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The Case of the Environment, 1987-1994
Unobtrusive Issues and the Agendas of the President, the Press, and the Public:
The Case of the Environment, 1987-1994
Patrick M. Jablonski, Ph. D.
Shannon Crosby
Erica Bridges
John Daniele
Betsy Gray
Lisa Mills
The University of Central Florida
School of Communication
P.O. Box 161344
Orlando, Florida 32816-1344
(407) 823-9613 (Home)
(407) 823-2840 (Office)
[log in to unmask]
A paper submitted to the Communication Theory and Methodology Division of the
Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication Convention
Meeting in Chicago, Illinois, 1997
The Case of the Environment, 1987-1994
Unobtrusive Issues and the Agendas of the President, the Press, and the Public:
The Case of the Environment, 1987-1994
A paper submitted to the Communication Theory and Methodology Division of the
Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication Convention
Meeting in Chicago, Illinois, 1997
This study examines the relationship among the agendas of the mass media, the
president, and the public regarding the issue of the environment in the United
States from 1987 to 1994. ARIMA time-series analysis is used in an attempt to
assess which factors drive the environmental issue agenda: the public, the
press, or the president. Most important problem survey results from multiple
organizations are aggregated into a series of 96 monthly time points to measure
the public agenda. The media agenda is developed from a content analysis of the
frequency of coverage of the environment issue in The New York Times. The
presidential agenda is developed from a similar analysis of the Public Papers of
the Presidents. The three univariate time series are identified, estimated, and
diagnosed. The white-noise component of each series is subsequently employed in
a bivariate cross-correlation analysis to address the research questions.
Results indicate that the presidential agenda was significantly negatively
correlated with the press agenda. No significant agenda setting relationship
was detected involving the public.
Unobtrusive Issues and the Agendas of the President, the Press, and the Public:
The Case of the Environment, 1987-1994
Longitudinal agenda setting research in the past decade has focused on a
variety of important public policy concerns, including the AIDS issue (Rogers,
Dearing, & Chang, 1991), crime (Jablonski & Gonzenbach, 1997), drug abuse
(Gonzenbach, 1992) and health care reform (Jablonski, 1996). These issues vary
somewhat in the degree to which they impact the daily lives of the public.
However, not all issues share such prominent places of concern in the public
mind. Some issues do not rise and fall in the public opinion polls, but instead
exist at the fringes of societal attention, rarely gaining national notice yet
at the same time never entirely disappearing. An excellent example of this
phenomenon is the environment issue in the United States. The purpose of this
study is to investigate which factors were important in driving the
environmental agenda in the United States from 1987 to 1994: the public, the
president, or the press.
Agenda Setting Research
Agenda setting research traces much of its history to Walter Lippmann (1922),
who was among the first to note that the issues which concern the public are in
large part determined by the media. Years later, Cohen (1963) asserted that the
media, while not successful in telling us what to think, were extremely
successful in telling us what to think about. McCombs and Shaw's (1972) seminal
study examining the relationship between the issue agenda of the public and the
issue agenda of the press has spurred over a quarter century of research
attention. According to the agenda setting hypothesis, the amount of public
concern for an issue is in part a function of media emphasis of that issue.
Agenda setting has developed in various forms since 1972. However, it is
useful to classify agenda setting literature in terms of the fundamental aspects
of causality that have been explicated by Babbie (1989) and others. Almost all
agenda setting studies examine the correlation between the press and public
opinion regarding important issues. The existence and effects of intervening
variables have likewise been examined. However, investigations of the temporal
relationship between the press and public opinion have taken years to evolve.
The development of time order studies of agenda setting arose from the
realization that agenda setting is a process. Specifically, the influence of
the media on public opinion and vice-versa does not occur overnight.
Cross-sectional studies by definition cannot examine such a process. Babbie
(1989) notes that cross-sectional studies of processes are akin to taking a fast
action photograph of a speeding car. The picture only tells the viewer what the
car was doing at the moment the snapshot was taken. Studies which take into
account the temporal relationship between two or more variables, moreover, give
researchers a better idea as to how the process of agenda setting develops. In
other words, operating within the original McCombs and Shaw model, a researcher
would not be able to definitively indicate whether the press was responding to
public opinion or vice versa.
Longitudinal studies of agenda setting have flourished since the late 1980s.
Kepplinger, Donsbach, Brosius, and Staab (1989) suggested that time series
analysis can assist in investigating the question of whether the press drives or
follows public opinion. Indeed, Watt and van den Berg (1978) provide the
theoretical underpinnings of such an approach to the relationship between public
opinion and the mass media. Kepplinger et al. (1989) rely on Watt and van den
Berg (1978) in identifying and extending four theories about this relationship:
1) the mass media create public opinion, hence, the correlation
between media content at one time will be more strongly correlated with
public opinion at a later time than any other correlation;
2) the mass media mirror public opinion, meaning that the correlation
between media and public agendas at the same time should be stronger than
any other correlation;
3) public opinion creates media coverage, implying that the
correlation between public opinion at one time will be more strongly
correlated with public opinion at a later time than any other correlation;
4) there is no significant correlation between media coverage and
public opinion.
Gonzenbach (1992) applied these four theoretical approaches to the
relationships among the president's public relations agenda, the media, and
public opinion for the drug abuse issue. This study reported that there were
significant bidirectional correlations among each of the linkages involving the
president, the public, and the mass media. As far as the drug abuse issue was
concerned, the president followed and drove the public agenda regarding drug
abuse. The media mirrored, followed, and drove the drug abuse issue agenda of
the president. Finally, the public mirrored, followed, and drove the drug abuse
agenda of the media. This results in a triangular model of agenda setting,
where the traditional agenda setting relationship between the press and the
public is punctuated by the addition of a third variable.
Figure 1 depicts just such an agenda setting model, where the life of an
important issue in American political society develops not only from the
relationship between the media and public opinion, but also from the
relationships between these two variables and the president or other policy
elite. The direction and strength of these relationships may vary with regard
to the particular issue or setting. For instance, the public may set the media
agenda, or vice-versa. Moreover, the public and the media may each contribute
to the other's agenda. Finally, two of these variables might be correlated
independent of the third variable. One would expect this situation with issues
that annually exist on the national agenda, but lack the dynamism of major
public policy matters.
Figure 1. A Triangular Model of Agenda Setting
[--- Pict Graphic Goes Here ---]
In a similar approach, Rogers, Dearing, and Chang (1991) utilized Granger
causality tests and multivariate correlations within an Autoregressive
Integrated Moving Averages (ARIMA) framework to investigate the
inter-relationships of real-world cues, the science agenda, the media agenda,
the polling agenda, and the policy agenda for the public issue of AIDS. ARIMA
allows the researcher to identify and statistically control for the presence of
autoregressive terms in the model. The inclusion of agendas other than the
media indicates that the life of an issue may be influenced by a number of
factors in addition to the media and the public.
Public Opinion and the Mass Media
There are indications that the media-public relationship is not unidirectional
(Ansolabehere, Behr, & Iyengar, 1993). A myriad of studies and reviews examine
this linkage. Many agenda setting studies generally conclude that the mass
media impact public opinion and vice-versa. In the years following McCombs and
Shaw's (1972) study, several researchers examined the effect of the media on
political opinions and attitudes.
Weaver et al. (1981) found that the mass media contribute to public evaluations
of political candidates, and not just images. The media additionally influence
public opinion by choosing to ignore certain issues. Breed (1958) was among the
first to demonstrate that media decisions in the newsroom affect what issues
become important. Page and Shapiro (1992) also claim that public opinion about
unemployment and other issues shifted in relationship to the tone of media
coverage. Specific to the environmental issue, Hester and Gonzenbach (1994) and
Ader (1995) reported a significant relationship between the media and the
public. However, the Ader study did not model the data to avoid problems with
autoregression, possibly resulting in flawed testing of hypotheses. Neither
study examined the effects of political elites on the agenda setting
The relationship between the mass media and public opinion is not always
unidirectional. Fan and Norem (1992) argue that assessments of the public
sentiment by the press and public opinion polls may direct press coverage of
important issues. Rogers and Dearing (1988) contend that there is a "two-way
mutually dependent relationship between the public agenda and the media agenda"
(p. 571). The public may direct and focus media coverage, which in turn may
affect public opinion. Conversely, mass media coverage might drive public
opinion, which in turn affects subsequent coverage. This phenomenon is
demonstrated by the findings of Kepplinger et al. (1989). They report that
press coverage about German Chancellor Helmut Kohl preceded public opinion.
Most important, media coverage also followed public opinion, albeit with a
different tone.
The President and Public Opinion
Public opinion is not solely affected by the mass media. Political elites,
interest groups and major organizations may also affect the public agenda (Shaw
& McCombs, 1989). Graber (1982), Behr and Iyengar (1985) and others acknowledge
that the president is the most prominent American political figure and receives
the plurality of media and public attention. Similar to the interaction of the
press and public opinion the president likewise affects and is affected by the
press and public opinion. Converse (1987) claims that public opinion affects
the president and policy-making. The opposite effect can be true as well. The
president can alter the public agenda by advocating certain legislative or moral
positions in oral, written, and symbolic communications (Chapel, 1976). As the
focal point of American politics (Denton & Hahn, 1986), the president has been
granted powers that make it possible to set the public agenda (Waterman, 1989).
While Converse (1987) and others claim that public opinion affects the
president and policy-making, the opposite effect may be simultaneously observed.
Page and Shapiro (1992) conclude, "Part of the estimated impact of popular
presidents probably reflects a reciprocal relationship, in which
popularity-seeking presidents take a stand in response to public opinion or in
anticipation of it" (p. 349). Page and Petracca (1983) likewise suggest that
the linkage between the president and public opinion is reciprocal.
Ansolabehere, Behr, and Iyengar (1993) note that the television era has elevated
the importance of mobilizing public opinion in support of the president. The
president uses a myriad of persuasive tools (Graber, 1982), including, but not
limited to, public statements, press conferences, and proclamations (Zernicke,
1990; Shull, 1983) which are aimed at the whole country, not just the immediate
audience (Ansolabehere, Behr, & Iyengar, 1993).
Moreover, the president's importance, by the very nature of his or her
responsibilities, provides an opportunity to regularly communicate a specific
agenda (Behr & Iyengar, 1985) which has a significant effect on public opinion
(Gilbert, 1981). As Miroff (1976) concludes, "Public awareness of issues is
largely governed by the problems the president has defined and the battles he is
engaged in fighting. His role in the public space is so prominent that it is
sometimes hard for others simply to be seen on any large scale" (pp. 99-100).
Further, the White House also pays close attention to public opinion polls
communicated by the media (Bogart, 1985; Bradburn & Sudman, 1988; Hinckley,
1990; Spragens, 1979). Modern presidents regularly retain personal pollsters in
order to stay in touch with the electorate, and not just with interest groups
(Graber, 1982). The public therefore may communicate with the president
indirectly, through answers to public opinion polls. Media use of public
opinion polls is also increasing (Delli Carpini & Keeter, 1992), perhaps
solidifying the role of the media as an emissary between the public and the
The President and the Mass Media
Similar to the previous relationships, the media and the president may
influence each other over time (Denton & Hahn, 1986). Put simply, the media can
influence the presidential agenda while the president can influence the media
agenda. The media provide the president with exposure to the public and vice
versa (Graber, 1982; Edwards & Wayne, 1985). In addition, the press covers
everything a president does, adding to the considerable amount of news coverage
devoted to the White House (Orman, 1990). This also enlarges the typical
audience for any one presidential message (Denton & Hahn, 1986). More
important, a president may transmit a list of priorities to the public and
Congress at the start of an administration through the mass media (Light, 1991).
This is an important ability, especially if the role of the president is to
shape national attitudes into a coherent policy (Powell, 1986).
Another major characteristic of the press-president relationship is that the
president provides news stories. The president may therefore play a major role
in agenda-building, or influencing the news media agenda (Gilberg et al., 1980;
Lang & Lang, 1981; Weaver & Elliott, 1985; Turk, 1986; Robinson, 1990). Levels
of press coverage are very often affected by the president's explicated agenda.
Presidents can create news by holding press conferences and photo opportunities,
among other ceremonies (Ansolabehere, Behr, & Iyengar, 1993). Presidents use
pseudo-events and other communication opportunities to influence news coverage
(Denton & Hahn, 1986, p. 275). Indeed, Behr and Iyengar (1985) found that a
single presidential speech on a given issue can result in as many as ten
The agenda-building process can work in the other direction as well. Cobb and
Elder (1972) posit that the mass media play a huge role in elevating issues to
the presidential agenda. Therefore, the mass media can directly affect the
presidential agenda. Schmid (1992) demonstrates that the president can be
directly affected by mass media coverage of terrorism. Indeed, terrorism was
elevated to the presidential agenda in the early 1980s after high degrees of
press coverage. Weaver's (1990) attempt to define the direction of influence in
the press-politician relationship concludes that the linkage's characteristics
are largely case-specific. In some situations, the press have the upper hand,
while in other situations, the politicians drive the agenda
Issue Obtrusiveness
Another major aspect of agenda setting research focuses on issue
obtrusiveness. Obtrusiveness is defined as the amount of personal experience
people can have with an issue (Demers et al., 1989). The importance of
obtrusiveness in media effects is rather obvious. For example, people directly
affected by crime do not need media coverage to tell them that crime is
important. Typically, theory indicates that for less obtrusive issues the
potential for agenda setting increases. Two models have evolved from research
surrounding issue obtrusiveness and agenda setting. They are, the obtrusive
contingency, which holds that agenda setting effects decrease as the
obtrusiveness of, or amount of personal experience with, an issue increases; and
the cognitive-priming contingency, which posits just the opposite--that agenda
setting effects increase as obtrusiveness increases (Demers et al., 1989). The
environment is not an obtrusive issue as the public has little direct experience
with it (Zucker, 1978; Eyal, Winter, & DeGeorge, 1981; Behr & Iyengar, 1985;
Hester & Gonzenbach, 1994; Ader, 1995). Hence, one would expect that the issue
could be very much driven by the mass media.
Consequently, the environment has been the subject of a number of agenda
setting studies. Hester and Gonzenbach (1994) found a significant agenda
setting relationship between the electronic media and the public regarding the
environment which occurred independent of real world cues (Behr & Iyengar,
1985). Ader (1995) reported a similar relationship between the coverage of The
New York Times, real world cues, and the public agenda regarding the
environment. Atwater, Salwen, and Anderson (1985) found a basic agenda setting
effect as did Brosius and Kepplinger (1990). Finally, Protess et al. (1987) did
not find an agenda setting effect on public opinion in their examination of an
investigative report about toxic waste in Chicago. However, they did detect
media influence on political elites in the area. The role of higher level
political elites in environmental agenda setting has not received much research
Research Questions
This work draws most specifically upon the time series investigations of agenda
setting by Gonzenbach (1992), Rogers et al. (1991) and Kepplinger et al. (1989).
This study seeks to address 3 basic questions about the roles played by the
press, the president, and public opinion with regard to the environment:
RQ1) Do the mass media create public opinion or does public opinion
determine the media's agenda?
RQ2) Does the president's agenda create the media agenda or does the
media agenda set the president's agenda?
RQ3) Does the president create public opinion, or does public opinion
create the president's agenda?
Public opinion. This study combines multiple, similarly worded "most important
problem" survey questions from 13 different public opinion organizations in
order to measure the public agenda. The percentages of environment being
mentioned as the most important problem were tracked from January 1987 until
December 1994.
The mass media. This study utilizes a content analysis of the media
environment agenda in The New York Times. The New York Times was used because
it is the elite newspaper in the United States and is fairly robust to the
proximity effects of major issues (Winter & Eyal, 1981). The unit of analysis
was individual articles about the environment. The Lexis/Nexis-based New York
Times listing was used. The search string which was utilized was, " Environment
or endangered species or global warming or ozone layer or toxic waste or air
pollution or water pollution or recycling and date aft December 1986 and date
bef January 1995." Only articles in the national news and editorial sections of
the New York Times were recorded. Articles from the Connecticut Weekly Desk,
the Long Island Weekly Desk, the Magazine Desk, the Metropolitan Desk, and the
Financial Desk were excluded because those items may reflect only regional or
local interest. Letters to the editor and book reviews were also excluded. In
addition, to avoid duplication of articles, news summary pieces were excluded
from the analysis since they merely summarize articles already in that day's
newspaper. Each story was content analyzed to ascertain the article's
relationship to the environment issue.
Finally, the monthly frequency of environment articles was used primarily
because this method was more efficient in terms of time and money than
calculating column inches or minutes of coverage. The use of frequency counts
