text:
Learn more about Tonga
| Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga
| Motto: Ko e ʻOtua mo Tonga ko hoku tofiʻa
("God and Tonga are my Inheritance")
|Anthem: Ko e fasi ʻo e tuʻi ʻo e ʻOtu Tonga
| Nukuʻalofa
|Largest city
|Official languages
|Tongan, English
|- King
|George Tupou V
|- Prime Minister
|Dr. Feleti Sevele
|- Independence
|4 June 1970, from British protectorate status
|- Total
| 748 km² (186th)
289 sq mi
|- Water (%)
|- July 2005 estimate
|102,000 (194th)
|- Density
| 153/km² (67th1)
396/sq mi
|2005 estimate
|- Total
|$817 million (167th)
|- Per capita
|$7,984 (76th)
|0.810 (high) (54th)
| Paʻanga (
|Time zone
|- Summer (DST)
|Internet TLD
|Calling code
|1 based on 2005 figures.
- For other uses, see Tonga (disambiguation).
Tonga, officially the Kingdom of Tonga (Tongan for "south"), is an independent archipelago in the southern Pacific Ocean. It lies about a third of the way between New Zealand and Hawaii, south of Samoa and east of Fiji.
The islands are also known as the Friendly Islands, the name given by Captain Cook because of the friendly reception he received. He happened to arrive at the time of ʻinasi festival, the yearly donation of the first fruits to the Tuʻi Tonga and was invited to the festivities. According to the writer William Mariner, in reality the chiefs had wanted to kill Cook during the gathering, but had been unable to agree on a plan.
[edit] History
Archaeological evidence shows that the first settlers in Tonga sailed from the Santa Cruz Islands, as part of the original Austronesian-speakers' (Lapita) migration which originated out of S.E. Asia some 6000 years ago. Archaeological dating places Tonga as the oldest known site in Polynesia for the distinctive Lapita ceramic ware, at 2800–2750 years ago. The "Lapita" people lived and sailed, traded, warred, and intermarried in the islands now known as Tonga, Samoa, and Fiji for 1000 years, before more explorers set off to the east to discover the Marquesas, Tahiti, and eventually the rest of the Pacific Ocean islands. For this reason, Tonga, Samoa, and Fiji are described by anthropologists as the cradle of Polynesian culture and civilization.
By the 12th century, Tongans, and the Tongan paramount chief, the Tuʻi Tonga, were known across the Pacific, from Niue to Tikopia, sparking some historians to refer to a 'Tongan Empire'. A network of interacting navigators, chiefs, and adventurers might be a better term although the empire did have its own dynasties. In the 15th century and again in the 17th, civil war erupted. It was in this context that the first Europeans arrived, beginning with Dutch explorers Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire in 1616, who called on the northern island of Niuatoputapu, and Abel Tasman, who visited Tongatapu and Haʻapai in 1643. Later noteworthy European visits were by Captain Cook in 1773, 1774, and 1777, the first London missionaries in 1797, and the Wesleyan Methodist Walter Lawry Buller in 1822.
Tonga was united into a Polynesian kingdom in 1845 by the ambitious young warrior, strategist, and orator Tāufaʻāhau. He held the chiefly title of Tuʻi Kanokupolu, but was baptised with the name King George. In 1875, with the help of missionary Shirley Baker, he declared Tonga a constitutional monarchy, formally adopted the western royal style, emancipated the 'serfs', enshrined a code of law, land tenure, and freedom of the press, and limited the power of the chiefs.
Tonga became a British protected state under a Treaty of Friendship on 18 May 1900, when European settlers and rival Tongan chiefs tried to oust the second king. Within the British Empire, which posted no higher permanent representative on Tonga than a British Consul (1901-1970), it was part of the British Western Pacific Territories (under a colonial High Commissioner, then residing on Fiji) from 1901 until 1952.
The Treaty of Friendship and Tonga's protectorate status ended in 1970 under arrangements established prior to her death by Queen Salote Tupou III. Tonga joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970 (atypically as an autochthonous monarchy, that is one with its own hereditary monarch rather than Elizabeth II), and the United Nations in September 1999. While exposed to colonial forces, Tonga has never lost indigenous governance, a fact that makes Tonga unique in the Pacific and gives Tongans much pride, as well as confidence in their monarchal system. As part of cost cutting measures across the British Foreign Service, the British Government closed the British High Commission in Nukuʻalofa in March 2006, transferring representation of British interests in Tonga to the UK High Commissioner in Fiji. The last resident British High Commissioner was His Excellency Mr. Paul Nessling. <ref>The sun finally sets on our men in paradise, published on The Daily Telegraph, 21 March 2005.</ref>
[edit] Politics
- Main articles on politics and government of Tonga can be found at the Politics and government of Tonga series.
Tonga's education system is free and mandatory for all children up to age twelve, with only nominal fees for secondary education, and foreign-funded scholarships for post-secondary education. Tongans are well-educated, with a 98% literacy rate, and higher education up to and including medical and graduate degrees. Tongans also have universal access to a socialized medicine system. Tongan land is constitutionally protected and cannot be sold to foreigners (although it may be leased). While there is a land shortage on the urbanized main island of Tongatapu (where 60% of the population resides), there is farm land available in the rural islands. The majority of the population engages in some form of subsistence production of food, with approximately half producing almost all of their basic food needs through farming, sea harvesting, and animal husbandry. Women and men have equal access to education and health care, and are fairly equal in employment, but women are discriminated against in land holding, electoral politics, and government ministries.
There is a pro-democracy movement in Tonga, which emphasises reforms including better representation in the Parliament for the majority commoners, and better accountability in matters of state. An overthrow of the monarchy itself is not part of the movement and the institution of monarchy continues to hold popular support, even while reforms are advocated. Until recently, the governance issue was generally ignored by the leaders of other countries, but major aid donors and neighbours New Zealand and Australia are now expressing concerns about some Tongan government actions.
Following the precedents of Queen Sālote, and with numerous international advisors, the government of Tonga under King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV has monetized the economy, internationalized the medical and education system, and enabled access by commoners to increasing forms of material wealth (houses, cars, and other commodities), education, and overseas travel. The government has supported Olympic and other international sports competition, and contributed Peacekeepers to the United Nations (notably to Bougainville). The Tongan government also supported the American 'coalition of the willing' action in Iraq, and a small number of Tongan soldiers were deployed, as part of an American force, to Iraq in late 2004. However, the contingent of 40+ troops returned home on 17 December 2004. <ref>Iraq Coalition Troops, published on GlobalSecurity, 18 August 2005</ref>
The previous king, Tāufaʻāhau and his government have made some problematic economic decisions and are accused of wasting millions of dollars in poor investments.<ref>http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/09/10/tonga.king.ap/index.html</ref> The problems have mostly been driven by attempts to increase national revenue through a variety of schemes, including searching for oil (despite geological reports indicating no possible oil);<ref>http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Tonga/History</ref> considering making Tonga a nuclear waste disposal site (an idea floated in the mid-90s by the current crown prince);<ref>http://www.michaelfield.org/tonga3.htm</ref> selling Tongan Protected Persons Passports (which eventually forced Tonga to nationalize the purchasers, sparking ethnicity-based concerns within Tonga);<ref>http://www.frommers.com/destinations/tonga/3039020044.html</ref> registering foreign ships (which proved to be engaged in illegal activities, including shipments for al-Qaeda);<ref>http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/01/13/1041990234408.html</ref> claiming geo-orbital satellite slots (the revenue from which seems to belong to the Princess Royal, not the state);<ref>http://220.127.116.11/search?q=cache:-nmukEsfmNEJ:aupress.au.af.mil/fairchild_papers/Worden_Shaw/worden_shaw.pdf+tonga+satellites+%22geo+orbital+%22&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=21</ref> holding a long-term charter on an unusable Boeing 757 that was sidelined in Auckland Airport, leading to the collapse of Royal Tongan Airlines;<ref>http://www.islandsbusiness.com/islands_business/index_dynamic/containerNameToReplace=MiddleMiddle/focusModuleID=3896/overideSkinName=issueArticle-full.tpl</ref> building an airport hotel and potential casino with an Interpol-accused criminal;[citation needed] and approving a factory for exporting cigarettes to China (against the advice of Tongan medical officials, and decades of health promotion messaging).<ref>http://www.tobacco.org/articles/country/tonga/</ref> The king has proved vulnerable to speculators with big promises and lost several million (reportedly 26 million USD) to Jesse Bogdonoff, a financial adviser who called himself the king's Court Jester.<ref>http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/09/10/tonga.king.ap/index.html</ref> The police have imprisoned pro-democracy leaders, and the government repeatedly confiscated the newspaper The Tongan Times (which was printed in New Zealand and sold in Tonga) because the editor had been vocally critical of the king's mistakes.<ref>http://www.asiapac.org.fj/PJR/issues/next/962tongan.html</ref> Notably, the Keleʻa, produced specifically to critique the government and printed in Tonga by pro-democracy leader ʻAkilisi Pōhiva, was not banned during that time. Pōhiva, however, had been subjected to harassment in the form of frequent lawsuits.<ref>http://126.96.36.199/archive/2002/July/07-31-21.htm</ref>
In mid-2003, the government passed a radical constitutional amendment to "Tonganize" the press, by licensing and limiting freedom of the press, so as to protect the image of the monarchy. The amendment was defended by the government and by royalists on the basis of traditional cultural values. Licensure criteria include 80% ownership by Tongans living in the country. As of February 2004, those papers denied licenses under the new act included the Taimi ʻo Tonga (Tongan Times), the Keleʻa and the Matangi Tonga, while those which were permitted licenses were uniformly church-based or pro-government. The bill was opposed in the form of a several-thousand-strong protest march in the capital, a call by the Tuʻi Pelehake (a prince, nephew of the king and elected member of parliament) for Australia and other nations to pressure the Tongan government to democratize the electoral system, and a legal writ calling for a judicial investigation of the bill. The latter was supported by some 160 signatories, including seven of the nine elected "People's Representatives". The strong-arm tactics and gaffes have overshadowed the good that the aged king had done in his lifetime, as well as the many beneficial reforms of his son, ʻAhoʻeitu ʻUnuakiʻotonga Tukuʻaho (Lavaka Ata ʻUlukālala), who was Prime Minister from 3 January 2000 to 11 February 2006. The former Crown Prince and current monarch, Tupoutoʻa, and Pilolevu, the Princess Royal, remained generally silent on the issue. In total, the changes threatened to destabilize the polity, fraction support for the status quo, and place further pressure on the monarchy.
