty-six adult female cynomolgus monkeys (M fascicularis) (estimated age based on dentition, 8-20 years) were imported from the Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, Indonesia. During the study, 9 animals died, resulting in 27 animals completing the protocol. Behavioral depression was associated with an increased mortality rate (correlation between days lived and depression: r = −0.41; P≤.02). Causes of death followed no discernible pattern; for example, 2 monkeys died of trauma inflicted by cage mates, 2 did not recover from sedation, and 1 became ketotic and died. Depression in humans is also associated with increased (nonsuicide) mortality rates.31 The 5-HT1A BP was studied using PET in 17 monkeys chosen based on good health history and to represent the complete range of time spent in the depressed posture and social status. Nine of the 17 monkeys were from the lower third and 8 were from the upper third of the range of time spent in the depressed posture. Eight of the 17 monkeys were socially dominant, and 9 were subordinate. All procedures involving primates were conducted in compliance with institutional, state, and federal laws governing the use of primates in laboratory settings.
The animals were part of an experiment to evaluate the comorbidity of depression and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Thus, for 24 months the animals consumed an atherogenic diet, which contained 0.28 mg of cholesterol per calorie (approximately equal to human consumption of 500 mg/d) and 42.4% of calories as fat.
The monkeys were housed in stable social groups of 4 animals each for 23 months. Behavior and menstrual cycles were documented throughout this period. The following assessments were performed: HR was assessed during months 10 to 12, HPA axis function (dexamethasone suppression test, corticotropin challenge test, and corticotropin-releasing hormone challenge test) was assessed during months 16 to 20, and 5-HT1A BP was assessed using PET during months 19 to 23.
Social status was determined monthly throughout the experiment by recording the outcomes of aggressive interactions between cage mates. The animal in each social group to which all members submitted was designated the first-ranking monkey. The animal to which all but the first-ranking monkey submitted was designated the second-ranking monkey, etc. As in previous experiments,34 social status hierarchies were stable across time.
Affiliative and agonistic behavior, and behavioral time budgets, including time spent in the depressed posture, were recorded for 15 minutes weekly using the focal animal technique. The frequencies of the following behaviors were recorded: bite and slap/grab (together considered extreme aggression involving physical contact); stare threat, open-mouth threat, chase, and displace (together considered mild aggression); scream, scream threat, crouch, and flee (together considered extreme submissive behavior); and lip smack, grimace, submissive present, and move away (together considered mild submission). The duration of affiliative behaviors was recorded, including grooming, sitting close (within monkey arm's reach), in body contact, or alone (see Shively et al35 for operational definitions). Time spent depressed, defined as a slumped or collapsed body posture accompanied by a relative lack of responsiveness to environmental stimuli to which other monkeys are attending,26 was recorded while monkeys were in body contact, close, or alone (Figure 1). Interobserver reliability was 93%.
The monkeys were trained to present themselves for vaginal swabbing to detect menses and for femoral venipuncture to collect blood samples for progesterone assay 3 times a week. Serum progesterone level was assessed using a kit from Diagnostic Products Corp (Los Angeles, Calif) as previously described.36 These data were used to determine timing of the follicular phase for PET.
Heart rate was recorded by means of telemetry. After capture and sedation with ketamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg), each monkey was outfitted with a nylon mesh protective jacket over a portable electrocardiogram telemetry unit. After overnight recovery from sedation, HR recording was initiated the next morning (at approximately 7 am) and continued for 24 hours.30 Nighttime HR was calculated as the mean HR from 9 pm to 5 am, which includes the nadir of the diurnal HR curve and a time when no research or care staff are active in the monkey building.
Dexamethasone suppression tests were performed as previously described.31 Blood samples were obtained within 5 minutes of capture and sedation with ketamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg). The difference between the first and second morning cortisol levels (percentage suppression) was calculated as an indicator of sensitivity to negative feedback. Baseline cortisol level (first morning sample) and percentage suppression were used as dependent variables. The cortisol response to corticotropin challenge was determined as previously described.31 Area under the cortisol curve was used as the dependent variable. The response to corticotropin-releasing hormone challenge was assessed as previously described.31 Circulating corticotropin and cortisol levels were measured 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after corticotropin-releasing hormone injection. The areas under the cortisol and corticotropin curves were used as dependent variables. Interassay coefficients of variation for all clinical chemistry values were less than 7%.
4,2"-(Methoxyphenyl)-1-[2"-(N-2"-pyridinyl)-p-fluorobenzamido]ethylpiperazine ([18F]MPPF), a high-affinity, reversible, and selective ligand for the 5-HT1A receptor (Kd 5-HT1A 0.34, α1 113, α2>1000, β>1000, dopamine D2 19, 5-HT2 37nM), was used as the radioligand.37- 39 The radiosynthesis of [18F]MPPF followed the procedure described by Le Bars et al.40
Before the start of the PET study, each monkey was sedated (ketamine hydrochloride, 10 mg/kg intramuscularly) and intubated with a 5.0 tracheal tube, and anesthesia was maintained throughout the entire procedure with 1.5% isoflurane (Modulus Gas Anesthesia machine; Madison, Wis, Ohio Medical). A 20-gauge intravenous catheter was inserted into the femoral artery and the saphenous vein of the opposite leg. The monkey was positioned on the gantry of the scanner with the canthomeatal line perpendicular to the scanner axis. Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, oxygen saturation, and body temperature were continuously monitored. Test subjects were given an intravenous bolus injection of the radiotracer (4-6 mCi [148-222 Mβq]), and arterial blood samples were collected into preheparinized tubes for analysis. The first 50 samples (0.3 mL, 1-125 seconds after intravenous injection) were obtained at 2.5-second intervals using an automatic blood sampler (Ole Dich Instruments, Hvidovre, Denmark). The remaining 1.5-mL samples were obtained manually (at 3, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes). Samples were centrifuged and plasma aliquots of 50 to 100 μL were counted in a calibrated Packard Cobra II Auto-Gamma Counter (Packard, Meriden, Conn). The correction of arterial blood curves for the presence of metabolites was accomplished using a solid-phase extraction–high-performance liquid chromatography procedure,41 and metabolite analysis followed.42
Images were acquired using a PET scanner (Advance NXi; GE Healthcare, Bucks, England). In a single scan, the Advance NXi provides 35 transverse sections with 4.25-mm center-to-center spacing over a 15.2-cm axial field of view. The transaxial resolution of the scanner ranges from 3.8 mm at the center of the field of view to 7.3 mm radial and 5.0 mm tangential at a radius of 20 cm when reconstructed with a ramp filter. Its axial resolution ranges from 4.0 mm at the center to 6.6 mm at a radius of 20 cm when reconstructed with a ramp filter. The sensitivity of the scanner is 1200 kcps/μCi per cubic centimeter when operated in 3-dimensional mode.43
After the subject was placed in the scanner, a 5-minute transmission scan was acquired in 2-dimensional mode using 2 rotating rod sources containing an equilibrium mixture of germanium Ge 68–gallium Ga 68. The monkey received the bolus dose of [18F]MPPF (2.6-5.0 mCi [96.2-185.0 Mβq]), and a 120-minute dynamic acquisition scan was acquired.38 The emission scan was acquired in 3-dimensional mode (ie, with the septa retracted). Image reconstruction of the 3-dimensional data was performed using the 3-dimensional reprojection method with full quantitative corrections.44 The transmission scan data were smoothed using a 4-mm Gaussian filter transaxially and then segmented.45 The emission data were then corrected for attenuation and reconstructed into 128 × 128 matrices using a Hanning filter with a 4-mm cutoff value transaxially and a ramp filter with an 8.5-mm cutoff value axially.
The PET images were registered to the animal's magnetic resonance images (MRIs) using the automated image registration algorithm46 after extracting the brain from the MRI.47 Regions of interest (ROIs) were defined on coregistered MRIs. The ROIs were determined by the consensus of 2 investigators (C.A.S. and D.P.F.) who inspected the coregistered MRI-PET images with reference to brain atlases.48,49 Primary placement of the ROIs was performed using the coregistered MRI with slight modifications for inaccuracies in image registration guided by the coregistered PET image. As in previous studies with [18F]MPPF,50,51 distribution volumes were calculated for each ROI using their tissue time activity curve and the metabolite-corrected blood data in conjunction with the Logan graphical technique.52 The distribution volume ratio,53 a measure of 5-HT1A BP, was then determined in 11 ROIs: the left and right whole amygdala, the whole hippocampus (including the dentate gyrus, the hippocampus proper, and the subicular formation), the cingulate gyrus (3 adjacent sites in area 24a just rostral to the genu of the corpus callosum), and the midbrain raphe nucleus (dorsal raphe nucleus, just ventral to the aqueduct of Sylvius in the midbrain). Two ROIs were measured in the cerebellum (where 5-HT1A BP is low), averaged, and used as the reference region for calculation of the distribution volume ratios. Positron emission tomography was performed during the first 8 days of the menstrual cycle, when ovarian steroids are relatively low and quiescent.
