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|ARCHIVES: September, 2004
The Agenda:
Testing the Premise: Are Gays a Threat to Our Children?
What the "Dutch Study" Really Says About Gay Couples
Federal Hate Crime Statistics: Why The Numbers Don't Add Up
Photo Essays:
The Anasazi Ruins of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico
Now Showing / Reflection on Hayden, Arizona
Two Items of Note
Dinosaur Elevators
I'm Feeling Warm All Over
Launch the Questions Out There
Chaco Canyon, New Mexico
It rained pretty much all day Saturday, with a long soaking rain that lasted for several hours. This is an extremely rare occurrence here in the Arizonan desert. I think it's been a couple of years since that's happened. We have the remnants of hurricane Javier from Baja to thank for it. Now it is early Sunday morning as I write this, and the skies are still heavily clouded and an occasional sprinkle continues to fall from time to time.
I am on my back porch watching all of this. The back porch is my favorite feature of the entire house. I don't get to enjoy it much in the mornings though, because the morning sun usually fills the porch with an intense sunlight that is quite uncomfortable for reading or writing. But this morning it is cloudy and cool and the porch is a perfect shelter from the occasional rain. When it falls, the sounds and smells fill the porch like a sweetly perfumed lullaby. On days like this, all you need is a simple roof over your head to be safely yet beautifully connected to your environment.
Last weekend Chris and I visited Chaco Canyon in northwestern New Mexico, a World Heritage site consisting of dozens of Anasazi pueblo dwellings, called "great houses". Accessible only by a simple dirt road, these ruins are reasonably quiet, protected from the mad rush of thousands of tourists who find it easier to go elsewhere. Nevertheless, there were a good number of us hearty adventurers there, going from one great house to the next, finding ourselves in awe of the tremendous accomplishments of this mysterious people.
The great houses of Chaco Canyon are quite unlike the contemporary pueblos exemplified by Taos Pueblo. Built in stages between 850 and 1150 A.D., these great houses were made of stone masonry, arranged in a ceremonial fashion within the individual pueblos, and arranged with respect to each other in a highly ordered arrangement. Some great houses were only a few hundred yards from each other, while others were many miles away, but all of them were connected by a network of perfectly straight and wide highways which ran in deliberate directions, regardless of the topography which would interrupt the straight lines of a more reasonable roadbuilder. But these roads weren't simply meant to go from Point A to Point B. They served a higher purpose.
In fact, all of the great houses were built to serve a higher purpose than mere shelter. The walls of the great house defined the arc of the sun and moon during solstices and equinoxes. Roads followed the path of the sun and moon and other celestial bodies, or they followed the cardinal directions with startling accuracy. The great houses and the roads were carefully sited to be an extension of the cosmos.
On Fajada Butte, at the southeast end of the canyon, archaeologists discovered a solar and lunar calendar called the Sun Dagger, in which shafts of sunlight and moonlight created lines across a coiled snake, marking the seasons throughout the year. The Anasazi possessed a detailed knowledge of the seasons and the movements of the sun and moon, and organized their lives accordingly. It appears that they may have lived in some great houses seasonally, and even divided themselves and their governance according to the Summer people and the Winter people.
But we don't know any of this for certain. Their accomplishments are all the more remarkable because they performed all of this complex geometry without the aid of the written word. The Anasazi had no written language.
The Anasazi needed shelter from the brutal sun and the rains, but they went far beyond their immediate physical needs and created an entire cosmos centered in Chaco Canyon. In their ordered and structured world, the placement of each stone, each wall, and each roadway was imbued with meaning, serving as constant reminders of a much higher order that governed the world. Each inhabitant of Chaco Canyon knew exactly where he was in the cosmos according to the road he traveled, or the wall he leaned against. The very organizing principles of his society were constructed in stone, and were all around him.
Shelter satisfies one of the three primal urges of man, along with food and sex. And mankind has found many ways to satisfy these urges, from the simplest fruits and nuts consumed in a lean-to followed by a crude copulation, to haute cuisine in an exotic setting that builds to a prolonged sensual passion.
Right now I'm sitting on my porch which performs its sheltering function quite satisfactorily. But this porch doesn't touch on any organizing principles. It is just a porch. A roof and a few walls are the most primitive impulse we have for securing shelter against the elements. But we don't have many examples in which those walls, whether they are of public spaces or private dwellings, are ordered on a higher scale. We tend to place our walls according to the needs of efficiency or privacy or sometimes aesthetics, but almost never anything else.
In North America, I think our best examples of a structured community might be the Shaker villages of 17th century America. Each component of Shaker architecture and craft was centered on the religious principles of the movement. But as the Shaker movement centered itself on the interior lives of its adherents, the architecture oriented itself accordingly. The geographic relationships between buildings and communities were more a function of convenience and efficiency, not of principles, but the interiors of the buildings reflected the ideal interior life of the Shaker: peace, serenity, beauty, simplicity, and work well done.
L'Enfant's plan for Washington, D.C., is another example of geography serving the organizing ideals of a society. While the city has since outgrown the original plan, I think the contemporary layout of the district continues to inadvertently reflect the organizational realities of our society. Many of the slums and public housing of the Anacostia section of the city have stunning views of the Capital dome, so close yet so far away.
Of course, there was Albert Speer's plan for a new
Berlin to be built after Hitler's great victories of WWII. It had a similar
far-reaching goal of orienting all within the confines of that great city
towards the ideals of National Socialism. Fortunately, that plan died
stillborn on the streets of Stalingrad and the beaches of Normandy.
We are very disconnected from our surroundings, and our little dwelling boxes are mute to our neighbors' little dwelling box, let alone to the greater environment. As the dwellings of the Anasazi reflect the wealth of their knowledge, our dwellings today reflect a sad poverty of our souls.
But what do you expect? Our dwellings explain our organizing principle just like the Anasazis' did, even if ours aren't oriented towards the greater mysteries of the cosmos. That's because our organizing principle is very different from theirs. Ours is television.
The rooms in our dwellings are centered about the main room in which the television is enshrined. The television occupies a place of honor, the prime focus of all other furnishing and objects in the room. Everything is oriented toward it. The television is the center of the universe for the inhabitants of the room, like the great bonfire that burned in the Anasazis' kivas. It dominates our conversation and defines our world view. Nothing exists unless the television says it does. It is omniscient that way. It is the very altar at which we worship, the oracle from which we derive our meaning.
The accomplishments of the Anasazi give a stark rebuke to those who speak of the "progress" of the past century. We will continue to accomplish great technical things, but as a society I'm afraid our moment has passed us by. We will never see another Chaco Canyon again. As long as we attach as much energy and attention to the outcome of The Amazing Race as the Chacoans did in the movement of the stars, I'm afraid our poverty of the soul will continue.
Click here to view the photographs of the Anasazi Ruins of Chaco Canyon.
Charity Begins In Front of the Camera
Oprah Winfrey surrounded by grateful and deserving members of the studio audience who received brand new Pontiac G6's.
Her staff culled thousands of letters sent in by friends and relatives who presented their hard luck stories as to why so-and-so desperately needs a new car. In the end, 276 needy folks were selected to participate in the television audience, where they were surprised to learn that they were being given brand new automobiles.
This is all very generous, without a doubt. The article continues to describe that as Oprah enters into her fiftieth year, she has decided to "give back" something of her very good fortune to those who are struggling against overwhelming odds.
It is all very touching. An "Oprah moment", you might say. She promises that this is just the beginning.
USA Today was very proud to feature this article on the front page above the fold (and pushing everything else including hurricanes, Iraq, and the Presidential Campaign elsewhere). They also featured it on their website. But on the second page, in a tiny sidebar that was not available anywhere on the web was another article entitled, "Two hard-luck stories in one", in which we learn:
Don Hultman of Racine, Wis., got a call the Sunday before Labor Day from a woman named Tina Yee asking about the impending foreclosure on his home.
Hiltman, a 40-year-old security guard, was suspicious of the caller's personal questions and went to the police. Police checked out Yee, who, it turned out, works for The Oprah Winfrey Show.
Yee was looking into the possibility of surprising Hultman, wife Marion and their two daughters by buying the house and preventing eviction, slated for Sunday.
It was all in response to a letter that Hultman's neighbor had sent to Winfrey with the hard-luck story, but the neighbor wasn't available, so Yee called Hultman directly. And at that point, the surprise was ruined.
... A foster mom in Schenectady, N.Y., got the deal instead. Her story aired on Monday's show.
As for Hultman and his family? "We'll live in our van," he says. "We haven't got any place to go.
Because after all, doing good is not all that good unless it makes good television.
I can now say I've been to Cuba.
© LookingForSam / Jim Burroway
The trip to New Mexico was very nice and relaxing. The old Anasazi ruins in Chaco Canyon were amazing. If you've never seen them, you must find the time to go. I have dozens of photos that I want to post and tell you more about it.
They say New Mexico is the "Land of Enchantment". I'd have to say that I am indeed enchanted with the place. Every time I go, I return home afterwards with a feeling that I don't really belong where I live right now, and today I feel like I belong in New Mexico. I've experienced this before: after visiting London, San Francisco, San Diego, the British Virgin Islands, any number of places. I guess it's those post-vacation blues where you've had a chance to briefly experience a taste of bliss, only to return to the same old day-after-day routine that made you feel as though you needed a vacation to begin with.
But it will pass. It always does.
Meanwhile, Chris picked up Twister from the kennel. Twister spent the weekend keeping all of the big dogs in the kennel entertained. He never wants to play with dogs his own size, so the kennel owners put him in the pen with the large dogs and he had a blast! When Chris went to pick him up, he was in the play area with the large dogs. He stopped playing just long enough to look at Chris and say, "Oh, you were gone?"
We're all back home now relaxing and taking it easy. Chris and I are unpacking and doing laundry, while Twister mopes around making it clear that he'd rather be back at Summer Camp.
I'm not the only one with the post-vacation blues.
I'll have more to post about our trip. But the deadline at work is still pressing pretty hard, so I don't know how often I'll be able to check in here for the next few weeks. We'll see.
Blogging will be light for a while. Not only do we have a tough deadline at work coming up, but this weekend Chris and I will be taking an extra-long weekend exploring the Pueblo Bonito ruins in New Mexico's Chaco Canyon north of Gallup. I hope to have some good photographs to share sometime next week.
We haven't been on an extended trip in a few months. Now that we have a puppy, it's not easy to go away for long periods of time without taking the dog with us. And it's not easy to take a young puppy with us on the road and still enjoy going to just any restaurant that we happen across, which of course is half the fun. We always end up with takeout. That's okay for a day or so, but it gets old pretty quickly.
So, we're going to kennel him for the weekend. This will be his first time away at "summer camp". This will be an interesting experiment. He's a good road dog and loves to travel in the car, but its always good to have options.
© LookingForSam / Jim Burroway
It's been probably seven years or more since I've been to northern New Mexico, which is incredibly beautiful. The last time I went there, I took a fascinating drive along the old military road (state route 76) from Santa Fe to Taos. This road is dotted with fascinating mission churches and villages, including Chimayo, Cordova, Truchas and Las Trampas. It's a drive that I heartily recommend to anyone who enjoys a nice slow trip through the desert southwest. It's not a trip for those who are in a hurry. It's the best part of the trip, and is far more fascinating (and much more authentic) than either Santa Fe or Taos.
And of course, the vistas on the way can be quite breathtaking. There's nothing like a New Mexican Sunset peaking out from under a monsoon.
|Monsoon at Sunset
© LookingForSam / Jim Burroway
The weather should be nice for this trip, about 82° F/ 28° C and mostly sunny. This makes excellent exploring and photographing weather.
It will be so good to get away from work, but after that it's back to the grindstone.
We're only seven days into September, and
already we've had
978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1,000
1,001, 1,002 1,003
American casualties in Iraq
as of September 7, 2004.
We zoomed past the 1,000th casualty yesterday. Remember them and their families in your prayers.
(Updated 6:20 am PST to reflect two more late casualties from yesterday. It's especially sad when you can't keep up.)
Johnny Depp, believe it or not, is 41 years old. While that may sound old to some of you, he's still young enough to be my younger brother by about two years. But getting older doesn't seem to bother him in the least.
"I think it's great fun growing old. I think it's great."
Luigi Costantini/AP
Well, of course he thinks it's great fun getting older. He looks like he's gotten pretty good at it. That's like Tiger Woods saying it's great fun playing golf.
As for me, well, let's just say I suck at golf.
Associated Press via Yahoo: "Johnny Depp Says He Enjoys Aging" (Note: links to Yahoo typically expire after a couple of weeks)
At long last, the Nuremberg rallies are over.
Stephan Savoia/AP
Robert Galbraith/Reuters
