text:
Simple mistake changes course of history: Wrong turn triggers assassination, launches First World War
The world changed dramatically 100 years ago this week. A tragic act set in motion the train of events that launched World War I, a war that, until then, was unprecedented for the scale of its savagery and the number of its victims. But the action that made that deed possible was itself an insignificant one, a little mistake that, had it not spawned the opening calamity of the 20th century, would have passed without notice.
Sunday, June 28, 1914, dawned bright and sunny. The rain had finally stopped, the early morning mist had cleared and by 9 a.m. it had already become quite hot. In short, a picture-perfect early summer day in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina, an outpost province of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Sometime between 9:30 and 10 a.m., a parade of six automobiles – then an uncommon sight in this remote Balkan region – departed the railway station for the town hall. Local officials – the mayor and the chief of police – were seated in the second car, followed, in the third, by the guest of honor. In the rear seat of the vehicle – a borrowed gray convertible touring car – sat Archduke Franz Ferdinand von Österreich-Este, heir to the throne of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary and, as such, the most important figure after Emperor Franz Josef himself, and Ferdinand's wife, Sophie, the Duchess of Hohenberg.
Suitably attired for the occasion – he in the dress uniform of a cavalry general complete with a helmet topped with green peacock feathers and she resplendent in a white veiled hat and white silk gown, red and white fabric roses tucked into a red sash – the couple smiled and bowed their heads to the crowd.
Few police or soldiers had been detailed to provide security and the route of the motorcade had been widely published, a puzzling lapse given that it was to be expected that not all who lined the Appel Quay, Sarajevo's only major thoroughfare, would greet the royal visitors with a welcoming wave.
Annexed by Austria-Hungary just a few years before in 1908, Bosnia was a turbulent borderland in a turbulent region. Most especially, Serbs in the province bristled under their new rulers, uncomfortable in the multiethnic, polyglot empire – 13 languages were officially recognized – in which they, as a minority, felt repressed. Radical nationalists looked to unite ethnic Serbs across the Balkans in an independent Slavic state and they were willing to use violence to do so. The state they looked to was Serbia, independent only since 1878, one among a number of new nation-states in southeastern Europe carved out of the moribund Ottoman Empire, and all of them itching to expand their borders. Two wars had been fought by and among them in the three years before 1914.
For members of the ominously titled Black Hand, a Serbia-based terrorist group, and its offshoot, Young Bosnia, Ferdinand's visit offered an opportunity made to order. On this morning, seven young men, members of Young Bosnia, stationed themselves strategically along the route. All were armed with pistols and bombs and given a cyanide pill, which they were instructed to take should they succeed in carrying out their orders: to kill the archduke.
Where the road intersected one of several bridges that crossed the Miljacka River, one of the individuals, after politely asking a policeman which of the cars carried the archduke, knocked the cap off his grenade on a lamppost to detonate it and threw it wildly at the vehicle. It hit the folded-back hood of the convertible and rolled off, exploding a few seconds later against a wheel of the car behind it. Two of its occupants, both army officers, were seriously wounded and about a dozen spectators were hit by bomb splinters. The perpetrator duly swallowed his cyanide capsule and jumped into the river, but due to its depth – a mere 4 feet – he was easily apprehended. The pill failed to take effect, either too old or, the accounts vary, consisting of nothing more than a harmless water-based solution. All of the other conspirators lost their nerve and fled the scene – all save one.
Gavrilo Princip, a 19-year-old born in Bosnia and living in Serbia, burned with a desire to prove himself equal to his peers. Rejected by the Serbian army due to his small stature and weak constitution, he arrived in Sarajevo intending to prove his prowess by means of assassination.
Ferdinand kept to his schedule and attended a reception at the city hall. The mayor delivered his scripted speech and heaped praise on his royal guest. Unimpressed, the archduke complained vehemently about the less-than-warm welcome he had received. His itinerary then called for him to be driven through narrow, winding streets to the local museum. However, determined to visit those injured in the grenade explosion, Ferdinand asked to be taken to the hospital.
In view of what had happened, organizers felt it best to take an alternate route, thus avoiding the city center. They would drive straight along the Appel Quay directly to the hospital. Unfortunately, no one thought to inform the drivers of the motorcade of the change in plan. Ferdinand's chauffeur duly turned off the Appel Quay into a side street, the planned route to the museum. Noticing that the altered route had not been taken, a military aide in the car berated the driver, who slowed the vehicle, braked and began to reverse out of the street. Then the engine stalled and the gears locked.
After the botched attempt of his co-conspirator, Princip had remained on the scene, lingering among the milling crowd. Now, by pure chance, he found himself not 5 feet away, either standing on the pavement or seated in a café – again, accounts vary. He seized the moment. Princip reached for a grenade in his pocket, but, hemmed in by the crowd, was unable to swing his arm free to toss it. So he pulled out his pistol – a 1910 9mm Browning Short automatic – and fired two shots at point-blank range, hitting the archduke's jugular vein with one and the abdomen of the duchess with the other.
Confusion and chaos ensued. Princip swallowed his cyanide pill, only to vomit. He then turned the revolver on himself, but a bystander threw himself on the assassin's arm. Others in the crowd, together with nearby police, jostled each other in trying to get at the perpetrator. Using the handle of his pistol, Princip struck at the mob, who began to beat him until police were able to wrestle him away.
Galvanized into action, the limousine driver sped away across the Latin Bridge in a dash to the governor's residence. "In heaven's name, what has happened to you?" exclaimed Sophie in the flash of time that followed the gunfire, perhaps unaware she had also been shot. Then, mortally wounded, she slid off the seat and lay on the floor. Ferdinand frantically called out: "Sophie dear! Sophie dear! Don't die! Stay alive for our children!" With blood spurting from his throat, in an increasingly weak voice he repeatedly said, "it is nothing" to an aide who anxiously inquired about his condition. Both were carried into the palace. Sophie had already expired; her husband died about 10 minutes later. A few green feathers from the imperial helmet lay scattered on the floor of the car.
Belying the words of the archduke, we know with the hindsight of history, of course, that what had happened was anything but "nothing." Although in the immediate aftermath of the assassinations, it appeared that way. Disliked among court circles in Vienna – from the emperor on down – Ferdinand and his equally unpopular wife were buried in a ceremony that lasted a mere 15 minutes. The rest of Europe and the world barely noticed – just another bloody act in the perennially troubled Balkans – and carried on enjoying what many would later remember as one of the most gloriously beautiful summers on record.
But because the killings gave Austria-Hungary a reason to put the blame on Serbia and to impose onerous demands on that country, and because Europe's major powers were locked in a competing set of alliances, all of them engaged in building ever bigger stores of arms. What began as a localized incident served as the linchpin for a crisis that, within two months, would escalate into a continent-wide conflict. Later, with the entry of the United States and other countries, World War I became history's first truly global conflagration.
The murder of the royal twosome on a long-ago Sunday highlights an enduring reality. Since history is the record of human experience, in history – as in life – expect the unexpected. You can never know what might trigger a major calamity in world affairs. Seemingly trifling errors in judgment, misperceptions or minor mistakes can lead to momentous consequences. Life is uncertain, and millions may be affected by an event of which they may not even have knowledge. We may not like it, but, in the end, nothing can be done to alter these facts because these things just simply happen. We can only say, like Fanny Price in Jane Austen's "Mansfield Park": "It could have turned out differently, I suppose. But it didn't."
It is not actions such as these but rather the reactions of those with the will and means to act that bring about the consequences. In this instance, a simple error was conjoined by a lucky accident – good or bad depending on the sentiments of the observer – to produce an outcome, indisputable by anyone's reckoning, of monumental proportions. World War I happened to be an especially brutal, cruel conflict, one that was followed by revolutions, depressions and another world war of even greater magnitude.
Too young to be executed, Princip was sentenced to 20 years, the maximum the courts could give. Languishing in prison, he died there of tuberculosis in 1918. By then, an estimated 9 million young men across Europe had joined him in death, the result of a trivial mistake, a simple wrong turn.
Paul F. State is a writer on topics in travel, current events and history. His latest book, "A Brief History of France," was published in 2010.