The distribution of behavioral depression was divided into tertiles: no time spent depressed (n = 6), a modest amount of time spent depressed (<1% of time; n = 6), and the highest amounts of time spent depressed (1%-4% of time; n = 5). Initially we evaluated the relationship between behavioral depression and 5-HT1A BP over all brain areas using a 3 (levels of depression) × 11 (brain areas) analysis of variance. The overall analysis of variance was followed by 3 (levels of depression) × 2 (brain areas) analyses of variance to evaluate laterality in the hippocampus, cingulate cortex, and amygdala. The average of the 3 ROIs in the cingulate cortex was used for this analysis. Correlations were used to measure the degree of association between 5-HT1A BP in each area and other behaviors, HPA axis function, and HR. Pearson r was used for all variables except social status, for which the nonparametric Spearman ρ was used. The α level was set at P = .05, and reported P values are the result of 2-sided tests.
To determine the distribution of MPPF binding in normal brain, we examined the sum of the frames after 19 minutes of 4 of the PET studies of nondepressed animals because these frames give a useful representation of specific binding. Cortical binding was most intense along the midline dorsal to the corpus callosum and in the anterior portion of the lateral sulcus. The midline label extended the entire length of the cingulate gyrus. Throughout this region, the entire dorsoventral extent of the midline dorsal to the corpus callosum was labeled, although the intensity was greatest rostral to the anterior commissure. In 2 of the animals, several millimeters of the most medial portions of the dorsolateral cortex, corresponding to area 6, were also labeled. Intense labeling was also observed in the most rostral portion of the insula, including the agranular and rostral dysgranular fields, at the level of the rostral pole of the corpus callosum. Additional label was apparent throughout the entire extent of the insula and in the region of the superior temporal sulcus. Subsequent autoradiographic studies (D.P.F., unpublished data, 2006) have shown that MPPF labels virtually the entire cortex. The label is densest in layers I and II, with additional less dense label in layer VI. It seems that this distribution and density of receptors is not sufficient to be detectable in our PET scans unless several regions of the cortex are in close proximity to each other, as they are along the dorsal midline, and within the lateral and superior temporal sulci. It was generally not possible to resolve specific labeling dorsal to the lateral sulcus, even within the sulci there. It is not clear why this label was not visible on PET.
Additional label was observed in the amygdala and the hippocampus. This label was visible beginning at the level of the optic chiasm, which corresponds to the most rostral border of the amygdala, and continued caudally through the entire extent of the hippocampus. It was not possible to resolve individual amygdalar nuclei or hippocampal fields. Binding was also observed in the most rostral portions of the raphe (most likely corresponding to the dorsal raphe nucleus) but appeared faint relative to the aforementioned areas.
The relationship between behavioral depression and 5-HT1A BP was evaluated using a 3 (levels of depression) × 11 (ROIs) analysis of variance (Figure 2). The main effect for depression was significant (F2,14 = 9.13; P<.003), suggesting that depressed animals have lower 5-HT1A BP than their nondepressed counterparts across all brain areas measured. There were differences in 5-HT1A BP among brain areas (repeated-measures F10,140 = 37.96; P<.001); however, there was no difference in the relationship between 5-HT1A BP and depression by brain areas (levels of depression × brain areas interaction: F20,140 = 1.02; P = .44), suggesting that the same relationship between 5-HT1A BP and depression was observed in all brain areas.
Because there is potential for side-to-side differences in the relationships between depression and 5-HT1A BP, the left and right hemispheres were compared in the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate cortex (3 levels of depression × 2 sides). There were no effects of side in the amygdala (F1,14 = 0.27; P = .61), hippocampus (F1,14 = 0.42; P = .53), or cingulate cortex (F1,14 = 0.13; P = .72). There were also no side × level of depression interactions (amygdala: F2,14 = 1.86; P = .19, hippocampus: F2,14 = 0.10; P = .91, and cingulate cortex: F2,14 = 0.39; P = .68), suggesting that relationships between 5-HT1A BP and depression were equivalent in both hemispheres.
Depression is not a unitary biological phenomenon; instead, it involves widespread disturbances in many systems. Thus, we reasoned that 5-HT1A BP may be differentially associated with various behavioral and physiologic characteristics that may be perturbed in depression. For this reason, correlations were calculated between behavior and physiologic indices of depression and 5-HT1A BP in each brain region in all animals (Table).
Percentage of time spent depressed was significantly associated with rates of mild submission (+), social status (−), and adrenal cortisol levels at baseline (+) and in response to a corticotropin challenge (−). Note that HPA axis function and social status were not significantly associated with 5-HT1A BP in any brain region (Table).
There is long-standing interest in the relationship between aggression and depression because suicide may be conceived of as a self-aggressive act, and aggression and serotonergic function have been repeatedly associated in human studies and animal models. The 5-HT1A BP in the right amygdala was negatively associated with the frequency of submission and vigilant scanning (behaviors characteristic of subordinates) and positively associated with initiating agonistic interactions, whereas 5-HT1A BP in the left amygdala was positively associated with rates of aggression (Table). Thus, there seems to be lateralization in specific aspects of aggressive behavior, that is, one side relating more to initiating aggressive interactions and having low rates of submission and the other relating more to aggressive behavior frequency. The 5-HT1A BP in the right hippocampus, similar to that in the right amygdala, was negatively associated with the frequency of submissive behavior, whereas the left hippocampus was not significantly associated with any measure of social behavior or stress.
Activity levels and the initiation of friendly behavior seem reduced in depression (psychomotor retardation in human beings and activity levels in monkeys).31 The 5-HT1A BP in the left anterior cingulate was positively associated with affiliation (initiating friendly interactions and percentage of time spent grooming) and activity (stereotypic locomotor and locomotor behavior) (Table). The 5-HT1A BP in the right anterior cingulate, in contrast, was positively associated with the percentage of time spent engaging in stereotypic behaviors directed at the environment (eg, repeated perch patting and bar chewing) and in investigating (nonrepeated attention to an object, eg, licking a drop of water on the side of the cage or picking up a novel object). Self-directed behaviors (self-grooming or stereotypics such as biting and hair pulling) were not associated with 5-HT1A BP in either cingulate cortex (data not shown).
Depression is often accompanied by perturbations in HPA and autonomic system function. Whether these characteristics are associated specifically with 5-HT1A BP is unknown. In this study, measures of HPA function were not associated with 5-HT1A BP in any of the brain regions studied (Table). Heart rate averaged across 24 hours (data not shown) and overnight was negatively associated with 5-HT1A BP in the raphe nucleus, the left anterior cingulate cortex, and the right amygdala.
These results indicate lower 5-HT1A BP in the raphe, amygdala, hippocampus, and anterior cingulate cortex of depressed monkeys relative to nondepressed controls. The effect of depression seemed to be associated with its severity because, in general, the more time an animal spent depressed, the lower its 5-HT1A BP. The magnitude of the differences was greatest in the right and left anterior cingulate cortex (area 24a) and left amygdala. The results reported herein are consistent with results of studies of 5-HT1A BP in humans with major depressive disorder and suggest a possible homologous behavioral abnormality in human and nonhuman primates.32
Several issues should be considered in interpreting the present observations. First, PET has limited spatial resolution, which can make it difficult to visualize binding except when it is highly concentrated. Although 5-HT1A receptors are concentrated in the outer layers (I-III) of the cortex, in specific nuclei of the amygdala, and in specific fields of the hippocampus, we had to measure the entire thickness of the cortex and the entire amygdala and hippocampal formation. This almost certainly resulted in lower 5-HT1A BP than would be observed with more tissue-specific approaches, such as postmortem autoradiographic studies. Likewise, the diffuse nature of the raphe nuclei likely resulted in a dilution of signal also. In addition, it is difficult to be confident in the lack of laterality differences in BP in the cingulate gyrus observed herein because this may be due to diffusion of signal to adjacent areas.
Reductions in BP could result from either a reduction in the number of 5-HT1A receptors available or a decrease in receptor affinity. Binding potential does not discriminate between these possibilities. Furthermore, reductions in receptor availability may be due to reduced receptor number or to increased binding of the endogenous ligand. Depression is thought to involve decreased serotonin action at the synapse, and Sargent et al33 observed no difference in 5-HT1A binding in patients before or during SSRI treatment, which should change synaptic serotonin concentrations. Thus, the second possibility seems to be less likely, although the current data set cannot discriminate between these 2 possibilities either.
