text:
Prior reports indicated that new Cowboys receiver Roy Williams would sign a five-year, $45 million deal with $20 million in guaranteed money.
Per Adam Schefter of NFL Network, the guaranteed money is $27 million.
And that number matches the total value of the three-year extension Terrell Owens signed earlier this year.
You sure you're still OK with that arrangement, T.O.?
Prior reports indicated that new Cowboys receiver Roy Williams would sign a five-year, $45 million deal with $20 million in guaranteed money.
JimmySmith says: Oct 19, 2008 8:10 AM
When you have as much talent as the Cowboys have, the only way to destruct is from within and the easiest way to do that is to pay a big contract to someone that comes from outside the organization too much money, money they haven't earned, money that will become a sore spot for the poor bastard busting his butt every week for a lot less money.
Thank you Jerry Jones, you have done what you had to do to insure the Cowboys wouldn't be a contender come January and beyond. What an idiot.
promichael says: Oct 19, 2008 8:18 AM
The Cowboys 3rd and 6th pick in the 2009 draft may have
been two picks they should not have afforded the Detroit
Lions for Roy Williams. However Williams is a good enough
receiver (similar to Owens but younger). He will Compliment
Terrell Owens in the present and be a replacement to Owens
as he ages. Owens who is now 34 years old can not expect to
perform at the same level for much longer. The knock on Roy
williams is that he is a malcontent individual. Players are
never content with the Detroit Lions. Barry Sanders would
have played longer but no one wants to stay with the Lions,
a team that can not keep winners in the organization.
Vox Veritas says: Oct 19, 2008 8:44 AM
"What about it? I mean, I can't be concerned about somebody else's contract. I mean, I have a contract in place. Why should I be worried about something else?"
otis says: Oct 19, 2008 9:20 AM
im waiting for the game that 11 catches more balls than 81, and they lose..
get yo popcone ready !
fordman84 says: Oct 19, 2008 9:46 AM
Who cares?
Gfunk says: Oct 19, 2008 9:50 AM
Wow, talk about overpaying. That's disgusting on Jerrruh's part.
swordsedge says: Oct 19, 2008 10:26 AM
I love how everyone complains about how Jerry pays his players, but then certain fans *cough Eagles' cough* bemoan the fact that their organization won't pay up to stay competitive.
Vox Veritas says: Oct 19, 2008 10:26 AM
"When you have as much talent as the Cowboys have, the only way to destruct is from within and the easiest way to do that is to pay a big contract to someone that comes from outside the organization too much money, money they haven't earned, money that will become a sore spot for the poor bastard busting his butt every week for a lot less money."
Reminds me of Joe Johnson. Only Joe Johnson sucked.
Vox Veritas says: Oct 19, 2008 10:30 AM
"im waiting for the game that 11 catches more balls than 81, and they lose.."
As if that hasn't already happened with other guys.
Bill In DC says: Oct 19, 2008 10:31 AM
Amazing the number of people who think that the way to appear intelligent is to be critical of anything someone, like an NFL Owner, does.
That's all this is. If they would happen to look, TO's troubles in Philly were not about his money vs someone else's and Williams contract is pretty much the going rate for Pro Bowl WR these days. TO has his last contract and, if anything, you'd have to say Dallas overpaid for him, not for Roy Williams.
baniad says: Oct 19, 2008 10:39 AM
They gave up way too much to get him and then theu overpaid for him to stay. Nice work Jerry.
northeagle says: Oct 19, 2008 10:41 AM
Hey, good for Roy Williams – why not take advantage of the situation? Cowboys gave up all those draft picks for him, of course they're going to pay large to make Roy happy. The trade probably would not have gone down if there wasn't a prior arrangement between Jerry and Roy/Roy's agent.