I don't know what to think of this: four days of a president wrapping himself in every trapping of power and patriotism, with the Mad Dog himself, Zell Miller, characterizing the efforts of an opposition party in a democracy to unseat the current president as an act of treachery. This speech belonged in Nuremberg in 1933, not in New York in 2004.
I wish I knew who said it, but there is an axiom that says, "we become what we fight." I'm beginning to think President Bush was correct when he slipped and said that this "war on terror" is not winnable. Little by little, we are becoming what we're fighting, and on that score the terrorists really are winning.
There were many disturbing images in this convention that I hope every American voter mulls over in the next several weeks. For me, the most disturbing images go to the matter of family.
Now, I must be honest with you and admit that I find the Bush twins (Jenna and Barbara) to be utterly embarrassing. Even the most ardent Republicans are scratching their heads over the twins' air-headed performance on national television.
But I know that every father has a special unconditional love and devotion to his daughter, and I'm sure Mr. Bush, like most fathers, is wrapped around his little girls' fingers. That's really not so bad. In fact, its rather touching. He's very proud of his daughters – as every doting father should be – and he seems happy to show his two little girls off to the whole world. Every father should be so lucky to have daughters that he can be proud of, and every daughter should be so fortunate to have such a proud parent. This is as it should be.
I don't think most proud fathers would have their daughters appear on a national stage looking and behaving like this. But still, they are awful proud of each other, and that is a good thing.
Dick Cheney and his wife, Lynne, also have two daughters that they can be very proud of, as well as their son. But I'm afraid that one daughter – as important a role as she plays in her father's campaign – is not a source of pride.
I was pained to see that she wasn't onstage either Wednesday night (when Dick Cheney accepted his vice-presidential nomination) or Thursday night (at the conclusion of George Bush's acceptance speech). The Bush twins were visible (some may say a little too visible) as were two of the three Cheney kids who were keeping tabs on a slew of grandkids. But Mary, the apparent black sheep, was nowhere to be found.
The Cheney family (minus Mary) after Dick Cheney's
acceptance speech.
The Bush and Cheney families (minus Mary) after George Bush's acceptance speech.
The more I think about this, the angrier I get. Why was Mary kept off the stage? What is so wrong with her? Isn't her father as proud of her and her accomplishments as the President is of his daughters?
When I was in college, one of my favorite sitcoms was Soap. It was the first television series in America to portray a gay character in a non-stereotypical way. But that wasn't what drew me to the show. There was a story line during one season in which Burt Campbell (played by Richard Mulligan) was in therapy because he thought he could make himself invisible. Whenever things got tense, he would snap his fingers and suddenly start walking around as though nobody could see him, even though he was just as visible as before.
When his therapist asked him why he thought he could make himself invisible, Burt responded that he discovered it quite by accident. He noticed that he could be in a room full of people at a party, and he could walk from one end of the room to the other and nobody would look at him, see him, or say hi to him. He finally figured out that it must have been because he was invisible at the time and didn't realize it.
I knew exactly how he felt.
For much of my life, a life spent in the closet, I felt invisible as well. That invisibility was both a blessing and a curse. It was a blessing because as I struggled with my sexuality, the last thing I wanted was for my struggle to become visible for the whole world to see. But invisibility accompanies an incredible loneliness that I hope nobody ever, ever has to endure. It is the darkest existence that anybody can imagine, because it is a loneliness accompanied by a deep self-directed shame. I had a lot to go through in order to overcome all of that, and having come out the other side, I am deeply sorry for anyone else who still has to go through it.
I'm not invisible anymore. I am in love with the sunlight. I can spend the rest of my lifetime recounting all of the joys that life has to offer. But it can only be savored in the exuberance of full sunlight.
This would have been the perfect opportunity for the Republicans to put a picture to their words. They could have simply allowed Mary onto the stage with the rest of her family, where she belongs. They could have said, "See? We have gay sons and daughters. We are the party of the big tent. We may not want them to marry, but it doesn't mean we love them any less. How could anybody think we don't love our own?"
Mary Cheney (left) with her partner, Heather Poe in the Vice President's Box at Madison Square Gardens.
But this picture of Mary Cheney and her partner in a darkened corner of Madison Square Gardens while the rest of her family was in the spotlight on stage speaks volumes. It make visible the emptiness of the Republicans' assertions. They want us to disappear. They really want us to be invisible, just like Mary.
"Is a lamp brought in to be placed under a bushel basket or under a bed, and not to be placed on a lampstand? For there is nothing hidden except to be made visible; nothing is secret except to come to light. Anyone who has ears to hear ought to hear."
— Mark 4:21-23
In the Nicene Creed, which I recited most of my lifetime of attending Masses, we said, "We believe in one God... maker of heaven and earth, of all that is seen and unseen." After a very long period of prayer and struggle, it was finally revealed to me: whether I am seen or unseen, I am still a creation of God, and if other people don't like it they should take it up with Him.
That's when I came out. From then on, I knew that I could no longer hide my light under a bed. As I said once before, we hide those things we are ashamed of. A teenager hides porn from his parents under his bed. That is not where my light belongs.
It is utterly disgusting for Mary to be treated (or for her to behave) as though she were an object of shame. She isn't. She is a child of God just like the rest of us. For anybody to presume to treat her any differently is to insult God's creation, the very height of hubris.
And for any father to not be so visibly proud of a daughter who has accomplished so much and who has been so dedicated to him, well, I am now truly at a loss for words.
The United States was at war in August, 1921. I'll bet you didn't know that. I learned about it some five years ago, and I think it is one of the more fascinating chapters in American history. In today's election year, political discourse has broken down to an acrimonious level that I haven't seen in my lifetime. But as bad as it is today, things really have been worse. This story has some very cautionary lessons for today.
The war in question was known as the West Virginia Mine War. Actually, there had been two wars. The first one took place in 1913, but the most dramatic confrontation was in 1921 at the Battle of Blair Mountain.
Today's conflicts in the Middle East are illuminated against the backdrop of
oil. But at the turn of the twentieth century before the dawn of the
automobile age, coal was the principal fuel in the United States and the
rest of the industrialized world. It ran the factories, steamships and
railroads, and it heated the schools, churches and homes. The country's
appetite for coal was insatiable, and we were consuming it as fast as it
could be brought out of the ground. Poor white workers and immigrants were
brought to West Virginia on the promise of plentiful jobs. And indeed jobs
were plentiful, but the conditions in the coal fields made the coal miners
virtual slaves.
A miner who moved his family to West Virginia would have put his family in a company-owned home, paying rent to the company up front. Since the miner didn't have any money, the company would extend credit so his family could have a roof over their heads. Then he and his family would be given credit at the company store for food and other necessities. When the miner showed up at work, he found that he had to lease his tools and equipment from the company, but again the company would extend credit. From the very first day on the job, the miner was deeply in debt to the company.
The miner would be paid not by the hour, but by the ton of coal he extracted from the mine. His coal car ostensibly held 2,000 pounds of coal, but more commonly held 2,500 pounds. While the miner was supposed to be paid by the ton, he found that he was simply paid by the car load. Furthermore, in a practice known as "cribbing," his pay would be docked for any slate or rock that the checkweighman found in the car, which was an arbitrary judgment call, subject to the checkweighman's whims. Cheating was rampant.
When payday finally arrived at the end of the month (miners were typically paid monthly), the miner would discover that he was not paid in cash. Instead he was paid in company "scrip" which was accepted only in company-owned stores and other establishments at greatly inflated prices. But that didn't matter much, because his debts were deducted from his pay, and that nearly always wiped out anything he might have had coming to him.
Unfortunately, the net effect of all of this was that the miner simply went deeper and deeper in debt to the company. And as long as he was in debt, he was bonded to the company. There literally was no escape for him.
The doctor was a company employee. So were the school teachers and preachers at the church – which was also company owned. This ensured that even the sermons they heard on Sunday towed the company line.
All of this was perfectly legal. The coal companies had already instituted a weakened state constitution in the 1870's, under which they were able to control the political climate of West Virginia. This allowed them to avoid paying taxes while enjoying tremendous legal advantages in acquiring and exploiting mineral rights.
The problems the miners faced weren't just about money. Coal mines were notoriously dangerous. The coal operators refused to invest in even the simplest or cheapest safety equipment because, after all, it was cheaper to just hire another miner than to protect the lives of those who were already there. During the years of the First World War, miners were killed at a greater rate in the mines than American soldiers were on the battlefields of France.
These conditions weren't limited to miners, but they had it the worst. Many industries paid in scrip and operated company stores and housing. Steelworkers routinely suffered horrible burns because the mills refused to provide simple protective clothing that was available at the time. The death toll was staggering. Railroad workers routinely had missing fingers and hands due to accidents in the rail yards – if they were lucky. Even autoworkers suffered long hours of repetitive motion and, in the case of Ford workers, intrusive company spying in their homes to make sure nobody drank off-hours. Industries throughout the country sought not only cheap, plentiful and compliant labor, but they often sought to exercise control over their employees' private lives as well.
When miners tried to improve their conditions by joining a union, their families were evicted from their company homes. They were also subject to summary justice by private guards, most of whom were agents of the Baldwin-Feltz Detective Agency. These guards were hired by the coal operators to serve as the de-facto police force, but they often operated like modern-day paramilitary forces that we hear about so often in Latin America. But this wasn't Columbia or Guatemala. This was in the United States.
The miners couldn't turn to the local police for protection because they were often under the coal operator's control as well. For example, the Logan Coal Operators Association paid Logan County Sheriff Don Chafin to beat, arrest, and otherwise harass anyone suspected of attending labor meetings.
"There is never peace in West Virginia because there is never justice. Injunctions and guns, like morphia, produce a temporary quiet. Then the pain, agonizing and more severe, comes again."
— Mother Jones.
Mary Harris Jones was a staunch champion of miners and industrial workers. She started her campaign for workers rights by rallying against the widespread practice of child labor. Later, she became a key figure in union organizing activities, especially in the early days of the United Mine Worker's Union. She was well into her seventies when she started working to organize the miners in West Virginia, Pennsylvania and Colorado. Her feisty temperament shamed the tough men of the mines into standing up for their rights and their families. This little old Irish widow with a fiery temper became known throughout the labor movement as "Mother Jones".
She cajoled presidents and captains of industry. She was thrown into jails and vilified by the public press for advancing the cause of coal miners and other workers. And she didn't hesitate to admonish the union leadership whenever petty squabbles threatened to throw everything into chaos. She was a powerful voice that could not be ignored or silenced. Industrialist and politicians called her "the most dangerous woman in America."
She was a fearless firebrand who was able to rally the coarse mountain men and give voice to their cause to the outside world. It was puzzling to many that this very old woman could be such an inspiration to these tough men. Women weren't looked to as leaders in the rough Appalachian mining culture, but they adopted her as "the miner's angel" nevertheless. She organized relief efforts when the miner's families were thrown out of their homes and into makeshift camps, and she challenged the miners' very sense of manhood to go out and fight for their families.
Mother Jones was involved in union activities during the Paint Creek and Cabin Creek strikes in 1920. These strikes lead to further union organizing efforts in Mingo County, which finally reached the small town of Matewan.
On May 19th, Matewan agents of the Baldwin-Feltz agency began evicting hundreds of families of miners who had joined the union. When the mayor and police chief intervened, the company guards tried to arrest the police chief on a bogus warrant. (This goes to show how brazen the private guards were.) Mayor C.C. Testerman stepped in to prevent the illegal arrest but the company guards shot and killed him. More gunfire broke out, and when it was over ten were dead and four were injured.
Police Chief Sid Hatfield was the hero of the day, but the "Matewan Massacre" sparked a low-level guerilla war through the remainder of 1920 and into 1921, in which over one hundred striking miners were killed. On August 1, 1921, Sid Hatfield and his best friend Ed Chambers were assassinated on the steps of the Welch courthouse by Baldwin-Feltz detectives. They were killed in front of their wives in broad daylight.
All hell broke loose. On August 7, several thousand miners gathered on the lawn of the state capital in Charleston where union leaders called for a march on Logan. They assembled at Lens Creek, just inside the Logan County line on August 20th. Mother Jones, fearing a devastating setback if the miners were defeated in their attempt to take over Logan, tried to convince the miners to turn back, but they refused to follower her advice. Instead, they moved on to Sharples on August 27th after the state police killed two miners in raid there.