In 2005 the government spent several weeks negotiating with striking civil service workers before reaching a settlement. The civil unrest that ensued was not limited to just Tonga; protests outside the king's New Zealand residence made headlines, too. A constitutional commission is currently (2005-06) studying proposals to update the constitution. <ref>No resolution in sight in Tonga, published on TVNZ, 30 August 2005</ref>
Prime Minister Prince ʻAhoʻeitu ʻUnuakiʻotonga Tukuʻaho (Lavaka Ata ʻUlukālala) resigned suddenly on 11 February 2006, and also gave up his other cabinet portfolios. He was replaced in the interim by the elected Minister of Labour, Dr Feleti Sevele.
The co-chairman of the constitutional reform commission His Royal Highness ʻUluvalu (Prince Tuipelehake), 55, who was a nephew of the King, and his wife, Kaimana Aleamotuʻa, 45, were killed by Edith Delgado, an 18-year old reckless teenager driving a Ford Mustang as she was racing in a California freeway near Menlo Park about 30 miles south of San Francisco, California on 5 July 2006. The teenager was reported to have been travelling around 100mph upon hitting the red Ford Explorer carrying the two and also instantly killing the driver of the Explorer. Delgado was not hurt in the accident.[1].
The Tongan government formally announced Monday, 11 September 2006 that King Tupou IV died late Sunday night in Middlemore Hospital in Auckland, New Zealand where he had been receiving treatment for much of the past year. He was 88 and had reigned for 41 years.<ref>The king's death as reported on Fijian TV</ref>[2]
He was succeeded by his eldest son, Tupoutoʻa, now ruling under the title Siaosi Tupou V.
The public expected some changes under the new monarch. On November 16, 2006, rioting broke out in the capital city of Nuku'alofa when it seemed that the parliament would adjourn for the year without having made any advances in increasing democracy in government. Government buildings, offices, and shops were looted and burned. [3]
[edit] Kings and queens of modern Tonga
- King George Tupou I (1875-1893)
- King George Tupou II (1893-1918)
- Queen Salote Tupou III (1918-1965)
- King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV (1965-2006)
- King George Tupou V (2006-present)
[edit] Geography
Tonga is an archipelago in the South Pacific consisting of 169 islands, 36 of them inhabited, and is divided into three main groups – Vavaʻu, Haʻapai, and Tongatapu, which together cover an 800 kilometre (500 mi) long north–south line. The largest island, Tongatapu, on which the capital city of Nukuʻalofa is located, covers 257 square kilometres (99 sq mi). Geologically, the Tongan islands generally comprise two types: volcanic islands rising directly from the ocean floor (e.g. Kao and Tofua in the Haʻapai group), and seismically uplifted coral limestone islands overlaying an older volcanic base (e.g. Tongatapu). The active volcanic islands are situated in an approximate north-south line located west of the more populated islands. A new volcanic island broke the ocean's surface in the Haʻapai group during the 1990s.
On August 12, 2006, the crew of the yacht Maiken reported sighting a new volcanic island breaking the sea after sailing through a pumice raft.<ref>http://yacht-maiken.blogspot.com/2006/08/stone-sea-and-volcano.html</ref> There was no official confirmation of a new island, either from Tonga's Ministry of Lands or the Tonga Defense Service.<ref>http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/11/09/new.island.ap/index.html</ref> Instead of contacting officials in Tonga, the crew wrote about the experience in their travel blog. Shortly thereafter, NASA contacted the crew to obtain the exact latitude and longitude coordinates of the new island.<ref>(Swedish) They rewrote the map, November 11, 2006</ref> Links to the blog and NASA images can be found on the Vava'u page.
The 2006 Tonga earthquake was a great earthquake measuring 8.0 on the Richter scale which occurred on 4 May 2006 (Tonga time). The quake was centred about 155 km (95 miles) south of the island of Neiafu and north-east of the capital, Nuku'alofa.
The climate is basically subtropical with a distinct warm period (December–April), during which the temperatures rise above 32 °C (90 °F), and a cooler period (May–November), with temperatures rarely rising above 27 °C (80 °F). The temperature increases from 23 °C to 27 °C (74 °F to 80 °F), and the annual rainfall is from 1,700 to 2,970 millimetres (67 to 117 in) as one moves from Tongatapu in the south to the more northerly islands closer to the Equator. The mean daily humidity is 80%. Over the last few years the weather has been warmer and wetter than average in the cooler period (May–November), this has caused some problems with fruiting trees and other crops grown on the island.
[edit] Economy
Tonga's economy is characterized by a large non monetary sector and a heavy dependence on remittances from the half of the country's population that lives abroad, chiefly in Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. The monetary sector of the economy is dominated and largely owned by the royal family and nobles. This is particularly true of the telecommunications and satellite services. Much of small business, particularly retail establishments on Tongatapu, is now dominated by recent Chinese immigrants who arrived under a cash-for-passports scheme ended in 1998.
The manufacturing sector consists of handicrafts and a few other very smallscale industries, all of which contribute only about 3% of GDP. Commercial business activities also are inconspicuous and, to a large extent, are dominated by the same large trading companies found throughout the South Pacific. In September 1974, the country's first commercial trading bank, the Bank of Tonga, opened.
Rural Tongans rely on plantation and subsistence agriculture. Coconuts, vanilla beans, and bananas are the major cash crops. The processing of coconuts into copra and desiccated coconut is the only significant industry. Pigs and poultry are the major types of livestock. Horses are kept for draft purposes, primarily by farmers working their api (a plot of bushland). More cattle are being raised, and beef imports are declining.
Tonga's development plans emphasize a growing private sector, upgrading agricultural productivity, revitalizing the squash and vanilla bean industries, developing tourism, and improving the island's communications and transportation systems. Substantial progress has been made, but much work remains to be done. A small but growing construction sector is developing in response to the inflow of aid monies and remittances from Tongans abroad. The copra industry is plagued by world prices that have been depressed for years.
Efforts are being made to discover ways to diversify. One hope is seen in fisheries; tests have shown that sufficient skipjack tuna pass through Tongan waters to support a fishing industry. Another potential development activity is exploitation of forests, which cover 35% of the kingdom's land area but are decreasing as land is cleared. Coconut trees past their prime bearing years also provide a potential source of lumber.
The tourist industry is relatively undeveloped; however, the government recognizes that tourism can play a major role in economic development, and efforts are being made to increase this source of revenue. Cruise ships often stop in Nukuʻalofa and Vavaʻu.
In 2005 the country became a member of the World Trade Organization.
[edit] Demographics
Almost two-thirds of the population of the Kingdom of Tonga live on its main island, Tongatapu. Although an increasing number of Tongans have moved into the only urban and commercial centre, Nukuʻalofa, where European and indigenous cultural and living patterns have blended, village life and kinship ties continue to be important throughout the country. Everyday life is heavily influenced by Polynesian traditions and especially by the Christian faith; for example, all commerce and entertainment activities cease from midnight Saturday until midnight Sunday, and the constitution declares the Sabbath to be sacred, forever. Tonga is said to have the highest proportion of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) of any state or country outside of Utah.<ref>Cumorah Project International LDS Database</ref>
Tongans, a Polynesian group with a very small mixture of Melanesian, represent more than 98% of the inhabitants. The rest are European, mixed European, and other Pacific Islanders. There also are several hundred Chinese.
Primary education between ages 6 and 14 is compulsory and free in state schools. Mission schools provide about 83% of the primary and 90% of the secondary level education. Higher education includes teacher training, nursing and medical training, a small private university, a women's business college, and a number of private agricultural schools. Most higher education is pursued overseas.
[edit] Culture and diaspora
The Tongan archipelago has been inhabited for perhaps 3000 years, since settlement in late Lapita times. The culture of its inhabitants has surely changed greatly over this long time period. Before the arrival of European explorers in the late 1600s and early 1700s, the Tongans were in frequent contact with their nearest Oceanic neighbors, Fiji and Samoa. In the 1800s, with the arrival of Western traders and missionaries, Tongan culture changed dramatically. Some old beliefs and habits were thrown away, and others adopted. Some accommodations made in the 1800s and early 1900s are now being challenged by changing Western civilization. Hence Tongan culture is far from a unified or monolithic affair, and Tongans themselves may differ strongly as to what it is "Tongan" to do, or not do.