Bob Loblaw says: Oct 19, 2008 11:11 AM
Florio. You are obviously needing for this to be a train wreck. If you weren't just a hack (without the access of a real member of the media) you could just text this straigt to Terrell, and incite the riot you crave.
northeagle says: Oct 19, 2008 11:20 AM
Offense (length of contract\total amount\guaranteed money)
romo – 6 years\ 67M\ 30M G
barber – 7 years\ 45M\17M G
owens – 3 years\ 27M\ 27M G
williams – 5 years\ 45M\ 27M G
crayton – 4 years\ 14M\ 6M G
witten – 6 years\ 29M\ 12M G
adams – 6 years\ 44M\ 15M G
kosier – 5 years\ 15M\ 5M G
gurode – 6 years\ 30M\ 10M G
davis – 7 years\ 50M\ 19M G
colombo – 2 years\ 7M\ 5M G
Defence (length of contract\total amount\guaranteed money)
canty – 1 year\ 2M
ratliff – 5 years\ 20.5M\ 8M G
spears – 5 years\ 9.35M\ 6.7M G
ellis – 2 years\ 8M
james – 5 years\ 20M\ 8M G
thomas – 4 years\ 19M\ 2M G
ware – 5 years\ 13M\ 10M G – free agent 2010
newman – 6 years\ 50M\ 22.5M G
henry – 3 years\ 18M\ 12M G
hamlin – 6 years\ 37.5M\ 15M G
williams – 4 years\ 30M\ 11M G
Special Teams
folk – 4 years 1.8M
mcbriar – 5 years 8.5M
M.E.T.H.O.D. Man says: Oct 19, 2008 11:24 AM
Having roy opposite T.O. instead of Crayton or Hurd is going to drastically increase his touches. Man to man coverage every play on a guy the size of a linebacker is almost unfair for a CB.
People don't understand what pisses T.O. off. Owens wants to get the ball (naturally), but he also wants to win. If Romo comes back from his injury in his old form (which should happen), the Cowboys are a filthy team.
(filthy having a very positive connotation)
Vox Veritas says: Oct 19, 2008 11:37 AM
I hear that, Bill in DC. Lee Evans got a similar contract with the Bills a couple weeks ago. Actually at 4 years, $37.5 million his contract averages out to more than $9 mil per season. No biq squawks from PFT Planet. In fact the deal was praised by most that cared to comment. His next Pro Bowl appearance will be his first.
FloriosLoveChild says: Oct 19, 2008 11:38 AM
I love how everyone complains about how Jerry pays his players, but then certain fans *cough Eagles' cough* bemoan the fact that their organization won't pay up to stay competitive.
Excuse me assclown,
Even though I have a fondness for Andy Reid and his management that ranks right up there with a contraction of syphillis ( sorry, Kellen), the Eagles rarely get outbid for players THAT THEY REALLY WANT. There's the caveat. That's their only saving grace. If they target a player in FA, he's signed Day One.
Now that being said, the talent evaulation by this organization is akin to Pacman Jones using travelers checks at a strip bar: Not exactly what was expected to happen.
All that being said, the whole Gonzo crash and burn was a spectacular failure that will be felt throughout the season. But it had nothing to do with money.
From all indications, King Carl really had zero intentions to deal TG to anyone unless he recieved a windfall in return, which would legitimize a player of his ilk being dealt.
Just looking from afar, anyone that even casually watches the Chiefs and their personnel dept transactions can see one thing that is abundantly clear:
Carl isn't the one with egg on his face after any deal. And yes, he'll cut off his nose to spite his face.
Do I still think it was a drastic error by Philadelphia? Absolutely. But it had nothing to do with money. This management is arrogant and stubborn but they certainly aren't stupid.
Vox Veritas says: Oct 19, 2008 11:41 AM
Thanks for the info, northeagle. Everybody but Canty is locked up for the next two years at least! I guess he and Colombo will be next to get extensions.
Bob Loblaw says: Oct 19, 2008 11:52 AM
Hey! That owner is an a$$hole. He wants to win so bad, that he spends money on his team?!?!? COME ON! He should fall in line and underpay for talent and overcharge for parking and concessions like half the other teams in the league.
JJ gives back to DFW and the NFL more thany any other owner in the league, and it's not close.
empty13 says: Oct 19, 2008 12:32 PM
$200K for the pacman debacle too! jj is such a giving guy!
