text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 10, 1993
|Filing date
|Aug 31, 1990
|Priority date
|Aug 31, 1990
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Kathryn J. Ayres, Brent C. Beardsley, Keith A. Bello, Michael T. Benhase, Donald M. Nordahl, Raymond E. Wilsey
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (38), Classifications (11), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to peripheral data subsystems particularly those employing rotating disk storage members or other cyclic devices and wherein the channel to a connecting host processor has a higher burst rate than the data burst rate of the cyclic device within the peripheral subsystem and a long signal propagation time in the serial channel.
Direct Access Storage Devices (DASD) usually take the form of a rotating data storage member, such as a magnetic disk, magnetooptic disk, and the like. In most data processing systems, such DASDs are a primary peripheral data storage for operating the data processing system. The format of the data on the DASD includes gaps between various fields of data and control data on such DASD. The arrangement has been such that control interaction between a controller or control unit of the peripheral subsystem and a host processor occurs while the transducer of the DASD is scanning a gap. In this manner, the operation of the host processor and of the peripheral subsystem are synchronized. As data processing systems grew more complex, to maintain the synchronization with reduced time for scanning a gap in high performance DASD limited the cable length between the peripheral subsystem and the host processor. The reason for the cable length limit is signal propagation times. Recently, the use of optical fibers in a so-called serial channel arrangement has been provided in which the burst data rate is substantially higher than of the previous channels, such as a four to one increase. Such serial channel data burst rate is also substantially higher than the data burst rate of present day DASDs. Further, the cable lengths of the serial channels are longer than the prior cable length limits resulting in substantially longer signal propagation times between the peripheral subsystem and host processors. Such cable lengths have prevented the above described synchronized operation between the peripheral subsystem and the host processor, i.e., the signal propagation times prevent effective interaction of the peripheral subsystem and the connected host processor while the transducer is scanning the gap between records or fields on the DASD.
For accommodating longer cable length signal delays in the synchronous mode, the gap lengths in DASD could be increased. Such longer gaps increase delay time between accessing successively scanned records and reduces storage capacity, both effects are undesired.
Another configuration of peripheral subsystems includes a large scale cache interposed between the DASD and the channel connected to the host processor. It is desired to provide efficiency-raising controls in a cached DASD subsystem while maintaining system and data integrity of the data processing system. The operation of such a cached DASD peripheral subsystem is in a so-called "non-synchronous mode" which means that operations between the peripheral subsystem and the host processor are not synchronized to operation of DASD, specifically no control interactions with a host processor are completed while the DASD transducer is scanning a gap. This arrangement of removing the synchronization has to be carefully controlled otherwise unwanted or unintended rotations of the disk between operations could be required. Such additional disk rotations reduce channel utilization and the performance of both the peripheral data subsystem and the entire data processing system. Therefore, it is desired to enhance the operation of such non-synchronous mode such that channel utilization is enhanced. It is to be remembered that each peripheral subsystem may share a serial cable or optical fiber to one or more host processors and that each host processor may be connected to a plurality of peripheral subsystems via the same cable or channel. It is desired to reduce the time each subsystem uses such channel connections for enhancing the channel utilization which thereby increases the productivity of the entire data processing system.
Effectively, loosening or decoupling relationship of a peripheral device and a connected host processor for enhancing total system performance has been provided in several forms. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,393,445 and 4,428,064 are examples of a magnetic tape subsystem whose operation is partially decoupled from the operation of a host processor. A data buffer is interposed in the peripheral subsystem controller such that host I/O operation is not slaved to the operation of the tape recorder. The controller assigns record numbers to the blocks of data to be or currently stored on the magnetic tape and the tape recorder. Such records are read into the buffer either from the host processor for recording on the tape or from the tape for forwarding to the host processor. A record counter keeps track of the last record transmitted to the host processor or the first record transmitted from the host processor to the buffer while a second counter keeps track of the last record transmitted to the buffer from the tape recorder or the next record to be transmitted to the tape recorder. Additionally, the tape is divided into large length segments for facilitating rapid searching of the tape independent of host processor operations. Such large segments are identified by a physical reference value PRV. The PRV and the record number are stored at both the channel and device ends of the data buffer for tracking the data within the buffer. Since magnetic tape operation is largely serial and not random as found in DASD, the controls for managing the decoupling of the tape recorder from the host processor operation are relatively simple.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,780,080 shows emulating tracks of a disk storage unit in a solid-state cache. In this patent, FIGS. 4-6 show the emulation and its controls. FIG. 6 shows a header 60 stored with an emulated track in the cache. This header, detailed in FIG. 5 of this patent, enables what is termed "wraparound" control of the data from the track; the term "wraparound" appears to be a synonym for the term "roll mode" as used herein and as shown in Hartung, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,583,166. This header includes a pointer to the cache location of record HA (first record identifies the beginning of the logical track as stored in the sectors); the patent shows converting the sector addresses for called target ETP (emulated track position) identifying the first record in a chain of records to be stored in the code, is a measure of the number of bytes between the data disk index and the first record read from the track in the wraparound or roll mode. As each record is read into cache, the ETP is incremented to indicate the increased number of bytes between index and each current record. In other words, the operation of the cache is an electronic simulation of disk rotation.
It appears that the U.S. Pat. No. 4,780,080 described operations are synchronous as set forth above. It is desired to provide a more flexible and simpler procedure for caching data in a peripheral subsystem and for managing and operating the data processing system in a "non-synchronous" mode. That is, when scanning gaps between records and record fields on a DASD, in the synchronous mode, the control interchanging between the control unit and the host processor can be accomplished. The reason for the non-synchronous mode is that the channel characteristics are such that such control interchanging takes longer to accomplish than the elapsed time for scanning such gaps which prevents gap-synchronous operations between the device and the host processor. This problem is not addressed by the U.S. Pat. No. 4,780,808. U.S. Pat. No. 4,920,478 has a teaching which is largely cumulative to U.S. Pat. No. 4,780,808 in that the address information in the cache and the disk relating to the first or starting of the chain of records is used in the control.
A serial channel has been used before for connecting a host processor to a DASD, but without a cache. Examples of these connections are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,218,742; 4,276,595 and 4,218,759. These patents are cited for showing some subsystem operations for accommodating the propagation delay of the serial channel along with its high data burst rate.
International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) in their publication GC26-4519-0 describe non-synchronous DASD operations in comparison with the synchronous DASD operations. Also ECKD data access commands are described. Such data-access commands are used in practicing the present invention. Particularly DEFINE EXTENT, LOCATE RECORD and write CKD next track, etc. are described. This IBM publication is cited for background information. This publication does not describe the operation of a controller of a cached peripheral subsystem which is designed to operate in a non-synchronous mode.
It is an object of the invention to provide an enhanced controller for a cached peripheral subsystem for improving operations with a serial channel and with a high performance DASD.
In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, a machine-effected method of operating a cache DASD subsystem includes exchanging records of data between the serial channel or attachment circuit means with any one of the devices via a rate-changing buffer and placing a copy of each record in the cache.
A header is created for each record which includes a rotational position indicator of the device and an indication of the type of record.
The header indications are stored with the respective record in the rate-changing buffer. At the completion of and exchange of each record, a track information block (TIB) located in a control store is updated, importantly a rotational position indicating cell plus a record type indicator are stored separately from the TIB in a control store for the last record transferred in a chain of records being transferred. To enhance channel and utilization while maintaining subsystem and data integrity the present invention provides various machine operations which utilize the cell and type indications of the last record transferred for effecting diverse operations within the controller.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of a cached peripheral subsystem as attached to a host processor.
FIG. 2 diagrammatically illustrates two different track formats usable in DASD shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic plan view of a CKD disk usable in the FIG. 1 illustrated system.
FIG. 4 diagrammatically illustrates data structures useful in understanding the FIG. 1 illustrated system.
FIG. 5 is a machine-operations flow chart showing some machine operations of the FIG. 1 illustrated subsystem.
FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic illustration of a track information block (TIB) used in the FIG. 1 illustrated system.
FIG. 7 is a simplified flow chart showing a peripheral subsystem response to a read sector command from a host processor shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 8 is a machine-operations flow chart showing operations of a peripheral subsystem receiving a CKD command which prevents unintended extra rotations of a disk when performing the CKD command using the FIG. 1 illustrated subsystem.
FIG. 9 is a simplified machine-operations flow chart showing an operational use of a separately stored last cell indication of a record for enhancing channel utilization for switching to cache only operations.
FIG. 10 is a simplified machine-operations flow chart showing a channel initiated command retry for a single record read transfer.
FIG. 11 is a simplified machine-operations flow chart showing operations of the subsystem during a channel initiated retry for a multiple record read transfer.
FIG. 12 is a simplified machine-operations flow chart showing a channel initiated retry for write operation which is one practice of the present invention.
FIG. 13 diagrammatically illustrates cache segments used to store a copy of data from one track of DASD.
FIG. 14 is the simplified machine-operations flow chart showing the general operations for updating TIB.
Referring now more particularly to the appended drawing, like numbers indicate like parts and structural features in the several figures. A host processor 10 is connected to a peripheral subsystem 19 via serial channel 12. A rate-changing buffer 13 buffers records of data being transferred between attachment circuit means 11, thereby host processor 10, and DASD 20 via data transfer circuits 18 under control of control and microprocessor 14 (hereafter microprocessor). Rate changing buffer 13 can be similar to rate-changing buffers as shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,218,742, 4,276,595 and 4,218,759. Control of the rate-changing buffer 13 in accordance with the present invention will become clear from a continued reading of this specification. Control store 15 is a high speed random access storage unit used by microprocessor 14 for storing information which is rapidly needed for operating the peripheral subsystem and for responding to requests from host processor 10. Data structures used and practiced in the present invention are stored in control store 15 during later-described machine-operations. Cache 16 is a large electronic random access storage unit for storing copies of the data also stored on DASD 20 and which can be rapidly transferred between host processor 10 and cache 16 over serial channel 12 at electronic speeds. A portion of cache 16 may be a nonvolatile store, i.e., a random access storage unit backed by a battery (not shown). The track information block (TIB) 17 is stored in cache 16 with each copy or usage of data from one DASD track.
The data transfers from the one DASD 20, as well as other DASDs 21 represented by the ellipsis 21, are through data transfer circuits 18, thence over bus 22 to rate-changing buffer 13. For read branching operations, a copy of the data being transferred from DASD 20 to buffer 13 is also stored in cache 16 via bus 23. In a similar arrangement, data records transferred to or from host processor 10 via attachment circuits 11 travel over bus 24 to and from rate-changing buffer 13. For branching operations, the data records supplied by host processor 10 for storage in DASD 20 are also transferred from rate-changing buffer 13 over bus 23 to cache 16 for storing a copy therein. Previously stored copies of such data in cache 16 change the operation of the peripheral subsystem for accommodating such previously stored records. A directory (not shown) for relating tracks on DASD 20 and copies of such data from such DASD tracks in cache 16 is provided, as is known. TIB 17 provides an additional directory function for the location of the records within each track image stored in cache 16.
Microprocessor 14 manages the entire peripheral subsystem 19 through a set of control lines represented by line 27 which extends between a control and microprocessor 14, attachment circuits 11, rate-changing buffer 13, cache 16 and data transfer circuits 18. Data transfer circuits 18 also supply microprocessor 14 generated commands to and status signals from the DASD 20, 21. The later illustrated machine operations are effected through executing microcode in microprocessor 14 in a usual manner.
Rate changing buffer 13 not only includes a buffer portion, but also control areas portions necessary for operating in the illustrated peripheral subsystem 19. Write area 31 stores control data structures when writing data to DASD 20 received from host processor 10. In a similar manner, read portion 32 stores control data structures when a read operation is occurring, i.e., data records are being transferred from DASD 20 to host processor 10 and a copy being branched to cache 16. By providing separate control data structure areas 31 and 32, recovery from errors and changing situations within the subsystem 19 are facilitated. Part of the read portion 32 is an overlay inhibit portion OI 33 which is a control bit for inhibiting record overlaying in rate-changing buffer 13 during retry operations. The location of the first and last records in rate-changing buffer 13 are indicated in count fields DBUF 34 and CBUF 35. CBUF 35 indicates the start-up location of the lass record either received from host processor 10 or being sent to host processor 10. In a similar manner, DBUF 34 indicates the start up location of the last record being received from DASD 20 or being sent to DASD 20.
Control store 15 includes a plurality of rapid-access storage areas for storing data structures used in the practice of the present invention. RCF 36, record control flags, stores type information of a record and other status information as explained later with respect to FIG. 4. Cell portion 37 stores the rotational position of the beginning of the count field of a last record transferred. TRK TIB 38 is one copy of a track TIB used for updating TIB 17 during a data transfer involving one track. WK 39 is an area which is used as a work area for storing control data structures for updating TRK TIB 38 at the end of scanning a track.
FIG. 2 diagrammatically illustrates the format of one track of a DASD such as DASD 20. The count key data (CKD) format is shown in circular track 40 (shown as linear box). Track 40 begins and ends at index 41. The first record adjacent to index 41, i.e., the first record always scanned in the track is a so-called home address record (HA). A gap, not numbered, separates HA from the first record in track 40 called R0 which is record zero, a system or control record used in operating with CKD formatted disks. Following R0 are the user data records R1, R2, etc. through Rn 42, n is a positive integer. Each of the records R1 et seq, consist of at least two fields, the fields being separated by gaps mentioned above. A first field is a count field denominated as C1 in record R1 and a data field denominated as D1 in record R1. A key field K1 is optionally includable in each user record, such as R1. Record R2 is similarly constructed. Record Rn 42 is the last record stored on track 40, the remaining portion 43 of the track preferably being erased or storing data that is not valid for use in the data processing system. In one portion of the ensuing description, it is assumed that track 40 is completely filled with data. Record Rx 44 is the first record of a copy of which is stored in cache 16. That is, all the records from Rx to Rn (portion 43 is non-existent in a full track) the index 41 proceeding to the right as shown in FIG. 2 have a copy stored in cache 16. Storing a "partial track" in cache 16 means storing records Rx 44 through record Rn 42 in cache. In this instance, reading a "DASD" track 40 of data to host processor 10 uses the next-described procedures. When reading data from DASD 20 to host processor 10 the records R1 through Rx-1 45 are read from DASD 20 to host processor 10. At this time, the last record cell indication stored in cell 37 of control store 15 is used for orienting cache 16 to record Rx such that the records stored in cache 16 are then supplied to host processor 10. DASD 20 is then no longer involved in the record transfer for high speed data transfer to host processor 10 for enhancing utilization of channel 12.
Fixed block architecture (FBA) format is shown in track 45. It begins and ends at an index 46. The FBA track is divided into equally sized data-storing sectors or segments 48 each denominated and identified by control field or sector mark (SM) 47. The present invention can be used with the track 45 format; however, because of greater storage efficiencies CKD format of track 40 is preferred. U.S. Pat. No. 4,780,808, supra, shows emulating a CKD formatted data on an FBA formatted disk track. Of course other forms of emulation can be provided. The term sector as used in the FBA format track 45 means the spacing between two successive SM 47s, i.e., one of the data areas 48. There are no such sectors in a CKD formatted track. The term sector is often used in connection with the CKD format for indicating a predetermined number of small circumferential or rotational displacements of a disk which is all logical and not used on the disk, per se. Herein, such small displacements are termed a "cell".
A CKD formatted disk 50 is best seen in FIG. 3. The disk 50 rotates about its central axis 51. An embossed index mark 41 extends throughout a recording area 52 which contains a large multiplicity of CKD tracks 40. A minimal formatting on a CKD track is the recording of records HA and R0 immediately adjacent index 41 and erasing the rest of the track. Sometimes only record HA is recorded. Guard band 53 may be provided between the outer edge of the disk and the recording area 52. Not shown, but used in many DASDs is a servo disk for controlling the radial position of transducers (not shown) as it moves radially across data area 52 of a plurality of disks, respectively, 50. So-called cell boundary markers such markers also designate disk sectors on the servo disk are counted to indicate rotational position of each disk 50. The cell boundaries, and sectors do not precisely indicate the circumferential position of all the data. Such cell positions and sectors are useful for positioning transducers (not shown) over a track sufficiently early such that a record area such as record R2 of FIG. 2 will be scanned with a minimum latency delay of the rotation of the disk 50. Such cells had been used for years for identifying rotational positions on various DASDs. A predetermined number of such cell boundary markings of the servo disk are also termed a "sector". Such a sector is logical in nature and has nothing to do with the practice of the present invention.
FIG. 4 shows an electronic copy of a record 55 in buffer 13 having count field 60 and data field 61 along with a header 54 having control information. When the record 55 stored in buffer 13 is transferred either to data circuits 18 or to attachment circuits 11, the header portion is stripped from record 55. Header 54 includes a reverse pointer 56 (PREVPTR) which points to the previous record in the buffer. Ellipsis field 57 indicates control fields other than these shown which are used in the practical embodiment of practicing the present invention but are not necessary for an understanding of the present invention. RCF field 59 contains the record control flags later described. Count field 60 and RCF field 59 (hereafter RCF 59) are expanded for showing their respective controls.
RCF 59 includes RW field 63 which indicates whether the data record transfer is a read or a write operation. GEOT 64 indicates that any remaining records on this track are not required for a host processor 10 operation commanding the current data transfer. Peripheral subsystem 19 reorients to index 41 (go to end of track--GEOT) and begins reading a next track when this byte is set. CR 65 indicates that a channel related retry is being performed in the peripheral subsystem. Type field 66 indicates the type of record contained in the buffer 13. Four types of records are used in the FIG. 1 illustrated system. One record is a home address record (HA), the second record type is record R0, a third record type is a user record data such as R1, R2, etc. and the fourth is a so-called dummy record indicating that the immediately preceding record in the buffer 13 is the last record Rn 42 stored in the current track of DASD 20. This dummy record indicates the logical end of track enabling the peripheral subsystem 19 to look for the index mark 41 as a next operational step in scanning portion 43 current track 40. INV 67 indicates that a track being scanned on the DASD is invalid. DR 68 indicates a device retry, i.e., this record is the subject of a retry, either reading or writing, with respect to DASD 20.
Count field 60 is a copy of the count field stored on DASD 20. It includes a defect map 69 which shows the circumferential location of defects in the DASD track. The physical address is indicated in two areas indicated jointly by numeral 70. The cell number on the servo disk at which the count field begins is indicated. Additionally, PA indicates a physical address for addressing DASD 20. F field 71 contains flags not pertinent to practicing the present invention. Field ADDR 72 indicates the address of the record in DASD 20. For example, in CKD formatted disks, ADDR 72 contains C,H and R which respectively indicate the cylinder number C, the head number H on the cylinder (which really identifies the recording surface in the stack of disks on the DASD unit) and R the record number assigned by the host processor 10. Numeral 73 denotes the length indicators KL for the key length for key field (K1 of R1, for example) and DL for the record or data length of field 61.