has been found to be a fairly reliable measure of media content, and is
comparable to the tabulation of column inches (Stone & McCombs, 1981).
The president. Similarly, the presidential agenda is measured via the public
relations efforts of the presidents. The Public Papers of the Presidents was
utilized to determine the monthly frequency of mentions of the environment issue
by the sitting president. This resource is also included in the Nexis library.
The search string utilized was, "Environment and date aft December 1986 and date
bef January 1995." The retrieved documents were analyzed for their relevance to
the research topic.
Statistical Analysis
This investigation utilizes Autoregressive Integrated Moving Averages (ARIMA)
time series analysis as popularized by Box and Jenkins (1976). ARIMA is an
excellent time series analytical tool since it calculates the first- and
second-order autoregression within each series. In other words, for a given
series, the error terms or residuals at different points in time should not be
correlated. When this occurs, the estimated regression model fits the data very
well, since the model underestimates the true variability of the residuals. The
result may be a deceptively inaccurate model, which in turn leads to inaccurate
testing of hypotheses. ARIMA analysis is used to determine and model the errors
which may make a time series largely unpredictable. In effect, the ARIMA
procedure increases the accuracy of the forecast model, resulting in more
accurate hypothesis testing.
ARIMA analysis typically models three processes: autoregression (AR),
differencing to eliminate the integration (I) of the series, and moving averages
(MA). All three are based on Box and Jenkins' (1976) concept of random
disturbances or shocks. Between two observations in a series, a disturbance or
shock occurs that may alter the series. These disturbances can be modeled using
ARIMA techniques within such software packages as SPSS or SAS. "The most
general ARIMA model involves all three processes. Each is described by a small
integer. The general model, neglecting seasonality, is traditionally written
ARIMA (p, d, q ), where p is the order of autoregression, d is the degree of
differencing, and q is the order of moving average involved" (SPSS, Inc., 1988,
p. B-31).
The ARIMA procedure requires the researcher to construct the best model for any
given series. Box and Jenkins (1976) conceptualized three steps in this
process: identification, estimation, and diagnosis, which is repeated until the
model is satisfactory. Identification is the most subjective step in the
analysis. The researcher must determine the p, d, q integers in the ARIMA
process governing the series using a plot of the data. Once the p, d, q
integers are determined, the ARIMA procedure estimates the coefficients of the
given model. ARIMA modeling additionally allows the researcher to examine the
relationship between two series. In fact, this is an easy step which only
requires the researcher to input the series to be analyzed. The output is a
cross-correlation analysis, which compares the two series to determine if the
series are correlated at any points in time. In other words, the independent
series at month k is compared to the dependent series at all months so that the
different correlations can be calculated appropriately. The correlations are
calculated in this manner for all months of both series.
In the present study, ARIMA modeling is used to identify, estimate, and
diagnose each of the three univariate time series. Cross-lagged correlations
were then calculated for all bivariate permutations of the three variables: the
press, public, and the president (McCleary & Hay, 1980). Six-month lags were
calculated in each direction for the cross-lagged correlations. While Winter
and Eyal (1981) determined that a four to six week span is optimal, Stone and
McCombs (1981) found that the process of adapting media changes in the public
agenda may take between two and six months. Shoemaker et al. (1989) reported
that the optimal effects were several weeks and three months preceding a poll.
Meanwhile, Kepplinger et al. (1989) found optimal effects three months prior to
the poll. In other words, support was found for the immediate agenda-setting
effects of the media as reported by Shoemaker et al. (1989) and Erbring et al.,
(1980) in addition to the long-term (6-month) correlations found by Kepplinger
et al. (1989) and Brosius and Kepplinger (1990). Hence, the media affect public
opinion and vice-versa, though to different degrees and perhaps at different
points in time.
Frequency Analysis
The data indicate that the environment issue variously rose and fell in
prominence in each of the agenda measures from 1987 until the end of 1994. The
scale of importance accorded the issue, however, is lower than that observed for
other major national issues such as crime, AIDS, health care, or drug abuse.
Figure 2 represents the agendas for each variable from January 1987 until
December 1994.
Public opinion. The environment does not appear to be viewed as the most
important problem by very many Americans between 1987 and 1994. This may be a
result of the unobtrusive nature of the issue. Other issues may impact the
public more directly or more forcefully, pushing the environment away from the
upper half of the public agenda, but not off the agenda entirely.
A key event in the life of the issue was the Exxon Valdez disaster in March
1989. Subsequent public opinion polls indicated that the environmental issue
was fairly important, with 10.5% of the mentions as the country's most important
problem by the end of March, 1989. However, the issue dropped in importance
rather precipitously by the end of 1989. The issue more or less declined in
significance until 1995.
The New York Times. Coverage in The New York Times appears nearly cyclical in
nature, with occasional increases in the number of articles about the
environment throughout the time period of this study. Interestingly, the
results of the content analysis portion of this study do not match those
reported by Hester and Gonzenbach's (1994) analysis of the environmental issue.
Their investigation utilized television news as the media measure. The
difference may explain why the Valdez disaster does not result in much influence
on the media measure utilized here. Perhaps the first major wave of print media
coverage did not tie the oil spill to the environmental issue. This would make
some degree of sense, given Hester and Gonzenbach's (1994) assertion that the
environmental issue is an electronic media phenomenon and lends itself to
compelling video images. The print media are not able to rely on visual images,
and instead must base their coverage in larger part on the importance of the
events themselves.
Presidential Agenda. Presidential attention to the environment issue, as
measured by the Public Papers of the Presidents, remains stable and low
throughout the time period of this study, except for at the end of 1991.
Attention to the issue increases after the Valdez disaster and other
environmentally-oriented events unfold, such as the impact of the Gulf War fires
and oil spills in 1991. Interestingly, it appears as if the president and The
New York Times have an inverse relationship at a number of points in time.
Increases in environmental coverage appear to be followed by presidential
inattention. Subsequently, periods of heightened presidential attention appear
to spur media inattention.
ARIMA Modeling
Univariate series analysis. The nature of the three time series was explicated
with the ARIMA analysis. Table 1 demonstrates the ARIMA model terms for each
series, along with the estimates of how well each model fits the corresponding
Table 1
ARIMA Analysis of Univariate Series
Series ARIMA term Coefficients t ratio p
Public Opinion (0,1,0)
New York Times (1,0,0) f1 = .30 3.00 .003
President (1,0,0) f1 = .41 4.29 .000
The ARIMA model for the univariate public opinion series indicated a
differenced, first-order moving average process: (0,1,0). The ARIMA models for
the presidential time series and The New York Times indicated strong first-order
autoregressive processes: (1,0,0).
ARIMA cross-correlation analysis. Once the ARIMA model for each univariate
series is determined, the bivariate relationships among the variables can be
studied. The bivariate analysis takes each modeled series and examines the
cross-lagged correlations for each possible paired combination (Gonzenbach,
1992; Vandaele, 1983).
The cross-lagged correlation process treats one of the series as dependent and
the other as independent. The analysis examines the relationship between the
independent series at a given month k and the dependent series for each of the
12 months prior to k and after the month k, which becomes known as the
synchronous or mirrored relationship. Hence, the relationship between, say,
public opinion (the dependent series) at month k and the president (the
independent series) at a prior month, k-4, is referred to as the relationship of
the president at lag -4 upon public opinion (Gonzenbach, 1992).
Cross-correlation analysis of the pre-whitened, univariate series reveals the
correlations among the media, the public, and the president. As Table 2
indicates, there are only two significant relationships detected for all of the
cross-lagged correlations for the three variables.
This investigation indicates that newspaper coverage of the environment in the
United States from 1987 to 1994 does not have an agenda setting effect upon the
public. There is similarly no relationship on the press from the public.
Further, the environmental agendas of the public and the president likewise have
no significant relationship over time. The only significant correlations
resulting from the analysis in this study occur between the press and the
president. However, the correlations are negative. This means that the
president tends to behave directly opposite from the coverage of the New York
Times at a lag of +2. Hence, increased coverage of the environment in January
is correlated with decreased presidential attention to the environment in March.
The research questions forwarded earlier can all be answered negatively in
fairly definitive fashion, given the lack of significant findings from the cross
correlation analysis.
The results reported here do not support the significant agenda setting
relationship reported by Ader (1995). Perhaps the difference between the two
investigations lies in the fact that the present study utilized ARIMA time
series modeling to guard against autoregression. Once the data were modeled, no
agenda setting or agenda building relationship could be detected. In addition,
this study provides a compelling contrast to the results of the Hester and
Gonzenbach (1994) analysis of the environment and television news coverage. The
results here may on their face appear to fail to support their conclusions.
However, the fact that the print media appear to lack a significant agenda
setting relationship with the public may confirm the finding that the
environmental issue is driven by quickly-moving visual events (Hester &
Gonzenbach, 1994).
This study also fails to detect a significant agenda building relationship
between the president and the media. The media seem to take their cues on the
environmental issue from events, not the moves of the president nor the mood of
the public. Real world cues, as operationalized in other studies, are not
necessarily event-oriented and may not provide a very good explanation for media
behavior regarding the environment. The addition of the president to this
investigation serves as a differential replication for prior research which only
examined the relationships among the press, the public, and real world cues.
Perhaps the results reported here should not be surprising. The environment is
important to many Americans, but rarely rises high enough on the public agenda
to gain (or warrant) sustained notice by the media and by politicians. The
media in turn may have their own environmental agenda independent of the
president and the public. Of much more importance are the implications of the
findings reported here for the conceptualization of obtrusive issues. Perhaps
issues can be so unobtrusive that they fall quite low on the agendas of the
public and the president. One cannot detect an agenda setting effect if there
is no agenda to be set. The environment seems to fit this type of issue. The
public has so little direct experience with the issue that they rely on media
accounts of events for information. However, since there is little contact with
the issue, only subsequent media accounts of later events can sustain interest
in the environment. Once those events fade from the front page, the issue fades
as well. In this view, the media may keep relating stories about the
environment, but the public and the president are paying attention to other
issues and events.
One major shortcoming to this study is that it draws bivariate comparisons
among the series, not multivariate comparisons. The simultaneous effects of
third variables cannot be determined and controlled (Fan, 1988). This study
provides a picture of the agenda relationships regarding the environment, but it
does not provide a description of the existence of intervening variables or the
interaction effects of multiple agendas.
Future research should utilize multivariate analysis to ascertain if there are
any interaction effects among the agendas included in this analysis. In other
words, a multivariate analysis would enable the researcher to draw better
conclusions about the existence and impact of intervening variables. In
addition, such an analysis would indicate the relative strengths of the
individual relationships depicted in the present study. This would enable
determinations about which agendas exert the most influence on the other agendas
at specific points in time.
Future research should combine the media agenda as operationalized here with
the electronic media agenda developed by Hester and Gonzenbach (1994). Perhaps
this aggregate measure would be a more representative variable than merely using
the print media and electronic media separately. In addition, future research
should strive to develop better real world indicators of the environment. The
issue is so unobtrusive that measures used in previous research do not appear to
have any kind of possible impact on the public, such as the amount of toxic
chemicals released into the environment.
Future researchers should also strive toward assimilating the growing body of
agenda setting research on individual issues. Perhaps a taxonomy of
obtrusiveness can be developed from such an effort. A more important project
for future research would be to aggregate the findings of longitudinal studies
of single issues which utilize similar methods. The resulting multiple issue
time series model might give researchers a much better picture of why issues
fall off of agendas. The single issue model as used here does not take into
account the influence of issues such as health care on the environmental issue
as they (and other issues) fight for the finite agenda space of the press, the
president, and the public. This approach could give agenda setting theory a new
stage in development by relating the original cross sectional multiple issue
studies of years ago back to the longitudinal studies of today.
Ader, C. (1995). A longitudinal study of agenda setting for the issue of
environmental pollution. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 72,
Ansolabehere, S., Behr, R., & Iyengar, S. (1993). The media game:
American politics in the television age. New York: Macmillan.
Atwater, T., Salwen, M. B., & Anderson, R. B. (1985). Media agenda setting
with environmental issues. Journalism Quarterly, 62, 393-397.
Babbie, E. R. (1989). The practice of social research. Belmont, CA:
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changes in the public agenda. Public Opinion Quarterly, 49, 38-57.
Bogart, L. (1985). Polls and the awareness of public opinion. New
Brunswick: Transaction Books.
Box, G. E. P. & Jenkins, G. M. (1976). Time-series analysis: Forecasting
and control. San Francisco: Holden-Day.
Bradburn, N. M. & Sudman, S. (1988). Polls and surveys: Understanding
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Breed, W. (1958). Mass communication and socio-cultural integration.
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Edwards, G. C. & Wayne, S. J. (1985). Presidential leadership: Politics
and policymaking. New York: St. Martin's Press.
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and real-world cues. American Journal of Political Science, 24, 16-49.
Fan, D. P. (1988). Predictions of public opinion from the mass media:
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catastrophic extension act. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 17,
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Ruben (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 2 (pp. 225-240). New Brunswick, NJ:
Transaction Books.
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text:
The Shakespeare Conference: SHK 22.0294 Wednesday, 9 November 2011
Date: November 8, 2011 1:58:05 PM EST
Subject: Re: SHAKSPER: Anon
Date: November 8, 2011 4:44:28 PM EST
Subject: Re: SHAKSPER: Anon
Date: November 8, 2011 1:58:05 PM EST
Subject: Re: SHAKSPER: Anon
I have no dog in this race, but the paleographer in me felt the need to respond to Duncan Salkeld's response to M Egan (see below)
>Duncan Salkeld wrote:
>Just for the sake of verity, regarding apples:
>>M Egan wrote: 'There's just no evidence for the claim that
>>the word apparel below should be contracted in to two
>>syllables, as Mac Jackson asserts'.
>>Here's some (from Bridewell): 'Jane Trosse being taken in
>>unsemely appell more manlyke than woman like and folowed
>>from taverne to Taverne was brought into this house the ixth
>>of Marche 1576'.
>>'Ellis the glovers apprentices -- To each of them the like appell'
>>(30 March 1605).
Unfortunately, this "evidence" from Bridewell is probably evidence of nothing other than poor transcription habits. I would bet good money that the second medial p in "unsemely appell" and "like appell" is a p brevigraph (i.e. not a p, but a special form of the p character that scribes used to indicate that other letters are to be supplied, in this case -ar). The transcriber probably overlooked this (probably because the character simply looked like a slightly fancier p) and now, since we don't use brevigraphs (well, I do, but that's because I work with 16th c. manuscripts a lot!), it leads people to believe that apparel was pronounced "appell." Sorry, but you'll need better evidence than that if you want to make that argument. This is, as I said, simply a transcription error.
Eric Johnson-DeBaufre
NB: Attached are examples of several versions of the p character in Secretary hand as well as a p brevigraph (used for par/per/por). These brevigraphs were preserved from medieval latin abbreviation conventions (which had separate brevigraphs: one for par/per/por, one for pro-, and another for pre-)—16th century scribes often used these different graphs erratically (i.e. using the pro- graph for par/per/por, etc.).
Secretary p: image Secretary p
par_per_por_ brevigraph: image par_per_por_ brevigraph
Date: November 8, 2011 4:44:28 PM EST
Subject: Re: SHAKSPER: Anon
Michael Egan says that he is willing to discuss my data with anyone but since it is so voluminous and detailed it's only worth doing so after they've reviewed it.
I have read Egan's book, as well as his articles in response to Mac Jackson (and other things as well), and I authored a lengthy opinion analyzing his contentions in detail. Other than asserting, without explanation or support, that it was a "hatchet job" and promising to produce a point-by-point refutation (which has not been forthcoming), Egan has avoided discussing it.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Alvarado Transportation Center is a multimodal transit hub located at 100 1st Street SW in Downtown Albuquerque. The ATC serves ABQRide, Amtrak, Greyhound Lines, and the New Mexico Rail Runner Express commuter rail line.
The Mission Revival-style ATC was designed to be reminiscent of the Alvarado Hotel, a railroad hotel which was formerly located on the site. The ATC also features a clock tower, located on the northwest corner of the complex, facing the intersection of Central Avenue and First Street.
This roadway is filled with historic eateries and glows with neon. Route 66, colloquially known as the Main Street of America or the Mother Road, is worth exploring during any season in Albuquerque. …more
Meet the women of the All American Girls Professional Baseball League this weekend in Albuquerque! Started in 1943 to defend America's pastime while the men were away at war, these women were the inspiration behind films like A League of Their Own. …more