Vox Veritas says: Oct 19, 2008 1:27 PM
"Do I still think it was a drastic error by Philadelphia? Absolutely. But it had nothing to do with money. This management is arrogant and stubborn but they certainly aren't stupid. "
I agree that they don't get outbid for guys that they really want… but look at the guys who they've put big money on and how they've worked out. TO, Jevon Kearse, Darren Howard, Asante Samuel, Takeo Spikes ($4.5 mil for one season after trading a draft pick and Darwin Walker). Could be argued that Samuel's the best of the lot, but is he really making a difference? Who did I miss? I'm not saying that they're stupid but they might want to stay away from the free agency/trading aspect.
spanky07 says: Oct 19, 2008 4:46 PM
Jerry Jones was a college lineman (yeah, that is funny)…he should realize that no matter who or how much you pay these stars…its those big boys blocking up front that will determine how far the Boys go…it's always been that way…always will be….
If you give any NFL caliber QB enough time with just decent receivers…he'll shred a defense…
patmc says: Oct 20, 2008 1:26 AM
Anyone who thinks that buying stars will translate to wins is just silly. Just look at what Dan Snyder used to do. Big money seems to make for bad team chemistry. I'm no capologist, but I can't see how dallas can continue to pay everybody with those numbers listed above. I see them becoming a doormat within the next few years because they'll have to let players go just like what happened after they gave deion that big contract.


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Impact of external sources of infection on the dynamics of bovine tuberculosis in modelled badger populations
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The persistence of bovine TB (bTB) in various countries throughout the world is enhanced by the existence of wildlife hosts for the infection. In Britain and Ireland, the principal wildlife host for bTB is the badger (Meles meles). The objective of our study was to examine the dynamics of bTB in badgers in relation to both badger-derived infection from within the population and externally-derived, trickle-type, infection, such as could occur from other species or environmental sources, using a spatial stochastic simulation model.
The presence of external sources of infection can increase mean prevalence and reduce the threshold group size for disease persistence. Above the threshold equilibrium group size of 6–8 individuals predicted by the model for bTB persistence in badgers based on internal infection alone, external sources of infection have relatively little impact on the persistence or level of disease. However, within a critical range of group sizes just below this threshold level, external infection becomes much more important in determining disease dynamics. Within this critical range, external infection increases the ratio of intra- to inter-group infections due to the greater probability of external infections entering fully-susceptible groups. The effect is to enable bTB persistence and increase bTB prevalence in badger populations which would not be able to maintain bTB based on internal infection alone.
External sources of bTB infection can contribute to the persistence of bTB in badger populations. In high-density badger populations, internal badger-derived infections occur at a sufficient rate that the additional effect of external sources in exacerbating disease is minimal. However, in lower-density populations, external sources of infection are much more important in enhancing bTB prevalence and persistence. In such circumstances, it is particularly important that control strategies to reduce bTB in badgers include efforts to minimise such external sources of infection.
KeywordsCattle Disease Host community Model Threshold Perturbation
A common factor complicating the control of livestock diseases is that many such diseases are capable of infecting multiple wildlife hosts [1, 2, 3]. One of the most persistent diseases with a wide host range is bovine tuberculosis (bTB), which is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis and is a major concern to the livestock industry in many countries, including the UK [4]. The existence of wildlife hosts has reduced the success of bTB control programmes in certain countries. In Europe, bTB occurs in a wide range of species [3, 5]. Commonly affected wildlife species are wild boar (Sus scrofa), red deer (Cervus elaphus), fallow deer (Dama dama), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), badgers (Meles meles) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) [5].
In Britain and Ireland, badgers are particularly important in enabling the persistence of bTB in cattle [6]. Badger populations are structured socially and spatially in a territorial system, but the size of groups varies considerably, largely as a consequence of habitat quality [7, 8]. Group sizes in Britain tend to be higher than in continental Europe, particularly in local areas with a history of persistent bTB in cattle. For example, group sizes in south-west Britain, a region of high bTB prevalence, range between 3–10 individuals [9], with exceptional group sizes up to 27 individuals [10]. These compare with group sizes of 2–7 in Poland and Spain [11, 12] and 6–8 in Portugal [13]. Studies using epidemiological models suggest a threshold group size of around 6–8 individuals is required to enable bTB to persist in badger populations in Britain in the absence of external infection [14, 15, 16]. However, bTB can persist where badger group sizes are below such levels, as is the case in Ireland where the mean badger group size has been estimated to be 3.9 (3.41-4.45) badgers per sett [17] with a different study observing a range of 1–14 badgers per sett [18]. The persistence of disease at lower population levels may be enabled by variations in the social structure of the badger host population in different situations [19]. However, it may also be enabled by the existence of infection within a wider host community, including livestock, which through either direct or environmental transmission of the infection to badgers may effectively lower the threshold population density required for disease persistence. Such external sources of infection, originating from outside the focal host species, are thought to be one of the mechanisms underlying the persistence of canine distemper in Yellowstone National Park [20] and enables the disease to be transmitted among neighbouring populations, such as from grasshopper mice (Onychomys leucogaster) to prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) populations [21]. It is also thought that external, but as yet unexplained, sources of infection are responsible for the high levels of bTB in the New Zealand feral pig population [22]. Understanding the impact of sources external to the badger population on the dynamics and persistence of bTB is therefore important for the development of more effective and targeted bTB control strategies.