FIG. 5 illustrates, in simplified form, operations of the peripheral subsystem 19 in practicing the present invention. The figure assumes that the subsystem 19 has been previously prepared for the data record transfer. The operation can be either a read or a write operation. At machine-step 75 a device related command, read or write is performed. This device command performance includes transferring records through rate-changing buffer 13 and branching a copy of same to cache 16. At the end of the device function with respect to DASD 20, at machine-step 76 the count field 60 is supplied to control store CS 15 for storage in work area WK 39. Such stored count field will be used later to update the TIB 17. At the channel side of the buffer 13, at machine-step 77 ending status is supplied to host processor 10 over serial channel 12. At this same time whenever all of the records in a transfer of a chain of such records have a retentive copy in DASD 20 the contents of RCF 59 and a copy of cell field 70 (including PA Field) are stored respectively in the RCF 36 and cell 37 portion of control store (CS) 15. During a read operation all the records are retentively stored on DASD 20. Accordingly, when ending status for each read command is supplied to host processor 10, the areas RCF 36 and cell 37 are updated in CS 15. On a write operation, however, RCF 36 and cell 37 are not updated until after the last record of a LOCATE RECORD host processor 10 defined write domain has been recorded on DASD 20 and ending status for the last write command in a chain of such write commands has been completed. An additional host processor 10 issued command is represented as being received at machine-step 78 whereupon another device command operation may be performed at machine-step 75. However, other commands may be performed such that the steps shown in FIG. 5 are not repeated. In addition to the above illustrated machine-operations, and synchronously with DASD 20 oriented operations, microprocessor 14 responds to DASD 20 indicating that index 41 has been scanned for the current track (such scanning is not a result of any unintended extra disk rotations), machine-step 79 uses the control data structures stored in WK 39 to update the TRK TIB 38 and stores same as a part of TIB 17 in cache 16. Accessing a TIB 17 copy in cache 16 is slower than accessing information stored in control store 15; therefore, it is important, in accordance with the invention, to store the cell number of a last record transferred in control store 15. Such separate storage enhances subsystem 19 operations and improves utilization of channel 12.
FIG. 6 illustrates a track entry of TIB 17, such as stored in TRK TIB 38 during a record transfer operation involving the track indicated the TRK TIB 38. There is one copy in TIB 17 of the FIG. 6 illustrated control data structure for each track stored in cache 16. Each such unit constitutes a directory and other control information associated with the cache 16 copy of DASD track data. Each TIB entry includes a header 80. Within header 80 is a field 81 which stores the first TIB record cell. That is, the cell number of the first record of all records stored in cache 16 from the identified DASD track. It should be noted that all records are serially numbered in sequence from index 41 toward the end of the track. Such sequence is fixed. Field 83 contains so-called home address record HA flags which indicate either a copy of the HA is not stored in cache 16 or the cache segment (FIG. 13) assigned to the identified track in which HA is stored. Field 84 stores the so-called break point flags which are used in connection with the roll mode and when a "partial track" is stored in cache 16 of the DASD track 40 represented by the TIB entry. Such flags indicate the cache segment assigned to the identified track in which the first record Rx 44 after the break point actually resides. The record Rx also indicates the first record read from the identified track when using the roll mode. Field 85 indicates the number of records currently stored in cache 16 from the identified track, including HA and R0 records. Numeral 86 indicates that header 80 may contain other fields not pertinent to an understanding of the present invention.
The remainder of the TIB shown in FIG. 6 are sets of record entries, one record entry for each record stored in cache 16 from the identified DASD track. There is one such entry for HA, record zero (R0), record one (R1) through record n (Rn) and the index record, i.e., the dummy record indicating no more records are on the identified track. Such index record is indicated by the type field as being an index record and contains no data. Each of the record entries 90 includes field 91 which contains flags for indicating which portions of the record were updated in cache, i.e., a written to flag. These flags include whether or not the count field 60 was modified, whether a key field (if any) was modified, or the data field 61 was modified. Field 92 indicates the type of record. Field 93 indicates the cache offset or cache address of the record, i.e., the beginning of the record. Field 94 stores the cell number from the count field 60 (FIG. 4). Accessing field 94 for a given record stored in cache 16 requires accessing TIB 17 and scanning the accessed TIB for the field 94 of a desired record. According to the invention, subsystem 19 operation is enhanced by separately storing the cell number of the current central record, i.e. the last record process as described herein.
FIG. 7 indicates the machine-operations on how the peripheral subsystem responds to a READ SECTOR command 100 received from host processor 10. Read sector command refers to the last record processed by the peripheral subsystem 19, i.e., that record whose rotational position is indicated by the contents of cell 37 and the type of such record as indicated in the portion of control store 15 in RCF 36. At machine-step 101, microprocessor 14 determines whether or not the last record was HA or R0, i.e., was the last record next to index 41? If yes, then at machine-step 102 peripheral subsystem 19 under control of microprocessor 14 supplies information to the host processor 10 at step 104 that the sector value is zero, i.e., index 41. If the last record transferred to the buffer 13 is not HA or R0, then at machine-step 103 the peripheral subsystem supplies the number of a logical sector derived from the cell portion 37 of control store 15 to host processor 10. Usually such logical sector is a number which is a submultiple of the cell number, i.e., dividing the number in cell portion 37 by 7 or 8, for example, produces a logical sector number. The sector number is sent to host processor 10 at machine step 104. Since cell portion 37 is rapidly available for sending its controls to host processor 10, response time of the peripheral subsystem to the READ SECTOR command is minimal, thereby enhancing channel utilization. If the last record transferred had to be examined through the control structures of rate-changing buffer 13 or through TIB 17, then additional time delays would be incurred which is not desired.
FIG. 8 illustrates a set of machine operations in which the contents of cell portion 37 of CS 15, which identifies the last record transferred to rate-changing buffer 13 as above described, is used for emulating CKD commands received from host processor 10 to internally generated ECKD type commands, such commands are best used in the non-synchronous mode. This operation enhances channel 12 utilization. At machine-step 105 a write command is received. If that write command is in a write domain established by a proceeding LOCATE RECORD command in a current chain of commands, then such write command is part of an ECKD set of host processor 10 peripheral commands. In this situation no special handling as will later be described is required and the operation of the peripheral subsystem proceeds over path 107 for recording data on DASD 20 and in cache 16 using a non-synchronous mode of operation. If the write command is not a part of a write domain, then this write command is the type of command used in synchronous DASD operations. Executing this synchronous write command as in a synchronous subsystem results in a single write command requiring two rotations of the disk 50 while host processor 10 remains connected to subsystem 19 over serial channel 12. This extended connection means that the channel utilization of the serial channel 12 is reduced. It is desired to release serial channel 12 for other usage when such a synchronous write command is received. This enhancing begins along path 108 which is the "No exit" from machine-step 106. At machine-step 109 the just received synchronous write command is made subject to a channel command retry (CCR) which is a signal supplied from peripheral subsystem 19 to the host processor 10 indicating that peripheral subsystem 19 has operations to perform before the just-received command can be successfully executed. As a result, peripheral subsystem 19 disconnects from the host processor 10 for freeing the channel 12 for other usage. While disconnected from the host processor 10, at machine-step 112, the cell number stored in cell portion 37 is fetched from CS 15 which relates to the last FORMAT WRITE. Such fetching requires substantially less time than fetching a cell number from TIB of FIG. 6 which is stored in cache 16. At machine-step 113 the peripheral subsystem 19 emulates the synchronous command to a non-synchronous write command in the non-synchronous mode. This emulation action requires the peripheral subsystem 19 to internally set up a write domain. By way of explanation host processor 10 establishes a write domain for writing in the non-synchronous mode in a first chain of commands which is followed by a second chain of commands for effecting the writing or recording of such data records within the identified write domain. Host processor 10 in the non-synchronous mode uses peripheral commands DEFINE EXTENT and LOCATE RECORD. The DEFINE EXTENT command indicates the address space on DASD 20 in which subsequent operations are to be performed, for example, a set of contiguous DASD tracks. For the internal write domain set up, the DEFINE EXTENT portion is dispensed with. In channel commanded operations, the DEFINE EXTENT command is followed by a LOCATE RECORD command which indicates the number of records and other information to be written to DASD 20. Such number of records and their location within the defined extent constitute a write domain. In effect, the LOCATE RECORD command specifies the type and scope of the record transfer operation to ensue. Such command has control parameters which include the number of records to be written, the track, sector and record ID to which direct device must be first oriented prior to initiating the record transfer. The address of the record to be written to or updated on DASD 20 was contained in the received synchronous write (CKD) command; the peripheral subsystem 19 uses this received information for establishing a write domain in machine-step 113. The peripheral subsystem 19 knows (as by measuring) the electronic delays of cable 12 and the time for orienting to the DASD. The previous record written will have its cell stored in portion cell 37 such that at machine-step 114 cache 16 operations are oriented to this cell. At machine-step 115 a DEVICE END (DE) is supplied to the host processor 10 to indicate that peripheral subsystem 19 is prepared to proceed with the previously received and "CCR'd" synchronous write command. Host processor 10 resends the synchronous write command to peripheral subsystem 19. The DASD 20 is then oriented to the cell and the writing actually occurs following the control path 116 to the FIG. 5 illustrated operations.
FIG. 9 illustrates machine-operations using the separately-stored cell indication 37 of the last record transferred for switching to cache-only operations when reading the track of data to host 10 from DASD 20 whenever a predetermined portion of the track is already stored in cache 16. The FIG. 5 illustrated operations occur at machine-step 120. At each iteration of reading a record from DASD to host processor 10, at machine step 121, it is determined whether or not to switch using cache 16 for the rest of the read operation of the current track. That is, referring back to FIG. 2 the records of the CKD formatted track 40 beginning at Rx 44 to the last record Rn 42 are imaged in cache 16, at this time the read operation switches from DASD 20 as indicated by numeral 122 until the record Rx-1 45 is reached. Then records Rx 44 through Rn 42 are read only from cache 16. At machine-step 123 the contents of cell portion 37 are read by the microprocessor 14 and given to the microcode to be executed for orienting the operation of cache 16 to the record located on DASD 20 indicated by the contents of cell portion 37. Once the cache 16 is oriented and record Rx- 1 45 has been transferred to rate-changing buffer 13 and to host processor 10, then at machine-operation step 124 beginning with record Rx 44, the read operation proceeds to read only the cache image of the track over bus 25 at electronic speeds to host processor 10. Upon completing the read of the track, either the next track to be read, if any, is read directly from DASD 20 as above described or may continue from cache 16 if the image of that second track also resides in cache 16. All of the above latter described operations are indicated by numeral 125 extending from machine-step 124. FIG.'s 10 and 11 show operations using the contents of cell portion 37 in channel initiated retries for a single record read transfer and for a multiple record read transfer respectively. The FIG.'s 10 and 11 illustrated operations are usable for error recoveries, such as recovery from uncorrected but detected data errors, and the like. In machine-step 130, it is assumed that a chain of commands for reading the data had been entered and is currently being executed. One record is transferred from rate-changing buffer 13 to host processor 10. The usual ending status is sent to the host simultaneously therewith RCF 59 and cell 70 for the just transmitted record are supplied to control store 15 in RCF portion 36 and cell portion 37, respectively. Then at machine-step 131, the peripheral storage system waits for the host processor 10's response to the just supplied ending status. Numeral 132 indicates the wait loop for such host response. Host processor 10 can provide one of two responses, one that the data is valid 9 whereat machine-operations proceed via exit "DATA OK" of step 131 to machine-step 134 for receiving the next channel command. Further machine-operations occur as indicated by numeral 135. On the other hand, if a channel initiated retry is to be performed, then at machine step 140 a channel command retry (CCR) is supplied to host processor 10. At this point in time, the peripheral subsystem 19 disconnects from the channel 12 for increasing channel utilization while it reorients the subsystem 19 operations to the last record at the DASD track or cache 16 location of which is indicated by the contents of cell portion 37 in control store 15. At machine-step 141, cache operations are reoriented to the contents of cell 37 and the record indicated in the RCF portion 36. Then machine-operations follow logic path 142 for receiving the retransmittal of the read command for reading one record whereat the operation is of machine-steps 130 and 131 are repeated.
Referring next to FIG. 11 a similar set of operations is performed for a multiple record read transfer. That is, several records are sent in sequence to host processor 10 using one or more commands. Because of the plurality of records read, it is not known whether or not the contents of rate-changing buffer 13 have been altered such that the contents thereof do not reflect the records actually previously sent to host processor 10. During normal operations, when reading data from device 20 to host processor 10 at machine-step 145, the operation of rate-changing buffer 13 allows overlaying copies of records exchanged with the host processor 10. The term overlaying means that the data buffer space occupied by a record that was sent to host processor 10 and which was acknowledged by host processor 10 can be used for storing another record even though the chain of record transfers is not yet complete. In this regard, it is parenthetically noted that the preferred data storage capacity of rate-changing buffer 13 is that of storage capacity of one track of data on DASD 20. Therefore, the overlaying principle allows data records from more than one track to be simultaneously stored in rate changing buffer 13. However, in a retry, overlaying is not permitted for one track. Then the contents of that track will be in data buffer 13 whereas with overlaying, only those records not sent to host processor 10 from that current track are generated to be in rate-changing buffer 13.
At machine-step 146, the peripheral subsystem 19 waits for the host return status for ending status which was sent to the host processor at the end of transmitting one of the records. Numeral 147 indicates the idle loop waiting for such host response. Normally, the data "OK" path 148 is followed from machine-step 146. On the other hand, if a channel initiated retry signal is received from the host processor 10 in response to the ending status which was sent to host processor 10 during step 145 (see step 130 of FIG. 10), then a CCR is sent to host processor 10 at machine step 150. At machine-step 151 control 14 sets OI bit 33 of the read control portion 32 in rate-changing buffer 13 to the active condition for inhibiting overlaying copies of records exchanged with the host processor 10, i.e., requires that the contents of the current track that had been read for transferring to host processor 10 must all reside within rate-changing buffer 13. This action requires that the storage capacity of rate-changing buffer 13 be sufficient for storing one full track of data or whatever DASD capacity is required, i.e., one-half track, mini-disk (several heads) and the like.
At machine-step 152, the cell number 37 and TRK TIB 38 or in work area 39 are fetched such that the cache 16 and DASD 20 can be oriented to that cell number, i.e., the first record of the multi-record transfer. At machine-step 153 a DEVICE END (DE) is sent to host processor 10 indicating that the retry initiated by the channel can now be performed. Then data is read from the DASD 16 with a branching to cache 20 for the entire operation. At machine-step 154 it is determined whether or not the retry has been successfully completed. If not, machine-operations proceed to other error recovery procedures beyond the scope of the present description, all as indicated by numeral 155. If the retry was successfully completed, then from machine step 154 machine-operations proceed over path 156 to machine-step 157. Machine-step 157 primes microprocessor 14 for erasing the overlay inhibit byte OI 33 (FIG. 1). When the next command is received, at machine-step 158, from host processor 10, OI byte 33 is erased and the machine-operations proceed along path 159 in accordance with the commands received from host processor 10.
FIG. 12 shows a channel initiated command retry for a write command. A write command is received at machine-step 170. The data record is written to DASD and cache at machine-step 171. At machine-step 172, the peripheral subsystem 19 waits for a response from host processor 10 based upon ending status supplied to host processor 10 at machine-step 171. Numeral 173 indicates the wait loop to wait for such signals. If the data sent to host processor 10 is valid, then microprocessor 14 exits machine-step 172 over path 174 to receive another command at machine-step 175, whereupon the next record is written to DASD 20 and cache 16 at repeatable machine-step 171. Of course, other commands may be received from host processor 10 which may abort the write operation, such an operation is beyond the scope of the present description. On the other hand, at machine-step 172 if a channel initiated command retry is indicated in response to the ending status, the peripheral subsystem 19 then proceeds over path 180 to machine-step 181 which sends a CCR to host processor 10. In machine-step 182, the peripheral subsystem 19 determines whether or not data from DASD 20 is being read into cache 16 for completing an image copy of the DASD track; i.e. cache 16 may be storing a partial track image of the current track and the records HA to Rx-1 are being staged from DASD 20 to cache 16. For example, the channel initiated retry may be for writing record R1 42 in field 40. partial track read of records Rx through Rx. Subsystem 19 after such a write command could stage records HA through Rx-1 45 to cache 16. If such data records are being currently read from DASD to cache, i.e., staging the data from the DASD to create an image of such data in cache 16, then a machine-step 183 such staging operations are aborted. If there is no read operation in effect between DASD 20 and cache 16 or from step 183, at machine-step 184 an intent count is set up in rate-changing buffer 13. Such intent count indicates the number of data records to be written within a defined write domain. At machine-step 185 buffer 13 is initialized to begin recording records, i.e., CBUF and DBUF are reset to a reference value, etc. At machine-step 186 the contents of cell 37 are obtained and the subsystem 19 reorients to that cell. It should be noted that in machine-step 184 the intent count is incremented by 1. If the intent count is unity after the increment, indicating that is was zero before the increment, then the entire write domain probably was terminated and must be established again. Such setting up the write domain was previously described and not repeated here. When all of the above operations following machine-steps 182, 183 are performed in any sequence, at machine-step 187 a device end (DE) is sent to host processor 10 indicating resumption of the operation. In machine-step 186 reorientation includes reorientation of cache 16 as well as reorienting to DASD 20. At machine-step 188 the command in the retry is received and machine-steps 171, et seq are repeated.
FIG. 13 shows a maximal number of cache segments used to store a full track. In the illustration, the cache segments shown in FIG. 13 collectively denominated by numeral 200 are shown as being contiguous, no such limitation is intended for an actual implementation of such within cache 16. The first segment 201 can store the contents of a track which is incomplete. That is, if the number of data bytes in the records stored into cache 16 from the DASD 20 does not fill a complete cache segment, then only one cache segment remains allocated for storing that track image in cache 16. TIB 17 portion for the current track is then stored in that one of the segments 200. If the data stored in segment 201 fills the segment sufficiently such that the maximum size of the TIB 17 cannot be stored in that one segment, then a second segment 202 is allocated to the track for storing the TIB indicated by numeral 206 in the denominated shaded area. Therefore, two segments 201 and 202 are allocated in cache 16 for storing a copy of data stored in a given track of DASD 20. If additional data records are then transferred to cache 16 for one reason or another, then the segments 201 and 202 not used by TIB 206 are used to store data. Such other data then is stored in the third allocated segment 203 or 204 and 205. Accordingly, the first data record transfer from DASD 20 to cache 16 however started can result in area 206 being in any one of the five segments which are required for storing the full track of data within cache 16. Microprocessor 14 stores TIB in any cache segment having room for storing the TIB.
FIG. 14 is a simplified machine-operations chart showing an overall view of chaining operations in which the above described machine-operations may occur. The chain of channel commands follows the usual data chaining operations used by International Business Machines Corporation in their computers. Such chaining is well known and is not further described for that reason. At machine-step 211 the track TIB is copied from cache 16 into control store 15 for storage in TRK TIB 38. This action enables rapid updating of the contents by avoiding accessing cache 16. In machine-step 213, as records are transferred, the count fields are transferred to WK 39 portion of control store 15. At machine-step 214 it is determined whether or not the end of the current track is reached or there is an end of chain (EOC). If not, the record transfer within the chain continues. If it is either the end of track EOT or end of chain EOC, then at machine-step 215 the TRK TIB 38 is updated based upon the information stored in the work area WK 39 and a copy of TRK TIB 39 is stored in cache portion TIB 17. At an EOC, subsystem 19 may continue staging data from the current DASD track to cache 16 for having a complete copy of the current DASD track in cache 16. At this point in the machine-operations there may be a track switch occurring which requires another TIB for the next track to be stored in portion 38. From machine-step 215, the peripheral subsystem 19 at machine-step 216 determines whether or not more data records are to be transferred within the chain. If not, machine-operations exited as indicated by numeral 217 to perform other functions. Otherwise, machine-operations repeat are repeated by returning to steps 211 and 213.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention:
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|Track and record mode caching scheme for a storage system employing a scatter index table with pointer and a track directory
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|Aug 6, 1996
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|Data storage system controlled remote data mirroring with respectively maintained data indices
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|System for managing log structured array (LSA) of DASDS by managing segment space availability and reclaiming regions of segments using garbage collection procedure
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 31, 1990
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, A COR
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:AYRES, KATHRYN J.;BEARDSLEY, BRENT C.;BELLO, KEITH A.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:005433/0518
Effective date: 19900817
|Apr 19, 1994
|Certificate of correction
|Sep 25, 1996
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 6, 2001
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Aug 12, 2001
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Oct 16, 2001
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20010810