Contemporary Tongans often have strong ties to overseas lands. Many Tongans have emigrated to Australia, New Zealand, and the United States to seek employment and a higher standard of living. U.S. cities with significant Tongan American populations include San Mateo, California; East Palo Alto, California; Oakland, California; Los Angeles, California; Salt Lake City, Utah; Honolulu, Hawaii; and Euless, Texas (near the Dallas/Fort Worth metroplex). This Tongan diaspora is still closely tied to relatives at home, and a significant portion of Tonga's income derives from remittances to family members (often aged) who prefer to remain in Tonga.
Tongans, therefore, often have to operate in two different contexts, which they often call anga fakatonga, the traditional Tongan way, and anga fakapãlangi, the Western way. A culturally adept Tongan learns both sets of rules and when to switch between them.
[edit] Sport
- See also Rugby union in Tonga
Rugby union is the most popular sport in Tonga, and the national team (Ikale Tahi) has performed quite well on the international stage. Although the national team has not performed as well as neighboring Samoa, Tonga has competed at four Rugby World Cups, the first being in 1987, and its best result thus far was in 1995 when it reached the first round. Tonga performs the Kailao (Sipi Tau) before its matches. Tonga also competes in the Pacific Tri-Nations and the IRB Pacific 5 Nations. At club level, there are the Datec Cup Provincial Championship and the Pacific Rugby Cup. Rugby union is governed by the Tonga Rugby Football Union, which is also a member of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance. Tonga contributes to the Pacific Islanders rugby union team. Jonah Lomu, Viliami (William) 'Ofahengaue and George Smith are all of Tongan descent. Rugby is popular in the nation's schools and students from schools such as Tupou College are regularly offered scholarships from New Zealand, Australia and Japan.
Boxer Paea Wolfgram won the silver medal in the Super Heavyweight division (> 91kg) at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
[edit] Miscellany
- On either his 1773 or 1777 visit, Captain Cook presented a tortoise to the king. This tortoise, known thereafter as Tuʻi Malila, lived to be either 188 or 192 years old. It is listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest animal (kingdom Animalia) on record.
- Tonga is famous as the location where Fletcher Christian forced William Bligh into an open boat during the mutiny on HMS Bounty (1789). Bligh briefly went ashore at Tofua, which was then heavily populated, in search of water. The Tongans fought Bligh and killed a member of his crew, forcing Bligh back out into the open ocean. Bligh and his small crew eventually made their way to the Dutch East Indies, setting a record for the longest voyage in an open boat (3618 nautical miles / 6701 km).
- In 1972, the military of Tonga took over the micronation Republic of Minerva, which had created an artificial island on the Minerva reefs.
- In Wil McCarthy's The Queendom of Sol, a series of science fiction novels, the Queen of Sol is said to be a descendant of the Tongan royal family.
- The Walt Disney film The Other Side of Heaven, is based on the real life story of a young (Mormon) missionary in Tonga, though the film was shot on location in the Cook Islands.
[edit] See also
- Tu'i Tonga Empire
- Kava culture
- Tupenu
- Culture of Tonga
- William Mariner<ref>Wrote accounts of pre-Christian Tonga.</ref>
- Music of Tonga
- Communications in Tonga
- Foreign relations of Tonga
- Military of Tonga
- Transportation in Tonga
- Tonga branch of The Scout Association
- Tongan creation myth
- Tongan economy prehistory
- 2006 Tonga riots
[edit] References
<references />
[edit] External links
Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png Dictionary definitions from Wiktionary
Image:Wikibooks-logo.svg Textbooks from Wikibooks
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Image:Commons-logo.svg Images and media from Commons
Image:Wikinews-logo.png News stories from Wikinews
Image:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg Learning resources from Wikiversity
- Official Tongan Government Portal
- Ministry of Finance, Kingdom of Tonga
- National Reserve Bank of Tonga, Kingdom of Tonga
- Ministry of Lands, Survey and Natural Resources, Kingdom of Tonga
- CIA World Factbook: Tonga
- The Kingdom of Tonga PhotoBank
- Interactive maps of Tonga
- Map of Tonga
- A Postcard Tour of Tonga
- Matangi Tonga news from Tonga
- Open Directory Project - Tonga directory category
- photographs from Tonga
- Tonga Legislation
Sovereign States: Antigua and Barbuda • Australia • Bahamas • Bangladesh • Barbados • Belize • Botswana • Brunei • Cameroon • Canada • Cyprus • Dominica • Fiji • The Gambia • Ghana • Grenada • Guyana • India • Jamaica • Kenya • Kiribati • Lesotho • Malawi • Malaysia • Maldives • Malta • Mauritius • Mozambique • Namibia • Nauru • New Zealand • Nigeria • Pakistan • Papua New Guinea • Saint Kitts and Nevis • Saint Lucia • Saint Vincent and the Grenadines • Samoa • Seychelles • Sierra Leone • Singapore • Solomon Islands • South Africa • Sri Lanka • Swaziland • Tanzania • Tonga • Trinidad and Tobago • Tuvalu • Uganda • United Kingdom • Vanuatu • Zambia
Dependencies: Akrotiri and Dhekelia (Cyprus) (U.K.) • Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India) • Anguilla (U.K.) • Ashmore and Cartier Islands (Aus.) • Australian Antarctic Territory (Aus.) • Bermuda (U.K.) • British Antarctic Territory (U.K.) • British Indian Ocean Territory (U.K.) • British Virgin Islands (U.K.) • Cayman Islands (U.K.) • Christmas Island (Aus.) • Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Aus.) • Cook Islands (N.Z.) • Coral Sea Islands (Aus.) • Falkland Islands (U.K.) • Gibraltar (U.K.) • Guernsey (U.K.) • Heard Island and McDonald Islands (Aus.) • Isle of Man (U.K.) • Jersey (U.K.) • Lakshadweep (India) • Montserrat (U.K.) • Niue (N.Z.) • Norfolk Island (Aus.) • Pitcairn Islands (U.K.) • Ross Dependency (Antarctica) (N.Z.) • Saint Helena (including Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha) (U.K.) • South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (U.K.) • Tokelau (N.Z.) • Turks and Caicos Islands (U.K.)
African: Lesotho • Morocco (⁂) • Swaziland (*)
Asian: Bahrain (⁂) • Bhutan (*) • Brunei (*) • Cambodia (!) • Japan • Jordan (⁂) • Kuwait (⁂) • Malaysia (!) • Nepal • Oman (*) • Qatar (*) • Saudi Arabia (*) • Thailand • Tonga • United Arab Emirates (!)
Commonwealth Realms: Antigua and Barbuda • Australia • Bahamas • Barbados • Belize • Canada • Grenada • Jamaica • New Zealand • Papua New Guinea • Saint Kitts and Nevis • Saint Lucia • Saint Vincent and the Grenadines • Solomon Islands • Tuvalu • United Kingdom
Other European monarchies (including the EU): Andorra (!) • Belgium • Denmark • Liechtenstein (⁂) • Luxembourg • Monaco (⁂) • Netherlands • Norway • Spain • Sweden • Vatican City (Holy See) (*!)
* absolute monarchy, ⁂ semi-constitutional monarchy, ! electoral monarchy
an:Tonga zh-min-nan:Tonga bs:Tonga bg:Тонга ca:Tonga cs:Tonga da:Tonga de:Tonga et:Tonga el:Τόνγκα es:Tonga eo:Tongo eu:Tonga fa:تونگا fr:Tonga gl:Tonga ko:통가 hr:Tonga io:Tonga id:Tonga is:Tonga it:Tonga he:טונגה kw:Tonga la:Tonga lv:Tonga lt:Tonga li:Tonga hu:Tonga ms:Tonga nl:Tonga (land) ja:トンガ no:Tonga nn:Tonga oc:Tònga ug:تونگا ps:ټونګا nds:Tonga pl:Tonga pt:Tonga ty:To'a ro:Tonga ru:Тонга se:Tonga sq:Tonga scn:Tonga simple:Tonga sk:Tonga sl:Tonga sr:Тонга sh:Tonga fi:Tonga sv:Tonga tl:Tonga th:ประเทศตองกา vi:Tonga tpi:Tonga to:Tonga tr:Tonga uk:Тонґа vo:Tonguäns zh:東加
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
A Perth accountant has been sentenced to 13 months' jail for his part in a $27 million tax fraud. Trevor Neil Thomson, of South Perth, was sentenced by the WA Supreme Court yesterday after admitting to conspiring to defraud the commonwealth. Australian Crime Commission executive director of serious organised crime Michael Outram said Thomson illegally conspired with others to evade paying between $25.78 million and $27.68 million in tax, involving family trusts, between 1999 and 2001. AAP
The Brisbane City Council yesterday received three bids for the $1.7 billion Northern Link tunnel. The three consortiums vying to design, build and operate the city's third major tunnel project include Northern Direct (Bouygues, Laing O'Rourke and Transfield Services), Transcity (Acciona, Ghella and BMD) and LBRJV (Leighton Contractors, Baulderstone and Razel).
Mark Ludlow
NSW Attorney-General
Pierre Lemont, previously known as Pierre Tabar, of Campsie, NSW, has been convicted and sentenced in Sydney's Downing Centre Local Court to eight months' imprisonment, fully suspended upon him entering into a 20-month good behaviour bond, on two counts of managing corporations while disqualified. Staff reporter
isqualified. Staff reporter
The Australian Financial Review


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The King Ranch interior used to be the top end of luxury in F-Series pickups but Ford has pushed the style and refinement envelope again with its Platinum package. All of the materials and electronics in the Platinum are among the best offered in any Ford car or truck. Inspiration for this new trim comes from the Super Chief concept shown at the 2006 Detroit Auto Show.