text:
Today, after my shift at the hospital ended, I happened to look into a full-length mirror. My new scrubs turned out to be see-through. Instead of my undies, everyone got a good look at my cellulite-ridden ass. Fan-fucking-tastic day to wear a thong. FML
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Today, while on a first date with a guy who turned out to be twice my age, we were playing video games at the theatre before the movie started. Suddenly he falls face first while having a seizure. The EMT asked if my "dad" had a history of epilepsy. FML
Today, Amazon didn't deliver the present I bought my mother for Mothering Sunday, so she called me an 'Ungrateful bastard.' And about half an hour ago, I cut my thumb whilst making her lunch. She said, 'You're doing this on purpose so I feel sorry for you. Well I don't.' FML
Today, feeling social, I went to a bar. During a trip to the dimly lit restroom, I fixed my makeup, and carefully penciling my sparse eyebrows. After an evening of meeting new people, I went home. In my well-lighted restroom, I discovered that my eyebrow pencil was actually my bright red lip liner. FML
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subset: commoncrawl


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text: HOLLAND & HOLLAND (Pair) A Fine pair of 12 gauge 'ROYAL' side lock ejector, self opener with hand detachable locks, finished in the year 1925, specially made for Maharaja of Kashmir. This pair is part of originally made a set of 4 Guns, which was given by Maharaja to his Prime Minister Mr. K. Jung, seldomly used, absolute original conditions, retaining original colour hardening, 30" barrels with both full choking, 2½" chamber, 15"exhibition grade walnut stock, Sr. Nos. 30838 & 30839. In original makers' leather motor case, with all usual makers' accessories. Monish


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Julian 18 gay porn Zack and Steve hooked up after a soiree I threw last
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text:
Deborah Kerr dies at 86
Read the obituary here
Thanks to Stephen for recommending this image.
|your thoughts:
5 comments:
- swac said...
Well, it was either that or Ms. Kerr dressed as a nun. I stand by my choice.
- October 18, 2007 4:30 PM
- Mr DeBakey said...
I don't know where you guys find these.
Both this one & the Bishop one
- October 18, 2007 4:42 PM
- Vanwall said...
She was a hot nun, what're ya talkin' about? ;-)
I loved her acting - she was incapable of playing a stupid part, and the word luminous fit her particular beauty well. "Perfect Strangers" is a classic example of her ability to do extreme persona changes over the course of just over a hundred minutes. Love that film.
- October 18, 2007 9:38 PM
- swac said...
So many great performances, from Colonel Blimp to The Gypsy Moths. Although in the obit I read, she said she refused to do a nude scene in the latter film, and I could have sworn she was topless in her love scene with Lancaster. Maybe it's just wishful thinking...
- October 19, 2007 1:11 PM
- Mr DeBakey said...
If you google-image Deborah Kerr you'll see that she was.
- October 19, 2007 1:26 PM


text:
GENEALOGY-DNA-L ArchivesArchiver > GENEALOGY-DNA > 2005-05 > 1116852955
From: "Sharon Bryant" <>
Subject: Re: [DNA] DAR, SAR, UELA and DNA
Date: Mon, 23 May 2005 08:55:55 -0400
References: <firstname.lastname@example.com>
Sorry Anne if I misunderstood the context of your message. Not even sure
that it was your message.
I have a multitude of lines that I can't prove to their satisfaction because
generally someone else already proved the patriot and there is something
wrong in their proof. I like you don't have the time nor money to submit
these changes to them.
However, I do wish you and your cousin good luck with submitting your
----- Original Message -----
From: <>
To: <>
Sent: Monday, May 23, 2005 7:17 AM
Subject: Re: [DNA] DAR, SAR, UELA and DNA
> In a message dated 5/22/2005 3:55:01 P.M. Pacific Standard Time,
> writes:
> Hi,
> Could someone out there tell me how DNA could be utilized for DAR
> purposes?
> Remember, these are females who are trying to prove their descent from a
> male (presumably) RWS or some who provided Patriotic Service.
> I don't believe that I said one word about Y-DNA being used for DAR. I
> was
> referring to mtDNA, primarily. When the wife of the Patriot can be
> established, and if her mtDNA can be established, then females descended
> from all
> female lineages should be able to use a combination of the traditional
> records
> plus mtDNA to document descent from the Patriot. Similarly, the sons of
> the
> Patriot have wives, whose mtDNA may be able to be established. If so,
> then the
> daughters of these sons with all female lines of descent should be able
> to
> establish their qualifications.
> I personally have no desire to join these societies as I have no children,
> they are expensive, and I haven't the time nor energy to commit to them.
> However, I think that those who DO would want to incorporate DNA
> signatures
> (Y-DNA AND mtDNA) for the lineages, wherever possible, simply to tighten
> the
> qualifications as much as possible.
> My final quarrel with DAR is that they refuse to consider an error in a
> record unless one joins and proves it. I have a specific case in which
> the
> descendants of a couple's daughter have been excluded because the person
> who
> joined DAR didn't know about the daughter. I can, with convincing
> genealogical
> data, prove the daughter's existence and her relationship to the Patriot.
> also have her mtDNA and her father's Y-DNA. However, DAR doesn't allow
> me to
> submit this unless I join. And joining requires an outlay of cash I
> don't
> have for the documentation (on another line, obviously, as I descend from
> this
> unrecognized daughter). I find this policy to be absolute caca.
> However, I
> have a cousin who has finally joined (on yet another line), and together,
> we
> are trying to correct the records of this particular Patriot's family.
> With
> another 2-3 years work, we may at last be able to grant this Patriot's
> daughter's descendants recognition as DAR/SAR eligible. I just think
> it's ironic
> that the DAUGHTERS of the American Revolution have made it so difficult
> for the
> descendants of DAUGHTERS of Patriots to be included in their little club.
> Anne
> ==============================
> Search the US Census Collection. Over 140 million records added in the
> last 12 months. Largest online collection in the world. Learn more:
> http://www.ancestry.com/s13965/rd.ashx
This thread:
|Re: [DNA] DAR, SAR, UELA and DNA by "Sharon Bryant" <>


text:
Posts Tagged "Planet of the Apes television"
XPCD #38: I've Got No Quarrel with a Bomb
Xanadu Cinema Pleasure Dome is an extraordinary podcast by Ms. Melissa Kaercher and Ms. Windy Bowlsby, in which they discuss movies whilst growing progressively more inebriated. You should listen to it! If you're not, here's a gateway: my second appearance thereon, in which we discuss the Planet of the Apes films! Accessible by clicking on this sentence right here!...


