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This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
The predictions from air quality models are subject to many sources of uncertainty; among them, grid resolution has been viewed as one that is limited by the availability of computational resources. A large grid size can lead to unacceptable errors for many pollutants formed via nonlinear chemical reactions. Further, insufficient grid resolution limits the ability to perform accurate exposure assessments. To address this issue in parallel to increasing computational power, modeling techniques that apply finer grids to areas of interest and coarser grids elsewhere have been developed. Techniques using multiple grid sizes are called nested grid or multiscale modeling techniques. These approaches are limited by uncertainty in the placement of finer grids since pertinent locations may not be known
Air quality modeling is the computational science of developing mathematical models that describe the behavior of pollutants in the atmosphere. Pollutants are emitted from various sources, including natural sources. However, it is the fate of emissions resulting from human activity that is typically the focus of air quality modeling. Once introduced into the atmosphere, pollutants are subject to dynamics and chemistry that transport and transform them continuously. Among the transport processes are advection by wind, turbulent diffusion, cloud convection, and deposition. Transformation processes include gas and aqueous phase chemistry, phase changes, and particle nucleation and growth. Heavy loads of pollutants, such as volcanic ash or smoke from wildland fires, can change the dynamics of the atmosphere, coupling the dynamics to the chemistry. Additionally, transformation processes can couple pollutants to each other and create secondary pollutants that are not emitted but formed in the atmosphere after emission of precursor species. Air quality models aim to represent all these processes in the most comprehensive manner.
Air quality models are either of Eulerian grid type or Lagrangian particle models with underlying grids. Cell size is the measure of the scales that can be explicitly resolved by a grid model. Smaller-scale phenomenon can only be represented through subgrid scale parameterizations. The dynamic and chemical processes mentioned above involve a wide range of scales. Complex interactions between processes occurring at different scales make it necessary to resolve the finest relevant scales. For example, it is well known that emissions from urban and industrial centers are responsible for regional or global air quality problems. On the other hand, if emission plumes are injected into relatively coarse grid cells in a regional or global scale model, they are immediately diluted with the contents of the cell and the details of their chemical interaction with the surrounding atmosphere are lost. In the early days of regional modeling 100 km resolution was typical; today, models are pushing the 1 km barrier and the quest for higher resolution continues. With higher grid resolution come improved resolution of complex terrain topography, land use, land cover, cloud cover, and other data used in subgrid scale parameterizations, enabling an improvement to the overall resolution of the models.
Historically, the motivation for air pollution modeling has been air quality management. Development of control strategies has been the initial driving force behind modeling research and advancement. With the confidence gained in describing historic pollution events, models were applied in air quality forecasting. Today, models are used for much broader purposes that connect air quality to other fields. The feedback of pollution on meteorology is receiving more attention with a focus on problems such as smoke from wildfires and volcanic ash, leading to the coupling of air quality models with numerical weather prediction models that were historically used to provide meteorological inputs only. Along with the study of climate and global scale air quality problems, air quality models are beginning to merge with global circulation and global chemistry models. These trends considerably expand the domains of the models from their original dimensions.
Modeling large geographic regions with high resolution is a challenging computational problem. The models' demand for computational resources escalates rapidly with increasing resolution. For example, consider the changes to the operation count in a model that uses an explicit numerical scheme. An explicit scheme advances a system from its current state
For models that use implicit schemes, the computational resource demand grows more rapidly with increasing resolution. In an implicit scheme, both the current and future states of the system appear in an equation of the following form:
This equation can be solved directly or iteratively. Direct solutions involve a matrix inversion and are typically more expensive than iterative solutions. Depending on the selected solution method, the operation count of an implicit scheme is generally between
Multiscale modeling techniques emerged as a solution to this gargantuan computational challenge. The goal is to develop models capable of applying the appropriate scale or sufficient resolution where and when it is needed. The goal of multiscale models is to encompass different scales (e.g., local, urban, regional, global) in a unified modeling system to better capture the interactions among the processes relevant at each scale. There are various multiscale modeling techniques; two methods that gained popularity in air quality models will be described here. The first features grids that can be nested multiple levels deep for better resolution of finer scale processes. The second involves grid adaptation in response to the needs of a particular simulation, either by refining a structured mesh or by locally enriching an unstructured mesh with added cells. The paper will focus on the adaptive grid method and continue with a review of its use in air quality modeling. It will end with remarks on the prospect of growing use of adaptive grids in atmospheric modeling.
Nested-grid modeling techniques have been and still are very popular in atmospheric modeling (e.g., [
There are two types of grid nesting: one-way and two-way. In one-way nesting, the CG solution provides boundary conditions to the FG and there is no feedback from the FG back to the CG. Because of this, the CG simulation can be run and the solution stored before the FG simulation begins. Boundary conditions are generated by interpolating the CG solution. In two-way nesting, the FG solution is used to update the CG solution when the two solutions are synchronized; therefore, all grids must be simulated simultaneously. Typically, the CG solution is marched first by one time step. This solution yields the boundary conditions needed by the FG. When the FG solution synchronizes with the CG solution, its resolution is restricted (e.g., by averaging) to update the CG solution. Some two-way nested models use a weighted average of the CG and FG solutions, while others completely overwrite the CG solution in the region where the two solutions overlap, assuming that the finer resolution leads to a more accurate solution. A good restriction operator should transfer the maximum amount of information from the FG to the CG, but should not generate any noise due to aliasing of scales that are not resolvable by the CG. Averaging is the most common restriction approach where the weighted sum of FG values takes the place of the CG value [
In one-way nesting, one of the primary concerns is mass conservation at the CG-to-FG interface where boundary conditions are input to the FG using the CG solution. Mass conservation can be ensured by setting the flux at the FG inflow boundaries equal to the flux passing through this interface as determined by the CG solution. In two-way nesting, the mass in each CG cell is usually updated with the average mass of all overlapping FG cells. Special care is required to guarantee mass conservation. Since nonlinear reactions may have transformed the chemical species during the FG solution, the mass of basic chemical elements (e.g., sulfur, nitrogen, carbon), and not single species, should be conserved. The FG solution is used to compute the flux of each element at the FG-to-CG interface. When conservation principles are applied to the FG-to-CG interface, as described above, the CG concentrations near the interface must be corrected. This can be done by renormalizing the concentration of each species assuming that the ratio of species mass to chemical element mass remains constant before and after the correction.
Another concern in grid nesting is deformation of waves traveling through CG-FG boundaries. Grids with different resolutions act as different media to these waves, subjecting them to reflection and distortion at their interfaces. Ideally, waves leaving the CG must enter the FG without any distortion, while waves leaving the FG must pass the interface without reflections. Distortions at the CG-to-FG interface can be inhibited by using advection equivalent interpolation to interpolate the CG solution onto the FG boundary [
As for waves leaving the FG, it is more difficult to inhibit reflections at the FG-to-CG interface. In one-way nesting, phase speed differences of waves traveling through CG and FG grow, leading to considerable noise at the interface. On the other hand, in two-way nesting the interaction of CG and FG solutions with each other keeps them in phase; therefore, the reflections and refractions are kept to a minimum. Typically, diffusive filtering must be used to avoid reflections. The most successful filters for this purpose are those that differentiate the frequencies of traveling waves and selectively reduce the amplitudes of short-wave signals associated with noise at the interface [
While static grid nesting is a practical multiscale modeling technique, it has limitations. The domains and resolutions of nests are selected either arbitrarily or based on conceptual models that may not be very accurate. The quality and accuracy of the solution obtained greatly depends on the initial selections. Once the grids are set, it may not be simple to change them since input data must be reprocessed for the new grid settings. This is the case, for example, in forecasting operations. A common problem associated with grid nesting methods is that they often lead to spurious oscillations at grid interfaces. This is particularly problematic when an interface coincides with an area of large physical gradients because the filters used to remove the oscillations can also reduce the amplitudes of resolvable waves. Large refinement ratios between CG and FG amplify the oscillations and necessitate more vigorous filtering [
The objective of an adaptive grid method is to increase solution accuracy by providing dynamic refinement at regions and instances where accuracy is most dependent on resolution. This can be achieved by restructuring the grid on which solution fields are estimated to better fit the needs of the system being numerically described. Adaptive gridding techniques can be classified as h-refinement or r-refinement depending on the type of grid restructuring employed.
H-refinement relies on increasing the total number of grid elements (e.g., nodes or cells) within a base grid for which the original structure remains fixed. The technique, also known as mesh enrichment or local refinement, modifies the grid at regions tagged for increased resolution. Frequently, the method is carried out by subdividing grid elements into smaller self-similar components. In
H-refinement can be realized by applying two distinct methodologies. One approach is to include added grid elements directly into the original base grid; all elements are solved on a single grid throughout the simulation. This method requires data storage procedures and solvers capable of handling unstructured grids. Alternatively, h-refinement can be achieved by considering the additional elements at increased resolution levels as distinct grids that are dynamically created or removed. In this manner, each refined grid can remain structured and be individually solved using algorithms developed exclusively for uniform or rectangular grids. Here, communication among different levels of refinement takes the form of boundary and initial conditions setting for the different grids.
R-refinement techniques, commonly referred to as mesh moving or global refinement, relocate mesh nodes to regions warranting increased resolution and subsequently increase grid element concentration at the areas with the greatest inaccuracies. However, the total number of grid points is maintained constant. Unlike h-refinement, r-refinement around a region is necessarily accompanied by coarsening at another.
Both adaptive gridding techniques have advantages and drawbacks associated with them. An advantageous distinguishing feature of r-refinement is smoother transitions in grid resolution. In contrast, h-refinement ordinarily operates on grids with abrupt discontinuities among the different refinement levels allowed. Acute disruptions in resolution are undesirable and may lead to interface problems. The constant number of grid elements maintained throughout a simulation using r-refinement could prove beneficial; a fixed number of elements simplifies solution algorithms and is helpful in parallel computing implementations. It could appear that the achievable improvement to solution accuracy with r-refinement is limited by the total number of grid elements or nodes, and that such a restraint is not inherent to h-refinement. However, it is important to note that the available computational resources, and not the number nodes, are the true limitation to accuracy. At the limit of computational capacity, both h- and r-refinement can only increase local refinement at the expense of coarsening elsewhere. More accurately, r-refinement's disadvantage lies in its need to determine global resolution (
Grid structures applied in numerical modeling may be categorized as structured or unstructured. The distinguishing feature between them refers to the data structure associated with each, rather than visual traits. Data on a structured grid can be arranged into a rectangular matrix; cells and nodes can be identified through integer indices (e.g., i, j, k). The requirement brings forth regular grid patterns and most often quadrilateral or hexahedral elements. Additionally, the data arrangement in structured grids reduces memory requirements compared to unstructured ones.
In contrast to structured grids, data from unstructured grids cannot be arranged by applying simple integer indexing and full connectivity must be defined and stored for each node. Unstructured grid cells are defined as a group of nodes that encompass an element of any geometry. These grids can be built using triangles, quadrilaterals, tetrahedra, hexahedra, or any polygon or polyhedron, including combinations of elements with different geometries. The irregularity of unstructured grids allows greater versatility in their assembly compared to structured grids. This flexibility in domain discretization has made unstructured meshes popular in simulations dealing with complex geometries and a common choice to model fluid mechanics [
Typically, finite-difference methods are used with structured grids and finite-element (or finite-volume) methods are used with unstructured grids. Both methods are well developed for the solution of hyperbolic partial differential equations of the type encountered in atmospheric models. Higher-order spatial approximations are available for both types of methods; therefore, the desired level of accuracy can be achieved with either. In general, higher-order methods in atmospheric models must be used together with flux-correction or filtering algorithms to avoid the generation of spurious oscillations that may lead to undesirable effects such as non-monotonic and unphysical (e.g., negative concentrations in air quality models) solutions or even instabilities. Using higher-order difference approximations or higher-order elements is known as p-refinement, an alternative to the adaptive grid h- or r-refinement techniques described above for increasing solution accuracy. The decision of using an explicit or an implicit scheme must made for time integration; it does not depend on the spatial grid and whether it is structured or unstructured. Hence, either option is available both with finite-difference and finite-element methods.