In this paper, we use a spatial, stochastic simulation model to examine the relative effect of badger group size, internal (badger intra- and inter-group) infection rates, and infection from external sources (i.e. non-badger) on the prevalence and persistence of bTB within badger populations across a wide range of equilibrium group sizes found in Europe. We use two different modelling scenarios. Scenario 1 considers solely badger-derived infection and scenario 2 considers both badger-derived and trickle-type infection from external sources of infection.
Sensitivity analysis
This section summarises the full sensitivity analysis, which is presented in the Additional file 1. Colonisation and dispersal were the most importance influences on mean group size in the absence of external infection, accounting for 21% and 15% respectively of variations in group size at an equilibrium group size of 8. Colonisation and dispersal by females had a slightly greater impact than colonisation and dispersal by males, especially for smaller group sizes, probably because of the more direct impact that females have on the group's reproductive potential. As equilibrium group size increases, a group is more likely to contain more than a critical number of females, and hence the relative importance of the female parameters in influencing group size and prevalence declines. As rates of external infection increase, colonisation becomes less important in influencing group size. For example, the influence of adult female colonisation on variation in group size for an equilibrium group size of 4 decreased from 49% to 30% as the rate of external infection increased from 0.0001 to 0.01. However, as rates of external infection increased, disease-related parameters such as intra-group transmission and the rate at which badgers changed between infectious and latent states, assumed greater importance in affecting group size. For example, the influence of the transfer of females from a latent to infectious state at an equilibrium group size of 4 increased from 0.06% at an external infection probability of 0.0001 to 30% at an external infection probability of 0.01.
Intra-group transmission was the dominant disease-related parameter overall in terms of its effect on prevalence, accounting for between 30% and 78% of the variation in prevalence for equilibrium group sizes of 4, 8 and 12 at all external infection probabilities. Its influence was greatest for the higher group sizes (8 and 12). The importance of intra-group infection reflects the spatio-temporally persistent nature of bTB in badger populations, and is representative of a disease that is generally maintained through interactions within rather than between groups. At lower group sizes, at or just below the threshold population density for disease persistence, the parameters of infection itself, such as disease-induced mortality and the rates of transfer between different infectious states, became more important in influencing prevalence. In the absence of disease, the badger population persisted at all group sizes, although the inclusion of disease at the smallest equilibrium group size of 2 did contribute to the extinction of the badger population in up to 8% of scenario simulations at this group size. Populations did not go extinct at any higher group sizes under either scenario.
Badger-derived infection only (scenario 1)
Badger-derived and external infections combined (scenario 2)
The lowest probability of external infection (0.0001) had a negligible effect on the mean prevalence of the disease compared with badger-derived infection alone (Figure 1a). A marked increase in mean prevalence was only obtained with the highest probability of external infection (0.01). For an equilibrium group size of 8, the mean prevalence was 19% at an external infection probability of 0.01, compared with between 2% and 4% for lower external infection probabilities of 0.001 and 0.0001. However, external infection at all levels had a much greater impact on disease persistence. Even the lowest probability of external infection (0.0001) enabled the disease to persist much more readily in populations with a mean group size below the badger-only infection threshold density (Figure 1b). With higher probabilities of external infection (0.001 and 0.01), this effect became more pronounced. The relative impact of external infection in increasing disease persistence and prevalence was greatest at or around, and particularly just below, the equilibrium group size. At an equilibrium group size of 4 individuals, disease persisted in only 15% of simulations when infection was solely badger-derived. However, when badger-derived infection was supplemented by external infection, disease persisted in 75% of simulations at the lowest external infection probability (0.0001), and persisted in all simulations at the intermediate (0.001) and highest probabilities (0.01) of external infection (Figure 1b).