The 2009 F-150 retains most of the major styling cues the previous truck had, but Ford has toughened up the exterior with deeper character lines and distinctive front and back-end appearances for each trim level.
"One of our strengths has always been understanding the customer and how they use their vehicle. We go all the way from the XL work truck to the new Platinum model. By getting close to the customer and listening we understand what features they're looking for. We span the whole breadth of our customers because there are different types of owners out there – and we think we do the best job in the marketplace offering these products, from the basic all the way up to the most luxurious," says Mr. Crowley.
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text:
Huntington mom sues school over religious ed class
There are 56 comments on the WHAS-TV Louisville story from Nov 14, 2008, titled Huntington mom sues school over religious ed class. In it, WHAS-TV Louisville reports that:
A parent is suing the Huntington County Community School Corp. in federal court, saying religious education classes held on school property violate the establishment clause of the Constitution.
Join the discussion below, or Read more at WHAS-TV Louisville.
#1 Nov 15, 2008
It is a shame when even in small town America we want to kick God out of everything. Our country was founded upon Judeo-Christian principles and many of the framers of our wonderful Constitution were Christians themselves. Just so it is known, the phrase "separation of church and state" never appears in the Constitution despite what the schools teach today. That statement appeared in a letter between Thomas Jefferson and church leaders in Connecticut who were concerned that the government would restrict their freedom to practice their faith. The spirit and intention was not to remove God from the public square but to state that the practice of the Christian religion should not be restricted. Besides, as Americans, we have the frredom of choice. If one does not want to participate in church activities, that is ok. But, it is not right to keep others from participating in the bible trailer activities if they so desire. We have seen the disastrous consequences of removing prayer (1963) and the Ten Commandments from the schools (1980) by the sharp moral decline in our country (check out divorce rates, children out of wedlock, drug use, etc. increases since 1963). It is appalling! If anything, we need to get God back in our country. We need to turn our eyes to Him and recognize Him as the one who not only provides for our needs, created our world, but who gave His one and only Son to die for us (John 3:16). Thank you for allowing me to post this comment!!
#2 Nov 16, 2008
I completely disagree with her. There is no reason to punish all the children just becouse she don't want her child to take part. There is no reason her boy can't just stay in the class room while all the other children enjoy the program. The kids are getting a nice break from regular activites and getting great moral instruction on top of it. I think the bible trailor is a great thing to have and I wish that all the grades could take part. My son who is 9 now really wanted to go when he first started there.
Further more it should not matter if it is in the school parking lot or not. It is not in the school and I do not think Horace Mann would let them do it in the building anyway just becouse of people like her. I know this first hand becouse while my son went there he was told he could not bring his bible into school and the did not want him to read it even during resess (which is there personal time to play or read.) Not to mention the fact that if they want to pray the kids will have to pray quitly to them self just so no one knows the are doing it.This is one of the reasons I pulled him from the public school system and put him in a christian school. Its sad that we have the freedom of religion, but yet we can not exersize it,we have the freedom to say and read what we want, but we can only do it privatly in our home or church. We have the freedom to exspress our religion and beleifs as long as its not to other people.When it is said out loud like that it sounds like we are turning into those other countrys like China, Iraq ect. Who claim the freedom of religion. We can talk,teach,write,and,dispaly images of greek gods, mohamid, budda,ect but not the one carpenter who we as christians call the son of God,the one man who's teachings is the foundation of ALL our laws, the one and only real example of love.The only GOD in this world who most important comand for people is to LOVE each other, And yet after 2,000 years we as people still condem him and cast him out when he is the only one who love all people and only wants what best for us.
United States
#3 Nov 16, 2008
Sounds like this woman is lacking in the attention-getting department. She's suing the school system because she doesn't want her son in the Bible program, but what about the children that DO want to attend the program?
Lady, if you don't want your child to attend then request that he not attend! It's that simple!
#4 Nov 16, 2008
Could someone explain to me The Bible Program to me, and how can i get it into a small school in N Louisiana.
#6 Nov 16, 2008
I don't have a problem with religious instruction--even religious instruction on school property like any other club or school organization. I have a problem with it being during school instructional time. Our country is having a problem finding enough time to give instruction to our kids. To take away from that time is a waste of resources. Note that during the religious instruction time no child is receiving curriculum instruction, whether they take part in the program or not. If parents want their kids to have religious instruction, let the churches offer it in the same trailers after school. Even better, don't waste money on the trailers, let the churches offer the instruction in the building. But, not during school time.
Finally, look at the postings made by the advocates of the program. From the grammar it would appear that the contributors would have benefited more from staying in class.
#8 Nov 16, 2008
Why, because my parents made sure I attended class during the school day, and went to religious school on Wednesdays after school and on Sunday mornings?
#9 Nov 17, 2008
Those are Public Schools , there should be no religion taught there .
That's what churches are for , the schools seem to think they can Keep a Hand in everything when it comes to OUR children .
It is not the Schools Right To Teach Religion !
#10 Nov 17, 2008
You People that cry " Not Fair " , just don't get the point of right and wrong .
#11 Nov 20, 2008
How would you like it if the radical Muslims set up a trailer on school property to teach about "God" and the jihad to your kids? Where do you draw the line? Who decides which "brand" of religion is taught at public school? These people are way out of line. Period
United States
#12 Nov 25, 2008
I don't have a problem with them teaching religion in a trailor on school property. But if they are going to teach one type of religion then they should teach about all types of religion, that way our childern are more knowledgeable about all types of religion and therefore can make a more knowledgable choice when chooseing which, if any religion they want in thier life. Most parents teach their kids, their religion. I feel all childern at a certain age, should have the right and knowledge of choosing for themselves which type of religion (if any) they want in thier lives. It is the CONTROLING type of people in this country that want to control everything around them that causes problems like this... How is having a religion trailor on school property hurting anyone? If you have to control your childern so much as to not let them choose things for themselves in thier schooling then most likely those childern will go through life looking to others for approval, and not making thier own chocies.
#13 Dec 2, 2008
this is probably the coolest thing i have ever read in my ife i couldnt agree more thanks so much for sayingthis.
#14 Dec 4, 2008
I pay the schools to teach my children to read write learn history and math , not to teach my children religion .
I will teach my second graders religion along with my church . Those teachers in that town already rob the children 30 mins. evryother weds. by making them start school a half hour later , so they can sit on thier hind ends and chat without the children bothering them .
Those schools have poor performance records compared to other states , yet they continue to increase the schools share of tax dollars .
While the children are in the trailer , the rest get no instruction . How much sense does that make ? Is religion a class credit now ?
United States
#15 Dec 6, 2008
So why don't the kids who don't go to the bible trailor work on their AR points? Why not use that time to read, study spelling words, polish up on areas that perhaps he/she are lacking in?
United States
#16 Dec 8, 2008
Religious freedom is a large part of our inherent freedoms and if that means if the mom doesn't want her child to attend, he shouldn't have to, HOWEVER, leave those that wish to alone.
United States
#17 Dec 8, 2008
Let's get a letter writing campaign going so when the judge hears this case in Jan., 2009 he/she understands how the majority feels about the Bible Trailer. Let's do something RIGHT for a change!
#18 Jan 7, 2009
You know we were given the freedom of religion in this country NOT the freedom from religion. It is people like this lady who is trying to take away that freedom. I am sick of people crying about how much CHRIST is in our school/gov/public places,yet you dont here complants about other religions in those same places Mythical Gods all over Gov. buildings they dont cry out "tear it down" do they. When we hand out a flyer for our religion we are out side of our rights yet someone can hand out scientology,buddeist,hindu ect. and know one says a thing just put it in the pocket a politly say thank you, You know what its not even a fight over GOD you can talk about GOD with people all day long but the second you bring up the name Jesus Christ there face will change in a second this fight is about errasing Christ from our Country.
#19 Jan 8, 2009
If we treated this woman to a few days of the inquisition, I'm sure she'd change her viewpopint.
#20 Jan 8, 2009
Just another insecure fringe liberal who needs a way to be heard. They are so annoying though! Remember the good'ol day when such fools stayed in the closet along with their qu**r bretheren? Maybe it's time the law abiding, God fearing folks teach them a lesson? Take back OUR country!
#21 Jan 14, 2009
what has happened to our country? we strive to bring goodness to the rest of the world, and in our own back yard there are those among us that try to tear us apart,if you dont want youre child to attend the bible trailer, maybe you can move to another country that does not have them,IRAN,afganistan,yemen to name a few,im sure that if we pool our money together we the folks that actually attended the bible trailer the last 35 years could contribute for the plane fare for you, but not youre child, cause im sure if you asked them it really is not that big a deal.WAKE UP AMERICA! this is our country, take it back...
United States
#22 Jan 15, 2009
I was FORCED 40 yrs ago, to pray to "Jesus" and I am NOT Christian. The school district was "slapped" then and TOO BAD they didnt learn their lesson then. It is AGAINST the law. Simple~ What is SOOOOO difficult to understand about this?
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text:
The army met the stone-throwing with a fecal-smelling concoction called "skunk" and later with tear gas.
To kill without scent the backbone should be broken by a quick blow or the skunk should be drowned.
You don't know what real sport is until you jump a skunk like that in a panic.
He was old enough to know many things, and he knew too much to fight either a skunk or a Weasel.
Are you the skunk that Wardell kicked off the Shenandoah for stealing a bottle of wine?
There are times when my whole body kicks at the thought of that skunk getting away with his play.
Little as I guessed it, this story really began at skunk's Misery.
A skunk's a varmint that don't stink tell ye meddle with him, but Hank Halliday stinks all the time.