text:
It is to be hoped this new word may be admitted, as the laying of eggs cannot otherwise be expressed without a periphrasis.
The periphrasis is a metaphor, and thus has the same life-span as a metaphor.
Be it remarked that this periphrasis indicated his mother; and that the bread he alluded to is made with a species of leaven.
As a periphrasis the combination in other words is subdisjunctive.
Periphras′tic, -al, containing or expressed by periphrasis or circumlocution.
"Prop of sea-waves' fire," a periphrasis for a woman that bears gold on her arm.
As a periphrasis, the combination in other words is subdisjunctive.
He used antithesis, periphrasis, and climax with great skill.
By this periphrasis Waverley readily apprehended his portmanteau was intended.
If the sense demanded the use of such a word, a periphrasis of 'noble' words must be employed instead.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Care for cats, dogs & other domestic/companion animals
Care for horses & livestock/farm animals
Veterinarians' roles in protecting those dogs who protect and help humans.
A hallmark of Penn Vet, collaboration is a daily exercise for researchers, students, clinicians and colleagues.
Advocating for human and animal health.
Summer as a Penn Vet student does not mean long, lazy days sitting poolside or vacationing with families. Instead, several students take these nearly three months to continue their classroom and clinical education with real-life experiences in the field. Here we highlight a few students' summer stories spent traveling the world and nation …
Making history – the campaign for Penn.
A rabbit's persistent dental disease brings owner to Ryan Hospital's Exotic Companion Animal Medicine and Surgery Service for answers.
New leadership in the renamed section makes big plans to better serve patients and students.
Drug Shrinks Dog Tumors, Could Benefit Humans.
Ashley Berke
Director of Communications
John Donges
Communications Coordinator
Hannah Kleckner
Communications Specialist, New Bolton Center


