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We interpret the financial facts to prove your case; by assessing the business, and its' bank accounts; investigating & analysing; showing where more facts can be obtained.
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Oh, wait.Jon Stewart breaks it down:Whiteness is lucky to have Fox News as a defender and champion.For a more serious discussion of the topic of race and Christ, check out The Color of Christ: The Son of God and the Saga of Race in America by Edward J. Blum and Paul Harvey. … [Read more...]
Santa and Jesus are White.
Our "Elf on the Shelf" Has Good Taste
On Monday morning, we awoke to find our "Elf on the Shelf" elf doing some light reading in the living room.He was reading The Examined Life by Robert Nozick. From the above picture, it appears that he was specifically reading the chapter on The Holocaust. This has come in handy, since I am writing specifically about that chapter today. Check back at Approaching Justice tomorrow to see if my collaboration with the elf produces anything interesting. Merry Christmas! Yes, even to all those … [Read more...]
The Nativity
Luke 1: 26-55 (NSRV)In the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent by God to a town in Galilee called Nazareth, to a virgin engaged to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David. The virgin's name was Mary. And he came to her and said, "Greetings, favored one! The Lord is with you." But she was much perplexed by his words and pondered what sort of greeting this might be. The angel said to her, "Do not be afraid, Mary, for you have found favor with God. And now, you will conce … [Read more...]
Mary Knew! Stop Asking Stupid Questions!
The popular Christmas song "Mary Did You Know?" by Mark Lowry is a pretty song in many ways. However it is also stupid and disrespectful of Mary.Did Mary know? Well, according to the first chapter of Luke she was visited by an angel of God.26. And in the sixth month the aangel Gabriel was sent from God unto a city of Galilee, named Nazareth,27. To a virgin espoused to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David; and the virgin's name was Mary.28. And the angel c … [Read more...]
Lit Review: George and Wolfe "Natural Law and Public Reason" #rawlsreligion
NOTE: This is a research note as I compile my literature review.Robert George and Christopher Wolfe argue that the "reason" aspect of public reason automatically cast religion as somehow being unreasonable or irrational (George 2000, 67). For George and Wolfe, public reason is hostile to religion in that the revelation which stands as the basis of religious faith is sacred rather than "publicly accesible" (67).George and Wolfe contends that prior to 1947 and the Supreme Court case … [Read more...]

subset: commoncrawl


text: On 07/07/2010 3:28 PM, finid at linuxbsdos.com wrote: >> On 07/07/2010 12:01 PM, finid at linuxbsdos.com wrote: >> >>>> On 07/07/2010 4:25 AM, Johann Kois wrote: >>>> >>>> >>>>> -----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- >>>>> Hash: SHA1 >>>>> >>>>> On 07.07.2010 02:20, Mike Bybee wrote: >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>>> On Tue, Jul 6, 2010 at 4:19 PM, Johann Kois<jkois at freebsd.org >>>>>> <mailto:jkois at freebsd.org>> wrote: >>>>>> >>>>>> -----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- >>>>>> Hash: SHA1 >>>>>> >>>>>> On 07.07.2010 01:02, finid at linuxbsdos.com >>>>>> <mailto:finid at linuxbsdos.com> wrote: >>>>>> >>> >>>>>> >> I actually like the development tab and use it regularly - >>>>>> I'd >>>>>> vote to >>>>>> >> keep it. Realistically very few actual 'end users' use >>>>>> PC-BSD, >>>>>> but a lot >>>>>> > of devs do. >>>>>> > >>>>>> > Mike, those "end users" are actually waiting, desperately >>>>>> waiting for >>>>>> > PC-BSD to become a lot more end user-friendly, so that they >>>>>> can >>>>>> use it. >>>>>> > >>>>>> > -- >>>>>> > Fini D. >>>>>> > ___________________________ >>>>>> >>>>>> Hm, you want to clarify what makes the system so "totally >>>>>> unusable" at >>>>>> the moment? So that "the end-users" cannot use it? >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> jkois >>>>>> >>>>>> - -- >>>>>> Johann Kois >>>>>> jkois(at)FreeBSD.org >>>>>> FreeBSD Documentation Project >>>>>> FreeBSD German Documentation Project - https://doc.bsdgroup.de >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> If you mean that seriously, I can provide notes from my most recent >>>>>> pilot project. If you're being facetious, then I would recommend you >>>>>> go >>>>>> find a random business person and ask them to use PC-BSD for 2 weeks. >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>> I am always serious. No time for joking around on mailinglists. But >>>>> if >>>>> such a statement as above is made (and "cannot use a system" for me >>>>> equals "is not usable, therefore unusable") I just want to know what >>>>> exactly the encountered problems are. >>>>> >>>>> But that is not the real point here. I agree there are several issues >>>>> regarding the usage of PC-BSD which will/can create problems >>>>> especially >>>>> for end-users (by that I mean newer/less experienced users). >>>>> >>>>> But: >>>>> >>>>> - - Are all these problems documented somewhere? And I am not talking >>>>> about a post on a mailinglist here, because it is pretty easy to miss >>>>> such reports within all the posts on the list. Maybe they are all >>>>> reported on http://trac.pcbsd.org as feature requests/problem reports? >>>>> - - If they are all documented/reported. Is there enough manpower to >>>>> investigate/implement all these changes? Does the PC-BSD Project even >>>>> have the possibility to change/fix all of them? I think we know the >>>>> answer to that questions (unfortunately) ... >>>>> - - What is/should be the ultimate goal of PC-BSD? Making >>>>> experiencing >>>>> "BSD on the desktop" easier? Or make it the "perfect desktop >>>>> experience"? In reality it is probably the first one, but what many >>>>> people would like to see is the second one (again mostly a problem of >>>>> available manpower/ressources). >>>>> >>>>> >>>> <two cents> >>>> >>>> I've been reading the posts and didn't want to chime in until now >>>> because the common theme >>>> I'm seeing running through some of the messages can be translated to: >>>> BSD to Windows users >>>> is alien because stuff is not where they're used to seeing it. And >>>> being >>>> a 20+ years Windoze guy, >>>> I can understand. >>>> >>>> >>> Arthur, >>> >>> I don't think that's what this is all about. The gist is lots of stuff >>> don't work, or don't work well enough. We do not need to put apps and >>> admin tools where Windows users are used to finding them. That's the >>> mistake the DE devs (KDE, GNOME) made. Instead of innovating, they chose >>> to copy Windows because they were targeting Windows users. Look at what >>> Apple did with Mac OS X. >>> >>> We just need to make stuff that works, and put out a default >>> configuration >>> that's intuitive to use. >>> >>> The interesting part of this is while we are still fixing the >>> traditional >>> desktop, the (computing) world is gradually moving away from it. When >>> are >>> we going to stat working on something that can be installed on a >>> tablet-like device, with touch capabilities? Or does that already exist? >>> >>> -- >>> Fini D. >>> http://LinuxBSDnews.com >>> >>> >> Fini, >> >> Yes, I see you point. If I were inferring that BSD/Linux be contoured >> towards Windows folks, GUI or otherwise, that wasn't what I meant. I was >> trying to make the analogy of how to get the Linuxes and BSDs to the >> point that the average shmoe could be productive to the level of >> whatever they are currently using. How do you get adoption of a >> different platform from an entrenched platform? To me, *nix has always >> been the domain of servers and not average consumer desktop so I >> sometimes wonder if it's the square peg in the round hole that's >> happening in the *nix world. Again, I'm no expert, it's just what I >> perceive. >> > > "*nix has always been the domain of servers..." because the *nix world > didn't think the desktop was worth fighting for, or they did not have the > vision of Steve Jobs. Solaris should have worked on the desktop as well as > it did on the server, but Scott McNeally did not care enough to direct > resources at it. > > >> Yes, a lot of stuff is broken or barely half there. And even what's >> there is sometimes butt ugly. Much of the effort in the community is >> often free whereas the established commercial OSes out there (Windows / >> Mac OS) have huge pools of cash and devs to throw at their problems. Can >> you imagine if Linux / BSD had that kind of cash and that amount devs to >> innovate and improve upon their respective platform? And let's face it, >> commercial apps makers are always going to go where there's money to be >> made. Don't forget what happened when Walmart teamed up with Everex back >> in 2007. >> >> > Availability of cash was just part of the problem. For a very long time, > the BSD folks had a very dim view of graphical user interfaces. Much of > our problem was attitude and mindset. It's what's killing the openBSD > community. They have a very negative attitude towards graphical user > interfaces that's just mind blowing. > > > >> In some form or another, I feel there's always going to be *some* kind >> of desktop interface / GUI to get the job done. It's hard to say if it's >> too little to late. The technology will never supersede the user or it >> will fail miserably. I don't know that tablet-touch is the way the world >> is going just because Apple and some no-count bloggers have deemed it >> so. Is it innovative, hardly. It's just another "me too" device for >> consumers to buy. And forget the whole 3D-floating-in-the-air GUI >> a-la-Avatar thing, not gonna happen. I remember sitting on the toilet 12 >> years thinking it would be great to get rid of a newspapers / magazines >> and have some flat device that connected to the Internet to grab news >> while doing #1. Should have patented that one. :-) >> >> Didn't a lot of "touch" code get introduced in xserver 1.7 or 1.8? I'd >> guess there's *nix powered touch stuff out there for PC hardware but I >> don't follow that news close enough. And hey, Android is Linux based and >> does touch. I guess Android OS is coming to vanilla x86/x64 hardware so >> perhaps there's some evolution that might occur there. We'll have to see >> where the wind blows I guess. >> >> > There will always be the desktop, but at some point, it will, in the > jargon of evolutionary biology, become a peripheral isolate. The future is > in mobile devices, and thanks to major players like Google, intel and > Nokia, it's all gonna revolve around Linux (Android, MeeGo, Linaro and a > bunch of other spinoffs). Even the traditional desktop, or what remains of > it, will be touch-capable. > > How are we going to evolve? > Fini, Here's your evolution: http://www.tcmagazine.com/tcm/news/hardware/29145/sugar-os-getting-touch-support-xo-175-have-touchscreen Arthur