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"When a woman comes into our program and they're wondering how they're going to possibly deal with the problems they're facing, they will always find someone from their culture, someone who speaks their language, someone who has been down their road and says, 'This is how we did it.' They see these successful women leaders living happy, productive lives."
- Carol Williams, executive director of Interval House
When Interval House helps women and children escape domestic violence, the nonprofit group avoids adding another burden on the desperate families' language and cultural barriers. That is because the staff members at the Long Beach-based organization represent dozens of immigrant cultures. And it helps that more than 90 percent of Interval House's employees are former clients.
"We specialize in working with the diverse cultures of California in 70 languages," Executive Director Carol Williams said. "When a woman comes into our program and they're wondering how they're going to possibly deal with the problems they're facing, they will always find someone from their culture, someone who speaks their language, someone who has been down their road and says, 'This is how we did it.' They see these successful women leaders living happy, productive lives." The operator of domestic violence centers and shelters is the No. 2 top workplace in the greater Los Angeles region for the small company category, according to a survey by the Los Angeles News Group and WorkplaceDynamics. The cultural diversity of Williams' staff is key to Interval House's success and also the satisfaction of its employees."It's fun and unique. It's a little United Nations," said Lediya Beltran, the finance and human resources director. "Because we have so many people from around the world, it's a challenge but it's also a benefit. . . . I think it has more to do with personality, just making sure everybody is happy and getting along together. And I think we do a pretty good job of that."
Most of the people seeking the organization's help are immigrants who often are especially vulnerable because they lack the language or cultural know-how to seek help in fleeing domestic abuse. Interval House needs the cultural skills of its counselors and other employees, even if some of them may have insufficient education or technical abilities compared with native-born Americans, Williams explained. "Because most people started in other countries and with other, different cultures, they did start on a lower level because they had to learn English and had to learn how to assimilate in our country," Williams said of her staff. "We value their contribution, their culture, their experiential gifts. That is worth getting them up to par with the technology and the paperwork."
Founded in 1979, Interval House operates two emergency shelters, four transitional housing sites, two community service centers and 10 satellite centers in the highest-risk communities of Los Angeles and Orange counties. The organization has been honored for its service, with three Presidential Awards (from George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush), two California Governor's Awards (from George Deukmejian and Arnold Schwarzenegger) as well as a U.S. Department of Justice Award citing the organization as a model program to the nation.Williams, who joined Interval House more than three decades ago, was also cited in the LANG/WorkplaceDynamics survey for an award based on her employees' expressions of confidence in her leadership. She said her approach to leadership focuses on involving her employees in making decisions and encouraging an environment where all cultures are respected and celebrated.
"We recognize different holidays and we share about each other," Williams said. "Because of the constant sharing and communication we become very educated about why other people eat what they do and think and we have a very educated staff." While the diversity within Interval Houses represents a major source of employee satisfaction, it is the work with abused women and children that is most gratifying, Williams said. "They love helping others to find the success they found," Williams said of her employees. "They're here for very pure and altruistic reasons. I think they've found a place where they can give back in a way that is very dramatic."


text:
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1DiBernardo M.D.,Barry E. "Treatment of Cellulite Using a 1140-nm pulsed Laser With One-Year Follow-up" Aesthetic Surgery Journal(2011)31(3): 328-341
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text:
Dan Casas, Margara Tejera, Jean-Yves Guillemaut and Adrian Hilton.
Parametric Control of Captured Mesh Sequences for Real-Time Animation
Fourth International Conference on Motion in Games 2011 (MIG2011). Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS) 7060, pp. 242–253, 2011.
[web] [pdf] [video]
In this paper we introduce an approach to high-level parameterisation of captured mesh sequences of actor performance for real-time interactive animation control. High-level parametric control is achieved by non-linear blending between multiple mesh sequences exhibiting variation in a particular movement. For example walking speed is parameterised by blending fast and slow walk sequences. A hybrid non-linear mesh sequence blending approach is introduced to approximate the natural deformation of non-linear interpolation techniques whilst maintaining the real-time performance of linear mesh blending. Quantitative results show that the hybrid approach gives an accurate real-time approximation of offline non-linear deformation. Results are presented for single and multi-dimensional parametric control of walking (speed/direction), jumping (heigh/distance) and reaching (height) from captured mesh sequences. This approach allows continuous real-time control of high-level parameters such as speed and direction whilst maintaining the natural surface dynamics of captured movement.


text:
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People's United Financial, Inc. (the "Petitioner"), Bridgeport, Connecticut, has petitioned the Board of Bank Incorporation (the "Board") pursuant to Massachusetts General Laws, chapter 167A, sections 2 and 4 for approval to acquire Danvers Bancorp, Inc. ("Danvers Bancorp"), Danvers, Massachusetts in a multi-step transaction. Danvers Bancorp is the holding company for Danversbank, Danvers, Massachusetts. The Petitioner is the holding company for People's United Bank, Bridgeport, Connecticut. An application has also been filed with the Division of Banks for approval of the subsequent merger of Danversbank with and into People's United Bank.
In determining whether or not to approve the petition the Board and Division must decide whether competition among banking institutions will be unreasonably affected and whether public convenience and advantage will be promoted by this proposal. A public hearing will be given to all interested parties on the petition before the Board on Tuesday, May 24, 2011 at 11:00 a.m., in Hearing Room 1E, First Floor, 1000 Washington Street, Boston, Massachusetts.
All comments concerning this petition, however, must be filed with the Board or the Division by the close of business on May 27, 2011 at the following address. The applications and all communications relative to these matters are available for public inspection at the Division at 1000 Washington Street, 10 th Floor, Boston, MA 02118-6400..
David J. Cotney ______________________ Commissioner of Banks Navjeet K. Bal ______________________ Commissioner of Revenue Steven Grossman ______________________ Treasurer and Receiver-General
accepted until: 05/27/2011
© 2017 Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Mass.Gov® is a registered service mark of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.