Associations between dependent variables were calculated for the purpose of hypothesis generation. It has been known for some time that the amygdala is associated with aggression and that aggression is modulated by serotonergic function.54- 56 Recent observations suggest that 5-HT1A receptors may be associated with aggression. Parsey et al57 observed inverse relationships between 5-HT1A BP and aggressive trait (based on self-reported lifetime history of aggression) in the anterior cingulate, amygdala, dorsal raphe, and prefrontal cortex of 25 men and women. In the present study, we directly and objectively distinguished between rates of aggression and submission and the frequency of initiation of aggression. We found positive relationships between 5-HT1A BP and rates of mild aggression and aggression involving physical contact in the left amygdala, whereas rates of submissive behavior were inversely related to 5-HT1A BP in the right hippocampus and amygdala. In contrast, the frequency of initiating aggressive interactions was positively associated with 5-HT1A BP in the right amygdala. There were some substantial, although nonsignificant, correlations for many agonistic behaviors in both amygdale, suggesting the need for further studies to sort out potential laterality effects. There is longstanding interest in the relationship between aggression and depression because suicide may be conceived of as a self-aggressive act.58,59 These observations support a close neurobiologic relationship among 5-HT1A BP, depression, and aggression in primates.
Anxiety is known to involve mechanisms mediated in the amygdala. Vigilant scanning is highly inversely correlated with social status31 and seems to represent fear or anxiety. This behavior was inversely correlated with 5-HT1A BP in the right amygdala. The SSRI citalopram hydrobromide reduces conditioned fear responses through effects in the amygdale.60 Further studies are needed to determine whether vigilant scanning is a reliable indicator of anxiety.
Little is known about the neurobiologic features of friendly behavior. Mehlman et al61 reported that cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations are associated with affiliative behavior (time spent grooming and time spent close) in free-ranging rhesus monkeys. Knutson et al62 noted increased friendly social interaction among young adult people treated with an SSRI in a randomized double-blind experiment. Herein we observed positive correlations between time spent grooming and frequency of initiation of friendly behavior (eg, approaching and offering to groom or sitting in body contact) and 5-HT1A BP in the left cingulate cortex. This relationship seemed to be unilateral, but laterality in relationships with behavior and cingulate 5-HT1A BP should be assessed with caution because the left and right cingulate are neuroanatomically close and the camera resolution may not differentiate these areas with certainty.
The cingulate cortex also seems to be centrally involved in the neural control of autonomic function. In functional MRI studies, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex activation was associated with sympathetic modulation of HR, whereas ventral anterior cingulate cortex activation seems to be involved in parasympathetic modulation of HR.63- 65 One article66 suggests that the neural circuit controlling HR during negative affect includes the amygdala, whereas HR in response to positive stimuli does not. The 5-HT1A receptor in ventral medullary sites, including the raphe pallidus, has been implicated in the control of HR.67,68 Herein, 5-HT1A receptor BP was negatively associated with HR in the raphe nuclei, left cingulate cortex, and right amygdala. This is the first study, to our knowledge, indicating that midbrain autonomic regulation may be mediated by 5-HT receptor function.
In conclusion, these observations suggest that there are common neurobiologic substrates for depressive behavior in human and nonhuman primates. This behavior pattern has been observed in 2 large groups (n = 78) of adult female cynomolgus monkeys that were randomly selected from feral populations, suggesting that the capacity for depression is inherent in the species. Like human depressives, depressed monkeys seem to have widespread decreases in neural 5-HT1A BP. This animal model holds promise to further our understanding of the basic mechanisms of affective behavior and the role of reproductive function in the excess risk of depression in women.
Correspondence: Carol A. Shively, PhD, Department of Pathology (Comparative Medicine), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040 (email@example.com).
Submitted for Publication: January 24, 2005; final revision received July 20, 2005; accepted July 28, 2005.
Funding/Support: This research was support by grant RO1 MH56881 (Dr Shively) from the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Md, and by a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Chicago, Ill (Dr Shively).


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Being an underdog is nothing new to the 2013 Triway football team.
Taking on the top-ranked team in Div. IV in longtime power Kenton, now that's uncharted territory.
Many fans and websites statewide are predicting a rout for Kenton (11-0, ranked No. 1 in final AP poll) when it plays Triway (9-2, No. 12) in a Div. IV, region 12 semifinal at Arlin Field in Mansfield Friday.
Fifth-year Triway coach Tony Lee and his team say "That's fine, let people talk." The Titans are looking forward to finding out how they match up with the Wildcats on the field, not on paper.
"I've told our kids if you want to believe all the hype you're reading that they're 30 or 40-point favorites, then we're gonna be in trouble," said Lee, whose team defeated Wauseon 26-21 at home last Friday to win the school's first playoff game since 2003 and just the third in school history. "They don't play the games on paper."
"We've been underdogs four or five times this year and our kids have risen to the occasion," Lee continued. "Obviously, this is the biggest one to date, so what do we have to lose? Our kids are hopefully going to play relaxed and do what we need to do and execute our gameplan."
The strategies for both teams are strikingly similar: rely on shotgun spread passing attacks and fast, hard-hitting defenses.
Kenton, of course, has been more prolific at that as the no-back, spread offense that 30th-year coach Mike Mauk was one of the first coaches in the Ohio high school ranks to win a state championship with is as potent as ever.
Mauk won state championships with his oldest son, Ben at quarterback in 2001 and 2002 and Kenton lost to Norwayne in the 2011 final 48-42 with Mr. Football Maty Mauk leading the way.
With younger son Maty taking his national record 18,932 passing yards to Missouri, senior Grant Sherman is establishing his own legacy.
Sherman (6-foot-5, 220) tied a national record with eight touchdown passes in the first half of last week's 58-14 win over Galion. Perhaps even more amazingly, Sherman was officially credited with completing 37-of-51 passes for 476 yards before sitting out the second half.
Galion's starting quarterback missed the game after being suspended, but still fans are wondering how anyone can hoist up 51 passes in one half.
"Kenton has been an Ohio powerhouse for years and years they just reload each year," Lee said. "They narrowly missed the playoffs last year, but obviously are very strong this year.
"(Sherman) is huge and he throws a great ball. He throws the outside quick pass and the middle screens real nice and has a cannon for an arm to shoot deep balls 40 or 50 yards downfield on a line. He doesn't look to run much, but he buys time in the pocket. He has a 6-8, 310-pound tackle (junior Larry Wells) and they have some great receivers."
Sherman has passed for 4,062 yards and 53 TDs this season, completing 334-of-504 attempts. He's carried the ball 61 times for 57 yards and five TDs. Wideout Angelo Lombardo leads the teams in rushing with only 132 yards as the Wildcats throw the ball just about every time out of their no-back, spread attack.
Senior wideout Justin Sawmiller (6-1, 185) leads the team with 116 catches, which he's turned into 1,816 yards and 18 TDs. He's the all-time national high school leader with 403 career catches, helped by a national record 137 grabs in 2011.
And Sawmiller doesn't even lead this year's team in scoring catches. That distinction is held for the time being by junior Kollin Stollar (5-8, 160), who has 70 grabs for 1,062 yards and 19 TDs.
Kenton's defense has been just as impressive, holding opponents to just 7.8 points a game to complement an offense that scores an average of 46.4 each time out. Junior Tristan Reichelderfer leads the unit with 134 tackles, while the defense has come away with 24 interceptions spread among eight players.
For as dominant as Kenton has been, Coach Mauk called Triway a "serious challenge.
"They have some tremendous athletes and we see they are very well-coached," Mauk said. "What they do, they do very well. They have a great scheme on offense.
"They have a quarterback who makes plays. He can pass the ball exceptionally well, is elusive and does a good job running the ball, too, which can really give defenses a lot of problems. The number of receivers who can catch ball is also very impressive -- we haven't seen a team this year with that many good receivers."
Triway, which is outscoring opponents 32.5-22.3, hopes its playmakers can continue to score and take time off the clock with ball-control passing.
Sherman is one of the few quarterbacks in the state who has better passing numbers than Triway junior Parker Carmichael (5-10, 155), who's 264-for-387 throwing the ball for 3,067 yards and 31 TDs, while easily outrushing his Kenton counterpart with 137 carries for 389 yards and 13 TDs. Carmichael has 7,204 career passing yards, putting him just 57 away from breaking former Orrville great Tim Hiller's area record set from 2001-04.
The all-junior receiving quartet of Troy Haven (93-for-907 receiving, 12 TDs), Jordon Miller (73-1,067, 11), Dillon Kopp (33-550, 5) and Jay Duncan (22-221, 1) has given defenders fits all year.
Cal Huffman paces the Titans' defense with 122 tackles, while Stephen Shock (6-2, 205) is a standout tackle and outside linebacker.
"We have several kids breaking school records," Lee said. "That's pretty good because we've had some very good players the last five years I've been here and then you can go back to some other very good teams here, too.
"Parker does a great job and we're basically going to try to get the ball to our playmakers and see if they can make some things happen. We might not be big, but we're pretty shifty and hopefully we can continue to make some plays."