text: Speak Easy Drupal this week is all about going mobile with your Drupal website. With the rise in popularity of smart phone like the iPhone and Blackberry, it's more important then ever to make sure your website plays nice with the mobile crowd. But how do you do this? From modules to stylesheets, there are many ways to make sure your website looks right on the small screen. We'll go over all of these tactics, and more, in this week's Speak Easy Drupal. This podcast also features Chris Ruppel. Chris is a web developer focusing on Internet Marketing, with years of experience juggling web programming, user interface design, information architecture, information visualization, heuristics, usability, and accessibility on the web. He specializes in producing functional, attractive, search-friendly websites that generate traffic and revenue. Currently, his weapon of choice is Drupal, which allows rapid development of useful, beautiful websites at a fraction of the cost of a big development company.


text:
CDC Policy-Focused Offices and Programs
Call or email the CDC Office of the Associate Director for Policy.
CDC Public Health Law Program
The Public Health Law Program (PHLP) mission is to advance the public's health through law. The Program has three strategic goals: (1) to improve the understanding and use of law as a public health tool, (2) to develop CDC's capacity to apply law to achieve health protection goals, and (3) to develop the legal preparedness of the public health system to address all public health priorities.
CDC Office of the Associate Director for Policy
The Office of the Associate Director for Policy (OADP) is the nexus for CDC's policy activities, and its mission is to bring about policies that result in demonstrable public health improvements globally and at the federal, state, and local levels.
CDC and other federal policy resources provided by OADP
CDC Program Performance and Evaluation Office
The Program Performance and Evaluation Office (PPEO) helps CDC programs and external partners achieve the greatest possible health impact. Its mission is to increase the impact and effectiveness of public health programs through innovation and sound program design and the use of performance and evaluation data for continuous improvement.
CDC Washington Office
The CDC Washington Office (CDC/W) designs strategies for complex public health issues and develops plans for the CDC's work with Congress and other Washington area organizations (agencies, private and nonprofit, think tanks, and associations) to advance CDC's public health goals. The CDC Washington Office, which is part of CDC′s Office of the Director, acts as a liaison between CDC and the Washington policy community.
- Page last reviewed: November 9, 2015
- Page last updated: November 9, 2015
- Content source:


text:
Latest question:
How do you think the new GigE standards will influence the machine vision industry?
Respond or ask your question now!
About Motorola
Motorola is a Fortune 100 global communications leader that providesseamless mobility products and solutions across broadband, embedded systemsand wireless networks. In your home, auto, workplace and all spaces inbetween, seamless mobility means you can reach the people, things andinformation you need, anywhere, anytime. Seamless mobility harnesses thepower of technology convergence and enables smarter, faster, cost-effectiveand flexible communication. Motorola had sales of US
About PIPS Technology
PIPS Technology, Inc. is a pioneer and international market leader in thedesign and manufacture of license plate image capture technology and opticalcharacter recognition software. With PIPS Automatic License Plate RecognitionSystems installed in over 7000 lanes of traffic worldwide, PIPS continues toset the standard for both mobile and fixed system deployments across a widerange of applications. For more information: http://www.pipstechnology.com .
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the U.S. Patent andTrademark Office. All other product or service names are the property oftheir respective owners.
SOURCE Motorola, Inc.
News stories provided by third parties are not edited by "Site Publication" staff. For suggestions and comments, please click the Contact link at the bottom of this page.


text:
Mike Candrea gathered his team down the left field line moments after the Arizona Wildcats' best win of the year Wednesday and told his players to remember what the last out felt like.
Not just the result - a 7-3 win against No. 4 Cal - but the noise.
"That was the first time this year that I heard old Hillenbrand Stadium," Candrea said. "Final out. People on their feet clapping for the final out.
"Man, that juices me up. That was nice to see.
"And I wanted to make sure they were aware of that, because this place has been very good to us, and we can't afford to keep giving it back."
The crowd - announced generously at 1,900, but more sparse, given the matinee start time - in turn saw the Wildcats (24-13, 4-5) earn their second Top 25 win of the year.
The UA's first three batters of the game scored against Cal star Jolene Henderson - as many as had crossed the plate during both games of Tuesday's twinbill, combined.
Henderson, who won both games Tuesday, gave up seven runs in five innings.
Hallie Wilson and Chelsea Suitos singled to start the first and moved up a bag on a passed ball. Kelsey Rodriguez walked, and Chelsea Goodacre launched a sacrifice fly to right field for a 1-0 lead.
After a walk loaded the bases again, Brigette Del Ponte singled up the middle to score two.
The senior was moved down to No. 6 in the order after her average plummeted to .229.
"It felt really good," Del Ponte said. "I was still kinda mad. And I got two RBIs out of it."
UA starting pitcher Nancy Bowling stranded a runner at second in the first inning and left the bases loaded in the second before finally suffering damage.
With runners at second and third with one out in the third, Bowling threw a wild pitch that plated Britt Vonk and moved pinch runner Mary Lee to third. Lee scored on a Danielle Henderson sac fly to pull within one, 3-2.
The bases empty, Bowling allowed a single and a double before being lifted for Shelby Babcock, who struck out Vanessa Alvarez to escape.
"I really was impressed with 'Babs' coming in," Candrea said. "Things are starting to fall apart a little bit, and she came in and shut the door."
Babcock allowed one run on four hits, striking out six, in 4 1/3 innings.
Asked whether the relief effort in the third was the biggest pitch series of the season, the junior smiled.
"Something I've been working on personally is the mental side of my game, so not thinking about the what-ifs helps me," she said. "Going in and being positive about things."
The UA didn't get another hit until, up 3-2, Wilson led off the fifth with a single. Suitos reached, too, on an error by shortstop Cheyenne Cordes.
After Rodriguez failed to get a bunt down, Goodacre hit an opposite-field fly ball that carried over the left field wall.
Her three-run shot gave the UA a 6-2 lead.
"At that point I was just thinking, let's hope it goes over," she said. "I think everybody relaxed a bit."
Later in the inning, Del Ponte singled and went to third on a Lauren Young liner past the third baseman.
With scuffling Estela Piñon at the plate with two outs, the Wildcats pulled the ol' Little League move: As Jolene Henderson threw home, Young broke to steal second, drawing a throw from the catcher.
Del Ponte scampered home before Young, caught in a pickle, could be tagged out.
"It's fun for the whole team," Del Ponte said, "because we work on it so much during practice."
Contact reporter Patrick Finley at firstname.lastname@example.com or 573-4145. On Twitter @PatrickFinley


