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Focus on Economic Data: U.S. Employment and the Unemployment Rate, October 7, 2011
Each month, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) releases data from the monthly "Household Survey" conducted by the Bureau of the Census, providing a comprehensive body of information on the employment and unemployment experience of the U.S. population, classified by age, sex, race, and a variety of other characteristics.
The BLS also conducts the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program, surveying about 150,000 businesses and government agencies, representing approximately 390,000 individual work sites, in order to provide detailed industry data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls.
The BLS compiles information from these sources and announces the monthly "Employment Situation," reporting the current U.S. employment and unemployment data estimates. The monthly announcement reports employment data from the previous full month.
This lesson is about the BLS October 7, 2011, announcement of the "Employment Situation" for the month of September, 2011.
- Review the most recently reported U.S. employment and unemployment data.
- Determine the changes in U.S. employment and unemployment from the past month and year.
- Determine the factors that have influenced the change in the U.S. unemployment rate.
- Explain the implications of the employment and unemployment data for individuals, population groups, and the U.S. economy.
Good news! Total U.S. nonfarm payroll employment increased by 103,000 in September, 2011.
Bad news! The U.S. unemployment rate remained at 9.1 percent in September.
Good news! The number of employed people increased by 398,000 in September.
Bad news! 14 million people remained unemployed in September, an increase of 25,000 from August.
What really happened in September, 2011? Doe the simple numbers tells us everything?
The BLS "Employment Situation" announcement for September 2011 seems like a mystery - some good news and some bad news. Let's see exactly what the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) said about U.S. employment and unemployment in September, 2011.
Bureau of Labor Statistics: The Employment Situation – September 2011
Released October 7, 2011
"Nonfarm payroll employment edged up by 103,000 in September, and the unemployment rate held at 9.1 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The increase in employment partially reflected the return to payrolls of about 45,000 telecommunications workers who had been on strike in August. In September, job gains occurred in professional and business services, health care, and construction. Government employment continued to trend down."
The consensus is that it takes about 125,000 new jobs each month just to employ new entrants into the labor force. If that is accurate, a gain of 103,000 jobs means we are falling behind. In September, 25,000 more people were unemployed, despite the growth in the number of jobs that were created.
"The number of unemployed persons, at 14.0 million, was essentially unchanged in September, and the unemployment rate was 9.1 percent. Since April, the rate has held in a narrow range from 9.0 to 9.2 percent."
Unemployment remains very high, indicating that the recovery from the recent recession continues to be slow. How can unemployment remain high if there are new jobs in the economy? Remember, the unemployment rate is determined by two factors. 1) the size of the labor force, and 2) the number of unemployed persons.
|August 2011
|September 2011
|Labor force
|Employed persons
|Unemployed persons
In September, although the net gain was 103,000 jobs, the U.S. labor force increased by a much larger number. The result: more people were unemployed in September than in August, 2011.
Note: The current employment data has been adjusted as a result of the population data from the 2010 U.S. Census. Some historical data has been adjusted to reflect the more accurate census data.
Recent Employment and Unemployment Data History
The U.S. unemployment rate has remained within a range of 9.0 to 9.2 percent since April, 2011, despite some job growth. Figure 1, below, shows the monthly U.S. unemployment rates since 1990.
Now, take a look at the details of the employment and unemployment data for September, 2011.
For more detailed unemployment data from September 2011, go to the October 7, 2011, BLS announcement, "Employment Situation Summary Table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted," http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.a.htm .
For more detailed employment data from September 2011, go to the October 7, 2011, BLS announcement, "Employment Situation Summary Table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted," http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.b.htm .
In Table A, look at the numbers of "employed persons at work part-time" (up in all categories) and "discouraged workers" (up 60,000). Are these people functionally unemployed? A part-time worker who wants a full-time job is still counted as "employed." Someone who has dropped out of the labor force is not counted as "unemployed" because he or she has not looked for work in the last four weeks.
Remember the BLS definition of an unemployed person. "Persons aged 16 years and older who had no employment during the reference week, were available for work, except for temporary illness, and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed."
What is the unemployment rate if you count these and others who are not counted in the "headline" numbers? The BLS has developed a set of "alternative measures of labor underutilization." For September, 2011, the BLS reported six "alternative measures" of unemployment:
Which of these do you think is the most meaningful measurement of unemployment?
- U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force
- U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force
- U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate)
- U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers
- U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other persons marginally attached to the labor force, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force
- U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force.
Are any of these measures of unemployment more meaningful than the "reported" rate of 9.1 percent?
For the BLS definitions use in the above categories, see the BLS "Glossary," http://www.bls.gov/bls/glossary.htm
Unemployment Rates by Demographic Group
Figure 2, below, summarizes the September, 2011, unemployment data for age, ethnic, and educational attainment groups. Note the groups that are better-off or worse-off than other groups.
Figure 2: Unemployment by Demographic Group
September 2011
|Total labor force, 16 years and over
|Adult men (20 years and over)
|Adult women (20 years and over)
|Teenagers (16 to 19 years)
|Black or African American
|Asian (not seasonally adjusted)
|Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
|Educational Attainment:
|Total labor force, 25 years and over
|Less than a high school diploma
|High school graduates, no college
|Some college or associate degree
|Bachelor's degree and higher
Can you identify any patterns in this data for September, 2011? How does unemployment impact these demographic groups?
What generalizations can you make about these demographics group unemployment rates?
- How important is education?
- Why are women doing a little better than men?
- Is unemployment evenly divided among ethnic groups?
- Why is unemployment among teenagers so high?
Takes a look at the BLS webpage, "Education Pays ." Any thoughts?
Employment and the Business Cycle
One of the important criteria used by the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) to identify business cycles and recessions is payroll employment data. The most recent recession ended in June, 2009, when the NBER concluded that, among other things, employment was increasing - a sign of recovery. Since then, the unemployment rate has remained stagnant, but there has been modest economic growth (see the Real GDP "EconEdLink lessons for the past few months.) The Business Cycle model is illustrated below.
Can you see the business cycle int he unemployment data from 1990 to the present?
How Did Workers the Major Industry Groups Fair in September?
"Total nonfarm payroll employment edged up by 103,000 in September. Since April, payroll employment has increased by an average of 72,000 per month, compared with an average of 161,000 for the prior 7 months. In September, job gains occurred in professional and business services, health care, and construction. Government employment continued to trend down."
Employment in Major Industry Groups
Figure 4, below, shows the changes in employment among major industry groups. Of primary concern to many is the reversal of recent job growth in manufacturing. Manufacturing lost 13,000 jobs in September.
Figure 4: Change in Employment
Major Industry Groups
September 2011
|Job Gains:
|Mining and Logging
|Retail Trade
|Professional and Business Services
|Information Services
|Temporary Help Services
|Education and Health Services
|State Governments
|Job Losses:
|Transportation and Warehousing
|Leisure and Hospitality
|Financial Activities
|Other Services
|Federal Government
|Local Governments
[Note: For a complete breakdown of industry employment in January, 2010, go to the BLS announcement Table B-1. http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.t17.htm ]
Note that the number of "service-providing" jobs increased by 119,000 in September, while the number of "good-producing" jobs increased by just 18,000. Is this more evidence of a structural change in the U.S. economy and workforce? If so, what does it mean for the economy and individuals?
Full Employment
When analyzing business cycles, economists define an unemployment rate that is "full employment." Full employment exists when nearly all persons willing and able to work at the prevailing wages and working conditions are employed. Generally, this is called the an acceptable level of "natural" unemployment, when cyclical unemployment is at a minimum. This often referred to as the "non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment" or NAIRU.
Economists do not agree or know for certain what the full employment rate is. A consensus estimate is that the full employment rate of unemployment is currently between 4.5 and 5.0 percent of the labor force being unemployed. The measure of full employment will exclude frictional unemployment and structural unemployment.
Remember, there are three general types or causes of unemployment.
- Frictional unemployment is temporary unemployment arising from the normal job search process.
- Structural unemployment is the result of changes in the economy caused by technological progress and shifts in the demand for goods and services.
- Cyclical unemployment is unemployment caused by a drop in economic activity.
