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Charles Evan Rollins
Charles Evan Rollins
Administrative Law, Adoption, Alimony & Spousal Support, Animal Bite, Criminal, Aviation Accident; Child Support; Children's Rights; Commercial Leasing; Commercial Real Estate; Farms; DUI-DWI; Defamation & Slander; Divorce; Domestic Violence & Neglect; Eminent Domain; Estate Administration; Federal; Felony; Fisheries & Wildlife; Foreclosure; Grand Jury Proceedings; Guardianships & Conservatorships; Juvenile Law; Land Use & Zoning; Landlord-Tenant; Living Wills; Minerals & Mining; Misdemeanor; Car Accident; Paternity; Power of Attorney; Premises Liability; Prenuptial Agreements; Property Damage; Railroad Injury; Residential Real Estate; Search & Seizure Protections; Sexual Harassment; Slip & Fall Accident; State Appellate Practice; State Trial Practice; Title Insurance; Trusts; Water; White Collar Crime; Wills; Wrongful Death
- Law Office: Rollins & Rollins PA
- Elkton Law Firms
- Law School: Widener University School of Law J.D.
- Status: In Good Standing
Profile LAWPOINTS™40/100
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Family Law, Personal Injury, BusinessElkton, MD 21921 (Cecil County)
Bankruptcy & Debt, Consumer Bankruptcy, Personal Injury, Social Security -- Disability, Estate PlanningWilmington, DE 19808 (New castle County)
Divorce & Family Law, Accident & Injury, Workers' Compensation, Criminal, EstateWilmington, DE 19801 (New castle County)
Accident & Injury, CriminalWilmington, DE 19801 (New castle County)
Accident & Injury, Tax Litigation, Payroll Taxes, Income Tax, TaxWilmington, DE 19807 (New castle County)
Family Law, Adoption, Child Custody, Child SupportWilmington, DE 19801 (New castle County)
Tax, Tax Litigation, Income Tax, Sales & Use Tax, Accident & InjuryChadds Ford, PA 19317 (Delaware County)
Divorce & Family Law, Accident & Injury, Civil & Human Rights, Administrative Law, Lawsuit & DisputeAbingdon, MD 21009 (Harford County)
Wills & Probate, Bankruptcy, Elder Law, Real EstateBel Air, MD 21015 (Harford County)
Criminal, Traffic, DUI-DWI, Felony, InternetBel Air, MD 21014 (Harford County)
Medical Malpractice, Personal Injury, Social Security, Workers' Compensation, Slip & Fall AccidentBel Air, MD 21014 (Harford County)
Accident & Injury, Personal Injury, Car Accident, Slip & Fall Accident, Medical MalpracticeBel Air, MD 21014 (Harford County)
C. Evan Rollins-Much like his brother and father, Evan is a lifelong resident of Cecil County and the State of Maryland. Evan graduated from Bohemia Manor High School in 2000 and joined his brother on the campus of Western Maryland College. In high school he too had strong ties to the community through academics, sports and community service. In addition, Evan has formed strong bonds with local community members through hunting and fishing. Evan Graduated from Western Maryland College in 2004 and immediately began his quest to become an Attorney and active member of the Cecil County Bar Association, showing a strong passion to follow in the footsteps of his family members even at a young age. Unlike his father and brother, Evan decided to attend a Law School with more ties to the Cecil area, beginning at Widener School of Law in 2005. Evan Graduated from Widener in May of 2008 and passed the Bar Exam in November of that same year. During that time Evan also worked in the Cecil County Circuit Court as a law clerk for the Honorable Richard Eli Jackson. In January 2009, Evan joined the Rollins Law Group where he is now a junior partner. In 2007, Rollins Law Group, received the award for Best Law Firm in Cecil County, as voted on by the public.
|Widener University School of Law J.D.
|Law School
|McDaniel College B.A.
|State / Court
|Maryland 2008
Additional Info
Service Type:Private
131 East Main Street
Elkton, MD 21921


text:
Skywriting -- Apr 17, 1998
Main Menu
Continued from Apr 16, 1998
"Insanity. Nothing but insanity. But it's funny agin!!!" Shawna shouted gleefully. "The story's gotten good again! YEAH!!!" Then I got hit by a treetcar. "What the hell is a street car doing in the real world? I asked.
"And what the hell is a 'treetcar'?" one might ask. Well, you see, I have no clue.
"I have writer's bloke. It is concieveiable to sincelery say that this is going nowhere, man. It just keeps on recycling." Then he thought of a new direction. "Of course, the dog barked yes! It is so pimple my fellow fingers."
"And a Hell-no-we-won't go away don't bother me. "tis a lousy way to treat a friend of my Mother Bloody Mary Mix..." He felt a cat brush against his legs. John shooed it away. This was the best he'd done in ages. "Don't wanna go home is where the heart is she sleeping is she awaken to the sound of drums in the Jungle Jim...."
"John, how many times have I told you not to write when you're on drugs?" Stuart asked, coming from nowhere. "545,566,545,689,567,345,804,367,664,466,644,895,778,667,567,577,578,664 times" John replied. Then they were hit by streetcars.
Continued on Apr 18, 1998
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During each academic cycle (year), each student will receive the following: a $7,000 educational stipend ($10,000 for the Charles Pankow Foundation ACI Student Fellowship) for tuition, residence, books, and materials; appropriate certificates, recognition, and publicity; paid travel expenses and attendance fees to two more ACI conventions; assignment to an industry mentor; and a summer internship, if desired. After the initial award year, the fellowship will continue for an additional year provided ACI receives another nomination and another application.
The number of awards offered varies annually. Eight awards will be offered this year. One of each of the following: ACI Graduate Fellowship for Concrete Research, ACI/Baker Student Fellowship (two awards), ACI/Elmer Baker Student Fellowship, ACI/Richard N. White Student Fellowship, ACI/BASF Constructino Chemicals Student Fellowship, Cagley Foundation ACI Student Fellowship, Charles Pankow Foundation ACI Student Fellowship.
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|Weird Sisters
Real Name
First Appearance
Dracula (1897)
Original Publisher
Archibald Constable and Company (UK)
Created by
Bram Stoker
In the novel, the three vampire women are not individually named. Collectively, they are known as the 'sisters', and are at one point described as the "weird sisters".
Although the three vampire women in Dracula are popularly referred to as the "Brides of Dracula", they are never referred to as such in the novel, instead referred to as the 'sisters'; whether they are married to Dracula or not is never mentioned, nor are they described as having any other relation to him. Though it is mentioned by the sisters that Dracula does not love, nor has he ever loved them, the count himself claims he once loved them in the past. The two dark-haired women, however, are described by Jonathan Harker to have "high aquiline noses, like the Count's". It has been suggested from this that it may have been Stoker's intent that these two are Dracula's daughters, extending the sexuality metaphor of vampirism to incest. Another theory is that two of the women are actually Dracula's sisters and the blonde one is his true wife. Though neither theory has ever been stated or proven. It is highly likely they were just random woman Dracula turned in the past, or they were his wives throughout his lifetime and did not find out his true nature until it was too late. Despite their words, the sisters have oddly never attempted to leave the castle and follow Dracula's orders without question. Likewise Dracula, while angered at them disobeying trying to feed on Jonathan, shows he does care somewhat for them by giving them something to eat in the form of the contents of the "wiggling bag" and honors his promise to give them Harker when he leaves.
As vampires, the sisters are powerful in their own right; their beauty and playful charm belie lethal, predatory interiors. Their beauty and flirtatious manner appears to be their greatest power when it comes to bewitching their victims into a trance-like state. Harker and Abraham Van Helsing are both attracted to, and yet repulsed by them. They can seemingly appear out of nowhere and are inhumanly strong as shown when they kill Helsing's horses. Though they live in fear of Dracula, the blond vampire can be seen defying him when she demands to feed upon Harker. The blond vampire is described by one of the brunettes as, "The First" and she is depicted as the leader of the three and Dracula's favourite. This may suggest that the blonde is in fact Dracula's wife, and may be the mother of the two dark-haired women if they are indeed his daughters. Or it may be that she is the most recent addition to his women-folk, and the brunettes are simply training her in how to prey upon humans.
Public Domain Comic Appearances
- Eerie #12


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The great quandary of why Australia has such a poor economic self-image, despite surviving the financial crisis better than most other developed countries, is to be explored in a new book by a figure at the centre of government policymaking for the past five years.