text:
1 2 1/2 – to 3-pound boneless pork shoulder roast
1 cup chopped onion (1 large)
3/4 cup chopped green sweet pepper (1 medium)
1 teaspoon dried thyme, crushed
1/2 teaspoon dried rosemary, crushed
1/2 cup chicken broth
1 cup balsamic vinegar
3/4 cup ketchup
1/3 cup packed brown sugar
1/4 cup honey
1 tablespoon Worcestershire sauce
1 tablespoon Dijon-style mustard
1 clove garlic, minced
1/2 teaspoon ground black pepper
1/4 teaspoon salt
20 cocktail-size hamburger buns or small round dinner rolls, split and toasted
Deli coleslaw
Sweet or dill pickles, coarsely chopped
1. Trim fat from meat. If necessary, cut meat to fit into a 3 1/2- or 4-quart slow cooker. In the cooker, combine onion and sweet pepper. Add meat; sprinkle with thyme and rosemary. Pour broth over meat.
2. Cover and cook on low-heat setting for 9 to 10 hours or on high-heat setting for 4 1/2 to 5 hours.
3. Meanwhile, for barbecue sauce, in a medium saucepan, combine vinegar, ketchup, brown sugar, honey, Worcestershire sauce, mustard, garlic, black pepper, and salt. Bring to boiling; reduce heat. Simmer, uncovered, for 20 to 25 minutes or until slightly thickened, stirring occasionally.
4. Transfer meat to a cutting board. Using two forks, pull meat apart into shreds, discarding fat. Strain vegetable mixture, discarding liquid. Return shredded meat and strained vegetables to cooker. Stir in barbecue sauce. If using high-heat setting, turn to low-heat setting Cover and cook for 1 hour.
5. To serve, spoon meat mixture onto bun bottoms. Top with coleslaw and pickles. Add bun tops.
You can now find the NUTRITION FACTS for all of Six Sisters' Stuff's recipes over on their new site, MY RECIPE MAGIC!
On Six Sisters' Stuff (and many other bloggers' sites),
there is a little "MAGIC" button below each picture.
Click on that to be taken to the recipe,
then click on the "NUTRITION" tab.
Not only will you see the nutrition facts, but you can also see the Weight Watchers Points
for each serving!
{You can check out that Grilled Pineapple Pork recipe and it's nutrition info HERE.}


text:
Wusthof knives
Dont question the Germans about their knives! If you never had a set of quality knives, you will never go back once you get these into your kitchen. Like with almost everything in life, you really do get what you pay for. These knives are sublime and make you feel like a real chef as you slice the crust off that PB&J! Knives this good will take care of you for the rest of your life as long as you take care of them: warm water and soap only - never in the dishwaser.
Sleek cutting board system keeps clutter to a minimum and food safety to the max. Four cutting boards and a stylish storage case.Added 8 Years Ago from Popdeluxe
Chop chop!Tags: kitchen, cooking, baking, cutting boards, kitchen accessories, chopping boards, dish, kitchen gadgets, choppersAdded 8 Years Ago from Josephjoseph
The Edison trainer chopsticks are perfect for those who really want to use chopsticks, but haven't really caught on to how. These are great tools for those little ones as well and apparently can teach them really quick.Tags: Chop Chop, mommy, child, dad, chopsticks, Chopstick TrainersAdded 11 Years Ago from Inpkorea
Love this wood!


text:
As a PhD scholar and researcher, you will appreciate the value of assessing the impact that your work has made -- and continues to make -- in your chosen professional field. Studies have shown that, although research impact is abstract and difficult to measure, responses from the researchers themselves to impact-related questions play a key role. With this in mind, please would you take a bit of your time to respond to this questionnaire as carefully as possible. Thank you in advance for your valuable assistance.
Please return in the envelope provided by 5 November 1996.
A. Introductory Questions
1. Name:
2. Name change since PhD:
3. Address (if different from the one used to contact you):
4. PhD received from:
5. PhD completed (year):
6. PhD thesis title:
7. PhD research topic (please use up to five keywords)
B. Research-Related Career Advancement
1. Title of your first position after phd completion (if untitled or title is unclear, please describe briefly):
2. Subsequent position titles including current position (if different from above):
3. Extent to which your doctoral research was important in obtaining
Post 1: [ ] little or none [ ] somewhat [ ] very important
Post 2 etc.: [ ] little or none [ ] somewhat [ ] very important
Current post: [ ] little or none [ ] somewhat [ ] very important
(please check where applicable, explain if necessary)
4. Extent to which your doctoral research was (is) relevant to carrying out the duties of
Post 1: [ ] little or none [ ] somewhat [ ] very relevant
Post 2 etc.: [ ] little or none [ ] somewhat [ ] very relevant
Current post: [ ] little or none [ ] somewhat [ ] very relevant
(please check where applicable, explain if necessary)
B. 5. Stage of career in which doctoral research was undertaken:
(please check one box in each part, explain if necessary)
5.a. [ ] immediately after master's degree
[ ] within 5 years of master's degree
[ ] 5 to 10 years from master's degree
[ ] more than 10 years from master's degree
5.b. [ ] prior to 1st professional post
[ ] beginning professional career
[ ] middle professional career
[ ] well-established professional career
C. Perceived Benefits/Disadvantages of Doctoral Research and Aftermath
1. Please take a few minutes to list and describe how your doctoral research has been beneficial to you, both during your study and subsequently.
1a. Professional benefits
1b. Personal benefits
C. 1c. Social benefits
1d. Financial benefits
1e. Any other benefits
2. Were there negative aspects to your doctoral research (e.g. professional, personal, social, financial) that could impact upon the potential for successful doctoral research in the future? If so, please list or explain.
D. Research-Related Publication and Dissemination
This final section of the questionnaire may be the most time-consuming for you. However, it is crucial to obtain lists of all relevant publications, because citation analysis will be conducted in the project on the basis of these lists.
1. Please give bibliographic details of all publications (books, journal articles, published conference contributions, etc.) Which follow from your phd research, or which you feel are the result of that research.
(please use the back of this page if you need more space)
D. 2. Please give details of all invited conference papers, keynote speeches or lectures, workshops, etc., Resulting from your research which were unpublished or otherwise fall outside of question 1.
(please use the back of this page if you need more space)
D. 3. Please give details of any other forms of dissemination (e.g. CAL packages, software) produced by you (or specified others) resulting from work carried out in the process of, or derived from, your PhD degree.
4. Does any other form of doctoral research-related publication or dissemination apply, not covered in the three previous questions? If so, please describe.
You have now completed this questionnaire.
With such open-ended questions as these it is often necessary to follow up responses with more personalised contact. If you agree to a follow-up to clarify your responses or assist with interpretation, please indicate in the box: Phone number: E-mail:
Please remember to return your questionnaire by November 5th. Once again, thank you for your valuable assistance.
|Mary Dykstra Lynch and T.D. Wilson
|©British Library Board 1997


text:
Do you make the best ice cream in town? Or, do you like to eat all the ice cream in town? Either way, you should be at the Ice Cream Takedown at The Bellhouse (149 7th Street) on Sunday, July 27 at 2pm, for the most delicious, summery contest ever!
If you've been churning up the stuff at home, it's time to see if your ice cream recipe is good enough to win some prizes. You'll have to provide two gallons of the frozen treat, and they'll have dry ice for your coolers to keep it all in perfect form. If yours is the top cone, you could win KitchenAid Stand Mixers and Wusthof, Anolon, and Microplane cookware!
Think you've got what it takes? Email email@example.com to sign up.
But if simply eating ice cream is more your thing, tickets to the event are $20 and available now, and note that the Takedown events tend to sell out — particularly, we're guessing, when unlimited ice cream in the depths of summer are at stake.