When the economy is at full employment and other productive resources are being utilized to their fullest, the economy may be reaching its "full employment GDP." At this point, the economy is reaching or is at its potential output or GDP, given existing productive resources. The lost output from unemployment in a recessionary period is called the "Recessionary Gap."
The BLS does not officially use the term "underemployment." The BLS explains on the Current Population Survey FAQ webpage: "Because of the difficulty of developing an objective set of criteria which could be readily used in a monthly household survey, no official government statistics are available on the total number of persons who might be viewed as underemployed. Even if many or most could be identified, it would still be difficult to quantify the loss to the economy of such underemployment." In other words, the term is hard to define by BLS standards.
In articles, references to underemployment examples are those who work part-time and would like to work full-time, those who work at jobs with wages below their level of training, and those who are marginally attached to the labor force. See the section of this lesson on "alternative measures of unemployment for more details.
Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data
Short-run trends in labor force are influenced by seasonal and periodic fluctuations associated with recurring events such as weather, holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. Seasonal adjustment eliminates the influence of these fluctuations and makes it easier for users to observe fundamental changes in the level of the series, particularly changes associated with general economic expansions and contractions.
At the end of each calendar year, BLS updates the seasonal adjustment factors for the labor force data derived from the Current Population Survey (CPS), or household survey.
[Note to teachers: For a full explanation of the seasonal adjustment process, see the BLS article Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Labor Force Series in 2008 .]
Household vs. Establishment Series
Statistics on nonagricultural employment, hours of work, and earnings are compiled from two major sources: household interviews and reports from employers.
Some of the confusion over the meaning of the unemployment and employment data arises from differences between the two primary sources of the data, the Current Population Survey (Household Survey) and the Current Employment Statistics Survey (Establishment Survey.)
The Household Survey is based on interviews obtained from a sample of the population, aged 16 years of age and over. This monthly survey, conducted by the Bureau of the Census, provides data on the labor force, the employed, and the unemployed, classified by such characteristics as age, sex, race, family relationship, marital status, occupation, and industry attachment. The survey is conducted during a calendar week that includes the 12th of the month.
The Establishment Survey data is complied each month from mail questionnaires and telephone interviews by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in cooperation with State agencies. This survey provides information on nonfarm wage and salary employment, average weekly hours, average hourly earnings, and average weekly earnings for the nation, states, and metropolitan areas. The survey is conducted from a sample of over 390,000 establishments employing over 47 million nonfarm full or part time wage and salary workers during the same week as the Household Survey.
Data from these two sources differ from each other because of variations in definitions and coverage, source of information, methods of collection, and estimating procedures. The major factors which have a differential effect on the levels and trends of the two data series are:
The key to the difference is the definition of who is employed in the surveys. The Household Survey (CPS) includes the unincorporated self employed, unpaid family workers, agriculture and related workers, private household workers, and workers absent without pay.
The Establishment Survey (CES) estimate of jobs only those receiving pay for the reference pay period. The CES excludes many of the groups included in the CPS who do not work for the businesses that report data.
- Employment. The household survey definition of employment includes wage and salary workers (including domestics and other private household workers), self-employed persons, and unpaid workers who worked 15 hours or more during the reference week in family-operated enterprises. The establishment survey covers only wage and salary employees on the payrolls of nonfarm business establishments.
- Multiple jobholding. In the Household Survey, each person is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. Employed persons holding more than one job are counted only once. For the Establishment Survey, people who worked for more than one establishment are counted each time their names appear on a payroll.
- Unpaid absences from jobs. The household survey includes among the employed all civilians who had jobs but were not at work during the reference week—that is, were not working but had jobs from which they were temporarily absent because of illness, vacation, bad weather, child care problems, labor-management disputes, or because they were taking time off for various other reasons, even if they were not paid by their employers for the time off. In the Establishment Survey, persons on leave paid for by the company are included, but those on leave without pay for the entire payroll period are not. Source: http://www.bls.gov/lau/lauhvse.htm
In the definitions above, there are a couple of big differences between the two surveys that may impact the "official" number of employed and unemployed persons. Again, just looking at the simple numbers from the surveys may not provide a complete picture of the health of the labor market in the United States.
What do you think?
Once again...
Total U.S. nonfarm payroll employment increased by 103,000 in September, 2011.
The U.S. unemployment rate remained at 9.1 percent in September. The number of employed people increased by 398,000 in September. 14 million people remained unemployed in September, an increase of 25,000 from August.
The simple number of the unemployment rate and the number of "employed" do not tell the whole employment story. The numbers are derived from two different sources that count different groups of people.
The Establishment Survey may undercount the number of people who are working and earning an income. The Household survey may undercount "unemployment" by counting even those who worked just a couple of hours a week as employed.
How do you more appropriately define "employed" and "unemployed"?
Short Answer Questions:
Women in the Labor Force
The past several decades have been seen significant changes in women's participation in the labor force and employment. Since the 1970s, women's labor force participation has risen substantially, particularly among women with children, and a larger share of women work full time and year round than ever before. Although the average hours worked and average wage rates for women lag those of men, the gaps are narrowing.
Go to the BLS online publication, "Women in the Labor Force: A Databook ," to read a brief history of the changes in the labor force participation of women.
How do you think these changes in the status of women have affected our society, our economy, and our lives?
U.S. Labor Force Demographics
The BLS also provides information about the demographics of the U.S. labor force , including age, youth, women, educational attainment. etc. Take a look at any special group you wish to research.


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Welcome to the 2 Far Gone Website
Here you will find some pictures of the band, Booking Info, and some wavs or mp3's of our originals.(Coming Soon)
2 Far gone is Mike Timson on Lead Vocals, Mike Cox on Guitar and Vocals, Andy Crossland on Guitar and Vocals, Dan Baker on Bass and Vocals, and Greg Mulholand on Percussion and Vocals.
New pics added from the March 27th gig at Breezer's
again we had a great turnout at Breezer's on April 24, Thanks to everyone
who made it out! We are currently scheduled to play in Grayson, Kentucky
on the 12th of June at a private party. We also will be appearing at Breezer's
again on Saturday July 10, so come on out and get 2 Far Gone.
Click here to view a map to Breezers.
Click here to see
some pictures of the band, new pics added on 4/2/99
Click here to download a wav of a little funk free for all at practice one night.
If You would like to book the band for a private party or night club please feel free to email us and we can send you a demo on tape or cd. If You would like to be added to our email list just email with "add me" in the subject.
You can reach me by e-mail at:firstname.lastname@example.com
Please check out Mike Cox's A String Instrument Repair
Besides playing Guitar with 2 Far Gone, Mike is the Premier Luthier in the central Ohio area.
He has a great selection of hand made violins and accessories for just about every stringed instrument. He also does major repairs and restoration on all types of stringed instruments.
(C)1999 2 Far Gone , All Rights reserved.

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In Reply to: RE: really? do the math (it's easy!) posted by Tre' on March 04, 2017 at 16:41:59
Hey Tre', thanks for that link. This is part of what I've been talking about for decades! I don't remember if Leo Beranek first analyzed and named the phenomenon, but the "critical distance" is an important measure of the soundfield at any position in a room (AND outdoors!), and is an important contributor to achieving good intelligibility and musical detail where speech and instrumental detail is important. (Be aware that the Critical Distance varies somewhat with frequency and with angle from the source.)
It is important to note that the explanations on the linked site are a bit over-simplified in a few areas, but overall, this is a very good basic explanation of what's going on in a room, sound-wise. It would be good if the author would state such, so that the uninitiated reader won't take it as "the gospel truth".
Even though we know several fundamental factors, the soundfield in a room is not easily described. For the purposes of discussion here, even "typical" living rooms are anything but "typical". Although they do often share some common traits with regard to absorption characteristics, as soon as we start talking about architectural plan design, things go way off the rails very quickly! An "open plan" house is acoustically very different from a more "segmented" house, even though they may share similar "room treatments".
Back to "reverberant field, or not". Clearly, in any "normal" home room where a high fidelity system is employed and some degree of ambient sound is present, there is a reverberant field, however "dry" it may be. Whether or not it achieves a state which can usefully be measured as an RT60 is another matter.
Edits: 03/05/17Follow Ups:
The issue is "where does the reverberant field begin".
Picture a low frequency one below the lowest room mode, at these frequencies your room is a leaking pressure vessel and this "containment" of the bass pressure is the only free lunch in audio, "room gain".