Both coaches say it will be crucial to try to pressure the opposing quarterback.
"You can't do the same thing every time," said Lee, whose team has more than half its starters playing both ways. "They're too good to just sit in one thing, you have to try to mix it up."
Mauk said his team has faced primarily big, powerful defenses and is concerned with Triway's quickness.
"They look to have a lean, athletic line, which will make it different trying to pass block them," Mauk said. "Some of their receivers have good size and those kids are in the secondary, too."
Kenton has wins over playoff teams Coldwater, Wapakoneta and Defiance, while Triway has topped three teams still alive in Fairless, Indian Valley and Manchester.
The Titans have gained great confidence from those wins and beating Wauseon. Triway is also well aware that mighty Kenton's last playoff loss was a big upset -- by Norwayne in the 2011 title game.
"We've watched that tape and Norwayne coach Joe Harbour offered his help if we have any questions this week," Lee said. "They're good guys over there and they want the Wayne County schools to do well.
"We can't really can't re-invent the wheel, but we'll try our best to slow them down and make some plays ourselves. It's gonna be a great challenge against a great program, but we're going to give it our all."
Aaron Dorksen can be reached at 330-287-1621 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow him on Twitter at @adorksenTDR.

subset: commoncrawl


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Monty Hall Problem - Page 2
Some people say, well there are just two doors left, and each has an equal chance of being right, so now the contestant has a 50% chance of picking the right door. Right? Well, no, actually. Now it IS true that if at this point - with just the two doors left - you brought a new contestant into the studio, who had seen nothing of what had gone before, and gave them the choice of the two doors, THEY would have a 50% chance of picking the winning door. But that is not the situation. Our contestant picked out a door from the original line-up of 3 doors, and that original choice of door had a 1 in 3 chance of being right, and it STILL has a 1 in 3 chance of being right. Whereas if they switch, they will have a 2 in 3 chance of being right.
One way of putting it is you are choosing between your original choice of door and BOTH the other doors, but with the host having conveniently shown you which of the other two doors NOT to choose - so you are really choosing BOTH the other two doors, which gives you a 2 in 3 chance of being right.
Another way of putting it is to think of a situation with 100 doors, but only 1 prize, and 99 goats. Your initial choice of door has a 1 in 100 chance of being right. The host then runs up and down opening doors all over the place, the stage is full of goats, and finally there are only two doors left. Your original choice of door, and one other. I hope you will agree that your original choice still has a 1 in 100 chance of being right, and the one remaining other door has a 99 in 100 chance of being right?
Some years ago, when the writer and journalist Marilyn vos Savant quoted this puzzle in a US newspaper article, she received over 10,000 letters mostly telling her she was wrong. One was from Robert Sachs, a professor of mathematics at George Mason University in Fairfax, Va. who said "As a professional mathematician, I'm very concerned with the general public's lack of mathematical skills. Please help by confessing your error and, in the future, being more careful." However a week later and Dr. Sachs wrote her another letter telling her that "after removing my foot from my mouth I'm now eating humble pie. I vowed as penance to answer all the people who wrote to castigate me. It's been an intense professional embarrassment."
Still not convinced? See the next page...


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Thursday, July 15, 2010
For those of you who may have missed it; the SDCC L.E. exclusive OSM set of four color variation figures sold out this morning in minutes. Do not worry, there will be a full compliment on the official OSM website; www.theouterspacemen.com. Along with the true new OSM releases shortly after Comic Con next week, you will be able to pick up any of the new figures. Thanks so much, Gary.
Posted by The Outer Space Men LLC at 6:57 PM 3 comments:
Sunday, May 2, 2010
Four Horsemen Announce Outer Space Men License
There are a couple of very interesting points about this announcement. The Four Horsemen have become best known as the design studio behind the great DC Universe Classics and Masters of the Universe Classics lines from Mattel, but with their Fantastic Exclusive and Seventh Kingdom toys have started venturing into manufacturing their own figures. This will be the first time that they have ventured into the licensing end of the toy business.
Compatibility with Glyos joint system from Onell Designs means that Outer Space Men will launch into an existing fan base. It'll be interesting to see how the 4H will bring this to market, whether it will be a line sold on Store Horsemen, a different online store, or bricks and mortar retail.
Forty-two years ago the space race between the United States and Russia was in full swing, and a full wave of action figures known as The Outer Space Men was released that caught the imagination of a generation.
Although the initial salvo of characters was well received, the characters that were to be part of the second wave, collectively referred to as The World of Tomorrow, never made it into production and currently only exist as elaborate prototypes / production samples in the homes of a couple of fortunate collectors.
Fast forward to today. Four Horsemen Toy Design Studios have been able to have a hand in the successful re-launches of many of their favorite toy lines from their childhood, but a few of their favorite properties have so far been unobtainable to them until now.
Already well into production, the first two 3-3/4 inch scaled waves of The Outer Space Men will consist of two characters per wave.
Wave one will be Astro-Nautilus: the Man from Neptune featuring four articulated tentacles and his regal undersea trident; and Inferno: the Flame Man of Mercury wielding his fiery flame blaster and removable helmet!
Wave two will contain Xodiac: the Man from Saturn along with his Saturnian scepter, disintegrator pistol, and removable helmet; and Metamorpho: the Man from Alpha Centauri brandishing his morpho-gun, alpha sensor, and transforming facial features!
In an effort to re-introduce The Outer Space Men to as wide an audience as possible, new play features have been added into this new version of a classic toy line! Working directly with Matt Doughty, owner of Onell Designs, the Four Horsemen have incorporated Onell Designs innovative Glyos joint system into The Outer Space Men, making them almost 100% compatible with all of Onell designs releases! The Outer Space Men is something that both the Four Horsemen and Matt have been discussing for years now, and it just seemed like the perfect property in which to incorporate the phenomenal Glyos fit function.
As production nears completion, more images and product availability info will be released. The release of The Outer Space Men marks a new approach to action figure production for the Four Horsemen, and more info about this, other announcements and what role the Horsemens FANtastic Exclusive venture will play in all of this will come next week.
Posted by The Outer Space Men LLC at 6:43 PM 3 comments:
Thursday, February 25, 2010
THE OUTER SPACE MEN are certainly not the only "out of this world" creation by Mel Birnkrant. Back in 1986, Birnkrant took the tired concept of boring radio-controlled vehicles, and flipped it. What if the DRIVER were radio-controlled?! R.C. MAN literally steers the steering wheel, operates and "gas pedal" and even supplies the power to make them go. The vehicles, on the other hand, are little more than simple shells with a steering wheel and motor. They have no radio receiver or power supply of their own.
Here he is ready to go. Everything but the kitchen sink was stuffed inside his see through body, a motor to turn his head and arms, a dual track radio receiver, a battery power supply, flashing lights, and bits and pieces of assorted junk to make his guts look technical. There was even a speaker in his chest to broadcast his master's voice. The simple vehicle beside him, which we referred to as a walker, shades of the "Segway", yet to come 20 years later, consisted of no more that 4 wheels, two connected to a steering column and two connected to a motor.
Birnkrant managed to sell the concept to Galoob. What they produced was called "CYBON I". It was very complex and expensive. Like R.C. MAN, the driver still exerted a measure of control. But Galoob wanted more speed and power in the vehicle than they could get from just the battery in the figure. Therefore, they souped it up with super power. And the vehicle itself took on a wild unruly life all of its own.
Ultimately, this venture hardly set the World on fire, but it opened Galoob's door for Baby Face to enter four years later.
Posted by hayestronaut at 4:18 PM No comments:
Labels: mel birnkrant, rc man, toys
Thursday, January 7, 2010
The latest comic shop to offer THE OUTER SPACE MEN Graphic Novel is Brooklyn's own, Bergen St Comics. Located on Bergen Street between Flatbush & 5th Avenues in Park Slope, Brooklyn. Bergen Street Comics is part of a new wave of contemporary comic book retailers, Bergen Street Comics focuses on comics content, customer service, and the best possible in-store experience. We are inspired by the brilliant comics being created today, and by other great retailers we've seen around the country.
Owners, Tom and Amy Adams are incredibly supportive of local talent and excited about offering THE OUTER SPACE MEN Graphic Novel to their valued customers.
So if you live in Brooklyn and don't already own a copy of THE OUTER SPACE MEN Graphic Novel. Head on over to Bergen St Comics. You won't regret it.
Visit their official website.
Follow Bergen St Comics on Twitter.
Or Join them on Facebook.
Posted by hayestronaut at 11:43 AM No comments:
Monday, November 2, 2009
THE OUTER SPACE MEN...in 140 characters or less.