text:
How To Pack An Entire Rainbow Of Hues Into Less Than 1,000 Square Feet
Amanda Nisbet designed a trundle bed for a boy's room to maximize space in a New York City apartment. One wall was turned into a display area with Claridge Bulletin Board Cork. Shades in Ralph Lauren Home Lighthouse Stripe.
In their Oslo, Norway, house, designer Nicolette Horn's daughter Karina chose purple for her bedroom, with China Seas Tableau wallpaper and China Seas Aga fabric for the headboard and dust skirt, all from Quadrille. The custom-made carpet and side tables are by Horn's Hong Kong–based partner, Leigh Chiu. The owl pillow is by John Robshaw.
Your Favorite Rooms of the Week


text:
JPMorgan has appointed Karen Linney to the newly created role of general counsel for Europe, the Middle East and Africa (Emea).
The promotion comes as the investment bank ramps up its senior legal capability outside the US following a record year in 2007.
Linney has worked for the bank since 1993, when she joined what was then Chase Manhattan from Clifford Chance. She will co-head the legal and compliance department in Emea alongside compliance chief Jim Brown.
Staff were informed last week that she would oversee the legal team in the bank's advisory, capital-raising and risk management arms, reporting to New York co-general counsels Diane Genova and Travis Epes, as well as Emea chief operating officer Jakob Stott.
JPMorgan confirmed the appointment but declined to comment.