He is the executive director of Labor thinktank the Chifley Research Centre and seen as a possible future star in the parliamentary ranks.
Amid a plethora of books by Labor figures contemplating the future of the party, Dr Chalmers' book is expected to focus more on policy.
While insisting the book will not be a tell-all expose, it is expected to be an insider's account of politics and policy during the financial crisis, which concludes that if Australia doesn't choose a future less consumed by poisonous politics, we will squander our national advantages and momentum, and compromise our ability to tackle challenges as successfully as those just past.
"I want to deepen and improve the discussion about the last five years so that more people understand what our economic successes during the GFC mean for the future," Dr Chalmers said.
"Too often, the story that is told about economic policy in the recent past dwells on the personalities and polls and skips over the remarkable achievements, and I want to help rectify that.
"Writing this book gave me a fantastic chance to reflect on the lessons I learned from the politics and economics of the past five extraordinary years and project them forward."
"My aim is to explain how Australia became the toast of the global economy, what Australians feel about it and why it matters for the future."
The Australian Financial Review


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Other Research
Texas Chili
Description: The study of Texas Chili - the national dish of Texas - is a research "hobby" of mine. As a Texan, when posed with the assignment to research a specific food or dish, I was lead to Chili. I have done two research papers on the topic of Chili - as a symbol of Texas identity and its role in the cook-off world. For more information, including research results and recipes, please visit my website, "Never Beans!"
"Never Beans? How Texas Chili makes Texas real." Paper Presentation, Inventing Cuisines: Traditions and identity in North American foodways panel, AGSA Student Research Symposium, February 16-17, 2007, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.
I also presented this paper in the form of a poster at IU Women in Science Research Day in March 2007. [reconstructed poster in .pdf]
Czech Food and Gender
Description:Both food and gender server as excellent lenses through which we can delve deeper into understanding how a culture or society works and sees the world. Combining the two in the post-socialist, EU context of the Czech Republic allows me to explore shifts in a variety of aspects of daily life. My work thus far has touched on differences between men and women in relation to gender roles and their impact on foodwork.
"'Homemade is homemade': Food and Gender in the Postsocialist Kitchen." Paper Presentation, Central States Anthropological Society 85th Annual Meeting, March 26-28, 2008, Indianapolis, Indiana.
I also presented this paper in the form of a poster at IU Women in Science Research Day in March 2008. [reconstructed poster in .pdf]
Czech Identity
Description: Czech identity is a duality of active and passive roles in history. My research considers how Czechs represent a persistent identity system through hypocrisy or collaboration during times of foreign rule. As a small nation surrounded for the past 700 years by large foreign powers, the Czech nation has survived by using any means possible, from passive resistance to compliant collaboration.
2009 The Good Dissident Švejk: An Exploration of Czech Morality and Cultural Survival. Kosmas 22(2).


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Blaster Al Ackerman is a writer, painter and correspondence artist who has produced a massive body of work, much of it untrackable due to his pervasive use of pseudonyms (and, for that matter, anonyms.) As a young person in Texas the 50s, he became absorbed by the world of pulp fiction and attempted to become a writer, although he ultimately got published in the pulps' waning years in romance magazines, although he did strike up a correspondence with science fiction writer Frederic Brown. In the 60s, he worked as a children's TV show writer and in a carnival before going to Vietnam as a Medivac and then in U.S. in hospitals. In the early 70s, he got heavily involved with Mail Art, ultimately centering around David Zack and Istvan Kantor with whom he co-generated the Neoist banner of 80s pranks, plagiarism, art and multiple identity. Through the 80s and 90s, he published frequently in magazines like The Lost and Found Times (edited by frequent collaborator John M. Bennett), the Shattered Wig Review (edited by Rupert Wondolowski, who deserves a place in literary history of his own) and Dumb Fucker (edited by photographer Richard Kern). In full possesion of the rhythms of the post-War American writers like Brown, Theodore Sturgeon and Raymond Chandler, Ackerman's writing incorporates elements of structural modernists like the Oulipo and Francis Ponge, and creates macabre and hilarious journeys into the linguisitic-cognitive quality of madness. (A letter to Genesis P-Orridge made its way into music-land as the lyric of perhaps Throbbing Gristle's best song "Hamburger Lady.") His books include The Blaster Omnibus, Let Me Eat Massive Pieces of Clay, I Taught my Dog to Shoot a Gun and, most recently, Corn and Smoke. A spoken word LP, I am Drunk, was issued on Ehse records and is available for freedownload at http://www.ehserecords.com .
We took an opportunity to ask a few questions about Blaster's influences.
Q: I know you were a fan of the rhythm and blues singers of the 50s as a young person in Texas. Could you tell us a little about those concerts and how they might have shaped you?
A: The first R&B concert I ever attended was probably the greatest. It took place at the Municipal Auditorium in downtown San Antonio, Texas. This was in the very early 50s and admission was only $4 or $5! A true bargain, especially when you consider who all was on the bill. An unbelievable line-up consisting of Chuck Berry, Fats Domino, Frankie Lyman, Little Richard and "Mr. Please Please Please Himself" James Brown. Big Joe Turner (the Boss of the Blues) was the headliner, which seem strange today, especially considering the talent on hand but back in the early 50s Joe Turner was the most prominent name.
San Antonio was a heavy pachuco town so audience participation ran high with many seat cushions slashed; there was also wholesale bopping and vicious horseplay on the railing of the balcony upstairs and frequent injuries from falls.
Through it all, I might add, speculation ran rife over the burning question: "Is Frankie Lymon a hermaphrodite?!" (In rock circles in the early 50s this was one of two questions which engaged the brains of all true R&B fans; the other being "Is Brenda Lee a midget?")
Anyway, I would have to say that in my experience the only other R&B shows that ever came close happened a few years later at the "Dars" Miller in Austin, Texas, when Bo Diddley and Bobby Blue Bland appeared, the crowd became so worked up that they locked the security guards in a closet, took their guns away and fired them off into the air while Bo stayed on stage and got down with "I'm a Man." Too much.
Q: What's the best job in the carnival, job-gratification-wise?
A: Running the Duck Pond Ride and sleeping down by the river in your duck mask, if you go in for that sort of thing.
Q: Once a person finds his way into an artform, he or she begins, over time, to recognize the mistakes or foolishness of those who preceeded him or her in that form. I wonder, once you'd gotten into mail art, in which ways did you think that Ray Johnson had slipped, a little or a lot?
A: This is a hard one, especially when you realize how I idolized Ray. And so while it's true that Ray fell victim on occassion to a certain loquaciousness, especially in the later years, I prefer to remember when he was right on target such as the time when Art Forum was asking for an important statement and Ray came out with, "Every time I walk down the street, the little birdies go tweet-tweet-tweet."
Really, though, in Mail Art, the real "slappage" comes when you're on tour and you stop by somebody's keen little house in Tulsa or Louisville and you've been slugging the vodka in the backseat for 3 or 400 miles so that you find upon getting into their guest room that you're overflowing the bowl and ruining an expensive carpet and priceless antiques. What then?
Q: In Frederick Brown's story "Come and Go Mad," there's long repetition of the colors, "the red and the black," and it's left open to interpretation, to say the least. Any thoughts on that passage?
A: I would guess that Fred was figuring that the name Stehndhal would pop into your mind, comme pour troutes les simmiennes?
Q: What's your favorite L. Ron Hubbard story about?
A: Just about anything--uh, just about anything L. Ron wrote before WWII is worth your attention. My own big favorite is "Fear," a classic from a classic 1940 issue of Street & Smith's Unknown magazine. "Fear" is available in paperback today so I would greatly urge every literate person to check it out and if you happen to be illiterate, why get a friend to read it to you. You'll be glad you did.
Q: (Bonus Question) Fill in the blanks: Answering these questions gives me a feeling of both ____ and _____.
A: To paraphrase John Berndt when he was shimmying across the plains of India, "Answering these questions gives me a feeling of both Spanish Fly and Salt Peter."


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Program Co-Directors
Dr. ZHANG Shouwen, LL.B., LL.M., Ph.D., Professor of Law and Dean, Peking University Law School. He received his LL.B., LL.M. and Ph.D. from Peking University Law School. Dean Zhang specializes in Economic Law, Fiscal and Taxation Law, Social Law, and Information Law and directs the largest law school in China.