That skunk thought that I had seen him, and slipped into the saloon to get out of sight.
Mrs. —— was looking beautiful in a bottle-green suiting, collared with skunk, but a little thin, I thought.
1630s, squunck, from a southern New England Algonquian language (probably Abenaki) seganku, from Proto-Algonquian */šeka:kwa/, from */šek-/ "to urinate" + */-a:kw/ "fox." As an insult, attested from 1841. Skunk cabbage is attested from 1751; earlier skunkweed (1738).
"to completely defeat (in a game), to shut out from scoring," 1831, from skunk (n.). Related: Skunked; skunking.
"to completely defeat (in a game), to shut out from scoring," 1831, from skunk (n.). Related: Skunked; skunking.
Related Terms


text:
New Delhi, March 3 (IANS) It was a sunny Sunday morning in the capital with the minimum temperature settling average for this time of year at 13.3 degrees Celsius. The Met office has forecast a clear day.
A clear day lies ahead for Delhi. The maximum temperature is expected to be around 27 degrees Celsius, an official of the India Meteorological Department (IMD) said.
Shallow mist enveloped the city early morning. Visibility was a good 2,500 meters.
Saturday's maximum temperature was average for this time of year at 26.8 degrees Celsius, while the minimum temperature was 11.7 degrees Celsius, a notch below average for this time of the year.


text:
PVC Pipe Loom
This project has been republished with the permission of the author. The original project can be found in the book Kids Weaving by Sarah Swett. If you enjoy weaving and children, please consider purchasing a copy of this book.
Many thanks to Sarah for her generosity.
Assembling the Loom
Putting your loom together is a straightforward job. As you put the pieces together, label each part neatly with a permanent marker; this will make the warping and weaving instructions easier to follow. Refer
- Make the Side Bars: Use one of the smaller Tees (") to connect a 20" piece of pipe to an 8" piece of pipe lengthwise, end to end. Make another one. These 29"-long pieces are your side bars. Label them.
- Make the Top Bar: Put a " elbow on each end of one of the 14" pieces of pipe. This is your top bar. Label it.
- Connect the Side Bars to the Top Bar: Put the top bar elbows onto the ends of the 8" pieces of pipe on the side bars. The whole frame will look like an upside down U at this point.
- Make the Cloth Bar: Put the small opening of the 1" x 1" X " Tees on to both ends of the 13 " piece of " pipe. (If using the 3/4 Slip Tees then put the piece of pipe in the connection side of the Tee). Label it.
- Slide the cloth bar onto the open ends of the side bars (the open end of the U).
- Make the Bottom Frame Bar: Put one " Tee on each end of one of the 14" pieces of pipe. This is your bottom frame bar. Label it.
- Put the bottom frame bar onto the open ends of the side bars. The cloth bar can now slide up and down the side bars without falling off.
- Make the Heddle Frame: Put the last 2 elbows onto one end of each of the two 2" pieces of pipe. Put the pieces of pipe you just assembled into the T's that stick out in the middle of the side bars so that the open holes of the elbow joints are facing each other. Label it.
- Heddle Bar: There should be one 14" piece left. It is the heddle bar. Label it and set it aside until later.
- Warp Bar and Big Shed Stick: The 11" piece of dowel is your big shed stick. The 13" piece of dowel is your warp bar. Label them and set aside until later (they are both used for projects in Chapter 4 of the Kids Weaving book).
When everything is in its place and your loom looks like the illustrations above, push firmly on every joint to make sure that your loom is as solid as it can be.


text:
With cameras rolling and a media audience engaged if not entertained, an animated and agitated Sean Miller asked a most simple question at the end of a long night.
"What are we, 25-6?"
Sitting nearby, his head in his hands, Solomon Hill corrected his coach.
"Seven," he said. "25-7."
At this time of the season, the difference between 25-6 and 25-7 seems insignificant, but Hill knew immediately that six would have been bliss and seven is hell.
"It mattered more than anything," Hill said, emotionally, 30 minutes after Arizona lost 66-64 to UCLA in the Pac-12 tournament semifinals. "It was a chance to get hats and T-shirts and to cut down the nets."
Arizona won't be anybody's Pac-12 champion this year for a lot of reasons, many of them manifest in the final 10 minutes Friday when the Wildcats ceased to play with the fire, discipline and physicality that had staked them to a 49-38 lead.
Miller could live with that. I mean, UCLA's really good and Miller's team played to near exhaustion in one of the most compelling Pac-12 tournament games of the last decade. But he couldn't live with a game-changing technical foul.
Referee Michael Irving called a technical on Miller with 4:37 remaining after a seemingly benign double-dribble call on Arizona point guard Mark Lyons. Arizona led 56-54.
Miller argued that a UCLA player had touched the ball, therefore making Lyons' play legal.
Boom. Technical foul. Game unalterably changed.
Irving has called 141 technical fouls in his college officiating career, one that stretches back to 1997, and he has called 10 technicals over 57 games this year. But the one he assessed to Miller at the heart of the league's most meaningful game was fully unnecessary and, it turned out, egregious.
Outside of Arizona's locker room, before Miller participated in a formal press conference, his voice carried through the wall. As he was explaining the technical to his staff, Miller said, with emphasis:
"I didn't even think I was on the court! All I said was, 'Are you sure he touched the ball?' The only thing (the referees) say is stay in the (coaching) box, and I was in the box. Damn it!"
It was Miller's first technical foul of the year. Irving calls about eight technicals per season, and on Friday night, at the worst possible moment, he blew his whistle at the wrong time.
It probably didn't cost Arizona the game, but then again, the two free throws Adams made were the difference on the scoreboard.
It would've been so much better had the players fully decided the outcome.
"I feel like (the refs) broke under pressure," Hill said when he returned to Arizona's locker room. He preceded that remark by saying, "I'm happy I'm not playing in the Pac-12 any more."
Miller was so consumed by the turn of events, and by being complicit in the change, that while returning to his team's dressing room he took a wrong turn and wound up grabbing the handle to the door that housed the Oregon Ducks.
"I told our team after the game that's all completely on me," he said. "If you're the coach of a team and you get a technical in this type of situation under four minutes, that's unacceptable."
Miller was beyond apologetic. He could live with a third straight loss to the Bruins, but the burden of knowing he cost his team two points will linger.
"My man over here, he's never coming back here again," Miller said, nodding to Hill. "His coach gets a technical foul. I didn't cuss him. I didn't challenge him. By the way, it's my first technical foul of the year. That's what this is about."
Eight times in his brief press session Miller said that a UCLA defender "touched the ball" when called for a double-dribble, which, in essence, became the play of the game. He could have said it 800 times, but it's not going to change anything.
"It's just difficult, man, when you invest hundreds of hours, in Solomon's case, thousands of hours," he said. "And if I cuss and I'm out of control and I've been warned, shame on me. But when I say he touched the ball, he touched the ball, because quite frankly, I thought two (officials) could have maybe gotten together and explained that, in fact, he did touch the ball. That's what I was hoping for.
"That technical right there is hard to swallow. When you lose by two and you gave them two, and you're the coach, you have to take that burden, and I've got that with me."
The bill for Arizona's loss is tangible. It will be paid on Sunday afternoon when the NCAA selection committee is likely to issue the Wildcats a No. 5 or No. 6 seed instead of what might have been a No. 3 or a No. 4.
The degree of difficulty will be much greater every step of the way.
Ultimately, if nothing else, give Miller credit for his postgame theatrics. He trashed the officiating without really trashing them. If the NCAA gave an Oscar for sarcasm, Miller would have left the MGM Grand with a trophy after all.


text:
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Deana F. Morrow
Deana F. Morrow, PhD, LPC, LCSW, LISW-CP, ACSW Chair and Professor, Department of Social Work


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Do you ever feel like God keeps giving you little nudges about growth he wants of you either personally or in your marriage (or both)? Um…yeah. That's where I am this morning, except for he is pushing, not nudging!
My husband and I have been embarking on more robust nightly quiet times together for a particular prayer intention. What a great thing this has been for us! While I know God is leading us slowly to His will on that intention, some of the "ancillary" results of our prayer have brought up other issues we think he wants us to work on. One of these has been both of our sense of entitlement in our individual daily lives and marriage.
My husband can struggle in a slightly different way than I am on this topic, but I will say that for myself, I can get so bitter and let sin creep into my heart so easily when I think I am entitled to something – more sleep, a break at the end of a long day or one of my husband's trips, a chance to exercise, going out "unaccompanied", not doing the dishes, you name it – and it doesn't happen. Now, I may honestly need some (or all!) of those things for health and sanity, and as moms and wives I think we have to work charitably with our spouses to find the right balance in our particular circumstances on the hard labor that goes into family and home life. But to allow ourselves to feel we are inherently entitled to these things is something slightly different I think, and God has been leading my heart to really see why.
If I feel entitled to any of it, it's really just another way to say I'm 'owed' something, or that something is mine (my time, my rest, etc). But the truth is, I'm not owed anything in this life…and all of these things are God's for his Kingdom. As a Christian, as a wife, as a mother, I am not meant to be my own, but rather poured out as an offering for my God and my family. This is hard, hard work, and I fail sooooooo often. I often look at my life as though my time, my rest, and the like are mine. When I do so, however, not only do I become completely unhappy when my purported breaks for myself don't materialize, it often starts a chain reaction of all sorts of negatives, to include sinful thought patterns, negative tone and attitude, and even conflict as I 'demand' what is "rightfully mine." How much damage this can do to my relationship with others…God and my husband being first in line.