Be aware too that a flexing wall or floor etc is also a diaphragmatic absorber and a sink hole at that frequency.
AS soon as you increase the frequency past the first mode, one is in the modal region where a measurement easily identifies large peaks and dips in the response in the room.
The larger the room, the lower the first mode is and the more numerous the modes are as you go higher up. With a large enough, live enough room one can reach the critical distance and the reverberant field at that point no longer has large peaks and dips, the modes are so dense they have averaged out. There is zero voice intelligibility as well as the time information has been completely scattered and all is left is a noise with the same power spectrum as the acoustic power of the source.
That condition is pretty normal in very large spaces and when public address announcements are barely intelligible as a result of the direct sound not being high enough over the "noise" or reverberant sound.
At the dimensions of a living room and typical loudspeakers it is usually the specular reflections close to the loudspeaker which harm imaging the most, and the side walls are often the source.
One way to "see" where absorption will help is to place a mirror on the wall where you can see the tweeter of the closest speaker from your sweet spot and then replace the mirror with a sound absorbing panel, do both sides..
Remember that critical distance and rt-60 are all terms that were originated for and apply in large scale acoustics and do not apply where the modal density is sparse.
Thanks for your thoughful and useful post.
Room modes are definitely an issue. Here's a related story: Back in 1982, I wrote a BASIC program to calculate room modes and print the results. Whoa, dude, 1982?! Yeah. I was sick and tired of calculating and plotting everything by hand! Hey, remember slide rules?! Fortunately, they were past their prime when I was in high school.
"At the dimensions of a living room and typical loudspeakers it is usually the specular reflections close to the loudspeaker which harm imaging the most, and the side walls are often the source. "
This is common "wisdom" and is total bullshit.
But then, I'm a recording engineer and a musician, so what the heck do I know?
"But then, I'm a recording engineer and a musician, so what the heck do I know? "
Well think about it, in a real studio, which end is dead and close to the loudspeakers when traditional front sofit mounted speakers are used?
When near field / meter bridge mounted monitors are used, how far away in time and level are the closest wall reflections?
To preserve stereo image, suppressing any strong reflected sound within say 0 to 10 ms of the source is usually audibly beneficial, something like directivty in the way it increases the nearfield where the direct sound dominates late reflections.
Actually, I have thought about it. A lot. :)
The room is an integral part of the sound, and, early reflections contribute to the sound.
But, speaking of soffett-mounted speakers, when I moved to Dallas decades ago, my (now) old buddy Russ Berger invited me to his home, and guess what?... He had Altec 604's soffett-mounted in his house! Just like they had at the Mastering Lab in L.A. back in the day.
Anyway, here's a recent pic of a room where the stereo imaging was absolutely EXCELLENT without any absorption on the rear or side walls.
Edit: The guy on the right is Siegfried Linkwitz. I don't know who the guy on the left is.
Edits: 03/07/17
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I am the AC who wrote that vision I had when I was 15. I tuned 44 today. So it begins. Does anyone have any questions or need any encouragement?
Poster Handle
Post Content
We should focus on the message, not the messenger.
The message is that time is short and will be accelerating. So much so that the events to come will be so sudden and shocking that,, thoughtful reflection and preparation might give way to focusing on the events themselves. Panic creates fertile ground for ignoring our spiritual state to have our faith corrupted into following those who would have us believe in false prophets who corrupt the Biblical teachings. Those who would have us believe we are judged by our personal standards of right and wrong rather than His word.
Jesus said the greatest commandment was to love you neighbor as yourself. Many don't realize that loving your neighbor as yourself also appears in the Old Testament. The path begins with forgiveness.
Why do I believe the OP? For one , mid next year as a time reference. No vision or dream for me. But an overwhelming sense.
Come to.peace with yourself and others.
Major Jim
OP here.
Yes its all about the message.
FORGET about me.
I am not important nor do I wish to be.
Someone said I am being TOO humble. Well perhaps I have to be.
I cant explain it really except to say my mission involves NOT being known. Its vital NO one knows me or follows me.
I DONT want fame or attention or money.
I HATE the things of this world..this world is PASSING AWAY..as are fame and fortune and attention.
Get this now and GET IT WELL...
FOCUS on the message.
LOVE..FORGIVE...always forgive.
I dont care if you are christian or calathumpian or whatever..IF you can TRY to forgive..to LEARN to FORGIVE...or at least be willing to learn it..JESUS WILL come in..he IS forgiveness..HE DWELLS in forgiveness..HE DIED for FORGIVENESS SAKE....TO FORGIVE YOU ALL.
HE EARNT that title..he IS the ONLY one worthy to wear it.
HE and the Father ARE one..one in mind..one in purpose..one in mission and one in goals.
If you have seen the Son..you HAVE seen the Father.
They are the same...if the SON is forgiveness..compassion..MERCY..THEN so is the FATHER.
The Father is not some angry smiting wipe everything out ogre.
Thats what religion wants to make him out to be. Satan RUNS the religions of the world..the doctrines are mostly his.
Satan HATES LOVE..and utterly DESPISES forgiveness.
SO IF you REALLY want to get up satans nose..FORGIVE..its the BEST form of warfare you can ever do.
For where forgiveness resides..love grows..and where love grows..HATE dies..and if hate dies..satan has NO HOLD..and loses.
You are no better than most manipulative gurus like J Z Knight.
End times doctrine (time is short, people will die, etc) coated in TONS of sweet sugary love to hide it. Always contradicting yourself (not religious but using religious doctrines, not new ager but using new age terms, saying people will call you a troll but in fact YOU call others trolls :p). Advocating humility and forgiveness, and yet subtly hinting that some people are better than others.
One of the most despicable things you posted was to almost make suicide appear "cute", whether you did it knowingly or not.
"15 years ago earth time you didnt want any part in that destiny..you kept trying to leave your body..small and frail as it was..you wanted to be here with me..your "Daddy" as you called me from the depths of your innocent infant spirit.
How I loved it..to hear you call me that. I am your "daddy"... I am everyones "Daddy" if only they would realise it..and through your final decision to return and live your life...many millions WILL."
I asked him..rather dumbfounded
"So..I died as an infant..willingly..died..JUST so I could be here with you?"
He said "Yes..twice you actually succeeded..and you tried many other times as well..before you managed to stop your own heart by an act of your will.
Anonymous Coward 30697018
Suicide is not romantic like you depict it. It's a selfish act. A terrible one.
Sorry OP, no matter how much LOVE and FORGIVENESS and other big words you sprinkle your false teachings with, the ugliness of it will still be visible for all with eyes to see.
If you are so humble as you pretend, stop posting, and stop looking for attention here. All you do by playing make believe with the impressionable people here is implanting dangerous ideas in their minds, like it happens in so many cults. Your discourse is actually no different from them all, it's as clear as crystal. You use all the same trigger techniques. Fear, Hope, Fear, Love, Humility, Ego Trip, Fear, Forgiveness.
I still can't tell if you do all this willingly out of bore, or because you are deceived as hell, but in both cases, may we have pity for you for what you are doing. It's nothing to be proud of.
Like you said it, spreading the Truth is what matters. It's not what you are doing.
Look..I was a baby. I have NO memory of that event...only what the lord and my mother later told me when I was 19.
A babies natural want and need is to be with its parent.
I was three months premature.
I spent the first 4 months of my life covered in tubes and needles barley alive in a plastic box.
I was less than five pounds. And my mother was not alloed to even touch me at all for the first three months. The only warmth and human contact I had was proddings..needles..blood tests..that was my introduction to life.
Are you really surprised I wanted out?
I was an infant spirit..and I wanted my DAD.
And I got him.
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Bankruptcy Law
Bankruptcy Law Questions? Ask a Bankruptcy Lawyer.
Good evening. I'm happy to assist you with your question.
Debt consolidation companies, generally speaking, set you up on a "payment plan" in which you send it a certain amount of money every week, month, etc. They then save your money, minus their fees, until you have enough to make a lump sum payment to one or more of your creditors. The difference in going to your credit card companies directly is that you then are assured that your credit card companies are in agreement with your proposal. With debt consolidation companies, you have no such assurances. In fact, your creditors can continue to pursue legal action against you while you're paying your money to the debt consolidation company.