text:
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Registering is free and easy! Hope to see you on the forums soon.
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Wow, Free Phone! Quick!
Discussion in 'The Lounge' started by thfonz98, Sep 8, 2006.


text:
Don't Stress About Date Night
You know that you need to make time for your spouse. (Focusing on the kids instead of each other is a major reason that many couples grow apart.) But babysitters cost money, and who can stay awake after 10 P.M.? Here's some good news: Sitting on the couch together is probably more important. You need ways to connect with each other that don't take a lot of effort or time; try sending a loving text (not "Bring home milk") or talking at the dinner table for 10 minutes after the kids have finished. "A grand gesture, date night included, isn't going to work very well if you don't have these smaller moments throughout the week," says Vagdevi Meunier, Psy.D., a clinical psychologist and an associate professor of counseling at St. Edward's University, in Austin, Texas. And you don't even have to talk. "There is value in just being in the presence of another person," says Paul Hokemeyer, Ph.D., a marriage and family therapist in New York City. "Don't make time together contrived or you'll resent it. There's something healing in reading a book or surfing the Internet in the same room."


text:
Wale Doesn't Mind If You Call Him Bipolar?
The greatest shock from the whole explosion between Wale and Meek Mill is that he'd rather be called "bipolar" before being called "a hater."
I get that he's sending Meek a clear message that he's not a hater, but it's a really bold statement to make.
Get a handle on the entire drama if you missed it!
Photo Credit: Getty Images
Written by @IamVanessaDenis


text:
Navy Picnic Campshirt by Velvet and Tweed
Great shirt for a little guy. I love the yellow buttons and two front pockets. Very cool.
Cute shorts to keep your little guy cool in warmer months. I like the tab detail.
This is one of my favorite watches. The dial looks like a speedometer adn the band has a tire track design. Oh, and it lights up when you press the face. I love it.Added 5 Years Ago from Popgiftboutique
Reveal Watch in Blue. Shows current time by fading in and fading out. Very cool.