The miners organized themselves along military lines – many had served in WWI just a few years earlier. They adopted the red neckerchief as their uniform. Many people today believe that the term "redneck" came from the red neckerchiefs worn by those miners. They advanced by foot, automobile and commandeered trains to the town of Blair at the foot of Blair Mountain, which overlooks the region's principal town of Logan, home of the hated Sheriff Don Chafin.
Three counties were in open rebellion. The governor placed the state under martial law. On September 1st President Harding called out the U.S Army Air Corps with orders to bomb U.S citizens for the only time in America's history. The Secretary of War even authorized Brigadier General Billy Mitchell (who later became the father of the U.S. Air Force) to use chemical weapons against the miners. Fortunately, the canvas and birch biplanes were too primitive to carry out the job and no chemical weapons were ever deployed.
Sheriff Don Chafin raised an army of 1200 men to man the barricades along the crest of Blair Mountain. National Guard Colonel William Eubank brought in a few planes to try to bomb the miners. A few bombs were dropped, but no major damage was done.
When federal troops finally arrived from Ft. Thomas, Kentucky on September 3rd, most of the miners decided that it was foolhardy to fight against the much-better equipped army. Confronted with such overwhelming force, they hid their guns in the mountains, removed their neckerchiefs, and went home. By the next day, the Battle of Blair Mountain was over, with at least twelve miners and four of Sheriff Don Chafin's men dead.
Several hundred miners were tried for treason, murder and other crimes. The miners' crushing defeat set union activities back in southern West Virginia for the next twelve years, although it did succeed in prompting numerous federal inquiries and nationwide awareness of the conditions in the coal fields. But little changed for the miners until the election of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, when New Deal legislation in 1933 finally outlawed many of the practices of the coal operators and guaranteed the rights of workers to organize.
These miners fought hard for the simplest of things: the right to shop wherever they wanted, the right to be paid in cash instead of worthless scrip, the abolition of cribbing, the right to attend a church that was not run by the company, and the right to be furnished – free of charge – their tools and safety equipment. These miners fought for a respectable wage, decent and safe working conditions, freedom from arbitrary and capricious workplace rules, and a measure of dignity in their work and freedom in their lives.
It is easy to believe that unions are no longer necessary, but we must remember the conditions that led to their rise. They fought hard for the freedoms we enjoy, and which we often assume can never be taken away. But no one should ever assume our freedoms are assured. It has been my observation that the industries with the "worst" unions are the industries which have richly earned them the most.
I think it is very appropriate that our summer season is bracketed by two holidays which commemorate those who fought for our freedoms. The summer season begins with Memorial Day, in which we honor the soldiers, sailors and airmen and -women who defended our freedom against foreign enemies. The summer season ends with Labor Day, in which we honor the workers who fought and paid their price for freedom as well. These men and women are heroes, every bit as much as those who served in uniform. The symmetry of the two holidays is very fitting.
For more information on the West Virginia Mine Wars, check out this eyewitness account of one of the sieges. You can also read about Sheriff Don Chafin, who was paid by the coal operators to keep the union out of Logan County. You can also read about life in a company town.
The first part of this essay, posted yesterday, can be found here.
I've had my own brief Schrödinger's Cat experience last year. I've already told you about being on a jury in which our deliberations were to be videotaped for ABC's In The Jury Room. And I've told you about a comment that I made in the jury room, after which I became very aware that I was being watched and that my actions could be scrutinized by the television audience. As it happened, my comment ended up on the cutting room floor, but I had no way of knowing it at the time. I resolved to watch my words and, in essence, "behave myself" – which meant behaving somewhat differently than if the cameras and microphones weren't present. I'm self-conscious that way. Ask anyone who takes my picture.
This case involved a drunk woman whose car struck a motorcycle, killing an 18-year-old and injuring his father who was also riding on the motorcycle. My trial ended in a mistrial during opening arguments, but the subsequent jury convicted the woman of manslaughter. As I watched that jury deliberate, I wondered how I would have handled myself in those deliberations. Nobody wants to be "soft on crime," yet nobody wants to let anybody "get away with murder" either. And nobody – nobody – wants either of these perceptions to be televised.
Given the few edited facts I saw, I think I would have gone along with a guilty verdict. But one woman on that jury struggled with reasonable doubt. It was very courageous of her to stand firm on that doubt for a while, but in the end she voted for conviction. I don't think she was very convinced however, based on her body language when the vote was taken.
Maybe this case was rather clear-cut, but let's look at it further. The judge didn't allow the defense to present evidence that the dead motorcycle driver's blood had traces of marijuana. What if that evidence had been admitted and I was on that jury?
Suddenly things become much murkier. Depending on how the evidence was presented and what the experts had to say about it, I'm sure that I probably would have had reasonable doubt at that point. How could you say that she caused the accident if he may have? Being drunk – being ridiculously drunk – may be stupid and criminal, but it does not necessarily cause an accident. Sometimes being high does.
Before I was selected as a juror, I was asked in the questionnaire whether being on television would affect my impartiality as a juror. I answered no. I didn't think it would be a problem. But in truth, I didn't understand the effect that the cameras' and microphones' presence would end up having on me. If I had reasonable doubt, would I have been willing to stick with those doubts and refuse to convict? It's one thing to stand up to ten or eleven other jurors. It's quite another to stand up to a television audience.
I think I'm a very principled person and I'd probably do the right thing, but to tell the truth, I simply don't know. But I do know that I had already deciding to be careful of what I said because I was being watched. So I know my behavior would have been affected. I just don't know if it would have been enough to make a difference in the outcome. I hope not. But do we want to expose our jury system to that kind of risk?
Television changes everything it touches, usually for the worse. I reserve my deepest disgust and revulsion for so-called "reality" TV. If jury trials become the new "reality" TV, can the justice that comes out of it be as real as any other "reality" depicted by such shows as Survivor or The Real World?
We already have a blurring of "reality" and "news". Look at the O.J. Simpson trial. Judge Lance Ito was paralyzed by the cameras and the lawyers were mesmerized. They all understood that the stakes went far beyond the mere guilt or non-guilt of the defendant. The judge and lawyers were celebrities and the entire farce was not just played out in front of the cameras, but for the cameras. There is an unspoken but dangerous conflict of interest that exists under these circumstances. They were playing for their careers and not for justice.
I suspect that our own judge's caution in declaring a mistrial was due in part to the presence of the cameras in his courtroom. A lawyer friend of mine was very skeptical that such a minor disruption would have caused a mistrial under ordinary circumstances.
Fortunately, In the Jury Room was very badly produced and hasn't gotten hardly any press at all, so I presume its ratings have been pretty low. Once these seven episodes make their run, I think it's safe to say that it will be the last we will see of it. I'm glad.
ABC, to its credit, showed considerable restraint in keeping the show low-keyed and relatively free from sensationalism. I think that is about the only redeeming quality to it that I can recommend. Imagine if it had been a success and another network (like Fox or WB, for example) decided to jump on the bandwagon? The potential for abuse could only get worse, and nothing good would come of it.
I hope we're starting to learn that televising criminal trials is a bad idea. Putting cameras in the jury room is even worse. In retrospect, I don't feel very proud of having participated in this experiment.
People are like electrons in atoms – the more you observe them, the less you can be certain of what you know about them. Let me explain...
Sir Isaac Newton was a great observer. He only had to be hit in the head once to learn that objects in motion tend to continue on a straight line unless acted upon by an external force. So he wrote some equations that described this observation, became very famous, and our world has been all the more predictable knowing that everything from spitballs shot from a straw to orbiting planets all behave according to Newton's Laws.
This worked pretty well until the early 20th century, when scientists began to study the lowly atom. They were startled to learn that electrons spinning around the atom's nucleus don't behave like planets orbiting the sun. It turns out that an electron can exist only in a very specific orbit around the nucleus of an atom. And unlike planets or satellites, there are no intermediate orbits that an electron can occupy. It's as if Mercury had one orbit, and Venus had another, and it was a physical impossibility for anything else to occupy an orbit between them. German scientists dubbed these discrete orbits eigenstates, or "single states". Newton didn't see this coming.
But that's not all. Scientists soon learned that electrons actually violated Newton's Laws. They had expected electrons to have circular orbits just like planets. Instead, they found that electrons traveled along strangely shaped orbitals – some were circular, but many were crazy-eight and other strange shapes – and each eigenstate had its own distinctive orbital which was consistent from one type atom to the next. Furthermore, an electron can jump from one eigenstate to the next when energy is applied and back again – something that planets simply cannot do.
Newton's world collapsed and scientists were at an utter loss to explain this.
Finally, Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger proposed an equation in 1926 (now known as Schrödinger's equation, naturally) to explain the behavior of sub-atomic particles. The problem with his approach was that unlike Newton's Laws, his equations described the behavior of an electron as a probability, and emphatically not as a certainty. A year later, German physicist Werner Karl Heisenberg went a step further with his "Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle", which states that you can never know exactly where an electron is at any point in time. This very concept completely contradicted Newton, who was nothing if not certain about certainty.
The scientific community was in an uproar, and things got quite ugly. Einstein would have nothing to do with it. Newton's laws of mass and acceleration, cause and effect, and everything else described exactly what objects were doing, where they were doing it, and where they were going next. But Schrödinger said that this could not be done on a sub-atomic level, and Heisenberg backed him up. It all had to be dealt with in probabilities instead of certainties, and we would have to somehow learn to deal with these uncertain times.
To explain how to work with uncertainty, Dr Schrödinger came up with a famous analogy known as Schrödinger's Cat. He proposed that you take a cat and put it in a box. Then place a delicate glass vial of poisonous gas in the box, and connected it to a triggering device which is designed to maybe break the glass vial, with a probability 50% per hour. Seal up the box and wait an hour. At the end of the hour, ask yourself this: is the cat alive or dead?
The box is sealed so you can't look inside the box. You can't shake it because if you do, the vial would break and the poison would be released. If you open the box, the poison could be accidentally released, killing the cat and ruining the experiment. Since you cannot determine whether the cat is alive or dead without causing the cat's death, you have to assume that the cat is both alive and dead.
It turns out that mathematically (and mathematics are not my strong suit here) once you account for this uncertainty, you can move on and create great things. I know this sounds preposterous, but this was the birth of quantum mechanics – the basis of semiconductor theory – which lead directly to the microchips that power our calculators, computers, digital cameras and Internet porn.
I had to study quantum mechanics in college and I had a great deal of difficulty wrapping my brain around it. I very nearly flunked. During finals week, I asked a fellow student if he understood Schrödinger's equation.. He simply replied, "yes… and no."
The crux of this whole longwinded story is this: sometimes when you observe something, the fact that you are observing it changes what you're looking at. Or as Cecil Adams succinctly puts it, "the act of observing disturbs the observed."
This is important because it is not just the stuff of sub-atomic particle physics. This axiom is true where people are observed as well.
In 1927 when all of this cat nonsense was going on, there was another unrelated set of experiments conducted by Elton Mayo of the Harvard Business School. He performed his famous productivity study under different lighting conditions at the Western Electric Hawthorne Works in Cicero, Ill. In this study, he demonstrated that as the amount of light increased in the workplace, the productivity of the workers increased as well. Then to verify the correlation, he started to reduce the amount of lighting. He was surprised to learn that as the lighting decreased back to its previously lower levels, productivity increased even more.
After more experimentation, Mayo eventually figured it out. Productivity had nothing to do with lighting. Productivity increased simply because the workers knew they were being studied. This became known as the Hawthorne Effect.
In other words, with people as with electrons, the act of observing disturbed the observed.
I mentioned before that I wanted to talk more about having trial jury deliberations televised. I still want to talk about it, but first I wanted to lay the groundwork with this story of Schrödinger's Cat. It is important, because I really believe that knowing you're watched influences what you do, and the experiment is inevitably tainted. It is impossible to avoid this in any setting in which the observer is an intrusive guest.
Until then, go and read Cecil Adam's explanation of Schrödinger's Cat. Set to verse, it is one of the cleverest pieces ever written.
The conclusion of this post can be found here.