The only true "debt consolidation" that everyone has to participate in is a bankruptcy.
Also, be aware of the tax consequences that may arise with any debt settlement program through either a debt consolidation company or a direct deal with the creditors.
That you so much for the opportunity to assist you. Best of luck to you!
Please remember to click the green "accept" button so I can receive proper credit and compensation for my assistance.


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Jason Aldean's Night Train Tour - PRESALE INFORMATION
K102 welcomes Jason Aldean and the "Night Train Tour" with special guests Florida Georgia Line and Tyler Farr to the Xcel Energy Center on January 17th.
Presale Information:
Date: Thursday, November 21st from 10am until 10pm
Password: NIGHT
Link: Click Here
Purchasing tickets before the public on-sale does not ensure better seating, only the opportunity to purchase before a possible sell out. There are a select number of tickets available for the presale.


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For small spaces where storage space is at a premium, melding efficiency and design often is a challenge. The As If From Nowhere collection, by Irish design up-and-comer Orla Reynolds, combines the concepts of lightweight design and multifunction into a modular bookcase that houses a colorful dining set. The four dining chairs and two tables slide into interstitial spaces carved out of the bookcase's white frame, which includes divots to allow for the furniture's easy removal. Orla Reynolds, www.orlareynolds.com.
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Rural Guizhou - living on my grandma's farm
Day 4
My father grew up in rural Guizhou in a place near Qinglong country, where my grandma and great grandma (who is 97 years old!) still live.
Guizhou is a beautiful and very mountainous province. My grandma's farm is surrounded by mountains and valleys, rice paddy terraces and small villages. It's a landscape that hasn't change for centuries, and I doubt that the lifestyle of the peasants who live here have changed that much either. Cultivating rice grains is back breaking work but it's now helped by some machinery instead of animals.
Our first full day on the farm was an exercise for me in weaning off my iPhone addiction. I'd inadvertently left it back in Guiyang but there was plenty to keep me occupied. I hadn't been back to visit in five years and my grandma now had a proper concrete house to live in, albeit with an outside pit toilet. We all sat huddled around the coal heater which doubled as a stove. At night time, everyone eats sunflower seeds and chatted – liaotian.
My Xiao Gugu (youngest auntie on my father's side) made us some kind of glutinous rice noodles with green vegetables. The vegetables were AMAZING. So crisp! So crunchy! So tasty! And no wonder – they were freshly taken from the farm that morning. One of China's big issues is food quality. Apparently 1 out of 10 meals is made from used cooking oil dumped into sewerage and reprocessed. At least I knew everything I ate on the farm wasn't contaminated (even the chicken and pork were from their farm animals).
In the small village where my grandma lives, everyone knows everyone. The saying, "it takes a village to raise a child" is literally true here. There's a complete open door policy for all neighbours and in the five days I was there, all the kids just stream in and out and go into everyone's house and eat dinner with who they like. It was amazing for me to see. It takes the idea of helicopter parenting and slams it to the ground, KO style.
So I hung out a lot with Weiwei, 7, and Fangfang, 4. They're the cutest little girls in the world and my dad's youngest uncle's daughter. They showed me around their hood, and we went to investigate all the farm animals and visit their friends. The one child policy doesn't seem to apply in the countryside – most families had more than 1 kid.
Every day I'm hearing a mix of mandarin, Guizhou dialect, the local countryside dialect, and Hunan dialect. It's making my head go mental because they all sound different.
Posted by jumbo123 21:00 Archived in China Tagged china farm guizhou


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Benefits Message Center
Email represents a cost-effective way to communicate benefits information to your employees throughout the year. Using it effectively is an entirely different matter.
mps|communications advocates separating out benefits-related messages to an extranet site dedicated to that sole purpose. Employees are assigned a login and password for the benefits message center account when they are hired and the account is deleted when they terminate employment. The benefits message center system provides the following advantages over the company's business-related email system.
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de maitres Photographer
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My name is Margaret Winter. I am 23 years old and just had a beautiful baby girl in July name Rosyn. I live in Medford, Oregon and I am also a licensed hair and nail technician.
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International Power
The blackout which has left 700 million people without power dwarfs these other major outages of the past half-century
Market Forces blog Banks and mining shares send FTSE down nearly 2% on fears of Greek euro exit and China slowdownInvestors unsettled by growing concerns about Greek euro exit and future growth in China
Market Forces blog FTSE 100 drops 2% on eurozone woes, while Next slides as Lord Wolfson sells £3.8m worth of sharesLeading index records biggest daily fall since last November and hits lowest level since January as Spanish bond sales disappoints
Market Forces blog International Power dips as it rejects GDF bid while Next falls on Wolfson £3.8m share saleUK power group says offer by majority French owner undervalues the business while GDF says considering options
Market Forces blog FTSE 100 falls to two month low but International Power surges on GDF Suez approachLeading shares unsettled by continuing eurozone crisis and growing signs of weaker than hoped US economy
Majority owner of UK business offers 390p a share in cash, but with preconditions
Market Forces blog Tullow, Ophir and BG benefit from discoveries, as Bernanke comments lift FTSE 100Leading index climbs nearly 1% as Federal Reserve chairman hints at possible QE3
Analysts say GDF Suez could buy 30% of power company it does not own before August lock-in ends
Europe's stockmarkets turned negative at close of play, retreating from six month highs as uncertainty grew about whether Greek leaders would be able to agree a bail-out package.
Reckitt Benckiser, maker of Nurofen and Cillit Bang, led the blue chips after beating forecasts with an 8% rise in underlying fourth quarter earnings and heralded a push into emerging markets to counter sluggish European and North American sales.
Nervousness over Greece drags down European shares, with financial and resource stocks particularly hard hit
International Power leads FTSE 100 risers but leading index falls back from six month high
Protests from shareholders lead company to withdraw proposal, while Greek concerns re-emerge
Market Forces blog FTSE falters again, as Glaxo reveals mixed drug trial results and AstraZeneca sends out wrong dataGlaxoSmithKline presses ahead with regulatory approval for lung drug Relovair, while Astra confirms guidance after error
Market Forces blog Severn Trent slips after disappointing update, as FTSE heads for tenth successive lossWater company hits problems in Italy, while miners lead the market lower
Surge in Italian bond yields unnerves global markets, despite Berlusconi stepping down
After seven trading days of losses - including an unprecedented four day run of triple digit declines - leading shares finally managed to regain some ground, with InterContinental Hotels among the major gainers
With no end to the market bloodbath, the selloff is pretty indiscriminate, even if a company produces pleasing results
Northumbrian Water leads gains on FTSE 250 after £2.4bn offer from Hong Kong tycoon; Footsie falls 1% amid global worries
Italian bond spreads hit new record while global stock markets fall
Market Forces blog FTSE 100 falters on Greek and growth woes, as Diageo drops on talk of Jose Cuervo bidLeading shares have lost Tuesday's gains and more, as worries about global growth and the Greek debt crisis caused investors to shy away from risk once more
FTSE 100 moves up slightly as investors digest eleven different blue-chip updates
Market Forces blog Standard Chartered heads FTSE 100 risers as profits rise 19%, but warns on regulation and political turmoilMarkets may be worried about Libya and the Middle East but investors in Standard Chartered are more interested in what is happening in Asia
Legal and General was among the day's biggest risers in a market boosted by the late news that President Mubarak was stepping down from power in Egypt
Powerful French utility GDF Suez has moved a step closer to control of FTSE-listed International Power. But for once, a £20bn overseas takeover isn't a bad thing
Travel companies were among the leading risers in a buoyant market, with British Airways the best performer in the FTSE 100 index
Miners and energy companies were among the leading risers, as the FTSE 100 struggled for direction in early trading
Viewpoint column International Power play makes senseRuth SunderlandForeign ownership is not a bad thing in itself
Market Forces blog International Power shares push FT-SE 100 higher on reports of GDF Suez agreementThe week starts with renewed force, after Friday's gloomy closing following weaker than expected US economic data.
International Power pushed the FT-SE 100 index higher, on press reports that the power station manager is near an agreement with GDF Suez SA that would have France's utility take control of the British company.


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At the yearly gathering of booklovers held in Chicago's McCormick Place convention center June 22 – 27, Wordsworth the Better World Bookmobile is...