text:
Home Security Concord CA
Home Security Concord CA – Home Alarm Systems Concord
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Customer Monitoring Centers are operated with trained security experts who monitor your home or business 24 hours every day. Enjoy increased peace of mind knowing your ADT Security System is installed in your home. Home Security Concord CA – ADT Monitored Alarm Systems protect your valuables. Your property is protected with a high decibel alarm siren and movement sensors so ADT can inform authorities. The ADT dispatcher will be able to hear activity in your home, even if you're up to 75 feet away from the control panel. After 36 months, the security equipment is yours. ADT may save up to 20% on your homeowners insurance. ADT Helps Over Seven Million Americans Stay Safe in Their Homes
Home Security Systems in Concord, CA – Home Alarms Concord California
Call right now and learn more about what ADT can do for you. Affordable 24/7 around-the-clock alarm system monitoring from burglary and intruder. Ensure their protection by setting up an ADT Monitored System in your household today. Once you sign up for an ADT Monitored Security System, you can choose from various invoicing plans. Outdoor yard signs and window decals warn intruders that the home has professional burglar alarm. Home burglar alarms and yard signs save you money and give you a higher peace of mind. Compare the services of ADT and you'll see why it's the best system for your home or business. An ADT home security system is helpful for you and your home or business.
Call ADT today to buy an ADT Monitored Home Security System and get security 24 hours a day. Dont' take chances when it comes to your loved ones and valuable property. ADT monitoring professionals constantly keep an eye on your property regardless of the time or day. This system and service simply cannot be compared to a cheap DIY system. With an ADT monitored system you can have the peace of mind that comes from always on security. Find great deals on equipment when you call today and receive a free risk assessment of your building or home. If you are looking for the best deals on home security monitoring, as well as great equipment, read on. ADT has professionally trained and licensed dispatchers staffing their six interconnected monitoring centers. For only a few dollars more ADT's most popular monitoring package featuring two-way voice take a look at our services. When the technicians professionally install the system in your home, they will answer any questions you may have. With the two-way voice system, you get hands-free control.
The police, ambulance, and necessary authorities will be at your home in a heartbeat. ADT allows you to keep your house protected without constantly being concerned about setting the alarm off. ADT serves customers across the United States with multiple levels of protection keeping your home safe. ADT was named Best Buy by Consumer Digest. Home Security Systems Concord CA – With a Theft Protection Guarantee, ADT gives your household risk-free home alarm service. ADT has fast alarm response compared to all of the competing alarm providers in the country. We listen to your needs and match you with a package that best fits your lifestyle. Contact us today to take the first step in ordering an ADT alarm system.


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Latino museum recommended for Mall (The Examiner, 5/5/2011)
By: Liz Farmer 05/05/11 8:05 PM
A federal commission is asking Congress to establish a new museum next to the Capitol dedicated to Latino American history and culture.
The report, released Thursday and endorsed by Interior Secretary Ken Salazar, calls for Congress to create a museum that would commemorate the fastest-growing population in the country and serve as "a gateway to the National Mall." It calls for a 50-50 split between private fundraising and federal dollars to raise $600 million over 10 years to plan and build the museum. It also stipulates that no federal funding would be needed for the first six years.
"The commission … recognizes that it must balance two vital priorities: not contributing to any new federal expenditure in the short term, while clearly moving forward with a national museum that integrates the Latino experience into the American narrative," the report said.
The report was issued by the National Museum of the American Latino Commission, which was established in 2008 by Congress and has 23 members, including actress Eva Longoria.
But getting a new Smithsonian Institution museum is no easy task, and it will likely be more than a decade before ground breaks on a Latino heritage museum. The National Museum of the American Indian was created in 1989 and opened in 2004; the National Museum of African American History and Culture was founded in 2003 and is expected to open in 2015, according to Linda St. Thomas, a Smithsonian spokeswoman.
First, Congress passes legislation founding the museum, then it passes a separate appropriations bill to fund it.
That process "can take years," and "with the budget situation now, I don't think one should assume you get all money you ask for each year," St. Thomas said.
And even though the Latino Museum proposes self-funding for its first six years, the economic climate for nonprofits remains uncertain. The privately funded National Women's History Museum has been entrenched in its own effort to build a museum on the National Mall since 1996.
The women's history group is now pushing legislation through Congress that was tabled last session to buy land on the Mall near 12th Street and Independence Avenue.
"One of the reasons we looked at going private was because we thought we could make it happen quicker," said Joan Wages, the museum president. "It's a long road either way."


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Richard Bach continues to recover and improve after "four months in a Seattle hospital with massive brain, chest and spine injuries"--and is well enough that he has finished a fourth part of Jonathan Livingston Seagull which he recently sent to his publisher, the AP reports. "In the new section, the flock struggles to find meaning. They first worship Jonathan, then write him off as a myth as years pass before his return."
Novelist Elif Shafak, called the most widely read woman writer in Turkey, was named as the London Book Fair's Market Focus Author of the Day. The program "showcases one author across each of the three days of the Fair" and includes seminars, discussions, and book signings. Turkey is the international guest of honor at this April's LBF.
Abrams editorial director, adult trade Jennifer Levesque has left the company, Publishing Trends reports.
Penguin UK has hired Susan Bolsover for the new position of head of licensing and consumer products, focusing on their children's brands. She has worked previously at Copyright Promotions Licensing Group, De Agostini UK and BBC Worldwide.
At the beginning of the year, Christian Price joined Yudu Media as commercial director. A magazine veteran, most recently he was commercial director for aMUSE, where he helped startup a free glossy women's monthly.
The Boston sales event run by the Great American Bargain Book Show has been sold a group led by Advisor Communications in Framingham, MA. Advisor's managing partner Bill Sell will lead the new ownership team "and help drive this event in to new product lines and services." It has been renamed the Boston Remainder & Overstock Show.


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Subject: Re: [htdig] htdig and Polish characters
From: Geoff Hutchison (email@example.com)
Date: Tue Jan 04 2000 - 14:43:07 PST
At 3:03 PM +0100 12/29/99, =?iso-8859-2?Q?Maciej_Pa=B3ys?= wrote:
>Does anyone have experience with making htdig accept keywords, containing
>Polish characters (or non-ASCII characters), received from a webpage form ?
Polish, no. Other ISO Latin-1 languages? Yes.
The most critical thing, as mentioned in the FAQ, is to make sure the
locale attribute is set correctly. This usually takes care of most
-Geoff Hutchison
Williams Students Online
To unsubscribe from the htdig mailing list, send a message to
You will receive a message to confirm this.
This archive was generated by hypermail 2b28 : Tue Jan 04 2000 - 15:17:46 PST


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I am using the traffic shaping function in M0n0wall as an WAN emulator to test applications with
different delay and bandwidth constraints (Similar to Shunra's products). I am now setting it up to
emulate different upsteam
and downstream bandwidth constraints (i.e. DSL or Satellite emulation). Has anone done this and have
any hints on best way to do this? I am thinking I set up two traffic shaper rules - one for each
Thanks in advance
David S