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I had a inner thigh lift years ago.My doctor must have used undissovable sutures under my skin in my legs because a year after surgery I could feel them protruding from under my skin. In my groin area between my legs I can feel what I can describe as "strings" underneath my skin. I'm at my wits end, my surgeon now wants to charge me an outrageous fee to revise. I just would like the "strings" cut they are making my life miserable. Has anyone dealt with something like this? Please, please help!
Unbearable Sutures Under Skin from Inner Thigh Lift?
Doctor Answers 5
It is rare for a plastic surgeon to use non-absorbable sutures for a inner or medial thigh lift...
It is rare for a plastic surgeon to use non-absorbable sutures on a inner or medial thigh lift. The "strings" that you feel in your inner thighs are more likely to be significant scarring around the suture line. The pulling sensation could be the inner thigh scar contracting; all scars by nature, contract. I would suggest consulting with your prior plastic surgeon. If a mutual agreement cannot be established, I would politely request a copy of your operative report. Then, I would seek a plastic surgeon who specializes in reconstructive surgery for weight loss patients and who has a significant amount of experience in inner or medial thigh lift surgery.
Learn more: http://timothykatzenmd.com/body/thigh-lift/
Pulling Deep Sutures
It's not unusual for surgeons to use deep non-absorbable sutures in the deeper tissue layers during thigh lift surgery. These structural sutures are utilized to prevent migration, distortion and spread of the scars associated with this procedure.
Unfortunately, these sutures occasionally become palpable and require surgical excision. This procedure can usually be performed under local anesthesia, but may rarely require general anesthesia.
If you're bothered by deep non-absorbable sutures, it's reasonable to have them removed. If you're unhappy with your surgeon, it's reasonable to seek a second opinion.
Removal of Permanent Sutures after Thigh Lift
I am sure that you can find someone to remove these sutures for a reasonable fee. If your plastic surgeon's fees are not acceptable, consult with several plastic surgeons in your area. Kenneth Hughes, MD Los Angeles, CA
Learn more: http://www.hughesplasticsurgery.com/Thigh-Lift.php
You might also like...
Residual sutures after a thigh lift
You are right, some surgeons use permanent sutures when performing a thigh lift. These certainly can be removed. If your surgeon and you cannot agree on a price to do this, I would recommend getting a second opinion and possibly trying to see if your health insurance would cover it given the pain you are experiencing.
Medial thigh lift
The undisolvable sutures used in medial thigh lift are sutures between the facia and the deep facia under the labia and or in the covering of the pubic bone. These sutures has to be permanent so as to prevent the scar from migrating down the thigh and the scar becomes visible.
Removing these sutures can be done, but the scar may migrate down. It means opening the scar to a certain length to get to the sutures and resitiching the skin. It may need general anesthesia or if superficial can be done under local anesthesia, with or without sedation.
The risks are simmilar to the risks of medial thigh lift plus scar migration.
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.