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Weird Al Yankovic, 'Alpocalypse' – Album Review
"Weird Al" Yankovic is back, and this time he's poking fun at Miley Cyrus, Taylor Swift, Lady Gaga and Bruno Mars. The pop parodist is set to drop his 13th studio album, 'Alpocalypse,' June 21, and we've got an early review of all 12 songs.
Yankovic has been parodying professionally since 1979, spoofing the likes of Madonna, Michael Jackson and Nirvana over the years. The first new track to surface from 'Alpocalypse' was 'Perform This Way,' a send-up of Gaga's 'Born This Way.'
Al was finally able to release the song after a misunderstanding in which he was initially denied permission by Gaga's manager, before the artist herself heard the song and approved it.
In addition to his parodies, the album includes a polka medley of pop hits by Kesha, Justin Bieber and others, as well as original tracks that aren't direct parodies but are "style parodies" meant to sound like the White Stripes, Hanson, Queen and Meat Loaf.
1. 'Perform This Way'
Yankovic tackles the synthpop hit of the year with a song about Gaga's bizarre outfits. "I might be wearin' Swiss cheese or maybe covered with bees / It doesn't mean I'm crazy, I perform this way," he sings. Al manages to mock the superstar performer without being mean. It's a funny lead single and impressive way to kick off the album. (Listen Here)
One of a handful of tracks on 'Alpocalypse' that also appeared on last year's 'Internet Leaks' EP, 'CNR' mixes the garage rock sound of the White Stripes with tall-tale lyrics about late actor Charles Nelson Reilly. The jarring convergence of these two opposite worlds makes for an interesting original song.
We're betting that Taylor Swift never expected someone to change 'You Belong to Me' into a song with the lines, "You just picked up some transvestite / Seconds later it's up on the website / Get a Vegas wedding, a quickie divorce / And they'll be sneaking in, snapping pictures, of course." Yankovic's grilling of the paparazzi makes 'TMZ' one of the stronger tracks on the album.
4. 'Skipper Dan'
'Skipper Dan' is an original song about a poor guy who dreamed of being a movie star but ends up as a jungle cruise guide at Disney, "doing 34 shows everyday, and every time it's the same." This song is a strikeout; not only is it not particularly funny, but the story is actually kind of a bummer.
5. 'Polka Face'
Every Al-bum contains a medley of pop hits hilariously recorded polka style. Name a pop star, they're probably featured in this one: Justin Bieber, Britney Spears, Owl City, Kid Cudi, Kesha, Katy Perry all earn acknowledgements. Best moment: When the funnyman sings, "Boy, don't try to front, I know just what you are," from Brit's 'Womanizer,' while accordions, horns and whistles play in the background.
6. 'Craigslist'
In this ode to the popular classifieds website, Yankovic brilliantly channels Jim Morrison, switching from high-pitched screams to spoken-word interludes. The parodist captures the spirit of the site when he sings about posting a Missed Connections ad for a "blond half-Asian with a bad case of gas." Doors keyboardist Ray Manzarek was impressed enough by the trippy rock song to agree to play keyboards on it.
7. 'Party in the CIA'
Weird Al turns the Miley Cyrus hit 'Party in the USA' into a recitation of interrogation techniques and military intelligence. While it's humorous to hear him sing about "shreddin' the files like yeah, staging a coup like yeah," something's missing here. This just doesn't have the same irresistible vibe of Miley's original.
8. 'Ringtone'
'Ringtone' doesn't have many funny jokes, but you can't help but be impressed by how Yankovic manages to reproduce the classic rock sound of Queen. All the qualities that made the band's music popular are here: Operatic harmonies, piano breakdowns and guitars that seem to replicate the distinctive tones of Queen's Brian May.
9. 'Another Tattoo'
We love it when Weird Al raps. Some of his best hits, like 'Amish Paradise' and 'White & Nerdy,' have come when Al puts on his MC hat and spits ridiculous rhymes. Here, he capably plays the roles of both B.o.B and Bruno Mars on a humorous parody of 'Nothin' on You' that mocks our cultural obsession with getting inked.
10. 'If That Isn't Love'
We love Hanson, and so does Al. The singer invited Taylor Hanson to play keyboards on 'If That Isn't Love,' which mimics Hanson's pop-rock sound with a chorus reminiscent of the brothers' 2004 hit 'Penny & Me.' It's not the best song on the album, but who knows — maybe it will remind people how awesome Hanson is.
11. 'Whatever You Like'
"We can clip coupons all night, and baby you can have whatever you like," Yankovic raps on this timely but not-so-funny parody of the T.I. hit of the same name. On his version, Al promises his girl that even though the economy is struggling, he'll treat her right, with dinners of Top Ramen and government cheese.
12. 'Stop Forwarding That Crap to Me'
Yankovic finishes with an original song about useless email forwards, done in the style of Meat Loaf and songwriter Jim Steinman. Al nails every element of Steinman's dramatic, bombastic sound. With fresh song ideas and strong parodies, 'Alpocalypse' is one of the better records Weird Al has made in recent years.
Watch Weird Al Yankovic's 'CNR' Video


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JASON Matthews got his tenure as permanent player-manager of the Terras off to the perfect start thanks to a superb strike from Luke Burbidge.
Corby Town arrived at the Bob Lucas Stadium on Saturday in good form but Weymouth held their shape throughout and eventually grabbed a sublime winner in the second half.
Speaking after the 1-0 victory, Matthews told Echosport: "For the first 20 minutes we weren't quite on it but I kind of expected that a little bit.
"Having not played for two weeks it was always going to take time to get going again and, once we did and got the ball down, I thought we played some decent stuff.
"Their keeper made two good saves and, although they had a couple of chances, I thought we were looking good.
"Their main threat was coming from their full-backs, so I told our wide players at half-time to push them back in the second half and they did that really well.
"Burbs then came up with a fantastic strike and after that we could have gone on to get a couple more."
Matthews thought Burbidge was excellent in the second half and he was also pleased with new boy George Rigg, who made a fine debut.
The former Exeter City and Bristol Rovers man signed non-contract terms with the club less than 24 hours before the game.
Matthews added: "I thought George was outstanding and I will be trying to tie him down now, that's for sure.
"I would also like to big up Burbs because he really has been putting in some great performances for us.
"When a player like him is high on confidence, goals like that are the types of things they can do, and I cannot praise him enough."
Luke Winsper had to be stretchered off for Weymouth towards the end of the first half but Matthews is confident he will be back available for next weekend.
He said: "Luke took a knock on the ankle but our physio Emma Tonkin has told me that he should be okay for Saturday.
"Stewart Yetton also picked up a bit of a dead leg but he should be fine too."
Matthews is planning to give the likes of Matt Cafer and Carl McClements a run out against Tiverton Town in the Red Insure Cup tie at home tomorrow night (7.45pm), and he has also confirmed that Michael and Nathan Walker remain on the transfer list.
He said: "Tomorrow will give me a chance to take a look at a few things but we will be going with a strong side again, that is for sure.
"We have 14 or 15 lads challenging each other for places in the side and I am looking forward to another good performance.
"As for Michael and Nathan, they are still on the list but from a football point of view they continue to be outstanding for me.
"Their attitude has been spot on and, just like everyone else, they are enjoying the competition for places."
The Terras now sit 14th in the Calor Southern Premier Division, just five points adrift of the top eight.


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A Brief Galapagos History
The Galapagos Islands are located in the Pacific Ocean, some 600 miles west of Ecuador. Although the remains of potshards and other artifacts discovered in the 1950's from several sites on the islands suggest visits by indigenous South American peoples prior to the arrival of the Spanish, their first recorded discovery was on March 10, 1535, by Fray Tomas de Berlanga, who happened upon them accidentally while sailing from Panama to Peru. In 1570, mapmaker Abraham Ortelius plotted the Galapagos Islands, calling them the Isolas de Galapagos, or "Islands of the Tortoises," based on sailors' descriptions of the many tortoises inhabiting the islands.
In 1793, James Colnett made a description of the flora and fauna of Galápagos and suggested that the islands could be used as base for the whalers operating in the Pacific Ocean. He also drew the first accurate navigation charts of the islands. British (and later, American) whalers soon began to visit the islands regularly, killing and capturing thousands of the Galapagos tortoises as a source of fat and fresh protein for their voyages (the tortoises could survive for several months onboard ship without food or water). Along with whalers came fur-seal hunters who brought the population of this animal close to extinction.
Ecuador annexed the Galapagos Islands on February 12, 1832, and the first formal settlements in the archipelago were established. The first governor of Galapagos, General José de Villamil, brought a group of convicts to populate the islands, soon to be joined by some artisans and farmers. These early colonists set up small farms on Floreana and Santa Cruz, growing their own food and supplying vegetables to whaling ships.
The Galapagos Islands most famous visitor, the naturalist Charles Darwin, arrived on September 15, 1835, aboard the survey ship HMS Beagle under the command of Captain Robert Fitzroy. During the five week visit of the Beagle, Darwin and his companions conducted a scientific study of the geology and biology of Chatham, Charles, Albemarle, and James Islands before departing on October 20 to continue their circum-global expedition. As is now well known, Darwin's observations and collected specimens from the Galapagos played a key role in developing his masterful insights into biological adaptation, natural selection and evolution.
During World War II, Ecuador authorized the United States to establish a naval and air presence on Baltra island and radar stations in other strategic locations. Crews stationed at Baltra patrolled the Pacific for enemy submarines as well as providing protection for the Panama Canal. After the war the facilities were turned over to the government of Ecuador and today the island continues as an official Ecuadorian military base. In 1946 a penal colony was established on Isabela Island, but it was later closed in 1959.
In 1959, the centenary year of Charles Darwin's publication of The Origin of Species, the Ecuadorian government declared 97.5% of the archipelago's land area a national park, exempting areas already colonized. It is administered by the Ecuadorian National Park Service to this day. Since the 1964 establishment of the Darwin Research Station on Santa Cruz, the Galapagos Islands have primarily become a site of scientific study and tourism. In 1986 the surrounding 70,000 square kilometers (27,000 sq mi.) of ocean was declared a marine reserve and in 1990 the archipelago became a whale sanctuary. In 1978 UNESCO recognized the islands as a World Heritage Site, and in 1985 a Biosphere Reserve. This was later extended in December 2001 to include the marine reserve.
At a time when nature and biodiversity have been severely degraded around the world, the Galapagos Islands still retain more than 95% of their natural biodiversity. They thus provide a unique opportunity to study ecological processes and to apply the basic principles of conservation biology and sustainable management to both marine and terrestrial ecosystems. The Galapagos remain an open textbook for students of natural history and to those who wish to explore the role of science and policy in promoting conservation and sustainable development.