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Excavations at Low Hauxley, near Druridge Bay in Northumberland (England), have unearthed material which experts say was deposited by the giant tidal wave which cut Britain off from the rest of Europe 8,000 years ago. Lead archaeologist, Doctor Clive Waddington, described the site as a "staggering find".
During the Mesolithic period - in about 6,100 BCE - Britain broke free of mainland Europe for good, after landslides in Norway triggered a huge tsunami. The water struck the north-east of Britain and travelled 40 kilometres inland, turning low-lying plains into what is now the North Sea.
Doctor Waddington said the Low Hauxley site was the most southerly point on the British Isles where evidence of the tsunami had been found. "We hope this discovery will flesh out the story of how Britain became an island as well as tell us about what the environment was like at that time here in Druridge Bay."
Philippa Cockburn, of Archaeological Research Services Limited, said the deposits amounted to "impressive new evidence" of how Britain was formed. She said: "The deposits are in the form of water-rounded pebbles and rocks which are below Mesolithic soil at Low Hauxley. The soil contains thousands of flint tools which, based on their shape and method of manufacture, date to around 6,000 BCE." Prior to this event, Britain was connected from an area around the Wash over to the low countries.
Edited from BBC News (21 August 2013)
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Best Bookmakers For Antepost Markets
In this article, I'm going to take a look at the best bookmakers for horse racing antepost betting markets focusing both on the odds available and the range of races that you can bet on in advance.
Antepost market prices can differ widely and many sites only offer antepost betting on some races. Here are the best bookmakers for antepost markets that you'll find online:
Antepost Betting at Bet365
Bet365 offers the most expansive number of antepost races that you can bet on. Not other bookmaker even comes close to covering the same amount of antepost racing markets.
Currently on the website, Bet365 offer a comprehensive antepost betting market on 48 of the most popular horse races, not just in the UK but from around the globe.
Races that Bet365 offer in depth antepost markets for include:
Major UK Races – including races such as- The William Hill Supreme Novices Hurdle, the Arkle Chase, Stan James Champion Hurdle, the Betfred Cheltenham Gold Cup, the Queen Mother Champion Chase, the John Smith's Grand National and the QIPCO 2000 and 1000 Guineas, Investec Oaks, Investec Derby and the Ascot Gold Cup.
Major UK Meetings – In addition to offering odds on specific races, Bet365 also offer extensive antepost betting odds on individual and feature races in the weeks leading up to some of the year's most prestigious meets, such as the Cheltenham Gold Cup meet, Aintree's Grand National, Glorious Goodwood, Royal Ascot and more.
Major Races Abroad – including such massive races as the Melbourne Cup, the Kentucky Derby, the Wellfield NZ Oaks, Wellington Cup, Auckland Cup, the New Zealand Derby and the Cox Plate.
Specials – which include who will be the top jockey at the 2013 Cheltenham Festival, which trainer will triumph in the 2012/13 National Hunt Trainers Championship race and who will be the Champion UK Flat Jockey in 2013.
- Click here to visit Bet365, select 'Horse Racing' and scroll down to see all antepost markets listed.
Note: If you join Bet365 as a new customer there's also an instant 100% deposit bonus up to £200 on your first deposit.
It is not just the range of races from across the globe that makes the Bet365 the best bookmaker for antepost betting. I've also found that their prices are consistently better than other sites and that they offer a wider choice of selections for each race or special.
Another huge plus is that with Bet365, some bets on selected markets will be refunded if the horse you back is not included in the first set of nominations. This is a significant improvement on other bookmakers, who will traditionally take your money as a lost bet even if your horse does not make the first nomination.
- Click this link to visit Bet365, claim the £200 free welcome bonus & get the best selection of racing antepost markets you'll find anywhere online!
Other Bookmakers For Antepost Racing
Bet365 are, in my opinion, the best bookmakers for antepost markets but there's another bookie worth checking out and that's BetVictor.
BetVictor Horse Racing Antepost Betting
BetVictor runs Bet365 a close second when it comes to antepost betting options. The reason that BetVictor doesn't score quite as highly as Bet365 when it comes to antepost bets is simply that they do not offer quite as many markets as the other website and they also do not offer antepost odds on any races outside of the UK.
BetVictor still do offer good antepost odds on some of the major races around the UK, such as the Grand National (Aintree), Victor Chandler Chase and Ascot Gold Cup (Ascot), The Betfred Classic Chase (Warwick), the 2000 and 1000 Guineas (Newmarket) and the Investec Oaks and Derby (Epsom).
Like Bet365, BetVictor also offer more detailed antepost betting for some of the top UK meetings around the year. For example, they will offer antepost prices for all the races being run during the 2013 Cheltenham Festival, as well as other big meets such as the Grand National meet at Aintree, Glorious Goodwood, Royal Ascot and more. In addition you can have a bet on which jockeys and trainers will win their respective championships.
BetVictor's odds are comparable to Bet365, but the site doesn't quite have the diversity of races and options on offer as Bet365, however if your focus is solely on UK racing, then BetVictor is a good choice.
- Click this link to visit BetVictor, get a £25 free bet if you join & check out all their antepost betting options
Betfred Antepost Betting
Betfred offer an antepost racing betting service that is a somewhat watered down version of the two mentioned previously.
If you are new to antepost betting and like to keep things simple by betting on only the big UK races then this is a good place to start.
Betfred currently offer the option to have an antepost bet on eight major UK races (The Cheltenham Gold Cup, Derby, Grand National, World Hurdle, 2000 Guineas, 1000 Guineas, the Betfred Classic Chase and the William Hill Lanzarote Hurdle.
In addition they offer a number of quirkier antepost bets, such as which trainer will train the winner of the Grand National, which jockey will ride 100 winners or win a Classic, how many classic races Aiden O'Brien will win for example.
If you like antepost betting simple and quirky then Betfred offer a small but easy to follow choice.
- Check out Betfred's antepost markets using this link & claim a £50 free bet if you decide to sign up!
Antepost Racing Betting at Coral
Coral offer a "Future Racing" section which contains all the details of their antepost betting markets.
They offer around 20 individual races which you can have an antepost bet on including Classics (Derby, 1000 and 2000 Guineas) as well as big National Hunt races such as the Gold Cup and Grand National.
Coral also offer races from abroad including the Kentucky Derby and the Dubai World Cup as well as a couple of special bets for the antepost market for a couple of important forthcoming meets.
Coral's site offers a good range of bets in a simple and easy to follow format. The selections are not as comprehensive as on other sites and in my opinion, the odds are generally slightly poorer than available on some other sites but it remains a decent choice if you fancy a spot of antepost horse racing betting.
If their odds were improved they'd certainty be up there as one of the best bookmakers for antepost horse racing betting as their selection of races covered is good.
- Get a £50 free bet at Coral & see their antepost racing markets by clicking this link!


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Ribs hurting Amy Van Dyken-Rouen
SCOTTSDALE, Ariz. -- Olympic swimmer Amy Van Dyken-Rouen broke several ribs along with severing her spinal cord in an all-terrain vehicle crash nearly two weeks ago.
The six-time Olympic gold medalist posted on Twitter that in addition to her back hurting, she was in pain Sunday night from "all the ribs I broke."
Having a rough night. Not only is my back hurting, but all the ribs I broke are screaming at me. Ugh! Sorry to complain, but I need to vent.
- Amy Van Dyken-Rouen (@amyvandyken) June 16, 2014
Van Dyken-Rouen's family initially said she severed her spine at the T11 vertebrae in the June 6 crash, but did not mention the broken ribs.
The 41-year-old swimmer was injured when she flew over a drop-off after hitting a curb on an ATV. She had no feeling in her legs and feet after the accident and said on Friday that she's still paralyzed.
Van Dyken-Rouen left the ICU on Sunday and plans to rehabilitate at a Denver-area hospital.
The Associated Press contributed to this report.


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BRENT Moloney's 122nd game of senior football stuck to a standard script. The Melbourne midfielder gathered 26 possessions and laid five tackles against Port Adelaide last Saturday night. He helped his team get away early, he helped it hold on late and he was one of its best players - as he has been all year.
Afterwards, he had his mind set on what's coming next: Hawthorn, Carlton, Geelong and West Coast. ''It's going to be a big month,'' he said. ''If you want to be a top-eight side, you've got to beat the sides ahead of you. It's going to decide our season, but that's the sort of challenge you want.''
But while last Saturday's win was more run-of-the-mill, it meant a lot to Moloney. Nine years after he was traded from Geelong as a promising, hard-at-it 22-game onballer, and four years after overcoming osteitis pubis and some bad shoulder injuries, he got to wear his red-and-blue jumper for the 100th time.
Moloney loved Melbourne before he was drafted by the Cats and, since becoming assured of his own place in the team, has gone out of his way to instil that emotion in the young men around him.
His tradition of giving every draftee history books, Norm Smith and Ron Barassi biographies and a complete understanding of what the club has achieved, is something he hopes will keep going after he is long gone.
''These kids get drafted from everywhere and it's not their fault if they don't know the club's history or have that heart-and-soul feeling for Melbourne that someone like I did, growing up barracking for them,'' said Moloney, who also takes groups of young players to Warrnambool each year on boxing camps.
''We need to get them up and running quickly, but it's not just them. If we want to take the next step, we need guys getting up to 100 and 150 games, we need some experience at the top. So it's not just the new ones who need games, it's all of us playing more games and playing more games together.''
Moloney remembered all of this when he lost his vice-captaincy early this year, telling himself after he was punished for a late night that he didn't need an official position to keep leading the team and that he knew what he needed to do to convince his teammates that they were his priority.
The 27-year-old was asked to rejoin the leadership group, quietly, last month. Even further behind the scenes, he has continued trying to work out why he put himself in that position and make sure it doesn't happen again.
Regular sessions with a counsellor, set up through the AFL Players Association, have helped. ''I don't want it to sound like 'oh, he needs counselling', but we try to catch up regularly and just have a chat, you know,'' he said.
''I'm really honest with her. There's no point going in there and bullshitting her, so I'm really open and honest about what I'm thinking. We've put a plan in place and it's all going well.
''If you're not honest, that's when you get a bit sheepish, I reckon, like you're hiding something. I put it out there and she's actually said a lot of other guys have come forward after what happened with me.
''That was good to hear. The only thing I say to other guys if they stuff up is don't get caught up in watching the news or reading everything people say about you, because that's what can beat you up. Just be honest with yourself and put it all out there.''
Playing 100 games for the Demons means one more thing - that Moloney's son can play for the red and blue. There may be a short wait, though. ''I've got to get a girlfriend first!'' he said. ''That would be nice, though. It would be really nice. The only thing I wanted when I was a kid was to play one game for Melbourne.''