subset: commoncrawl


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Badass Bat-Bird Shirt: 'Don't Call Me Robin'
Brutal justice goes bob-bob-bobbing along in the new "Don't Call Me Robin" t-shirt from Woot, merging the classic Batman and Robin duo into one ultimate avian crimefighter. Personally, I'm surprised they didn't try to make him a Dark Nightingale. The promotional text is pretty entertaining, with claims that the shirt stars "Bird Ward" and the suggestion that you wear it "into battle against the cowardly, superstitious lot of squirrels that keep raiding your feeders."
Bat-Robin has also studied science, criminology, psychology and engineering at elite levels, and has become the world's greatest detective who is also a bird. There's a pretty steep drop-off in quality to the world's second-greatest detective who is also a bird, it's true. Second place is a magpie that's unusually skilled at finding shiny things. But first place, Bat-Robin, is still pretty good.
If you like it, the $10 sale price is today only.


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It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown is a classic that likely brings back all sorts of childhood memories of Halloween. Now, it's gotten the RiffTrax treatment and the sarcasm meter has been turned way up. This is not the version you'll want to share with the kiddies, but it may end up being your favorite.
See the video after the break.
(via Mashable)


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- Places To Visit
- Recreation / Outdoor
- Tourist Essentials
- Tours & Activities
- Shopping / Nightlife
- Eating
- Mae Hong Son, Mae Hong Son Province, Thailand
- • http://www.tourismthailand.org
Next to Wat Chong Kham is Wat Chong Klang where a replica of the Phra Phuttha Sihing is installed on an altar. There are several interesting items such as wooden figurines of human and animals depicted in the Phra Vejsandon Jakata (pronounced Cha-dok which means one of odd stories of former incarnations of the Buddha) created by Burmese craftsmen and brought over in 1857, painting on glass about the Jakata and on Prince Siddhartha, as well as on the ways of life of the time. The captions are in Burmese. There are also notations that the paintings were by Thai Yai artisans from Mandalay.
Favorite photos
Here's the our members favorite photos of "Temples near Mae Hong Son". Upload your photo of Wat Chong Klang!
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Love temples? Check these out;
- Wat Rong Khun
- Wat Chedi Luang
- Wat Phra Sing
- Wat Umong
- Wat Chiang Man
- Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep
- Wat Suan Dok
- Wat Lok Moli
- Wat Chet Yot
- Wat Phra Sing - Chiang Rai


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Huckabee leaves wide-open GOP presidential field
WASHINGTON The announcement by former Arkansas governor Mike Huckabee that he won't run for president in 2012 leaves a Republican field that is more wide open than any since World War II.
"It's like 52-card pickup," says Mark McKinnon, a strategist for former president George W. Bush. "Huckabee's decision totally reshapes the race."
The decision by the former Arkansas governor strengthens the hand of former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney, now more clearly the field's front-runner. It creates an opportunity for lesser-known contenders to seek the support of the social conservative voters who backed Huckabee. And it makes the opening Iowa caucuses, which he won in 2008, more competitive for everyone else.
"I've never seen it this fluid this late in the game," says Steve Scheffler, chairman of the Iowa Faith and Freedom Coalition and a member of the Republican National Committee. While much of the nation sees the election as a distant prospect, Iowa's opening caucuses mean grass-roots organizations and candidate appearances typically are well underway by now.
This time, even local headquarters have been slow to open, Scheffler says. Texas Rep. Ron Paul rented headquarters last week, and former Minnesota governor Tim Pawlenty is likely to do so shortly.
The Republican lineup is as notable for those who have taken a pass as for those who have jumped in. Besides Huckabee, Mississippi Gov. Haley Barbour, Indiana Rep. Mike Pence and South Dakota Sen. John Thune have taken a look at the race and decided not to enter it.
Indiana Gov. Mitch Daniels promises a decision soon, and former Alaska governor Sarah Palin— whose lucrative career as a speaker and media personality was launched with her nomination for vice president in 2008 — hasn't made her intentions clear.
Former House speaker Newt Gingrich and Paul formally launched their campaigns last week. Real estate mogul Donald Trump is slated to appear at a Tea Party rally in South Carolina this week, and former Utah governor Jon Huntsman is scheduled to spend much of this week in New Hampshire, which holds the nation's first presidential primary.
Minnesota Rep. Michele Bachmann, former Pennsylvania senator Rick Santorum and Pawlenty are raising money and making appearances in states with early contests.
None has the name recognition and built-in support Huckabee can claim, especially among the evangelical Christians and Southerners, who make up key parts of the GOP base.
Huckabee says any of several candidates may be beneficiaries of his decision to continue his career with his Saturday night show on Fox, the forum he used to announce he wouldn't run.
"There are a number of people who probably jumped for joy" that he isn't running, Huckabee said on Fox News Sunday. He cited Santorum, Gingrich, Pawlenty and Bachmann as having potential appeal to social conservatives. And "Sarah Palin, should she decide to get in. I think people are awaiting her decision like they were mine."
Ed Rollins, the veteran Republican strategist who was chairman of Huckabee's 2008 campaign, says there is "no natural heir" for Huckabee's mantle.
"It's Romney vs. the field," Rollins says. "There's usually a front-runner and a chaser. We have no idea who the chaser is going to be."
One early test: the Iowa straw poll in August. Romney, who hasn't indicated how extensively he plans to campaign in the Hawkeye State this time, is scheduled to make his first 2012 campaign visit there this month.
Gingrich blasted President Obama Sunday in language that he denied carried a racial overtone.
"He follows the same destructive political model that destroyed the city of Detroit," Gingrich said on NBC's Meet the Press. "The Obama system is going to lead us down the path to Detroit and destruction. I think we need a brand new path. It's a path of job creation, and one of the central themes of this campaign is going to be paychecks vs. food stamps."
He criticized the Medicare overhaul passed by the House as part of the Republican budget plan, calling it "too big a jump" and a "radical change." The plan would remake Medicare into a system of subsidies that would help seniors buy health insurance.
Paul, making his third run for the nomination, said he continues to believe that Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid — among the most widely supported of all federal programs — are unconstitutional.
"There's no authority," he said on Fox News Sunday. "Article 1, Section 8 doesn't say I can set up (an) insurance program for people."
Posted | Updated


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How to Take a Turkey's Temperature
Using an instant-read thermometer is the best way to ensure a moist, juicy roast. But where do you put it? The most important thing to remember: Never place the probe too close to the bone or you'll get an inaccurate reading. "Bones conduct heat at a different rate than meat and can range in temperature, depending on where they are in the bird," says Simon Quellen Field, the author of Culinary Reactions: The Everyday Chemistry of Cooking ($17, amazon.com). The easiest method? Slide the thermometer into the thigh horizontally, just until it touches the bone, then pull it out slightly. Once it registers 165° F in the thigh—the slowest-cooking part of the bird—you'll know that dinner is done.


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Britney Spears isn't dating her agent
Hey guys, great news! Britney Spears isn't dating her longtime agent Jason Trawick! That's right, something you didn't even know was happening isn't happening! Us Weekly has the "exclusive":
"They are absolutely, 100 percent not dating," the source tells Us. "He is her agent, and that is it."
E! News reported Wednesday that Spears was secretly stepping out with Trawick, but the insider tells Us, "They have never gone out on a date.
"He has been her agent for four years, and they are very close friends," the source continues. "He gets on with her family, but there is absolutely categorically nothing romantic going on.
"Jason was on the road with Britney for three of her tour dates, but that is because that's what agents do — they support their clients," the source goes on. "Any stories of them being together are completely and utterly made up."
So there you have it. Britney Spears isn't dating the person you didn't even know Britney Spears was supposed to be dating. I know how anxious and worked up you guys were over that so now you can rest easy. So, uh, is this how reporting works now? Hey, I've got an exclusive: Megan Fox isn't married to a horse! Or is she? It's news and a mystery.