Professor Timothy E. Lynch is the Academic Director and on-site Co-Director. Professor Lynch received his B.A. at the University of Chicago, M.B.A. for the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University, and J.D. from Harvard Law School. He specializes in the areas of international capital markets, private international law, public international law, international trade, and derivatives. Prior to his career in academia, he served as an officer in the United States Navy and was a two-time recipient of the Navy Achievement Medal; taught English in Yokohama, Japan; interned in the International Relations Department of the Egyptian Organization for Human Rights in Cairo, Egypt; interned in the Conflict Resolution Program at the Carter Center in Atlanta, Georgia; was an associate at Coudert Brothers in New York City; was the Executive Manager of the Abu Dhabi Public Works Department in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; was Founder, Director and President of the Avicenna East-West Student Exchange Initiative in San Diego, California; and a staff attorney at the Indiana Legal Services, Inc. in Bloomington, Indiana. He lived abroad for more than five years with his work in Australia, Japan, Egypt, and the UAE. Professor Lynch obtained a joint research fellowship appointment at the Maurer School of Law and the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University – Bloomington to launch his academic career and was a visiting assistant professor at Indiana University Maurer School of Law before joining the faculty at the University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. His most recent publications are Gambling by Another Name; The Challenge of Purely Speculative Derivatives (published by the Stanford Journal of Law, Business & Finance, 2012) and Derivatives: A Twenty-First Century Understanding (published by the Loyola University Chicago Law Journal, 2011).
Associate Director
Dr. LOU Jianbo is the co-author (with Professor Randolph) of Chinese Real Estate Law (published by Kluwer Law International) and the co-founder and co-director (with Professor Randolph) of the Center for Real Estate Law at Peking University. Dr. Lou received his LL.B. and LL.M. degrees from Peking University, and his Ph.D. from the University of London. He was the former Director of Chinese Legal Studies and a Lecturer in Chinese Commercial Law at Cambridge University in England, and was also a Senior Visiting Fellow at the Center for Commercial Law Studies at Queen Mary College, the University of London; a Visiting Senior Fellow at the National University of Singapore, and a Visiting Lecturer at Tsinghua University, the Chinese University of Politics and Legal Science, the University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law, and Southern Methodist University Dedman School of Law. Dr. Lou is currently an Associate Professor at the Center for Real Estate Law and a Research Fellow at the Financial Law Center at Peking University Law School, and a senior attorney at the law firm of Lehman, Xu & Lee in Beijing.
In addition to the Academic Directors, the faculty is expected to include many of the following scholars from Peking University School of Law and the Department of Foreign Affairs:
- Dr. CHEN Ruoying
- Dr. FAN Shiming
- Dr. GAO Wei
- Professor GONG Wenxiang
- Dr. GUO Li
- Dr. HAO Qian
- Dr. JIANG Su
- Dr. LIU Yan
- Dr. LIU Yinliang
- Dr. SHAO Jingchun
- Professor WANG Shizhou
- Dr. WU Zhipan, Dean Emeritus and Deputy President


text:
By Robert Bianco, USA TODAY
If you think dishing dirt is fun, think again.
Alas, amusements, ribald or otherwise, are the last things on the mind of star Courteney Cox (who also is an executive producer with husband David Arquette). She seems far less interested in entertaining us than in lecturing us on the evils of all-star gossip — except, that is, when she and her show attempt to revel in it.
CLIP: Get a glimpse of Dirt
Sanctimonious yet salacious, tawdry yet preachy, and dull as, well, dirt, this haltingly comic drama has as much trouble finding a workable tone as it does making a coherent point. Is the problem supposed to be that we dig too deeply into celebrity lives (the star who overdoses when her pregnancy is revealed) or not deeply enough (the star who uses a fake pregnancy as a publicity stunt)?
Though the debate may be interesting, Dirt never is. And the problem starts with Cox's Lucy Spiller, editor of the tabloidy Drrt and its more upscale sister magazine, Now. It's brave of Cox to choose such an unsympathetic character for her post-Friends TV return, but her performance does neither herself nor her show any favors.
Playing an almost absurdly tightly wound career woman, Cox gives full play to the most strident side of her acting style, and the harshness overwhelms even those few scenes that might have been funny in softer hands. When she does soften, as when she goes doe-eyed the instant someone accuses her of sacrificing love for power, it's inappropriate: That's an attack powerful women have heard for eons.
In her defense, Cox is trapped in a show that takes itself woefully seriously, without having the chops to pull that posture off.
The best performance comes from Ian Hart, who plays the most ridiculous character: Don Konkey, a schizophrenic photographer subject to necrophiliac hallucinations. Like so much of creator Matthew Carnahan's script, Konkey's affliction comes across as a sad, strained attempt to make a subpar show stand out, which may explain Dirt's cable-ready fascination with masturbation and vibrators.
In the end, Dirt is a serious stumble for a network that had supplanted HBO as the go-to cable stop for intriguing new series. What FX may be learning is the same lesson HBO has learned: that somewhere around the fourth or fifth series attempt, hits become harder to find, and quality begins to ebb.
Not that you should count the show out. There are people, after all, who love dish and dirt and stars, even of the fake variety. For all we know, Dirt will fly.
Just be careful not to get any on you.


text:
Reed scores back-to-back podiums
Reed scores back-to-back podiums
26 January 2014
Discount Tire Racing/TwoTwo Motorsports Chad Reed has backed up his victory in Anaheim with a third place finish at the fourth round of the Monster Energy AMA Supercross, an FIM World Championship, at Oakland's O.co Coliseum tonight.
The proud Aussie, who celebrated Australia Day by donning green and gold riding apparel throughout practice, once again progressed straight to the 'Main Event' after finishing his heat race second.
Reed got a good start in the final and quickly moved into second place behind race leader Ryan Villopoto. He held second until Lap 13 of the 20-lap duel, but was passed by James Stewart and relegated to third.
"It is good to get a podium and good for points," Reed said. "I had a solid week leading into this event and my starts tonight were really good.
"For me that quad jump drove me nuts all day I couldn't find a rhythm when I jumped it and each time I did it, felt like the first time.
"There were definitely some improvements tonight over what I wanted to fix from last week, we were better in the beginning but worse at the end.
"You live and learn, even after 13 seasons there is still a lot to learn that is why we love doing it and that is why I wake up in the morning and I believe I can still be better," he continued.
Reed has been on the podium at three of the four rounds contested and now sits second in the championship standings on 77 points.
The Monster Energy AMA Supercross will return to Anaheim's Angel Stadium next weekend for the final time this season.
Chad Reed and the TwoTwo Motorsports team are proudly sponsored by: Discount Tire, America's Tire, Monster Energy, Shift, Fox, Kawasaki, Showa, Factory Effex, Renthal, Pro Circuit, Dunlop, Matrix Concepts, Acerbis, DT1 Filters, Hinson Racing, Dubya, D.I.D, Xtrig, Mechanix Wear, Braking, Carrillo, Specialized and Shimano.
Follow Chad on twitter (@crtwotwo) and TwoTwo Motorsports on Facebook.


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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 16, 2003
|Filing date
|Mar 15, 2002
|Priority date
|Jan 17, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|James R. Davidson, Gary D. Seifert
|Original Assignee
|Bechtel Bwxt Idaho, Llc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (46), Non-Patent Citations (12), Referenced by (31), Classifications (5), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/483,838, filed Jan. 17, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,388,434, issued May 14, 2002.
The U.S. Government has rights in this invention pursuant to Contract No. DE-AC07-941D13223 between the U.S. Department of Energy and Lockheed Martin Idaho Technologies Company, now Contract No. DE-AC07-99ID13727 with Bechtel BWXT Idaho, LLC.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to systems and devices for electro-optically measuring and sensing voltages. More particularly, the present invention relates to systems and devices for sensing and measuring high voltages associated with electric fields produced by energized conductors.
2. Relevant Technology
The ability to accurately sense and measure power is an important aspect of power systems and the power industry. Currently, however, power measurement and metering is typically performed only when necessary, which frequently occurs on the high voltage or power source side before the voltage is stepped down for distribution. As the power industry deregulates, it is becoming more important to accurately track and measure power, which indicates that additional measuring and metering is needed in the power infrastructure. Power measurements are made by determining the values of both the current and the voltage. While current measurements are easily performed and are readily available as many current measurement devices are currently in place, voltage measurements are not readily available and can be rather difficult to accurately obtain.