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Milwaukee's best Middle Eastern, 2010: Tulip
The votes are in, and the winners have been selected for OnMilwaukee's Best Dining 2010. The results of this readers' poll, including an editors' pick, are available in this series of articles that run all October long during Dining Month on OnMilwaukee.com.
Since the first OnMilwaukee.com Dining Month survey, Casablanca has been the definitive favorite Middle Eastern restaurant.
The streak is over as Tulip, 364 E. Erie St., ran away with the title, taking nearly 40 percent of the votes.
The 3-year-old restaurant offers a wide variety of lamb, chicken and beef entrees as well as seafood and pasta dishes. Appetizers include favorites such as grape leaves, hummus, feta cheese rolls and eggplant puree.
With live music Wednesday, Friday and Saturday plus an American inspired Sunday brunch, Tulip successfully brings Mediterranean flavors to the Third Ward.
Here at OnMilwaukee.com, we're pretty big Tulip fans, too, so it also got our editors' choice.
OnMilwaukee.com editors' choice: Tulip
2. Casablanca
3. Abu's
4. Shahrazad
5. Aladdin
6. Shiraz
7. Shah Jee's
8. Yum Yum
9. Mona's
10. Anmol
11. Shi Chai
12. 2 Sweet
Tinalea | Jan. 17, 2011 at 6:35 p.m. (report)
The actually TURNED THE LIGHTS OFF on us while we were eating lunch! Apparently they close at 2:00 for lunch - it was 1:40!!!! I have eaten in hundreds of restaurants in many cities, states, and countries and this was the first time I've ever experienced that. When we asked the waiter what the heck - he was very nonchalant and said, "oh, they're on a timer and we close at 2" with no apology. We were not the only diners there I might add. Needless to say we were not even offered coffee, much less dessert. I will never go back there. The shame of it is - the food was quite good, altho' the soup was cold and they had run out of a salad we had ordered.
|Rate this:
Sezer OZGENC | Nov. 9, 2010 at 9:21 a.m. (report)
Absolutely right choice... Anyway, thinking a different decision would be senseless. I suggest everyone to visit this restaurant (sorry; "the best restaurant") which will give you unforgotten tastes while listening to live music. Also you are gonna be addicted to this place because of the sincere owners and professional workers. Just take a look for nice memories...
|Rate this:
indy169 | Nov. 2, 2010 at 3:23 p.m. (report)
Does anyone remember ZamZam Caf on Farwell? I miss that place & the guy that ran it.
|Rate this:
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08686065, Plate
Please help our community — upload your photos of 08686065.
This is a plate for Chevrolet and Pontiac cars. This plate fits 4 General Motors car models which have been manufactured for US market. This part is genuine General Motors part with GM OEM part number 08686065.
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First Positive Result at State Public Health Lab
Concord, NH – The annual influenza (flu) season has begun and the New
Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) encourages all
residents to consider getting immunized against the flu, especially those
who are at increased risk of complications. An annual flu vaccine is the
first and best way to protect against influenza. DHHS is also announcing
the first case of influenza confirmed by the Public Health Labs (PHL).
"This lab test showing a case of influenza in New Hampshire is slightly
earlier than usual," said Dr. José Montero, "and it should serve as a
reminder that it is time for people to get this year's influenza vaccine.
In New Hampshire, flu vaccine is still free for all children up through age
Influenza can be a serious disease of the lungs, nose and throat. The
illness is spread from person to person through coughing and sneezing.
Typical flu symptoms include fever, headache, extreme tiredness, dry cough,
sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, and muscle aches. An average of 25,000
people die each year in the United States due to influenza.
The flu season usually lasts from October through May, so the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and DHHS recommend that people be
vaccinated as soon as they can in the season. The vaccine is available in
the traditional shot form for people six months of age and older. Flu
vaccine in a nasal mist form is available for healthy people aged 2-49
years who are not pregnant.
"It is important to understand that the vaccine itself does not give you
the flu and that it is very safe," continued Dr. Montero. "It is especially
important that certain targeted groups be vaccinated for their own safety;
however, other groups, such as health care providers, should receive the
vaccine to protect others. If you won't do it for yourself, get vaccinated
for someone you care for or about."
The following groups are at increased risk and should be sure to receive a
flu vaccine every year:
Children aged 6 months up to their 19th birthday
Pregnant women
People 50 years of age or older
People of any age with certain chronic medical conditions, including
asthma, diabetes, or chronic lung disease
People who live with or care for those at high risk of flu
complications, including:
Health care workers
Household contacts of persons at high risk of complications from the
Household contacts and out-of-home caregivers of children younger
than 6 months of age (these children are too young to be
For more information on influenza and the vaccine, contact the NH
Immunization Program at 800-852-3345 ext. 4482 or 603-271-4482 or the
Communicable Disease Surveillance Section at 800-852-3345 ext. 0279 or
603-271-0279. Visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
website at www.cdc.gov for more information or the DHHS website at
www.dhhs.nh.gov . To get the flu vaccine, contact your healthcare provider
or visit a local pharmacy.
NH DHHS - NH Residents Encouraged to Get a Seasonal Flu Vaccine
First Positive Result at State Public Health Lab


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Location: Mesa, COlorado
Member since 1/7/2009
- 1 total post
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Recent comments from VickieSH
Hi, I recently had restylane in my smile lines and juvederm in my lips. I am very please but had originally wanted radiesse but my Doc seemed to push the restylane more. I am so happy to hear about your experience with it. I might have... READ COMMENT