text:
We'd looked forward to our first Celebrity cruise ~: Celebrity Infinity Cruise Review by KAYEF
Overall Member Rating
We'd looked forward to our first Celebrity cruise ~
Destination: Panama Canal & Central America
Embarkation: Seattle
We were greeted and sent up to the buffet. It was very nice...........took a long time to figure out all the areas, etc. The layout was user-friendly once you figured it out.
I knew the cabin would be smaller than what we're used to but when we walked in I was really shocked at the lack of space and the tiny balcony. Two months before, we'd been on another line for two weeks and our balcony cabin was much larger and our balcony WAY larger. The sofa was so tiny, it was useless. Just leaving it out of the cabin would leave a bit more room.
The cabin was very More clean but the beds were the worst we've ever had on a cruise ship. We looked underneath, and they were held up with metal bars like on a camping cot..............the mattresses were VERY HARD and we could feel metal bars through them. They did not offer a decent night's sleep.
We were also surprised with the lack of space for our clothes. We asked for more hangers but never did get them. Our cabin and bathroom were cleaned twice a day and we always had new towels when we needed them.
It was nice to have not just ice, but also water twice a day as well.
We were very disappointed with the main dining room's entrees. If you liked lamb, it seemed to be delicious no matter the cut.........one night I ordered pork medallions.......they should be small, round, thin pieces. I got two hunks cut off of a roast, apparently. They were very thick and just cut like a hunk...........no shape. They were un-eatable...........just tough. Once I had fish that had seen better days.........it was definitely old. In fact it was terrible. We were all excited when we finally got lobster........and not one of us could eat it! It was so tough, and it had these thick cords of something running through it..........it was the same for all the people at a neighboring table. We felt the selections were very limited (no crablegs, no lobster, etc.)
There was a definite lack of fresh, cooked vegetables at dinner. The only time I saw nice, steamed veggies was at the two brunch buffets. I had a plate of veggies and was a happy cruiser!
The shrimp cocktails were delicious. We always had four huge prawns and good sauce.............whereas twice when we ordered prawns as entrees, we only got three very small ones. Go figure.............we loved the shrimp cocktails and should have stuck with them, I guess.
Our Head Waiter and his Assistant were top notch and eager to bring something else if we had a problem with food. They made mealtimes fun.
We only tried the MDR for lunch one time. The waiter brought our appetizers and entrees at the same time and we never again saw him..........no more water, no dessert, no service.
The desserts were wonderful...............beautiful and delicious every night.
My best discovery on Infinity was the Thermal Pool and its Aqua Spa Cafe. Once I discovered the cafe, we ate all of our breakfasts and lunches there.
Everything was beautifully displayed and the servings were a perfect size. They make egg-white/veggie omelets and will bring them to you. The rolls are not sweet pastries but things like orange, banana, zucchini yeast rolls. If you ask they will find butter (it's not needed) but this is a heart-healthy cafe so it's not on display.
The salads are small and very special or they can make you one having everything you ask for.
It's a tiny place with maybe 12 tables (and 3 on the other side) but there are always tables available...........no long lines as in the buffet (and no temptations). The staff here was very pleasant and helpful.
We felt the entertainment was some of the best we've ever enjoyed. The ship's orchestra and singers and dancers were all top notch........just excellent.
The two buffets in the MDR and the ones in Constellation late at night were beautiful and delicious.
Some of the entertainment up there was really fun as well.
One of the people who did activities had no idea what he was doing..........didn't know how to do trivia questions/score them and didn't know how to question and/or score when we played Family Feud, either.
One of the best activities ever was the Improve sessions....the couple running them really made it fun and people were eager to take the risk and join in.
Someone had offered on CC to teach MahJongg and many people were eager to learn. It was hard to find an area where we didn't get "chased out" and it would have been fun to have a larger place somewhere because more and more people came by and asked if they could learn as well. The teacher had brought her own set and the ship had two that were a mess; we organized them but the next time they were again a mess. I think the person who volunteered so much of her time (every sea day for a few hours) should have at least been given a Celebrity t-shirt or something. Other people leading activities got free cabins! There was no appreciation from those leading activities for what she did at all.
We felt Damian was a great C.D. He said what needed to be said and wasn't on the speaker all the time with useless announcements.
We were disappointed with the staff in many areas, however. When they passed they never greeted people and my SIL pointed out several times when supervisors were dealing with staff right in front of the passengers; that's embarrassing for both the staff and the passengers. Twice they were blocking doorways, even, and didn't move.
Training/disciplining should be done behind the scenes.
For the most part, the ship was clean and neat but not the public restrooms. The one outside the showroom was "always" out of cloth towels, had paper towels on the floor and the toilet areas were filthy. It needs to have a more frequent cleaning schedule in the evenings when there's so much traffic in that area.
The layout of the ship is really nice; we never felt crowded except when we tried to exit the dining room and the second seating people were crowded outside, wanting to get in...........that was not comfortable.
Disembarkation could have been much better but we each needed a wheelchair. I get them for my SIL because of a heart condition and she can't walk long distances and I needed one because I injured my back on the ship. One morning I was unable to stand when I tired to get out of my VERY UNCOMFORTABLE bed. We found wheelchairs but people in charge of disembarkation were unable to find anyone to push them. They kept calling for people, but none came. We had a later flight (1:20 p.m.) but we were almost late checking in. Would we cruise with Celebrity again?
Maybe, just because of the thermal pool and Aqua Spa Cafe and the entertainment.
The tiny cabins and awful beds would make us think twice.
Oh, almost forgot. Re-boarding in San Diego was a nightmare. We had to exit and re-enter through the Milennium's security............an extra long walk and wait. Less
Published 10/31/10
Cabin review: 1C7064
Port and Shore Excursions
Read Cruise Critic's Celebrity Infinity Review >>
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text:
This is a miserable time to be a natural contrarian if you're a resource investor. Forecasting agency BIS Shrapnel reckons that the resource and mining boom has years to go. In a report released yesterday, the firm reported that, "With an enormous amount of work in the pipeline, and more projects still to commence, investment is forecast to rise another 11 percent over the next two years and peak in 2007-08."
Resource companies, pinched by labour and capacity constraints, are subcontracting much of their expansion plans to specialist firms. These firms are in the sweet spot of the commodity super cycle at just this minute. But that doesn't mean the resource producers and larger firms will stop doing well.
Take Woodside Petroleum (ASX: WPL). Yesterday the company announced that liquefied natural gas (LNG) from its North West Shelf venture will be sold to Japan's Tokyo Gas. It is not the first, nor the last, of these kinds of deals between Woodside and Japanese or Korean electric utilities. Asia's electricity generation is heavily reliant on cleaner-burning natural gas and nuclear (as opposed to coal). And these days, Australia is a much more trustworthy and reliable strategic partner than say, Russia.
The nationalization of Russia's energy resources continued yesterday. This simply drives gas-hungry Asian utilities into the warm, hairy arms of Australian LNG producers like Woodside. But if it is fundamentally good news for Woodside, it is less good for multinational oil and gas companies like Royal Dutch Shell (LON: RDSA) that hoped to operate in Russia's natural-gas rich Sakhalin Island.
The Sakhalin-2 project on the remote island north of Japan was, until yesterday, Russia's only major oil and project owned exclusively by foreigners. In Vladimir Putin's Russia, and in today's world where energy assets are strategically invaluable, foreign development of Russian gas is neither desirable, nor, as it turns out, necessary. Russia simply unfurled a heap of red tape Shell's way to gum up the works. Bureaucratic red tape (designed as environmental safeguards) have finally succeeded in forcing shell to conceded control of the product to Gazprom, which is largely owned by and mainly answers to, the Kremlin.
A few years ago in The Bull Hunter, we called Sakhalin Island East Asia's "big prize…18 trillion cubic fit of natural gas reserves," that make the island, "the energy mother lode of the region-a find rivaling Alaska's North Slope-and the kind of resource, if properly handled, that could power the region's energy needs for decades."
From an investment perspective, we turned our attention to the gas and energy industries in general and went on to recommend Korea Electric Power (NYSE: KEP), which at the time of publication in June 2005 was trading for US$14.90. Yesterday, KEP traded at US$22.42, for a pre-tax, pre-currency adjusted gross gain of about 50 percent. At a price to earnings ratio of less than ten, and still off its 52- week high of US$24.97, we look admiringly at the stock again today.
But two years on into the Asia-driven energy and resource boom, we'd look for oil, gas, and energy producers further "upstream," i.e. closer to the gas in the ground. All the success of strategic forecasting makes us nervous. But one of the most difficult emotional lessons as an investor is to let your winners ride. Buy value. And then let the market tell you when to sell.


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It has been scientifically proven that turkey and mashed potatoes are some of the best things you can put in your mouth. That being said, it's not as if anyone has begun topping their burgers with the stuff. Nobody would do that, right?
The Mashed Potato Burger at Wendy's Japan features a layer of mashed potatoes, a burger patty and, oh yeah, a bunch of turkey meat. The Pretzel Turkey Mashed Potato Burger also contains turkey and mashed potatoes, but ups the ante with the inclusion of gravy and honey mustard. That's a whole lot of sauce.
Each of these sandwiches can also be ordered with a chicken patty instead of a burger, in case you want to double up on the poultry. These starchy sammiches will be available until the end of January.


