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Reading in a Foreign Language
Volume 15, Number 2, October 2003
Literacy and foreign language reading
Tony Ridgway
The purpose of this article is to help to give the teacher of foreign language reading a way of coping with a common phenomenon in the reading class: students appear to have the linguistic proficiency to deal with a text, but are unable to do so because they are approaching it in an inappropriate way. It is argued that this problem relates to styles and attitudes in reading, and that these may be considered under the heading of literacy, or literacies. The article explores the relatively recent development of mass literacy internationally, and the differing concepts of literacy that exist within and between cultures. These may affect profoundly how a reader approaches a text. There is a need to make these different approaches explicit, and recommendations are made as to how to do this.
I can remember the only time I met my great-grandmother in about 1960. At the time she was 92 years old. Dressed in black, she looked to me like Queen Victoria, and lived in a house full of Victorian artifacts, still lit by gas. She asked me several questions, quite severely, which I answered obediently. I left most impressed.
Years later, in an abortive attempt to trace my ancestry, I bought a copy of my grandfather's birth certificate in Somerset House. Appearing in the place where his mother's signature should have been was a cross. I was shocked. This formidable woman could not even write her own name!
Many of us will not have to go back many generations to find illiterate ancestors -- mass literacy is fairly recent. In a lot of other countries it is more recent still, and for this and many other cultural reasons attitudes towards literacy may be very different from our own. Heath (1996: 5) points out that there is an assumption that we all hold similar notions about what literacy is like and what it is like to be literate. The thesis of this paper is that such an assumption (which tends to be based on cognitive, rather than socio-cultural considerations) will inhibit the progress of, for example, a Chinese student on an academic reading course. It is important to remove such assumptions in both student and teacher, and to identify how they affect styles and attitudes in reading.
L1 and L2 reading and transferability: The importance of styles and attitudes
Much has been written about the transferability of first language (L1) reading skills and strategies to second language (L2) reading skills and strategies (see e.g., Alderson, 1984; Bernhardt,1991; Bossers, 1991). There is some variation as to definitions of skills and strategies (Williams & Moran, 1989: 223; Urquhart & Weir, 1998: 96-98). Of particular importance in this context is the distinction between ends (e.g., guessing unknown words) and means (e.g., looking in the dictionary). After all, what is this, a hand-blender or a guacamole? The focus on skills and strategies reflects a cognitivist tendency of recent years, and there has been much discussion in this area. Less frequently discussed with relation to L2 reading are areas such as reading styles (Urquhart & Weir, 1998: 98-100) and attitudes, but now there is a renewed interest in affect (Arnold, 1999), which addresses more closely the state of mind with which L2 readers approach a text, as opposed to the mental operations that are performed while actually reading it. Heath (1996: 16) remarks:
Cognitive and behaviouristic theories that have dominated the Western psychology of learning and thinking, and especially their approaches to the teaching of reading and writing, have kept researchers from focusing into the cultural and historical contexts in which individuals of different societies learn.
The cognitive approach has been of great benefit to the study of L2 reading, giving us insights into decoding, the use of different orthographies, right up the linguistic hierarchy to discourse (cf. Bernhardt, 1991). This does not mean, however, that it is the end of the story. What is done after decoding is a pragmatic question, to do with inferencing and implicature, and this is where styles and attitudes come in. Attitudes present before reading also affect the all-important question of whether to abandon the text. We could represent this change of emphasis in a (by no means complete) schema as follows in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Orientations toward L1 reading to L2 reading transferability
We may characterise the dividing line between the two dyads above as being between cognitive and socio-cultural. However, we need to remember the Vygotskian principle that the combination of the "psycho-" and the "socio-" is not the same as the sum of its two parts, just as hydrogen plus oxygen does not equal water (cf. Kern, 2000: 16-18).
In what follows it will be argued that while the transferability of reading skills and strategies (cognitive) into L2 has been much discussed and investigated, far less consideration has been given to the transference of styles and attitudes (socio-cultural) to FL reading (there are many exceptions to this: see e.g., Day & Bamford,1998; Tomlinson, 2000), and that while skills and strategies may represent universal cognitive faculties, the manner of their deployment (or non-deployment) may depend on these more subtle and anterior social influences. Again, while a monocultural definition of literacy might concentrate on the skills and strategies of reading, a definition with intercultural awareness would include styles and attitudes. This approach is very often characterised by the use of the plural "literacies" (Street, 1995). It may be that taking styles and attitudes into account will go some way towards explaining what Eskey (1973: 177) refers to as "the maddening experience of having a student who appears to understand every sentence and yet cannot answer a single question about the passage as a whole." Here perhaps lies the distinction which Heath (1996: 3) makes between literacy skills and literate behaviour.
What does literacy make possible?
In order to explore the concept of literacy as it applies to FL reading, we need to trace its historical context, if we believe with Vygotsky that this is the only way the mind can be properly perceived. One way of doing this is to explore the things it has done for us through history.
In 1968 Goody and Watt published an article called "The consequences of literacy", which made great claims for the influence of literacy on society and on psychology. The causative approach implicit in the title was an overstatement (as Goody admits in his introduction to the book) and there is much evidence to dispute their claims (Street, 1983). Despite this, grand claims continue to be made for literacy:
...oral and written cultures were indeed quite distinct and ...written language more than any other invention transformed society [into the] world that forms the basis of "civilisation" (Foster & Purves, 1996: 27).
Perhaps if Goody and Watt's claim had been less strong and formulated as "What does literacy make possible (but not necessarily have as a consequence)?" then many of their assertions would be worthy of consideration. Here is a list of some of the things which literacy makes possible, according to Goody and Watt:
This impressive list certainly seems to support Foster & Purves's claim above about "civilisation". It is interesting though that most, if not all, of the above activities can be carried out with only restricted literacy, where a limited proportion of the population is literate. It is also interesting to note the different attitudes and reading styles that might be associated with the above literacies in different cultures, even within the same nation ("The Word of God" being a striking example). These kinds of literacy are often originally associated with pre-alphabetic scripts, and in such a society there is an emphasis on rote-learning. De Francis (1950) estimates that in China in 1950 only 10 to 15% of the population was literate. In such a society the text takes on a special, almost totemic status, as it has uncomprehended power, and the supernatural power of words in arcane religious or magical texts may be traced back to this period of restricted literacy (cf. Alan Maley's surprise at the totally different interpretations in China of words like "book", "reading", "literature" [1986: 103-104]).
The alphabet, in combination with the skill demands of the Industrial Revolution, led to demotic literacy. With an alphabetic script, speech can be much more closely transcribed, and the written form moves closer to the spoken form of the language (in Chinese, for example, it is still very distant). Suddenly, in a mass-literate society we are surrounded by text, much of which we don't wish to read. Thus, we develop a far more discerning attitude towards text, and learn techniques like skimming and scanning to lead us to the parts that we actually want to read.
Scribner and Cole (1981) found that different literacy practices were concerned with different activities in different languages in a Vai community, and that it was possible to associate a particular process, such as logical argument, not with literacy per se, but with literacy in a particular language, in this case English, or with other factors, such as schooling. They found that while there are definite cognitive skills associated with literacy, these skills are dictated by each culture and situation.
The different reading styles and attitudes involved in reading the forms enumerated in Goody and Watt's list and involved in modern mass literacy may give a historical perspective on the styles and attitudes students from other cultures, particularly more distant cultures, may bring to texts familiar to us. The terms "text-type" and "genre" are being avoided here as these tend to return us to the well-beaten cognitive route.
Phylogenetic and ontogenetic perspectives on literacy
To develop further the historical perspective, there are some wider generalisations that can be made about the development of literacy in any particular culture (a phylogenetic, or diachronic view), and about the relative development of literacy in the individuals in any particular culture at a particular time (an ontogenetic, or synchronic view).
A phylogenetic perspective would pass from illiteracy to functional literacy (the development of a system of recording for the purposes of trade) to restricted literacy (a priest or scribe elite, magical texts, followed by the codification of a system of laws and a gubernatorial elite, followed by a literary and academic elite) to industrialisation and mass schooling and the rise of the popular press. Over time, there is a huge increase in vocabulary and a number of changes in rhetorical structure. Most written language becomes less bound to context, and consequently more abstract. One can plot these changes against each of the specific areas mentioned in the list above. The process is a dynamic and constantly changing one, as language adapts to circumstances and at the same time creates new possibilities. Certainly I am not literate in the activity of texting by mobile phone!
It is important not to go overboard here: of course Urquhart and Weir are correct in saying that the cognitive element is primary, and the social secondary (1998: 8). However, it may be that socially conditioned predispositions and attitudes pre-empt the engagement of the cognitive faculties (such as my own irrational aversion to mobile phones).
An ontogenetic perspective will have similarities and differences to a phylogenetic one. It may be schematically portrayed as follows in Figure 2.
Figure 2: An ontogenetic schema of literacy in society
Here we use the metaphor of Centre and Periphery to distinguish among levels of society (and among these levels literacy and power are likely to have a close correspondence). The Centre, where power and literacy are at their highest levels, will include the elites of law, religion, academe, science and business. In countries where there is mass education, popular literary forms, typified by the popular press, will form the next circle. The third circle is occupied by people who read for their own immediate needs, reading items which are important in everyday life (e.g., signs, bills) which are very basic and probably below sentence level. The illiterate periphery, like all the circles, will vary in width depending on which society we are illustrating. It will decrease with mass education as the "popular" circle increases, for example.
Students from countries where mass literacy is only recently developed, or still developing, will retain some of the attitudes which apply in conditions of restricted literacy.
Literacy and development: Literacy styles and attitudes in transition
If we return to a phylogenetic perspective, and stretch the above diagram to include a developmental dimension, then the centre will be in the vanguard, followed by the other circles to the outer periphery of illiteracy, as below in Figure 3.
Figure 3: A developmental perspective of literacy in a society
In other words, in the history of literacy of any society, the centre will become literate first, allowing only functional literacy, if any, to the rest ("restricted literacy"). Only after industrialisation and the need for mass education will mass literacy and the popular press follow.
In any society there will be contrasts among levels of literacy, for example between rural and urban sections, with different proportions of central and peripheral elements. Attitudes towards literacy in any given society will also be affected by the general level of literacy in that society. Most societies have passed through a phase of restricted literacy, where because literacy is restricted to a religious or governmental elite, there is more likely to be a superstitious attitude towards literacy and text, where meaning is not necessarily communicated to any significant degree through the text, but the text, per se, becomes an object in its own right. Such attitudes may persist in relic forms through generations. Partially comprehended texts are treated as totems. Shakespeare is a good contemporary example of this attitude even in a highly literate society such as ours, where we still cannot boast many generations of literate forbears. One recalls John Mills, as the patriarch in the film The Family Way, warning his daughter around 1966 that reading is "bad for the brains". Whether idolatrous or superstitiously suspicious, irrational attitudes towards texts as such are relics of an age of restricted literacy.
Attitudes of a society with restricted literacy
Literacy has not always been regarded as a "good thing". In the Middle Ages literacy was equated with knowledge of Latin, and the Wycliffe translation of the Bible into the vernacular led to radical preaching and the political and economic ferment which followed the Black Death, with the involvement of John Ball and the Lollards. In the early stages of its development, literacy has often, if not always, been restricted to an elite which has jealously guarded it. Under Henry VIII, Thomas More banned labourers and women from reading the Bible (Venezky, 1996: 62), and in antebellum America it was a criminal offence to teach a slave to read (Eddie Williams, personal communication). Even Don Quixote goes mad by reading. The very concept of the power of words in spells goes back to the days of the priest or scribe literate elite, as these words lay in texts which only the sorcerer had access to. The ability to read sacred scriptures did not necessarily imply comprehension of their content (Foster & Purves, 1996: 29). Writing (e.g., on astrology in Madagascar) can be a deliberate mystification of everyday life (Bloch, 1998).