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|Noemi Martinez
December 2000
After World War I, Harlem became known for the sudden emergence of literature, theater and music attributed to the migration of African Americans from the South and other cities. Both Zora Neal Hurston and Richard Wright emerged as writers this time, this, however, should not be the sole basis for comparison of their writing as writers themselves. Both Wright and Hurston had different agendas as writers and it is not as important to note their upbringing and backgrounds, but their audiences and the reason that drove them to write.
Zora Neal Hurston was born in Eatonville, Florida, an all black community in 1891. She is known mainly for her novels, but she was also an anthropologist and folklorist. She studied under Franz Boas while at Barnared College and conducted fieldwork in Harlem. This is important because it held her to systematically collect and study the legends, myths and dialect of her informants. Boas stressed that no culture is superior to another and cultures should be studied equally. Hurston was criticized for using dialect, being a "sensual" writer and writing for the mainstream (white) society. Her writing was unlike Wright's, whom Henry Louis Gates, Jr. calls "Hurston's dominant black male contemporary and rival" (188).
Richard Wright was born in 1908 in Mississippi and describes his childhood an autobiographical novel he published in 1945, Black Boy. Wright grew up in the racially charged South and sought to quench the physical hunger he has felt since his father abandoned the family and the spiritual hunger that he was unable to find even though his grandmother was very religious. This hunger, whether tangible or not, led him on a journey to the north. Wright starts chapter seven of Black Boy saying "hunger [was] still a vital part of my consciousness" (161). Wright set out to give a factual account of the hardships and discriminations African-Americans went through, from the point of view of a Black man and to give details of how oppressive the society in which he lived was. Jerry W. Ward. Jr, says "his autobiography is designed to illuminate how obscene was denial of access to full participation in the democratic process by law, custom, and the practice of race" (xv).
Both novels hold significance in American literary and each book has a devoted following of literi and readers, though Their Eyes were Watching God was reintroduced only recently. Both writers sought to tell "their" story. Hurston's writing is called "a rich and complicated text" (Washington xiii), yet Wright says "her prose is cloaked in that facile sensuality" Hurston also comments on Wright's writing, saying "his dialect is a puzzling thing. One wonders how he arrived at it. Certainly he does not write by ear unless he is tone deaf." Jerry W. Ward, Jr. argues that Wright spoke to a "distant community" and that his text "demands attention to matters of a decidedly flexible genre and to the facts of race and gender"(xvi).
A fair explanation for the different opinions of each other's writing and writing in general is because they were different people, with different mindsets and each had their own personal method for attaining the results they aimed for. Black Boy can be called a sociological novel because it details the political and economic conditions that were prevalent when Wright was growing up. His novel is semi-factual and told in journalistic manner, providing in depth analysis of his life's hardships. For instance, when Wright explains his living conditions: "I was living in a culture and not a civilization and I could learn how that culture worked only by living with it" (196).
To fully understand the reason behind Wright's attacks on Hurston's writing, we should note Wright's depiction of women. In Black Boy, we can see several instances where women are portrayed as something lesser than men and not able to comprehend even the smallest of things. The girl on page 198 who "tossed her head saucily" after a white night watchman slapped her behind and did not seem bothered by it. Bess, whom Richard said that "her simplicity frightened him"(217). After staying several days at Bess and her mother's home, he "had grown to understand [their] peasant mentality"(214). While he is in Chicago, working as an insurance premium collector, he meets women, "comely black housewives" who "were willing to make bargains to escape paying a ten-cent premium"(289).
Wright criticized Hurston for her sensual writing, saying her novel "neither has a basic idea or theme that lends itself to a significant interpretation." He found the language used portrayed Blacks as comical and further justified society saying that African-Americans were not 'smart' enough to get an education. He also believed she did not write "serious fiction." It is agreed that Their Eyes were Watching God is highly sensual and emotional. Yet Wright's own novel is filled with poetic prose. For example, in a scene where his mother beats him for using foul language, he goes into an enlightened state where all things seem clear. "The days and hours began to speak now with a clearer tongue. There was the breathlessly anxious fun of chasing and catching flitting fireflies on drowsy summer nights. There was the drenching hospitality in the pervading smell of sweet magnolias. There was the aura of limitless freedom distilled from the rolling sweep of tall green grass swaying and glinting in the wind and sun" (Wright 45). We also see several examples of this in the second part of the novel, The Horror and the Glory: "The days of my past, of my youth, were receding from me like a rolling tide, leaving me alone upon high, dry ground, leaving me with a quieter and deeper consciousness"(382).
The true reason these two writers did not see eye to eye is that each had their own definition as to what fiction and writing was. Hurston writes about the rich cultural traditions found in her culture. She awakened a sense of unity years after she died and wrote of Black people "as complete, complex and undiminished human beings" (Walker 85). She was before her time and not only do Black women identify with this novel, but women from other cultures sense the struggles of Janie trying to find her voice. When looking at Wright from Hurston's point of view, his writing seems to portray the Black community as weak, afraid to cause change and subservient to white society. Several characters can fall under this categorization. His 'Uncle Tom', his coworker who lets himself get kicked in the ass for a quarter. Wright says, "I longed to be like the smiling,
Gates,Henry Louis Jr. Afterward. "Zora Neale Hurston: 'A Negro Way of Saying.'" Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston. 1990 ed.
Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. New York: Perennial Library, 1990 ed.
Walker, Alice. "In Search of Zora Neale Hurston." Ms. (March 1975): 74-79, 85-89.
Ward, Jerry W. Jr. Introduction. Black Boy. 1998 ed.
Washington, Mary Helen. Foreword. Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale
Hurston. 1990 ed.
Wright, Richard. Black Boy (American Hunger): A Record of Childhood and Youth.
1998 ed.


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Following are video excerpts from The Line in the Sand, performed by members and staff of Most Holy Trinity Parish at the Celebration Publications conference, "A Light to the Nations," held Jan. 12-14, 2011 in San Antonio.
Scene 1:
Lucresia, a migrant mother of three from Mexico (played by Lupita Parra), embarks on a journey to the United States.
Scene 2:
Shana Machain plays the part of a No More Deaths volunteer, and shares her experience providing aid to migrants in the desert.
Scene 3:
Deacon Ken Moreland plays a Tucson medical examiner and Leo Guardado plays the part of an intern at the Mexican consulate. The two share their perspectives on identifying bodies found in the Arizona desert.
Scene 4:
Sara Lisa plays the part of Barbara Padilla, a local resident introduced to the immigration issue. She shares her experience from an immersion trip at a Mexican shelter for migrants. Acting as an Arizona rancher, Fr. Joe Rodrigues offers his perspective on the immigration issue.
Scene 5:
A Catholic Relief Services representative (played by Erika Diaz) interviews two migrants at a detention center. We hear the stories of Monica (played by Stella Samorano) and Victor (played by Stephen Sanchez).
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ZombieRunner Bay Trail Run
Those runners might have felt like they were actually running *in* the Bay with the kind of weather we had Sunday morning. It was impressive that almost 300 people showed up for the combined distances of 5 miles, 1/2 marathon and marathon. This was a run put on by Coastal Trail Runs with ZombieRunner as the title sponsor! Don and I went to the start of the race an hour early so that we could help where needed (hand out shirts), say hi to the runners, and see the start of the races. It was raining, and runners looked a little soggy, but mostly smiling. I couldn't help but notice everyone's shoes – I saw a lot of Brooks, some New Balance 101s, FiveFinger Bikilas and Terra Plana Evos.
On Saturday, the day before the race, we had the packet pickup in our store! This was a first for ZombieRunner, and we enjoyed meeting so many of the runners. Some of them had never seen our store, so we were glad they came. Runners received a ZombieRunner hat (new design), goodies, and their race t-shirt from Coastal Trail Runs. They also got a 10% discount for shopping in the store. Zombie Dawson said it was one of the coolest days in the store ever, because everyone was so nice!
So, a big thanks to Coastal Trail Runs, and for sure ZombieRunner will sponsor more races and be the host for the pre-race activities. Congratulations to all the runners for braving the elements and enjoying some trails that Don and I started running on over 10 years ago.