High voltage measurement is traditionally accomplished using iron core ferromagnetic potential transformers. Potential transformers, however, are problematic for a variety of reasons. They exhibit a limited dynamic range, have limited bandwidth, and introduce a substantial degree of non-linearity. Also, potential transformers have been observed to unintentionally conduct dangerous levels of energy downstream towards equipment or personnel thereby creating a serious safety hazard.
Many conventional methods for sensing and measuring high voltages, including potential transformers, require direct electrical contact with the energized conductor, which has the major disadvantage of causing interruptions or interference with the power transmission of a system due to the presence of an additional load. Prior voltage sensing and measuring systems also tend to be relatively bulky due to the requirement for a large voltage divider which is necessary to connect the sensing element with the energized conductor. Large voltage dividers are not only space consuming, but are also expensive and difficult to implement in many situations. For example, the installation of a substation in a large city is quite difficult because the available real estate in which to install the substation is very limited. In other words, the ability to effectively measure high voltages as well as power can be difficult and expensive.
Another favored method for measuring a voltage or a potential is related to the electric field associated with the potential. Open air electric field sensors have been designed and built but are extremely susceptible to factors such as changes in ambient dielectric constant, adjacent conductor voltages, and conducting objects such as traveling motor vehicles, which induce signals and noise which can interfere with or override the reading of the voltage to be measured.
Relatively recently, optical sensors have been designed for voltage sensing applications, such as those which utilize interferometric modulation. Although relatively compact, such systems suffer from extreme temperature sensitivity, which makes these types of systems impractical for many situations. Optical sensors which are mechanically modulated have also been attempted, but suffer from unreliability due to failure of the moving parts in these systems.
Optical voltage sensors which operate by taking advantage of the Pockels effect have also been developed. The Pockels effect is an electro-optic effect which is manifested in certain crystalline materials which have the property of advancing or retarding the phase of polarized light waves when a voltage or an electric field is applied to the crystalline material. The effect on the phase of the light wave is linearly proportional to the first power of the applied voltage, which makes it ideal for accurate voltage sensing and measuring applications.
Thus, the electromagnetic beam or light wave passing through the Pockels crystal or cell undergoes an electro-optic effect when the crystal is subjected to an electric field. The electro-optic effect is observed as a differential phase shift, or a differential phase modulation, of the electromagnetic beam components in orthogonal planes of the electromagnetic radiation. The degree to which the electromagnetic beam is altered is indicative of the strength of the electric field. By determining the amount of the alteration, or the amount of the differential phase, the voltage being measured can be determined.
In order to effectively measure a high voltage, a typical Pockels cell voltage sensor requires a half-wave plate and a beam splitter. The beam splitter is used to separate the orthogonal components of the elliptically polarized beam such that the differential phase can be determined. The half-wave plate is necessary to properly orient the electromagnetic beam as it enters and leaves the Pockels crystal. If the half-wave plate is not positioned correctly, the voltage will not be measured accurately.
The half-wave plate is a both a critical part of current electro-optic voltage sensors and a source of inaccurate voltage measurements. The problem with half-wave plates stems from their extreme sensitivity to temperature. For example, the half-wave plate is responsible for rotating the electromagnetic beam by before it enters the Pockels cell. The wavelength of the light wave passing through the half-wave plate is very small, and the effect of temperature on the half-wave plate, which alters the dimensions of the half-wave plate, can ultimately have a significant effect on the accuracy of voltage measurements because the light wave is not properly rotated to the desired degree.
Another problem associated with many electro-optic voltage sensors is that they are inherently sensitive to temperature variations which introduce an intrinsic phase shift to the electromagnetic beam which is passing through the crystal. The reason for the intrinsic phase shift is related to the bi-refringent properties of the Pockels crystals. Many applications utilize a crystal in which the indices of refraction are not equal. As temperature changes, the indices of refraction also change. Unfortunately, the change in the indices of refraction is linear in each direction and the difference between the indices of refraction is thereby changing as the temperature changes. This change is both difficult to measure and ultimately remove from voltage calculations. As a result, an accurate measurement requires that the temperature of the Pockels crystal be constantly monitored. Otherwise, it is very difficult to account for the inherent differential phase shift which is thereby introduced. Additionally, monitoring the temperature introduces unwanted cost.
It would therefore be a significant advantage in the art to provide a compact voltage sensing or measuring apparatus which: does not require direct electrical contact with the energized conductor; is capable of accurate operation under a wide range of variable temperatures and environmental conditions; is reliable; is cost effective; and is substantially unaffected by temperature.
It is therefore an object of one embodiment of the present invention to provide a device for the measurement of a voltage which does not require direct electrical contact with a conductor.
It is a further object of one embodiment of the present invention to provide a voltage sensor device which is relatively insensitive to temperature and is capable of use in a wide variety of environmental conditions.
It is yet another object of one embodiment of the present invention to provide a voltage sensor apparatus which can accurately measure high levels of voltage without a voltage divider.
It is a further object of one embodiment of the present invention to provide a voltage sensor apparatus which is of relatively small size.
It is yet another object of one embodiment of the present invention to provide a voltage sensor which is capable of being integrated with existing power transmission and distribution equipment.
It is still a further object of one embodiment of the present invention to provide a voltage sensor which uses the electro-optic Pockels effect without requiring a wave plate or an external beam splitter.
While the present invention is described in the context of a high voltage sensor, it is to be understood that the present apparatus may be used in any type of electrical or optical application. The above objects are realized in a specific illustrative embodiment of an electro-optic voltage sensor device whereby the voltage difference (electrical potential difference) between objects and positions may be measured. Voltage is a function of the electric field and the geometries, compositions, and distances of the conductive or insulating matter and when the effects of an electric field can be observed, a voltage can be calculated.
The sensor device can be utilized to sense and measure an electric field using a beam of electromagnetic radiation which passes through the sensor. In order the effectively measure an electric field using an electro-optic device, it is necessary to linearly polarize an electromagnetic radiation or input beam. This is accomplished using a material such as calcite that exhibits bi-refringent properties. Thus, an input beam is physically split into two separate and orthogonal linearly polarized beams whose polarizations are parallel to, for example, the x and y axes of the calcite.
The calcite is connected to a crystal which exhibits the Pockels effect in the presence of an electric field. The calcite is oriented such that one of the linearly polarized beams is effectively rotated by approximately 45 degrees as it impinges the Pockels cell. In other words, the x axis of the calcite is offset 45 degrees from the x axis of the Pockels cell. As the beam travels through the Pockels crystal, the electric field causes the beam to become elliptically polarized. The beam is reflected back through the Pockels crystal towards the calcite using a prism or other reflecting device. Reflecting the beam through the Pockels cell a second time has the advantages of adding to the Pockels effect and increasing the sensitivity of the sensor.
As the beam exits the Pockels crystal and enters the calcite, it is physically separated into two output beams which correspond to the major and minor axes of the elliptically polarized beam. As stated, the calcite separates these components because of the bi-refringent property of the calcite. The output beams are collected and analyzed to determine the peak-to-peak value of the voltage as well as the root-mean-square (RMS) value of the voltage. The output beams are 180 degrees out of phase, but have equal magnitudes and are amplitude modulated by the frequency of the electric field.
The input and output beams are collimated using, for example, a graded index lens attached either to the sensor or to the fiber optic cables which carry the input and output beams to and from a detector. The detector both supplies the input beam and receives the output beams.
An important aspect of the orientation of the calcite portion of the sensor is that it eliminates the need for both a waveplate and a beam splitter. The orientation of the calcite block with respect to the Pockels crystal effectively provides the rotation of the linearly polarized input beam which was previously provided by the waveplate. However, the effective rotation provided by the calcite is not temperature dependent. Thus, the beam rotation, which was previously attributable to the variations of the wave plate caused by temperature is avoided. Further, the Pockels cell is preferably a z-cut crystal having indices of refraction in the x and y directions that are equal when the crystal is static. This eliminates the phase differential introduced by crystals having non-equal indices of refraction which change with respect to temperature.
The output beams are received by photo detectors which convert the optical signals into electrical signals. The two or more amplitude modulated signals can be processed in an analog or digital circuit, or both. The amplitude modulated signals may be, for example, converted to digital signals, fed into a digital signal processor (DSP), and processed into a signal proportional to the voltage which produced the electric field. The amplitude modulated signals could also be optically processed. Alternatively, the output of the analog circuit, which may be in the form of a sinusoidal signal, may be used to calculate the peak-to-peak voltage and an RMS voltage values of the voltage being measured.
Advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein, by way of illustration and example, embodiments of the present invention are disclosed.
The drawings constitute a part of this specification and include exemplary embodiments to the invention, which may be embodied in various forms. It is to be understood that in some instances various aspects of the invention may be shown exaggerated or enlarged to facilitate an understanding of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an environment in which a preferred embodiment of an electro-optic voltage sensor system may be implemented;
FIG. 2a is a block diagram illustrating both the orientation of a beam displacer with respect to a Pockels crystal and the respective axes of the beam displacer and the Pockels crystal;
FIG. 2b is a block diagram illustrating a linearly polarized beam that is a planar wave propagating through the beam displacer;
FIG. 2c illustrates how the linearly polarized beam impinges the Pockels crystal at a 45 degree angle;
FIG. 3a is an end view of an electro-optic voltage sensor device and illustrates the orientation of the input and output structures as well as the orientation of a beam displacer with respect to a Pockels crystal and a prism;
FIG. 3b is a source side view of a preferred embodiment of an electro-optic voltage sensor device and illustrates the path of an input beam and a displaced beam;
FIG. 3c is a return side view of a preferred embodiment of an electro-optic voltage sensor showing the path of a return beam of electromagnetic radiation after being reflected by a prism;
FIG. 3d is a top side view of a preferred embodiment of the electro-optic voltage sensor showing the input beam and the output beams as they propagate through the sensor device; and
FIG. 3e is an end view of a voltage sensor associated with FIG. 3d which illustrates the orientation of the input and output structures as well as the position of the input and output beams propagating through the voltage sensor.
Voltages, potentials and electric fields are present in a variety of different systems. They can be found in airplanes, locomotives, radar mapping applications, electric field mapping applications, lightning detection applications, and in applications for sensing high frequencies. In particular, voltages and electric fields are present in power systems and are a major concern of the power industry. Because voltages, electric fields and the associated power are an integral part of many applications, it is vital that they be accurately measured or sensed.
As described previously, sensing and measuring voltages or electric fields has proven problematic for a variety of reasons. For example, as the power needs of large cities grows, it is necessary to either expand or create new substations such that the power may be safely distributed. Part of the expansion or creation of a substation involves the installation of both power and potential transformers. The potential transformers are used to measure the voltage of the power transformers. A safe installation is subject to a myriad of requirements including sufficient real estate to accommodate the bulky transformers. Sufficient real estate is a scarce commodity in large cities, which makes it both difficult and expensive to expand or install power substations. Another problem is that many existing devices utilized to sense and measure voltages require a direct electrical connection to the conductor having the voltage or potential.
The present invention is directed to systems and apparatus for sensing and measuring high voltages without requiring direct electrical contact with a conductor. In particular, the present invention utilizes the Pockels effect to sense and measure an electric field, from which a corresponding voltage can be calculated. The present invention does not require a direct electrical connection and provides a safe and compact measuring system for high levels of voltage. The electro-optic voltage sensor of the present invention is capable of providing accurate measurements under a wide variety of environmental conditions, and is particularly suitable for environments generating high voltages, such as those present in power substations.
As used herein "input beam" is intended to refer to electromagnetic radiation, including electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths within the visible spectrum or beyond the visible spectrum. Input beam further refers to monochromatic light and is intended to encompass all beams and signals that have electromagnetic properties. As used herein "output beam" is intended to refer to an input beam that has been subjected to an electric field. The effect of the electric field on an input beam is evident in the output beam, which enables the magnitude of the electric field and associated voltage to be accurately measured.
FIG. 1 illustrates an environment in which an apparatus or system for sensing and measuring a voltage may be implemented. Electro-optic voltage sensor system 30 is illustrated as being capable of sensing the potential or voltage present on voltage source 20. Voltage source 20 has an energized conductor 22 and a grounded conductor 26, which is frequently covered with sheath 28. In addition, voltage source 20 may have an insulator 24, which may have dielectric properties. Voltage source 20 is illustrated as a high voltage cable and is intended to be an example of a device which has a high voltage present and is a source of an electric field. Other potential devices include a shielded cable joint, a through-hole insulator, a shielded bus, an insulated switchgear, a duct enclosed bus, or any other device or apparatus which generates an electric field. Voltage source 20 includes apparatus present at power substations from which a high voltage measurement may be taken.
Conductor 22 typically has a higher potential than conductor 26 and as a result, a measurable potential or voltage is present between conductor 22 and conductor 26. Accordingly an electric field exists between conductor 22 and conductor 26 that is dependent on the geometries, compositions, and distances of the conducting and insulating materials. As illustrated, the electric field begins on conductor 22 and extends radially to conductor 26, where the electric field is terminated.
The ability of system 30 to sense and measure a voltage and an electric field begins with sensor 32. Sensor 32 receives, via fiber optic cable 38, an input beam, such as laser light, monochromatic light, or other beam, which is generated by light source 40. The input beam is transmitted from light source 40 into sensor 32, which is positioned in the electric field generated by voltage source 20. As the input beam travels through sensor 32, it is acted upon by the electric field, which creates an output beam having a differential phase between the components of the beam propagating along orthogonal axes. The electric field is capable of modulating the output beam. The output beam then exits sensor 32 via fiber optic cables 34 and 36 and is collected by photo detectors 42 and 44. Fiber optic cables 38, 34, and 36 are capable of optically communicating an input or output beam to and from sensor 32. Fiber optic cable 38 is preferably a single mode optical fiber and fiber optic cables 34 and 36 are preferably multi-mode optical fibers.
After the output beams are transmitted to photo detectors 42 and 44, they are processed by signal processor 48. Signal processor 48 may comprise a computer or other device capable of processing the electrical signals provided by photo detectors 42 and 44. The information from signal processor 48 may be illustrated on instrumentation 50. Signal processor 48 is able to compute the voltage present across conductor 22 and conductor 26 based on the information provided by the output beams. Signal processor 48 is also capable of controlling detector 49, which comprises signal processor 48, drive electronics 36, light source 40 and photo detectors 42 and 44.
As further illustrated in FIG. 1, sensor 32 is preferably placed between conductor 22 and conductor 26 and sensor 32 is further illustrated as being placed near ground conductor 26. Placing sensor 32 in this manner eliminates the effect of external electric fields on sensor 32 because they are shielded from sensor 32 by conductor 26. Further, sensor 32 may be placed in physical contact with conductor 26 or 22, but it is not in direct electrical contact with either conductor 22 or conductor 26. Alternatively, sensor 32 need not be in physical contact with either conductor 22 or conductor 26. In other words, sensor 32 is isolated from the conductors and does not present a load to voltage source 20.
Sensor 32 is optically isolated from conductor 22 and will not conduct power away from voltage source 20. The effect of the electric field on an input beam passing through sensor 32 is evident in the differential phase of the input beam. Because the input beam has a differential shift, it is amplitude modulated by the frequency of the electric field. The amplitude of the resultant output beam is proportional to the magnitude of the electric field, which in turn is proportional to the magnitude of the voltage being measured. As a result, the peak-to-peak value and root-mean-square (RMS) values of the voltage are easily determined.
FIG. 2a is a schematic diagram illustrating the orientation of beam displacer 60 with respect to crystal 70. The axes of beam displacer 60 are illustrated as x axis 66, y axis 62 and z axis 64. The z axis 66 is the direction of propagation for both input and output beams. Beam displacer 60, in a preferred embodiment, is calcite, which is a birefringent material. The bi-refringence of beam displacer 60 causes an input beam to be separated into orthogonal linearly polarized beams.
The axes of crystal 70 are illustrated as x axis 74, y axis 72 and z axis 76, where the z axis 76 is illustrated as the direction of propagation for both input and output beams. This orientation is referred to as a z-cut crystal, but other crystal cuts may be used such that the direction of propagation is any of the available axes. In other embodiments, the direction of propagation may not coincide exactly with an axis. Crystal 70, in a preferred embodiment, is a magnesium oxide (MgO) doped lithium niobate (LiNbO3) crystal. In the absence of an electric field, the index of refraction for both x axis 74 and y axis 72 are equal. In the presence of an electric field, the index of refraction parallel to the electric field is changed such that velocity of a component of the input beam that is parallel to the electric field is retarded. As a result, a linearly polarized input beam which impinges crystal 70 at a 45 degree angle exhibits a phase differential that is related to the magnitude of the electric field.