When disease became established in the population as a consequence of both badger-derived and external infection, the relative pattern of intra- and inter-group transmission was similar to that obtained with badger-derived infection alone, with the relative importance of intra-group to inter-group transmission events declining as group size increased beyond the threshold group size of 6. However, with the two highest probabilities of external infection (0.001 and 0.01), the relationship was shifted to the left (Figure 2) with a significant number of intra-group transmission events now occurring at equilibrium group size of 4.
Our results are consistent with those from other computer models that support the existence of a threshold group size for the persistence of bTB in badger populations at around 6–8 adults per group [14, 15, 16]. The general increases in prevalence with group size, albeit it in a non-linear pattern, also support the broader literature on the dynamics of disease in a range social host species [23]. However, recent empirical work has found a negative relationship between bTB prevalence and badger abundance, with prevalence highest in smaller social groups and at lower population densities [24]. The most plausible hypothesis to explain this finding is that badger contact behaviour changes according to group size, and greater mobility of badgers between groups at lower population densities may result in a higher proportion of contacts leading to disease transmission [24]. However, there are no behavioural data available from free-living badger populations at low densities to test this hypothesis or to re-parameterise the model. In the absence of such data, the model assumed that individual badgers at all densities exhibited the behaviour patterns recorded in a moderate-density population [25], and this assumption probably explains the predicted increases in prevalence with group size in the model. A relatively higher frequency of contacts between badgers at lower densities would have the effect of lowering the threshold for disease persistence in much the same way as increased external transmission does, and thus the predictions of the model for lower social group sizes should be treated with caution, and considered as lower bounds in terms of disease persistence and prevalence.
The addition of external trickle-type infection in the model decreased the threshold group size for bTB persistence [26], allowing for persistence in smaller group sizes, and raised the prevalence in larger group sizes. It enabled an increase in prevalence to occur in already infected populations that consisted of larger group sizes. The driver for this was an increase in intra-group transmission rates. However, this effect was not consistent across all group sizes, and relatively greater impacts were achieved at lower group sizes, particularly just below the threshold level. At these lower group sizes, there is a more heterogeneous distribution of infection across groups, and hence it is more likely that external infection will result in disease being introduced into fully susceptible groups that do not have contiguous borders with infected groups. Following introduction of disease into susceptible groups, the relatively higher rates of intra-group transmission lead to higher levels of disease. These results suggest that only relatively minor changes in intra-group contact behaviour at lower densities may be sufficient to have a significant impact on the persistence of bTB in lower-density populations. With high levels of external infection, bTB is thus able to persist in smaller badger social groups commonly found within Europe [27], as well as in Ireland [18]. In these situations, badger populations are likely to be fragmented, and external infections may provide a means for infection to reach those groups which would otherwise have been relatively isolated from dispersing individuals from other sub-populations.
External infections of badger populations may arise from livestock, other wildlife or environmental sources. For example, deer can shed M. bovis in faecal matter and nasal mucous [28] which can contaminate the environment, and cattle can shed M. bovis through nasal mucous [29] that can contaminate water sources [30]. In larger badger group sizes, for example above 10–12, as are found in parts of south-west England where bTB is believed to be endemic in the badger population [31], external infection is not required for disease persistence. Nevertheless, even in these situations, significant external infection can cause increases in prevalence when there is endemic disease. Where these external sources of infection include maintenance hosts, disease control strategies should include management of these other potential sources of disease. However, effective control of bTB in the badger population may also help to reduce the significance of these external sources, especially if the other species are acting solely as spillover hosts [32]. With larger group sizes, even occasional infectious disease contact can cause low levels of disease to persist, thereby complicating control measures.