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Page Tools
Australia's Ryan Bayley celebrates one of his wins at the Olympics.
Photo: Iain Gillespie
1. Whom did Port Adelaide coach Mark Williams single out in his on-field grand final victory speech?
2. Why?
3. Which player took mark of the year?
4. Brisbane centre halfforward Jonathan Brown was suspended for how many matches for striking Josh Carr in the grand final?
5. How long would his suspension have been under the tribunal system to be introduced for season 2005?
6. How many coaches lost their jobs in 2004 and who were they?
7. How many Brownlow medallists have worn the West Coast jumper?
8. Who won the 2004 Norm Smith medal?
9. Which current player is third on the list of all-time Brownlow medal vote winners?
10. Bomber Matthew Lloyd bettered which player this year to become the competitions highest current goal scorer?
11. Which commentator said. This shirt is unique. There are only 200 of them.
12. Australian captain Ricky Ponting made six Test hundreds in 2003. How many did he make in 2004?
13. Tasmanias Michael Bevan and a current member of the Australian Test and one-day teams share a bat sponsorship. Who is the other player? 14. Which Indian batsman scored 178 in Steve Waughs farewell Test in Sydney?
15. Who captained Australia to its two Test wins in India this year?
16. Which West Indies fast bowler is now the bass player in reggae band Dread and the Baldhead?
17. In his recently released biography, who did former Bushrangers skipper Darren Berry nominate to captain his best Victorian team?
18. Who holds the unenviable record of serving as Australian 12th man more than any other Test player? On how many occasions did he serve the drinks?
19. Which team has lost the fewest one-day internationals this year?
20. Which of the Australians who played county cricket this year scored the most runs?
21. In what events did Ryan Bayley win gold in the Athens Olympic Games?
22. On the track, what double did Moroccos Hicham El Guerrouj achieve?
23. Which countries won the mens and womens teams gymnastic gold medals?
24. In Greece, swimmer Michael Phelps became the first American to win eight medals in one Games. How many gold, silver and bronze did he win? 25. Russian Alexei Alipov ended the reign of which shooter in the mens trap competition?
26. Which Australian player has unexpectedly risen to prominence for Everton in the current English Premier League season?
27. Arsenals record unbeaten run in the Premier League was stopped at how many games this year and by whom?
28. The last National Soccer League title was won by which club?
29. Australian midfielder Marco Bresciano plays for which Italian Serie A club?
30. The NSL has been replaced by what?
31. How many grand slams did Roger Federer win in 2004?
32. What was Federers record against Lleyton Hewitt in 2004?
33. What record did Frenchmen Fabrice Santoro and Arnaud Clement set at the French Open in 2004?
34. Who won the mens Olympic tennis gold medal?
35. From which country do three of the four womens grand slam winners in 2004 hail?
36. Where did Australian Alicia Molik finish on the 2004 rankings?
37. Molik was joined inside the top 50 ranked players by which countrywoman?
38. Who won the 2004 US Open?
39. Considered one of the best players of his time, who broke through for his first victory in a major this year?
40. At which course did Peter Lonard win the 2004 Australian Open?
41. Which horse won the 2004 Golden Slipper?
42. Which horse before Makybe Diva this year was the last to win two Melbourne Cups?
43. Who rode Elvstroem to victory in the 2004 Caulfield Cup?
44. Who succeeded Australias Layne Beachley as world womens surfing champion?
45. Who was the skipper of Sydney to Hobart winner Nicorette?
46. Who won the Moto GP crown in 2004?
47. What colour jersey did cyclist Robbie McEwen win for the second time in this years Tour de France?
48. Michael Schumachers formula one world championship in 2004 brought his tally of championships to what number?
49. Who won basketballs 2004 NBL title?
50. Which two Australian basketballers, currently playing in the American college system, are considered to be the nations best new NBA prospects?
1. Transport magnate Allan Scott, club patron and major sponsor 2. Scott declared at the end of the 2003 season that Port would not win a premiership with Williams as coach. 3. West Coasts Ashley Sampi. 4. Five. 5. With a guilty plea, 12 matches. Otherwise 16 matches. 6. Four. Adelaides Gary Ayres, Hawthorns Peter Schwab, Richmonds Danny Frawley, the Bulldogs Peter Rohde. 7. Two Ross Glendinning (who won the 1983 count when with North Melbourne) and Chris Judd (2004). 8. Port Adelaides Byron Pickett 9. St Kildas Robert Harvey 10. The Kangaroos Saverio Rocca, who started the season with 636 goals and kicked 49 for a career total of 685. Lloyd started with 599 but kicked 96 to reach a total of 695. 11. Richie Benaud. 12. None. His most recent century was a knock of 257 against India in the 2003 Boxing Day Test. 13. Glenn McGrath. 14. VVS Laxman. 15. Adam Gilchrist. 16. Curtly Ambrose. 17. Jamie Siddons. 18. Andy Bichel, 19 times. 19. New Zealand has lost four of its 25. 20. Brad Hodge scored 1548 for Leicestershire. 21. Track cyclings sprint and keirin. 22. He won the mens 1500m and 5000m. 23. Japan won the mens and Romania the womens. 24. Six gold and two bronze. 25. Michael Diamond, who won trap gold in 1996 and 2000. 26. Tim Cahill. 27. 49 games, by Manchester United. 28. Perth Glory, 1-0 over Parramatta. 29. Parma. 30. The A-League. 31. Three. 32. Played six, won six 33. The record for the longest match in grand slam history of six hours, 33 minutes. Santoro won 16-14 in the fifth set. 34. Chiles Nicolas Massu. 35. Russia Anastasia Myskina won the French Open, Maria Sharapova won Wimbledon and Svetlana Kuznetsova the US Open. 36. 13. 37. Nicole Pratt, who finished the year at 50. 38. Retief Goosen. 39. Phil Mickelson in the US Masters. 40. The Australian. 41. Dance Hero. 42. Think Big in 1974-75. 43. Nash Rawiller. 44. Sofia Mulanovich of Peru. 45. Ludde Ingvall. 46. Valentino Rossi. 47. The green (points) jersey. 48. Seven. 49. Sydney. 50. Andrew Bogut (University of Utah) and Luke Schenscher (Georgia Tech).


text:
Rookie flyhalf Zack Holmes will shrug off last week's crucial penalty goal miss and rise to the occasion when the ACT Brumbies need him the most, Pat McCabe says.
Holmes is expected to be retained as the team's first-choice goalkicker for tomorrow night's Super Rugby clash with the Melbourne Rebels at AAMI Park.
Holmes, who celebrated his 22nd birthday yesterday, has slotted seamlessly into the No.10 jersey after season-ending injuries to Matt Toomua and Christian Lealiifano, the only blemish coming when he missed what would have been a match-winning penalty goal after the full-time siren against the Queensland Reds last week.
Instead, the Reds held on for a 13-12 win to pull within five points of the Australian conference leaders.
And with the race for what is likely to be the one and only playoff place for Australian teams wide open, Wallabies centre McCabe believes Holmes is up to the task of getting the Brumbies back into the winners' circle.
''He's a confident guy and he'll bounce back straight away,'' McCabe said.
''Obviously afterwards he was disappointed, but for the rest of the night he did extremely well, it was just one of those things.
''If he had his time again, he might nail it next time.
''The little touches and his running game has been outstanding.''
Holmes had only made two Super Rugby appearances before he was installed as the Brumbies' starting flyhalf against the Wellington Hurricanes.
The Perth product delivered a man-of-the-match performance to lead the Brumbies to a famous victory at Westpac Stadium, and carried that form into last week's individual match-up with the mercurial Quade Cooper.
His ability to step up to the mark has allowed McCabe to play his natural game at inside centre.
McCabe has continued on in the vein which established him as Australia's premier No.12 at last year's World Cup - running hard, tackling anything that moves and giving his flyhalf plenty of options in attack.
Yet he's adamant he can become a more complete player by taking on a greater leadership role in the backline, both for the Brumbies and on the international stage.
''It's something that has been evolving, especially since Christian's injury,'' McCabe said.
''I think I've been doing a little bit more of the calling and trying to help out the guys as much as I possibly can.
''It's something I enjoy doing.''
While McCabe, Ben Alexander and Stephen Moore were the only Brumbies in the Wallabies squad at the World Cup, that number has swelled to eight for the mid-year Tests against Scotland and Wales.
Dan Palmer, Nic White, Michael Hooper, Joe Tomane and Jesse Mogg have all been rewarded for the Brumbies' impressive Super Rugby campaign.
''I think they'll be great,'' McCabe said of the debutants.
''Super Rugby is the best mark of how you're going to perform and they've been outstanding. There's no reason why they won't go out there and do what they've been doing for the Brumbies.''