More and more, people are turning to Internet social networking sites as their primary source of information. THE OUTER SPACE MEN think that's out-of-this-world! And since this blog can be a bit wordy at times, You might take comfort in the brevity of TWITTER. TWITTER is a free social networking and micro-blogging service that enables its users to send and read messages known as tweets. Tweets are text based posts of up to 140 characters displayed on the author's profile page and delivered to the author's subscribers who are known as followers. Twitter is easily the fastest growing Online Member Community with over 20 million unique hits monthly and still climbing.
THE OUTER SPACE MEN Graphic Novel writer Eric C Hayes has recently become a member of the online sensations that is TWITTER. By clicking on the FOLLOW ME button below, you'll get up-to-the-minute news related to all things OSM. Get real-time updates on convention appearances, in-store signings, and news on the long-awaited re-launch of THE OUTER SPACE MEN figures. By following Eric, you'll also get a rare glimpse into the mind that birthed a revolution in sequential artistry.
By TwitterButtons.com
TEAM OSM is committed to granting its fans full access to these beloved toys from our collective youths. That's why we will never stop exploring the limitless possibilities of The World Wide Web.
Posted by hayestronaut at 7:09 PM No comments:
Thursday, October 22, 2009
Original C-Rex Art From One Talented Fish
With all the excitement generated by THE OUTER SPACE MEN at last weekend's Big Apple Con, the biggest buzz was about a piece of original OSM art. This four-color silkscreen of the "Jovian Giant" Colossus Rex, is the work of Boston-based artist Andy Fish.
Working as a full-time artist, Andy works in both commercial and fine art. He's also a Professor of Illustration at Massachusetts College of Art and Design. Besides creating beautiful artwork inspired by THE OUTER SPACE MEN, Andy's current projects include a screenplay on assignment for Bazeley (IRON GIANT) Films. He's also working on a Graphic Novel featuring a re-telling of Bram Stoker's DRACULA. Andy is also working on a couple of projects for DC Comics, including BATMAN 1939. This particular print was part of Andy's SPACE 242 SHOW that was exhibited this past June in Boston. That's where it caught the eye of OSM publisher Gary Schaeffer.
Like most folks, Andy's fascination with THE OSM began in childhood. A friend's older brother was kind enough to supply Young Andy with hand-me-down comics and toys. "Rex was the coolest thing I got from him" remembers Andy. Andy added "I've always wanted to pick up one as an adult, but they are way too pricey for me." Probably not for too much longer with his talent and bright prospects.
For more info on Andy Fish and his innovative art, visit his Official Site.
Posted by hayestronaut at 7:04 AM No comments:
Tuesday, October 20, 2009
This past weekend, TEAM OSM invaded Wizard World/Big Apple Con. What an incredible success! Thanks to all the fans who stopped by to to reminisce with their "Alien" childhood friends. We also had a lot of fun introducing the toys to a whole new generation to the mind-expanding world of THE OUTER SPACE MEN. We had books, t-shirts, Limited Edition artwork and the finest collection of vintage OUTER SPACE MEN in the world.
We had the honor of meeting such artistic talents like sculptor - Eli Livingston, painter - John van Fleet, and illustrator - Deeny Fincke. We also met hardcore toy enthusiast Rob Hull whose site FiguresandMore.com hope to spotlight the epic tale of THE OUTER SPACE MEN soon. And Roderick Paulus with his toytastic Video Toy Magazine.
We have been overwhelmed with the positive response to THE OUTER SPACE MEN Graphic Novel. And are hard at work to bring everyone Vol II in the series. While Wizard World and NYCC debate over their Comic-Con dates for 2010, one thing is for certain, THE OUTER SPACE MEN will be back on the convention circuit ASAP.
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A summer bestseller, this notch-neck pullover top in soft, refined cotton slub has cap sleeves and multi-colored embroidery at the front bib.
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The ivory color is not ivory, it's gray. This is an overpriced waffle tee. Don't bother, not worth the money even at sale price.
Very cute top. The raglan sleeves are very flattering, especially for a larger bust and/or broad shoulders. I wish there were solid colors available- I would definitely buy more!
I typically wear a small in Eddie Bauer tops regardless of whether the fit is shaped, classic or easy. The small in this top fit me nicely with a camisole underneath. It wasn't baggy (which might be a concern with "easy fit") and draped nicely on the body. I think the v-neck is too low to wear without a cami, so if you prefer to wear it alone you may want to order a size down.
IMHO a bit pricey at $50 (it's a t-shirt!), but with a 25% off sale/coupon it's a fair price.


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Using the leatherwork tools
Photo 2: Lock stitches
Create lock stitches on the underside of your seam by sending the original leader thread (made by the first stitch) through each loop of subsequent stitches. Sewing with a needle and thread requires you to work from each side of a seam. Lock stitching allows the awl to operate from the topside of a seam, like a sewing machine, so the needle doesn't have to maneuver inside tight pockets.
Photo 3: Rivets
Reinforce pocket seams with a hand rivet tool after you've sewn them. Select either a 1/8-in. drill bit or 16d nail and make a hole for the rivet adjacent to the pocket seam. Open the handles of the rivet tool, load a 1/8-in. medium rivet, push the tip of the rivet through all the layers of leather deep into the hole and squeeze the tool handles several times until you hear a snap. The tip will mushroom out to pinch the rivet around the leather. Remove the snapped-off rivet shank from the tool.
When I bought my tool belt, Reagan was in his second term, "Magnum P.I." was king and I had a 34-in. waist. Time marches on, and my comfortable old tool belt now has nails leaking from the rips in the main pouch and my utility knife poking out of its compartment. Sound familiar? It's time to invest about an hour and a few bucks in materials to fix it.
The sewing machines at shoe repair shops could fix the seam on the edge of your main nail bag, but they can't get to those seams farther in from the edge. Handstitched repairs are expensive, so buy the leather-stitching awl shown here and do all the repairs yourself (Photo 1). This tool is easy to learn to use and its sturdy needles and heavy waxed thread are also perfect for repairing boots, canvas convertible tops and heavy vinyl tarps.
The building blocks for sewing with a stitching awl are the "lock stitches" visible on the underside of the seam (Photo 2). Lock stitches work best when an underside is either in a tight pocket or in the middle of a broad area of material where you can't easily maneuver a regular sewing needle through the seam.
Once you learn how to use the awl, you can sew about 12 to 15 seam inches per hour. When stitching "interior" pocket seams over the main nail bag, avoid sewing the main bag closed by putting your hand inside to separate it from where the awl is stitching the pocket seam above.
Once you've repaired the pocket stitches, reinforce the seams using a hand rivet tool (Photo 3). For large pockets, install several rivets spaced 1/2 to 1 in. apart.
Piercing the layers of leather requires steady force on the awl; keep the hand that's inside the pouch clear of the needle as it suddenly plunges through the seam.


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January Closes Out With Another Arctic Blast
January is closing out just like it began with frigid temperatures east of the Rockies.
This caps off a month where below-average temperatures have been a common occurrence from the Upper Midwest to the Great Lakes, Northeast and the South. On the opposite side of the spectrum, the West has seen temperatures well above average in January.
We have the details on this latest surge of dangerously cold temperatures below.
Arctic Cold Continues
This latest widespread surge of Arctic air began to dive into the Upper Midwest on Sunday, sending temperatures plummeting during the daytime hours. Rapid City, S.D. fell from 43 degrees at 9 a.m. to 19 degrees at 2 p.m., with winds gusting to 66 mph.
Monday brought a similar fate to some cities along the cold front. For example, Pittsburgh dropped from 43 degrees at 4 a.m. to 18 degrees at 8 a.m., and winds gusted to 46 mph as the front arrived.
On Tuesday morning, the cold air mass set daily record lows in Detroit (-10 degrees), Dayton, Ohio (-13 degrees - tie), Grand Rapids, Mich. (-9 degrees) and Lubbock, Texas (6 degrees).
Wind chills on Tuesday morning dipped into the 20s, 30s and even 40s below zero from the northern Plains to the upper Mississippi Valley and Great Lakes. These regions also saw wind chill values this low on Monday morning.
(MORE: Interactive Temperature Map)
Very cold wind chills will continue Wednesday morning with 10s, 20s and 30s below zero from eastern North Dakota to the upper Mississippi Valley, Great Lakes, central Appalachians and interior Northeast.
(MAPS: Forecast Wind Chills | Current Wind Chills)
Wednesday afternoon, high temperatures will briefly moderate back into the 20s, 30s and even a few 40s in the northern Plains and Upper Midwest. After that, another surge of cold air will send the Midwest below average again Thursday into the weekend.
Along the Northeast I-95 corridor from Boston to Philadelphia, low temperatures will bottom out in the low to mid teens through Thursday morning. Highs will only top out in the 20s on Wednesday. Interior portions of the region will be even colder.