FIG. 2b illustrates a portion of an input beam and is shown as component 102. Component 102 is linearly polarized and is parallel to an axis of beam displacer 60. The other component of an input beam which is also linearly polarized is illustrated in FIG. 3a. FIG. 2c illustrates component 102 as it exits beam displacer 60 and impinges crystal 70. The orientation of beam displacer 60 with respect to crystal 70, as illustrated in FIG. 2a, causes component 102 to impinge crystal 70 at angle 78, which is preferably 45 degrees from x axis 74.
Mathematically, component 102 can be represented as having major component 71 and minor component 73, which are parallel with x axis 74 and y axis 72 respectively. In the presence of an electric field, the propagation of either major component 71 or minor component 73 is delayed, which introduces a differential phase shift into component 102. Thus, the wavefront of component 102 may be viewed as elliptically polarized. The differential phase shift, in combination with the frequency of the electric field results in an amplitude modulated output beam, whose amplitude is proportional to the magnitude of the electric field. In this instance, the high frequency of component 102 is the carrier frequency whose amplitude varies according to the modulating frequency, which is the frequency of the electric field in this instance. In power applications, the modulating frequency is frequently 60 Hz.
FIG. 3a is an end view of sensor 32 and illustrates the preferable configuration of the input and output beams. FIG. 3a also illustrates an end view of the beams as they are oriented in sensor 32. As shown, the end view illustrates beam displacer 60, crystal 70 and prism 80. The physical arrangement illustrated in FIG. 3a is important in order to effectively measure a voltage. As described previously, beam displacer 60 is oriented 45 degrees with respect to crystal 70. As an input beam enters beam displacer 60, it is split into two linearly polarized beams: input beam 90 and displaced beam 91. The physical orientation of the components of sensor 32 allow displaced beam 91 to be discarded without entering crystal 70 or prism 80.
FIG. 3b is a source side view of sensor 32. The body of sensor 32 comprises a beam displacer 60, crystal 70 and prism 80. Beam displacer 60 has an input 61, which is connected to fiber optic cable 38. The operation of sensor 32 begins when an input beam is presented by fiber optic cable 38 to sensor 32 through input 61 Fiber optic cable 38 has a graded index (GRIN) lens attached to it which serves to collimate the input beam as the input beam enters beam displacer 60 and the GRIN lens is an example of collimating means for collimating electromagnetic radiation. As previously mentioned, a significant characteristic of beam displacer 60 is that it is bi-refringent. This characteristic indicates that beam displacer 60 has a different index of refraction along different axes. As a result, the input beam is divided into two separate linearly polarized beams indicated by beams 90 and 91.
The input beam generated by light source 40 in FIG. 1 and carried by fiber optic cable 38 to beam displacer 60 is preferably circularly polarized, but may have any polarization. Thus, the input beam is separated by beam displacer 60 to provide two physically separated planes of polarization. Beam 90 and beam 91 are both linearly polarized and are orthogonal with respect to each other. In this example, beam 91 is discarded and exits beam displacer 60 without entering crystal 70. Beam 91, which is a displaced beam, therefore does not enter crystal 70 or prism 80 and does not introduce any potential noise into the measurement of the voltage. Beam displacer 60 therefore serves as a filter which produces a linearly polarized input beam and is an example of filtering means for filtering a circularly polarized input beam to produce a linearly polarized input beam. Effectively, beam displacer 60, or the filtering means limits the input beam that enters crystal 70 to a single planar wave.
The orientation of beam displacer 60 with respect to crystal 70 is also significant as previously described. Beam displacer 60 eliminates the need of a half-wave waveplate because the linearly polarized input beam 90 enters or impinges crystal 70 at an angle substantially equal to 45 degrees because of the orientation of beam displacer 60 with respect to crystal 70. In other words, beam 90 is a linearly polarized input beam which is parallel to an axis of beam displacer 60, and as beam 90 exits beam displacer 60, it enters crystal 70 at an angle of approximately 45 degrees with respect to the x and y axes of crystal 70. Thus, the function of a waveplate, which is to rotate the input beam by an appropriate amount, is effectively performed by beam displacer 60. The waveplate is extremely temperature dependent, and the elimination of the waveplate from sensor 32 removes the effect of temperature on the beam rotation of beam 90 which was previously attributable to the half-wave waveplate. The overall effect is to improve the accuracy of the voltage measurement.
After beam 90 enters crystal 70, it is subject to the effects of electric field 18 and is denoted as beam 92. Beam 92, which can be represented as having a first component and a second component of equal magnitudes which are respectively parallel to the x and y axes of crystal 70. The electric field alters the index of refraction of one axis, which has the effect of slowing or retarding that component of beam 92. As a result, a phase differential is introduced into beam 92 and beam 92 becomes elliptically polarized.
The phase differential allows beam 92 to be amplitude modulated by electric field 18. The modulating frequency is the frequency of electric field 18 and the carrier frequency is equal to the frequency of beam 92. The amplitude modulation is linearly related to the magnitude of the electric field and a measurement of the amplitude enables the voltage to be calculated.
FIG. 3c is a return signal side view of sensor 32 and illustrates beam 92 as it travels back through crystal 70 and beam displacer 60, after being reflected by prism 80. The return path adds to the Pockels effect and increases the sensitivity of sensor 32. As beam 92 exits crystal 70 and re-enters beam displacer 60, the elliptically polarized beam 92 is separated into two linearly polarized output beams 93 and 94, which are out of phase by 180 degrees, but have equal magnitudes. Output beams 93 and 94 are representative of the major and minor axes of beam 92. As described previously, the separation of the components of beam 92 is possible due to the bi-refringent property of beam displacer 60. In this instance, beam displacer 60 is an example of displacement means for directing an output beam. Other examples of displacement means include a beam splitter or other materials which separate the components of an output beam including calcite. Displacement means is also intended to cover materials having the property of separating an input or output beam into linearly polarized components, which may or may not be orthogonally related.
One of the output beams 93 and 94 is received at output 63 and the other output beam is received at output 65. Outputs 63 and 65 are also equipped with GRIN lenses to collect the beams into the fiber optic cables 34 and 36 as the output beams exit beam displacer 60. Thus, beam displacer 60 also serves as a beam splitter and is an example of beam splitting means for separating orthogonal components of an elliptically or other wise polarized beam.
Crystal 70 is preferably a z-cut MgO doped lithium niobate crystal. The advantage of the z-cut lithium niobate crystal is that the index of refraction is equal for the x and y axes when the crystal is not subject to an electric field. This is important because in a crystal where the indices of refraction that are orthogonal to the direction of wave propagation are not equal, temperature differences can introduce an intrinsic phase differential that is related to temperature rather than strength of the electric field. In the example illustrated in FIG. 3a, the indices of refraction in the x and y axes are equal, which eliminates the effect of temperature on the intrinsic phase differential. In sum, the effect of temperature, with respect to sensor 32, is essentially eliminated by the present invention.
FIG. 3d is a side view of sensor 32 and more fully details the path of an input beam, the displaced beam and the output beams. An input beam is transmitted by fiber optic cable 38 to input 61, which is a GRIN lens in one embodiment that effectively collimates the input beam such that the input beam is not dispersed but is directed through sensor 32. As illustrated, the input beam is separated into beam 90 and beam 91 by beam displacer 60. Beam 90 and beam 91 are linearly polarized beams that are propagating along orthogonal planes. As illustrated, beam 91 is discarded and does not enter crystal 70. As described above, the orientation of beam displacer 60 with respect to crystal 70 causes beam 90 to enter crystal 70 at a rotated angle with respect to the axes of crystal 70. The preferred angle of rotation is 45 degrees such that beam 92 may be represented by vectors in the x and y directions which are equal in magnitude but different in phase as beam 92 experiences the electric field.
Beam 92 then encounters prism 80, which functions to reflect beam 92 back through crystal 70 as illustrated in FIG. 3d, which illustrates the return path of beam 92 to outputs 63 and 65. Prism 80 is an example of reflecting means for reflecting beam 90. Other examples of reflecting means include a mirror or an optical fiber. As beam 92 returns through crystal 70, electric field 18 continues to impose a differential phase shift on the minor and major axes of elliptically polarized beam 92.
In the elliptically polarized beam 92 which is propagating through crystal 70, beam 92 has at least two components which propagate along at least two orthogonal planes respectively. The phase of the components in each plane of propagation are the object of a shift relative to the phase of the component in the other plane. The Pockels electro-optic effect changes the relative phases of the components of beam 92 by altering their respective velocities along the different axes of crystal 70. The magnitude of the differential phase shift is proportional to the magnitude of electric field 18, which is related to the voltage being measured.
