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These authors contributed equally to this work.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
The Noheda archaeological site is unique and exceptional for its size, and the quality and conservation condition of the Roman mosaic pavement covering its urban
The Noheda archeological site can be found 0.5 km northwest of the village of Noheda (district of Villar de Domingo García), located 17 km from the city of Cuenca, in central Spain. It was declared "Heritage of Cultural Interest" by the Community Council of Castilla-La Mancha in 2012, mainly because of the mosaics discovered there. It is not only the late-antiquity era that contains evidence of human existence, although it is the most well documented period [
Archeologists have known about these archaeological remains in the settlement for a long time [
It was not until the end of 2005 when assessment of the archeological site began, quickly revealing its relevance. This realisation motivated the Community Council of Castilla-La Mancha to assume the responsibilities and financing of the site's excavation, allowing the research to proceed. For the past few years, the Provincial Deputation of Cuenca has been in charge of promoting the exploration work on the site.
The geographic location of the town in the peninsula, in the vicinity of cities from central Hispania, such as Ercávica, Valeria, Segóbriga and Complutum, demarcates a noticeable sort of crossroads, converting it into a natural path from south to north between mountain ranges, making it an area full of natural travel routes [
To date, three areas of the villa have been exhumed: some structures belonging to the
This last sector is composed of several rooms of ample size, among them the so-called
Noheda's remains are configured as a semi-confined archaeological site whose main remains of greatest interest are the Roman mosaics, which will be analysed in this work. As background, there are few studies of microclimatic conditions in semi-confined archaeological sites [
On the other hand, several works on preventive conservation of mosaics have been conducted in recent years. Calia
However, nonspecific and exhaustive microclimatic studies of temperature and relative humidity (RH) were not performed in any of the aforementioned works. This paper concerns the installation of monitoring probes to provide useful data and the microclimatic characterisation of the preventive conservation actions undertaken to preserve the valuable and unique Roman mosaics of the archaeological site of Noheda, allowing us to take the results obtained as a starting point for future comparative and causal studies of the thermo-hygrometric conditions and conservation state and evaluate and quantify the effectiveness of the corrective action taken to control the temperature and relative humidity levels.
The archaeological site of Noheda is comprised of two
The mosaic consists of four technical layers: a levelling layer and a first level (statumen) consisting of river pebbles (14–18 cm in size); a second level, consisting of a white coating (8–10 cm thick) of lime mortar with stones, ceramics and high hardness fragmented bricks; a third level (5–6 cm thick) composed of lime, small stones and crushed ceramic which gives a reddish hue to the stratum. At the last layer we find the tesserae. The entire substrate of mortars exposed to the outdoors after excavation could be dispersed, so they were consolidated by successive impregnations with ethyl silicate (Estel 1000) dissolved in White Spirit D40.
In 2008–2009 a restoration campaign on the mosaic was conducted performing works of cleaning, consolidation (by injecting Primal SF 016 ER and using a solution of Paraloid B-72 to 3% in toluene for vitreous tiles) and stabilisation of the tapestry (adhesion of spare parts with Peoval 33).
Control of temperature and relative humidity is of great interest in preventive conservation of culture heritage [
It is well known that buried cultural heritage can be found in prospections from 100% RH and at low temperatures (for example wrecks) as well as in very low humidity environments characterised by high temperatures (such as buried ruins in Egypt) and, in both cases, the good state of conservation is due to both parameters remaining constant. Thus, the most detrimental factor when studying RH and temperature is their variation. Extending this logic further, standard UNI 10829 [
With the aim of controlling the direct impact of sunlight, rain, wind and other erosion agents, the room containing the mosaic remains was covered with a non-ventilated waterproof canvas tent fixed to the ground with a concrete foundation supported over the plough line, so that it was not in direct contact with the buried stratigraphic layer. This covering (
As a preventive conservation action, in the summer of 2013 (between 7 August 2013 and 12 August 2013) a solution for controlling temperature and relative humidity was implemented, consisting of a layer of expanded clay covering the mosaics and separated from them by a 0.4 cm thick geotextile. Expanded clay is a lightweight ceramic shell with a honeycombed core. The pellets are rounded in shape with a diameter of approximately 8–16 mm and an average dry bulk density of approximately 340 kg/m3. This is a common solution implemented in archaeology, designed to avoid the sudden variations in relative humidity and temperature using a porous insulating coating. Furthermore, this coating is easily removable if necessary, without damaging the remains.
To check whether the corrective action was appropriate, a total of six probes were installed (each containing a data logger for temperature and a data logger for RH). The data loggers were purchased directly from the manufacturer (Maxim Integrated Products, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA). These devices resemble button-type batteries, 17.4 mm in diameter and 5.9 mm thick. Each pair of RH and temperature data loggers was placed close together.