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Chiku Awali Fundraiser - Spring Valley Youth Bureau
Hours: 6:30-8pm
Ages: All
9 North Main Street - 845-357-5062
Louis Kurtz Civic CenterBuilding
Spring Valley, NY 10977
Description: Drop off your empty ink jet and laser cartridges, cell phone, and other unused or out-of-date small electronics for recycling. Funds from the collection will support Chiku Awali's Rites of Passage Program, which is designed to help adolescents make the transition from childhood to adulthood. Items can be dropped off on Monday evenings through April 9.


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Rony Seikaly
1987 NCAA Division I: Men's Basketball National Championship: Indiana vs. Syracuse
Handing coach Bob Knight his third national championship for Indiana, Keith Smart hit what would come to be known in college basketball lore as "the Shot," putting the Hoosiers up for good over the Syracuse Orange. Guard Steve Alford also did his part to lead his team to victory, sinking seven three-pointers. And Darryl Thomas pitched in with 20 points to help Indiana best the Orangemen trio of Sherman Douglas, Rony Seikaly and Derrick Coleman.


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Ability Care Partners provides PCA Choice services, a program offered by the Minnesota Department of Human Services, giving people with disabilities the option to recruit, manage and supervise their own PCA's in partnership with a PCA Choice Provider. PCA Choice is a program created specifically for people who can and want to fully manage their own PCA staff.
PCA Choice vs. Traditional PCA Agencies
People with disabilities often turn to a traditional Personal Care Assistant or Home Health Care Agency to recruit, train and supervise their PCA's. With a traditional agency, an individual often has little or no control over who works with them in this very personal and essential area of their life. To provide their services, the agency endures higher weekly expenses and thus the PCA's generally receive a lower pay wage, often resulting in a fairly high employee turnover rate.
Some people with disabilities need an agency to hire, train, schedule and supervise their personal care for them, which is why traditional PCA agencies are present for those who need that assistance.
The PCA Choice option is intended for those who are capable of directing every aspect of their care situation (with the guidance of their PCA Choice Provider), including having an adequate back-up PCA support system in place.
For more information about the PCA Choice Program, please view our DHS PCA Choice Information page.
The Ability Care PCA Choice Partnership
As our business name implies, we strive to create a true partnership with our clients.[nbsp]In this partnership, we guide our clients, as needed, while we handle the administrative duties (background checks, payroll, liability insurance/bonds, etc). Our client's are responsible for recruiting, training, scheduling and directing their PCA's.
Clients know the best in what they need and want from those working with them in this critical aspect of their life. With the client recruiting and managing their own PCA staff, we minimize our expenses and are able to offer a more competitive wage, resulting in less employee turnover.
We are dedicated to working with our clients to create an agency which meet their needs. We strive to offer guidence as much as possible as allowed under the PCA Choice program.
Advantages of our Partnership
We offer many advantages to our clients as our Partners in providing quality care services:
- Competitive wages without any hidden restrictions;
- Full Access to our resourceful web site;
- Paperwork available in PDF format so you can type in form fields fast and easy;
- Our custom-made Enhanced PCA Timesheet which you can type in the shifts and have total hours calculated automatically;
- Fair timelines to complete timesheets and submit them by email, fax or postal mail;
- Partner Social Events which all clients, friends, family, PCA's, etc are invited to socialize, as we like to keep in touch with our clients on a regular basis;
- Charitable donations to groups that our clients value and support


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Questions linger for NASCAR following lightning death
LONG POND, Pa. – A long line of cars and campers streamed out of the tunnel at Pocono Raceway past a large American flag that hung at half-mast Monday.
In the wake of the multiple lightning strikes after Sunday's Pennsylvania 400 that left a 41-year-old father of two dead and sent nine people to the hospital, many questions surfaced about how NASCAR and its tracks handle inclement weather and its impact on track activity.
Atlanta Motor Speedway President Ed Clark said his track hasn't had to evacuate its 99,000-seat grandstands during a race, but that it would be challenging.
"The tough part — I'm not casting any blame here — is as long as cars are going around (the) track a lot of people aren't going to pay attention to whatever you tell them," Clark told USA TODAY Sports. "That's the difficult thing is what do we do here if you're running the show. I'm not trying to do NASCAR's job. Our job is to manage the facility and take care of the people in the facility. Theirs is to run the race.
"Not knowing what occurred (Sunday), it's hard to make a comment other than the fact that some fans, if there's a car going around the track, they'll sit in a monsoon, and they're going to watch it. That's why we have the greatest fans in the world."
Clark said his 1.5-mile speedway has an emergency plan that is updated each year, and the track works with emergency officials from Henry County during races. An emergency management director is stationed in a control tower booth that is adjacent to NASCAR's control tower.
Clark said it's "hard to say" what would happen if the track decided during a race that there was the potential for unsafe conditions in its grandstands that might necessitate asking NASCAR for a stoppage.
"I've never been in that situation with them," Clark said. "I definitely would go talk to (NASCAR President) Mike Helton and say, 'Here's what we're being told and what to expect.' I'm sure his concern would be like mine, 'Let's take care of the folks that are here.' I'm sure (NASCAR has) some kind of procedure in place, I just don't know what it is because I'm not on that side of the fence."
NASCAR officials said they would comment Monday after Pocono Raceway officials held a 12:45 p.m. news conference to update the situation.
Michigan International Speedway President Roger Curtis said his track has senior staff members next to Helton and other NASCAR executives during the race.
"We've never been in that situation, but if we knew inclement weather is coming, we would talk to NASCAR," Curtis told USA TODAY Sports. "We're going to make a decision based on what's right for fans. We control the grandstands and campgrounds. (NASCAR) controls the on-track activity. Some fans are going to stick around no matter what if they think there's on-track activity.
"If that were to happen at Michigan, we would be in contact with them in the control tower and make a decision about the grandstands, but we would operate independently of (NASCAR) if need be. Hopefully that wouldn't need to happen, it would be simultaneous, but we're there together in the control tower."
Talladega Superspeedway canceled its Saturday activities in 2010 and Friday activities in 2011 because of tornado warnings. Track chairman Grand Lynch said "very few people left" among infield campers despite 17 consecutive hours of tornado warnings in 2010 and 11 straight hours in 2011.
"We send people out to tell fans, but getting them to leave is the hard part," Lynch told USA TODAY Sports. "It's their spot. It's where they like to camp. We even get officers out of the car and have them walk over and talk to them, and (the fans) give you, 'Oh, we've been flooded here before.' "
Lynch said the 2.66-mile track operates a weather command center on site during race weekends that has a staff of 40 including personnel from Talladega and NASCAR. Like Michigan and Atlanta, the track relies on its PA systems, social media networks and portable PA systems on police cars to help spread the word about inclement weather to fans. The tracks also use the SprintVision video boards to provide updates.
Daytona International Speedway has implemented a text messaging system this season to help alert fans with weather updates.
Daytona had a lightning strike on its property on its Sprint Cup race day on July 6, 2002, that sent six people to the hospital, and the track evacuated the grandstands prior to the Pepsi 400. Daytona President Joie Chitwood said there were no serious injuries.
The track also evacuated its grandstands during a practice day in July 2008 but hadn't done so during a race, though Chitwood indicated it would be possible.
"There's an unpredictability that makes it challenging based on the type of threat and where it's coming from and what you do afterward," Chitwood said. "Obviously, fan safety is paramount for us."
It's not uncommon for tracks to cancel and postpone track activity sometimes several hours or even days in advance of race weekends. In September 2003, Dover canceled practice and qualifying Friday two days early because of Hurricane Isabel moving through the East Coast.
Last year, Atlanta moved its race from Sunday night to Tuesday afternoon after a daylong forecast of severe weather for Monday.
"It was the right call for safety; the forecast was for rain and high winds, and we did have tornadoes in metro Atlanta," Clark said. "We'd do the same thing again, even though it upset a lot of fans. You have to make those tough decisions."
In a situation such as Sunday's, Clark said fans would be advised to go to their vehicles.
At Michigan, Curtis tells fans to go "where they think is appropriate. It depends, too, on the type of weather coming, as lightning is much different than tornado. People might be better served under the grandstands or certainly in their cars, if they can get to their cars."
Chitwood said Daytona would tell fans to seek immediate shelter or a place where they feel safe.
"The key is the fan goes to a place where they feel comfortable," he said. '"We don't provide a specific location."
Posted | Updated


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School Programs for the 2016/17 school year will be announced soon! Stay informed through our newsletter, Facebook and Twitter.
The 4th USA Science & Engineering Festival connected schools during the 2014/15 and 2015/16 school years with leading scientists and engineers through its three signature programs: Nifty Fifty, Lunch with a Laureate, and our new X-STEM Symposium.
The 'Nifty Fifty', a program of Science Spark, presented by InfoComm International, are a group of noted professionals who fan out across the Washington, DC area to speak about their work and careers at various middle and high schools.
Our 'Lunch with a Laureate' Program, a program of Science Spark, is a rare opportunity for a small group of middle and high school students to engage in an informal conversation with a Nobel Prize winning Scientist over a brown bag lunch.
X-STEM - presented by MedImmune - is a special "Extreme" symposium for middle and high school students featuring interactive presentations by an exclusive group of visionaries who aim to empower and inspire kids about careers in science, technology, engineering and mathematics. These STEM role models and industry leaders are sure to ignite your students' curiosity through storytelling and live demonstrations. X-STEM is a program of Science Spark.
Role Models in Science & Engineering Achievement is an online resource to learn about some of the most inspiring role models in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math. The scientists and engineers selected for this series have been chosen because they are true heroes and super stars, the epitome of innovation, technological advancement and persistence. These influential scientists and engineers serve as great examples for the next generation seeking a career in STEM.