Mesh enrichment (
Mesh movement (
The objective of increasing solution accuracy through adaptive gridding can only be met if adaptation is driven by an efficient indicator of the solution error in a spatial field. The concept of error equidistribution has been used to describe the adaptive grid process; grids are reconfigured to result in an equal amount of error for all grid elements [
Typically, adaptive grids use an error indicator in place of solution error to drive refinement. The error indicator may be a rudimentary calculation related to the error. For instance, estimates of the truncation or interpolation error may be applied. It is also common to rely on physical features that are known to efficiently signal locations where the error is most sensitive to grid resolution. In air quality modeling, for example, concentration gradients or curvatures can be used to trigger refinement and effectively increase solution accuracy. The selection of an error indicator to drive refinement is more critical to r-refinement than h-refinement. For mesh moving refinement, adaptation acts as an optimization processes by which error is minimized with a fixed amount of available resolution. Since refinement at one region necessitates coarsening at another, effective adaptation criteria truly representative of solution error are crucial. In mesh enrichment, base-level solution accuracy is generally guaranteed. Refinement augments resolution at selected locations and increases total grid resolution. An optimal grid configuration is not necessarily achieved nor pursued. Instead, mesh enrichment may simply allocate additional resolution in an attempt to sufficiently increase solution accuracy.
Research efforts investigating adaptive gridding in meteorological modeling precede those exploring the technique as an option for air quality simulation. The motivations and methodologies for adaptive grid refinement in both atmospheric realms are very much alike. The earliest attempt to simulate atmospheric flows using an adaptive grid was reported by Jones
Subsequent applications of adaptive gridding in atmospheric modeling were described by Skamarock
An alternative strategy to adaptive gridding in meteorological modeling was reported by Dietachmayer and Droegemeier [
Application of adaptive grids in air quality modeling has been explored for over 10 years. Three distinct efforts to implement adaptive gridding techniques into Eulerian air pollution models can be identified. These undertakings can each be traced back to Tomlin
An adaptive grid method applicable to air pollution modeling using unstructured grids is described by Tomlin
The adaptive gridding method of Tomlin
The use of mesh movement (r-refinement) as an adaptive grid strategy in air quality modeling was first reported by Srivastava
Several tests were performed using this adaptive grid algorithm to evaluate its performance including simulations of rotating conical concentration distributions [
To demonstrate the computational expense and accuracy gained, CPU times with static and adaptive grids were compared for the reactive pollutants puff test [
Implementation of r-refinement into a comprehensive regional chemical-transport model was first reported by Odman
AG-CMAQ performance was evaluated by applying the model to simulate the air pollution impacts from an actual biomass burning event affecting air quality over a large urban area.
The adaptive grid method described by Constantinescu
The adaptive grid methodology of Constantinescu
The methodologies described in Section 4.1 follow different approaches to adaptive grid integration into air pollution modeling. However, all attempts have encountered common challenges. These common obstacles and the strategies applied to overcome them merit attention and are discussed in this subsection.
We have previously mentioned that an essential component of any grid refinement technique is an error estimation that serves as a refinement criterion. All applications of adaptive gridding to air quality modeling previously reported have relied on atmospheric concentration spatial fields. An error estimate calculated from the difference in first-order and second-order approximations of local concentrations was described in Tomlin
A need to constrain refinement intensity has also been identified in all previous investigations. Uncontrolled adaptation may lead to excessive refinement. Control parameters are implemented into the refinement criteria estimates previously described to normalize and smooth spatial error calculations. Mesh enrichment methods additionally require that user-defined upper and lower tolerances be set to trigger adaptation, directly controlling the degree to which grids are reconfigured. Furthermore, mesh enrichment techniques constrain adaptation to a maximum number of refinement levels. In the iterative mesh moving method previously described, a maximum number of relocation operations and minimum node movement relative to initial grid spacing are defined to stop adaptation.
Some concern about abrupt transitions in grid resolution has been expressed in past adaptive gridding exercises. The existence of neighboring grid elements refined to very different degrees may lead to errors and the loss of features resolved under the fine resolution if advection transports the features into coarse resolution regions prior to adaptation. A safety layer encompassing high resolution regions is proposed as a solution by Tomlin et
As adaptability is integrated into more complex atmospheric systems, the grid refinement process may become increasingly taxing, especially when applied to comprehensive chemical-transport models. Therefore, it may be necessary or desirable to apply grid adaptation at intervals greater than solution frequency. Ghorai
Preadaptation has also been identified as a process that might be important in effective grid refinement. The strategy is of particular relevance to point sources which might immediately dilute into coarse cells and lose plume features prior to any adaptation. The plume simulation carried out by Tomlin
Interpolation of coarse or uniformly distributed data onto adapted grids is an important component of all adaptive air quality modeling methods reported. The operation is essential during three processes of an adaptive grid air quality model: emissions, meteorology, and solution redistribution. The procedure for processing emissions must be applied after each grid adaptation operation. Different interpolation schemes have been used to interpolate area sources onto adapted non-uniform grids. Additionally, point sources must be relocated to appropriate cells after grid reconfiguration. Emissions processing can become taxing, especially for mesh moving methods that use cells with irregular geometries [
One characteristic of adaptive grid air quality models that can severely hinder performance is excessively small process time steps applied uniformly throughout the domain. It is common practice in air pollution models to apply the domain-minimum time step, typically fixed by the characteristic time for advection, at every point [
Finally, an especially significant concern about adaptive grid air quality modeling is the applicability of subgrid parameterizations to grids with non-uniform resolution and highly refined regions. The issue has not yet been addressed in reported research efforts. Parameterizations for physical processes (e.g., turbulence, cloud processes) must be valid for the refined grid. The dependence of these parameterizations on grid resolution may bring into question their validity across the entire domain if considerable differences in grid resolution are allowed. Furthermore, if resolution is sufficiently increased, some parameterizations might not be required and their inclusion could adversely affect solution accuracy. The concern is also relevant to adaptive grid modeling in other atmospheric realms. For instance, one adaptive grid weather prediction model assigns an adjustment factor, determined by cell area, to each cell and uses this factor to regulate the degree to which the convective parameterization is applied at individual cells [
All adaptive grid air quality modeling applications previously described find that dynamic mesh refinement significantly increases the accuracy of results. Observed differences in simulated concentration fields using adaptive and static grids demonstrate a legitimate need for increased resolution in air quality modeling. Adaptive gridding has consistently proven to be an adequate and highly attractive option to meet increased resolution requirement. Additionally, the different adaptive grid methods reported outperform grid nesting and increase computational efficiency compared to high resolution simulations capable of providing the same level of accuracy. Adaptive grids significantly decrease numerical diffusion while revealing detailed pollutant concentration structures and features that cannot be resolved with static grids, uniform or nested, using comparable computational resources. Decreased errors associated with pollutant levels modeled using adaptive grids can be perceived near emissions sources as well as at considerable downwind distances.
In the adaptive grid applications described, the largest spatial error, and therefore the highest degree of refinement needed to reduce this error, is typically observed at regions with pronounced concentration gradients. Large gradients can be usually found near pollutant sources and along plume edges further downwind. The nonlinear nature of atmospheric chemical transformations further strengthens the case for adaptive gridding. Studies have repeatedly determined that pollutant concentrations subjected to nonlinear chemistry (e.g., ozone, nitrogen oxides) are mesh dependent. Under these circumstances, integrated pollutant concentrations can change significantly when applying grid refinement techniques that can better resolve the chemical processes. As chemical transport models incorporate detailed secondary organic aerosol processes, nonlinear as well, the advantages of adaptive grids may become even more apparent.
Vertical grid adaptation has only been incorporated into a single adaptive grid model. Tomlin
Finally, all developers agree that the power of adaptive gridding will become more apparent as resolution of model inputs is increased to better match refined grids. This includes emissions, meteorological fields, and boundary conditions. Accuracy has been seen to improve when applying high resolution emissions [
As adaptive grid modeling is being explored in air quality modeling, concurrent efforts to integrate the technique into weather prediction and global circulation models have been reported. Attempts to apply adaptive grids in comprehensive meteorological models have been limited with few recent developments. A noteworthy application is the Operational Multiscale Environmental model with Grid Adaptivity (OMEGA) [
Much of the progress recently reported pertaining to adaptive grid modeling in atmospheric science involves incorporation of the technique into general circulation models. The motivation to integrate adaptive gridding into global models is largely analogous to that driving incorporation into air quality and weather models: models simulate atmospheric processes covering a wide range of scales and available computational resources are unable to explicitly resolve all processes involved. Therefore, it is not surprising to find that adaptive gridding techniques explored in climate models are frequently equivalent to those applied to air pollution modeling. However, the spatial and temporal scales of interest are very different to those in air quality simulations. In addition, the spherical nature of the global modeling domain and differences in simulated processes result in very different grid refinement requirements.
Nonetheless, future applications of adaptive gridding in air quality modeling may benefit from previous and ongoing efforts to integrate the technique into global models. Hubbard and Nikiforakis [
Adaptive grid methods have not been fully explored in atmospheric modeling. Early attempts in weather prediction did not flourish and this field remained dominated by static nested grid methods. There have been a few recent attempts to integrate adaptive grids into air quality modeling but once again these attempts did not enjoy wide acceptance. Future undertakings should consider several key factors if greater interest in the technique is sought. The prevalence of community-driven models in atmospheric sciences today makes compatibility with existing model frameworks an indispensible requirement for increased use of adaptive gridding methodologies. Additional applications that go beyond typical power plant plume and ozone chemistry simulations are necessary to further demonstrate the worth of dynamic grid refinement. Finally, adaptive grid air quality models will have to be accompanied by equivalent increases to the resolution of emissions and meteorological inputs to truly reach their full potential.
What looks promising for adaptive grids is the presence of a vibrant support by the global climate community who acknowledge reaching a plateau after years of improvement in accuracy, mainly driven by progress in high performance computing. Adaptive grid methods are viewed as a means to reignite model advancement and a long term solution for dealing with the multiscale nature of the climate system [
The potential returns of adaptive grids are enormous while the risks are relatively small. The methods have matured through advancements in computational fluid dynamics and wide use, for example, in aerospace engineering applications. The difficulties will be faced in developing parameterizations for processes that cannot be resolved by adaptive gridding. In our view, the problem will eventually die out as adaptive grids continue to provide increased grid resolution. Nonetheless, the issue must be dealt with in the interim. The wide range of scales provided by adaptive grids will necessitate resolution dependent parameterizations and this may appear as a daunting task. However, what is faced today by increasing grid resolution uniformly or through grid nesting is the exact same problem: parameterizations that made sense for coarse grid resolution must be rethought as grid resolution increases. We must simply develop a culture of designing resolution dependent parameterizations upfront instead of revising the parameterizations every time model resolutions change. For these reasons, we believe that the time is right to invest in the development of adaptive grid models.
Uniform grid (left) and examples of h-refinement (center) and r-refinement (right).
Refined unstructured triangular grid covering the United Kingdom. Reprinted with permission from [
Adapted grid during a biomass burning plume simulation with AG-CMAQ.
Block-structured dynamically refined grid over East Asia. Reprinted with permission from [
OMEGA grid dynamically adapted to a pollutant plume. Reprinted with permission from [
Block-structured adaptive grid on a global domain. Reprinted with permission from [
Adaptive Grid Methods in Air Quality Modeling.
|Unstructured triangular or tetrahedral
|Single grid h-refinement
|1st and 2nd order solution difference; concentration gradient
|Eulerian grid model
|Structured quadrilateral
|Interpolation error; concentration curvature
|Uniform quadrilateral with nested refinements
|Multigrid h-refinement
|Concentration curvature
This research was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Defense, through the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) under SERDP project number RC-1647 and by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service through the Joint Fire Science Program (JFSP) under JFSP project number 08-1-6-04.