In practice, sensor 32 is encased in a dielectric material which improves uniformity in the electric field, particularly around the edges of crystal 70. This encourages the uniformity in the phase shift of the beam passing through crystal 70 and minimizes the stress of the voltage on the materials in and surrounding sensor 32.
As further illustrated in FIG. 3d, the return path of beam 92 causes beam 92 to re-enter beam displacer 60. Again, the orientation of beam displacer 60 with respect to crystal 70 and the bi-refringent property of beam displacer 60 causes the major and minor axes of beam 90 to separate and travel as linearly polarized beams 93 and 94. Beams 93 and 94 are orthogonal with respect to each other. Thus, beam displacer 60 again performs the function of a half-wave plate without the effects of temperature. Beams 93 and 94 are received at outputs 63 and 65 respectively. Outputs 63 and 65 typically collect beams 93 and 94 using a GRIN lens and focus the collected beams on a fiber optic cable. As illustrated in FIGS. 3a and 3 e, input 61 and outputs 63 and 65 are conveniently located at the same end of sensor 32 and outputs 63 and 65 and input 61 are examples of structural elements through which an output beam or an input beam may be communicated to or from sensor 32. The use of beam displacer 60 eliminates the need for a beam splitter to separate the orthogonal components of beam 90, which allows for a more compact electro-optic voltage sensor.
In FIG. 3d, the output signals are represented as output signal 200 and output signal 202. Each output is an amplitude modulated signal that is representative of either the major or minor axis of the elliptically polarized light produced from the effects of the electric field. Output signals 200 and 202 are collected using a GRIN lens or other collecting device and transmitted to detector 49 illustrated in FIG. 1. The amplitude modulated output signals are received by photo detectors 42 and 44 where they are converted to electrical signals and are referred to herein as component A and component B. Because FIG. 3d is a top side view, FIG. 3e illustrates an end view of the orientation of the input and output beams associated with the top view of FIG. 3d.
FIG. 3e again illustrates the positioning of beam displacer 60, crystal 70 and prism 80 such that the propagating beam may be used to measure the voltage associated with the electric field. Also, in FIGS. 3b, 3 c and 3 d, electric field 18 is illustrated. Electric field 18 is not intended to indicate the direction of the electric field. Rather, electric field 18 is intended to illustrate the presence of an electric field.
It is important to understand that the voltage being measured can be determined using only one of the output beams. In fact, the output beams are equal in magnitude, but out of phase by 180 degrees. Using component A and component B to compute the voltage allow power fluctuations in the power of the light source to be eliminated from the calculation of the voltage. The voltage being measured is determined from a signal equal to the difference of components A and B divided by the sum of components A and B. The signal is a sine squared signal and the peak-to-peak output can be determined using an arcsine function. The RMS value can be determined from the peak-to-peak output.
One problem associated with this computation is that the power of the light source may vary, or may be affected by the physical components in use. This can be remedied using a scaling factor in software which accounts for offset and gain components. The scaling factor is easily determined because the components A and B are presumably equal. The scaling factor is used to make components A and B equal before any calculations are performed. An offset scaling factor may also be introduced if the input beam does not enter the Pockels cell or crystal at exactly 45 degrees. Another factor is often used to compensate for the variations in the electric field which are attributable to temperature changes in the dielectric which may exist in the electric field (illustrated as insulator 24 in FIG. 1).
The present invention may also be utilized in power computations in combination with a current sensor. The present invention as described herein has advantages which include: small size and weight, increased safety from high voltage hazards, linearity, large dynamic range, high bandwidth, no direct contact required for sensing and no voltage divider hardware requirements, compatibility with past, present and future power substation control and metering systems, temperature insensitivity, and relatively low cost.
It is to be understood that the above described arrangements are intended as illustrative embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the invention. Numerous modifications and alternative arrangements may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Thus, while the present invention has been shown in the drawings and described hereinabove with particularity and detail in connection with what is presently deemed to be the most practical and preferred embodiment of the invention, it is apparent that numerous modifications including, but not limited to, size, material, shape, form, function, and manner of operation may be made without departing from the principles and concepts set forth herein.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 16, 2002
Owner name: ENERGY, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT, DISTRICT OF COLU
Free format text: CONFIRMATORY LICENSE;ASSIGNOR:BECHTEL BWXT IDAHO, LLC;REEL/FRAME:013286/0682
Effective date: 20020717
|Feb 7, 2005
Owner name: BATTELLE ENERGY ALLIANCE, LLC, IDAHO
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Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BECHTEL BWXT IDAHO, LLC;REEL/FRAME:016226/0765
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|Dec 18, 2006
Owner name: OPTISENSE NETWORK, INC., TEXAS
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Effective date: 20001004
|Feb 20, 2007
|Fee payment
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|Feb 18, 2011
|Fee payment
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|Sep 17, 2013
Owner name: BYRD, AS LENDER REPRESENTATIVE, ANDREW, TENNESSEE
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Effective date: 20130917
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text:
THE Society for Abandoned Animals is holding its annual Dog Show and Fun Day at Mosley Acre Farm, Barfoot Bridge, Stretford, on June 8 from noon to 4pm There will be classes for the most Handsome Hunk, Loveliest Lady, and Puppies and Youngsters.
Visitors meet many ex-rescue dogs who have found new homes, tour the sanctuary, and learn more about the Staffy breed and responsible dog ownership. Attractions also include games, a bouncy castle and a barbeque.
Admission is £1 for adults, 5l0p for children, with all funds raised going towards the animals in the Society's care. For more information visit the Society's website or Facebook page, or call 0161 973 5318.


text:
Get an overview of this hotelEco-friendly Montreal hotel in Plateau Mont Royal, near Notre Dame Basilica
Popular property highlights
Located in Plateau Mont Royal, this eco-friendly hotel is within 1 mi (2 km) of Lafontaine Park, University of Quebec-Montreal, and Percival Molson Memorial Stadium. Notre Dame Basilica and Metropolis are also within 2 mi (3 km).
Hotel Features
A 24-hour front desk, tour/ticket assistance, and multilingual staff are available at this smoke-free hotel. Free continental breakfast and free WiFi in public areas are also provided. Other amenities include a front-desk safe.
Room Amenities
All 17 rooms feature kitchens with refrigerators and microwaves, plus free WiFi and flat-screen TVs with cable channels. Other amenities available to guests include coffee makers, free bottled water, and hair dryers.
Guest Highlights
- Good location
- Helpful staff
- Comfy beds
- Guestrooms weren't very spacious
Anne ma soeur Anne Hotel Studio
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
A complimentary breakfast is offered each morning. Wireless Internet access is complimentary. This eco-friendly hotel also offers tour/ticket assistance, multilingual staff, and a safe deposit box at the front desk.
Anne ma soeur Anne Hotel Studio is a smoke-free property.
- 24-hour front desk
- Total number of rooms - 17
- Number of floors - 2
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Free breakfast
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Free WiFi
- Multilingual staff
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Smoke-free property
Family Friendly Amenities
- Free Wi-Fi
- Kitchen
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- Phone
- Refrigerator
- Coffee/tea maker
- Free bottled water
- Microwave
- Kitchen
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Hair dryer
- Shower/tub combination
- Cable TV service
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Cookware, dishware, and utensils
- Flat-panel TV
Where to Eat
Guests are offered a complimentary continental breakfast each morning.
Nearby Things to Do
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
Hotel Policies
Minimum check-in age is 19
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Special check-in instructions:
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Rollaway/extra beds are not available.
- Pets not allowed (service animals welcome)
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- No onsite parking is available.
Only service animals are allowed
No rollaway/extra beds available
No elevators
Hotel Name
- Anne ma soeur Anne Hotel Studio
- Anne ma soeur Anne Hotel Studio Montreal
- Anne ma soeur Anne Studio
- Anne ma soeur Anne Studio Montreal


text:
Dr. Ron Stoltzfus offers a presentation on his 12-13 sabbatical, entitled "Reporting Public Pension Liabilities: What Every Citizen Ought to Know." He has been part of the EMU department of business and economics since 1984.
"Call to Prayer: Entering the Listening Process" — Jacob Landis, Maddie List, Grantley Showalter
The EMU community is called to prayer for the listening process. Our focus is on Romans 12 as we reflect on being transformed into the image of Christ.