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Pokemon Tower Defense Hacked
How to Play:
Pokemon Tower Defense is tower defense game for all fans of the popular Pokémon's. This game was created by a big fan and sure is fun to play. Collect pokemons and defend the tower 🙂
This is hacked game with this hack: Capture pokemon after 1 hit, all purchases add money, level up very fast. All stones cost is now 10000 and purchases add money (don't look at the notes). Mystery code is 5231 (use after completing challenge mode) and 673034 for Jiggly. You capture pokemon using the red orb (box) on the right when they are low on health. TRADING is enabled for hacked version only (i.e. you can't trade with normal accounts)! Note: the game is still being developed – we'll update the hack as the releases come out.Tags: Strategy Games Hacked, Tower defense games hacked


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Palm Springs, California Urgent Care and Walk-in Clinics
There are currently 3 urgent care centers in Palm Springs with 66 percent of them open seven days a week, all of which see adult and child patients. If you are willing to drive a bit, you'll find another 3 urgent care centers within 20 miles of Palm Springs in places like Cathedral City, Desert Hot Springs, and Rancho Mirage. The clinics in this area are independently owned and operated and not known to be part of any networks or brands. If you are wondering the difference between urgent care and emergency rooms or when you should visit an urgent care, or want to read more urgent care FAQs, visit our Urgent Care 101 section.
Specific urgent care and walk-in clinic services available in Palm Springs may include STD testing, flu shots, school physicals and many other valuable services.
Skip the waiting room. Get urgent care by phone! Call PlushCare and get diagnosed, treated & prescribed medication by top U.S. doctors from your phone. Call (888) 861-8280 or learn more at PlushCare.com
PlushCare Urgent CareUrgent Care by Phone Serving Palm Springs and all of California
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Desert Oasis Healthcare275 N El Cielo Rd., Palm Springs, CA 92262-6972This location is closed for business This location is not certified This location has been verified by the Urgent Care Locations staffDesert Oasis Healthcare
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What's the difference between internal auditing and other auditing?
External audits are conducted by auditors that are not employees of the College and are usually focused on verifying amounts on financial statements.
Internal audits, are performed by employees of Roane State and focus on determining compliance with external laws and regulations as well as the College's ability in achieving the its goals and objectives.
How do you decide what to audit?
There are some audits required by state law and/or TBR policy which we must perform on a periodic basis. Any shortages, thefts or missing equipment may also require an internal audit review, as may reports of fraud. In addition, at the beginning of each fiscal year, we prepare an Audit Plan which outlines the number of working hours available and the anticipated hours required for each audit.
What if I am contacted about an audit, program review, or other evaluation of my department by someone other than RSCC's Department of Internal Audit?
Call or e-mail to tell us about any contact you've had with an external party regarding any type of audit. TBR's Internal Audit policy requires that the department coordinate work with external auditors, program reviewers, and consultants.
What can I do to make things easier for me when my department is involved in an audit?
What if I think someone's doing something wrong?
Call or e-mail us.
Contact: Cynthia L Cortesio • (865) 882-4529 • email@example.com
Roane State Community College is a TBR and AA/EEO employer and does not discriminate against students, employees, or applicants for admission or employment on the basis of race, color, religion, creed, national origin, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity/expression, disability, age, status as a protected veteran, genetic information, or any other legally protected class with respect to all employment, programs and activities sponsored by Roane State. View full non-discrimination policy.


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Sam Morris / Las Vegas Sun
Wednesday, Sept. 4, 2013 | 2 a.m.
The cast of "Peepshow" was still breathing hard from its final-final number late Sunday night when Nick Kenkel took the mic to say a last farewell.
The man who helped direct the performers in "Peepshow" talked of the spirit and ambition of the show inspired by New York theatricality but built for Vegas.
"We sought out, many years ago, to create a really sexy, contemporary show with contemporary movement and contemporary song," said Kenkel, "but yet, bringing in the magic of burlesque, intermixed with everything."
Earlier that day, the magic of burlesque was celebrated with a different sort of passing, the memorial tribute to the great Dixie Evans. A few dozen friends and members of Evans' family — her actual family and her vast burlesque family — gathered at Palm Mortuary on North Main Street to spin tales about the woman dubbed the "Marilyn Monroe of Burlesque."
"Dixie and I shared many stories, and I don't know whose were worse — hers or mine," Tempest Storm said in eulogizing her friend for decades and fellow godmother of burlesque.
"I think of all the stories we shared. We shared a story about Walter Cronkite. I said, 'Were you first, or was I second?' I think we liked the same kind of men."
The crowd laughed, and Storm talked of Evans' inspiration and verve for life. "She never gave up," Storm said. "That's why she lived as long as she did."
Evans was less than a month from her 87th birthday when she died Aug. 3 in a Las Vegas assisted-living facility. She had suffered a stroke in January. On Saturday night, those in that extended, tight-knit burlesque family filed into the Plaza Showroom for a tribute to Evans.
The emcee was the esteemed Kitten on the Keys, the terrific cabaret performer from San Francisco who is quick-witted and accomplished on the piano. Kitten is famous for her theme song, "Salty Meat Girl," in which she sings in her lilting voice, "I've slammed 50 cans of ham; that salty meat's gone right to my can."
The burlesque culture is at once sexy and funny. That's true of those practicing the art in Las Vegas and around the world. This family knows how to kick it up (Kitten lifted her otherwise sullen black dress Sunday to reveal black-cat leggings).
The show on Saturday was filled with humor and lovingly conceived dance segments, all assembled swiftly but not hastily after Evans' death. That event, and other performances that were part of "Dixie Evans Week" at Yost Theater in Santa Ana, Calif., near Evans' hometown of Long Beach, were held to honor Evans and also to help offset some of her lingering medical bills. Money also was raised to pay for her internment at Westwood Memorial Park, also the final resting place of Monroe.
Evans lived in Las Vegas, moving to the city in 2006 hoping to find a permanent home for the Exotic World Burlesque & Striptease Hall of Fame. Storm helped persuade Evans to move to the city for its history of adult-friendly entertainment and topless productions.
Many of the top performers of past and present turned out in tribute, including Miss Exotic World 2008 Angie Pontani, Miss Exotic World 2009 and featured performer at Sapphire Comedy Hour Kalani Kokonuts and the first Miss Exotic World in 1991, Toni Alessandrini (who won the title at age 41).
Many of those artists turned out for Evans' memorial service. So did one of the stars of modern burlesque, Melody Sweets, the Green Fairy in "Absinthe," who has recorded a CD titled "Burlesque in Black," which is a stylish and smartly performed ode to the art form.
Without Evans, and such contemporaries as Storm and Blaze Starr, the art of topless dance might look a lot different today. There are a few traditionalists around. Sweets is one.
So is Dita Von Teese, the oft-returning guest star in "Crazy Horse Paris" before that show closed at MGM Grand. Claire Sinclair's move to pasties in "Pin Up" at the Stratosphere was to evoke a more burlesque-ian feel to that late-night production.
The "New Burlesque" performers are carrying the tradition put in place by the original stars, who have always focused on the "tease" rather than the "strip."
Kenkel, who is "Peepshow's" original Big Bad Wolf and the man who trained Holly Madison in her stepwork before her arrival in the show in June 2009, reminded of that oft-forgotten quality during his show-closing remarks at "Peepshow."
"We wanted to focus on the art of the striptease, which doesn't always exist," he said. "Anybody can come out and take their clothes off. It's how you take your clothes off, and why — that is the art."
Somewhere, the woman who inspired generations of sex kittens was smiling — and maybe tugging at a string in her corset.
The Plaza, renovated in 2011, has a lobby that features marble and inlaid mosaic tiles, chandeliers and a plush front desk that matches the classic Las Vegas feel with a contemporary look.
The hotel has 1,003 rooms and suites that showcase views of the Las Vegas Strip and downtown Las Vegas. Amenities include world-class entertainment, a casino floor that offers an array of classic gaming choice, which include 600 slot machines, a 400-seat bingo room, 18 table games and 57,120 square feet of casino space.
Among the dining options is Oscar's Beef * Booze * Broads, a steakhouse opened by former Las Vegas Mayor Oscar B. Goodman, which is located in the glittery dome enclosure above the hotel's main entrance.
The Plaza sits at the west end of the Fremont Street Experience on the site of the first train depot and auction site in Las Vegas, dating back to the San Pedro-Los Angeles-Salt Lake Railroad in 1905. The railroad was sold to Union Pacific in 1921 and the depot was demolished in 1970 to make way for the Union Plaza Hotel, built in 1971.
The hotel has been featured or is visible in several movies, including the 1971 James Bond film, "Diamonds are Forever;" the 1989 film "Back to the Future Part II;" the 1995 move "Casino," and the 2000 movie "Pay it Forward."
Catering to the young and modern crowd, Planet Hollywood is a one-stop shop for entertainment with its massive shopping mall, slew of restaurants, spacious casino and clubs.
The ambiance of the casino is retro-chic meets high-tech with black granite floors throughout and colorful LED lights throughout the space. The theme carries into the 100,000 square-foot casino with 250 flat screens topping off slot machines. The casino is also home to 87 tables, a sports book and a poker room.
There's also the Miracle Mile Shops, one Vegas' largest malls, with 140 stores including BCBG Max Azaria, bebe, Urban Outfitters and The Discovery Channel Store.
Following an afternoon of shopping, guests can satisfy their appetites at one of the gourmet restaurants in Planet Hollywood, like the non-traditional approach to steakhouses at Strip House or check out the exotic Far East motif at KOI restaurant and lounge. And if guests are still looking for more, they can spend the after hours at Privé, Triq or Krave nightclubs.
Perhaps one of the resorts biggest attractions came in March with the addition of "Peepshow." The naughty twist on the story of Little Bo Peep is modern-day spin on the run-of-the-mill Vegas topless review. The "Peepshow" stage has seen visiting celebs like Scary Spice Mel B, "Dancing with the Stars" Kelly Monaco and Playboy's Holly Madison.
Follow John Katsilometes on Twitter at Twitter.com/JohnnyKats. Also, follow "Kats With the Dish" at Twitter.com/KatsWiththeDish.