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Gold's Gym Hamilton Mill offers so much variety in classes and machines, that it is very simple for gym goers to find motivation and an exercise routine that will work for them.
Dacula, GA (PRWEB) March 04, 2014
Gold's Gym Hamilton Mill has shared a statistic to gym goers concerning the dooming "Fitness Cliff" – the day most consumers give up their New Year's fitness resolutions. This allows gym goers to easily fall back into their unhealthy lifestyle.
Those at risk of falling off the Fitness Cliff usually make New Year's Resolutions to live a healthy lifestyle including joining a gym, instead of looking at a complete healthy lifestyle year round. Rather than setting long term, attainable goals for fitness, these cliff victims set unrealistic short term goals and become discouraged. Although it can be unsatisfying when one is dieting and exercising to see the scale pigheadedly refuse to budge, studies suggest that if a person want to lose weight in the long term, slow, gradual weight loss is better than fast weight lost. The weight loss will be more permanent and more significant.
February 7 is the start of the days that see the most people in the entirety of the year "fall off the wagon." Therefore, gyms around the nation experience rapidly declining memberships.
New Year's resolutions to get in better shape, improve fitness and enjoy better health are very common, but not nearly as many individuals actually manage to follow through. Part of the problem is today's hectic, frenzied lifestyle, but there are other issues that can force a consumer over the Fitness Cliff. Signs of impending failure include feeling too busy to make it to the gym, feeling anger at the amount of effort being put in with no visible results, a lack of motivation and a slow return to old, unhealthy habits. Some easy ways to not go over the cliff include finding excercises you like. Gold's Gym Hamilton Mill offers so much variety in classes and machines, that it is very simple for gym goers to find motivation and an exercise routine that will work for them.
Complete health and wellness under one roof can help people to retain interest and make the most of their valuable time to avoid the cliff and that is why Gold's Gym Hamilton Mill offers include pilates, yoga, spin classes, a cardio theater with the latest movies, private women's facilities, and of course the most complete weight training services anywhere. In order to make sure that one can get the best workout possible, Gold's Gym Hamilton Mill also uses the most technologically advanced equipment available.
The leader in the personal fitness industry is also offering a free seven-day membership, as well as a free training session. However, for most consumers, the $75,000 reward offered to prevent Gold's Gym members nationwide from falling into the fitness abyss is the most interesting aspect here. The 2013 Gold's Gym Challenge reward program included $75,000 in cash prizes, as well as a Kinect Xbox 360 prize pack for every winner. The 2014 Gold's Gym Challenge is underway and even more exciting.
To sign up for the seven-day free trial or other offers and avoid going over the Fitness Cliff, visit http://goldsgymhamiltonmill.com/experience/ready-to-join/ or visit http://goldsgymhamiltonmill.com/contact-us/ for more information.
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Donald Sinta Quartet Wins 2013 Concert Artists Guild Victor Elmaleh Competition
The 2013 Concert Artists Guild Victor Elmaleh Competition culminated last night, Wednesday evening, October 23, 2013 with the announcement of three winners of the annual international CAG Competition: the Donald Sinta Quartet, an American saxophone foursome; American violinist Alexi Kenney; and Korean pianist Ko-Eun Lee. All three join the CAG artist roster and receive two-year management contracts.
At the end of a concert at The Greene Space featuring the winners, Concert Artists Guild President Richard Weinert announced to a lively crowd of CAG supporters and industry professionals that the distinguished jury had awarded First Prize to the Donald Sinta Quartet, which carries with it The Victor and Sono Elmaleh Award of $5,000. The Donald Sinta Quartet also received a Chamber Music America Showcase Performance and the Victor Elmaleh Piano Prize went to pianist Ko-Eun Lee.
Since its formation in 2010, the Donald Sinta Quartet, comprised of Dan Graser, soprano saxophone; Zach Stern, alto saxophone; Joe Girard, tenor saxophone; and Danny Hawthorne-Foss, baritone saxophone, has achieved international renown for its recitals, concerto performances, and championing of cutting-edge new repertoire. DSQ was the featured soloist with The University of Michigan Symphony Band during its 2011 tour through China and Los Angeles. Active on the competition circuit, DSQ was awarded the Alice Coleman Grand Prize at the 2013 Coleman International Chamber Competition as well as the First Prize at the North American Saxophone Alliance Quartet Competition. Recent performances include recitals in Scotland and Greece, and at the Paris Conservatory, Versailles Conservatory, Selmer Paris Showroom, and Shanghai Conservatory.
Born in Palo Alto, California, 19-year-old violinist Alexi Kenney is already the recipient of several awards, including
Third Prize at the 2012 Yehudi Menuhin International Competition and the Manfred Grommek Prize at the 2013 Kronberg Academy Masterclasses. He has appeared as a soloist with the China Philharmonic Orchestra and in recital and quartet performances at Carnegie Hall, the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Jordan Hall, the Kennedy Center, and the Mondavi Center. Alexi has performed at festivals including Caramoor's "Rising Stars," Music@Menlo and its Winter Residency, the Ravinia Festival's Steans Institute, and Yellow Barn. Alexi currently attends the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston where he studies with Donald Weilerstein on the Richard Elias Scholarship, having previously studied with Wei He, Jenny Rudin, and Natasha Fong.
Pianist Ko-Eun Lee has performed as soloist with the Boston Symphony, Barcelona Symphony, Jerusalem Symphony, and the Aspen Concert Orchestra. Ko-Eun was a Top Prize winner in the World Piano Competition, Widemann Competition, Kosciuzko Foundation Chopin Competition, and E-Competition, performing at Lincoln Center's Alice Tully Hall, Carnegie's Weill Recital Hall, the Chicago Cultural Center, and the Phillips Gallery in Washington, DC. Born in Seoul, Korea, she graduated with Bachelor of Music and Master of Music degrees from The Juilliard School, where she studied with noted pianist and pedagogue Jerome Lowenthal. She completed her Professional Studies at the Manhattan School of Music and is pursuing her Doctoral of Musical Arts at Stony Brook University.


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Push made to strengthen reading comprehension in district schools
A student struggling with reading fluency at Whitehall Elementary School will receive more intensive daily instruction than in the past.
Analysis of students' test scores in the Baldwin-Whitehall School District is aiding administrators and teachers to identify weaknesses in reading specifically. The staff uses that information to provide more support for the students, helping them boost reading comprehension.
"Every child is working on their reading every day, not just your neediest students," said Jennifer Marsteller, principal at Whitehall Elementary School. "It's working very well. I think that's where we see our movement."
Charts presented at the March 13 school board meeting by Assistant Superintendent Denise Sedlacek show where students made progress in the 2012-13 school year, based on Keystone Examination and other tests.
"The data really speaks volumes at how successful these interventions are," Sedlacek said.
Students in grades three through eight will take the Pennsylvania System of School Assessment tests this spring, while students in eighth, ninth, 10th and 11th grades took the Keystone Examinations for the first time. All of the tests determine adequate yearly progress as required by the federal No Child Left Behind Act.
The elementary schools, specifically, are the target to boost reading.
"Our scores have always tended to be lower in reading," said Tricia Fusco, principal at Paynter Elementary School. "It's starting to come together and clicking now. It's always good to see that growth."
Elementary school students test several times a year using the 4Sight and STAR programs to determine which skills need more intensive instruction. Students at Paynter and Whitehall are placed in a three-tier system based on needs and each staff meets every few weeks to discuss individual students.
Paynter students in tiers two and three receive special instruction for either 30 minutes or an hour a day.
"It's very intensive," Fusco said.
Eighty percent of Whitehall's students went into tier one at the beginning of the 2012-13 school year, Marsteller said. Those students participate in Team Time, which is 30-minute block every day for the students to focus on reading comprehension.
Students in tiers two and three spent the first three weeks of the school year being assessed by a reading specialist, and then grouped accordingly to their needs in fluency, phonics and instructional reading levels, Marsteller said.
Still, school board President Kevin Fischer said the most important goal is for the five district schools to meet adequate yearly progress.
"There needs to be five every year," Fischer said. "The end goal is what we need to achieve."
Laura Van Wert is a staff writer for Trib Total Media. She can be reached at 412-388-5814 or at email@example.com.