"What I Learned from Ministry Inquiry" – Jacob Landis and Matt Naugle
How are you searching to clarify your call in life? Students who participated in the Ministry Inquiry Program (MIP) over the summer months share reflections from their experiences of exploring a sense of call to ministry.
Inside Athletics: January 24, 2014
In this week's "Inside Athletics" podcast, Dave and James discuss the basketball teams and their respective three-game winning streaks. Dave then talks about the NCAA Convention he attended last week, giving some bullets points from two sessions he attended on a pair of hot-button current events.
"Women of the Bible" – Chris Parks
Enter the stories of several women in the Bible through a moving and evocative presentation written and performed by Chris Parks.
MLK Day Chapel: "A Domesticated King" – Dr. David Evans
David Evans speaks on "A Domesticated King" for the MLK Day Chapel in Lehman Auditorium.
David Evans, Asst Prof-History and Mission at the seminary, has worked in various ministry contexts. While living in Washington, DC, David was the Junior/Senior High Director of an out-of-school time program on Capitol Hill. Later he served as Community Development Resource coordinator with MCC East Coast. Most recently he was co-pastor of Boonton United Methodist Church in New Jersey. He loves to spend time with his wife, Faith, his two boys Isaac, 14 and Solomon, 7 and an infant Sophia Grace. He finds joy in playing and watching basketball and soccer. He is also an avid music enthusiast. Above all else, he would like to be known as someone who loves God with deep conviction and loves God's people with a heart that is wide open.
Ph.D. Drew University Graduate Division of Religion, Historical Studies
M.Phil. Drew University, Historical Studies
M.T.S. Wesley Theological Seminary, History of Christianity
B.A. Spring Arbor College, Christian Ministries
"Take the First Step in Faith: A History of Inclusion at EMU" – Mark Metzler Sawin
Ideas of community identity are often built by drawing lines, defining what and who a community is and is not. When a community decides that Inclusion is a trait it values, it thus presents a challenge. This chapel address is a local look at how the Harrisonburg community and the Mennonites of the Valley addressed issues of inclusion and exclusion, with a special focus on Eastern Mennonite's history.
Mark Metzler Sawin, professor of history, grew up in Hesston, a small, Mennonite town in rural Kansas. He attended Goshen College (Indiana) and then the University of Texas at Austin where he earned his MA and PhD in American Studies. Before coming to Eastern Mennonite University in 2001, Mark apprenticed as a chef, wrote for a culinary magazine, and managed a coffee shop, experiences that continue to color his teaching which is marked by an interdisciplinary hodgepodge of cultural studies, popular culture, literature and history. At EMU he currently serves as professor of U.S. History and as the director of the Honors program. In the larger academic world, Mark serves as a member of the Regional Chapters Committee of the American Studies Association and chaired that committee from 2011-13. He has also served as a Fulbright Scholar at the University of Zagreb, Croatia (2008-09) and as the President of the Mid-Atlantic American Studies Association (2006-08). His scholarship focuses largely on the religious, literary, and popular culture of antebellum America (1850s); his book Raising Kane addresses Arctic explorer Elisha Kent Kane who authored two "best-selling" books about his travels while masterfully manipulating the popular media to enhance his celebrity status. Mark is currently launching a new project, editing a collection of stories by the notorious antebellum pop-fiction author and political rabble-rouser, Ned Buntline. Mark is married to Erika Metzler Sawin, a nursing professor at James Madison University, and has two children, Cora and Isaac.
This is one of the opening events for the MLK Day of Service & Learning program.
Inside Athletics: January 17, 2014
In this week's "Inside Athletics" podcast, James flies solo with Dave at NCAA meetings in sunny San Diego. James digs a little deeper into the big wins for both men's and women's basketball in their games Wednesday night, and talks about some big milestones for two individual players. He also sheds a little more light on this coming weekend, when both track and men's volleyball get rolling.
Prayer for Christian Unity
Chapel Gathering in the Seminary incorporates an order of worship jointly prepared by a group of representatives from different parts of Canada for The Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity and The Commission on Faith and Order of the World Council of Churches. This service joins the annual celebration in the Northern Hemisphere of the upcoming week of Prayer for Christian Unity. Greetings and a message are shared by Bill Neu, representative of the Focolare movement.
"Shaped Deeply by MLK, Jr." – Stan Maclin and Titus Bender
In what ways was the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. formative or influential in the lives of local people? What is the impact of MLK, Jr. in today's society? For what reasons was it important for Harrisonburg to rename a significant street the Martin Luther King, Jr. Way? Listen to first-person narratives from local people who have been shaped by MLK, Jr. in many ways.
Stan Maclin – Director of the Harriott Tubman Cultural Center
Titus Bender – EMU Professor Emeritas
This is the opening event for the MLK Day of Service & Learning program.


text:
A model of individual and organisational unlearning
Becker, Karen L. & Delahaye, Brian L. (2004) A model of individual and organisational unlearning. In 18th Annual Conference of the Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management, December 2004, Dunedin, NZ.
|PDF (149kB)
Within the learning literature, both at an individual and an organisational level, there is increasing mention of the term unlearning as distinct from learning. It could be claimed that whilst not using the specific term, writers in the adult learning field have been using this concept for many years. This paper explores unlearning in terms of its relationship to the well known literature on adult learning and types of knowledge, how unlearning is reported to occur within these different levels of knowledge, and finally the link to the individual change and transition literature. This analysis and synthesis of the literature in the broad areas of adult learning, knowledge and change presents some clear indications for the required focus of future research, and provides an introductory model.
Impact and interest:
Citation counts are sourced monthly from Scopus and Web of Science® citation databases.
These databases contain citations from different subsets of available publications and different time periods and thus the citation count from each is usually different. Some works are not in either database and no count is displayed. Scopus includes citations from articles published in 1996 onwards, and Web of Science® generally from 1980 onwards.
Citations counts from the Google Scholar™ indexing service can be viewed at the linked Google Scholar™ search.
Full-text downloads:
Full-text downloads displays the total number of times this work's files (e.g., a PDF) have been downloaded from QUT ePrints as well as the number of downloads in the previous 365 days. The count includes downloads for all files if a work has more than one.
|ID Code:
|Item Type:
|Conference Paper
|Additional URLs:
|unlearning, individual learning, individual unlearning, organisational learning, organisational unlearning, knowledge management, human resource development
|Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification > COMMERCE MANAGEMENT TOURISM AND SERVICES (150000) > BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT (150300) > Human Resources Management (150305)
|Current > QUT Faculties and Divisions > Faculty of Education
|Copyright Owner:
|Copyright 2004 (please consult author)
|Deposited On:
|28 Jun 2005 00:00
|Last Modified:
|29 Feb 2012 13:06
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This event has already taken place. Click here for the latest events.17-03-2013 12:00:00 17-03-2013 12:00:00 America/New_York Stars | Friday 9pm; Saturday 2pm and 9pm; Sunday 2pm Every star has a story. Some are as old as time, faint and almost forgotten. Others burn bright and end their lives in powerful explosions. New stars are created every day, born of vast clouds of gas and dust. Through every phase of their existence, stars release the energy that powers the Universe. Journey to the farthest reaches of the galaxy and experience both the awesome beauty and destructive power of Stars. The animation -- highlighted by astronauts, spacecraft, telescopes, nebulas, clusters, and more -- was created at the National Space Centre in Leicester, England, produced by Sudekum Planetarium and NSC Creative, and narrated by actor Mark Hamill. The Nashville Symphony Orchestra performed part of the soundtrack. http://www.nymetroparents.com/2015neweventinfo.cfm?id=130638 Vanderbilt Museum and Planetarium Vanderbilt Museum and Planetarium
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WINNERS of an anti-bullying competition beat thousands of entries to bring their poster designs to life.
The competition saw more than 2,000 primary school children in York take part in interactive anti-bullying workshops, organised by Benenden and in partnership with coaches from the York City FC Foundation.
Thirteen children visited Bootham Crescent for their most recent match against Barnet FC meet players and got the chance to see their posters in A3 for the first time after taking part in workshops.
Paul Keenan, group head of communications at Benenden said: "We had excellent feedback from the workshops and it was great to see how much the children enjoyed taking part and learning about bullying in all its forms, including what to do if they feel they are being bullied, or if they see others being bullied.
"The competition gave us a chance to see how much the children had learned in the session and further encouraged them to speak up if they see bullying in the playground."