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
Donald A. Landes
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Herb Tandree Philosophy Books
When it was first published in France in 1945 as PhA(c)nomA(c)nologie de la Perception Maurice Merleau-Ponty was a relatively unknown philosopher, teaching at the University of Lyon in France. Since its publication and subsequent translation into many languages, Phenomenology of Perception is now hailed as a classic of Twentieth Century philosophy. This major new translation makes his most important work available to a new generation of readers.
Profound in both scope and detail, Phenomenology of Perception stands in the great phenomenological tradition of Husserl, Heidegger and Sartre. Yet Merleau-Ponty departs from the story told by his predecessors a " including Descartes - by arguing that philosophy has neglected a crucial dimension of lived experience: the role of the body.
Charting a bold course between the reductionism of science on the one hand and arid a intellectualisma (TM) on the other, he argues that we should regard the body not as a mere biological unit, but as the body with which one lives, experiences as onea (TM)s own, and which defines onea (TM)s situation within the world. Not only does this ground the faculties of sensation, perception and the experience of time but the very fabric of human existence, including sexuality, onea (TM)s relationship to others, speech, and human freedom.
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Also included is an introduction by Claude Lefort.
Translated by Donald A. Landes
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Bijay Kant Dubey
Sylvia Plath - Poem by Bijay Kant Dubey
Sylvia, you the darling daughter of your daddy,
So much attached to and affectionate,
Lovely and emotionally alive,
Nervous and sentimental,
Ted Hughes, you could not feel it.
But the talent seemed to be beaming with
And breaking forth,
Dispelling all that was dark in consciousness
Or underneath
And you longed to express your self,
I mean the ailing self in poetry.
The heart and mind of a woman,
The troubles, tribulations and tensions
Of the motherly self,
The fissures and fissions taking place
In human relations,
Man-woman relationship.
With the cracks figuring in,
The personality lying spit open,
The throbbing heart
Taking it otherwise,
Full of aches and beats,
You could not resist it yourself.
Sylvia, in all that, saw you life pulsating,
Throbbing beautifully,
From the hospital,
In your ailment
And the flowers sprouting,
Sparkling and cackling,
The things made of light.
Sylvia, before ending yourself, unable to grapple with
The tensions, troubles and tribulations within,
You thought of doing with irrationally,
Taking to the confession of the self
As for a discharge from pressure,
Living isolated from to finish yourself,
Unable to cope up with the split and the crisis,
The love for the daddy and on the other the treatment of Hughes.
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text:
Tokyo - Apr 9, 2002
In a report that the Chinese media widely published on Apr. 3 and 4, a space official hinted strongly that China would attempt the first manned launch with the Shenzhou-5 (SZ-5) mission next year.
The official also revealed that the first group of 12 yuhangyuans ("astronauts") made their appearance to even most people involved in the manned space project for the first time.
The report came only two days after the successful completion of the SZ-3 mission on Apr. 1.
At the beginning of the SZ-3 mission, space officials said that China would launch its first manned flight after several additional unmanned test missions.
Even weeks before the launch of SZ-3, the earliest estimate that space officials had given on the first manned mission was on SZ-6; which might occur late next year.
The news of the SZ-5 manned launch attempt came when the launch test team from the Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology (SAST, formerly known as the Shanghai Bureau of Astronautics) returned to Shanghai.
At the reception ceremony Deputy Launch Director of the SZ-3 mission Qin Wenbo said, "At the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre (JSLC), we saw, for the first time, the first group of yuhangyuans that our country has trained; a total of 12 people. They are all pilots of fighter or attacker planes."
SAST develops and builds the Changzheng-2F (Long March-2F) launcher that sends the Shenzhou spacecraft (Shenzhou means "Magic Vessel" or "Divine Vessel") into space.
Qin added: "Among these 12 people, there will be two to three people who will become China's first group of yuhangyuans to travel in space. ... Who would be among this first group would probably be disclosed moments before the SZ-5 launch."
Qin explained that an early disclosure of the names of the first manned mission crew would "cause a psychological strain on the yuhangyuans that would lead to a degradation in skill."
The focus of the primary mission of SZ-3 was to test systems that would ensure the safety of yuhangyuans.
This included assessing the functionality, reliability and safety of each manned spaceflight system; coordination among different systems; the spacecraft environment for manned flight; the effectiveness of the improved measures that have been implemented; the escape and emergency life support systems; and the capability of the launcher's redundant control system.
For the first time the launch escape system was installed on the CZ-2F launcher and test fired during ascent. Space officials have not commented on how successful the test is.
The emergency escape system on the launch pad was also tested prior to the launch of SZ-3.
According to Qin the 12 yuhangyuans, who were selected among 2,000 middle ranking Air Force pilots, were at JSLC not only to see the SZ-3 liftoff. They went through an emergency bailout exercise on the pad.
The published report quoted Qin as saying that the yuhangyuans "only used about 5 seconds to bail out of the danger".
In case of an emergency on the pad before liftoff, yuhangyuans would punch open the escape hatch on Shenzhou to exit the vehicle. They would then run to the opening of a "white tunnel" and slide down the 8-storey tall tunnel to reach a bunker under the pad. The duration of the slide is about one minute.
Satisfaction With Sz-3 Mission
These officials were Su Shuangning, Director and Chief Designer of the yuhangyuan system of the manned space project; Qi Faren, Chief Designer of the Shenzhou spacecraft; and Wang Yongzhi, Chief Designer of the manned space project and a rocket technology specialist.
They all expressed satisfaction with the performance of the SZ-3 spacecraft and were optimistic that the first manned mission would occur within two years.
Su, who is responsible for yuhangyuan selection and training, and their space medical monitoring and protection, said that based on preliminary data from the mission, space officials were very satisfied with the parameters of the environment inside the modules.
"During on-orbit working and living, the overall environment would not affect yuhangyaun's health and efficiency," said Su.
Echoed Qi Faren, who reckoned that spacecraft environmental control would be very important.
He pointed out that temperature, humidity, oxygen level and the removal of carbon dioxide were critical components of the environment control and life protection system that would ensure the safety and comfort of living and working in space.
Qi also recognized that the other critical system would be the emergency escape system. Yuhangyuans would rely on the system to bailout when an emergency develops, either with the launcher or the Shenzhou spacecraft.
Qi said that everyone involved in the manned space project was striving for the perfect operation of the launcher and spacecraft. The objective to guarantee the safe launching and returning of yuhangyuans is of paramount importance to the manned space project.
"An experiment can fail, but it cannot sacrifice [a person]," Qi asserted.
He gave the success rate of the CZ-2F launcher at 97 percent and had to count on the reliability of the escape system to make up the remaining 3 percent of the success rate.
Qi is confident that the perfect success rate is achievable.
He added that the technological level of the Chinese launch escape system would be comparable to that of Russia and the U.S.
Many space officials feel that the successful completion of the SZ-3 mission is another giant step towards the first manned mission in the very near future.
Wang Yongzhi said that the technical conditions of the SZ-3 test flight were the same as in a future manned mission. The successful SZ-3 mission "lays a very good foundation for future manned flights."
Wang believed that the project had the necessary conditions for a manned space mission. "We hope to conduct a few more unmanned test flights to further assess the reliability and safety [of the launcher and the spacecraft]."
"At that time we will begin manned spaceflight. The time won't be too far off, I think, perhaps within two years," said Wang.
Rapid Development Of First Manned Flight News
On Apr. 3 Wen Wei Po in Hong Kong quoted Liu Zhusheng, Chief Designer of CZ-2F, as saying that the unmanned Shenzhou-4 mission would be launched late this year.
Wang said in the CCTV interview that he would not expect too many changes to the technical conditions of the SZ-4 spacecraft.
However, unidentified sources told Wen Wei Po in a report published on Mar. 26 that the next step in modifying Shenzhou might include installation of a docking mechanism at the front of the Orbital Module and a test docking two space vehicles. These sources said that the exercise would be a precursor to an orbiting Chinese space laboratory.
These sources also said that the next Shenzhou landing might be a splashdown at sea.
Then on the same day the news of the first manned mission attempt on SZ-5 began to appear in the Chinese media.
The news prompted questions the following day at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs press briefing.
The ministry spokeswoman Zhang Qiyue was asked whether China would continue independent development of the manned space project, or ready to collaborate with the U.S., Russia, Europe, Japan and other spacefaring nations.