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Logitech Z Cinéma Advanced Surround Sound System
The Z Cinema is Logitech's newest 2.1 PC speaker system. This seemingly simple looking system comes with a very complex remote to allow you to control Windows Media Center, iTunes, and more. This setup makes great sound and has a nice powerful subwoofer. If you are looking for a small surround sound speaker set up, maybe for a dorm room this is a great choice. You get control of your media from a distance, great sound, and not too many speakers to move and take up space.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Coca-Cola Has Fans Compete To Pick The Ending Of Their Super Bowl Ad
The drinks brand is putting fans in charge of the campaign narrative by allowing them to decide in real-time who wins the 'Coke Chase'.
Coca-Cola has unveiled its Super Bowl strategy; a social game that relies on fans to pick the ad's ending. 'Coke Chase' follows three different groups (Cowboys, Badlanders, and Showgirls) in a desert all trying to get to a Coke first. Fans will be able to vote for the group they want to see win and 'sabotage' the other groups, which will determine the spot that is unveiled at the end of the big game.
A 30-second teaser drives fans to CokeChase.com, where they can get a first look at the 60-second 'Mirage' ad that will air during the Super Bowl and begin voting for their favorite group. Once they've cast a vote, visitors can commit an act of 'sabotage' against an opposing group to delay the rival teams. Fifteen different sabotages depicting a lighthearted scenario, event or detour have been filmed.
As the final whistle blows and the winner of the big game is celebrated, Coca-Cola will reveal the winner of the Coke Chase based on fan participation throughout the game via a 30-second commercial that completes the journey.
The experience builds on last year's social experiment, where the Coca-Cola polar bears reacted in real-time to the game. Relying on fans to determine the outcome plays to a larger crowdsourcing trend that several advertisers are utilizing this year.
Doritos asks fans to create the spot with 'Crash the Superbowl', Pepsi is asking fans to submit photos of themselves for a half-time spot, Pizza Hut will feature fans in their ad, and Lincoln turned to Twitter stories about crazy road trips to guide the creative for their spot. You can check out Coca-Cola's ad below:


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Driver Screening and Evaluation Program
Volume II: Maryland Pilot Older Driver Study
|Action Steps
|A. Identify at-risk older drivers.
|A1. Develop materials to permit those who come in contact with potentially at-risk older drivers to determine the need to have their driving abilities assessed.
|A1a. Determine who can identify at-risk older drivers and the resources they need.
A1b. Review/develop materials (e.g., checklists) appropriate for use by non-professionals to monitor driving and detect potential problems; users include older drivers themselves, their friends and families, and a wide range of lay caregivers and service providers in the community.
A1c. Review/develop materials appropriate for use by professionals to detect potential driving problems; users include health care professionals, law enforcement professionals, and rehabilitation professionals.
|A2. Develop a quick, easy-to-administer screen to enable practitioners, including MDs, OTs, PTs, ADED, and others, to reliably assess the most at-risk older drivers.
|A2a. Comprehensively list and describe tests now used by MDs, OTs, PTs, ADED, and other health professionals and practitioners to evaluate
drivers' functional abilities.
A2b. Relate performance on prior and current administrations of candidate measures to crash data; to over-involvement in moving violations; and to medical/ functional disability referrals to the MVA.
A2c. Establish preliminary cutoffs for performance on 1st tier/screening measures to trigger 2nd tier tests.
A2d. See A1a above.
|A3. Develop a standard set of screening procedures to enable lay caregivers, DMV line personnel, Area Agency on Aging personnel, and other volunteers/non-professionals, to identify driving limitations; and provide accompanying materials so these personnel can identify who needs more detailed assessment or treatment, and where to obtain it.
|A3a. Develop a "test kit" of inexpensive materials that can be used in diverse (field) settings.
A3b. See A1a above.
A3c. See A2b above.
A3d. See A2c above.
|B. Identify which at-risk older drivers are the best candidates for rehabilitation.
|B1. Define a standard set of screening/diagnostic procedures to determine whether at-risk older drivers can be rehabilitated.
|B1a. Review research studies/rehabilitation literature to determine what diagnoses have the potential to be successfully remediated.
B1b. Review content and protocols of diagnostic tests to determine how functional limitations of at-risk older drivers can be assessed.
B1c. Develop recommendations for specific test procedures and protocols (hardware & software) and who can/should perform them.
|C. Identify which at-risk older drivers can drive in a restricted manner.
|C1. Define a standard set of screening/diagnostic procedures to determine whether at-risk older drivers need to change their driving patterns/exposure.
|C1a. Determine from literature what conditions require what kind of driving restrictions.
C1b. Review research conducted in other states (e.g., Utah) to determine effectiveness of restrictions for specific medical conditions in reducing crash risk.
C1c. Evaluate the current restriction policy in Maryland to determine whether/what restrictions reduce crash risk, for which drivers.
C1d. Identify road test components required to determine whether drivers can compensate for their disabilities.
C1e. See B1c above.
C1f. Identify research required to develop more objective criteria for driving restrictions.
|D. Identify which at-risk older drivers need to stop driving.
|D1. Define a standard set of screening/diagnostic procedures to identify those who should stop driving.
|D1a. Determine from literature what driving cessation/license surrender policies and review practices are in place for medical conditions/functional impairment levels.
D1b. List minimum levels of performance for MVA licensing (e.g., scores on knowledge and vision tests, and on-road driving evaluations).
D1c. Describe levels of functional impairment or progression of medical conditions at which MAB/other health care providers determine that driving is no longer safe.
D1d. Identify road test components that clearly indicate individuals who should not drive.
D1e. See B1c above.
|E. Identify and describe functional limitations that would interfere with or preclude use of specific forms of alternative transportation.
|E1. Develop a matrix relating levels of cognitive and physical capability to alternative transportation and services.
|E1a. Determine levels of cognitive and physical capability required to use transportation alternatives.
E1b. Determine who has the ability to use alternative transportation, and the information needed.
E1c. Determine (with WG III) who provides what alternative transportation options for which populations, particularly the disabled.
|Action Steps
|A. A mechanism to refer and place at-risk individuals in appropriate remedial treatments, and track treatment outcomes.
|A1. Produce a matrix of treatments and providers for the population served by each service organization, for each deficit revealed through referral, screening, or diagnostic testing, and description of interrelationships and roles of providers.
|A1a. Create a list of functional impairments (drawing from the efforts of WG I).
A1b. Perform a critical review of what conditions are remediable through restoration of functional ability, or adaptation/compensation for functional loss.
A1c. Develop a list of appropriate agencies, centers, or personnel that address, treat, or train for improvement or compensation for noted deficits/impairments and their interrelationships.
A1d. Set guidelines for the agency which is to coordinate and orchestrate the evaluation, treatment, remediation, and counseling.
|A2. Develop a database, plus administrative protocols, to monitor client status and share information among service providers and the licensing agency.
|A2a. Identify appropriate software tools to use the Internet for sharing information among all consortium entities, including limited development of input screens as required; perform usability tests.
|B. Remediate older drivers whose functional disabilities are correctable.
|B1. Develop guidelines for practitioners, including PTs, OTs, rehab specialists, vision specialists, and other health professionals; and for non-health professionals, including social service personnel, driving instructors, and others who support driver improvement through remediation, education, or skills training.
|B1a. Review research where available and/or collect case data to determine validity or effectiveness of remediation techniques.
B1b. List and describe existing or new remediation techniques or procedures, their target populations and application.
B1c. Survey practitioners to see who can perform what rehabilitation activities.
B1d. Develop or sponsor a training course for people who remediate older drivers.
|B2. Develop curriculums necessary to train appropriate personnel to address remediation and driver training.
|B2a. Survey and select existing curriculums/ components for training staff to perform driving rehabilitation activities
B2b. Determine procedures and costs of training the trainers.
|B3. Evaluate the feasibility of providing remedial treatments for functional disabilities.
|B3a. Determine staff qualifications, level of training, equipment & facility needs, course/duration, resulting cost, and reimbursement eligibility for remedial treatments.
|C. Counsel older drivers faced with restriction or cessation of driving.
|C1. Develop guidelines for counselors specific to the population served, and to the (older) drivers' deficit(s) as revealed through referral, screening, or diagnostic testing.
|C1a. Review and evaluate counseling programs for older drivers and their families, and select best examples for present use.
C1b. Identify what types of information and communications are most appropriate and effective for whom.
C1c. Establish skill/training requirements for different counseling needs (e.g., practical "how to's" versus clinical depression and related symptoms).
|C2. Develop guidelines for recommending driving restrictions.
|C2a. List and describe recommended changes in driving that follow from identified, non-remediable functional limitations.
C2b. Identify when drivers who do not comply with a recommendation should be reported to the MVA.
C2c. See C1b above.
|C3. Develop guidelines for recommending driving cessation.
|C3a. List and describe recommended uses of alternative transportation options that follow from identified, non-remediable functional limitations.
C3b. See C2b above.
C3c. See C1b above.
|D. Identify mechanism(s) to fund evaluation, training, rehabilitation, equipment purchase, and counseling services re: maintaining safe mobility.
|D1. Develop a matrix of funding resources, including health care/medical insurance industry participation.
|D1a. Determine costs.
D1b. Determine resources.
D1c. Identify cost savings derived from improved assessment, rehab, and counseling activities.
D1d. Conduct a cost-benefit analysis.
D1e. Recommend appropriate cost-reduction strategies.
|Action Steps
|A. Determine the mobility needs of those who must reduce or stop driving.
|A1. Identify which mobility needs are being met, and how.
|A1a. Review existing information, and if necessary, conduct survey through Area Agencies on Aging to document mobility needs and desires of older clients.
A1b. Analyze the attributes that contribute to adequacy/desirability of mobility options for "satisfied" clients.
|A2. Identify which mobility needs are not being adequately met, and why.
|A2a. See A1a above.
A2b. Develop a list of needs that are not being met (e.g., seniors in Montgomery County who cannot find ways to travel to Johns Hopkins in Baltimore for medical treatments).
|A3. Compile the information in formats which will be of most use to providers, seniors, and family members.
|B. Identify mobility options at the local level.
|B1. Develop an inventory of all mobility resource options in communities across the country and in Maryland counties where pilot studies will be initiated.
|B1a. Compile an inventory of resources, usage, and contacts by community (as providers, brokers, clearinghouses).
B1b. Contact relevant agencies that deal with senior transportation (both formal and informal) and alternative services (e.g., in-home delivery services).
B1c. Inventory senior community living facilities that provide transportation for residents (for individuals who would benefit most by relocation to improve mobility).
B1d. Contact foundations (e.g., Robert Wood Johnson) to identify mobility programs they support.
|B2. Evaluate best practices among currently available options.
|B2a. Survey seniors and family members to determine how currently-used options are accessed.
B2b. Survey seniors and family members to determine why currently-used options are selected.
|C. Develop mobility options information and guidelines, and disseminate to groups/agencies in need of such information.
|C1. Determine which information (re: mobility options) will be of most use to providers, seniors, and family members in pilot study counties, and present in the form of guidelines to foster best practices in local areas.
|C1a. Investigate structure of service provision in the selected communities.
C1b. Determine if structure for this project must be the same in each community or if it is more practical to utilize existing resources.
C1c. Determine which structures have the maximum potential for success (such as AAA, MVA, central clearinghouse such as Connect-A-Ride, county I&R services) based on past performance where possible.
C1d. For all structures, determine capabilities of service providers to perform mobility counseling - type of personnel, time requirements, office space, etc.
C1e. For all structures, identify methods by which clients can access mobility providers, particularly informal providers.
C1f. Develop needed job specifications, training reqs., materials, etc.
|C2. Prepare information for dissemination.
|C2a. Identify the specific groups to whom the information will be targeted.
C2b. Identify the specific provider contacts who will disseminate the information.
C2c. Insure content is consistent with requirements of providers.
C2d. Format information in such a way to be helpful to providers and seniors.
|D. Update database on mobility options and guidelines.
|D1. Develop central database containing all information re: mobility options, that is flexible enough to compile reports in a variety of formats, building on closely related efforts (e.g., Maryland FTA project) to the greatest extent possible.
|D1a. Develop database.
D1b. Develop methods and formats to disseminate database information to appropriate sources.
D1c. Develop effective means of updating information on a frequent basis.
D1d. Develop ways to relay this updated, local information back to the central database.
|D2. Develop quality control methods.
|D2a. Develop standard intake form for all "clients" receiving data, regardless of location.
D2b. Develop quality-of-service survey for providers.
D2c. Develop quality-of-service survey for the recipients.
|E. Secure best resources to ensure
safe mobility.
|E1. Identify what new funding and/or human resources are needed to maintain and enhance safe mobility options.
|E1a. Assess unmet needs in each community.
E1b. Determine if current structures can be enhanced to meet these needs or if new options are needed.
E1c. Develop detailed description of new service to meet needs that cannot be addressed though enhancement of existing options.
E1d. Identify stakeholders in community and determine extent to which they will support new options.
E1e. Develop ways to relay updated local information back to the central database.
|E2. Determine sources of funding.
|E2a. Investigate various payment and funding options: users, families, insurance, business, HMO's, etc.
E2b. Investigate use of volunteers, including coordinating agencies and foundations.
|Action Steps
|A. Provide a broad social awareness that loss of mobility is a serious health and quality of life issue for older people.
|A1. Market the goal to citizens and professionals alike.
|A1a. Develop PR materials which illustrate how maintaining safe mobility is central to maintaining physical and mental health in old age.
A1b. Identify a spokesperson(s) to deliver our message.
|A2. Develop an educational campaign on the varied impacts of loss of mobility for seniors.
|A2a. Identify and estimate the changes in physical and mental status that are associated with declining mobility and social isolation.
A2b. Identify available PI&E resources and determine additional needs to attain the goal.
A2c. Create campaign content, implementation strategy, and evaluation plan.
|B. Provide a broad social awareness that a scope of driving that is inappropriate to an
individual's functional abilities is a serious public health issue.
|B1. Market the goal to citizens and professionals alike.
|B1a. Develop PR materials which illustrate how safe mobility lowers costs to society while improving quality of life for seniors.
B1b. Identify a spokesperson(s) to deliver our message.
|B2. Develop an educational campaign on the impact of age-related diminished functional capabilities on driving.
|B2a. Identify and estimate the magnitude of driving risks that result from functional impairments.
B2b. Identify available PI&E resources and determine additional needs to attain the goal.
B2c. Create campaign content, implementation strategy, and evaluation plan.
|C. Dissemination of tools supporting widespread, effective identification & evaluation of declining abilities to drive by older persons themselves; by their health care providers; by their families and friends; and by other senior support professionals or volunteer organizations.
|C1. Develop materials describing functional limitations & assessment techniques suitable for dissemination to each group targeted in goal statement.
|C1a. Incorporate information needs identified by other MRC Working Groups into requirements for PI&E materials.
C1b. Identify education and evaluation materials developed by other agencies or traffic safety organizations.
C1c. Select/combine most appropriate content and best formats and media.
C1d. Identify commercial sites (e.g., pharmacies, grocery stores, etc.) most frequently-visited by target population, for distribution of materials.
C1e. Identify service providers (e.g., physicians and other health care facilities, senior citizen centers, driver license centers) most frequently-visited by target population, for distribution of materials.
|C2. Develop support materials meeting the needs of those who counsel older drivers.
|C2a. Review/select current best practices to identify functional limitations and their influence on safe driving and/or use of transportation alternatives.
C2b. Review/select best practices to direct those who come in contact with older drivers on how to get help for further (diagnostic) assessment.