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One of the key tenets of the '12 Most Important Steps to Understand the Stock Market' is that investors should strive to calculate the intrinsic value of a company based on its future free cash flow stream. In this light, let's dig into what we estimate Becton, Dickinson (NYSE:BDX) is worth.
Our Report on Becton, Dickinson
Investment Considerations
Investment Highlights
• Becton, Dickinson earns a ValueCreation™ rating of EXCELLENT, the highest possible mark on our scale. The firm has been generating economic value for shareholders for the past few years, a track record we view very positively. Return on invested capital (excluding goodwill) has averaged 23.4% during the past three years.
• Becton, Dickinson is a medical technology company that sells medical devices, instrument systems and reagents. New product revenue will continue to be a key driver for the company and is expected to be as much as 18% of sales by fiscal year 2014 (almost double fiscal 2011 levels).
• Becton, Dickinson has a good combination of strong free cash flow generation and manageable financial leverage. We expect the firm's free cash flow margin to average about 15% in coming years. Total debt-to- EBITDA was 2 last year, while debt-to-book capitalization stood at 50.2%.
• Although we think there may be a better time to dabble in the firm's shares based on our DCF process, the firm's stock has outperformed the market benchmark during the past quarter, indicating increased investor interest in the company.
• The firm sports a very nice dividend yield of 2.3%. We expect the firm to pay out about 35% of next year's earnings to shareholders as dividends.
Business Quality
Economic Profit Analysis
The best measure of a firm's ability to create value for shareholders is expressed by comparing its return on invested capital (ROIC) with its weighted average cost of capital (WACC). The gap or difference between ROIC and WACC is called the firm's economic profit spread. Becton, Dickinson's 3-year historical return on invested capital (without goodwill) is 23.4%, which is above the estimate of its cost of capital of 9.7%. As such, we assign the firm a ValueCreation™ rating of EXCELLENT. In the chart below, we show the probable path of ROIC in the years ahead based on the estimated volatility of key drivers behind the measure. The solid grey line reflects the most likely outcome, in our opinion, and represents the scenario that results in our fair value estimate.
Cash Flow Analysis
Firms that generate a free cash flow margin (free cash flow divided by total revenue) above 5% are usually considered cash cows. Becton, Dickinson's free cash flow margin has averaged about 14% during the past 3 years. As such, we think the firm's cash flow generation is relatively STRONG. The free cash flow measure shown above is derived by taking cash flow from operations less capital expenditures and differs from enterprise free cash flow (FCFF), which we use in deriving our fair value estimate for the company. At Becton, Dickinson, cash flow from operations increased about 6% from levels registered two years ago, while capital expenditures fell about 12% over the same time period.
Valuation Analysis
Our discounted cash flow model indicates that Becton, Dickinson's shares are worth between $65-$108 each. In other words, we think Becton, Dickinson is fairly valued. The margin of safety around our fair value estimate is driven by the firm's MEDIUM ValueRisk™ rating, which is derived from the historical volatility of key valuation drivers. The estimated fair value of $86 per share represents a price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio of about 16.2 times last year's earnings and an implied EV/EBITDA multiple of about 9.7 times last year's EBITDA. Our model reflects a compound annual revenue growth rate of 4.6% during the next five years, a pace that is higher than the firm's 3-year historical compound annual growth rate of 2.5%. Our model reflects a 5-year projected average operating margin of 21.9%, which is above Becton, Dickinson's trailing 3-year average. Beyond year 5, we assume free cash flow will grow at an annual rate of 2.3% for the next 15 years and 3% in perpetuity. For Becton, Dickinson, we use a 9.7% weighted average cost of capital to discount future free cash flows.
Margin of Safety Analysis
Our discounted cash flow process values each firm on the basis of the present value of all future free cash flows. Although we estimate the firm's fair value at about $86 per share, every company has a range of probable fair values that's created by the uncertainty of key valuation drivers (like future revenue or earnings, for example). After all, if the future was known with certainty, we wouldn't see much volatility in the markets as stocks would trade precisely at their known fair values. Our ValueRisk™ rating sets the margin of safety or the fair value range we assign to each stock. In the graph below, we show this probable range of fair values for Becton, Dickinson. We think the firm is attractive below $65 per share (the green line), but quite expensive above $108 per share (the red line). The prices that fall along the yellow line, which includes our fair value estimate, represent a reasonable valuation for the firm, in our opinion.
Future Path of Fair Value
We estimate Becton, Dickinson's fair value at this point in time to be about $86 per share. As time passes, however, companies generate cash flow and pay out cash to shareholders in the form of dividends. The chart below compares the firm's current share price with the path of Becton, Dickinson's expected equity value per share over the next three years, assuming our long-term projections prove accurate. The range between the resulting downside fair value and upside fair value in Year 3 represents our best estimate of the value of the firm's shares three years hence. This range of potential outcomes is also subject to change over time, should our views on the firm's future cash flow potential change. The expected fair value of $110 per share in Year 3 represents our existing fair value per share of $86 increased at an annual rate of the firm's cost of equity less its dividend yield. The upside and downside ranges are derived in the same way, but from the upper and lower bounds of our fair value estimate range.
Pro Forma Financial Statements
Disclosure: I have no positions in any stocks mentioned, and no plans to initiate any positions within the next 72 hours. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.


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As a fact, anthropophagy is certainly a decadent thing, not a primitive one.
These ideas, therefore, also probably represent the origin of anthropophagy.
anthropophagy is much less general than is usually believed.
On the other hand, Central Africa appears to be the chief seat of anthropophagy.
(b.) Does its internal construction render it capable of anthropophagy?
It is suspected that several were accounted for by anthropophagy.
anthropophagy is not at all a prevalent custom among primitive tribes, as is generally believed.
It is difficult to determine what religious ideas were connected with the almost universal practice of anthropophagy.
He has had encounters with the fierce Figian; the savage New Caledonian; both addicted to the horrid habit of anthropophagy.
To eat a creature which had become the peer of man in blood-guiltiness and in judicial punishment, would savour of anthropophagy.


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Adelaide Jazz Band 287 - Introducing Adelaide's premier jazz band. Adelaide Jazz Band 287 perform popular jazz, lounge, funk and soul music to suit your special occasion. Cocktails and dinner music, or songs to dance the night away to, VIEW FULL PROFILE
Adelaide Jazz Bands
↓ Below is a list of local Adelaide jazz, swing & blues bands for hire ↓
Listen to demos by clicking on the entertainers below
Our Adelaide entertainment agency provides: wedding entertainment, corporate entertainment, party cover bands, musicians, singers, entertainers, dj's, karaoke & live music band hire to all events, functions & parties within Adelaide, Adelaide Hills & surrounding areas.
Jazz Band 619
Adelaide Jazz Band 619 - The success of Adelaide Jazz Band 619 is due to our level of professionalism, not only in the music we perform but also our dress sense and ability to adapt to the needs of our clients. We are able to expand or VIEW FULL PROFILE
Cover Bands Wanted
Black Tie Group "Entertainment Agency' is currently seeking cover bands in this area as follows: Soloists, Duos, Cover Bands, String Quartets, Jazz Bands and Tribute Bands. If this sounds like you, Click here to register your band VIEW FULL PROFILE


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Funding increase for Cochlear Implants celebrated
Hearing Heroes celebrate the Minister of Health's funding increase for Cochlear Implants
Dear Sir,
2013 is being celebrated by a group of Hearing heroes who championed the case for increased funding for cochlear implants so more deaf New Zealanders could hear.
Yesterday the Minister of Health announced that a further $2.6 million for severely and profoundly impaired New Zealanders on the waiting list to receive cochlear implants.
As usual, very little press coverage has been given to this, despite the fact that 1 in 6 New Zealanders have some hearing loss. Somehow it seems not newsworthy.
Yet for so many a silent world is a lonely and isolating one that needs a voice.
Fortunately the Government now understands the difference a cochlear implant can make to a severely hearing impaired person, as did the 8,000 people from all over New Zealand who signed our petition last year.
Could I through your news media, thank these people very, very sincerely for their support. Without their help we may not have been able to convince the Government of our need and so many more of us would still be languishing depressed and isolated at home instead of enjoying the quality of life that a cochlear implant gives.
Having a cochlear implant has certainly given me my life back and I am have witnessed the positive effect that having an implant has, on many many others.
Yours sincerely,
Lyn Polwart
Chairperson Cochlear Implant


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A natural swimming pool offers you a completely natural alternative to chlorine, ozone or salt swimming pools.
They are 100% chemical free and enable you to swim in crystal clear, drinkable water 365 days a year.
Whether you want an indoor swimming pool, an outdoor swimming pool or would like to convert your chlorinated pool into a natural pool, we have the technology and experience to design and deliver your dream natural swimming pool.
How you will benefit from a natural swimming pool
- Your health and happiness will be given a boost from swimming in crystal clear, clean, chlorine free water
- The long term financial outlay on your swimming pool will be less as your natural swimming pool will have considerably lower running costs compared to a conventional disinfected pool.
- You won't need to do as much maintenance as you would with a conventional chemical pool
- You can sit back and enjoy the year round beauty your pool provides whereas chlorinated pools can be unsightly, especially in winter
- Your garden ecology will also benefit from your natural swimming pool if it is planted as it will offer a variety of habitats for plants and animals
How natural swimming pools work
The basic philosophy behind water quality in a conventional swimming pool is to kill everything short of killing the swimmer. There is another way!
In a natural swimming pool we harness natures' own processes to produce clean, clear water.
- Friendly bacteria keep the water balanced and clean
- Organic nutrients are removed from the pool water starving algae and pathogens of the food they require
- The correct balance of minerals keep the water chemistry just right for clean hygienic conditions.
More information about the unique bio filtration technology we use to achieve this can be found here
Why choose a Clear Water Revival natural swimming pool?
Whether you want a heavily planted swimming pool or a contemporary, heated natural swimming pool without plants, we have the ability to turn your requirements into a reality.
Without the restrictions of our competitors filtration methods, we are able to create you a truly bespoke natural pool with unrivalled character, diversity and beauty.
We are always happy to provide advice and inspiration for your natural swimming pool project so feel free to call us on 0117 923 2588 for a chat, or contact us with any questions.


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River Grass - Green Set of 3
I like to decorate with a lot of natural accessories. This river grass is the perfect color for spring and would look great combined with another floral arrangment or alone in a simple vase.
Love these to brighten up my rooftop deck!Tags: lighting, green, tables, decor, Beautiful!, casablanca lanternsAdded 6 Years Ago from Zgallerie
April has put me in a green mood. These vases are gorgeously green! I love the shine!Tags: containers, green, decor, vases, apple green, floor vasesAdded 7 Years Ago from Zgallerie
This 3-D art is so fun. This would certainly make your wall pop. Perfect color for spring and summer.


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Democracy Now! is a non-profit organization funded through individual donations and foundation
grants. We do not accept any corporate underwriting, advertising, or government support. Your support is vital to
sustain and grow Democracy Now!
House Republicans Pass Their Version of Aviation Security
From Anthrax to AIDS Drugs: AIDS Activists Protest US Trade Representative Robert Zoellickfor Championing Drug Company Patent Abuse
As the U.S. Carpet Bombs Afghanistan, Humanitarian Crisis in Afghanistan and Pakistan Deepens
60s Radical Turned Community Activist Sara Jane Olson Pleads Guilty to Charges That Sheplanted a Bomb Decades Ago, But Says She Is Innocent and Afraid of Being Tried in This Climate in Thewake of the
Saudi Oil, U.S. Troops, and the Murky Relationship Between the Saudi Royal Family, the Bin Laden Family, and the Bush Family
George Bush Senior Furthers the Business Interests of a Lucrative $12 Billion Private Equityfirm with Connections to the Bin Laden Family
Democracy Now! is a 501(c)3 non-profit news organization. We do not accept funding from advertising, underwriting or government agencies. We rely on contributions from our viewers and listeners to do our work. Please do your part today.