Zhang replied that space technology development in China was based on the self-reliance spirit. But China would also be ready to increase collaboration with other countries.
Then she was asked about the timing of the next Shenzhou launch and how many yuhangyuans were in training. Zhang confirmed that China was training a group of yuhangyuans, but she did not have information on when the SZ-4 mission would occur.
The apparent trouble-free mission of SZ-3 is just another step in China's systematic approach in the manned space project.
During the CCTV interview Wang said that the current activities signalled the first phase of the project, which would see several unmanned launches that would lead to the historic breakthrough, the first manned space mission.
After that the role of the Shenzhou spacecraft would be transformed into an air-to-ground transportation system that could dock with the future orbiting space laboratory, where yuhangyuans and scientists would conduct space experiments and Earth observations "on a substantial scale."
Not The First Group Of Yuhangyuans
For example in January last year, the pro-Beijing newspaper Wen Wei Po reported that four yuhangyuans had been in training at a base in Beijing in preparation for the first manned Shenzhou mission in the future.
Other reports in the past few years had said that since 1996 at least two yuhangyuans had received training at the cosmonaut training centre in Star City, Russia.
All these reports refer to the yuhangyuan training effort under the current manned space project, codenamed Project 921. With the blessing of President Jiang Zemin, the project had its beginning in January 1992.
Prior to Project 921, there was another serious effort to mount a manned space project and recruitment of yuhangyuans in the early 1970s.
The story of this earlier effort is chronicled in a lengthy article "Send Chinese Yuhangyuans Into Space!". The article was originally published in Volume 1 of Times Literature last year, then republished with an enhanced content in the November 2001 issue of Beijing Literature, and made available online at Sina.com .
According to the article, perhaps 19 fighter pilots were recruited in 1970 as yuhangyuans to receive training for the planned first manned space mission on the "Dawn-1" spacecraft in 1973. The definite number remains uncertain as the ageing principals involved in the project recall recruiting anywhere between 10 and 20 yuhangyuans, with 19 the likely number.
Despite the chaos amid the Cultural Revolution, the then manned space project had forged ahead.
Just when the training of these 19 yuhangyuans were set to begin, a failed coup on the late Chairman Mao Zedong in early September 1971 had thrown the entire nation into a crisis. The manned space project had come to an abrupt halt as a result.
After reconsidering its huge costs, the early attempt on the manned space project never restarted again. China then turned its space effort towards application satellites and their benefits to the country.
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Shenzhou 3 Back On Earth
Beijing - Apr 01, 2002
China's third unmanned space craft returned successfully to earth Monday after a week-long mission which marked another step in Beijing's plan to put an astronaut into orbit, state media said. The Shenzhou III (Divine Vessel III) space capsule returned to earth in central Inner Mongolia at 4:51 pm (08:51 GMT), the Xinhua news agency said.
Welcome Back Shenzhou
Sydney - Apr 2, 2002
After an apparently nominal mission, China's Shenzhou 3 spacecraft has returned to an apparently textbook touchdown. Chinese media coverage of the flight of Shenzhou 3 has been relatively good, compared to the generally secretive standards of previous missions.
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Superficial + Radiesse Q&A
Red Spot from Radiesse
I have a small red spot on my upper cheek due to Radiesse being injected too superficially. Most of the filler made it down to periosteum but... READ MORE
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Had Radiesse injected in marionette lines/oral commissure area, via cannula. Ended up w/white lines, visible through skin, obviously superficial... READ MORE
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I injected Radiesse 3 month ago in my chin,But it's not good,injected very confusion and i'm very feared.So i wanna ask some questions for this.1.If... READ MORE
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What are the consequences/symptoms of radiuses being injected too superficially? After 2 mos I still have lumps near surface and discoloration is... READ MORE


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Our National Poll on Children's Health report in January 2012 addressed two health concerns facing kids today: childhood obesity and eating disorders.
Childhood obesity has consistently ranked among the top concerns that parents and the public have regarding children's health in the U.S. There have been many prevention and intervention efforts to address this epidemic—at local and national levels.
On the other hand, experts have seen a steady increase in the prevalence of eating disorders among children and pre-teens. While eating disorders are less common than childhood obesity, both are serious concerns for kids' health in the U.S.
We fielded a survey asking the public what they think about these twin dilemmas, in order to see what parents had to say about obesity programs taking place in their child's schools and any worrisome eating behaviors or physical activity they witnessed in their children. (As always, survey questions are posted online as a .pdf download.)
It is important to note, as we did in the report, that the majority of school-based programs are not associated with parents' perceptions of worrisome behaviors by their kids. In fact, we found only one association: parents whose kids' schools have programs that promote physical activity through incentives are more than twice as likely to be concerned that their kids exercise too much.
Given the severity and potentially life-threatening nature of eating disorders, we conclude that one link like this is reason enough to be alert for the possibility that school-based obesity-related programs can have unintended consequences. Nevertheless, we are also encouraged that many school-based obesity-related programs are not associated with parental concerns.
At the National Poll on Children's Health, we have a single-pointed agenda: to ask the public what they think about important child health issues and report our findings. We focus our work on issues that come from clinical information and perceptions, public health matters and events, legislative actions, and other issues in today's news about child health and health policy. Unlike many other polling efforts, we are fully transparent about how we phrase our survey questions.
All are welcome to debate the issues that we raise. In fact, we hope that our data will not only inform but prompt dialogue about children's health and health policy issues. We stand by our data as an effort to the take the pulse of the public about child health issues, today and in the future.
i agree that schools should promote physical activities for children to avoid obesity.
Nice to see that there is somewhat of a change of diet in students lunches. I remember when I was young, my school gave tons of pizza, mac & cheese, ad whole bunch other of garbage!
Everything in moderation
Aim to keep the physical activities varied and stimulating for long-term habits. There is only so much the curriculum can cope with.
I think it is very important
I think it is very important to focus on exercise, but I feel like schools really lack in teaching children how to be healthy and active. We should focus on teaching exactly what "healthy" is!
How should we go about
How should we go about getting our childrens' schools to focus on health. Their schools are a big part of their health. I dont know how to bring about the needed change though!
Great Info
Very informative article about schools and our kids, interesting point of view


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42 Leopold St.
Price on request
- Address:
- 42 Leopold Avenue
- Postal / City:
- Toronto
- Province:
- Ontario
- Bedrooms:
- 4
- Bathrooms:
- 2
- Square Feet:
- not specified
Majestic Victorian gem in Parkdale. Elegantly appointed English country feel. Huge footprint.
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Floorplans (> 2500 sq ft above grade, > 1000 sq ft of basement, and approximately 600 sq ft of decks and sunrooms)
Home Inspection : Send email if you would like a copy.


text:
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
In this introduction to the special issue of
Sustainable development provides a framework for humans to live and prosper in harmony with nature rather than living, as we have done for centuries, at nature's expense. Nonetheless, sustainability does not now have an adequate or supportive legal foundation, in spite of the many environmental and natural resources laws that exist. If we are to make significant progress toward a sustainable society, much less achieve sustainability, we will need to develop and implement laws and legal institutions that do not now exist, or that exist in a much different form. Since their clients in government, business, and nongovernmental organizations increasingly demand legal work that addresses sustainable development issues, lawyers have now begun to respond to that demand.
To achieve sustainability, we also need to recognize that, while environmental law is a key to achieving sustainability, it is only part of the necessary legal framework. Other needed legal involve a wide range of other laws, including land use and property laws, tax laws, laws involving our governmental structure, and the like.
This special issue of
The contributors to this special issue bring a wide variety of professional, academic, and geographic perspectives to bear on this question. They are widely recognized for their knowledge and expertise.
In this introduction to the special issue, we attempt to synthesize some of the key lessons from the ten substantive articles. Rather than simply summarize each article, we identify and describe their cross-cutting lessons respecting what "law for sustainability" requires. Reading this introduction is thus not a substitute for reading the thoughtful and provocative articles included in this special issue.
The following is a suggested list of what "law for sustainability" involves. Because the data base for this exercise is comprised of the ten articles in this special issue, it is not likely to capture all of the needed elements. Still, it is suggestive of both the importance and scope of the many contributions that law can make toward progress in achieving sustainability. (Like many of the contributing authors to this special issue, we use sustainability and sustainable development interchangeably.)