Culture-specific literacies
The attitude referred to above is one which is associated with a culture in which there is restricted literacy. The argument thus far has been that there is a phylogenetic development which is roughly common to all cultures. This is an oversimplification -- there are many features of individual cultures which are not universally repeated in the process of development. In societies with ideographic scripts, for example, the costs of attaining literacy have been higher than in those with alphabetic scripts. More time was required to learn the thousands of characters necessary (3,000 to be reasonably literate, out of a total repertoire of 50,000 [Goody & Watt, 1968: 36]), and time was not a commodity possessed by the lower classes, so social mobility was problematised. In China there was a "nexus between restricted literacy and the existence of a proto-bureaucratic, highly-centralised state" (Foster & Purves, 1996: 30). Wen yen (ideographic script) provided a common idiom for law and administration in the huge empire with a multitude of languages that was China. The literary language (completely different from the vernacular) was crucial in the preservation of "high culture" which included religious traditions and texts, science and technology, magic and divination. In calligraphy, wen yen had its own aesthetic appeal (Foster & Purves, 1996: 31-32). Pin yin (alphabetic script) has only been introduced in this century, allowing near-universal literacy in modern China.
In the early Islamic world, literacy was also restricted. The Qur'an, as Word of Allah, was not translated, so the script would be mastered but reading would take place without comprehension in non-Arabic speaking countries. "Reading" was recitation with magical efficacy. These earlier traditions still exert a powerful influence on language and literary policies (Foster & Purves 1996: 35). Middle Easterners will not write anything impolite about anyone else, as it is immoral to do so (Parker et al., 1986: 95) and Arabs will easily give opinions, but facts are more reluctantly divulged (Parker et al., 1986: 97). How one says something is almost as important as what one says (Parker et al., 1986: 98).
Culturally specific literacies, then, display differences which are both cognitive and social.
Contrastive rhetoric
Urquhart & Weir (1998) include both text structure and cohesion under the category of literacy. Both of these aspects have to do with rhetorical structure. 'Rhetoric', according to Connor (1999) has similar connotations to 'text linguistics', 'discourse linguistics', 'discourse analysis' and 'pragmalinguistics', all of which have to do with these areas, although, as Urquhart and Weir point out, coherence is "...rather more difficult and obscure than is sometimes recognised" (1998: 76). Contrastive rhetoric is the study of linguistic and cultural differences in this area. One characterisation of such cultural differences comes from Kaplan (1966). In a series of now-famous diagrams he characterises five patterns of paragraph: in English as a straight line, in Semitic languages as a zigzag, in Oriental languages as a spiral, and so on. This was crude, and accused of being ethnocentric, which Kaplan later admitted and altered his diagrams. His position was not necessarily a Whorfian one about different thought-processes, but, to quote Folman & Sarig (1990, quoted in Connor 1996) "but more -- [we] would like to suggest within the realm of the professed and implemented syllabuses of language arts and educational linguistics of each of the instructional systems, the formal agents of each of the cultures." Scribner & Cole (1981) found that children schooled in English performed better on tests in syllogisms, but this was better accounted for by the fact that they had been to school than by the fact that they were literate in a so-called "logical" language. Cultural value-judgments may be implicit in the choice of a rhetorical style or approach. Li (1996) compared the comments and observations of two Chinese and two American teachers on six pieces of narrative writing, three Chinese and three English. Some of the findings were as follows:
1. Chinese teachers considered writing as a vehicle for disseminating the accepted values of a society, whereas American teachers "consider morality the last place for teachers to exert their authority."
2. American teachers valued the originality of a writer's voice where Chinese allowed imitation.
3. Americans did not care for the expression of too much emotion in writing. Chinese considered this a good sign in writing.
4. Chinese expected "moral tags" in good writing. Americans preferred "showing" to "telling."
5. Americans considered formal and overly ornate language phony and preferred "natural" language. In Chinese the difference between written and spoken language is still large (Li, 1996, quoted from Connor, 1996).
Findings like the above need to take into account questions of attitudes and styles in the context of literacy, and it is important to remember that teachers need to become aware of their own attitudes and styles as well as those of their students. The comments above apply to narrative texts; it is interesting to speculate how attitudes and styles would differ with reference to other text-types. It has, for example, been pointed out (Widdowson, 1978; Connor, 1996) that scientific texts transcend cultural barriers and form a culture of their own (this of course still being a culture that needs to be learnt).
Purpose in reading also is of crucial importance. Heath (1996: 5) makes the vital distinction between acquisition (e.g., learning to read) and retention and expansion (e.g., reading to learn). This of course raises the question whether it is possible to do both at the same time.
Another area of great interest is the idea of going beyond the text -- meaning for action, ideas and ideology -- critical reading. It is a contention of this article that awareness of literacy and literacies is a crucial part the kind of awareness while reading which is recommended by advocates of critical reading, such as Wallace (1992).
1. Literacy is a multifarious skill which includes skills, strategies, styles and attitudes.
2. Within the accomplishments required for literacy we can distinguish between cognitive and socio-cultural elements.
3. Cognitive elements have been treated more comprehensively than socio-cultural ones, and cultural differences correspondingly less emphasised.
4. Socio-cultural elements such as styles and attitudes may have a part to play in pre-empting the engagement of the cognitive ones.
5. The effects of literacy on any society are enormous, and manifest themselves in a number of ways. Approaches to texts are thus likely to differ greatly depending on a number of factors, such as the degree of development of a culture and its own idiosyncratic features (e.g., orthography, discourse structure). In particular, if a student comes from a background where there is restricted literacy, or where there has been restricted literacy in the recent past, attitudes towards texts per se will differ.
6. Any individual will have a particular literacy (or network of literacies), depending on a number of factors, in particular cultural background and class background (the level of literacy possessed by parents). This will significantly affect attitudes towards texts.
Pedagogic implications
1. Diagnosis. Do any of your students seem to suffer from the problem of not getting global meaning, but understanding individual sentences, as mentioned by Eskey above? Do any of your students insist on having every word in a text explained to them? Do any of your students take every word of a written text as gospel, although it may be nonsense? Are they incapable of criticising a text? Are they unwilling to discuss a text? Do they continually misunderstand despite appearing to have adequate linguistic proficiency? These are just some of the problems that may be literacy problems.
2. Introspection. In the context of the above arguments, are you able to uncover any attitudes or styles of reading that you may possess, hitherto unconsciously? Looking at the way you mark students' writing may be a help with this, as well as familiarity with writing in a different language.
3. Orientation. Talk about literacy with your students. Tell them how it is different in different cultures, and how they may be surprised at the attitudes we have towards texts, for example that we may treat them as tools rather than as founts of wisdom. Discuss with them the differences between the way they might approach a text and the way you might. It is important here to remove any sense of shame about students' backgrounds, remembering that it is only a few generations since we lived in a society with restricted literacy, and also that such a society may affect the attitudes of the literate towards texts as well as those of the illiterate or semi-literate.
4. Familiarisation. Present your students with a variety of texts -- advertisements, tabloid newspapers, magazines, technical, and academic texts, literary texts. Discuss how one's responses might differ to these texts, and how one would approach them differently. As in the last stage, your purpose in doing this must be very explicit, otherwise the students may just wonder why you didn't ask comprehension questions (a good example of textual analysis at this level is in Kress, 1999).
5. Critical reading. Encourage students to go away and read things and come back with their own impressions, in addition to their interpretation of how a native-speaking reader might react to them.
Alderson, J. C. (1984). Reading in a foreign language: A reading problem or a language problem? In J. C. Alderson & A. H. Urquhart (Eds.), Reading in a foreign language (pp. 1-24). London: Longman.
Arnold, J. (Ed.). (1999). Affect in language learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bernhardt, E. B. (1991). A psycholinguistic perspective on second language literacy. In J. H. Hulstijn & J. F. Matter (Eds.), Reading in two languages. AILA Review, 8, 31-44. Amsterdam: Free University Press.
Bloch, M. (1998). How they think we think. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Bossers, B. (1991). On thresholds, ceilings and short-circuits: The relation between L1 reading, L2 reading and L2 knowledge. In J. H. Hulstijn & J. F. Matter (Eds.), Reading in two languages. AILA Review, 8, 45-60. Amsterdam: Free University Press.
Connor, U. (1996). Contrastive rhetoric. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Connor, U. (1999). Contrastive rhetoric: New research avenues. In Language and literacies: British studies in applied linguistics. Clevedon, UK: British Association for Applied Linguistics in association with Multilingual Matters.
Day, R. R. & Bamford, J. (1998). Extensive reading in the second language classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
de Francis, J. (1950). Nationalism and language reform in China. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Eskey, D. B. (1973). A model program for teaching advanced reading to students of English as a foreign language. Language Learning, 23, 169-89.
Folman, S. & Sarig, G. (1990). Intercultural rhetorical differences in meaning construction. Communication and Cognition, 23(1), 45-92.
Foster, P. & Purves, A. (1996). Literacy and society with particular reference to the non-western world. In R. Barr, M. Kamil, P. Mosenthal, & P. D. Pearson (Eds.), Handbook of reading research Vol II (pp. 26-45). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Goody, J. & Watt, I. (1968). The consequences of literacy. In J. Goody (Ed.), Literacy and traditional societies (pp. 27-68). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Heath, S. B. (1996). Society and literacy. In R. Barr, M. Kamil, P. Mosenthal, & P. D. Pearson (Eds.), Handbook of reading research Vol II (pp. 3-25). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Kaplan, R. B. (1966). Cultural thought patterns in intercultural education. Language Learning, 16(1), 1-20.
Kern, R. (2000). Literacy and language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kress, G. (1999). Issues for a working agenda in literacy. In Language and literacies: British studies in applied linguistics (pp. 126-144). Clevedon, UK: British Association for Applied Linguistics in association with Multilingual Matters.
Li, X.-M. (1996). "Good writing" in cross-cultural context. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Maley, A. (1986). XANADU -- A miracle of rare device. In J. M. Valdes (Ed.), Culture bound (pp. 102-111). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Parker, O. D. and Educational Services Staff, AFME. (1986). Cultural clues to the middle eastern student. In J. M. Valdes (Ed.), Culture bound (pp. 94-101). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Scribner, S. & Cole, M. (1981). The psychology of literacy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Street, B. V. (1983). Literacy in theory and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Street, B. V. (1995). Social literacies: Critical approaches to literacy in development, ethnography and education. London: Longman.
Tomlinson, B. (2000). Polemic: Beginning to read forever. Reading in a Foreign Language, 13(1), 523-38.
Urquhart, A. H. & Weir, C. (1998). Reading in a second language. London: Longman.
Venezky, R. L. (1996). The development of literacy in the industrialised nations of the West. In R. Barr, M. Kamil, P. Mosenthal, & P. D. Pearson (Eds.), Handbook of reading research Vol II (pp. 46-67). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Wallace, C. (1992). Reading. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Widdowson, H. G. (1978). Teaching language as communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Williams, E. & Moran, C. (1989). Reading in a foreign language at intermediate and advanced levels with particular reference to English. Language Teaching, 22, 217-28.
About the Author
Tony Ridgway has spent nearly 30 years teaching English in the UK, Spain, Iran and Cyprus. His main interest is reading, and he did a PhD on the role of background knowledge at Seville University in 1994. He was Head of Teaching English as a Foreign Language at Queen's University from 1995 - 2002. He is now working as a school director and freelance consultant. e-mail: email@example.com
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They beat EastEnders star Christopher Parker and his partner Hanna Karttunen in the final of the series shown live on Saturday night.
More than 2.5 million votes were cast by viewers as judges described the winning pair as "true ballroom stars".
The show, hosted by Bruce Forsyth, had featured eight dancing couples.