Each RH data logger (Datalog Hygrochron DS1923) contains a humidity sensor with an accuracy of ±5% [
Sensors were calibrated prior to their installation through two calibration experiments (separated in time) in order to determine whether measurements from one or more sensors were biased compared to the average recorded by all sensors and correct the average sensor bias for all data, as detailed in [
The monitoring study started on 25 July 2013, when the six probes were installed at the archaeological site of Noheda (locations shown in
Location of sensors #1, #2, #3 and #4 was selected according to an area with a higher groundwater level, which was found by visual inspection of the darker mortar colour between the tesserae, in order to characterise the water vapour gradient of the site.
Sensor #6 was located on the outside of the tent of the archaeological site and in the shade (protected from direct impact of sunlight) as control sensor. Hereafter, this sensor will be referred to as "
Sensors #1, #3 and #5 were placed over the mosaic tiles before placing the geotextile layer. Sensors #2 and #4 were placed above geotextile layer, obtaining a representation of the conditions configured by the implemented solution with and without installing a geotextile layer.
The monitoring study began on 25 July 2013 and ended on 8 October 2013, resulting in a total period of 75 days. All data loggers were programmed to register one measurement every 30 min, which involves a total of 3,600 recorded values (
In [
In this paper, the squared Euclidean distance is used as a measure of similarity between observations and Ward's hierarchical method was applied. Aiming to quantitatively characterise the archaeological site before and after installation of the expanded clay and geotextile, two cluster analyses were performed (one for the period 25 July 2013–12 August 2013 and another for the period 13 August 2013–8 October 2013).
To measure the similarity between probes, the following variables were considered: mean daily maximum temperature and relative humidity, as well as the mean daily range (max-min) of temperature and relative humidity for each probe and period (before and after installing the expanded clay and geotextile).
For the case where there is a strong presence of multicollinearity between certain groups of variables, as a result of which underlying dimensions that are comprised of different numbers of variables are defined, including all the variables in the cluster analysis would give greater weight to that underlying dimension composed by a larger number of variables.
To avoid this problem, a correlation analysis of the four variables (
To ensure that the variables had equal weight in the analyses, they were performed for the standardised data because the variables were in different units of measure; results are presented in the original units because of their physical interpretation. All cluster analyses were performed using the SPSS 16 software [
Mean trajectories summarise the information of the selected time period, avoiding excessively large plots and stationary periods and allowing simple comparison of different sensors or clusters [
Contour plots of water vapour pressure (mbar) were drawn up following the procedure described in [
For data recorded prior to the installation of expanded clay, correlations between variables
For the data recorded after the installation of expanded clay, correlations between all variables are significant (
According to the study aim of identifying areas with singular behaviour inside the archaeological site, for data recorded before installing the expanded clay and geotextile a solution with 3 clusters was selected. The solution was chosen after analysing the results of solutions with higher and lower numbers of clusters (
As seen in
For data recorded after installing the expanded clay and geotextile, a solution with three clusters was selected (
Cluster C3, which contains the outdoor sensor, is especially different from cluster C1 (with a Euclidean distance of 39.99), as cluster C1 contains those probes placed in direct contact with the mosaic. Thus, once the expanded clay and geotextile is installed, the conditions present in the mosaic are distanced from those present outdoors, which are characterised by extreme thermo-hygrometric values and greater variability (
A detailed analysis of the relative humidity data was performed to determine the effects that the installation of expanded clay and geotextile has on this parameter and characterise in detail the aforementioned clusters in terms of RH, before and after the implemented measure.
As seen in
As previously mentioned, prior to installation of the expanded clay and geotextile (
On the other hand, sensors contained in clusters C1 and C2 (#1, #2, #3 and #4) reach mean daily maximum values of RH higher than 85% as a consequence of their location in a wet terrain area of higher groundwater level; in particular, sensor #1 and #4 are characterised by reduced variability, reflecting RH increases by capillary action as a result of groundwater.