In the South, highs will rise into the 30s and 40s on Wednesday afternoon. Locations where snow has caused major travel problems, including Birmingham and Atlanta, may barely rise above freezing. Therefore, expect roads to remain hazardous into Thursday as temperatures plunge well below freezing again Thursday morning. Milder temperature will return by Thursday afternoon, leading to widespread melting.
Is it a Polar Vortex?
There's been some more chatter about the "polar vortex", which became a popular catchphrase to describe the blast of bitter cold air at the start of the month. However, just like in early January, this term is being used misleadingly from a meteorological perspective since the actual center of the Northern Hemisphere polar vortex never really moves through the atmosphere above the United States - rather, it remains anchored farther to the north.
(EXPERT ANALYSIS: Stu Ostro on the Polar Vortex in Early January)
With that said, the counterclockwise flow around the polar vortex will help to shove cold air southward from the Arctic into the Lower 48 just like we see in many other winters. Think of it as a spoke of the polar vortex rotating through, ushering in the chilly temperatures.
There is nothing unusual about this since the polar vortex is always present in the winter and there are always spokes and always surges of cold air during the winter in our hemisphere. In any given place or time, the surge of cold air can be more or less intense and travel a longer or shorter distance from the pole.
MORE ON WEATHER.COM: Photos of the Early January 2014 Deep Freeze
The Weather Company's primary journalistic mission is to report on breaking weather news, the environment and the importance of science to our lives. This story does not necessarily represent the position of our parent company, IBM.


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Tight end Zach Williams has picked up nearly 20 offers, but it is the one from IU that is special for him because it was his first from a Power Five school. Peegs.com spoke to the 6-foot-3, 210-pound standout from Alpharetta (GA) Johns Creek H.S. about his recruiting and his interest in the Hoosiers.
Williams has been hearing from IU offensive coordinator Mike DeBord, and he said they have developed a good connection.
"Coach DeBord has been recruiting me hard," he said. "We communicate on a daily basis, and he calls me as much as he can. I think we have a good relationship."
The Georgia native said that the Indiana assistant coach sees him as a tight end that can play out wide and also with his hand on the ground.
"He thinks I could be a big receiving threat at tight end for them, but he believes I could also play with my hand on the ground too," Williams said about the message from Coach DeBord. "He sees me as a hybrid type tight end."
Williams will be making a trip up to Bloomington this summer to get a closer look at the Indiana program.
"I plan on visiting Indiana this summer," he said. "I want to get a feel for the people and the atmosphere there."
When it comes to his decision the athletic tight end said academics and the opportunity to be a contributor as a player will be big factors for him.
"Education will be important for me," Williams said. "I want to major in business and I know Indiana has one of the top business schools in the nation. I am also looking for a place where I will have a chance to play, and where I will be able to compete at a high level. Location isn't a big deal for me."
This spring Williams has been working more on his route-running and pass-catching skills because he is going to be used more as a receiver this fall.
"I am working on running better routes because this year I will be playing more out wide and Tommy (Tremble) will be doing more of the hand on the ground stuff," he said. "I will do both, but I will be split out wide more than I will be playing with my hand on the ground."
Williams currently has offers from Indiana, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Akron, Arkansas State, Ball State, Bowling Green, Colorado State, Florida Atlantic, Middle Tennessee State, South Alabama, Tulane, UNLV, Georgia Southern, Georgia State, Cornell and Dartmouth. He said the Hoosiers will always be one of his top choices.
"I am starting to focus on a certain number of schools and Indiana is definitely one of them," Williams said. "Even if I get more offers after the spring, they will stay near the top for me because they were the first Power Five school to offer me."


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Second Release
Further improvements and an increased selection of island demo missions using Improved BIS Ambient modules.
This BIS MIP project is a drop-in replacement of the BIS Editor Modules including bug fixes and improvements to the code, while ensuring that the original functionality remains intact.
Demo Missions¶
The download found here:
It contains demo missions of the improved BIS Ambient modules, all dedicated server tested.
- Chernarus
- Utes
- Takistan
- Zargabad
- Cicada
- Qom Province
- Lingor
- Isla Duala, and
- Podagorsk
Module Improvements¶New improvments to the modules are:
Garbage Collector
- Added dedicated server support to Garbage Collector
- Added optional auto scavenger every 5 minutes using:
BIS_GC setVariable ["auto",true];
Installation Instructions¶If a mission maker wishes to use this replacement code, here are the instructions.
- Simply copy the CA directory into your mission folder to over-ride the default BIS modules.
- Place a BIS Functions modules in the mission editor and add the following to the INIT:
BIS_fnc_locations = compile preprocessFileLineNumbers "CA\modules\functions\systems\fn_locations.sqf";
- Place a BIS Ambient Civilans (Expansion) module in the mission editor and add teh following to the INIT:
BIS_ALICE2_fnc_civilianSet = compile preprocessFileLineNumbers "ca\modules_e\alice2\data\scripts\fn_civilianSet.sqf";
- Place a BIS Garbage Collector module in the mission editor and add the following to your Garbage Collector module INIT to auto scavenge for dead bodies and destroyed vehicles every 5 minutes.
BIS_GC setVariable ["auto",true];
- Why do I need to add those two lines above into my module INIT?
This was the only way I could work out to override the module functions.
- The BIS_fnc_locations override is only for custom locations, while
- The BIS_ALICE2_fnc_civilianSet is only for ambient civilians in ALICE2 to spawn safely inside Chernarus(ALICE1) buildings.
- How do I get Garbage Collector to scavange automatically (SP, Hosted or Dedicated)?
- Add:
BIS_GC setVariable ["auto",true];to your Garbage Collector module INIT, and it will auto scavenge for dead bodies and destroyed vehicles every 5 minutes.


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|You are in: World: Middle East
Thursday, 6 September, 2001, 17:55 GMT 18:55 UK
Three dead in West Bank attacks
An Israeli soldier has been killed in an ambush near the Palestinian-controlled town of Tulkarm hours after the army killed two Palestinian activists in the town.
A helicopter gunship killed the two activists in an attack aimed at a car carrying a local leader of Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat's Fatah movement - Raed al-Karmi - but he escaped with slight injuries.
The Israeli army alleged that he had been behind several fatal shootings of Israeli citizens and was planning more attacks.
Israel has a policy of targeting and killing Palestinian militants it blames for attacks on Israelis, saying the Palestinian leadership does nothing to stop the violence.
A few hours later Palestinian gunmen retaliated by ambushing an Israeli army patrol near Tulkarm, killing one soldier and seriously wounding his female colleague.
The attack took place on the Israeli side of Green Line between Israel and the Israeli-occupied West Bank.
Blamed for killings
In its statement, the military held Mr Karmi responsible for the killing of several Israelis, including two shot dead in a West Bank restaurant in January.
"The Israeli authorities had given al-Karmi's name to the Palestinian Authority for his arrest, but nothing was done to that effect," the statement said.
The two men who died in Thursday's attack are believed to be junior members of the Fatah movement. Three other people in the vehicle, were wounded, including Mr Karmi.
A BBC correspondent in Jerusalem says this is the latest in a long line of killings which the Palestinians say are assassinations, but which Israel says are carried out in self-defence.
Even the United States, Israel's closest ally, has criticised what it terms "targeted killings", although Washington insists the Palestinians must do more to fight terror.
About 60 Palestinians have been killed in this way since the latest Palestinian uprising, or intifada, began a year ago.
Human rights campaigners say 10 of those were innocent bystanders.
Amid the continuing violence, the European Union has been trying to arrange a meeting between Israel's foreign minister, Shimon Peres, and Yasser Arafat.
But Palestinian cabinet minister Nabil Shaath said Thursday's attack was a deliberate attempt to undermine peace moves.
"It is a continuation to the crimes conducted by Sharon himself or ordered by Sharon in order to foil any new attempt to reach a peaceful settlement," he told reporters.
Preparations for a meeting, possibly next week, between Mr Peres and Mr Arafat have been continuing for the past several days.
Buffer zone
Mr Shaath said Mr Arafat would not go to any meeting unless it also covered diplomatic efforts to broker a peace deal and not just Israel's demand for an end to the Palestinian uprising - which broke out in September 2000 against Israel's occupation in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
Mr Sharon returned from a three-day visit to Moscow on Thursday where he pushed for Russian to put pressure on the Palestinians to end the violence.
He was due to consult later in the day with security officials on the army's controversial plan to set up a military buffer zone along Israel's border with the West Bank that would be off-limits to Palestinians and allow troops to arrest intruders.
See also:
01 Aug 01 | Middle East
Israel's 'assassination policy'
02 Aug 01 | Middle East
West Bank tensions escalate
18 Jul 01 | Middle East
Israel flexes its muscles
03 Jul 01 | Middle East
Israel defends army assassinations
27 Aug 01 | Middle East
Israel kills key Palestinian leader
18 Aug 01 | Middle East
Fatah commander escapes attack
Internet links:
The BBC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites
Top Middle East stories now:
Links to more Middle East stories are at the foot of the page.