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Thursday, 16 May, 2002, 23:14 GMT 00:14 UK
Football's fall from favour
More and more football clubs are likely to follow Bradford City into administration because the banks are changing their attitudes towards clubs and their debts.
In the past, football clubs have been treated differently from other businesses.
Normally, if a company's debts are considerably greater than its turnover, then the banks will push it into administration.
Professor Tom Cannon, of Kingston Business School, said football clubs had been allowed to carry on trading even with substantial debts.
"Basically bank managers and financiers are very nervous about closing a football club down because of the bad publicity," he said.
But the climate changed when ITV Digital collapsed owing the Football League and 72 clubs a total of �178.5m.
"The bank managers will put more and more clubs into administration.
"I think you're going to get an announcement like this one from Bradford City certainly monthly, if not weekly," said Mr Cannon.
"And if the banks were really hard-nosed with football clubs you would be talking about maybe half of the Premiership clubs pushed into administration," he added.
Transfer fees
It's the lower division clubs that are most at risk.
They are seeing their gate receipts fall as young fans turn away from their local football teams and support the more glamorous Premier League clubs instead.
TV companies will no longer pay huge amounts of money to lower division clubs in order to screen their games.
And the money these clubs used to get from transfer fees has dried up.
Radical pruning
Leading clubs no longer go round the country looking to buy talented young players from other teams.
For example, last year Manchester United spent �60m on transfers, but all of that money went overseas so no English club benefited.
For all of these reasons, Mr Cannon believes that bank managers will find it increasingly difficult to allow heavily indebted clubs to carry on trading.
Neither can the Football League stand by and watch teams with financial difficulties starting the season.
"My guess is that there will have to be some pretty radical pruning very quickly.
Star player
"You cannot have a position where half a dozen clubs start the season with the possibility that they might not survive to the end," said Mr Cannon.
As far as Bradford City are concerned, the administrators will now be trying to balance their books by settling debts and selling off assets.
One of the club's biggest costs is its star player, Benito Carbone, who is being paid �40,000 a week.
The administrators will be lucky to find a buyer for him but they might be able to agree to lend him to another club.
The administrators will also be looking for a buyer for the whole of Bradford City.
See also:
16 May 02 | Bradford City
Bradford City in administration
16 May 02 | Football
Clubs in the danger zone
16 May 02 | England
Fans face credit card ban
Internet links:
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Product details
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- Usage: Suitable for interior use
- Safety information: Do not block vent.