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Column: Don't turn Aurora killer into celebrity
How the media covers one event affects whether there will be similar events. That is why TV broadcasts of baseball games turn the cameras away from nitwits who run on the field, seeking attention. Media coverage also affects copycat murders — by encouraging more of them.
Nearly two decades ago, Professor Clayton Cramer detailed how mass killers obsessively study the publicity which the media have given to previous killers. His 1993 article "Ethical Problems of Mass Murder Coverage in the Mass Media," won a journalism award, but it didn't change media behavior.
A 2004 book by Loren Coleman, The Copycat Effect: How the Media and Popular Culture Trigger the Mayhem in Tomorrow's Headlines provided a horrifying litany of examples in which media coverage of one killing has led to copycat killings. Sometimes the attention given to a teenage suicide leads to more teenage suicides. Often, the media attention given to a mass killer lead to more mass killings.
After the Columbine High School murders in 1999, the media were particularly irresponsible, as when Time and Newsweek magazines put pictures of the killers on the front cover. In 2007, the Virginia Tech murderer sent NBC News a videotape of himself. Rather than showing that video on national television, NBC should have made a copy for law enforcement and refused to broadcast the killer's self-promotional video on television.
Tomorrow, there will be front page pictures of the Aurora crime. Those should be pictures of the victims, not of the murderer.
In addition to its own editorials, USA TODAY publishes a variety of opinions from outside writers. On political and policy matters, we publish opinions from across the political spectrum.
Roughly half of our columns come from our Board of Contributors, a group whose interests range from education to religion to sports to the economy. Their charge is to chronicle American culture by telling the stories, large and small, that collectively make us what we are.
We also publish weekly columns by Al Neuharth, USA TODAY's founder, and DeWayne Wickham, who writes primarily on matters of race but on other subjects as well. That leaves plenty of room for other views from across the nation by well-known and lesser-known names alike.
Inside the papers, running a single, small picture of the Aurora killer is sufficient for showing the public what he looks like. His image should not be run day after day, accompanying the follow-up stories.
Likewise, the media should refrain from giving the crime a catchy nickname. Refer to the crimes as the "Aurora movie killings," or something similar — not "the Batman murders."
Showing cellphone videos of the crime in progress will attract viewers, and therefore advertising dollars. It will also help incite other potential killers.
In case the Aurora murderer has any "manifesto," or self-promotion video, which is delivered in the next several days, journalists should avoid repeating NBC's error.
By necessity, during the early coverage, journalists will report the murderer's name. His name will have to be repeated months later, when he will likely be brought to trial in Arapahoe County, and face the death penalty. But as much as possible, journalists should try to avoid making the killer's name a household world. TV and radio hosts, and print columnists, who have the flexibility to interject their own opinions can call him "the coward," or something similar. Always, the effort should be to deglamorize him.
Among the readership of any large newspaper, and among the viewership of all major TV news programs, there is a tiny fraction of sociopaths and the violently mentally ill. Responsible journalists must keep this fact in mind. Evil thrives when good people, for short-sighted reasons of expediency, allow themselves to cooperate with it.
David Kopel is an adjunct law professor at Denver University, and research director of the Independence Institute. He was formerly a columnist for the Rocky Mountain News.
Posted | Updated


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Craft Time: Rock and Roll Book Ends
What do old records and a disorganized bookshelf have in common? Turns out you can use one to tame the other. All it takes is hot water and about 20 minutes to turn a vinyl record into a unique bookend. If you don't have any LPs lying around, or find it too heart-wrenching to repurpose your own vinyls, a trip to the record store bargain box–or your grandmother's attic–is in order. Trust me: somewhere there's a scratched copy of "Mungo Jerry" just waiting to be incorporated into your home decor. [Via DIY Life]


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what was your dream about..
Islamic dreams about Red Short find dream interpretations. Meanings & explanations for Red Short dictionary!
Red Short dream interpretations
Short hair Dream Explanation
— Shortening one's hair in a dream means appeasing one's fears. (Also see Hair; Shaving)
Incident -
Black Woman Dream Explanation
— A man told Imam Ibn Sirin: "I saw that I was betrothed to a black woman who was
in the dream." Ibn Sirin replied: "Go and marry her, for her blackness is her richness, and her size represents the span of her life. For you will shortly inherit her wealth."
A Horse Having a Long or
Tail Dream Explanation
— A hose with a long tail means a person will have many followers while a horse with a
or cut tail means he will have less followers.
A Thin, Old, Torn and
Carpet Dream Explanation
— It is a bad omen. There is no goodness to be found in such a dream. The same is the case with a carpet that is folded or rolled up.
Red Dream Explanation
— (The color red; Dignity; Nobility; Happiness) Wearing a
silken garment in a dream means a sickness. If a warrior sees himself wearing a
silken garment in a dream, it means that he will be decorated for his chivalry.
in a dream also represents the world, its glitters and material pleasure. (Also see Blushing)
Carnelian-red Dream Explanation
— (arb. Aqiq. A variety of chalcedony; Crystalline mineral; Gem; Jewelry; Precious stone; Stone) Seeing a Carnelian-red stone in a dream means dispelling poverty. At the beginning of the creation, of all stones, the Carnelian-red was the first stone that testified to Allah's Oneness. If one sees himself in a dream concluding his ablution or ritual bath with the essence of a Carnelian-red, it means that he owns something blessed.
Carnelian-red Dream Explanation
— Such blessings will manifest in one's work and success in his material as well as spiritual life. A Carnelian-red stone in a dream also represents one's progeny, good religious conduct, good character, while seeing the white variety of this stone has a stronger meaning and a better attribute than the
. (Also see Aqiq canyons; Aqiqah rites)
Red anemones Dream Explanation
— (bot.) In a dream, anemones represent fire,
cheeks, blushing, a beauty mark, the sickness of one's brother or sister.
Horse Dream Explanation
— It is the best of all horses insofar as interpretation is concerned.
Red rose Dream Explanation
— (See Rose)
Clothes Dream Explanation
— Donning of
clothes is suggestive of a perbond popularity.
Black or
Raisins Dream Explanation
— They signify blessings, prosperity, livelihood and wealth.
Red-brown beard Dream Explanation
— (See Reddish beard)
Height Dream Explanation
— • Being of a reasonable height: Good augury.
• Being too tall: Death is near and life will get hard anyway.
• Being too short:
life and little prestige.
Garment Dream Explanation
— Wearing a
garment in a dream means excess earnings that are not yet free from due alms. Such a person then must immediately pay the proper share of his earnings. A
garment in a dream means death, sickness and to a poor person, it means increase in his difficulties. Wearing a
garment in a dream can mean good only if the person wearing it is an unmarried woman. Otherwise, wearing
during festivals or social gatherings in a dream has no meaning. Wearing a yellow garment in a dream or any of its derivative colors in general means ulcer or other internal festering illness. Wearing a silken garment in a dream means loss and negligence of one's religious life.
Blood disease Dream Explanation
— If one is presented in his dream with
unripened dates, then they represent some type of blood disease where the
cells exceed the white cells in number. (Also see Dates)
Blushing Dream Explanation
— If one sees his face glowing with
or blushing in a dream, it means dignity, nobility and it could represent a person who is known for his good deeds. If the blushing of one's face is mixed with some white lines in the dream, it means strength and happiness. If one sees his face embellished with
cosmetic makeup in a dream, it means that he will commit adultery, and that he will be exposed thereafter. If one sees his entire body turning
in a dream, it means long sufferings and lack of success in his life. Glowing redness in one's face in a dream also means recovering from an illness, or the home returning of a traveller. (Also see Bashfulness)
Raven Dream Explanation
— • Seizing a raven (a small, dark bird with a
beak and
legs): (1) Influence or a leading position, achieved by merit, if eligible. (2) The dreamer will tell the truth or make a just statement that will not be accepted or taken well.
• A raven diving on the dreamer or landing on him: The dreamer will be assaulted by bandits.
Skin Dream Explanation
— According to Ibn Siren, blackness refers to a person's wealth. A man once came to him and told him he dreamed that his fiancee had become black and
. "Her blackness," said Ibn Siren, "is her wealth. Her shortness, her life." And, in fact, the man married the girl, who did not live long and whose money he inherited. Red skin is a symbol of dignity and relief, especially if it is whitish. Yellow means disease, except if the yellow is gorgeous, in which case the dreamer will be close to God in the Hereafter, if God wills. A white complexion means that the dreamer is religious, faithful, and righteous. If his cheeks turn white, he will enjoy dignity and prosperity.
Butterfly Dream Explanation
— A silkworm in a dream represents the best of people who spend in charity from their best and who curtail their evil, or it could represent children who live a
life in this world, or people who leave a sizeable estate for their posterity. A silkworm, or a butterfly in a dream also could signify a
life, the near end of one's life, a miller, or it could represent a painter. (Also see Magician)
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text:
An estuary is a partially enclosed body of water where fresh water from rivers and streams mixes with salt water from the ocean. Estuaries are areas of transition between the land and the sea. They are often called bays, harbors, inlets or sounds.
The Chesapeake Bay is the largest of more than 100 estuaries in the United States. About half of the Bay's water volume comes from salt water from the Atlantic Ocean. The other half drains into the Bay from its enormous 64,000-square-mile watershed. Because of this mix of fresh and salt water, the Bay's salinity gradually increases as you move from north to south.
Estuaries are among the most productive environments on earth, creating more organic matter each year than similarly-sized forests and agricultural areas. Estuaries also provide diverse habitats for wildlife and aquatic life, protect our communities against flooding, reduce pollution to waterways, and support local economies through commercial and recreational activities.
Estuaries provide many different types of habitats, including shallow waters, open waters, marshes and wetlands, sandy beaches, mud flats and oyster reefs.
Thousands of species of wildlife and aquatic life, including fish, crabs, birds and mammals, depend on estuarine habitats for their survival.
The wetlands that fringe estuaries perform extremely valuable functions that protect our waterways and communities. Wetlands act as natural buffers between the land and the water, guarding against erosion, flood waters and storm surges. As water runs off the land, wetlands absorb and filter out pollution before it can make its way into the Bay.
Estuaries have important commercial value. The Chesapeake Bay and other estuaries serve as spawning and nursery grounds for two-thirds of the nation's commercial fish and shellfish species. Without estuaries, we wouldn't have many of the seafood dinners we enjoy!
Many major shipping ports are located in estuaries. The Chesapeake Bay is home to Baltimore and Hampton Roads, two of the North Atlantic's five major ports.
Estuaries are important for people, too. Estuaries support many popular educational and family activities, including boating, fishing, swimming, jet skiing, photography and bird-watching.