Studies on bTB in other wildlife in south-west England have found several other wildlife species to be infected with bTB, for example various rodent species, foxes, red deer, roe deer, fallow deer and muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) [33]. However, only some of the affected species excrete bTB and are therefore capable of contributing to a pool of external infection. Of the affected species, only fallow deer and muntjac, at densities of over 56 per km2 and 47 per km2 respectively, are likely to act as maintenance hosts [32]. Spillover host status may be provided by roe deer, red deer, muntjac and fallow deer at lower densities [32, 34]. However, the capacity of these species to maintain the disease as part of a multi-species host community has yet to be explored, and it may provide further opportunities for external infection to the badger population, as well being able to act as a spillover for bTB from badgers. Moreover, the presence of multispecies hosts of disease increases the possibility of contact across a wider variety of habitats due to a range of differences between species including foraging and dispersal distances. For example, the foraging distance of a badger may only reach 250 m whereas the foraging distance of a roe deer doe may be more than 1800 m [35, 36].
It is likely that a low level of seeding from external sources, for example external seeding from infected livestock and/or from infected environmental sources such as water, food and soil [37] occurs in many areas where bTB persists in wildlife populations around the world. In Northern Michigan, a survey of wildlife for M.bovis infection discovered infected opossums (Didelphis virginianus) and a grey fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) which had been located on bTB-depopulated cattle farms [38]. M. bovis has been recovered from soil samples [39], badger setts and badger latrines [40] in areas with infected badgers, and has shown to be able to survive for long periods of time within soil [41] and on the forest floor in areas of high possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) density [42]. Our analysis of external infection of bTB in badgers has shown that low levels of external infection alone are relatively unimportant compared with disease processes internal to the host population in determining the persistence of bTB in badgers above the threshold group size. However, at lower group sizes, as occur throughout many areas where bTB persists in cattle, external sources of infection are likely to assume a much greater significance. This may account for bTB infection in badgers in Switzerland, France and Spain [27, 43]. For example, bTB persists in badger populations in Ireland despite an average group size of 3.9 badgers [17]. All else being equal, a greater level of external infection would be required to maintain bTB in badgers in Ireland, because of the smaller badger group sizes, than is the case in Britain, where group sizes are frequently well above the threshold level predicted by the model. However, our results suggest that the Irish situation is also more sensitive to the effects of external infection than that in Britain, since the group size in Ireland is within a critical range just below the threshold for disease persistence, where the potential role of any external sources is magnified. In Ireland, bTB persistence is therefore likely to be a consequence of a combination of badger-derived infection, infection from livestock and from other environmental sources [44, 45], as well as possible differences in badger behaviour at lower densities [24]. In many parts of Britain, especially where badger densities are higher, bTB is likely to be maintained simply through badger-derived infection.
The control of bTB has been based historically on the testing and slaughter of infected cattle, or taken a dual approach, combining a test-and-slaughter policy with wildlife culling [46, 47]. Culling of badgers may result in more dispersal of individuals, with the potential to lead to a perturbation effect (higher bTB as a consequence of disruption to the badger social system due to badger culling [48, 49]). However, the extent of the any perturbation effect is likely to depend on both the extent of behavioural change in the badger population relative to the previous situation, as well as on the relative dependence of the disease system on badger-derived infection compared with cattle-derived infection. Perturbation is more likely to occur where bTB persistence is predominantly badger-derived, and where the effects of culling are to cause significant changes in behavioural patterns.
Our work suggests that the effectiveness of bTB control through badger culling is therefore dependent on the interplay between badger population density and group size (which determine social behaviour and the likely extent of any perturbation effect), and the presence and significance of external sources of infection. As badger populations are decreased by culling, especially where initially high-density populations are reduced significantly, disease may transiently increase due to a perturbation effect. Where a disease problem is still present in the cattle, disease may continue to persist, or even resurge, due to the role of cattle-derived infection in the system [50, 51], and this may be exacerbated by longer-term changes in the behaviour of the badger population. Any culling-based strategy to reduce bTB in badgers therefore needs to aim to reduce badger populations to not only below the level at which perturbation effects on disease are most pronounced, but also below the critical range where the disease in badgers can be maintained by trickle-type infection from other sources in the ecosystem.