The central action principle of sustainable development is integrated decision-making—the incorporation of environmental, social, and economic considerations and goals into decisions. Nicholas Ashford and Ralph Hall argue that national governments in particular need to integrate "environmental, health, and safety regulation with industrial, trade, and employment policies" ([
Integration across levels of government is also important. In many cases, the legal rules for a particular sustainability objective at a higher level of government are completely separate from the relevant legal rules at a lower level of government. As a result, the lower level of government can make decisions that frustrate or impede sustainability goals. Rachel Medina and A. Dan Tarlock explain how the state of California addressed just such a problem [
Most observers recognize that sustainability requires new laws and modifications to existing laws. It is less often recognized that sustainability can be achieved by simply applying existing laws to new problems, or by making incremental changes in those laws.
Many but not all of these laws are traditional environmental laws. Nongovernmental organizations and the California Attorney General, for example, forced municipalities in that state to consider the greenhouse gas emission impacts of their land use decisions by filing and settling lawsuits under the 1970 California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) [
Similarly, Robin Craig and J.B. Ruhl survey a range of legal and policy tools that can be used to foster sustainable management of coastal ecosystems—integrated, place-based management strategies and innovative regulations, including market-based instruments. Their starting point is existing law, and they show how these existing laws could be modified to achieve more sustainable outcomes, including adaptation to climate change. For example, they advocate wider use of collaborative governance structures, greater use of "reflexive law" (such as information reporting), and more use of economic incentives. While they recognize that governments have begun to use these tools, they argue that they could be "used more pervasively and creatively as part of new sustainable governance institutions" ([
Many of the laws that provide starting points for sustainability are not environmental laws. A 1994 Cuban law made it easier for residents of urban areas to grow and sell food on unused land. Since then, the government has provided financial, technical, and marketing assistance for this kind of agriculture. The overall program has increased access to food, led to more organic and sustainable food production, and created jobs—all key elements of a food security program—even though much food is sold on the black market or through foreign currency. Cuba has one of the world's most aggressive and sustainable urban agriculture systems, and it is developing in stages that began with the 1994 law ([
Property law, particularly the law involving common-interest communities (known as homeowner associations in a residential context) can also be used to foster sustainability. Anthony Schutz proposes that property law be applied in the context of the ranchland in the U.S. Great Plains to take advantage of consumer demand for horseback riding, camping, wildlife observation, hiking, and hunting. In this region, only 2% of the land is managed for biodiversity conservation while three fourths of the land is in private ownership ([
Nor do these existing laws need to be from the same jurisdiction; comparative law has a significant role to play in the quest for sustainability. Kenneth Abbott and Gary Marchant review five possible mechanisms for institutionalizing sustainability across the entire federal government in the United States. Each of these mechanisms is based on an existing law from the U.S. or another jurisdiction. For each, they identify ways in which an existing law could be modified, strengthened, or extended to foster sustainability at the national level. As they note, the incremental adaptation of existing laws means that the innovations they represent are achievable ([
Existing laws might also be effectively supplemented with other approaches, including community-based social marketing techniques. As Amanda Kennedy explains, "[c]ommunity-based social marketing aims to produce behavioral change via direct communication and community level initiatives, concentrating upon removing barriers to change" ([
Across the world, sub-national units of government—such as provinces, states and local governmental units—have substantial, if not primary, legal responsibility for issues central to sustainable development. These include, but are not limited to, education, provision of drinking water and sewage disposal, and land use control. This is the case not only in nations with a federal form of government, but also in countries like the United Kingdom, where there has been substantial devolution of decision-making authority (including authority for sustainable development strategies) to sub-national governments (e.g., Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland) ([
Apart from legal responsibility, the more granular scale of decision making at more local levels corresponds to the more granular scale of the problem. Better local land use and sustainability planning and decision-making can make communities significantly more livable because that is the level at which many of the relevant challenges occur, and also the level at which decisions are made ([
At the same time there are limits to the efficacy of decision-making at sub-national levels of government. Thus, Robert Adler suggests that greater frequency and severity of droughts because of climate change may force national governments to assume more responsibility for issues like water sustainability. Where that occurs, sub-national governmental units (such as U.S. states), where most water law decisions are made, are likely to end up with fewer responsibilities [
An enormous but not fully characterized problem is the extent to which the law now works
The importance of climate change to sustainability has grown rapidly in recent years. The articles in this special issue reflect this fact. They focus on the impact of local decisions on climate change, and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that would otherwise result from those decisions ([
While sustainable development is commonly understood as involving the relationship between the social, environmental, and economic domains of human existence, Klaus Bosselmann insists on the primacy of protecting and restoring ecological sustainability [
The protection and restoration of ecosystems is also a subtext of a number of the other articles. For example, Schutz's proposal to use the law of common-interest communities on lands that are now devoted primarily to livestock grazing is specifically intended to increase biodiversity conservation on those lands [
Sustainable development requires public participation and effective access to the courts. Without an engaged public and an independent judiciary, laws on the books may not be implemented or enforced. The articles in this special issue provide evidence of the importance of nongovernmental organizations. The California litigation that ultimately forced local governments to consider their climate change impacts was originally brought by a nongovernmental organization, the Center for Biological Diversity ([
Goepel uses her article to advance the work of the World Future Council, the nongovernmental organization for which she works. Her article, which itself builds on the work of the International Law Association, another nongovernmental organization, illustrates the importance of such organizations in developing, refining, and advocating legal and policy tools for sustainability [
While the vagueness of sustainable development is widely lamented, the international agreements on which sustainability is based as well as a growing body of scholarship and experience have set out basic legal principles for sustainability. Craig and Ruhl identify eight such principles: the polluter-pays principle, the use of best available science, the precautionary principle, intergenerational sustainability, transnational sustainability, accounting for ecosystem services, integrated decision-making, and adaptive management. They explain how those principles can be applied to the sustainable management of coastal ecosystems ([
Somewhat similarly, Bosselmann insists on the necessity of ecological sustainability as a bedrock sustainability principle for law. He would define ecological sustainability as "preservation or restoration of the integrity of any ecosystem in the biosphere," and would define ecological integrity as "the ability of an ecosystem to recover from disturbance and re-establish its stability, diversity and resilience" ([
There also have been formal efforts to state principles of national governance that could be applied to sustainability. Goepel describes a project by the International Law Association to set out seven specific principles (sustainable use of natural resources; equity and the eradication of poverty; precautionary approach; public participation and access to justice; good governance; common but differentiated responsibilities among developed and developing nations; and integration of human rights and social, economic, and environmental objectives) ([
The sustainable development commitments that nations made at the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, and that they reaffirmed in 1997 and 2002, are, of course,
The United Kingdom has had a national sustainable development strategy since 1994, the content of which has evolved over time. Nonetheless, that strategy lacks a strong legal foundation. The United Kingdom's strategy is progressive in tone and substance, according to Ross. However it has not been particularly effective at delivering the three criteria (mentioned above) that the Sustainable Development Commission says must be met. The biggest problem, as Ross sees it, is that "there seems to be very little understanding or coherent thought about what exactly sustainable development means and its role in governance" ([
Abbott and Marchant argue that at least five mechanisms are available in the United States to institutionalize a national approach to sustainability ([
It is not enough, of course, to simply throw laws at a problem. Laws must be designed and drafted with care to achieve particular results, and they must be evaluated carefully afterwards to see if they have actually achieved the desired results. For sustainability laws, the availability of credible and widely applicable assessment tools and institutions is especially important.