The reality is this: if I am not concentrating on the source of my energy – Christ – and if I am not concentrating on the fact that none of my abilities, time, energy is really mine for my personal use, issues abound and joy is squelched. If, on the other hand, I go back to God with my weakness and fragmented energy and time, He will help me gain what I need in a host of tangible ways. He will pour back in what I have expended to refill me, through His grace, through a friend's helping hand, through a small heroic act of kindness from my husband. As I start out this new week, this is my prayer…that I can go back to the Source of the work I have been given since he knows my needs more clearly than I do, to pray for more humility to realize that nothing that I've been given is mine, and, in a word…loose the attitude!
Lord, help me reshape my concept of my life, time, and energy to be reflective of the truth. All is yours!


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West 162d: Street of Despair -- A Special Report; Broken Dreams, Drugs and Gunfire Living Along the Cruel Pavement in Washington Heights
The following article was reported by Maria Newman, E. R. Shipp and N. R. Kleinfield and written by Mr. Kleinfield.
Published: July 13, 1992
When Sammy Jennings came to West 162d Street in Washington Heights in the early 1940's, his singing career had begun to catch on, and it seemed only natural for a young black man like himself to move to the edge of the place known as Sugar Hill.
For Olga Goris and Aurelio Gomez the allure was different. Natives of the Dominican Republic, they followed others from their hometown to 162d Street six years ago because it was cheap and a place to begin lifting themselves out of their dismal poverty. Pure chance put Lynn Stafford on 162d Street four years ago after a relationship ran its course and a friend's sublet became available at a hard to resist rent.
In recent years on West 162d Street, the residents have seen much that is ugly and much that is grim. Theirs is a street betrayed by the passage of time. They have witnessed the abrasions between the mercurial, beckoning Dominican drug dealers and the police, between the law-abiding and the lawbreakers. They came with expectations and live with despair. They wish that it weren't so, but they don't see how it is ever going to get better on the street where they live or in the neighborhood that is their home. Too Many With Too Little
"It was heaven here," Mr. Jennings said. "You could walk the street at 3 o'clock in the morning whistling a tune and nobody would bother you. Today if you try that you're dead."
It is this neighborhood that erupted in violence recently after a young Dominican named Jose Garcia was shot to death by a police officer in a building on West 162d Street.
A rather short, gloom-shrouded strip that slices due west across Washington Heights, West 162d is a place where too many people live on too little income, where there are too many teen-agers with too little to do, where there are too many drug dealers and too many senseless killings, where there is too much rumbling about how something must be done that falls on too many unhearing ears.
Something like 5,000 people live on West 162d Street, most of them struggling to fight life's hard turns, and in many respects their lives and their voices resonate with the emotions of all of Washington Heights. Through this single street, one can see the area's changing, saddening character, its poles, its hopes, its nightmares. The street offers a glimpse into the very soul of the neighborhood's residents.
"There are mostly very hard-working, decent people who live on this block," said a young Hispanic woman who would not let her name be used. "They all skimp and save and dream of a better day. And then there is the trouble element who deals the drugs and plays cowboy on the street. You add it up and you have a sad, sad street." Waves of Immigrants
Up through the 1950's, though it certainly suffered its share of ills, it was known as a happier street. Working-class immigrants from Europe -- especially Ireland, Germany, Russia and Poland -- lived on it. In 1920, according to the Census, the street was virtually entirely white. Two Hispanic families lived on the block. Most of the residents were Irish and Jewish, and they toiled as construction workers, merchants, civil servants and entertainers. At the time, blacks were confined to central Harlem, and were meeting resistance in migrating to other parts of the city, including Washington Heights. The few blacks on 162d Street were live-in maids, a superintendent, a janitor and a building operator.
In time, many of the immigrants pushed north and into the suburbs. After World War II, Puerto Ricans and some Dominicans settled in the area and by the 1960's, Puerto Ricans, Cubans and blacks dominated the street. For the most part, they, too, were stable, working-class families. As these residents drifted to the suburbs in the mid-1960's, legions of Dominican immigrants replenished the area, jampacking apartments.
Dominicans constitute more than half of the population. Many of the residents hold blue-collar jobs at meager wages or collect public assistance. The median income is about $20,000. Almost a third of the residents are below the poverty line. Hub of Drug Dealing
It was not until the early 1980's that drug dealing took hold in Washington Heights, with 162d Street emerging as one of the key hubs. When crack came onto the scene in the mid-1980's, law enforcement officials say, trafficking reached epidemic proportions, and dealers soon began bragging about the eye-popping sums of money to be earned. Now almost every street corner in the neighborhood is thick with dealers. And with every passing year, residents say, there are more drugs, more crime, more guns, more death.
Last year, according to the police, there were 122 murders in Washington Heights, the most of any New York neighborhood. Most were drug-related, the victims young Dominicans. Residents guess that at least a dozen of those murders occurred on 162d Street. It is hard to be precise. They hear gunshots all the time and never know how many bullets hit their targets. Drugs and Hula Hoops Crime and Play Along Same Blocks
Take a stroll down 162d Street today and feel its pulse.


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While testifying before the Senate Judiciary Committee Tuesday, Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano changed her tone on illegal apprehensions saying they are the same today as they were one year ago- despite previously claiming they're at 40-year lows.
"Overall, apprehensions have stayed the same with respect to the southern Rio Grande Valley, where we have had an increase primarily in illegal immigrants from Central America, not from Mexico," Napolitano told Sen. Ted Cruz. "I can kind of give you chapter and verse on what's being done there, but it's basically the same in all the sectors except for that one geographic area."
However, earlier this month Napolitano told reporters in Houston that illegal apprehensions are at 40-year lows, a much different claim than the one made today.
"I can tell you having worked that border for 20 years, it is more secure now than it has ever been. Illegal apprehensions are at 40-year lows," Napolitano said.
Despite both claims, reports from early April show illegal apprehensions are up 13% from last year.


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Databases have several features that will allow you to build searches that will focus your search to relevant information. These features include keyword and subject searching, Boolean operators, truncation, phrase searching, search limiting, and nesting. Understanding these techniques will allow you to search more efficiently and effectively.
Computers index "significant" words in databases in the title, summary, subject or even the text fields of a record or article. These words are then searchable. When you type these words into the database search window, this is called keyword searching.
Keyword searches are best used when you're searching for new terms, distinctive words, jargon or slang. When keyword searching, databases do not index certain commonly used words and parts of speech, called stop words, such as articles, pronouns and prepositions. Examples of stop words in databases are a, an, about, after, all, also, and, any, are, as, at, based, because, been, between, and so on.
The disadvantage of keyword searching is that you only find records that contain the terms you type. You can miss synonyms of the terms you use. A keyword search may also find many more records than you want.
Phrase searching is a way to retrieve records containing specific phrases. To search for a specific phrase, most databases require quotation marks around the phrase. A phrase search will then locate only records containing the words in the particular order in which they appear.
Examples of phrase searching:
A subject search will only search the subject field of database records. Records in databases are assigned subject headings from a thesaurus for that database. When a thesaurus is available, it will provide you with a list of subject terms and suggested terms for narrower, broader or related topics.
For example, if you were doing research on how driving is affected by the use of cell phones, you might search for cell phones and find this record:
Title: Study: Cell Phones Cause 'Blindness' in Drivers. Subject(s): cellular telephones; traffic safety Source: Safety & Health, Mar2003, Vol. 167 Issue 3, p14, 1/4p Abstract: Discusses findings of the study, titled 'Cell phone use can lead to inattention blindness behind the wheel,' conducted by researchers at the University of Utah in Salt Lake. Effects of inattention blindness or the inability to recognize objects encountered along the road.
You'll find that the words cellphone, cell-phone, cell phone, cellular phones, and cellular telephones, are all words used to describe this device.
A look at the subject field in this record indicates that the subject is cellular telephones. If you then use this subject for further searching you will find articles that are the most relevant to your topic.
Advantage: Since subject searching is based on words in the thesaurus for the database, you will retrieve only articles assigned that subject, and your results will be very reliable.
Disadvantage: Subject terms may vary from one database to another.
Boolean operators, named after British mathematician George Boole (1815-1864), can be placed between your search terms to narrow or expand a search, or to exclude search terms.
In these examples of how to use Boolean operators, Venn diagrams are helpful to visually illustrate how these operators can be used:
Example 1: Your topic is "how exercise and health are related."
exercise and health and age
will retrieve even fewer records than Example 1.
Example 2: You are looking for "information on salary."
Example 3: Your topic is about bears, but not grizzly bears.
By adding a symbol, sometimes called a wildcard symbol, to the end of a word, truncation allows you to search the "root" of a word to find all its different endings. The most common truncation symbol is the asterisk . However, some databases use different symbols, so check online help to find the correct symbol.
Example: You are looking for information "the banking industry."
bank* finds: bank banks banking bankers bankruptcy
Many databases and search engines allow you to limit searches to specific criteria such as format, language, publication date, and periodical title.
For example, the Academic Search Premier database provides several useful limiters,
Limiting will NARROW your results. Limiters let you narrow the focus of your search so that the information retrieved from the databases you search is limited according to what you select.
Many databases allow for very complex searching. For example, nesting allows you to place parentheses around strings of searches using Boolean operators.
For example, if you wanted articles about the geology in Utah, Colorado, or Nevada, a nested search using parentheses and Boolean operators, you could use this search . . .
geolog* and (utah or colorado or nevada)
Other examplesof nesting searching:


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Crostini With Gorgonzola, Caramelized Onions, and Fig Jam
READY IN: 1hr 15mins
Recipe by dicentra
Cooking Light 2003.