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Sayed Gul Kalash
Photograph by Abid Mehmood
Sayed Gul Kalash works to preserve her critically endangered Kalash culture and language in a remote region of Pakistan. Her archaeological finds, museum work, and sustainable tourism efforts raise awareness for one of the oldest and most unique cultures surviving today.
One of the world's only cultures to survive in its original form for 3,000 years now numbers only about 3,500 people. Whether it endures, or vanishes, rests largely on the shoulders of one woman.
Sayed Gul Kalash, a member of the indigenous community herself, works to keep traditional beliefs, language, dress, religion, art forms, and other elements of Kalash heritage alive. As a compelling representative of a culture under threat, she focuses her efforts not only on preserving the past, but also on improving the present and safeguarding the future.
As the first Kalash archaeologist and only Kalash woman trained as a scientist, Gul Kalash uses her rare skill set to instill greater appreciation for Kalash traditions within her own society, her nation, and the larger world. "I want to rekindle a sense of ownership and pride in my community, particularly among young people," she says.
Once powerful and widespread, Kalash civilization numbered tens of thousands of people strong. Over the centuries, they were increasingly pressured to assimilate and abandon traditional practices. The tiny sliver remaining descend directly from the last holdouts, who fled to remote valleys in the Hindu Kush mountains of Pakistan's frontier. Today, even these secluded areas are transforming as forests are destroyed and construction projects launched.
Gul Kalash laments that as their landscape changes, Kalash people continue to be marginalized—beset by socioeconomic challenges and lacking basic infrastructure, health care, and educational facilities. They are Pakistan's smallest religious minority and not officially recognized.
Gul Kalash discovers remnants of past Kalash glory at the world-renowned Taxila archaeological sites she excavates—shedding light on the culture's origins and artistry. Ancient graves yield ceramics, jewelry, and weapons and reveal clues about unique funeral rituals and burial practices. Such artifacts and other iconic elements of Kalash heritage will be part of a new multicultural museum opening soon, with Gul Kalash at the helm.
Tourists are fascinated by Kalash crafts, ceremonial music and dance, traditional cuisine, and women adorned in elaborately embroidered dresses and headpieces bearing exquisite beadwork and shells. Unique polytheistic/animist religious practices culminate in four annual festivals commemorating seasonal changes and showcasing ritual performances. Gul Kalash acknowledges that positive attention from outsiders through sustainable tourism could help keep her culture alive, but cautions that tourists must observe people, activities, and celebrations respectfully.
Travelers are not the only ones drawn to the distinct identity of Kalash. "Our language belongs to an ancient branch of Indo-European languages and is of great interest to linguists yet it has no written script," she explains. "The culture's early history, folk stories, love songs, and epic tales reflect a high level of indigenous wisdom and insight into the human experience, but exist only in oral tradition. As our numbers decline, a language that flourished since 1000 B.C. has been brought to the verge of extinction."
Gul Kalash works to preserve the language by documenting local legends and lore in written form for the very first time.
"I would like to see the government create a clear policy for protecting Kalash heritage," she says. On an even broader scale, she hopes endangered Kalash culture and land will ultimately be inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list, a designation that would help mobilize international cooperation and assistance. She actively participates in conferences to advance this effort, documenting elements such as villages, language, religion, and music still existing in their original forms and in need of preservation.
"All of my efforts point toward one goal: to raise awareness about a special and ancient culture existing only one place on Earth, in danger of disappearing forever," she says. "All around the world, fewer and fewer traces remain of values, beliefs, and artistic expressions that defined humanity so long ago. Where they still survive, I hope to help keep them alive."
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text:
Fedora has issued an advisory on August 22:
I believe the issue is fixed upstream in 1.0.15.
Mageia 2 and Mageia 3 are also affected.
Steps to Reproduce:
I have uploaded patched packages for Mageia 2 and 3.
1. Install perl-Module-Metadata
2. Run this command: man Module::Metadata
3. Check the DESCRIPTION (Should be this: "This module provides a standard way to gather metadata about a .pm file without executing unsafe code.")
4. Update perl-Module-Metadata from updates_testing
5. Repeat step #2 and check DESCRIPTION again. (This time it should say something like this: "This module provides a standard way to gather metadata about a .pm file through (mostly) static analysis and (some) code execution. When determining the version of a module, the $VERSION assignment is "eval"ed, as is traditional in the CPAN toolchain.")
Suggested advisory:
This update clarifies the module's documentation about the code it executes, i.e. it does "eval" a module to determine its version number. Previously it said that it did not execute unsafe code.
Updated packages in core/updates_testing:
Source RPMs:
Thanks Sander!
Just making minor formatting changes to the advisory.
Suggested advisory:
This update clarifies the module's documentation about the code it executes,
i.e. it does "eval" a module to determine its version number. Previously it
said that it did not execute unsafe code (CVE-2013-1437).
Updated packages in core/updates_testing:
Source RPMs:
Testing mga3 64
Module::Metadata appears to be provided by perl package aswell as
Testing with this script..
use Module::Metadata;
my $file = '/usr/lib/perl5/vendor_perl/5.16.2/Config/IniFiles.pm';
# information about a .pm file
my $info = Module::Metadata->new_from_file( $file );
my $version = $info->version;
# CPAN META 'provides' field for .pm files in a directory
my $provides = Module::Metadata->provides(
dir => 'lib', version => 2
print "$version\n";
print "$provides\n";
Just spits out a version number and a hash, don't laugh at my perl skillz. It does so though even without perl-Module-Metadata being installed.
$ urpmq --whatprovides 'perl(Module::Metadata)'
# urpmq --provides perl | grep Metadata
perl(Module::Metadata)[== 1.0.9]
It also appears to be providing the mga2 version in mga3. It looks like this will need to be updated too in order to close the CVE.
# urpme perl-Module-Metadata
removing perl-Module-Metadata-1.0.11-4.mga3.noarch
removing package perl-Module-Metadata-1.0.11-4.mga3.noarch
1/1: removing perl-Module-Metadata-1.0.11-4.mga3.noarch
# man Module::Metadata
This module provides a standard way to gather metadata about a .pm file without executing unsafe code.
Assigning back to you David, not sure how best to handle this one. It is just updated man pages so might not be worthy of a perl update, but it does seem to need one to close the CVE.
Wrong assignee.
Removing Mageia 2 from the whiteboard due to EOL.
Sorry for the time to answer - real life kicked in quite hard.
I strongly oppose to doing a perl update to mageia 3 just to change a bit of documentation in a module.
1- perl is a critical package, and I prefer limiting its update in mageia releases to the strict minimum
2- even more because qa is overwhelmed, and I'd rather not pile an uneeded update onto them
3- Module::Metadata is a very obscure package, that is not really used a lot (evn *I* didn't know about it before this bug report)
4- if you decide to use this module, most of the time you'll do on a safe module (that is, even eval-ing it won't cause any damage). Only modules crafted to abuse the eval-ing will be a problem, and those modules aren't legion (because of 3 above)
5- if you really care about security of a given module, you won't trust its documentation, but check the code before using it
6- finally, assigning a CVE to reword documentation is overkill to me
Therefore, I propose to clsoe this bug as resolved/wontfix unless you provide me with very good reasons.
Note: cauldron and mageia 4 have an updated Module::Metadata (even the one shipped with core perl).
Given Jerome's feedback, we can just update the external module (as it's already packaged) and say it's wontfix for perl itself. Advisory in Comment 2 (minus the Mageia 2 package of course).
Testing complete mga3 32 & 64
Advisory uploaded. Validating.
Could sysadmin please push to 3 updates
Update pushed:


text:
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Round Out Your Education with Psychology Internships
Psychology programs don't always require a practicum, so it's a good idea to supplement your theoretical knowledge of the field by participating in hands-on psychology research through an internship. Internships give you the chance to complement your academic knowledge with real-world experience, which looks good on your resume and, in some cases, can be applied toward further college credit.
How to Use this Directory
Finding psychology internships online can be a chore, so we've compiled this list to take the work out of your research. Use this directory to sort through hundreds of internships across the nation, whether you want to mentor at-risk children through Big Brothers Big Sisters or work with psychologists and patients at a psychiatric center. It's easy to find internships that you qualify for using the simple filters in this directory. Start by choosing your state so you can find internships located nearby. Then filter by category according to your interests. Psychology is a broad field, so you're bound to find an internship that fits your criteria.


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A new report comes up with a better way to size up wealth
... Gauging an economy by its GDP is like judging a company by its quarterly profits, without ever peeking at its balance-sheet. Happily, the United Nations this month published balance-sheets for 20 nations in a report overseen by Sir Partha Dasgupta of Cambridge University. They included three kinds of asset: "manufactured", or physical, capital (machinery, buildings, infrastructure and so on); human capital (the population's education and skills); and natural capital (including land, forests, fossil fuels and minerals).
...Human capital represents 88% of Britain's wealth and 75% of America's. The average Japanese has more human capital than anyone else...
...In 14 of the 20 countries studied, these increases in wealth outpaced the growth of their population, leaving per-person wealth higher in 2008 than in 1990. Germany, for example, increased its human capital by over 50%. China expanded its "manufactured" capital by an extraordinary 540%.
... Now that economists have shown that such wealth can be measured, they must decide what it should be called. In his earlier academic work Sir Partha calls it "comprehensive wealth". The UN report dubs it "inclusive wealth"