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Rythmos 104.5 FM - Greek "laika and greek top 40". ΗΡΑΚΛΕΙΟ ΚΡΗΤΗΣ - ΡΥΘΜΟΣ 104,5 - Rythmos Rithmos 104.5 irakleio hrakleio.
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awyatt08's Mom Answers Activity
35 weeks pregnant, Having cramps and Hot Flashes...What should I do? Watch this
Most recent answer (05/24/2012):
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Lakers Open Scrimmage
The Lakers will be holding an open scrimmage to see the 2011-12 Lakers play an intrasquad scrimmage on Friday, December 16th at 2pm at the Galen Center.
The scrimmage will last approximately 90 minutes. Doors will open at 1pm.
The deadline to request tickets has passed and we are no longer offering tickets. You must have a ticket to get into the Open Scrimmage. USC lots surrounding Galen Center charge $10 for parking.
Here is a map and directions for getting to USC.
We will do a random draw of fans who did sign-up for tickets on Wednesday and those fans will be sent instructions on how to get their tickets. Tickets are subject to availability. Limit of 2 tickets per account.


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Anyone else having this issue? For the past few days it has looked like I have 233 pages in my portfolio. The glitch only happens when I am on any page in my portfolio but my final portfolio page. When I look at my final page the 233 disappears and everything looks correct.
This only seems to be a problem on my own portfolio pages when I'm signed in so I don't think any buyers notice it. Not really a big deal but wondered if anyone else noticed.
Yeap, I have 3 page listing on my portfolio, but since a couple of days I see 14 pages….I reported the issue to support…
Yep, noticed exactly the same thing on mine. Initially looks as though I have 12 pages, but when visiting the last page, reverts to the correct 2 pages I currently have.
Yeah, I noticed it too.
29 pages in my portfolio
Wow, I didn't know I had such a huge collection!
Yup I have it as well, glad it's been reported to support.
Maybe it's a marketing trick?
The same for me too, guys
Not me, I still have less than a page of items ha
Yep. Could even be a clever "carrot on a stick" challenge set by AJ. Let's fill our empty pages with the sweetest sounds known to mankind! JUNGLE CHALLENGE !!!


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Lions Free Kidnapped Girl
From all-creatures.org
The Animal Story Page
| Home Page | Animal Rights |
Lions Free Kidnapped Girl
The outcome of this story gives us another glimpse into the Peaceable Kingdom (Isaiah 11:6-9) where neither humans nor animals will hurt or destroy in all of God's creation, for these lions were more full of the knowledge of the Lord than the humans who kidnapped this girl.
Tuesday, June 21, 2005
ADDIS ABABA, Ethiopia (AP) -- Police say three lions rescued a 12-year-old girl kidnapped by men who wanted to force her into marriage, chasing off her abductors and guarding her until police and relatives tracked her down in a remote corner of Ethiopia.
The men had held the girl for seven days, repeatedly beating her, before the lions chased them away and guarded her for half a day before her family and police found her, Sgt. Wondimu Wedajo said Tuesday by telephone from the provincial capital of Bita Genet, some 560 kilometers (348 miles) west of the capital, Addis Ababa.
"They stood guard until we found her and then they just left her like a gift and went back into the forest," Wondimu said, adding he did not know whether the lions were male or female.
News of the June 9 rescue was slow to filter out from Kefa Zone in southwestern Ethiopia.
"If the lions had not come to her rescue then it could have been much worse. Often these young girls are raped and severely beaten to force them to accept the marriage," he said.
"Everyone in thinks this is some kind of miracle, because normally the lions would attack people," Wondimu said.
Stuart Williams, a wildlife expert with the rural development ministry, said that it was likely that the young girl was saved because she was crying from the trauma of her attack.
"A young girl whimpering could be mistaken for the mewing sound from a lion cub, which in turn could explain why they (the lions) didn't eat her," Williams said. "Otherwise they probably would have done."
The girl, the youngest of four brothers and sisters, was "shocked and terrified" and had to be treated for the cuts from her beatings, Wondimu said.
He said that police had caught four of the men, but were still looking for three others.
In Ethiopia, kidnapping has long been part of the marriage custom, a tradition of sorrow and violence whose origins are murky.
The United Nations estimates that more than 70 percent of marriages in Ethiopia are by abduction, practiced in rural areas where the majority of the country's 71 million people live.
| Animal Stories |
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Indiana Folklore
- Purchases may be made via a visit to our office, by telephone (317-232-2535), fax (317-232-3728), or e-mail (ihb @ history.in.gov). More info on purchasing here.
Weird Indiana: Your Travel Guide to Indiana's Local Legends and Best Kept Secrets
Mark Marimen et al.
Weird Indiana is here to prove that the Crossroads of America, as our state motto claims, is also the Crossroads of the Weird! There's such an abundance of weirdness here that it took three authors to showcase all the odd and offbeat wonders the Hoosier State has to offer. Our authors, Mark Marimen, Jim Willis, and Troy Taylor, set off with cameras and notepads in hand, in search of Indiana's best kept secrets, local legends, bizarre beasts, and more, and they found it—in spades!
Sit back and enjoy a relaxing picnic in Shades of Death Park; "see the light" if you're lucky enough to witness those unexplained glowing spots known as Moody's Light. Find out how a town named Santa Claus became involved in one of the fiercest rivalries in the state's history. Slap on another layer of color to the world's biggest ball of paint, and no, you're not seeing things—that really is an enormous pink-spectacled elephant drinking a martini on the side of the road! Get the time from an enormous leg sundial, and listen for the whistle of terror on the White Lick Creek Bridge, but whatever you do, don't answer an ad from La Porte's Black Widow. Make a person-to-person call from inside a tomb, and meet Indiana's most upright citizen, buried that way for almost two hundred years. Check out the ruins of Littleville, where 125 miniature buildings once stood—complete with a courthouse, and even a yacht club, all of eighteen inches tall.
253 pp. / 2008 / ISBN 9781402754524 / $14.95
Order no. 1360
Temporarily Out of Stock
Ghosts of Madison, Indiana
Virginia Dyer Jorgenson
Beautifully preserved mid-nineteenth-century buildings grace the streets of Madison, Indiana, providing a concrete connection to the past. But a more ethereal, ghostly link flits about these streets when night descends. Restive spirits linger here, like the extra that may join you mid-slumber at Whitehall Bed-and-Breakfast, a residual from the Civil War hospital that was once nearby. Feel the ghostly chill of a mob bootlegger who stops by the Broadway Tavern around last call and learn of the myriad ghosts that flutter here in search of something. Dive into the shadows of Madison on this chilling journey with Virginia Jorgensen.
paper / 128 pp. / 2012 / ISBN 9781609497446 / $19.99
Order No. 2939
Amazing Tales from Indiana
Fred D. Cavinder
It's Ripley's with a Hoosier twist—Fred Cavinder has put together a group of findings and stories, some kooky and strange, some from the twilight zone, some historical oddities and fascinations, all gleaned from Indiana. Submitted for your consideration: the blind man who designed and built an automobile, the "volunteer" tree growing out of a courthouse roof, and much, much more.
paper / 158 pp. / 1990 / ISBN 0-253-20658-8 / $17.95
Order No. 769
Oddball Indiana: A Guide to Some Really Strange Places
Jerome Pohlen
Square Donuts. The World's Largest Stump. Oscar the Monster Turtle. Johnny Appleseed's grave. The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction. While other travel guides tell you about yet another cozy bed-and-breakfast and bike trails through Brown County, Oddball Indiana offers wacky travel destinations and little-known historical tidbits. Why is Nancy Barnett's grave in the middle of a country road? Where can you go to communicate with your dead Aunt Clara? Who invented Alka-Seltzer? How did David Letterman get fired from his first broadcasting gig? This is the guide to the real Indiana, birthplace of corn flakes, Dan Quayle, and Wonder Bread, for those who want to laugh, not lounge, on their vacation.
paper / 227 pp. / 2002 / ISBN 1-55652-438-2 / $14.95
Order No. 2736
Hoosier Folk Legends
Ronald L. Baker
Folk tales about a curious mixture of Hoosier humor and horror stories.
paper / 264 pp. / 1982 / ISBN 0-253-20334-1 / $16.95
Order No. 2065
More Amazing Tales from Indiana
Fred D. Cavinder
More of the findings and stories, freaky and fascinating, kooky and strange, some historical oddities and fascinations, all told with humor.
paper / 207 pp. / 2003 / ISBN 0-253-21653-2
$14.95 $8.97
Order No. 2413
Folklife and Museums--Selected Readings
Patricia Hall and Charlie Seemann
Essays trace and reflect upon the various ways that folklife, which explores and celebrates ordinary life, and museums have intersected since the 1950s.
paper / 194 pp. / 1987 / ISBN 0-910050-85-6 / $10.95
Order No. 3004
Out of Stock
Historical Celebrations: A Handbook for Organizers of Diamond Jubilees, Centennials, and Other Community Anniversaries
Keith Peterson
Ethnic allegiances, religious memberships, occupational associations, community, state, and national anniversaries are some of the celebrations and festivals featured.
paper / 118 pp. / reprint 1996 (1986) / ISBN 0-931406-13-7 /
$14.95 $8.97
Order No. 3101
Hoosier German Tales: Small and TALL
Eberhard Reichmann, editor
Stories, poems, legends, memoirs, thoughts, etc. of, by, or about Hoosier Germans.
paper / 279 pp. / 1991 / ISBN 1-880788-00-4 / $8.00
Order No. 2390
Out of Stock
Haunted Tales from the Region: Ghosts of Indiana's South Shore
Dorothy Salvo Davis
South Shore lights blaze through the night, warding off restless spirits that slink among the shadows. Join paranormal researcher and author Dorothy Salvo Davis as she reveals the legends and ghouls that haunt this generally peaceful area.
paper / 109 pp. / 2010 / ISBN 978-1-59629-917-7 / $19.99
Order No. 2816
Haunted Hoosier Trails: A Guide to Indiana's Famous Folklore Spooky Sites
Wanda Lou Willis
The American Indians who inhabited this region had a long tradition of stories about tragic deaths and haunting spirits. Pioneers and other early settlers told their own tales of mansions where sad deaths happened and spirits walked.
paper / 192 pp. / 2002 / ISBN 1-57860-115-0
$15.95 $8.99
Order No. 2460
More Haunted Hoosier Trails: Folklore from Indiana's Spookiest Places
Wanda Lou Willis
Beloved Indiana folklorist Wanda Lou Willis is back with all-new ghostly tales in this hair-raising companion to her popular Haunted Hoosier Trails. In More Haunted Hoosier Trails, you can set off with Wanda as your guide to explore Indian's hidden history in spooky locations around the state.
paper / 208 pp. / 2004 / ISBN 1-57860-182-7
$14.99 $8.99
Order No. 2483
Folklore in the Classroom Workbook
Content essays by professional folklorists and reproducible exercises for each chapter; folklore and various subject areas and issues in education.
paper / 1985 / ISBN 1-885323-51-4 / $10.75
Order No. 4019