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The Miracle of Electricity in the Body
Neurons: Cells That Produce Electrical Current
Nerves interpenetrating our bodies consist of hundreds, and sometimes, thousands of nerve cells called "neurons." An average neuron is 10 microns wide.4(One micron is equal to 1/1000 millimeter, which equals 0.000039 of an inch.) Were we able to line up the 100 billion neurons in a human brain, their line would extend for a full 100 kilometers (62 miles). But this line would be only 10 microns wide, invisible to the naked eye. You can envisage the minute size of neurons with the following comparison: 50 neurons would fit into a period at the end of this sentence 5and 30,000 on the head of a pin. 6
Neurons have been created to carry the electrical impulses throughout the body. The task of most neurons is to receive signals from neighboring neurons and then to transmit these on to another adjacent neuron or to the ultimate target cell. Neurons communicate with one another, carrying out thousands of these processes every second.
We can compare a neuron to an electrical switch that goes on or off, depending on circumstances. On its own, a neuron constitutes only a very small part of the interconnected circuits of the nervous system. But in the absence of these tiny electrical circuits, life is impossible. Professor Werner Gitt of the German Federal Institute of Physics and Technology describes this giant complex squeezed into this small area:
If it were possible to describe [the nervous system] as a circuit diagram, [with each neuron] represented by a single pinhead, such a circuit diagram would require an area of several kilometers. . . . [It would be] several hundred times more complex than the entire global telephone network.7
As he emphasizes, the nervous system in our bodies functions like a very complex data network, which depends on all the neurons performing their duties to perfection. With the rhythmic, coordinated motion of the impulses from one neuron to the next, each organ, muscle, joint, system and cell performs its functions without any conscious command or supervision from you.
Moreover, although millions of cells die in your body every day, these are expelled from your body in a way that causes no disruption to its balances and functions. Again by means of an impeccable system, new cells replace the ones that have died. In this, there is not the slightest error in terms of timing or measurement. We have no control over these activities, and continue to enjoy healthy lives so long as none of them suffer any disruption.
If you tread on a piece of broken glass while walking barefoot, only a few thousandths of a second elapse between the glass entering your foot and your brain perceiving the pain. During that interval—so brief that it is impossible for you to be aware of it—a message is sent from your foot to your brain, a rapid and flawless communication carried out by neurons. In this way, you lift your foot off the ground before it can be injured any further.
It is completely beyond the bounds of possibility for such a system to have developed spontaneously. However, certain circles who blindly support the theory of evolution seek to account for this perfect order in the human body in terms of random coincidences. We can show just how meaningless these claims are with the following example:
Look at the electrical devices around you, each of which has been specially designed with plastic and electronic equipment, buttons, cables and other components for a specific objective that will make your life easier. Dozens of engineers have worked behind the scenes for a single hairdryer, along with the use of various plants, several branches of science and the designs of experts in the field. The result was a device that's functional and easy to use. No rational person could logically suggest that such a device came into being as the result of chance.
Your body, however, possesses an electrical system far more complex than that in any electrical device. The odds against such a system coming into being by chance are therefore still more infinitesimally remote.
Neurons Specially Created To Carry Signals
All neurons contain a nucleus, short fibers known as dendrites that carry electrical signals, and a long fiber known as axon that carries signals for long distances. The nerve cell, which can be as fine as silk thread, can be as long as roughly 1 meter (3,2 feet). Signals sometimes must travel even greater distances along the nerves.8
It's fair to liken the body of the neuron to a telephone switchboard equipped with advanced technology. However, with its cellular dimensions varying between 0.004 and 0.1 millimeters (0.0001575 and 0.003937 of an inch) and wide-ranging communication mechanisms, this miniaturized telephone exchange has no equivalent in the modern world. In contrast to other cells, neurons contain both dendrites and axons, which give rise to lines of communication that permit the cell to pass its signals along to others. Dendrites receive messages, and axons send them.
A neuron can send an impulse in as little as 1/1,000 of a second. This means that a single neuron can transmit 1,000 nerve signals a second. In general, however, transmission may range between 10 and 500 impulses per second. 9The largest and thickest nerve fibers transmit electricity at a speed of 152 meters (500 feet) per second, and the thinnest of them at about 1 meter (3 feet) a second. 10
Information is transmitted without impairment inside the neuron and forwarded to the correct destination in a most astonishing way. However, the speed at which these phenomena take place is no less astonishing.
Imagine that all the complex systems in your body exist, but that the data transmission in your nerve cells is slower than it actually is: Only hours after the event could you appreciate the beauty of a view, the taste of the food you ate, or that something you touched was hot enough to burn your fingers. You would need dozens of minutes to reply to a question put to you. Crossing from one side of the street to another, or driving, lifting a fork to your mouth, commenting on an article of clothing you like, and countless other forms of behavior could lengthen into situations seriously incompatible with your lifestyle, or which even endangered your life. Lapses in timing between an event you perceive and being able to speak might make life untenable. Furthermore, this example only considers actions that we undertake voluntarily. The body also performs activities outside our conscious control, such as the beating of the heart. Any slowing in the signals regarding these functions would have fatal consequences. However, through the blessing of our Lord, the Compassionate and Merciful, everything in the human body is just as it needs to be.
In one verse of the Qur'an it is revealed that Allah has created all things in their proper measure:
Allah knows what every female bears and every shrinking of the womb and every swelling. Everything has its measure with Him. Allah knows what every female bears and every shrinking of the womb and every swelling. Everything has its measure with Him.
Dendrites and Axons: The Cables That Surround Our Bodies
Dendrites consist of a large number of short protrusions and are comparable to the roots of the cell. With their branched structure, dendrites receive reports arriving from other neurons and transmit these to the cell body. Put another way, dendrites are like electrical cables, transmitting signals entering the cell. Every neuron possesses up to 100,000 branching dendrites that carry incoming messages to the cell.11
The axons generally bring information from sense receptors to the brain and spinal cord or transmit commands back to the muscles, glands and internal organs. An axon is a long fiber, generally consisting of a single protrusion, that emerges from the cell body and along which signals are sent. Individual axons are microscopic in diameter - typically about one micrometre across (1μm) - but may extend to macroscopic (>1mm) lengths. The longest axons in the human body, for example, are those of the sciatic nerve, which run from the base of the spine to the big toe of each foot. These single-cell fibers of the sciatic nerve may extend a meter or even longer.12
Another striking feature is that a single axon is capable of dividing itself into as many as 10,000 terminals, or end sections. In this way, each terminal can be connected to a different neuron and can permit more than one region to be stimulated at the same time. Since any one single neuron can receive signals from more than 1,000 other neurons, it can carry a million different pieces of information at the same time. 13—an incredible figure. This ability plays a very important role in situations wherein more than one muscle fiber needs to be activated. With these structures, each nerve cell appears like a dense network consisting of long chains.
If the nerves did not have such a structure, then every signal would have to be transmitted in turn. That would slow and seriously impair the rapid, complex transfer of signals in the body.
We can compare the axon terminals at the end of dendrites to plugs fitting into sockets. Thus, in the same way that an electrical current flows from the socket to the plug, the electrical signal continues on between two nerve cells. These connection points at the axons' ends are attached to receptors on other cells and permit information to transmit between cells. In the way they allow communication between different points in the nervous system, axons are comparable to the links connecting one part of an electrical circuit to another.
Each of these features is essential for our bodies' communication and coordination. Our ability to lead healthy lives and our very existence depend on all these details functioning flawlessly. One of the aims behind their creation is to exhibit the knowledge and artistry of our Lord. Ours is the responsibility to appreciate the greatness of our Lord and give proper thanks:
. . . Allah pours out His favour on mankind but most people do not show thanks. That is Allah, your Lord, the Creator of everything. There is no god but Him--so how have you been perverted? (Surah Ghafir: 61-62)
The Role of The Synapses in Data Transmission
The gaps or spaces between the axons of two neurons are known as synapses. Communication between the two neurons is established and maintained at these terminal connection points. In the same way that a telephone switchboard permits a large number of callers to talk to one another at the same time, so a neuron can communicate with many other neurons by means of these synapses. Each neuron has around tens of thousands of synapses, 14 meaning that a neuron can establish connections with tens of thousands of separate nerve cells. Even assuming that hundreds of millions of telephone conversations could be transmitted over a single telephone network at the same time, this capacity still lags far behind that of the human brain, which can effect 1 quadrillion (1,000,000,000,000,000) communications by means of the synapse inside it.15Consider how hard-pressed one human being is when working on a 10-line telephone switchboard! You can better understand how a single nerve cell simultaneously carrying out 10,000 connections is evidence of an extraordinary creation.
A neuron collects incoming signals, decides if the total input message is strong enough, and permits its passage to another neuron.16Synapses, the connection points between two neurons, control the distribution of this communication by determining the direction of the signals transmitted.17Triggering or inhibiting signals arrive from various regions of the nervous system, sometimes opening synapses and other times, closing them. In this way, synapses halt weak signals and permit strong ones to pass.
At the same time, they also provide a selective function by choosing and magnifying some of the weaker signals and passing them on—not in one single direction but in many. The way that neurons collect signals and decide to transmit them might lead you to assume they have something resembling conscious human intellect. However, this is accomplished merely by very specially arranged groups of molecules, with no ability to think, nor any organs that permit them to perceive. The ability of a group of molecules flawlessly discharging such vitally important responsibilities is a sign of Allah's supervision and eternal dominion over living things.
It is Allah, Lord of the Worlds, Who causes these impeccable processes to be carried out:
I have put my trust in Allah, my Lord and your Lord. There is no creature He does not hold by the forelock. My Lord is on a Straight Path. (Surah Hud: 56)
Synapses and Constant Electrical Current
Synapses, or the gaps between two nerve cells, are so small that they become visible only when magnified thousands of times. Yet this gap between two cells is also wide enough to prevent any electrical impulse's leaping from one cell to another. Despite the billions of neurons in the nervous system, they never touch each other in any way. Therefore, from the point of view of the body's electrical system, every synapse is an obstacle that must be overcome. Yet although they are separated from one another, no lapse is ever experienced in the body's nerve network, because the signals transmitted electrically along the neurons continue across these spaces between them in chemical form.
Assume that an electrical signal—traveling at 354 kilometers (220 miles) per hour—reaches the end of the axon.18 Where will this stimulus go? How will it get past the synapse to continue on its way? This situation is analogous to coming to a river as you drive along in a car. At this point one has to change vehicles. In the same way that you get out of the car to cross the river in a boat, the electrical signal continues on its journey in another form, that is, in chemical form. Thanks to this chemical communication in the synapses, electrical signals can continue their journeys without interruption.
When a signal reaches the axon terminal, it gives rise to a so-called "message packet" that jumps the small synapse between two neurons and carries chemicals to set the receptor nerves in the neighboring neuron dendrites into action. These messenger molecules, known as neurotransmitters, cross the gap and set the second neuron into action in less than a millisecond.19Neurotransmitters are produced in the body of the nerve cell, are carried along the axon and stored in synaptic vesicles in the axon terminals. Each vesicle contains some 5,000 transmitter molecules,20which chemicals function as trigger or preventive signals. They either impel neurons to produce an electrical impulse, or else prevent them from firing.21
Recent research has shown that neurons can contain and release some 100 different types of neurotransmitters. 22 In other words, each neuron is like a chemical factory producing messengers to be employed in communications. Some neurotransmitters are employed in the triggering of electrical signals, others in the halting of electrical signals, and still others in acceleration or deceleration, in frequency-changing and energy storage. Each neuron releases only one or at most, a few different varieties of these neurotransmitters. When a neurotransmitter emerges, it crosses the synapse and the protein receptor on the receptive neuron's cell membrane sets a protein into motion. At this point, synapses can be compared to a highway by which these chemical messengers are transmitted between nerve cells. The distance between them is approximately 0.00003 of a millimeter (118.10-8 of an inch). 23 Although this distance is very small, it is still a gap that the electrical signals must cross.
The amount of neurotransmitter released is much greater than what's needed for attachment to the target dendrite. However, as in every other detail in the human body, this excess is an example of very wise creation. The extra neurotransmitters remaining in the synapse block the nerve to prevent the sending of excess signals. If these surplus molecules did not block the nerve, then the time needed for the signal to come to a stop would lengthen into seconds, even minutes. However, the signal transmission takes place in just a fraction of a second. The excess neurotransmitters are absorbed by the axon terminal, and the remainder decomposed by enzymes.24Just as in a relay race, electrical information is transmitted from cell to cell by means of neurotransmitters that serve as bridges. In this way, the flow of information continues uninterrupted, despite the gaps between the cell extensions.
Yet how do these two independent systems know that they must act together to perform this vital function? In addition, how is that there is no omission or delay in the information transmitted, and for data to be transmitted perfectly to its appropriate destination?
Each of these systems is no doubt a reflection of the knowledge and artistry of Allah. It flies in the face of logic and reason to expect these miraculous systems to have come into being spontaneously, or to maintain that unconscious cells engage in purposeful activities as the work of chance.
Cells That Produce Their Own Energy
As you have already seen, your body functions with electricity. However, in contrast to the other electrical systems we are accustomed to seeing, your body takes in no electricity from the outside.
Consider any electrical device. In order for it to function, it requires an electrical current provided from some outside source, or else to be by means of batteries. Otherwise, in the absence of electrical energy, even the most advanced machine will serve no purpose. But in contrast your body creates the very energy it needs. Trillions of cells produce—and use—electricity in order for life to continue.
Every cell is like a miniaturized battery that permits the body to function as a whole. Surrounding the cell is a liquid rich in potassium, and the inside is full of liquid high in sodium. When you mix potassium and sodium, the two chemicals react and an electricity emerges as a side product. This is analogous to a car battery's producing electricity when sulfuric acid and lead come in contact. In much the same way that radios, cassette players, flashlights, clocks and appliances work with energy they obtain from batteries, no car can operate without the energy stored in its battery. And both household and car batteries use chemical energy to produce electrical currents of various strengths.
Electricity used by the body is termed bioelectricity, the cellular exchange of negatively and positively charged particles known as ions. For example, when potassium is released outside the cell membrane and is replaced by sodium, a small electrical current develops; the potassium is sent inside the cell and sodium outside. According to a statement by Lendon H. Smith, M.D., a pediatrician and one of the best-known experts on health and nutrition; "In this way the cells act as tiny batteries with their own electromagnetic current." 25
The Cell Membrane's Special Design for Electricity Production
It is electrical current that makes the lights in your home shine so brightly—a current that consists of the movement of electrons. The electricity in your cells, on the other hand, is carried by ions—electrically charged atoms or molecules. During the movement of ions, cells produce electricity from potential energy that is ready to be used. Similarly, the water in a dam produces electricity by passing through a hydroelectric station.
In cells, electricity is produced in this way: In all cells, there is a voltage difference in electrical charge along the cell membrane. This voltage difference causes the formation of what's referred to as electrical potential. This electrical potential in the cell membrane is known as resting potential, whose level is approximately 50 millivolts.
All cells use this potential energy to carry out activities inside themselves. But nerve and muscle cells also use this same energy for physiological tasks. Thanks to this current, contraction takes place in muscle cells, and this same current permits signals to be transmitted by nerve cells.
In the cell membrane, there are channels that permit only certain ions to pass through. By means of these channels, ions are sent inside or outside the cell. With the movement of positively or negatively charged particles, an electrical imbalance arises between the inside and the outside of the cell. This difference between the intra- and extra cellular fluids produces a flow of ions until equilibrium is re-established. The cell membrane, which separates the protoplasm inside the cell from the outside environment, has a semi-permeable structure that permits certain ions to pass through, while obstructing others. Therefore, when the cell feels the need for electricity, it opens one of these channels in order to complete the electrical circuit.
The channels in the cell membrane function like security personnel, allowing certain ions to pass and blocking the passage of others, which are actions requiring purposeful intelligence. There is no random passage here, but on the contrary, a mechanism of conscious selection. No doubt that it is impossible for insentient collections of molecules to undertake such responsibilities of their own accord. All this points to a fact that evolutionists deny: intelligent Creation.
There is a perfect equilibrium established by the positively electrically charged atoms—in other words ions—, inside the neuron, or nerve cell. The ions that assume important responsibilities in neurons are potassium and sodium, each with one positive charge, calcium with two positive charges, and chloride ions with one negative charge. At rest, the neuron is negatively charged, with negatively charged proteins and various ions present inside the nerve cell. There are more potassium ions inside the neuron than there are outside it, and fewer chloride and sodium ions. The equilibrium of the ions inside the cell has been arranged in such a way as to serve the specific purpose of transmitting electrical current and signals.