Top Review by Abby Girl
I can't rate this as I did not use all the ingredients....but saying that, this appitizer was delicious!!! I had Fig Jam on hand (Drunken Fig Jam from this site) ...used goats cheese instead of the gorgonzola and dried thyme!! Outstanding and simple to boot! Thanks for the posting....I will be sure to use this one again in the future!!!
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 cup dried black figs (about 6 ounces)
- 1 teaspoon lemon juice
- 2 cups water
- 2 tablespoons maple syrup
- 1 dash salt
- cooking spray
- 2 cups vertically sliced yellow onions
- 1 teaspoon balsamic vinegar
- 1⁄2 teaspoon chopped fresh thyme
- 1⁄4 teaspoon salt
- 1⁄2 cup water (optional)
Remaining ingredients
- 1⁄2 cup gorgonzola, softened
- 1 loaf French baguette, toasted and sliced
- 1 teaspoon fresh thyme leave
Directions See How It's Made
- To prepare jam, remove stems from figs. Place figs and juice in a food processor; process until figs are coarsely chopped.
- Place fig mixture, 2 cups water, syrup, and dash of salt in a medium saucepan; bring to a boil. Reduce heat, and simmer 25 minutes or until thick. Cool completely.
- To prepare onions, heat a large nonstick skillet coated with cooking spray over medium heat.
- Add onion, vinegar, 1/2 teaspoon thyme, and 1/4 teaspoon salt; cover and cook 5 minutes. Uncover and cook 20 minutes or until onion is deep golden brown, stirring occasionally.
- While onion cooks, add 1/2 cup water, 1/4 cup at a time, to keep onion from sticking to pan.
- Spread 1 teaspoon cheese over each baguette slice. Top each slice with about 1 teaspoon onion mixture and 1 teaspoon jam. Sprinkle evenly with thyme leaves.


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Senate: Apple uses firms outside U.S. to avoid taxes
WASHINGTON — Apple Inc. employs a group of affiliate companies outside the country to avoid paying billions of dollars in income taxes, a Senate investigation found.
The world's most valuable company is holding overseas $102 billion of its $145 billion in cash, and an Irish subsidiary that earned $22 billion in 2011 paid only $10 million in taxes, according to the report issued on Monday by the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations.
The strategies Apple uses are legal, and many other multinational corporations employ similar techniques to avoid paying income taxes on profits they reap overseas. But Apple uses a twist, the report found. The company's tactics raise questions about loopholes, lawmakers say.
Apple's top executives are scheduled to testify and explain the company's tax strategy at a hearing by the subcommittee on Tuesday.


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Double or Triple Your Campaign Performance in 30-45 days. Reap the Rewards for Years to Come.
Scott Clark of BuzzMaven is qualified as an official Google AdWords Certified Partner with Specialty in Search Advertising (previously the Google Adwords Qualified Professional Program.) He was the first to achieve this status in Kentucky. By achieving this status, he has proven, via courses client performance and Google's rigorous test, mastery of Google Adwords advanced topics such as:
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- Optimizing Adwords campaigns and ad groups.
Contact Scott Clark for assistance with your program.
Lexington, KY-based Web Marketing expert Scott Clark of BuzzMaven, Inc. has been granted Partner status after meeting Google's strict proficiency and performance examinations in search advertising.
"I'm starting my 12th year managing Google Search campaigns for clients, which becomes more challenging and exciting every month." said Clark, "The Google search advertising partner program allows demonstration of skills to be verified by an independent, trusted entity, and is re-assuring to businesses ready to shift marketing dollars online. They want to know they are in good hands."
The Google Adwords program is the largest advertising system on the Internet, enabling custom designed, precisely-targeted marketing to be presented at the exact moment potential customers are seeking products or services. Targeting can include regions, customer behavior, demographics, precision scheduling, social media, mobile marketing and more.
"As Google's program has become more sophisticated, I have learned how to help businesses avoid expensive mistakes and become profitable as soon as possible. It involves weaving Search Marketing into the broader marketing mix. I'm always amazed at how much money is being wasted on ineffective, traditional advertising. I try to stop those leaks – to help customers see a better way" Clark continued.
Google Adwords is the company's largest source of revenues which totaled $42.5 billion in 2012 as advertisers flocked to the company because of its "right place, right time" advertising solutions.
About BuzzMaven
Scott Clark's BuzzMaven Labs is a Web Business Consultancy concentrating on improving performance of websites, online marketing investments and social media activities. The business offers SEO (Search Engine Optimization), SMM (Social Media Marketing) and Content Marketing Solutions for businesses across the USA. Since 1997, Scott Clark has specialized in developing precisely marketed websites to enhance business profitability and growth. Clark manages campaigns for businesses across the USA.
BuzzMaven, Inc.
163 East Main Street.
Suite 300
Lexington, KY 40507


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Location: mansfield, texas
Member since 1/26/2009
- 2 total posts
- 1 review
- 1 comment
Reviews & Stories
I can't tolerate any kind of pain pills - Amazing Doctor - Dallas, TX
I can't tolerate any kind of pain pills and have only had to take Tylenol a couple of times. Not even a bruise from IV! READ MORE
Recent comments from sunkisses
I would go to Dr. Rai if I were you. He is close to the Galleria and just did my neck lift. It turned out great and I'm so pleased. READ COMMENT


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Charleston's historic city center is close enough to tempt golfers into making the voyage about 45 minutes south to Kiawah Island and Seabrook Island. But for a more convenient golf escape, follow the airplanes overhead to North Charleston and Coosaw Creek Country Club, just minutes from Charleston International Airport.
Follow the airplanes for great golf at Coosaw Creek Country Club in North Charleston
Current Status: Blessed (1)
Seeded on Thu Nov 1, 2007 11:10 AM
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Q.1 What is Unani system of Medicine?
Ans . Unani system is a science which deals with the preventive and promotive aspects of human being and health problems occurred by the Ecological and Environmental factors, which may vitiate humours i.e. Blood, Phlegm, Yellow bile and Black bile, the fluids circulating in the body vessels. It teaches to maintain the health and treat if effected by disease by bringing back the balance in imbalance humours. Humours are one of the basic principles & concepts conseptualised by the 'Father of Medicine', 'Hipporcrates'.
Q.2 What are the basic principles & concepts of Unani system?
Ans . In the basic principles and concepts the human body is considered to be made up of the following components.
I) Elements (Arkan): These are four i.e. Air, Water, Earth and Fire. Actually these four elements represents several other elements found in the modern science. There are four states denoting the temperaments of these four elements
II. Temperaments (Mizaj):- The interaction between the chemical combination of four elements, produces various states which determine the temperament of an individual human being, plants, & minerals. Temperament (Mizaj) is simply defined as having the following states and their combinations:-
III Humours (Akhlat) :- The humours are actually the body fluids which are classified broadly in four. The fluids of the body contains various harmones, enzymes and humours etc. They are responsible for nutrition to the whole of body. These fluids are (a) Primary (b) Secondary.
(a) Primary fluids are four humour i.e. blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile.
(b) Secondary fluids are harmones, enzymes, and plasma etc.
IV. Organs (Aaza): - Organs are composed of cell, tissues, nerves and blood vessels. Various organs of the body and health in disease condition of each individual affects the state of health.
V. Pneuma-Gaseous material (Arwah) :- The Pneuma is a life force which carries of different powers, without which human body is dead. This is a source of life and vitality.
VI. Faculties (Qawa) :- Faculties/Powers are of three kinds.
a) Natural powers
b) Psychic powers
c) Vital powers
VII. Functions (Afaal): - Includes movements of various organs. It is necessary to ensure that various organs should be in proper shape and condition to perform proper functions.
Q.3 What does temperament of the drugs means?
Ans . The temperament of the drugs means the whole chemistry and properties of a drug, its quality of having toxicity or otherwise. The drugs belongs to plant, mineral & animal origin have their own temperaments. Because of the temperament the property of one drug differs from the other.
Q.4 How one can ascertain the temperament of compound drugs?
The different ingredients of a drug have a molecular structure (Surat-Mauiyah). Therefore their temperament is also different. When ingredients of different temperament assemble in a compound drug, they develop and produce a different temperament altogether.
Q.5 Describe and illustrate the method of assessment of the temperament of a drug?
Ans . Al-Kindi (A distinguished pharcognosict died in 873 A.D.) established a method to asses the temperament, degrees of compound drugs and illustrated as follows.
Cardamom 1 warm ½ cold ½ moist 1 dry
Sugar 2 warm 1 cold 1 moist 2 dry
Indigo ½ warm 1 cold ½ moist 1 dry
Embolica 1 warm 2 cold 1 moist 2 dry
Sum:- 4 ½ warm 4 ½ cold 3 moist 6 dry
Thus the drug is dried to the first degree.
Q.6 What do you mean by Hot, Wet or Dry Quality of Drug?
Ans . The temperament is a quality of drug it means the drug is hot and cold in touch and vice-versa. It actually means that the drug is potentially or action wise hot in comparison to the body. The potency and degree developed inside the body. The action take place after in-take of drug, which increase or decrease the body temperament, stimulating the thermostat, centre of hypothalamus, by increasing the Basic Metabolic Mates (BMR), by releasing various harmones. A drug is said to be hot because it produces certain symptoms related to heat after intake. A drug is said to be cold when it lowers the temperament by influencing hypothalamus or decreasing the BMR, as such the symptoms produces after intake of drugs of various temperaments attributed to hot, cold, moist or dry.