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1. Nikita Serebryakov (G) – Russia
American shooters will see Serebryakov in their nightmares after the Russian goaltender turned in his second game-stealing performance against the U.S. in six days. After a 51-save performance led Russia to a 3-2 preliminary round win last Friday, Serebryakov turned aside 45 shots in Wednesday's 7-4 gold medal game victory, helping the Russians to their first U17 gold medal since 2000.
2. Sergei Tolchinski (F) – Russia
One of the smallest players in the tournament at 5-foot-7, 150 pounds, Tolchinski had arguably the biggest impact on Wednesday's gold medal game. The Russian forward scored a hat trick, including the game-tying goal in the second period and a back-breaking shorthanded penalty shot goal early in the third period to give the Russians their biggest lead of the game to that point at 4-2.
3. Max Domi (F) – Ontario
Domi helped make sure Ontario took home a medal from the U17 tournament for the fifth year in a row, scoring twice in the third period as the host province erased a one-goal deficit after 40 minutes with four goals in the final frame to win bronze. He gave Ontario insurance with the 4-2 goal on the power play before rounding out the scoring with a gorgeous individual effort in the dying minutes.
1. Grigori Dikushin (F) – Russia
With Russia just 4:15 from a trip to the bronze medal game, Dikushin stepped up with the game-tying goal, and, just for good measure, added the game-winner 8:27 into overtime to help the Russians advance to the gold medal game for the first time since they won their lone title in 2000. Dikushin's two goals extended his team scoring lead and left him tied for third in tournament scoring with nine points.
2. Bronson Beaton (F) – Atlantic
Goalless through four games, Beaton picked an ideal time for his first two of the tournament, tying the seventh-place game late in the second period and adding the game-winner eight minutes into the third to help Atlantic to a 4-2 victory over the Czech Republic. Beaton finished as just one of two Atlantic players, along with Oliver Cooper, to record more than a single goal.
3. Hunter Garlent (F) – Ontario
Although Ontario saw its consecutive gold medal game appearance streak end at four with an overtime loss to Russia, Garlent did all he could to help the Canadian cause, putting his name on the scoresheet on all three Ontario goals – he set up Stephen Nosad in the first period and Aaron Ekblad in the second before briefly putting Ontario ahead in the third with his third goal of the tournament.
1. Evan Allen (F) – United States
With the Americans' tournament riding on the final 40 minutes of their game against Pacific on Monday night, Allen stepped up with two big goals to give the U.S. a lead it would never relinquish in a 4-2 victory. The native of Sterling Heights, Mich., a suburb of Detroit located less than an hour from Windsor, finished his preliminary round with five goals, tied with Hudson Fasching for the team lead.
2. Victor Öhman (F) – Sweden
Öhman continued his torrid scoring streak against Atlantic, picking up four assists to help the Swedes to an 8-2 rout and a berth in the semifinals. After being held off the scoresheet in a tournament-opening 7-2 to loss to Ontario, Öhman scored a hat trick in a win over Quebec and added three assists in a victory over Germany. He finished the preliminary round as the tournament scoring leader with 10 points.
3. Hunter Garlent (F) – Ontario
For Ontario the semifinal math was simple – win, and get in, and Garlent made sure the defending gold medallists did just that, scoring the tying goal in the first period and adding the 4-1 insurance marker midway through the second before capping off his night with an assist on Stephen Harper's third-period goal as Ontario completed a perfect preliminary round.
1. J.T. Compher (F) – United States
When the Americans needed a big goal they looked to Compher on Sunday night. The U.S. forward gave his team its second lead of the first period, set up Anthony Louis (see below) for the 3-1 goal seven minutes into the second and, with West pressing late, added assists on Louis' second and third goals in a 7-3 win, helping the Americans keep their semifinal hopes alive.
2. Anthony Louis (F) – United States
While Compher put his name at the top of the scoresheet with a goal and three assists it was Louis who was the beneficiary of Compher's set-up skills, recording a hat trick with a trio of power play goals. Louis found the back of the net when his team needed it most, scoring twice with the man advantage in the final 6:11 with West pushing to get back into the game.
3. Jordan DeKort (G) – Ontario
After watching from the bench as Spencer Martin started Ontario's first two games, DeKort got the call on Sunday night and stopped all 17 shots he faced in a 3-0 victory over Atlantic. It was fitting DeKort started Ontario's lone game in LaSalle – an OHL draft pick of the Windsor Spitfires, he is playing this season with the GOJHL's LaSalle Vipers.
1. Victor Öhman (F) – Sweden
Öhman struck early and often against Quebec on Saturday afternoon, scoring twice in the first period – including the second of two shorthanded goals on the same Quebec power play – and once more early in the second to complete his hat trick helping the Swedes pull away from the Canadian side early en route to their first victory of the tournament.
2. Nathan MacKinnon (F) – Atlantic
After being held off the scoresheet in Atlantic's opening-day loss to Quebec (and its exhibition defeat at the hands of the U.S.), the highly-touted MacKinnon – who finished in the top 10 of tournament scoring last year as a 15-year-old – broke out in a 4-3 win over Germany, scoring his first goal and setting up Oliver Cooper for the game-winner late in the third as Atlantic picked up win No. 1.
3. Nicolas Petan (F) – Pacific
While this spot could be occupied by the entire Pacific power play unit, which is 7-for-21 (33.3%) through three games, Petan was the trigger man in Pacific's 4-3 win over Russia on Saturday, opening the scoring on the man advantage midway through the first period and scoring again while a man up late in the second, which proved to be the game-winner.
1. Nikita Serebryakov (G) – Russia
How good was the Russian goaltender in Friday's 3-2 victory over the United States? Serebryakov made more saves in the first period alone (24) than his team had shots in the entire game (22). He finished with 51 stops, including a number of big saves with the Americans pressing for the tying goal in the final 10 minutes, helping Russia end the U.S.' preliminary round winning streak at 13 games.
2. Darnell Nurse (D) – Ontario
The nephew of NHL quarterback Donovan McNabb, Nurse did a little quarterbacking of his own on the ice in Ontario's 7-2 win over Sweden. The Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds blue-liner led the Ontario power play to four goals, helping set up the go-ahead and insurance goals with the man advantage before scoring his first of the tournament for good measure midway through the third period.
3. Tristan Jarry (G) – Pacific
It was a rough beginning for the Pacific netminder in his first international start – Jarry faced a pair of five-on-threes in the first 15 minutes, totalling more than two-and-a-half minutes, but came through it unscathed and finished with 34 saves, helping Pacific blank the Czechs 4-0 and improve to 2-0, alone atop Group B through two days.
1. Sam Reinhart (F) – Pacific
The dynamic forward got his team on track to victory in its tournament opener against West, scoring twice in a span of 3:05 early in the second period to turn a tie game into a two-goal advantage en route to a 5-2 victory. Reinhart, son of former NHL defenceman Paul, joins his brothers Max (2009) and Griffin (2011) as Reinharts to play in the World Under-17 Hockey Challenge.
2. Bo Horvat (F) – Ontario
Following a tradition of recent Ontario captains that includes Florida Panthers defenceman Erik Gudbranson and current National Junior team member Boone Jenner, Horvat set the tone in Ontario's opener against Germany, scoring once and adding an assist while excelling at both ends of the ice, helping his team start its gold medal defence with a 5-0 shutout victory.
3. J.T. Compher (F) – United States
Compher got the ball rolling against the Czechs, opening the scoring early in the first period and adding a second goal late in the opening frame as the Americans outshot their European opponents 25-8 in the first 20 minutes and led 4-0, on their way to a 5-1 victory. The win kept alive an impressive streak for the U.S. – it has not lost a tournament opener since 1997, a span of 12 games.