The message that arrives as an electrical signal, and is deposited at the receptors in the membrane of the receiving cell, initiates a series of processes inside the cell that is highly reminiscent of a row of dominoes. These processes, take place one after the other in a flawless order, leading to the opening of specific channels in the cell membrane. Thus the sodium ions taken into the cell, with its initial negative charge (of -70 millivolts), lead it to assume a neutral charge. The transfer of ions between the exterior and interior of the cell then produces a new electrical signal. The nerve cell that forwards the message—and has thus discharged its duty—returns to the resting position. This passage takes place with the opening and closing of the sodium and potassium channels in less than 1/1,000th of a second.
These processes, which have been simplified as much as possible for the sake of explanation here, actually contain exceedingly complex stages. If the production of electricity in a single cell were left for you to perform consciously, you would have to supervise the opening and closing of the channels and ensure ion equilibrium, all in less than 1/1,000 of a second. But of course it would be impossible for you to establish such equilibrium, nor to control and direct such a rapidly functioning system in billions of nerve cells. Yet this system continues even when you are asleep!
What is the level of electricity in the body? The difference between the charges inside and outside the cell is approximately 50 millivolts. According to the calculations by Professor Steven M. Simasko of Washington State University, if all the energy produced by the body's trillions of cells were added together, it would be enough to light a 40-watt light bulb.26
Some cells produce more electricity than others, an amount that varies depending on the task the cell performs and for what purpose the current electricity is used. For example, nerve cells must produce large quantities of electricity, because they transmit their messages over long distances. In a truly extraordinary way, cells are apparently aware of the importance of the tasks they perform, and how much energy they will require. They calculate this to perfection and discharge this responsibility with no interruptions over the course of a whole lifetime—another proof that electricity production takes place in a conscious manner.
This is one of the conditions that endow us with life. For example, if your heart cells produced less electricity than they actually do, they would be unable to carry out the pumping process properly (details of which we shall be examining in due course). The blood would be unable to carry oxygen and nutrients to all your cells, and a mortal danger would result. But as you have seen, along with the flawless creation in our bodies, every detail in their functioning is also evidence of exceptional wisdom.
Nothing in the structure of the cells is either superfluous or lacking. Everything is exactly as it should be. Although each of the 100 trillion cells in the human body is highly specialized in order to perform a variety of different functions, as a whole they possess flawless organization and functioning. At the same time, they have effective communication and interrelationships with other cells in the body, communicating with one another by means of electrical messages, receiving and transmitting the necessary information, and accomplishing to perfection whatever needs to be done.
If a cell anywhere in the body loses its electrical potential, its vital link to the nervous system will be broken. In the event that the cells in the visual center in the brain lose their electrical properties or that there are no voltage gates in the cell membranes, then it will be impossible for the signals transmitted by the retina to be received, and the individual will no longer be able to see. In every detail in the human body, there is much wisdom that is only newly being discovered.
When planning a building, architects also bear lots of details in mind and if they overlook even one of them, the project will be damaged. Indeed, from time to time, supports being slightly thinner than they should be, or the use of less cement in construction, may lead to the collapse of a structure dozens of floors high. Therefore, the quality of the materials used, their strength, and every stage of the project are all of great importance. The fact that the building you are in right now is secure and upright is the result of the labor, knowledge, calculations, planning and foresight of dozens of people who are endowed with reason and consciousness by our Lord. Nobody can maintain that this building in which you find yourself came into being gradually, as the result of chance. The organization inside the cell also possesses an even more sophisticated architecture that requires all the molecules in it to be used at exactly the right quantities and in exactly the right locations, by means of extraordinarily fine calculations. The cell is an organic structure consisting of many complex substances composed of as nitrogen, carbon and water, and one which will die and be eliminated unless it establishes vital links with the other systems in the body.
What we have described so far is merely a simplified account of the communication systems in neurons, which continue working throughout a person's life. It is difficult even for a person possessed of reason and intelligence to understand this intricacy, yet cells and hormones carry out these processes in billions of people with thorough competence and perfection.
But how did the exceedingly complex systems in each of the billions of nerve cells you possess actually come into being? How did the amazing harmony among them come about? How was such perfect communication established without the slightest confusion arising? How can this system, dependent upon extraordinarily sensitive balances and timing, continue working without the slightest error?
It's quite natural that so many questions beginning with the word "How" should come to mind. What is peculiar here is the stance of certain scientists who vainly seek to defend the theory of evolution, which maintains—in the face of all this contrary evidence—that these flawless systems actually came into being as the result of blind coincidences. Evolutionists seek to trace the origin of life to a fictitious "first cell" that came into being by chance or coincidence (a scenario to which even the word impossible would fail to do justice), but they have no answer to give to the above questions.
There is no doubt there exists a single explanation for the existence of such perfect mechanisms: it is Allah, Lord of the worlds, Who created cells from nothing. Our Lord, the Creator of us all, regulates the activities within the cell and the communications systems among them, right down to the finest detail.
He is Allah—the Creator, the Maker, the Giver of Form. To Him belong the Most Beautiful Names. Everything in the heavens and Earth glorifies Him. He is the Almighty, the All-Wise.(Surat al-Hashr: 24)
The Domino Sequence of Processes Within The Nerve Cells
How does information to the effect that your shoes are hurting your feet reach the brain? How can you perceive discomfort in your feet at the same intensity in your brain, despite the distance of several feet between them? Under normal conditions this signal should decrease in proportion to the distance involved. However, there is a special system in your body to overcome this.
The signals that set out from the pain-sensitive cells are carried along thanks to the ion movements taking place along the nerve cells. In this way, the signal travels with no loss of energy, and each transfer acquires new energy in each new region of the cell membrane.
The way the nerve signal is transmitted along the axon can be compared to the chain reaction that takes place when dominoes are lined up next to one another. When you push over the first domino, all the others —if set out at specific distances— will fall over in turn. When the first one falls over, a chain reaction ensues: consecutive tiles topple over until none remain standing. A similar chain reaction can be seen in the transmission of signals among neurons:
• The first domino will not fall until pushed with enough force. In a similar way, a nerve signal will not be triggered until stimulated with sufficient force—expressed as a threshold. The threshold phenomenon is observed in the transmission of signals pertaining to the senses. For example, we cannot hear very faint sounds because the signals they generate are not sufficiently powerful to set into motion signals from the auditory nerves.
• The chain of dominoes loses none of its energy as the individual dominoes fall over. The energy thus continues transmitted, undiminished, until the last one falls. That is because each standing domino falls over with the same kinetic energy (the energy a body possesses because of its speed). Neither do nerve signals lose any of their energy as their signal is transmitted.
• A domino falls in only one direction. In the same way, nerve stimuli move only from dendrite to axon.
As you see, every detail of the body is an example of very wise creation. The existence of all these must lead us to reflect more deeply, love our Lord more deeply, and give greater thanks to Him, the Creator of all.
One of the exemplary pieces of behavior of believers is revealed in the Qur'an:
Those who remember Allah, standing, sitting and lying on their sides, and reflect on the creation of the heavens and the Earth: "Our Lord, You have not created this for nothing. Glory be to You! So safeguard us from the punishment of the Fire."(Surah Al 'Imran: 191)
The Myelin Sheath: A Special Insulating Material
Nerve fibers that transmit messages from the brain to the muscles and other organs and back to the brain are covered with a special fatty tissue, known as myelin. This not only protects the nerve fibers, but also assists them in forwarding electrical signals.
Myelin functions like the non-conductive plastic or rubber coatings around electrical cables, insulating them so that no one touching them will experience a shock and also so that no electric current leaks out, leading to a loss of power. Were it not for the myelin, electrical signals would leak into surrounding tissues and thus dilute the signal, and possibly harm the body. In addition, this insulating substance significantly increases conductivity, allowing signals to move more quickly.
Small unmyelinated fibers conduct at speeds of only 1 to 2 meters (3.3 to 6.5 feet) per second, while those covered in myelin can do so at speeds of up to 100 meters (328 feet) per second.27
The myelin-covered nerve fibers transmit signals from our sense organs to the brain and from the brain and spinal column to voluntary muscles. Actions under our control are so rapid, often so automatic, that it seems as if the muscles contract as soon as the thought occurs to us. The reason our movements follow our perceptions so quickly, without our expending a conscious effort, is that nerve transmission takes place at speeds of up to 354 kilometers (220 miles) an hour.28 In the 1-meter-long (3.3-foot) sciatic nerve in the legs, that speed rises to 467 kilometers (290 miles) per hour. 29
In some situation, the timing of signals reaches extraordinary precision. For us to make a distinction between B and P sounds when we speak, our lips need to open in as briefly as 1/30,000 second before our vocal cords move. Therefore, our listeners do not confuse the letter P with the letter B, which emerges as a result of the simultaneous opening of our lips and vibration of our vocal cords. In other words, we owe our ability to distinguish between the words pat and bat to a timeframe of just thirty thousandths of a second.30 This distinction is of great importance to our communication. But since the brain arranges this time frame for itself, there is no need for you to think about it. When the signal for the vocalization of P or B occurs, all these events take place in sequence, one after the other.
To better understand the significance of the myelin sheath, consider Multiple Sclerosis (MS). In this disease, the protective sheath around the nerves that carry messages in the brain and spinal column is damaged in places, and there appears hardened tissue known as sclerosis. These hardened tissues may occur in many sites throughout the nervous system and—by preventing the transmission of signals along the nerves and interfering with communication between the brain and other organs— lead to a wide variety of defects. In the same way that holes may damage the insulation around electrical cables, gaps can also appear in the defective myelin sheath, which interferes with the transmission of messages.
When you remove one of the standing dominoes in the line, the consecutive falling of the line is interrupted when the sequence reaches this gap. In the same way, a damaged myelin sheath causes an interruption in the transmission of nerve signals. The effect of one missing domino can be compared to that of serious neural or spinal damage. Nerve signals cannot be transmitted along until the damage gets repaired.
Among the symptoms of MS are fatigue, pins-and-needles sensations, numbness, a lack of or reduction in feeling, balance problems, speech impairments, trembling, stiffness hardening of muscles in the arms and legs, weakness, vision defects, oversensitivity to heat, short-term memory problems, and difficulties in judgment and decision-making. These symptoms can vary depending on the region in which nerves have been damaged. Since the brain controls thinking and movement, damage in this region may affect any number of functions—memory, understanding, character, touch, hearing, sight and muscle power.
When damage takes place in the cerebellum, at the rear of the brain, it causes loss of balance during walking and running by affecting coordination. It may lead to weakness in the nerves concerned with vision, speech, swallowing and hearing. Damage in the brain stem can cause functional defects regarding eye movements, respiration, heartbeat, sweating and the excretory system. When the damage is to the spinal column, loss of communication occurs between the body and brain. Moreover, the brain's signals concerning the legs, hands and other organs are prevented from reaching their destinations. In progressive cases, the disease can lead to partial or total paralysis—an important example of the importance of the myelin sheath.
The Wisdom of Creation of The Nodes of Ranvier
In human beings, nerve signals can generally travel at 100 meters (328 feet) a second.31 How is such a speed achieved? The secret lies in the way the myelin sheath is installed, being interrupted at points known as the Nodes of Ranvier. There is approximately one node, a few microns (1/1000 millimeter = 0.0000039 of an inch) wide, every millimeter (0.039inch) on this sheath.
The sodium and potassium channels regulating the passage of ions on the cell membrane are also collected on these nodes. Nerve signals following sodium ions head directly for these nodes. Thanks to this, the transmission of a signal from your central nervous system or spinal column to your toes takes place in as little as one hundredth of a second.32 Gerald L. Schroeder received his doctorate in the fields of molecular biology and quantum physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and has written scientific articles for such journals as Time, Newsweek and Scientific American. He is one of those scientists who lose no opportunity of expressing their amazement at our bodies' extraordinariness:
... most of us life's mechanisms work in proper order is a wondrous miracle. When they do not is a tragedy. The system described and diagrammed above [the nodes of Ranvier] is an ingenious one for communicating massive amounts of complex information. The parallel processing and perfect timing involved are as elegant as the finest supercomputer. Perhaps someday, in the age of communications technology now upon us, we will imitate and exploit our own design: In the meantime we can only wonder at the workings of our chemistry. 33
In order for the nerve cells to transmit signals each nerve membrane must be set in motion in turn. The time this requires seriously reduces the speed of the signals along the nerves. However, in the face of this deceleration, a precaution has been taken in our bodies. The presence of the myelin sheath—and its interruption at the points known as the nodes of Ranvier—cause this transmission to be extremely rapid.
Speed in Signal Transmission
The cell's charging and discharging itself, the secretion of chemical substances, their being broken down and then reconstituted—all takes place several hundred times a second. Though these activities can be summarized in one sentence, each is an exceedingly complex process, which takes place at amazing speed. The information needed to plan and produce these is encoded in our DNA, which carries our genetic data.
As you have already seen, electrical stimuli can travel in the brain in a matter of milliseconds. But some signals take an express route. In bright light, for example, the shrinking of the pupil of the eye takes place in a matter of moments: Yet the command for the pupil to contract must cross four or five synapses between brainstem neurons controlling the iris.
One factor affecting how signal production takes place so quickly is the radius of the axons. As the radius increases, signal production accelerate. For example, some animals such as the squid have axons as large as 1 millimeter (0.039 inch) in diameter. Thanks to this, nerve impulses are transmitted faster, and attain a speed of up to 25 meters (82 feet) per second.34 If this feature observed in squid were true of human cells, then the diameter of our arms would be measured in meters.35 That is because a large number of nerves traverse the same region in the human body, and axons of this size would turn into a prohibitive factor in such regions. In the human body, a much more effective method accelerates signal production: insulation. When you need to pull your hand back from a hot surface, the nerves that permit the relevant muscles to act transmit signals very fast because they are insulated with a layer of fatty molecules layer known as myelin, as already mentioned.
The way electrical signals in human beings are accelerated by an insulating material, in contrast to other living things, is one of the signs of intelligent creation. The human body's electrical system provides rapid transmission, does not hinder our ability to move, nor impairs our aesthetic appearance. These attributes being all present at same time can not be accounted for in terms of chance. Clearly on display here are the Superior Intellect and Knowledge of our Almighty Lord, the Creator of all things.
In the Qur'an Allah reveals this concerning the creation of Man:
We created man in the finest mould.(Surat at-Tin: 4)
4.Eric H. Chudler, "The Hows, Whats and Whos of Neuroscience", 2001; http://faculty.washington.edu/ chudler/what.html.
5.Eric H. Chudler, "The Hows, Whats and Whos of Neuroscience", 2001; http://faculty.washington.edu/ chudler/what.html.
7.Werner Gitt, The Wonder of Man, CLV Publishing, Germany, 1999, s. 82; [Craig Savige, "Electrical design in the human body"; http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v22/i1/electrical.asp]
9.Tortora, G.J., Anagnostakos, N.P., Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, Harper & Row, New York, 1981, s. 29; [Craig Savige, "Electrical design in the human body"; http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v22/i1/electrical.asp]
11.Dr. Sue Davidson, Ben Morgan, Human Body Revealed, Dorling Kindersley Ltd., 2002, s. 11.
12.The Incredible Machine, National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C., 1986, s. 265.
13.The Incredible Machine, National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C., 1986, s. 339.
14.M. Chicurel, C.D. Franco, "The Inner Life of Neurons", The Harvard Mahoney Neuroscience Institute Letter, 1995, cilt 4, no. 2.
15.J. P. Changeux, P. Ricoeur, What Makes Us Think?, Princeton University Press, 2000, s. 78.
16.Gerald L. Schroeder, The Hidden Face of God: How Science Reveals the Ultimate Truth, The Free Press, New York, 2001, s. 95.
17.Arthur C. Guyton & John E. Hall, Tıbbi Fizyoloji, s. 567.
18.Susan Greenfield, İnsan Beyni, Varlık Bilim, 2000, s. 83.
19.The Concise Encyclopedia of the Human Body, Dorling Kindersley, New York, 1995, s. 59.
20.E. Kandel, J.H. Schwartz, T. M. Jessell, Principles of Neural Science, McGraw Hill Publishing, 2000, s. 277.
21.The Incredible Machine, National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C., 1986, s. 339.
22.Eric H. Chudler, "Making Connections-The Synapse", 2001; http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/synapse.html
23.E. Kandel, J. H. Schwartz, T. M. Jessell, Principles of Neural Science, McGraw Hill Publishing, 2000, s. 176.
24.Gerald L. Schroeder, The Hidden Face of God: How Science Reveals the Ultimate Truth, The Free Press, New York, 2001, s. 100.
27.Ian Glynn, An Anatomy of Thought: The Origin and Machinery of the Mind, Oxford University Press, New York, 1999, s. 115.
28.Susan Greenfield, İnsan Beyni, Varlık Bilim, 2000, s. 80.
29.The Incredible Machine, National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C., 1986, s. 265.
30.Gerald L. Schroeder, The Hidden Face of God: How Science Reveals the Ultimate Truth, The Free Press, New York, 2001, s. 90.
31.Gerald L. Schroeder, Tanrının Saklı Yüzü, Gelenek Yayınları, çev: Ahmet Ergenç, İstanbul, 2003, s. 106.
32.Gerald L. Schroeder, Tanrının Saklı Yüzü, Gelenek Yayınları, çev: Ahmet Ergenç, İstanbul, 2003, s. 107.
33.Gerald L. Schroeder, Tanrının Saklı Yüzü, Gelenek Yayınları, çev: Ahmet Ergenç, İstanbul, 2003, s. 108.
34.Gerald L. Schroeder, Tanrının Saklı Yüzü, Gelenek Yayınları, çev: Ahmet Ergenç, İstanbul, 2003, s. 107.
35.Gerald L. Schroeder, Tanrının Saklı Yüzü, Gelenek Yayınları, çev: Ahmet Ergenç, İstanbul, 2003, s. 107.