These tools can include existing social science research methodologies. For example, Kennedy notes many social science studies evaluating the effectiveness of environmental regulations that are combined with community-based social marketing [
Assessment tools are not enough, however. Without some institutional mechanism to assess laws from a sustainability perspective before and after they are adopted, sustainability assessment is likely to be sporadic and ineffectual. The purpose of many of the mechanisms identified by Abbott and Marchant is to assess laws from a sustainability perspective on an ongoing basis—both before and after these laws are adopted. At the same time however, those authors recognize that, standing alone, institutions for assessment would be insufficient without more precisely defined principles that can form the basis for assessment [
At the international level, scholars often distinguish between hard law (e.g., treaties that are in force) and soft law (e.g., declarations at international conferences). In practice, though, there is a sliding scale of "hardness" and "softness" at both the national and international levels; some hard laws contain soft requirements (e.g., to "consider" or "assess") while some soft law instruments contain hard law norms (e.g., legal principles). Abbott and Marchant analyze five mechanisms based on their relative hardness or softness, and conclude that "institutions with widely varying forms and levels of legal authority can make valuable contributions to sustainability law and policy; consideration should not be limited to institutions with—'hard' legal mandates" ([
The underlying challenges that sustainability addresses—widespread poverty and growing global environmental degradation—are urgent challenges. Law can make a variety of key contributions in achieving sustainability. We need to find ways to accelerate the use—and analysis—of laws that can foster sustainability. The authors of the articles in this special issue have made a significant contribution to this objective, and we editors are grateful for their efforts.
We are grateful to Shu-Kun Lin for inviting us to edit this special issue of


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From July 2010 to December 2013, the two years following Mark's stroke and brain surgery, he struggled to regain lost cognitive and physical ground. The hemorrhage occurred in the back of the right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex in an area of the brain that supports eyesight. During the stroke he lost more than half of his field of vision. On the day we figured out that something momentous had occurred and I rushed him to the hospital, he cocked his head to his left side, like a bird, to see the doctor and nurses. We caught the stroke too late so some of the vision loss became permanent. The change in his vision disturbed him most at night when the house turned foreign. Every little object on the floor or crease in a rug transformed into a confusing and dangerous obstacle. Continue reading The year of the fox by Patricia Karamesines
Category Archives: Mormon nature literature
LONNOL 2015 winter/Valentine haiku chain
After a slow start to Wilderness Interface Zone's Love of Nature Nature of Love Month, we're opening our LONNOL haiku chain. It's our hope that readers will join in this winter and post-Valentine's Day celebration of the logic of the heart harnessed with images of nature's splendors and subtleties.
A haiku is a classical Japanese poetical form, usually 17 syllables all in a single line in Japanese, but there are longer and shorter forms. In English, haiku often take the form of one short line of 5 syllables, a long line of 7 syllables, and a short line of 5 syllables, but there are many ways–all versions are welcome here.
There's no deadline for this activity and the only requirement is that you focus your feeling in a nature-oriented haiku. You can link your haiku to an image in a preceding one or simply forge a link out of new images altogether. The chain runs as long as participants carry it along.
Traditionally considered a mindfulness practice, writing haiku brings perception and language together in a splash of imagery and aperçu. Can you distill you deepest feelings and sheerest insights to 17 syllables? Give it a go.
Here is my opening LONNOL haiku:
From plot twists in sea,
shore, savanna, city, this
departure, this love.
Call for submissions: WIZ's 2015 LONNOL Celebration
Love of Nature Nature of Love Month–it's on!
Valentine's Day is over, but the good ship LONNOL is still available for booking. Perhaps you yet have tokens of affection you would like to ship out. If they have even the slightest touch of nature about them, we're longing to publish them. Please search your files for poems, short fiction, short essays, mp3s of readings of your work or of other work that's in public domain, your original artwork, etc. and share them with us and our readership. Less than two weeks remains in February, but if need requires, we will keep things afloat through March.
Along with submissions from our readers, we'll have a fond feelings haiku chain, to be initiated soon.
Also, February 24th is WIZ's birthday. We'll be five years old. To celebrate, we'll be offering one or more of WIZ's old movie giveaways. Giving our readers presents on our birthday is something we really enjoy doing. To "win" an old movie, all you'll have to do is read each movie's review and comment in the comment section. WIZ will contact you with further instructions about how to receive your free DVD.
In the Northeast, winter has been ridiculous harsh and relentless. Here in the Four Corners region, we seem to be trembling on the brink of an early spring. What the world needs now is love, sweet love. Full steam ahead.
Desert Names by Mark Penny
I don't know the names—
No very names.
Oh, chapparal. Oh, sage.
Vague names.
Oh, cactus, tumbleweed.
Oh, scorpion.
Oh, coiled up shaker of a shaman's bones.
Oh, crook-limbed walker on the knuckled sands.
Oh, day-lived blossom, thirsting in its death.
Oh, winged portent of the flight of breath.
Bright shadows
In a sun
That beats its laundry past the need of clean.
I am the rag-post.
Mummied graves
Croak the long story of my ignorance.
Mark Penny has poetry on WIZ and Everyday Mormon Writer and in Sunstone and Dialogue, and fiction on Everyday Mormon Writer and Lowly Seraphim. He was winner of the Wilderness Interface Zone 2012 Spring Poetry Runoff Admin Award, a finalist in the Everyday Mormon Writer Four Centuries of Mormon Stories Contest, and a semi-finalist in the 2014 Mormon Lit Blitz. He hopes the trend will bounce.
Current projects include a poetry collection, a Mormon spec fic collection, a dozen or so novels, a collaboration that will blow your spirit right out of your brain, and a unified theory of narrative.
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Photo: Desert Sandwort via Wikimedia Commons courtesy of BLM Nevada, 2013.
Tonight by Bob Gill
The universe is
Cold tonight
A winter of stars
Illuminate the world
Its heaven
Full of danger
And mystery
Just tonight
An asteroid
Three football
Fields in length
Slipped by
Missed us
By 1,500,000 miles
Small margin
Experts say
Enough for us
For now, maybe
Before one hits
We live and die
Hearing the stories
Of our ancestors
Similar tribes before
Us and we wander
Days and nights
Find more by Bob Gill here.
Photo of Alpha Capricorni via Wikimedia Commons.
Just by Bob Gill
Just a moment
Full of happiness
Just an instant
You may have missed
Compared to drought
The water
Of life pours over you
In a torrent
For centuries
It seems
And may have been
To bubble forth
And thunder
Bob Gill resides in Berkeley, California.
Photo of the Strokkur Geyser in Iceland by Andreas Tille via Wikimedia Commons.
Orange Cup Coral by A.J. Huffman
Phallic shafts shock nocturnal
waters, wave fingers like fireworks,
flags of welcome, of final embrace
to small fish daring to flutter about
these make-shift flowers.
They are their own
entertainment, brilliantly blowing,
blooming in belligerent pantomime
of lighted breath. This crown
ring of kings rejoice in banishment,
openly celebrating their midnight world.
Photo by Nick Hobgood via Wikimedia Commons, 2005.
Follow the links for Huffman's bio and more of her work at WIZ.
The Road to Thunder Road by A.J. Huffman
is a delayed growl standing several
steps behind the starring flash. Backup-
singing, supportive round of applause. Darker
partner waiting in invisible wings. Eruptive
echo marks the distance to point
of contact, countdown after-strike.
Photo by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration via Wikimedia Commons, 2005.
Follow the links for Huffman's bio and more of her work at WIZ.
Hibiscus Blooming in Rain by A.J. Huffman
The garden sogs under persistent downpour. Green
grows with a sickly gray clinging like shadows,
cloud contamination. In a quiet corner, lone
hibiscus stretches petals toward sky, embraces
drops battering against brilliance. Resilient
as the solar power color emulates, it remains open,
a burst of warming reassurance that the sky cannot fall
Photo by the poet. Follow the links for Huffman's bio and more at WIZ.
Autumn Moon by A.J. Huffman
after "Age of Abundance," by Osnat Tzadok
Flares of imaginary fire burn across forest's crown.
Light and leaves come alive, collectively breathe
in mirrored mist, rising like smoke from absent flame.
My eyes begin to water in belief. This is the image
of sulfured Hell. I pray for the salvation of sun-
A.J. Huffman has published seven solo chapbooks and one joint chapbook through various small presses. Her eighth solo chapbook, Drippings from a Painted Mind, won the 2013 Two Wolves Chapbook Contest. She is a Pushcart Prize nominee, and her poetry, fiction, and haiku have appeared in hundreds of national and international journals, including Labletter, The James Dickey Review, Bone Orchard, EgoPHobia, Kritya, and Offerta Speciale, in which her work appeared in both English and Italian translation. She is also the founding editor of Kind of a Hurricane Press.
Photo by Albert Herring via Wikimedia Commons: "89 Mesa Fire, 5/6/10." Tzadok's landscape can be seen here.