text:
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text: The Testament of Orpheus Movies, Fantasy Add review 0 Love It Save it 0 Add review 0 Love It Save it About Details Users say About The content on this page is provided by a Time Out partner. Legendary artist Pablo Picasso makes a rare cameo in Jean Cocteau's surreal parable about a poet's life. Details Release details Release date: Saturday April 9 1960 Duration: 79 mins Cast and crew Users say Share Tweet


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Sprint Corp. and Nextel Communications Inc. said Tuesday they intend to finalize their merger on Aug. 12, after gaining all required regulatory approval.
The companies will become Sprint Nextel Corp. and will use the stock ticker symbol "S" when trading begins on the New York Stock Exchange next Monday, according to a joint news release.
The companies, two of the largest mobile phone service providers in the U.S., cleared approval from the U.S. Federal Communications Commission and Department of Justice last week.
The merger, announced in December, is part of a wave of consolidation in the U.S. telecommunications industry. Late last year, Cingular Wireless LLC acquired AT&T Wireless Services Inc., while SBC Communications Inc. has proposed to merge with AT&T Corp. and Verizon Communications Inc. plans to buy MCI Inc.
Sprint, in Overland Park, Kansas, had 24.8 million customers on its cellular network at the end of last year, and has local and long-distance wireline businesses as well. As part of the deal, its local telecommunications business is to be spun off.
Nextel, in Reston Virginia, had 17 million cellular customers in the first quarter of this year. In addition to being the third-largest mobile operator in the U.S., the combined company will hold a large majority of the licenses in a frequency band around 2.5GHz that could be used for a national wireless broadband service.


text:
Your browser does not support iframes.
To the editor: I want to thank everyone who supported the National Day of Prayer event at Rourk Park on May 6. The event had the largest crowd, about 90 people, since I organized the first one seven years ago.
I also want to thank all the pastors and laity who participated in the event. A special thank you to Marty Cooke, who provided the sound system and Al Parker, who took time to erect the banner for the event.
Rev. Richard C. Vaughan
NDP local coordinator
To the editor: Paws-Ability recently hosted its inaugural celebrity golf tournament at St. James Plantation in Southport on Saturday, April 24. We sincerely appreciate the support of St. James Plantation and our many sponsors, silent auction donors, tournament participants, volunteers and the community in making this event such a success.
To the editor: The governor wants to spend $4.7 million ($10 million total) for a feasibility study on the new port at Southport. This is in addition to the $30 million the state still owes the federal government for the current Wilmington Harbor Project.
And let's not forget the $225,000 the state is spending on a study for a new road to the port when the land for the port is still unpaid ($30 million).
I thought we were in a fiscal crisis? So far, the state is in hock for $60 million and the governor wants to add millions to that total.
To the editor: I worked the polls on Election Day, campaigning for Frank Iler at the Methodist Church on Oak Island. The rain was pounding at times and the wind was cranky enough to discourage voter participation and encourage voter complacency.
And yet, a man came out to vote who had lost both his legs in the Vietnam War. I know this because I commented (in awe and admiration) to my fellow campaigners about this fellow and was told his story.
To the editor:
For all Brunswick County townships, it's time to duplicate the sweepstakes moratorium imposed recently by Leland, Burgaw and Wilmington—rejection of new business licenses for Internet waging and a renewal fee of $1,000 per year for each computer used for gambling. The usual grandfather clause should exist for current operations.
I would like to respond to the gentleman who suggests the county should cut computer services in our county libraries.
Our county is large and diverse in our population and the needs of our residents are therefore large and diverse.
I am retired and have been using this library for years on a regular basis and am appreciative of the services they provide.
Some of the services I know the Rourk Library has available include:
On April 26, Congressman Mike McIntyre proudly stood with Blue Dog Democrats proclaiming he has co-sponsored legislation to reduce discretionary spending by 6 percent.
At first glance, this sounds like a great idea because it sounds like the initiative cuts out wasteful spending; however, I researched what programs are mandated to be under discretionary funding and among others it included the Veterans Affairs Department, which covers healthcare for veterans.
Just to show you the height of awareness and intelligence of North Carolinian smokers, I was at a gas station getting gas. The customer right across from me was standing outside of his car smoking. I told him that the slice through smoking on the gas pump meant you were not supposed to smoke here. It was a fire hazard.
He said he could not smoke in the car because there was a baby in it.
On Saturday, April 24, Andy's of Shallotte and Leland (next to Walmart), as part of its corporate philosophy to give back to the community, opened its doors and grills to the Brunswick Housing Opportunities Home Preservation Committee (BHO/HPC) for a fundraising pancake breakfast.
The men of Athens had an unknown God and the Apostle Paul proclaimed he knew who He was Acts 17:23: "Therefore, the One whom you worship without knowing, Him I proclaim to you. Acts 17:23: "God, who made the world and everything in it, since He is Lord of heaven and earth, does not dwell in temples made with hands."
Copyright © 2017
The Brunswick Beacon is your source for local news, sports, events and information in Brunswick County, North Carolina and surrounding areas.


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Aperture Digital Photography Fundamentals
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Aperture Digital Photography Fundamentals
Publisher: Apple Computer, Inc. 2005
Number of pages: 47
Aperture is a powerful digital photography application designed to help you produce the best images possible. The following chapters explain how your camera captures a digital image, how images are displayed onscreen and in print, and how cameras, displays, and printers measure image resolution.
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Hall of Fame Inductees Prepare for Exciting Weekend Ahead
From tonight's Hall of Fame dinner to being honored at halftime of tomorrow's football game, this year's 10 inductees' schedules are set for a weekend full of excitement with the school they love.
Last night, the class met up for a special get together in the West Stadium Center of Bill Snyder Family Stadium and had the opportunity to socialize and chat about the exciting upcoming weekend.
"We're really excited about it," Steve Henson, who was a member of the men's basketball team and track and field team from 1987-90 said last night. "It's fun to be here. I'm honored for the opportunity and it was just fun to be here with family. It's going to be a fun day tomorrow with all the festivities and then the football game, but it's just good to see people who I haven't seen in a while as well."
Henson was a two-time honorable mention All-American and the first player in Wildcat history to play in four NCAA Tournaments. Along with earning First Team All-Big 8 honors in 1989, he still ranks No. 5 all time in scoring (1,655 points) and field goals (527) and is K-State men's basketball all-time assist leader with 528. A dual sport student-athlete, Henson also competed in the decathlon with K-State track and field for three seasons.
Along with Henson, the 2013 class is made up of athletes Roy DeWitz (men's basketball, 1956-58) Yana Dorodnova (women's tennis, 1996-98), Lauren Goehring (volleyball, 2000-03), Jamie Mendez (football, 1990-93), Tammie Romstad (women's basketball, 1978-82) and Austra Skuyte (track and field, 2001-02), former athletics director BeeBee Lee and contributors Dr. Richard Baker and Jack and Joanna Goldstein.
"I'm loving every second," Romstad said. "I just cherish it. I think it's something that you don't ever anticipate. I don't think there is any one moment I'm looking forward to the most; I'm just kind of in awe of every moment of it. I'm amazed that it's a three day event, which I think is just phenomenal for the inductees because you really get to take it all in."
A two-time Wade Trophy finalist in 1981 and 1982, Romstad's No. 33 women's basketball jersey was retired in March of 2009. She ranks seventh on K-State's career scoring chart with 1,548 points and from 1993-95 she served as an assistant women's basketball coach at K-State.
Lauren Goehring, the youngest member of the 2013 K-State Athletics Hall of Fame inductees, was a member of the 2003 AVCA All-American First Team, was the 2003 Big 12 Player of the Year and, her senior season, led the 2003 squad to a Big 12 Championship and No. 3 national ranking.
"I have pretty much been in shock for the last three or four months," Goehring said. "I was a little overwhelmed. It's kind of an honor you don't really expect. I'm really excited for all the festivities. I haven't been back to K-State for over three years, so it's changed quite a bit. It's going to be fun just driving around town."
While all 10 of the inductees relayed the same message - to be inducted into the K-State Hall of Fame is a great honor - perhaps none showed it in their smile like DeWitz.
DeWitz was a men's basketball First Team All-American and All-Big 8 selection in 1958 where, as a team captain, he helped lead the Wildcats to a 22-5 overall record capturing the Big 7 title and leading his team to the Final Four.
Last night DeWitz spent the evening talking to everyone and soaking in every moment of being a Hall of Fame inductee.
Remembering back to the day he found out he was chosen for the honor, DeWitz's voice cracked and his eyes misted over.
"To be entirely honest, I read the first paragraph from (Athletics Director) John Currie and I handed it over to my wife, and I broke down crying. My wife came up and hugged me and she said, 'It's about time.' Well, whether it's about time or not, I consider this a great honor for a guy who, I wasn't the leading scorer, I wasn't the leading rebounder or leading passer, but I was a pretty good all-around player, and it's really nice to know that I'm being remembered as one of the all-time greats of K-State Basketball."
This 2013 class is the first class inducted into the K-State Athletics Hall of Fame since 2008.
Fans will have the opportunity to meet these K-State greats at a meet and greet tomorrow morning from 11:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. in Cat Town located on the West Side of Bill Snyder Family Stadium.
For more information on all 10 of this year's inductees, click here.
We hope you enjoy K-State Sports Extra. We would like to hear your comments and any story ideas for future emails, so fire them our way. Contact Kelly McHugh, Mark Janssen or K-State Assistant AD for Communications Kenny Lannou.