text: On Fri, 2009-05-22 at 00:26 +1200, Robin Paulson wrote: > have you tried a more recent version of shr? they may have fixed this > by now What version do u suggest, I'm using 0427-unstable. Recent version of SHR, do u mean shr-testing? And I have found there are some problems in latest shr-testing version. As I know, 05XX (sorry I don't remember it) has a 1 pixel shutdown menu issue. Is it solved? > > if not, there are more e libraries (possibly also misnamed), in > sub-dirs of /usr/lib/evas/ > > i'm not confident this is related to your problem though; i don't > recognise the error messages you're geting I hope NOT to re-flash the device. Anyway, if there is really no way to go. OK, just re-flash it :( -- Daniel.Li <lida_mail at 163.com> PALFocus (http://palfocus.oicp.net)


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This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Reducing human vulnerability to chemical hazards in the industrialized city is a matter of great urgency. Vulnerability mapping is an alternative approach for providing vulnerability-reducing interventions in a region. This study presents a method for mapping human vulnerability to chemical hazards by using clustering analysis for effective vulnerability reduction. Taking the city of Shanghai as the study area, we measure human exposure to chemical hazards by using the proximity model with additionally considering the toxicity of hazardous substances, and capture the sensitivity and coping capacity with corresponding indicators. We perform an improved
Modern industrialization, specifically industries using or producing harmful substances and hazardous chemicals, pose considerable risks to human safety and the environment worldwide [
Vulnerability analysis is a powerful analytical tool for describing the states of susceptibility to harm, powerlessness, and marginality of both physical and social systems, as well as for guiding normative analysis of actions to enhance well-being through risk reduction [
Generally, vulnerability conveys the idea of susceptibility to damage or harm [
Many studies have frequently characterized vulnerability as the interrelation of exposure of a system, sensitivity to stress, and the capacity to absorb or cope with the effects of these stressors as the potential of the system to decrease the impact of the hazard [
Thus, we describe that vulnerability is the degree and extent of the potential damage from normal states or functions as a system or a community responds to the exposure imposed by hazards or stresses. Based on this conceptualization, the human vulnerability to chemical hazards in an industrialized city is understood to be shaped by the sensitivity and coping capacity of socio-ecological system and the exposure of system to chemical hazards generated by the release of chemicals from industry plants. This depiction allows the identification of an industrialized city population that is potentially affected by chemical hazard.
The purpose of vulnerability analysis is to reduce the negative effects of hazard, improve adaptation planning, unveil social injustices, and provide impetus for mitigation disasters, rather than produce a score or rating of the current or future vulnerability of a community [
In this paper, we seek to provide an approach for mapping human vulnerability to chemical hazards via clustering analysis for effective vulnerability reduction. Conventional vulnerability studies [
By contrast, clustering analysis keeps specific vulnerability dimensions transparent. The areas with similar characteristics in terms of vulnerability are categorized into the same cluster; that is, areas from other clusters have different characteristics in terms of vulnerability. This categorization is beneficial to the application of appropriate vulnerability-reducing measures in specific areas. In this study,
To illustrate the advantage of the proposed approach, a case study is introduced in Shanghai, China. Nonparametric one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is performed to further analyze the validity of the clustering results by using Kruskal-Wallis test. Since clustering does not generate vulnerability ranking, we conduct an additional evaluation of the clusters on the basis of information entropy theory.
Shanghai, which has a total population of over 23 million as of 2010, is the largest city by population in the People's Republic of China. It sits at the mouth of the Yangtze River in the middle of the Chinese coast, between the latitude 30°41′33.07″ to 31°52′4.25″ North and between the longitude 120°51'12.03″ to 121°58′49.17″ East, covering a total area of approximately 6,340.5 km2 (
Location of the study area.
Shanghai is an important economic and financial center in China. The great economy achievement of the city benefited from the amazingly rapid industrial development, with the automobile, electronic and communication equipment, petrochemical, steel product, equipment assembly, and biomedicine industries being promoted as the six pillar-industries. The industries in the city are still given considerable attention, and industrial production continues to grow rapidly. Though generating much economic profit for the city, these industries affect the environment and pose risks to citizens.
In this paper, human vulnerability to chemical hazards involves exposure, which is the degree of a human community in contact with chemicals, sensitivity, which is the degree of a receptor affected when exposed to chemical hazards, and coping ability, which is the ability of a receptor to resist or recover from the damage associated with exposure to chemical hazards. Exposure and sensitivity place targets in potential dangers, whereas lack of coping ability reflects the inability of targets to respond to hazards.
Some proximity models are available for measuring human exposure. The simple nature of proximity models allows for their wide use in exposure assessment studies with few data requirements. These models are based on the assumption that exposure at locations nearer to emission sources are higher compared with locations further from the source. However, some parameters, such as emission rate and physicochemical characteristics of the emitted substances, are not considered in these models.
However, this model is only suitable when all sources emit the same hazardous substance. Sources in a region may emit different hazardous substances. A source may even emit more than one type of hazardous substance. Therefore, we modify Equation (1) by considering the toxicity of each hazardous substance, as expressed in the following equation:
Population density, which provides information on spatial concentration and distribution of people, is used to indicate the sensitivity of the study area in this work. Generally, highly dense areas with high population concentration show higher vulnerability to hazards compared with lowly dense areas, for hazards occurring in areas with denser population will result in greater harm than in less dense areas. For instance, a large, severe leakage of hydrogen sulfide that passes through an open field presents little danger. By contrast, a relatively weak leakage of the same substance can pose significant risks to human life in densely populated areas. In addition, widely available open spaces in lowly dense areas can function as refuge bases and as disaster recovery bases in times of emergency. In short, the higher the population density and the more compact the area is, the heavier the loss a community will suffer when exposed to hazards. Therefore, population density is of great importance in indicating the sensitivity of human vulnerability in an area, directly reflecting the degree of damage when exposed to hazards.
By considering the coping capacity, we screen indices on income, medical service supply, and access to social resources, such as hospitals. The gross domestic product (GDP) per capita represents the general income of an area. High levels of this feature usually result in the construction of high-quality infrastructure, installation and maintenance of early warning systems, modern civil protection, and the compensation of costs for reconstruction in disaster-struck areas. With these complete infrastructures and high-level emergency management, human vulnerability will be reduced. Thus, high value of GDP per capita will result in low vulnerability.
Hospital beds per 10,000 population can represent the medical treatment level of an area. The value of this indicator directly reflects the abilities of an area in rescuing and providing health care for the people. A high value of this indicator denotes that the medical treatment level of an area is high, which leads to a high level of health care and rescue. As a result, the damage of human by chemicals will be relieved, and the vulnerability will be mitigated.
Access to social resources is critical in resisting chemical hazards. For instance, in a community close to evacuation routes and hospitals, social resources are potentially facilitated by and are correlated to the distance of the community to the nearest main road. Therefore, this study uses the distance to the nearest main road to indicate the access of an area to social resources; that is, the longer the distance of an area to the nearest main road, the lower the level of accessibility of an area for evacuation and rescue during emergencies. Thus, people in those areas with long distance to the nearest main road will be in high risk of damaged,
The three aforementioned indicators can reflect the coping capacity of an area. These indicators are related to the capacity to cope with, resist, and respond to the effects when exposed to chemical hazards, significantly affecting human vulnerability. The GDP per capita is an indirect indicator, via affecting available social resources in contact with vulnerability. Hospital beds per 10,000 population and distance to the nearest main road are direct indicators with respect to vulnerability. The former reflect the rescue and health care providing abilities; the latter reflect the access to social resources and evacuation abilities. In addition, the negative relationship of GDP per capita and Hospital beds per 10,000 population with vulnerability is observed; that is, as the GDP per capita or Hospital beds per 10,000 population is increasing, the vulnerability is decreasing.