After installation of the expanded clay and geotextile, sensors inside the archaeological site reflect more constant mean daily trajectories (
Among sensors installed inside the archaeological site, those sensors located under the geotextile (#1, #3 and #5), which represent the climatic conditions the mosaics are exposed to, reach values of RH higher than 95% and with a low daily variability (below the 10% of daily variability of RH recommended by the DM 10/2001 [
Following, contour plots of water vapour pressure (
In the case of temperature, prior to the installation of expanded clay and geotextile, the two temperature variables (mean daily maximum and mean daily variation) help distinguish the three clusters obtained (
On the other hand, C3 and C2, similar in their daily maximum temperature values, differ because C2 has a higher daily variability. Note that sensor #5, which had more similarities with the outdoors RH (
Note that the conglomerates of sensors that could be visually sensed in
Prior to installation of the expanded clay and geotextile, sensors inside the archaeological site reflect the pattern of the outdoor sensor (
After the installation of expanded clay and geotextile, all sensors located inside the archaeological site present maximum values and mean daily variability of temperature lower than the outdoor ones (
Therefore, it can be said that the expanded clay and geotextile has control effects on temperature and these are particularly reflected by sensors installed directly on the mosaic (#1, #3 and #5) as a result of the insulating effect of the geotextile (
The thermo-hygrometric monitoring system and data analysis methodology used in this work allowed the characterisation of the archaeological site of Noheda, of exceptional archaeological value, before and after a temperature and relative humidity control action performed on the mosaics.
Thus, statistical analyses have allowed us to identify, before installation of the expanded clay and geotextile, differences in RH between probes as a consequence of different groundwater levels (sensor #5 being similar to the outdoor one). On the other hand, for the same period of time, the inner sensors, which represent the conservation conditions of the mosaics, reach higher maximum temperatures (in 10 °C) than the outdoors as a consequence of the unventilated cover of the archaeological site.
As sensors installed above and below the geotextile have proven to give different results in terms of RH and T, then it can be concluded that the combination of both (geotextile and expanded clay) is the best solution, because over the geotextile the variations in RH and temperature were greater, while salt efflorescences are avoided because the cycles of increasing and decreasing RH necessary for their precipitation are broken.
After installing the expanded clay and geotextile, the results show that the solution implemented enables us to control temperature and RH, smoothing the mean daily variations of both parameters and creating a constant microclimate favourable for conservation of the mosaics.
The solution implemented for installation of the sensors, based on a waterproof and ventilated bell-shaped cover avoiding direct contact with the ground, is quite suitable for measuring the exchanges of the thermo-hygrometric parameters under study.
Our thanks to the Directorate General of Cultural Heritage of the Council of Education, Culture and Sport in the Community Council of Castilla-La Mancha, and to the Provincial Deputation of Cuenca for the institutional and economical support that they have been giving us throughout these years, which has been vital for the maintenance and adequate progress of the research project that offers relevant scientific results. This work was partially supported by the Spanish Government (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación) under projects HAR2010-21944-C02-01 and HAR2010-21944-C02-02.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Plan of the archaeological site showing the location of sensors.
Mosaic detail.
Aerial view of the site of the tent at Noheda showing the coverture that protects the mosaics.
Bivariate plots of mean daily maximum of RH (RH Max)
Mean daily trajectories of relative humidity, (
Mean daily trajectories of temperature, (
Contour plots of water vapour pressure (mbar), (
Bivariate plot of maximum temperature (T Max)
Results of cluster analysis for data recorded before installing the expanded clay and geotextile (from 25 July 2013 to 12 August 2013, from 00.00 to 23.59 h; 864 data points/sensor).
|Centres (%)
|RH Max
|RH daily variation
Matrix of Euclidian distances (in% of relative humidity (RH)) between the final cluster centres for cluster analysis of data recorded before installing the expanded clay and geotextile.
Results of cluster analysis of data recorded after installing the expanded clay and geotextile (from 13 August 2013 to 8 October 2013, from 00.00 to 23.59 h; 2,688 data points/sensor).
|Centres (%)
|RH Max
|RH Daily variation
|Centres (°C)
|T Max
|T Daily variation
Matrix of Euclidian distances between the final cluster centres for cluster analysis of temperature and RH data.


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Book Pitch
Okay so I'm working on all my big ideas and sh*t to try and transition from random culture bottom-feeder to media-sanctioned trend analyst and culture commentator. Yeah I didn't do grad school at Harvard, Yale or Columbia but, hey, whatevs. Pay me to work on a book and, bitch, I'll deliver.
Anyway – the big idea I'm exploring right now is the "trickle down theory" of culture. People often talk about trickle-up – how mainstream culture co-opts street culture or how high-art integrates pop culture to attempt to remain relevant; but I haven't really seen anybone talking about how trickle-down works. Maybe because that's a given. I don't know. Pay me to do the research. Damn it.