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A couple of weeks ago, I ran across a repost of an article from Time.com entitled, Yay for Recess: Pediatricians Say It's as Important as Math or Reading. As a home educator who has a front row seat on child development, my first thought was, "Well, duh!"
You can read the article as I did with jaw hanging wide at some of the new research which shows that unstructured play positively affects social, emotional, and cognitive development (they need a study for this?), but for those of us who have kept our children at even moderately close range, we know this is true.
Before we all pat ourselves on the back for making one of the most important decisions of our children's lives — to keep them out of the modern schooling system — let's make sure we aren't recreating the same problem we're running from.
When I first started my home education journey, I endured ridiculous waves of guilt for not having a set schedule for waking, eating, and schooling. After all, it was my responsibility to make sure my five-year-old wasn't missing out on anything important. I tried, I really did. But it just didn't seem right. What did seem right? Letting my five-year-old sleep until he wasn't tired any more. Letting him get up and eat when he was hungry. Letting him play until he was ready to do something else.
Old habits die hard and we don't want to be viewed as slovenly or lazy parents. When interested parties would ask if we had a daily schedule we adhered to, I always felt obliged to assure them that we did (more or less). After years of fighting the guilt, I have decided that I am just not going to do it any more. And now it seems the pediatricians may be backing me up.
Some children may readily embrace sitting down and tackling a day's work all at once. If that works for you, then by all means, stay the course. For us, this simply does not work well, and what works for one child may not work for another.
My oldest gets up first. He always starts the day with reading something. Sometimes he's stretched out on the couch reading a sports magazine and other times he grabs a book he has been reading and jumps into my bed while I drink my coffee and answer my mail. I wake up a certain way, and so does he. Why should I, or anyone, dictate what is the right way?
My youngest sleeps late. He's a sleeper, always has been, always will be. He wakes up by engaging in wonderful imaginative play — sometimes with his brother and sometimes with his toys. Am I really going to interrupt this to "make him do school?" Nope.
This often means that we don't settle down to some of our more formal lessons until after lunch time, perhaps some days not at all. Yes, it's true — go ahead and gasp.
Some days we just get off on these wonderful tangents. My oldest spent the better part of a day learning to play a song on the guitar he was determined to learn. Stopping him to remind him he needed to complete certain lessons just seemed so…wrong. What might he be learning from teaching himself something? Something that could never be replicated in a textbook.
Everyone must make the right decisions for their children and their families, but I have resolved to stop apologizing for mine. Play, in all its glorious forms, is a critical part of learning — socially, emotionally, and cognitively. Children learn naturally — the tendency for play and creativity is schooled out of us because we feel that such pursuits are frivolous, unnecessary, even unintellectual.
Even if it means we don't move on to the next chapter, the next lesson, the next problem, I have come to value the down time and the in-between time as much as the pencil-and-paper time. All are necessary, and only you should decide how much of each your child needs and in what order and at what time each should happen.
The gist of the above-referenced article is not that unstructured play time simply has value, but that it can be as important as class time for helping a student's performance. That is a powerful acknowledgement and one that indirectly supports homeschooling as one of the most viable and effective options for educating an individual.
Next time your child is engaged in a game, or a book, or some kind of imaginary play that is not necessarily on the day's agenda, give yourself and him (or her) a break — let him do it until he is ready to shift to another activity naturally. This is extending a basic respect to your children of their time and choices, something we expect as adults but often fail to give in return.
Given time to explore and play without time constraint will manifest itself in other ways that you might not have expected, including improved concentration and creativity. This especially applies to very young children, but is even important to tweens and teens, too.
Next time you feel guilty about not getting on those workbooks early enough or for not doing school for enough hours in a day, take a day, and just…play.


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The year is 2043. At a gala in Washington, D.C. retired Sen. Rand PaulRand PaulPaul: Dems running 'partisan witch hunt' probes of Trump because they lost The Memo: Trump tries to bend Congress to his will Dems see huge field emerging to take on Trump MORE (R-Ky.) and retired Rep. Paul RyanPaul RyanGOP signals infrastructure bill must wait Oil concerns hold up Russia sanctions push Overnight Finance: Pressure builds for GOP on taxes | NAFTA talks to begin in August | DOJ expands asset seizure program | Regulator defends charters for financial tech firms MORE (R-Wis.) are scheduled to receive the World Food Program's 29th annual Tom HarkinTom HarkinDistance education: Tumultuous today and yesterday Grassley challenger no stranger to defying odds Clinton ally stands between Sanders and chairmanship dream MORE Humanitarian Award.
Sounds like political science fiction, right? In this day and age of partisan gridlock, one would be hard-pressed to imagine Paul's and Ryan's names mentioned in the same sentence as the retiring Tom Harkin – much less the two ascendant GOP leaders receiving an award in the progressive icon's namesake.
But it always wasn't so. Consider: on Dec. 11 in Washington, D.C., the World Food Program (WFP) – in real life -- honored former Sen. Bob Dole (R-Kansas) with its WFP USA George McGovern Leadership Award.
Some background is in order. Roughly four decades ago, in the 1970s, Dole and McGovern (now deceased) helped lead their respective caucuses on matters of agriculture and farm policy. Dole, a Republican from Kansas, and McGovern, a Democrat from South Dakota, sought to increase the efficiency of food aid programs while at the same time providing a needed boost to farm economies.
Working across party lines, the two leaders left an indelible and unforgettable impact in the way we think about and address hunger issues in the U.S. and beyond. Indeed, Dole and McGovern influenced every major U.S. program designed to help feed hungry children. Examples, according to the WFP:
- They helped reform what is known today as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program or SNAP (formerly known as food stamps). SNAP provides a nutritional safety net for 47 million Americans, nearly half of whom are children.
- They worked together to expand the National School Lunch Program, which today feeds more than 31 million children in schools and child care centers.
- They helped to establish the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), which provides healthy food, nutritional information, and health care referrals to nearly 9 million low-income pregnant women, mothers, and young children who are at nutrition risk.
Dole and McGovern did so much to battle hunger and poverty – but increasingly, as income inequality becomes more of a problem in the U.S. and families struggle to recover from the 2008 recession, it is time once again to forge a Dole-McGovern-styled national bipartisan consensus around the issue of hunger and poverty in general, and childhood hunger in particular.
Across the country, 16 million kids – in big cities and small towns, in rural areas and exurbs and even suburbs – are at risk of going hungry. It's a national emergency as much as it is a national disgrace – and it's threatening our future.
When kids go hungry, they struggle to learn. When kids don't learn, they struggle in life. When kids drop out of school or don't go to college, their capacity to earn good wages suffers tremendously. What's more, our workforce suffers – we already have a shortage of skilled workers in our country, and siphoning off even more talent from this pool will threaten our nation's ability to compete in the global marketplace.
And it needn't be this way. "The work of Senators McGovern and Dole was remarkable, not just for the good they did around the world, but for the way they did it," writes Rick Leach, WFP USA's president and CEO, in explaining why the group chose to honor Dole this week. "They worked across party lines, putting partisanship aside for the shared purpose of feeding the most vulnerable members of our global community."
Dole and McGovern did so much to battle hunger and poverty. Rand Paul and Paul Ryan are young legislators looking to create their own legacy. Tom Harkin is retiring from the Senate after an illustrious career which included a commitment to hunger and agricultural issues.
As we look around, we must ask ourselves: Who is the next Bob Dole? Who is the next George McGovern? How will our leaders cross party lines to fight hunger in America?
Elliot is communications director of Fair Share, which stands for an America where everyone gets their fair share, does their fair share, and pays their fair share; and where everyone plays by the same rules.