Links to more Middle East stories
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If you read the Drudge Report this is probably old news to you, but he linked to a poll by Fairleigh Dickinson University yesterday that frankly surprised me. I know many Americans I talk to and hear from on a daily basis are unhappy about the state of the nation and especially the overall direction we seem to be going in, but couldn't have imagined that so many Americans think a Second Revolutionary War may be necessary, and soon:
Twenty-nine percent of registered voters think that an armed revolution might be necessary in the next few years in order to protect liberties, according to a Public Mind poll by Fairleigh Dickinson University.
The poll, which surveyed 863 registered voters and had a margin of error of +/-3.4, focused on both gun control and the possibility of a need for an armed revolution in the United States to protect liberty.
The survey asked whether respondents agreed, disagreed, neither agreed nor disagreed or did not know or refused to respond to the statement: "In the next few years, an armed revolution might be necessary in order to protect our liberties"
Twenty-nine percent said they agreed, 47 percent said they disagreed, 18 percent said they neither agreed nor disagreed, 5 percent said they were unsure, and 1 percent refused to respond.
Results of the poll show that those who believe a revolution might be necessary differ greatly along party lines:
- 18 percent of Democrats
- 27 percent of Independents
- 44 percent of Republicans
If you would have asked me to guess at what the results to this question would have been, I would have guessed maybe 10%-15% were thinking that an armed revolution might be necessary to restore a constitutional Republic. 29% roughly doubles that, and frankly changes the dynamics of the situation.
This is a poll result I'm going to spend some time digesting. I'm not sure how valid it is, or more importantly, what it really means, or how that may translate into reactions to certain stimuli.
We live in interesting times.
[If you missed it, read the original Revolutionary Math]


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|Maria BUTTLER was born 14 Aug 1786, and died 4 Mar 1845. She married Benedikt HAFNER, son of Johannes HAFNER and Magdalena BADER. He was born 9 Jan 1790 in Holderbank, Solothurn, Swi.
Children of Maria BUTTLER and Benedikt HAFNER are:
|Anton HAFNER (Maria BUTTLER1) was born 19 Jun 1827 in Holderbank, Solothurn, Swi. He married Appolonia BADER. She was born ABT 1828, and died 9 Aug 1864. He married Maria Karolina BADER. She was born 17 Feb 1834 in Holderbank, Solothurn, Swi.
Child of Anton HAFNER and Maria Karolina BADER is:
|Julius HAFNER (Anton HAFNER2, Maria BUTTLER1) was born ABT 1874. He married Frieda BADER. She was born ABT 1884 in Holderbank, Solothurn, Swi, and died 1953.
Child of Julius HAFNER and Frieda BADER is:
|Hans HAFNER (Julius HAFNER3, Anton HAFNER2, Maria BUTTLER1) was born ABT 1907, and died 1986. He married Martha SCHIBLI. She was born ABT 1923 in Killwangen, Swi.
Child of Hans HAFNER and Martha SCHIBLI is:
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Tony Helfrich might want to play more games at Borgia's school field.
That's because the Borgia junior held Hermann to three hits Monday in a 6-0 shutout win.
Borgia (13-7) also played Saturday at Rotary Recreational Complex - Ronsick Field, falling to O'Fallon Christian, 6-2.
Facing another potential district opponent, the Knights managed to beat Hermann for the second time this season, 6-0.
"Beating another district opponent is huge for us," Borgia Head Coach Rob Struckhoff said. "Hermann's been playing well lately and we knew we'd have our hands full. It was a great win for us."
The first meeting was in the third-place game of the consolation bracket of the Four Rivers Classic. Borgia made it two wins in a row over the Bearcats Monday at Borgia.
Helfrich gave up only three hits in the game while striking out seven batters.
"Tony Helfrich was the story of this game," Struckhoff said. "He worked fast and really did a great job hitting his spots. He kept Hermann off-balance the entire game. He only threw 74 pitches which might be a record for us in a seven-inning complete game. He really used his infield defense well. Of Hermann's 21 outs, seven were strikeouts and 12 were groundouts. You'll win a lot of games with that combination."
Offensively, Jack Kopmann led the way with three hits and three RBIs.
"Jack Kopmann was the hitting and defensive star," Struckhoff said. "He had three hits and three RBIs and cleanly fielded eight balls. That's having a day. Brendan Feldmann posted two doubles while also walking and scoring a run.
"Brendan Feldmann also continued his solid hitting with two doubles," Struckhoff said.
Trent Leimkuehler, Grant Eckelkamp, Brendan Kleekamp and Austin Rettke also had hits for the Knights.
Leimkuehler added a stolen base. Eckelkamp scored and stole a base. Kleekamp scored, drove in a run and stole a base. Rettke doubled, scored and drove in two runs.
Sam Deschenes walked, stole a base and scored. Alex Jasper also scored a run.
Jake Schannuth took the loss for Hermann, allowing six runs on nine hits and two walks. He struck out seven.
Hermann's statisticians credited their team with four hits with Brett Eckelkamp, Ben Held, Justin Wurtz and Craig Winkelmann being given singles.
Hosting O'Fallon Christian in the Dubourg Tournament, the Knights fell Saturday afternoon, 6-2.
"This was a game of missed opportunities for us," Struckhoff said. "We put 11 men on base, but could only muster one hit with a man in scoring position. Three times during the game we had a runner on second with nobody out and couldn't even move him to third base. We've been through this before, though. We've shown the ability to score runs, so I'm not worried."
Struckhoff indicated Christian came through with runners on the base.
"Christian had the exact opposite luck we had," Struckhoff said. "They scored all six runs in the third. Other than that inning, they only had one base runner the rest of the game. Baseball is funny that way."
The Knights used two pitchers in the game. Feldmann lasted four innings, allowing six runs on seven hits while striking out three.
"Brendan Feldmann started and pitched well in three of his four innings," Struckhoff said. "However, they got to him in the third. We had to pull him after four innings due to an illness."
Leimkuehler, honored before the game for a MSHSAA record 28-game hitting streak which ended this season, pitched the last three innings while allowing two hits. He struck out four.
"Trent finished up and pitched very well," Struckhoff said.
Struckhoff praised Borgia's defense.
"Our defense played errorless baseball once again, which was good to see," Struckhoff said.
Matt Jones and Noah Borgerding each had two hits in the game.
Borgerding added a double and an RBI.
Borgia's other hits came from Leimkuehler and Rettke.
Leimkuehler also scored. Rettke doubled and walked.
Alex Jasper scored the other run while Kleekamp walked and had an RBI.
Others with walks were Eckelkamp, Kopmann and Helfrich.


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I picked up a Supra LM402 when I got hired to do a session with a band that had a big rock sound. I took seven high quality snares to the session, but I wanted to start with the 402. I cranked up the bottom head pretty tight and the top head just a bit lower. The engineer had me hit that thing a few times and then came running into the room with a huge smile. That was the quickest I have ever dialed in drum sound in the studio. We were stoked that we got that big Bonham sound! To my delight, the snare worked great on the more mellow tunes and one song in particular that had a "World Music" vibe. I never touched the other snares!
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Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
Husband injured in auto accident 2009. Filed for bk in 2010. Got discharged. Won PI in 2012 for $4oo k. Took 10 month to finally get money from trustee after paying off the $50,000 in debt back to creditors. Found out we also have to pay trustee's fee of $38,000. Can they do that?
yes the bankruptcy trustee can charge a fee. However Imust be a reasonable fee. Talk with your bankruptcy lawyer in review the fee documentsAsk a similar question
A fellow Saint Louis attorney! I just published a legal guide, based on my answer appearing in this thread; I find that bankruptcy and car accidents often collide in a Chapter 7 (mild play on words intended) <http://www.avvo.com/legal-guides/ugc/liquidation-or-administration-of-the-chapter-7-bankruptcy-estate-by-the-bankruptcy-trustee?published=true>
I recommend you speak with a new bankruptcy attorney about your options, and whether the Trustee has the ability to go after your settlement money so many years after discharge. Good luck.Ask a similar question
You wrote, "Husband injured in auto accident 2009.
Filed for bk in 2010. Got discharged. Won PI in 2012 for $4oo k.
Took 10 month to finally get money from trustee after paying off the $50,000 in debt back to creditors. Found out we also have to pay trustee's fee of $38,000.
Can they do that?"
A: When a Chapter 7 bankruptcy Trustee finds assets to seize on behalf of Creditors of a bankruptcy debtor, the process of administration can take years if the asset is a chose in action or pending lawsuit.
The bankruptcy Trustee can continue administration of the bankruptcy estate assets long after the Order of Discharge has been entered in the case.
As Trustees do not distribute in kind, they must await the liquidatation of the the asset before starting the final phase of payout of the assets of the bankruptcy estate.