To obtain a precise vulnerability distribution in space, a 500 m × 500 m geographical grid is used as the basic spatial unit for mapping the vulnerability of Shanghai. Each grid cell is estimated by using the values of the five previously described indicators on human vulnerability. The indicators are then normalized as follows:
Afterwards, the total grid cells of Shanghai are used for cluster analysis, which is performed in the five-dimensional data space spanned by indicators. In this paper, the clustering technique used is an improved
The overall procedure of genetic
The GA operators, which consist of selection, crossover, and mutation, are repeatedly conducted. The fitness values of the population are repeatedly evaluated until the fitness function becomes steady in the sense that its value of the best population does not change for several generations. In this case, GA is said to be converged. The best population provided by GA convergence will be close to the global minimum of the SSE. This best population is then inputted as the initial centers of the
Over flowchart of genetic
To determine the optimal clustering number, we introduce the silhouette coefficient to work in combination with the SSE criterion because the SSE criterion is sensitive to the number of clusters,
An overall measure of the goodness of clustering can be obtained by calculating the average silhouette coefficient of all objects. For one clustering with
In the study, we conduct genetic
To further analyze the validity of the clustering results, Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA is performed to determine whether the clusters are actually different in vulnerability characteristics. Each vulnerability indicator is respectively tested whether its variance is partitioned by the different clusters identified. Summary statistics and box plots are presented to reveal the test results and explore the vulnerability characteristics of clusters.
The concept of entropy was first introduced into the information theory by Shannon [
For the study area, the ratio of value of the indicator
Then, the information entropy of the indicator
Therefore, the importance of indicator
We evaluate the vulnerability of each cluster of the study area by a weighted sum model of the indicators, using the importance of the indicator calculated by Equation (11) as the weight; that is:
Spatial distribution of indicators of human vulnerability to chemical hazards in Shanghai (CNY: Chinese yuan, the currency of China).
Population density provides information on the spatial distribution and number of potentially endangered people within the urban. Population distribution (
GDP per capita presents the socioeconomic development level on the spatial distribution in the city. Pudong District has the highest GDP per capita, followed by Baoshan District. Chongming County has the lowest GDP per capita (
Hospital beds per 10,000 population represents the health care service on the spatial distribution in the city. Like most cities, the centers of Shanghai, which include Huangpu District and Xuhui District (
Distance to the nearest main road enables a geospatial assessment of accessibility to social resources. The road networks are shown to be well developed in the center of the city (
We perform genetic
The optimal clustering number can be found in a data set by looking for the number of clusters at which a knee, peak, or dip exists in the plot of the evaluation measure when plotted against the number of clusters [
SSE and average silhouette coefficient
Generally, a higher average silhouette coefficient indicates better clustering quality. In this view, the optimal clustering number of grid cells in the study area should be 2, at which the value of the average silhouette coefficient is highest. However, the SSE of this clustering solution (
Vulnerability mapping of the study area.
The results of Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA of each vulnerability indicator with respect to six clusters are shown in
Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA of vulnerability indicators by six clusters.
|Vulnerability indicators
|Prob > Chi-Square
|Population density
|GDP per capita
|Hospital beds per 10,000 population
|Distance to the nearest main road
Box plots of vulnerability indicators against clusters.
As shown in
Clusters 2, 3, and 5 show the highest exposure and the highest population density in the study area (
The exposure, population density, and GDP per capita of Cluster 6 are moderate. Cluster 6 has the second lowest hospital beds per 10,000 population, very close to that of Cluster 3, which has the lowest hospital beds per 10,000 population. The road networks of Cluster 6 are also not well developed.
The identified vulnerability clusters describe typical indicator combinations, with the specific characteristics of vulnerability. Thus, each cluster shows specific causes of vulnerability and opportunities to increase the ability to cope with hazard.
According to Equations (10) and (11), information entropies and weights of vulnerability indicators are listed in
Information entropies and weights of vulnerability indicators.
|Vulnerability indicators
|Infromation entropy (
|Weight (
|Population density
|GDP per capita
|Hospital beds per 10,000 population
|Distance to the nearest main road
Weighted indicator value stack column plot of clusters (EP: exposure; PD: population density; GPC: GDP per capita; HBP: hospital beds per 10,000 population; DTR: distance to the nearest main road).
Cluster 2 represents the most vulnerable regions according to evaluation results (
The variation between vulnerability dimensions in the study area suggests that no single option for reducing vulnerability is suitable for all the area. However, vulnerability mapping through clustering enables the tailoring of appropriate vulnerability reducing points to apply in different clusters. The vulnerability indicators are similar within the same cluster but distinct with the other clusters, thereby effectively applying specific vulnerability-reducing interventions.
Clusters 1 and 4, particularly cluster 4, would require high attention in infrastructure development, such as improvement of road networks and social service enhancement. This development will increase the ability of people to access social resources, thus improving the ability of people to cope with chemical hazards. In addition, more attention should be paid to socioeconomic development. The GDP per capita usually reflects the available resources of people to cope with hazards and to support social services and high-quality infrastructure. When the coping capacity of these clusters is enhanced, the human vulnerability of these two clusters will become significantly low as the exposure to chemical hazard is low.
The areas of Clusters 2 and 5 are in the center of the city, which has the highest population density. Although the infrastructure of the areas are well developed and the medical care level of Cluster 2 is the best in the study area, automatic monitoring and alarm systems should be set up in these areas to reduce human vulnerability as the exposure of these two clusters is high. In addition, a detailed evacuation plan should be constituted to ensure a systematic evacuation and transfer of people in case of chemical hazard.
Several special measures should be considered to cope with high exposure in Cluster 3. The medical care level of Cluster 3 is insufficient for the population requirement. Apart from enhancing the medical care level of this cluster, a professional succor group, which rescues and transfers people injured by chemical hazard, should be constituted.
The medical care level and infrastructure, especially the medical care level, in Cluster 6 need to improve. Several open spaces are observed in Cluster 6 given its low population density. Therefore, establishing refuges is a better option to protect people from the effects of moderate exposure. With the combination of the aforementioned measures, the human vulnerability of this area would be reduced.
The vulnerability mapping presented in this paper outlines one way of dealing with vulnerability-reducing interventions in an industrialized city. The clustering approach enables the discernment of vulnerability dimensions. The toxicity of each hazardous substance during exposure is considered to characterize the human vulnerability to chemical hazard of the study area. Therefore, proximity depiction of exposure becomes more accurate through this approach. Sensitivity mainly considers the spatial concentration and distribution of people, whereas coping capacity mainly considers the socioeconomic development level and medical care level of an area.
Vulnerability mapping through clustering analysis identifies similar characteristics of vulnerability within one cluster as well as the differences of one cluster with other clusters. Thus, vulnerability mapping facilitates the respective vulnerability-reducing policy applications.
The human vulnerability of the study area is mapped with six clusters. The results reflect the combinations of cluster-specific vulnerability dimensions and spatial distribution. According to the specific characteristics of vulnerability in each cluster, we suggest the specific points for vulnerability reduction to stimulate new insights on reducing human vulnerability and to respond to the need of rationally allocating the limited funds available for vulnerability reduction.
This work is supported by the National High-Tech R&D Program of China (863 Program, Grants Nos. 2007AA06A404).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.


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