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25 Years of Dot-Com. What Do You Predict for the Future?Thursday, March 18th, 2010
March 15, 2010 marked the 25th anniversary of the first "dot-com" registration on the Internet. With over 100 million domain registrations and counting, we've witnessed an explosion of communication, commerce, idea-sharing, and human connectivity unlike anything else in human history. This truly marks a revolutionary and transformational shift in the way we live, gather information, do commerce, and connect with each other. No domain is unaffected. From societies, governments, communities, businesses to individuals and families, we have all been profoundly impacted by the massive migration to the Internet.
The impact on societies across the globe cannot be understated as the Internet has provided a democratization tool for people to access information in real time across all boundaries. Still, there are some countries battling the policy of free access to the Internet as evidenced recently by
Who can forget the Twitter-revolution in
Recently, with the cataclysmic disaster in
What Do You Predict for the Future of the Internet?
At the 25th Anniversay of .Com Policy Impact Forum in
So what are your thoughts? What do you predict is the future of the Internet? Are you better off today being connected 24/7? Are you feeling overwhelmed or do you feel more in charge of your life? Has your productivity increased or decreased? How do you discern the credibility or truth behind all the countless messages, ideas or agendas online? How are you using the Internet to find solutions to your pressing problems? How has the Internet brought you new opportunities or brought you closer to your family, friends, or loved ones?
I encourage you to ask yourself: Where do I need to connect more? Where do I need to simply disconnect to gain better balance and control in my life? I know my grandchildren are already natives to the Internet. I am not. They face many great opportunities if they choose to anchor themselves on guiding principles that will help them determine what is good and what is not, and what is simply distracting or negative on the Internet. Without that anchor they are at risk of being enslaved by forces that will pull them in conflicting directions, leaving them without a principle-centered compass to help them take charge of their own lives.
This is an exciting time with great opportunities for good. I look forward to the future and the promise of people all around the world and their desire for greatness. The Internet can be a powerful tool to fulfill that greatness!
If you enjoyed this post, make sure you subscribe to my RSS feed!