But seriously – the ideas that are explored in high art, and the people that make high art, are usually coming from academia. The universities educate the kids, those kids go to Hollywood and make crappy movies where they name-check Nietzche and make misguided attempts at pop-culture existentialism, etc. But still – there's a trickle down thing happening. Sure, political correctness is a joke now, it is a rallying cry and the target of scornful disdain from the Right (and the left, and any one of the growing army of people who fancy themselves "mavericks". Yet, the idea that language means something, that one can re-contextualize communication and interpersonal transactions, de-construct them to reveal cultural bias, is now a given.
I suppose that "trickle down" culture is the whole point of having institutions of higher learning, avant-garde art, etc. Its just that I don't think that, necessarily, the cause and effect are as directly correlated as they appear. I'd be curious to trace just a few Big Ideas from Academia and the Avant-Garde into the popular vernacular and see how the ideas change and adapt and what the implications are for strategically applied cultural initiatives.
Okay. So I had a couple of beers. Whatevs. I'm still ready for my Gladwell Moment.
CommentsOne Response to "Book Pitch"
One other way of thinking about this:
Possibly there is less vertical system of operation here (trickle-down, or trickle-up) but more horizontal; the avant-garde and the street culture somehow at opposing left/right poles, both moving towards the center (aka mainstream).
I understand how the avant-garde comes from a 'high art' and street culture comes from, well, the street. And yes, i think you're spot on that there is not just a ground-up system here of cultural appropriation, but also a trickle-down. (One theatrical example i can think of is the Viewpoints – which is mostly, i think, about how something began as a philosophy or vocabulary, and then became an purely visual aesthetic.)
But looking at it horizontally makes me think that there is some sort of mutual agreement between the extreme high and the extreme low. Or at least some sort of symbiotic thing going on. (This makes me think of keith harring collaborating with graffiti street kids… but of course there was this article about Little Angel, Harring's collaborator who is now "struggling with obscurity", while the Harring foundation sells millions in mugs http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/06/arts/design/06hari.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=keith%20harring&st=cse&oref=slogin)
Wish I could offer you that book deal. Don't worry, your days as a bottom-feeder are numbered.

subset: commoncrawl


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> You should be able to use an image source in your HTML for the captive
> portal page. You could upload an image to the appropriate directory (I
> don't know where), but you would loose the image on reboots. I would
> suggest using an URL for the image source not local file pathing (i.e.
> <img src="http://<your server>/<image dir>/image.jpg"> not <img
> src="<image dir>/image.jpg">) Other wise you will lose the image on
> reboot and have to upload the image.
you then have to add the machine you have the image on to the 'allowed
connection to' part of the captive portal page
> The other option will be to build your own m0n0wall image.
yes, not handy if you need to change the image though! ;-)


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Amalfi Silk«Return to previous page
From the warm sands of the San Lazzaro to the mysterious beauty of the Blue Grotto Azzurra, the Amalfi collection of raw silk wallcoverings pays homage to its Italian namesake. Casual and elegant, the collection is handwoven from the finest silk fibers to offer a subtle and sophisticated texture. Expertly paperbacked and treated with an eco-friendly stain repellent finish, the collection is available in six colors.


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Job fair seeks Veterans
A job fair just for Veterans.
Saturday, The American Legion hosted a job fair to help Indiana veterans find work.
The Bureau of Labor and Statistics reports that as a population, 8.3% of all veterans are unemployed. The national unemployment number across the board is about the same.
Vietnam Veteran Ralph Rose wants extra money. But, he's not sure how he wants to make it, "I don't know. I want someone that likes me, and I like them. I don't know. I am just out looking around. "
The part-time Pastor chose to look for a job at a fair hosted by the American Legion Saturday, offered only to Veterans, active military, guardsmen and their spouses-giving them the chance to meet employers face to face.
National Guardsman Doug and his wife Nicole know what job this veteran wants. He's a bartender by trade- but, he's ready for a more family-friendly job. "I am looking for something better, more stable. So we can get things paid for," said Doug.
Indy's "Hiring Our Heroes" event is just one of hundreds put on this year by the American Legion and the US Chamber. With nearly 8.3 veterans without work, the career fairs are focused on making sure Veterans know the government can help. Davy Leghorn with The American Legion tells Eyewitness News, "We've found that veterans haven't used their local resources, like state workforce agencies."
Suggested Links
Nearly 60 employers signed up for this job fair, but not all of them showed up. Still, the veterans say, it isn't just about finding a job.
Doug's wife, Nicole, tells Eyewitness News, she simply appreciates the support from the companies, "The companies that are here, knowing that I can go up to them on a normal day, knowing that they support the military."
Veterans who missed Saturday's job fair can attend another one on September 18th at Bankers Life Fieldhouse. The Job fair is from 10-2 for any veteran, active duty member, guard, reserve members, and military spouses.


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