Upon liquidation of the assets, the bankruptcy Trustee sends out notices to Creditors to file their claims with adequate documentary proof, if these "proofs of claims" are accepted, the Creditor gets to share in the distribution of the money held by the bankruptcy Trustee.
The bankruptcy Trustee has the right to a commission for administering assets on behalf of Creditors. There are typically additional expenses.
The bankruptcy Trustee usually hires an attorney, upon court approval, who submits a bill for payment. Other professionals might also be hired (a realtor, for example) who would also be entitled to fees. Each of these parties may also bill for costs.
From this remainder of the bankruptcy estate, the Creditors obtain funds, that may be less than 100% of their proven claimAsk a similar question
I agree with Attorney Bollinger. Additionally, the Trustee must have submitted an accounting of all the funds paid to creditors, Trustee's lawyers, Trustee's fees and funds disbursed to you. In retrospect, it seems as if a Chapter 13, should have been a better filing for you. But, it all depends on the circumstances of your case. In a Chapter 13, the Trustee should have not have gotten more than 10 percent fee per year. However, the excess indicates that he may have had a lawyer intervene in your case. Talk to your own BK lawyer to explain this to you. Best of luck.
This answer is provided by Manuel A. Juarez, Esq., El Abogado de Accidentes de Autos de California: 510-206-4492. El Abogado de Accidentes de Autos provides answers of a general context. These answers are not intended to form an attorney client relationship. El abogado de Accidentes de Autos y Lesiones Personales practices in Antioch, Berkeley, Concord, Oakland, Hayward, Martinez, Newark, Richmond, San Francisco and San Rafael. El abogado de accidentes y lesiones is licensed only in California. This information is good only in California and it is not to be taken as legal advice on car accidents, personal injury, divorce, bankruptcy or in any other type of situation. Esta respuesta es del Abogado de Accidentes de Autos y Lesiones Personales de Acidentes de carros, Manuel A. Juárez, 510-206-4492. Abogado Hispano de Accidentes, Divorcios, Abogado Latino de Accidentes, y Abogado de Acidentes de Oakland, Hayward, San Francisco, y California. Estas respuesta son solo para información general y no consisten en consejo legal sobre divorcios, mantención de esposas, mantención de hijos o bancarrotas. Las respuestas son comentarios legales que no forman una relación de abogado y cliente. Manuel Juarez, Esq., esta licenciado solo en el Estado de California.Ask a similar question
As long as the court would consider the trustee's fee reasonable under the circumstances, what you describe sounds entirely legitimate.
Advice on this forum is for informational purposes only and should never be mistaken as a substitute for legal advice. If you are in need of legal advice, you should consult local legal counsel.Ask a similar question
Fee arbitration.
Only 29% Contingency Fee! Phone: 215-510-6755 www.InjuryLawyerPhiladelphia.comAsk a similar question
Your bankruptcy trustee permitted the action to go forward. He's entitled to a fee.
If you'd like to discuss, please feel free to call. Jeff Gold Gold, Benes, LLP 1854 Bellmore Ave Bellmore, NY 11710 Telephone -516.512.6333 Email - firstname.lastname@example.com a similar question
Sign up to receive a 3-part series of useful information and advice about personal injury law.
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The McCain-Cuba Connection
There's rather less to this article than I would have liked, or supposed. While I would prefer that John McCain and Joe Lieberman give the same kind of righteous, full-throated denunciation to Cuban terrorists that they give to, say, Democrats, the links that Bardach tries to provide between the two and the Cuban exile terrorist community are kind of weak. Moreover, the most compelling link is to Joe Lieberman, and not to John McCain.
On July 20, while campaigning for McCain in Miami and just prior to speaking at a McCain event, Sen. Joe Lieberman met with the wife of convicted serial bomber Eduardo Arocena and promised to pursue a presidential pardon on his behalf. Arocena is the founder of the notorious Cuban exile militant group Omega 7, renowned for a string of bombings from 1975 to 1983. Arocena was convicted of the 1980 murder of a Cuban diplomat in Manhattan. In 1983, Arocena was arrested and charged with 42 counts pertaining to conspiracy, explosives, firearms, and destruction of foreign government property within the United States. He is currently serving a life sentence in federal prison in Indiana.
Indeed, even that appears to be overstating the case against Lieberman, who on video promised only to convey the pardon request. The article also notes that the McCain campaign has connections with right wing Cubans who have connections with terrorists, but again this is hardly surprising; any Republican running in Florida (and, to be fair, virtually any Democrat) is going to be no more than two degrees of separation away from the genuine anti-Castro psychos.
John McCain is likely to have a terrible Cuba policy, and Barack Obama will very possibly be the first American President in forty years to pursue genuine, positive change in the US-Cuba relationship. I also think that Luis Posada Carriles and his ilk are murderers; they are more deserving (ironically enough) of detention in Guantanamo than most of the people incarcerated there, and they make Bill Ayers look like the raw amateur that he was. Finally, I do hope that somebody is working on unearthing some genuine ties between McCain and the terrorist anti-Castro right, because the American political elite (both Democrat and Republican) has been far too tolerant of people who blow up planes, as long as those planes are full of Cubans. Unfortunately, the Bardach article just doesn't get us very far.


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Emerald Green Depression Glass Bowl
- Sold for: Start Free Trial or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Item Category: Glass
- Source: eBay
- Sold Date: Oct 23, 2007
- Channel: Auction House
EMERALD GREEN DEPRESSION GLASS BOWL4" tall x 6 1/4" wide x 3" deep Absolutely perfect condition The design on the glass is awesome! This item will be carefully packaged and shipped USPS Priority Mail within 2 business of receiving payment by Paypal or money order. Sorry, no personal checks or credit cards accepted. Insurance highly suggested but not required. PLEASE....SERIOUS BIDDERS ONLY. My items come with a money-back guarantee (shipping costs not reimbursed). PLEASE contact me first if you win the item and are not satisfied before leaving any negative feedback. I take care in doing everything possible to leave you a happy customer and earn positive feedback (check my rating). I will never knowingly misrepresent any item. Will be glad to combine shipping at a discount. Check out my other items ! Be sure to add me to your favorites list


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Well I must be honest… I tried to make an angel food cake from scratch last week and I failed… like not even failed a little bit… failed miserably. The whole thing didn't even rise – but I blame the recipe since it said to combine the flour right to the eggs – and I shouldn't have known better but hey…. learn from your mistakes right? So if you don't find success, try, try, try again…and then made this beautiful recipe for angel food cake from the liner from the Wilton Angel Food Cake Pan.xanax for salebuy xanax online no prescriptionbuy tramadol without prescription buy ambien no prescription buy xanax online without prescription ambien online no prescription buy tramadol online without prescription xanax online without prescription buy valium no prescription tramadol online without prescription buy valium no prescription valium online no prescription soma online no prescription
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2011-09-15 / Family
County Human Services Agency opens office in Thousand Oaks
Residents will have improved access to government programs
The County of Ventura Human Services Agency hosted a ribbon-cutting yesterday to celebrate the opening of the agency's new facility in the Community Conscience Under One Roof center at 80 E. Hillcrest Drive, Thousand Oaks.
The building is already home to nearly a dozen nonprofit organizations, including Conejo Free Clinic, Interface Children and Family Services, Hospice of the Conejo Valley, Senior Concerns and Youth Employment Services.
The Human Services Agency will occupy the 6,800-squarefoot space recently vacated by the Social Security Administration.
The new facility offers residents opportunities to apply for CalFresh, Medi- Cal and CalWORKs, as well as schedule appointments with child welfare staff. Yesterday's ceremony was attended by Supervisor Linda Parks, Human Services Agency director Barry
Zimmerman, Community Conscience president Dee Crawford and staff from all of the agencies who are located in the Under One Roof center.
Parks, who spearheaded the project to co-locate all of the organizations, said she is pleased to see the facility open.
"It's a dream come true to see the County of Ventura becoming a partner with the fine nonprofit agencies in the Under One Roof collaborative," said Parks, who represents Thousand Oaks on the county board of supervisors.
"I'm delighted we can assist its viability through lease revenue, and I know many residents who are suffering will benefit from this local access to county services."
The agency's only other presence in Thousand Oaks is a 1,000- square- foot satellite office at 233 E. Thousand Oaks Blvd.
The charities at Under One Roof were at risk of losing their ability to stay rent-free after the Social Security Administration— the building's main tenant— decided to relocate in 2009.
But a three-year lease deal with the county prevented that from happening.
"I don't know what we would do if the county wasn't moving in," Crawford told the Acorn in an October 2010 interview. "This was a major scare for us because Social Security paid the rent that provided enough for us to keep the building going."
Community Conscience is still waiting to see who will replace Catholic Charities.
The nonprofit closed its office at Under One Roof last year.