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Hurricane Dennis News
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: July 21, 2005
DCF Press Office
(850) 488-4855
The Department of Children and Families, in partnership
with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, has launched a
Disaster Food Stamp (DFS) Program in Escambia, Okaloosa and
Santa Rosa counties to help the victims of Hurricane Dennis.
The Department began accepting applications for the program
on Tuesday.
"The Department is working day and night to get food into
the hands of those who need it most," DCF Secretary Lucy
Hadi said.
As of noon today DCF reports the following numbers of
preliminary approvals of applications:
* All figures are cumulative since July 26
Preliminary approvals are forwarded to processing centers
where the applications are more closely examined to
determine whether they meet eligibility requirements for the
program. Individuals determined to be eligible for the
program are then mailed Electronic Benefit Transfer cards,
similar to ATM cards, that can be used at USDA-approved food
Last updated:
November 09, 2007
2012 State of Florida
Exit Disclaimer
Privacy Statement


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SLOW GRAFFITI Los Angeles, California
Annie Nightingale Named Slow Graffiti A "Future Star Of 2014," And He Debuted A Guest Mix For BBC Radio 1 Along With His
Peers Yellow Claw, XXTRAXT And Scientist.
His Latest Release, An EP Titled VI Is Now Available Worldwide On Clubstream Records. ... more
Streaming and Download help


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Serena Williams is 30 years old. Under her current plan to curtail romantic relationships, she won't date again until she's at least 40.
"I just have to remove myself from that atmosphere for about the next decade or so," Serena told Celebuzz.com at the launch for her new line of Sleep Sheets. "I can't get involved."
The tennis star said the moratorium on dating stems from recent relationships gone awry.
"I have given up on dating," Williams said. "It just hasn't worked out well for me."
Added the winner of 13 Grand Slam singles titles: "I'm a really emotional person. I give my all and everything. I do make mistakes — like every human does — but the last relationship just was too much of a heartbreak for me. I just can't go through that anymore. It was hard."
Williams didn't tell who specifically broke her heart, but she reportedly has dated rappers Drake and Common.
Reid Cherner has been with USA TODAY since 1982 and written Game On! since March 2008.
He has covered everything from high schools to horse racing to the college and the pros. The only thing he likes more than his own voice is the sound of readers telling him when he's right and wrong.
Michael Hiestand has covered sports media and marketing for USA TODAY, tackling the sports biz ranging from what's behind mega-events such as the Olympics and Super Bowl to the sometimes-hidden numbers behind the sports world's bottom line.


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Event Details
Must be more than 4 people in the group, otherwise the tour is subject to cancellation.
San Francisco's Chinatown is the oldest Chinatown in North America, and hosts the largest Chinese community outside of Asia. As your guide to the densest neighborhood in San Francisco, our knowledgeable docents will navigate and lead tour participants through street mazes to discover the many sides of Chinatown.
"Dynasty to Democracy" Heritage Walking Tour led by the Chinese Culture Center emphasizes heritage and Chinatown as a living, vibrant community through discovering the many stories in Chinatown and within the Chinese American community. The tour focuses on the history, social activism, and civil rights of Chinese Americans and San Francisco Chinatown. The Chinese Culture Center is a non-profit, community-based organization leading tours in Chinatown for over 20 years. As one of our long-standing programs to educate through promoting Chinese culture and heritage, "Dynasty to Democracy" walking tour brings you from the tourist surface to dive deep into the heart of the Chinatown community.
Lunch Option: "Lucky 9" Lunch
Dim Sum: Main Course: Dessert:
Shrimp Dumpling Peking Duck Fortune Cookie
Crispy Prawn House Fried Rice Green Tea Ice Cream
Chicken Skewer
Spring Roll Drink:
Pot Sticker Hot Tea
Chinese Culture Center
750 Kearny Street, 3rd Floor
San Francisco,
Weekly Event - Every Saturday
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The Chinese Culture Center of San Francisco is a major community-based, non-profit organization established in 1965 to foster the understanding and appreciation of Chinese and Chinese American art, history, and culture in the United States.
In its 45 years of work, CCC has played a pioneering role in introducing Chinese culture to the American public through exhibitions and public programming of a broad spectrum of Chinese traditional and contemporary artistic works in multiple disciplines: Visual Arts, Literature, Music and Theater.
750 Kearny Street, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA 94108


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precludeverb [ T ]uk /prɪˈkluːd/ us /prəˈkluːd/ formal
› to prevent something or make it impossible, or prevent someone from doing something:
His contract precludes him from discussing his work with anyone outside the company.
The fact that your application was not successful this time does not preclude the possibility of you applying again next time.
Thesaurus: synonyms and related words