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Stuck on last minute gift ideas? If you are searching for the perfect gift for the jetsetter traveling type, here is a list of useful and desired gifts to suit any budget:
MyFaceWorks – Paper Facial Masks
When you're soaring at 50,000 feet high on a red-eye, trust that the germ heavy, low humidity, re-circulated air is your skin's worst nightmare. The myFaceWorks masks are great for a skin pick-me-up, infusing your skin with nutrients and much needed moisture after a long haul flight. They come in individual packages so you don't have to worry about airport rules on liquid restrictions. $60.00 for a box of 6 masks.
i love my muff – feminine care products on the go
A line of premium feminine care products with the promise to "provide daily love and care for down there", i love my muff products are vegan, free of any parabens or chemicals and have been hand made in Canada with natural ingredients and essential oils.
The products are the perfect size so that can be carried discreetly in your purse and are the right size for airport carry-on restrictions. Boys don't fret, i love my muff products for men are coming soon.
Tory Burch Travel Sock
Dread the icky floors while waiting shoeless at the airport security lines no more.
Be prepared for those long lineups with Tory Burch's 100% wool travel socks. Complete with no-slip soles.
Retails for $48.
Bose Noise Canceling Headphones
While they're no bargain, the Bose Quiet Comfort 15s currently offer the best sound and silencing capabilities in a pair of noise-canceling headphones. If you've ever flown red-eye with a crying babies on your flight, you'll understand that some peace and quiet is worth any price during such times of sleep-deprived desperation.
Overnight Sensations Coffee Table Books
Who would be a better author to showcase the world's most breathtaking hotels other than the president of Kiwi Collection himself, Philippe Kjellgren? These large format, hardcover coffee table books are great to showcase on your bookshelf and also for flipping through to find new travel destinations to add to your bucket list. There are three different books covering different regions, Asia Pacific, EMEA (Europe, Middle East and Africa) and The Americas. Buy as a single or as a set of three.
Goyard Travel Luggage
If you happen to have a couple thousand dollars to spare, a Goyard Travel bag will make any jetsetter excited about boarding a plane. The French luggage manufacturer was established in 1953 and has been spotted on many celebrities ranging from Kanye West, Lauren Conrad, to Karl Lagerfield. To see more travel luggage options, see Wow Magazine's related post.
Happy last-minute Christmas shopping everyone!


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BAE confirms possible combination with EADS
United Kingdom-based BAE Systems plc, which has a site for its military vehicle work in York County, is in discussions to possibly combine its business with European aerospace and defense firm EADS N.V., according to a statement on its website.
Collaboration between the two firms has a long history, and they are "currently partners in a number of important projects," according to the statement.
Possibly combining the two "complementary businesses" offers opportunity for greater innovation, financial stability over the long term and extended market presence, according to the statement.
EADS is the parent of Airbus among its other business lines, according to its website.


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Home and Style Trends
The worlds of art, fashion and interior design are inextricably linked. It's no surprise that Karl Lagerfeld is turning his hand to hotel design when it's next to impossible to separate fashion design from interior design. Yes, the end product is very different but the process is all the same. You'll also be hard pressed to find a fashionista that doesn't love a good frame wall, stack of coffee table books or artful arrangement of glassware! Basically, if your into fashion you're into aesthetically pleasing things and this shouldn't stop at your home! We want to show you just how you can work your stylish looks to match your equally stylish interior.
Carla Print: Picture yourself settling down after you've cooked up a storm for friends and family – perched on chaise longue your Carla Print Crepe Tunic [1] perfectly compliments the paisley print on the . As the night goes on you can cuddle up into your chenille throw and put the world to rights with friends – don't forget to show off your paisley printed wallpaper in the downstairs lavatory, new up last weekend. Classic White: Head home and slip into your favourite Georgette Shirt and Mid-Rise Cotton Trousers [1] and relax in your crisp yet soft white living room and breathe a deep sigh of relief as the kettle boils for an afternoon cuppa. As you admire your gleeming chandeliers you can blog about your latest purchase – a Crochet-Detail Cardigan [3]. Later on, once you've kicked off your heels, you can curl your toes into the soft, sheep-skin rug.
Geometric: Geometric print may be futuristic in its appearance, but it's one trend that has survived the wrath of history. The Ancient Greeks and Turks both used bold, geometric patterns as a part of their architectural and interior design, and now the style has once again imprinted itself on wallpaper and furnishings to become part of our modern homes.You'll hear no end of compliments once you have spied your co-ordinated living accessories with your new printed top [3].


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The Black Eyed Peas star Will.i.am is keen to work with singer Taylor Swift. He believes they can create a great 'fantasy-like' track together. The 38-year-old has recorded tracks with stars including Justin Bieber, David Guetta, Michael Jackson, Nicki Minaj and Britney Spears and now he's got his sight set on Swift.
Will.i.am said that it would be nice to work with country and pop singer Taylor Swift. Swift began her music career at a very young age. "Taylor Swift is dope. I'd like to work with Taylor Swift. I like the girl. We could do something really fantasy-like. That would be cool," said Will.i.am.
Will.i.am, who rose to fame with the band Black Eyed Peas, was first signed to a record label as a teenager. He claims he has been creative since he was young. "I was always that one kid who everyone said, 'Look what William did,' and everyone gathered around. The teacher was always like, 'Wow, that's wonderful William,' and put it on the board for everyone to see it. That's where the confidence came from," he added.
The "I gotta feeling" star is also keen to nurture new talent with his Music Group record label. This music hero's ultimate aim is to own his own workshop. "I want to walk into a building and say, 'That's my building. It'll be arts and crafts on steroids," he said.


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Women's Embroidered and Gator Print Western Handbag
Boot Barn Item #: 2006594
Color: Click a button belowcolor
- Faux leather
- Faux gator print
- Rhinestones accents on straps and bag
- Western scrolled embroidery on front
- Silver and rhinestone buckle flap closure
- Cell phone pockets on each side with snap closure
- Double shoulder straps 20 1/8" long, leather and chain
- 1 center zippered pocket
- Cell phone holder, wallet holder, 2 compartments
- Measure: Length 14", Height 8 7/8", Drop 4"
Add a little western bling to your life and make this your new go-to handbag for the perfect amount of western flair! This handbag is full of western style and bling. With plenty of room and compartments to carry all of your belongings and stay organized this bag will be your new favorite. Pair this purse with the matching wallet for a complete set of bling accessories.
Style(s): AZ-893-1-BK, AZ-893-1-BN, AZ-893-1-HPK, AZ-893-1-PK, AZ-893-1-PL ,AZ-893-1-RD, AZ-893-1-TQ, AZ-893-1-BO
Lifestyle: Western
Color: Black
Closure: Zipper


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Roasted Eggplant and Lentil Soup
Good News: Eggplant is a good source of vitamins A and C and is low in calories. It's one of the vegetables Clark Frasier likes to serve during colder months, in hearty dishes such as this soup. "As chefs, we tend to think first of root vegetables, but eggplants are also robust in winter."
Slideshow:More Warming Soups
- Active:
- Total Time:
- Servings: 4
- One 1 1/4-pound eggplant, quartered lengthwise
- 2 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil
- Salt and freshly ground black pepper
- 1 cup French green lentils (5 1/2 ounces)
- 14 large sage leaves
- 2 cups chicken stock or low-sodium broth
- 1 cup 1 percent milk
- 1 tablespoon fresh lemon juice
How to make this recipe
Preheat the oven to 400°. Place the eggplant quarters on a rimmed baking sheet, skin side down. Drizzle with 1 tablespoon of the olive oil and season with salt and pepper. Bake until the eggplant is very tender, about 30 minutes.
Meanwhile, in a medium saucepan, cover the lentils with 2 inches of water. Add 1/2 teaspoon of salt and 2 sage leaves and bring to a boil. Simmer over low heat until the lentils are tender, about 20 minutes. Drain the lentils in a colander and discard the sage leaves.
Scrape the eggplant flesh into a blender; discard the skin. Add 1 cup of the stock and puree until smooth; transfer to a clean saucepan. Add the lentils and the remaining 1 cup of stock to the blender and puree until smooth. Add the lentil puree to the eggplant puree in the saucepan.
Stir the milk and lemon juice into the soup and bring to a simmer. Season with salt and pepper; keep the soup hot over low heat, stirring occasionally.
In a small skillet, heat the remaining 1 tablespoon of olive oil. Add the remaining 12 sage leaves and cook over moderate heat until crisp, about 30 seconds per side. Ladle the soup into bowls, garnish with the fried sage leaves and serve.
Make Ahead
The soup can be refrigerated overnight. Reheat gently.
One Serving 266 cal, 9 gm fat, 1.6 gm sat fat, 35 gm carb, 10 gm fiber.