Q.7 Is there gradation of potencies of drugs?
Ans . In Unani all drugs are defined in temperamental qualities and graded into four degrees according the potency of their qualities as hot, cold, moist (wet) and dry. Thus a hot drug graded in degree one, two, three and four and cold, moist and hot are defined vice-versa. Thus the first and second degree is safe and third have a toxic effect of mild nature and the fourth considered having side-effects or toxic.
Q.8 What is importance of temperament and its manifestation?
Ans . For maintaining health it is imperative to maintain temperaments as well. It is also paramount to a physician to keep the temperament in mind while diagnosing a disease. The dominance of one or more humour in the body vitiate humour itself and create a condition i.e. cold disease.
Q.9 How the humours altered and create disease?
Ans . There are various factors which affect the humours. When disturbance in the quantity, quality and equilibrium in one or more humours occurred due to the effect of atmosphere or otherwise it causes disease.
Q.10 How the temperament was determined?
Ans . It is the observation, experimentation and experience of ancient physicians who had under taken clinical trials on living beings and treated with single as well as compound drugs. According to the actions, resulted in the human body, observed and examined by the physicians, the temperament was defined and determined.
Q.11 What types of drugs are used in Unani system?
Ans . Drugs of Herbal, Mineral & Animal origin are used. They form a large number of formulations and shape acceptable to the patient.
Q.12 In what form the drugs are used?
Ans . Drugs are used in crude form as single drugs and compound form.
Q.13 Why compound drugs are used when the single drugs also have effective action?
Ans . Because single drug sometime could not give desired effect and results, they can give less and sometime severe action. A drug of compound ingredients counteract the toxic effect of chemically active principle and act as antidote and enhance the required action of other single drugs.
On combination of multiple drugs in a formula having different qualities and active principles of mild or severe nature interact with each other. In the process the toxic effects or side-effects reduce to nil therefore the trend continue.
Q.14 In compound forms whether the Unani drugs retain the quality and maintain the efficacy of drug and their life?
Ans . In Unani drug sugar or honey is the base as a preservative. So if the preservative are standard then the drug retain the quality, efficacy and also retain the life for more than one year. The methods of preparation of compound drugs, preservatives are described in detail in NFUM, Part-I.
Q.15 Are Unani drugs safe?
Ans . All the drugs used in compound formulations are safe & non-toxic. These drugs are prepared according to the specific process & methods. Before preparation of Unani drugs toxicity of drugs are kept in mind and so the toxic ingredient are purified and de-toxified. Due to this process the toxicity is reduced to nil and the efficacy remains. Hence, the Unani drugs are absolutely safe.
Q.16 It is well known that drugs in crude form act slowly. So they cannot give immediat relief to the patient? Then how the Unani physician handle in emergency and acute cases?
Ans . The medicinal plants are a type of vegetation for example some fruit or vegetables are used to stop diarrhoea and some are administered to increase hemoglobin in anemia. There action is fast. As such Unani medicines take effective action in the patients of acute diseases as well as of chronic diseases.
In the following acute conditions Unani drugs take immediate action.
I. Indigestion, Acidity, Flatulence
II. Diarrhoea
III. Dysentery
IV. Bronchitis
V. Coryza and Cattarrh.
VI. Abdominal pain
VII. Urticaria and other ailments
The misconception that the Unani drugs act only in chronic diseases is absolutely in-correct. The Arthritis, Bronchial Asthma, Sinusitis, Hepatitis etc. becomes chronic due to repeated administration of allopathic drugs. These can be cured in acute condition by Unani drugs. As almost all the Unani drugs are used orally or locally and injectables are not used in the system, therefore they act like the allopathic drugs through the same route.
Q.17 What are preventive & promotive aspect of Unani?
Ans . Ecological & environmental factors affect the balance of humours in the body and also vitiate them. Maintenance of humour and promotion and preservation of health depends on six essentials which influence the living being with respect to preservation of health and causation of disease.
The Six Essentials (Asbab-e-Sitt-e-Zarooriya) are:-
I. Hawa-e-Muhit (atmospheric air)
II. Makul-vo-Mashrub (food & drink)
III. Harkat-vo-sakun badni (physical movement & rest)
IV. Harkat-vo-Sakun al-Nafsani (Mental movement and rest)
V. Naum vo-Yaqzah (Sleep and wakefulness)
VI. Istifragh-vo-Ihtibas (Evacuation & retention).
Q.18 How the disease is diagnosed?
Ans . Diagnosis is involved investigation of the cause of disease through pulse reading, naked eye examination of urine & stool and through the other conventional methods i.e. auscultation, palpation, percussion with the help of some modern tools. Thus, the spot diagnosis is made very easy.
Q.19 What are the modes/methods of treatment?
Ans. Modes of treatment are four.
I. Regimenal therapy
II. Dieto therapy
III. Pharmaco therapy
IV. Surgery.
Q.20 What do you mean by regimenal therapy?
Ans . Regimens are five as under.
I. Exercise
II. Massage
III. Hammam
IV. Douches
V. Regimen of Geriatrics
Hammam and massage therapy is available in Govt. Nizamia General Hospital (Unani) Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh.
Cupping therapy as another speciality treatment of Unani is available in Central Research Instt., (CCRUM) Hyderabad , A.P.
Q.21 Whether this system is recognised by the Govt. of India ?
Ans . Yes, this system is recognised by Govt. of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, under the Act-1970, to provide for the constitution of a Central Council of Indian Medicine and to maintain a Central Register of Indian Medicine. The CCIM makes the education regulations . This is a statutory body set up by an Act of Parliament.
The training and education in Unani are being regulated by the CCIM Act. At present there are 39 recognised under graduate and three P.G. Unani colleges and 7 specialities are available in the P.G. courses.
Q.22 What is the infrastructure of Unani in India ?
Ans . Unani system has a network of Colleges, Hospitals, Dispensaries, Research Institutes, National Institutes and Unani speciality centre established by the Department of ISM & H, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India.
Q.23 What are the contributions of Unani in the Health Care Delivery?
Ans . The Unani system has complete network in India and engaged in National Health Care Delivery through :-
1. Unani Under Graduate Colleges - 39
2. Unani Post Graduate Colleges - 3
Specialities in PG Colleges - 7 as under :
I. Kulliyat (Fundamentals of Unani medicine)
II. Ilmul Advia (Pharmacology)
III. Moalijat (Medicine)
IV. Amraz Niswan-vo-Qabala (Gynae and obstetrics)
V. Hifzane-Sehat (Health & Hygiene)
VI. Manfeul Aza (Physiology)
VII. Jarahiyat (Surgery)
3. Dispensaries - 965
4. Central Govt. Health Scheme Disp./Units - 9
5. Hospitals - 189
6. Unani Speciality Centre - 1
7. Research Institutes - 32
8. National Instt. of Unani Medicine - 1
9. Registered recognised physicians - 42000
10. Manufacturer - 514
Q.24 What are the contribution of Govt. of India for promotion of Unani in India ?
Ans . Govt. of India has various schemes for promotion, upgradation, propagation and for standardisation of Unani system.
The following prioritised areas are:-
I. Constituted Unani Pharmacopoeia Committee (UPC) consisting of expert physicians, scientists, botanists, pharmacognocists, chemists, manufacturers and experts of medicine. The first committee was constituted in 1964 for three years. Every third year it is being re-constituted .
Q.25 What are the functions of UPC?
Ans . The functions of UPC are:-
I. To verify the formulations of Unani medicine which are frequently and commonly used, time tested formulation from reference books under Drugs & Cosmetics Act, 1940.
II. To prepare pharmacopoeia for standards of single drugs and compound formulations worked out by the drug standardisation and drug testing laboratories, Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine and Pharmacopoeial Laboratory of Indian Medicine (PLIM), U.P.
Q.26 What are the contribution of UPC during the last 36 years?
Ans . The contribution of UPC are:-
I. Prepared National formulary of Unani Medicine (NFUM), Part-I - 441 formulations
II. NFUM , Part-II - 202 formulations
III. NFUM, Part-III - 103
IV. Unani Pharmacopoeia of India (UPI), Part-I - 45 standards, published in 1998
V. UPI, Part-II - 120 under process for publication
VI. UPI, Part-III - 103 under process for publication
Q.27 What are the schemes Govt. of India has formulated for the development of Unani?
Ans . There are following schemes:-
I. Grant-in-aid for upgradation of standards of undergraduate colleges.
II. Grant-in-aid for establishment of postgraduate colleges.
III. Re-orientation training program for upgradation of skills and knowledge of Teachers, Practitioners & Researchers.
IV. Extra Mural Research Projects.
V. Cultivation of Medicinal Plants Scheme
VI. Drug standardisation research programme.
VII. Upgradation of pharmacies/manufacturing units.
VIII. Upgradation of drug testing laboratory.
IX. To co-ordinate with Re-production & Child Health (RCH Programme) under the Department of Family Welfare, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare.
Q.28 Is there any act to control the standards of Unani drug manufacturer sale, distribution and import-export law?
Ans . Drug Technical Advisory Board constituted for Ay., Unani & Siddha under the Drugs & Cosmetics Act & Rules-1940 to control the standards of drugs, manufacturing, sales & distribution of Unani drugs.
Q. 29 Is there any Drug Testing Lab. for Unani Medicines?
Ans . Yes, the PLIM is a Govt. Drug Testing Lab. for standardisation and quality control of Ay. & Unani drugs.
Questions / Answers of common diseases and Unani drugs