text: Today's post is an interview with Anthony Le Donne on his new book The Wife of Jesus: Ancient Texts and Modern Scandals. Le Donne (PhD, Durham) is the author/editor of six other books including The Historiographical Jesus: Memory, Typology, and the Son of David. He co-founded the Jewish-Christian Dialogue and Sacred Texts Consultation and serves as [Read More…]


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Get an overview of this hotelHotel in Fayetteville with free breakfast and restaurant
Popular property highlights
Situated in Fayetteville, this hotel is 2.5 mi (4.1 km) from New River Gorge Bridge and within 12 mi (20 km) of Wildwater Expeditions and New River Jet Boats. Hawks Nest State Park is 11.9 mi (19.2 km) away.
Hotel Features
A restaurant, a bar/lounge, and coffee/tea in a common area are available at this hotel. Free continental breakfast, free WiFi in public areas, and free self parking are also provided. Additionally, a seasonal outdoor pool, meeting rooms, and laundry facilities are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 106 rooms offer free WiFi and free wired Internet, plus coffee makers and cable TV. Other amenities available to guests include free local calls, hair dryers, and desks.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Opens in a new window
Quality Inn New River
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
The hotel offers a restaurant. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. A complimentary breakfast is offered. Wireless Internet access is complimentary.
2 meeting rooms are available. This business-friendly hotel also offers a seasonal outdoor pool, coffee/tea in a common area, and complimentary newspapers in the lobby. Complimentary self parking is available on site.
- Total number of rooms - 106
- Number of floors - 2
- Bar/lounge
- Laundry facilities
- Coffee/tea in common areas
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Free breakfast
- Meeting rooms
- Restaurant
- Number of meeting rooms - 2
- Free self parking
- Free RV, bus, truck parking
- Number of buildings/towers - 2
- Outdoor seasonal pool
- Free WiFi
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi , Free wired Internet
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking, Free RV, bus, truck parking
Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- Coffee/tea maker
- Free local calls
- Hair dryer
- Desk
- Cable TV service
- Free wired Internet
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
- Free WiFi
Where to Eat
Guests are offered a complimentary continental breakfast.
Quality Inn New River has a restaurant on site.
Nearby Things to Do
Recreational amenities at the hotel include a seasonal outdoor pool.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Basketball on site
- Volleyball on site
If you have requests for specific accessibility needs, please note them at check-out when you book your room.
- Roll-in shower
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Kids stay free! Children 18 years old and younger stay free when using existing bedding.
- Rollaway/extra beds are available for USD 10 per night.
- Pets allowed for an extra charge of USD 15 per pet, per night
- 3 per room
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
Optional extras
- Pet fee: USD 15 per pet, per night
- Rollaway bed fee: USD 10 per night
Hotel Name
- Quality Inn New River
- Quality Inn New River Fayetteville
- Quality New River
- Quality New River Fayetteville
- Quality Inn New River Hotel Fayetteville
We should mention
Children 18 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding.


text: I like Safari 4, but I don't like the Google search suggestions at all. They are almost never what I want. Does anyone know how to turn this feature off? It could be done via the terminal in beta, but that is no longer true. I would even settle for removing the search field entirely I use Saft, so I often simply search from the address bar via keywords.


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A picture is worth 1000 words…
June 10, 2012 by Leave a Comment
Libby Anne grew up in a large evangelical homeschool family highly involved in the Christian Right. College turned her world upside down, and she is today an atheist, a feminist, and a progressive. She blogs about leaving religion, her experience with the Christian Patriarchy and Quiverfull movements, the detrimental effects of the "purity culture," the contradictions of conservative politics, and the importance of feminism.
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Join Date: May 2013
Posts: 167
Wednesday, May 8, 2013 at 12:19AM
I did add just a little bit of MO to a small water bottle filled with water (has a mist type spray) and tried it on the top layer of hair as a sort of refresher after being out in the heat/wind and I think it did help a little with the frizz. I just sprayed it on and sort of carefully smoothed it down.
So if my other method doesn't end up working out maybe I can fall back on this for the top frizzes once it dries at least. I doubt it will fix them altogether, and I wouldn't want to use too much too often to avoid build-up of the oil, but any little bit helps sometimes.


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Baptismal and marriage registers of the Old Dutch Church of Kingston : Ulster County, New York, 1660-1809
Father: Willem Crom b: 1679 in Marbletown, Ulster County, New york
Mother: Anna Wyntje Roosa b: 1671 in Hurley, Ulster County, New York
Marriage 1 Martha Johnson\ Metje Jansen b: 1706
RootsWeb.com, Inc. is NOT responsible for the content of the GEDCOMs uploaded through the WorldConnect Program. If you have a problem with a particular entry, please contact the submitter of said entry. You have full control over your GEDCOM. You can change or remove it at any time.


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Share Spread the Love
Science Based Medicine's new article "Cyborg Therapeutics" brings to light some absolutely stunning robotics developed for the handicapped. I'll share with you some media on these innovations.
First to see is the iBot. I'm heartbroken to discover that this product is discontinued.
The Segue-Meets-Wheelchair device is otherworldly,
a seemingly sci-fi creation,
a paraplegic's dream wheelchair.
Credit: Independence Technology L.L.C. - iBOT® Mobility System.
A second innovation, reported out of Vanderbilt University, is perhaps even more impressive. A lower body exoskeleton has been designed for paraplegics. It also uses a segue-related technology and is slated for release in 2014. Using minor hip movements you can drive these prosthetic legs that are powered by lithium batteries and run by micro-computers. Watch one man proudly walk on his own, overcoming a devastating car accident that injured his spine and ruined his legs:
Credit: Vanderbilt University


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A burger should be held with two hands, much like a steering wheel or a big wooden trunk filled with cement. Hold on to your hamburger with this Groupon.
Choose Between Two Options
- $5 for $10 worth of American comfort food
- $10 for $20 worth of American comfort food

The menu includes small sides of fried zucchini with housemade ranch dressing ($3.19), chicken burritos with cheddar and cilantro ($6.39), ham-and-turkey melts on sourdough ($6.09), and burgers such as the half-pound Tops cheeseburgers ($5.09).

Tops Burger
Celebrating 60 years of slinging juicy burgers and wrapping up tidy burritos, Tops Burger remains committed to high-quality food on both its American and Mexican menus. Experienced staff, many of whom have been with the company for more than 20 years, pile half- and quarter-pound avocado-and-bacon burgers with housemade dressings, garnish fish tacos with an expertly measured portion of cilantro, and smother kosher-beef hot dogs with homemade chili. Tops Burger was even ranked as having the best french fries in California by Yahoo in 2015.


text: Medication Report: More than a quarter of Colorado foster children are prescribed psychotropic drugs Apr 15, 2014 CPR News A Denver Post investigation finds an over-reliance on medication for foster children, instead of therapy, to help them heal from trauma. Read more Hide Take CPR With You Wherever You Go Stay connected to CPR while you're on the go, with the free Colorado Public Radio app for smartphones and tablets. Get details CPR Explores Colorado News and Stories Thanks to Member Support Join Today


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Kim Kardashian and Reggie Bush: Charitable in Botswana
Making the long flight overseas, Kim Kardashian and Reggie Bush were out doing their good deeds in Botswana on Tuesday (July 14).
The E! reality star and her running back beau took a tour of the Motswedi Rehabilitation Centre with De Beers CEO Sheila Khama in Mochudi during the day's outing.
As previously reported, Kim flew out of LAX on Monday night with Reggie and sister Khloe, with the group making stops in NYC and Johannesburg along the way.
Overseas for the Diamond Empowerment Fund tour of Africa, Kim tweeted, "We had such an amazing welcome into South Africa! Thank u Heat Mag for the gifts! Wow sooo sweet!"
Later on, she added, "I must be sleepy twittering! Well goodnight! Exhausted from traveling!"
Enjoy the pictures of Kim Kardashian with Reggie and Khloe on their Botswana trip (July 14).
Photo Credit: Getty Images


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A month after ICM signed New York Magazine to try and whip up some TV and movie action for the weekly's feature articles, Sony Television has acquired two articles for potential telepics. Sony optioned: A Serial Killer in Common, about the Long Island serial killer whose victims began being discovered right off a desolate beach road, and the families who have bonded over the search for the killer and the question of who their sisters really were; and Paw Paw and Lady Love, an article by Dan Lee that looked back at late pop culture icon Anne Nicole Smith, a life and death that played out in front of the cameras, and the Supreme Court case that finally settled the issue of her marriage to a 90-year old billionaire. The court finally ruled that Smith's estate was not eneitled to the $475 million inheritance that had been awarded to her while she was alive. ICM has optioned over 30 articles for TV and film for The New York Times since signing the newspaper as a client.
ICM Notches Two TV Deals For New York Magazine Articles
2 Comments
And New York magazine is going to pay ICM a commission on both of these pieces of outdated crap??Old news… and probably in public domain. yes!that's ICM. right on top of "breaking" news. please!
An ACTIVE serial killer is OLD crap Stephanie?