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U.S. Rep. Timothy V. Johnson today issued the following statement upon release of President Obama's proposed spending plan for 2013.
The budget proposes $3.8 trillion in spending and $2.5 trillion in revenue, resulting in a $1.3 trillion deficit -- the fourth trillion-dollar deficit in as many years. Further, this budget explicitly breaks President Obama's pledge to cut the deficit in half by the end of his first term.
"I'm offended that the President continues down this path of deficit spending being paid for by working Americans, their children and grandchildren," Rep. Johnson said. "This document is nothing more than a campaign platform of divisiveness, of pitting those who are rewarded for their hard work and those who are rewarded for nothing. Even with the assumption of $1.9 trillion in new taxes, specifically the Bush tax cuts expiring, President Obama and Senate Democrats will run a trillion dollar deficit. Where is this money to come from? The message is very simple: We can't afford it anymore. Under this proposal, the budget will never be balanced, ever again. Never. President Obama wants to run the federal government on borrowed money for perpetuity.
"People are out of work. They're being stuck with higher health insurance premiums, higher gas prices, higher taxes and stagnating wages. House Republicans have consistently put forward pro-jobs and pro-business proposals that would increase domestic energy production and preserve Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security for future generations. Over 25 bills sit idle on the Senator Leader Harry Reid's desk.
By the end of 2013 under this budget, the total federal debt will be $16.35 trillion. Obama will have added $5.7 trillion in debt, more than any other president in our history. This is unforgivable.
This budget is a blueprint for extending the creeping shadow of the federal government into every recess of our lives, from compulsory contraception to telling us our kids can't work on the family farm. This plan will only continue to destroy jobs and further weaken our economy."
Source: http://timjohnson.house.gov/News/DocumentSingle.aspx?DocumentID=280235


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Billionaire hedge fund manager Steve Cohen just dropped a big chunk of change on some art.
Cohen — who manages SAC Capital — paid Las Vegas casino owner Steve Wynn $155 million for Picasso's Le Rêve, reports The New York Times.
Spending that much money at this time is an interesting move by Cohen. SAC Capital just agreed to pay $616 million to settle an insider trading lawsuit brought by the federal government. While Cohen has not been charged in the case, at least nine SAC employees were involved in the trading scandal, four of which had already pleaded guilty.
Cohen is known for his love of art. He already owned pieces by Matisse, Pollock, Monet and Manet. His acquisition of the Picasso is thought to be the most expensive ever for a U.S. collector.


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Guilt-Free Gingerbread
This year, don't reach for powdered ginger. Fresh ginger gives this traditional dessert a healthy, flavorful update.
- Prep:
- Total Time:
- Servings: 12
Source: Body+Soul, November/December 2005
- Nonstick cooking spray
- 1 1/2 cups all-purpose flour, plus more for pan
- 1 cup whole-wheat flour
- 3/4 cup turbinado sugar
- 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon
- 1/4 teaspoon salt
- 1/4 cup light molasses
- 2 large eggs, lightly beaten
- 1/2 cup canola oil
- 1/2 cup buttermilk
- 2 teaspoons baking soda
- 1 cup boiling water
- 1/2 cup firmly packed minced fresh ginger
- Confectioners' sugar, for dusting
Preheat oven to 350 degrees with rack in the lower third of oven. Spray a 9-inch square baking pan with nonstick cooking spray. Line the bottom of the pan with waxed paper, then spray the paper. Dust the entire pan with flour and shake out the excess.
In a large bowl, whisk together the flours, turbinado sugar, cinnamon, and salt; set aside.
In a medium bowl, whisk together molasses, eggs, oil, and buttermilk.
Dissolve baking soda in the cup of boiling water. Fold the baking soda and molasses mixtures into dry ingredients until combined. (Do not overmix.) Fold in the minced ginger.
Scrape batter into the prepared baking pan; bake until cake is set around edges and a toothpick inserted in center comes out clean, about 40 minutes. Cool 10 minutes in the pan, then invert onto a cooling rack. Serve warm or at room temperature, dusted with confectioners' sugar.
Reviews Add a comment
Smoothis20 MAR, 2011Is this the same gingerbread that used to be on the Whole Living website? I had a link to that one, but when I followed it, I was redirected to the main page.Reply
chefette8612 JAN, 2009Molasses is very thick, and I don't think maple syrup would be an adequate substitute. Not only because of the consistency, but also flavour. Molasses gives gingerbread its traditional flavour and colour. Turbinado sugar is raw sugar that has blond-coloured crystals, with a delicate molasses flavour.Reply
Lillianmjones8 JAN, 2009It's also known as demerara sugarReply
mickyghersi21 DEC, 2008hi, i'm micky and i'm writing from italy. does someone there can please explain what is 'turbinado sugar' and if in this recipe we can replace canola oil with olive oil and molasses with maple syrup? thank you!Reply


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Katzman, Lillian Hyman
View full finding aid
Lillian Hyman Katzman Papers, 1952-1989
1 box (0.25 linear ft.)
When Lillian Hyman Katzman volunteered to work with the Democratic Party in New York City in 1948, she was sent over to the office of W.E.B. Du Bois to assist him with some secretarial work. From that beginning, she was hired as a secretary, remaining in Du Bois's employ for several years until she, regretfully, left for higher pay. Hyman later earned her masters degree and taught in the public schools in New York, starting the first class for children diagnosed with brain injury.
The Katzman Papers contains a series of letters and postcards sent by Du Bois during the early 1950s when Katzman worked as his secretary. Friendly and informal, they concern lecture tours by Du Bois and his wife, Shirley Graham, out west, and arrangements for his home at Grace Court in Brooklyn. The collection also includes a handful of publications by Du Bois, newspaper clippings, and some congratulatory letters to Katzman on her marriage.
- Adam and Charles Black (Firm)
- Du Bois, Shirley Graham, 1896-1977
- Du Bois, W. E. B. (William Edward Burghardt), 1868-1963
- Hyman, Carol
- Hyman, Lilliam, 1916-2012
- Kahn, Albert Eugene, 1912-1979
- Kimura, Kikuya
- Lewis, David L., 1936-
- National Committee to Defend Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois and Associates in the Peace Information Center
Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries
Information on Use
- Restrictions on Access
- The collection is open for research.


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Family Walk - Spring in Full Swing! - Wave Hill
Hours: 12:30pm
Ages: YE,TW,TE,AD
Price: Grounds admission: $8; $4 students/seniors; $2 children ages 6-18
West 249th Street and Independence Avenue - 718-549-3200
Bronx, NY 10471
Description: Check out the hustle and bustle of activity as insects, spiders, birds, snails, and other garden creatures "spring" into action on a stroll through garden and woodlands with naturalist Paul Keim. Ages 6 and older welcome with an adult. Free with admission to the grounds. Meet at the Perkins Visitor Center.


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I'm pretty excitable. I'm wildly passionate about things that are only really important to me. I'm very open to change, but also indecisive. I have a tendency to get stuck on one thing for significantly longer than is necessary. I live for drunk karaoke. I have an absurd amount of self confidence. That hasn't always been a thing, but I worked very hard to get here, so I'm not going to be shy about it.
Currently in an open, not exclusively monogamous relationship. My boyfriend and I have been together since late 2013, and we just recently got our first house together. While neither of us are really actively looking for another partner, we're open should someone of note come along.
Here's his face, yo.
ESFP, if anyone cares.
Favorite Movie: Kill Bill Vol. 1
Favorite Show: Steven Universe
Favorite Musician: Mystery Skulls
Favorite Food: Chicken Quesadillas
2. ???
3. Profit
4. Sleep
5. The kindness of strangers
6. Background music
Also, don't be shy about messaging me. Chances are, I do want to talk to you.
Holy cow, guys, I'm super glad your junk works, but please don't open a conversation with it. Maybe save that for later, alright?