text:
Condition: Student Owned
All Product Details
ALERT: Before you purchase, check with your instructor or review your course syllabus to ensure that you select the correct ISBN. Several versions of Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products exist for each title, including customized versions for individual schools, and registrations are not transferable. In addition, you may need a CourseID, provided by your instructor, to register for and use Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products.
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A thorough survey of the field of learning.
Learning & Behavior covers topics such as classical and operant conditioning, reinforcement schedules, avoidance and punishment, stimulus control, comparative cognition, observational learning, motor skill learning, and choice.
The book includes thorough coverage of classic studies and the most recent developments and trends, while providing examples of real-world applications of the principles discovered in laboratory research. It also emphasizes the behavioral approach but not exclusively so; many cognitive theories are covered as well, and there is a chapter on comparative cognition.
Learning Goals
Upon completing this book readers will be able to:
Note: MySearchLab does not come automatically packaged with this text. To purchase MySearchLab, please visit: www.mysearchlab.com or you can purchase a ValuePack of the text + MySearchLab (at no additional cost): ValuePack ISBN-10: 0205864813 / ValuePack ISBN-13: 9780205864812.
James E. Mazur obtained his B.A. in Psychology from Dartmouth College in 1973, and his Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from Harvard University in 1977. He taught at Harvard University as an assistant professor and associate professor from 1980 to 1988, and since then he has taught at Southern Connecticut State University, where he is a CSU Professor of Psychology. He has conducted research on operant conditioning and choice for over 35 years. He has published over 60 journal articles and chapters on such topics as reinforcement schedules, conditioned reinforcement, self-control, risk-taking, procrastination, and mathematical models of choice.
Found in this Section:
1. Brief Table of Contents
2. Full Table of Contents
Chapter 1 History, Background, and Basic Concepts
Chapter 2 Innate Behavior Patterns and Habituation
Chapter 3 Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning
Chapter 4 Theories and Research on Classical Conditioning
Chapter 5 Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning
Chapter 6 Reinforcement Schedules: Experimental Analyses and Applications
Chapter 7 Avoidance and Punishment
Chapter 8 Theories and Research on Operant Conditioning
Chapter 9 Stimulus Control and Concept Learning
Chapter 10 Comparative Cognition
Chapter 11 Learning by Observation
Chapter 12 Learning Motor Skills
Chapter 13 Choice
Author Index
Subject Index
Chapter 1: History, Background, and Basic Concepts
The Search for General Principles of Learning
The Associationists
The British Associationists: Simple and Complex Ideas
Ebbinghaus's Experiments on Memory
The Effects of Repetition
The Effects of Time
The Role of Contiguity
The Influence of the Associationists and Ebbinghaus
Behavioral and Cognitive Approaches to Learning
The Use of Animal Subjects
The Emphasis on External Events
The Physiological Approach: Brain and Behavior
The Basic Characteristics of Neurons
Physiological Research on Simple Sensations
Physiological Research on Feature Detectors
Physiological Research on Learning
Review Questions
Chapter 2: Innate Behavior Patterns and Habituation
Characteristics of Goal-Directed Systems
Tropisms and Orientation
Sequences of Behavior
Fixed Action Patterns
Reaction Chains
Innate Human Abilities and Predispositions
General Principles of Habituation
Physiological Mechanisms of Habituation
Habituation in Emotional Responses: The Opponent-Process Theory
Chapter 3: Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning
Pavlov's Discovery and Its Impact
The Standard Paradigm of Classical Conditioning
The Variety of Conditioned Responses
Pavlov's Stimulus Substitution Theory
S-S or S-R Connections?
Basic Conditioning Phenomena
Spontaneous Recovery, Disinhibition, and Rapid Reacquisition
Conditioned Inhibition
Generalization and Discrimination
The Importance of Timing in Classical Conditioning
CS-US Correlations
Higher Order Conditioning
Classical Conditioning Outside the Laboratory
Classical Conditioning and Emotional Responses
Classical Conditioning and the Immune System
Applications in Behavior Therapy
Chapter 4: Theories and Research on Classical Conditioning
Theories of Associative Learning
The Blocking Effect
The Rescorla-Wagner Model
Other Theories
Types of Associations
Associations in First-Order Conditioning
Associations in Second-Order Conditioning
Associations with Contextual Stimuli
CS-CS Associations
Occasion Setting
Biological Constraints on Classical Conditioning
The Contiguity Principle and Taste-Aversion Learning
Biological Preparedness in Taste-Aversion Learning
Biological Preparedness in Human Learning
Biological Constraints and the General-Principle Approach
The Form of the Conditioned Response
Drug Tolerance and Drug Cravings as Conditioned Responses
Conditioned Opponent Theories
Physiological Research on Classical Conditioning
Chapter 5: Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning
The Law of Effect
Thorndike's Experiments
Guthrie and Horton: Evidence for a Mechanical Strengthening Process
Superstitious Behaviors
The Procedure of Shaping, or Successive Approximations
Shaping Lever Pressing in a Rat
Shaping Behaviors in the Classroom
Shaping as a Tool in Behavior Modification
Making Shaping More Precise: Percentile Schedules
Versatility of the Shaping Process
The Research of B. F. Skinner
The Free Operant
The Three-Term Contingency
Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning
Conditioned Reinforcement
Response Chains
Biological Constraints on Operant Conditioning
Instinctive Drift
Reconciling Reinforcement Theory and Biological Constraints
Chapter 6: Reinforcement Schedules: Experimental Analyses and Applications
Plotting Moment-to-Moment Behavior: The Cumulative Recorder
The Four Simple Reinforcement Schedules
Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
Variable Interval
Extinction and the Four Simple Schedules
Other Reinforcement Schedules
Factors Affecting Performance on Reinforcement Schedules
Behavioral Momentum
Contingency-Shaped versus Rule-Governed Behaviors
Reinforcement History
The Experimental Analysis of Reinforcement Schedules
Cause of the FR Postreinforcement Pause
Comparisons of VR and VI Response Rates
Applications of Operant Conditioning
Teaching Language to Children with Autism
Token Reinforcement
Organizational Behavior Management
Behavior Therapy for Marital Problems
Chapter 7: Avoidance and Punishment
A Representative Experiment
Two-Factor Theory
Evidence Supporting Two-Factor Theory
Problems with Two-Factor Theory
One-Factor Theory
Cognitive Theory
Biological Constraints in Avoidance Learning
Conclusions about the Theories of Avoidance
Flooding as Behavior Therapy
Learned Helplessness
Is Punishment the Opposite of Reinforcement?
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment
Disadvantages of Using Punishment
Negative Punishment
Behavior Decelerators in Behavior Therapy
Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment: Response Cost and Time-Out
Other Techniques for Behavior Deceleration
Chapter 8: Theories and Research on Operant Conditioning
The Role of the Response
The Role of the Reinforcer
Is Reinforcement Necessary for Operant Conditioning?
Expectations about the Reinforcer
Can Reinforcement Control Visceral Responses?
How Can We Predict What Will Be a Reinforcer?
Need Reduction
Drive Reduction
Premack's Principle
Response Deprivation Theory
The Functional Analysis of Behaviors and Reinforcers
Behavioral Economics
Optimization: Theory and Research
Elasticity and Inelasticity of Demand
Behavioral Economics and Drug Abuse
Other Applications
Chapter 9: Stimulus Control and Concept Learning
Generalization Gradients
Measuring Generalization Gradients
What Causes Generalization Gradients?
Is Stimulus Control Absolute or Relational?
Transposition and Peak Shift
Spence's Theory of Excitatory and Inhibitory Gradients
The Intermediate-Size Problem
Other Data, and Some Conclusions
Behavioral Contrast
"Errorless" Discrimination Learning
Transfer of Learning and Learning Sets
Concept Learning
The Structure of Natural Categories
Animal Studies on Natural Concept Learning
Developing Stimulus Equivalence
Stimulus Control in Behavior Modification
Stimulus Equivalence Training
Study Habits and Health Habits
Chapter 10: Comparative Cognition
Memory and Rehearsal
Short-Term Memory, or Working Memory
Long-Term Memory, Retrieval, and Forgetting
Time, Number, and Serial Patterns
Experiments on an "Internal Clock"
Serial Pattern Learning
Language and Reasoning
Teaching Language to Animals
Reasoning by Animals
Chapter 11: Learning by Observation
Theories of Imitation
Imitation as an Instinct
Imitation as an Operant Response
Imitation as a Generalized Operant Response
Bandura's Theory of Imitation
Which Theory of Imitation Is Best?
Mirror Neurons and Imitation
Interactions Between Observational Learning and Operant Conditioning
Achievement Motivation
Effects of the Mass Media
Television Violence and Aggressive Behavior
Video Games and Popular Music
What Can Be Learned Through Observation?
Drug Use and Addictions
Cognitive Development
Moral Standards and Behavior
Modeling in Behavior Therapy
Facilitation of Low-Probability Behaviors
Acquisition of New Behaviors
Elimination of Fears and Unwanted Behaviors
Video Self-Modeling
Conclusions: The Sophisticated Skill of Learning by Observation
Chapter 12: Learning Motor Skills
The Variety of Motor Skills
Variables Affecting Motor Learning and Performance
Reinforcement and Knowledge of Results
Knowledge of Performance
Distribution of Practice
Observational Learning of Motor Skills
Transfer from Previous Training
Ironic Errors in Movement
Theories of Motor-Skill Learning
Adams 's Two-Stage Theory
Schmidt's Schema Theory
What is the Best Way to Practice?
Learning Movement Sequences
The Response Chain Approach
Motor Programs
Dynamic Pattern Theory
Chapter 13: Choice
The Matching Law
Herrnstein's Experiment
Other Experiments on Matching
Deviations from Matching
Varying the Quality and Amount of Reinforcement
An Application to Single Schedules
Theories of Choice Behavior
Matching Theory and Melioration Theory
Optimization Theory
Momentary Maximization Theory
Other Theories of Choice
Self-Control Choices
Delay Discounting
The Ainslie-Rachlin Theory
Animal Studies on Self-Control
Factors Affecting Self-Control in Children
Techniques for Improving Self-Control
Other Choice Situations
Risk Taking
The Tragedy of the Commons


text:
Out of curiosity - did you try to play any CDs? KsCD just loops on the first 6 seconds for me, but I assume that's a KDE thing, instead of a PC-BSD thing.

On Thu, Dec 24, 2009 at 6:37 PM, <email@example.com> wrote:

Testing PCBSD 8.0 alpha.

I didn't find any anomalies in the installation or installed software.

I installed all available PBIs, and they worked perfectly.

I'm a long time Slackware Linux user, and I really appreciate the ease of installing what is virtually FreeBSD.

FreeBSD has always given me grief. X never seemed to have a working keyboard or mouse even if I edited the config file.

My only suggestion is to make 8.0 as 'slick' as 7.1.1. I installed 7.1.1 on my Fujitsu laptop, and it works flawlessly.

I've been advertizing PCBSD as the OS to try when my co-workers experience hijacked/virus ridden MS Windows systems.

The 8.0 SYS INSTALLER window seems a bit bright for my tastes, but it was very easy to use and understand.

All-in-all 8.0 will be another great version when released.

Sid Stautzenberger

_______________________________________________
 Testing mailing list
 firstname.lastname@example.com
 http://lists.pcbsd.org/mailman/listinfo/testing

--
Thanks,
Mike Bybee


text:
I am looking to deploy monowall in a car using a gprs/cdma pcmcia card as my
internet connection. Looking at T-Mobile with Sony/Ericsson GC79 card and then
using another mini-pci card to provide 802.11b in the vehicle. I am wondering if
anyone knows if this GPRS card is supported and configurable or if anyone knows
of another distro that could handle tis better.
Ethan Bonick