text:
The easiest way to sculpture dreadlocks is with the assistance of
beeswax, whether you have straight or curly hair. You will also need up
to one hundred small rubber bands, a strong comb and it wouldn't hurt to
have the help of a friend.
First, part the hair into a square section for each dreadlock, an easier process if your hair is longer. You can create many small sections or a few large sections about one or two inches wide. The thick dreadlocks will progress and begin to lock without additional use of wax much faster than thinner ones.
Having decided on your type of dreadlocks based on your length and thickness of hair, start twisting or backcombing. Start at the back and work your way forward. Fix the rubber band at the root of the section you are working on, then apply a light coating of beeswax and start twisting the lock until it is tight and begins to take hold. If the dreadlock will not remain together, even with the help of beeswax, place another rubber band at the tip so that there will be two for each dreadlock, one at the base and one at the tip.
For long straight hair, you will need to use the backcombing method. You
do this by applying wax, then inserting the comb one inch from the root
and sliding it toward the scalp. By packing the hair strands down
towards the root, you will create each dreadlock. As you go, roll the
dreadlock so that it comes out rounded. After the dreadlock has been
fully packed and rolled, place another rubber band at the tip to keep it
in place.
Keep a blow dryer handy to help soften the wax, which will slowly cool, become firm, and strengthen the lock. The amount of wax you require depends on hair texture and dreadlock size. The thicker the hair and larger the lock, the more holding power it will require. You should have just enough wax to feel it, but not so much that it looks chunky or clammy.
When you have completed your process, you will have to maintain the look by making certain every day that the locks are becoming mature and not unraveling. The process of maturing could take anywhere from two weeks to two months, after which you can begin removing the rubber bands to see if the locks can stay in place. When the locks remain as they are, you can remove the remaining rubber bands.
You can always wash your scalp and hair with the locks in place, being careful not to disturb any remaining rubber bands.