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By Sarah Rafique
Killeen Daily Herald
HARKER HEIGHTS - Nearly two years after Sgt. 1st Class Ulysses Fleming died in Iraq from Agent Orange, Shirley Fleming wanted to honor her husband's memory.
Fleming joined about 200 residents, service members and their families at a Memorial Day parade and ceremony Saturday.
"I'm proud to be the wife of an Army man that served for (23) years so we can stand here today and be free," said Fleming.
Retired Staff Sgt. Raejean McDonald of Killeen said Memorial Day events are important because it highlights the freedoms that Americans died for.
"It reminds me of the friends that I've lost, the family that I've lost, the daughter (who served two years) that I almost lost in Iraq," she said. "Whenever I hear taps, it always reminds me of those who died so that I could live and continue on the fight."
For Ursula Adam of Killeen, military service is generational. Her husband, father and three grandchildren have served. Her son-in-law also served and died in Iraq.
Although it has been tough on the family, Adam said it has strengthened her support for service members. "We're here for the soldiers," she said. "Giving thanks for what they've done for us and still do for us."
Adam said Memorial Day events are important for the community because the parade features wounded veterans, which "allows children to learn their freedom really is what these people did for them."
Lt. Gen. Donald M. Campbell Jr., III Corps and Fort Hood commander, said he was honored to not only be in the presence of America's heroes but also those who work to make sure they're not forgotten.
"On this hallowed day, many Americans remember the sacrifice of a loved one, a close friend or a comrade in arms," said Campbell. "Not drawn from any one social class or group, these heroes came from all walks of life, from every corner of our great land."
He thanked the heroes for protecting the American way of life by providing a "blanket of freedom that no other country can parallel."
Nichole Broemer, recreation and events coordinator for Harker Heights parks and recreation, said the city's Memorial Day event gets bigger every year. About 50 organizations participated in the parade this year.
"It's important because our community is retired military and active military," said Broemer. "This is an opportunity for the citizens to be involved in honoring them and showing their support."
Harker Heights Mayor Mike Aycock honored service members for their "ultimate sacrifice" for the country their "bravery, honor and valor."
Contact Sarah Rafique at email@example.com or (254) 501-4549.


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First Friday Leadership Series Presents Greg Smith
Clemson University MBA Program
Friday, March 1, 2013 at 5:00 PM (EST)
Who's Going
San Francisco, California
London, United Kingdom
Florence, Italy
Event Details
First Friday Leadership Series
Greg Smith
President, Blue Vista Ventures, LLC
Basement start-up to Fortune 150 exit: What I learned along the way
Join The Upstate Business Journal, Clemson MBA Programs and the The Arthur M. Spiro Institute for Entrepreneurial Leadership on March 1 for First Friday speaker Greg Smith at 5 p.m. followed by a networking reception at 6 p.m.
Greg Smith serves as President of Blue Vista Ventures, LLC, and is an advisor and consultant to early-stage technology companies. Smith has personally invested in 11 start-up companies and funds. Smith formerly served as vice president and general manager of Xerox Mortgage Services. Prior to Xerox, Smith co-founded and served as CEO and Chairman of Advectis®, Inc., the exclusive provider of BlitzDocs® Collaboration Suite, one of the mortgage industry's most widely-used solutions for electronic document collaboration. Advectis was acquired by Xerox in October of 2007.
The BlitzDocs solution enables a network of mortgage participants to manage the process needed to underwrite, audit, collaborate, deliver and archive loan documents electronically via an on-demand web-based application. As of 2011, between 12% and 14% of the U.S. mortgage volume was processed through the BlitzDocs network.
Before co-founding Advectis, Smith was instrumental in launching products in a number of vertical markets, including the insurance and commercial real estate industries with InterTech Information Management.
He has obtained international experience having lived and worked in several European countries and is conversant in German. Smith holds a master's degree in international business from the University of South Carolina and a bachelor of science degree in mechanical engineering from Clemson University.
Smith is a frequent speaker at various entrepreneurial forums including the ATDC, Technology Association of Georgia events, as well as MIT Forum entrepreneurial events in Atlanta. He currently serves on the advisory boards of NurseNav, Pretty In My Pocket, Inc., Workforce Resource, Inc., The Clemson University (Golf Paws) Program, and currently serves as Chairman of the Advisory Board of the Arthur Spiro Institute for Entreprenurial Leadership at Clemson University. Smith is a board memberof Social Growth Technologies, Inc., serves as Chariman of the Board of Verdeeco Inc., and Smith is also a board member and active investor with the Atlanta Technology Angels group.
When & Where
Clemson at the Falls
55 E Camperdown Way
Friday, March 1, 2013 at 5:00 PM (EST)
Add to my calendar
Clemson University MBA Program
Clemson's MBA program is well-regarded for its practical, applied approach to advanced business topics. The curriculum is designed to foster optimal student-teacher interaction and to facilitate learning through a variety of applied and traditional methods. We partner with industry leaders to provide our students with hands-on experience, which contributes to molding them into highly recruited, desirable candidates in today's ever more competitive job market.


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FENNIMORE (WKOW) -- Grant County officials are investigating a reported residential burglary in rural Fennimore on Friday.
The Sheriff's Department says officials responded to the residence around 3:45 p.m. on Friday. Authorities say unknown person(s) entered the residence during the daytime hours and removed multiple items, including an undisclosed amount of money (in coins), several jewelry items, and a television.
The Sheriff's Department is asking the public for any information regarding the burglary. The department wants all local store clerks and bank workers to notify their local police department if anyone comes in and makes a purchase with an unusual amount of coins.
If you have any information, officials ask that you call the Sheriff's Department at 608-723-2157 or Grant County Crimestoppers at 1-800-789-6600.
5545 Highway 93, Eau Claire, WI 54701
(715) 835-1881
News Tips: (715)-831-1824 or firstname.lastname@example.com


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01 The Superpower of Salt
We all know that mankind can't live without air, food and water... the same is true of salt. The salt on your table is a key to unlocking the story of our planet and the...
02 Horse Power Revolution
The horse has been a revolutionary animal in unexpected ways. It has changed how we speak, what we wear, and sets the hidden limit for the size of our most massive empire...
03 Gold Fever
This episode asks why mankind is gold crazy, and discovers there's a hard-wired reason we lust after it, and a microscopic explanation for why it shines. We reveal how th...
04 Below Zero
Reveals how cold has the power to turn men into Barbarians, spark history's longest running war, and create the concept of race. After the heat of the Big Bang, cold crea...
05 Megastructures
From the Great Pyramid at Giza to the towering skyscrapers of today, humans have engineered massive constructions for at least 5,000 years. But why? How do biology and hu...
06 Defeating Gravity
They form natural boundaries, dictate how we spread around the planet, create natural defenses, and control our weather. From the World War that began with a gunshot in t...
07 World of Weapons
Humans have small teeth and no claws or armor, so how do we project our power? Warfare has defined traditional history, but Big History digs deeper to reveal how it all b...
08 Brain Boost
Behind that cup of coffee or tea is a global story that goes back to the collision that created the Moon and the evolution of plant and animal life. The key is the molecu...
09 Mountain Machines
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10 Pocket Time Machine
How does the cellphone in your pocket link to the Big Bang, the evolution of human memory, and even the Titanic disaster? Big History reveals how cosmic forces conspired...
11 Decoded
Secret codes run the world. The code of life, DNA, is the operating system for all organisms, which spawned intelligent life like us who eventually created codes of our o...
12 Deadly Meteors
Impacts from space have created our planet and just about everything in it. Like celestial supply ships, they brought in water, metal, and maybe even life. They made our...
13 The Sun
The Sun is our master and creator. It gives us our perception of time, controls our reality, and powers our lives. Big History sheds new light on our nearest star, reveal...
14 Rise of the Carnivores
Eating meat made us human... by giving us bigger brains, better tools, and spoken language. The human need for beef has driven history across the hemispheres, but how did...
Water is the miracle molecule, and mankind has used its perfect properties to revolutionize our lives. It was our first superhighway, the lifeblood of civilization, and g...
16 Silver Supernova
At critical moments in history, our second place metal was the most important metal on Earth. Big History reveals how silver's place in our minds was determined by the he...
17 The Big History Of Everyt...
An epic 2-hour journey through time and space. This special pulls all that we know about science and history into one grand narrative of the universe and humanity, and un...