text:
If you want to maximize phone battery, you'll need to think about how you use your phone on a daily basis. A few simple changes can keep you going all day.
Apple has filed patent applications for intelligent iPhone batteries that conserve power based on a user's phone usage habits.


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To make reservations by phone, dial freephone 0800 221 222 in the UK, 1 800 409 929 in Ireland, or view our regional telephone reservation numbers.
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text:
THE family of a man who died after falling from the sixth floor of a Butlins hotel have paid tribute to him.
Tim Wall, 23, of St Leonards, died in the early hours of Saturday morning at the resort in Bognor Regis.
The Sainsbury's worker, who was a doting uncle to his 19-month-old nephew Charlie, loved spending time with his family and friends.
Older brother Gez said: "He just loved his whole family.
"We have a lot of parties here and he loved it. He always looked forward to Bonfire Night. He'd take it on himself to set up the fireworks – he was really excited about it."
Mr Wall had already bought Christmas presents for his family.
"He was so looking forward to Christmas," said his brother.
"He'd already planned it all out – we were going to watch The Hobbit together."
The brothers had also visited London recently to watch live music together.
"He loved his music – he'd listen to anything, and he always enjoyed it.
"He was just as excited to watch an older band live as he was to listen to new music.
"He loved going out and seeing what was going on.
"When we were there we did a bungee jump near to Tower Bridge, and we'd planned to do a parachute jump next year.
"He was always looking forward to things – he was always saying 'What happens next?'."
Mr Wall had also competed in a Tough Guy race in January, even training in his back garden to make sure he was fit and ready for the big day.
Sister-in-law Hayley said: "It was freezing, but he'd be out there training – he was so excited about it.
"Tim would do anything for you – he was just lovely."
Mr Wall also took his mum Debbie out for lunch every Wednesday, and Gez said the two were like "best friends".
Mrs Wall said: "He was my baby.
"He used to take me out every week for lunch, and he always took me shopping. He'll always be my baby."
His father Patrick added: "He always had time to help you – all you had to do was ask.
"He'd do anything to help his family."