Our analysis has shown that additional sources of infection, such as other infected bTB-excreting wildlife, environmental contamination, and cattle failing to test positive and being removed from a farm due to imperfect test sensitivity [52] will reduce the effectiveness of disease management. In our model, external trickle-type infection only occurred during the summer season. Whilst the overall amount of external infection in the system is unknown, it may also occur at other times of the year, especially where badgers enter farm buildings frequently [53]. The addition of external infection at other times of the year would further enhance its role in enabling bTB persistence in badger populations at sub-threshold densities. This highlights the need for integrated strategies for bTB management, addressing both the livestock-wildlife host system and other environmental sources of infection, to reduce the risk of bTB in badger populations.
Model structure and parameters
We used a spatial simulation model following the structure of that in White and Harris [15]. This model shares the same general form as the badger-bTB model produced by the Food and Environment Research Agency [14, 16, 54] and used by the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) to inform the management of bTB in badgers in England. The models have produced similar predictions regarding the ecology and management of bTB in badger populations, including the identification of a threshold badger group size of around 6–8 individuals for disease persistence.
The parameters originally used in the model
Disease progression
Latent to Infectious
Infectious to latent
Latent to Infectious
Infectious to latent
Coeff A
Coeff B
Natural mortality (μ)
Without Female
Disease-induced mortality (α)
Adult and Yearling
Adult and Yearling
External infection
Probability of external transmission
Internal infection
Annual intra-group infection transmission
Annual inter-group infection transmission
Data from the simulations were obtained from the central 10 x 10 territories only, in order to avoid biases due to edge effects. Time in the simulation progressed in discrete iterations corresponding to the four seasons in a year of equal duration i.e. three months. A second layer to the simulation represented the habitat quality of each territory in the form of a carrying capacity, with the link between this and badger group size being established through density-dependent cub mortality [15]. The balance between fecundity and cub mortality was calibrated in an initial series of runs under a range of habitat qualities (equilibrium group sizes 2 to 12, representing the full range of group sizes recorded in Europe), to establish the parameter values that maintained the required equilibrium group sizes. Assumptions within the model were as follows: only adult females can breed; breeding is unaffected by disease status; dispersal is by adults and to contiguous territories only; all cubs are born susceptible to disease; there is no vertical or pseudo-vertical disease transmission; and there is homogeneous mixing within social groups. The impact of culling was not explored in these scenarios.
Sensitivity analysis
We used boosted regression trees to determine which parameters had the greatest influence on badger group size and disease prevalence for group sizes 4, 8 and 12. These analyses were carried out using the 'R' statistical and programming environment (R 2.7.0, R Development Core Team 2010).
Modelling the different scenarios
Initially, we ran the model across a range of equilibrium group sizes (2 to 12 individuals per group in increments of 2), with the initial equilibrium group size being identical across the grid at the start of each simulation. The model was run for 50 years (200 seasons) to allow the populations to stabilise according to the pre-determined equilibrium group size [15]. Then, we introduced infection in different ways as described below and allowed 25 years for the disease dynamics to stabilise. Data were then recorded for the following 50 years. Each model configuration was run 50 times. We recorded the following data every 'summer' season: group size; number of empty/filled territories (grid cells); number of intra-group infections; number of inter-group infections; number of external infections; and number of infectious groups.
For scenario 1 (solely badger-derived infection), bTB was introduced in the form of a single infected badger in a single group, selected at random. For scenario 2 (badger-derived infection, supplemented by trickle-type infection from an external source), bTB was introduced as in scenario 1, but then supplemented by trickle-type infection across the whole grid on an annual basis (once each year during the summer). Summer was chosen as it represents the season with the greatest risk of transmission from external sources, due to cattle returning to pasture in late spring and summer, combined with increases in badger territory sizes and foraging activity in summer [8]. The simulations were run with the probability of external transmission set at 0.0001, 0.001 and 0.01 per season for each susceptible individual.
Analysis of results
We calculated the means, standard deviations and 95% confidence intervals for prevalence, intra-group infection rate, inter-group infection rate, the number of external infectious contacts, the number of empty territories and the number of infected groups based on the final 50 years of the simulations. Outputs from simulations using lower equilibrium group sizes (2–6) were non-parametrically distributed, although the larger equilibrium group sizes yielded parametric data.
This work was supported by the EU (project number 212414). SAC and BioSS receive support from the Scottish Government.
Supplementary material
Copyright information
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
To the Editor:
There are three entities that are ensuring America's demise into a polarized, divided nation: Congress, media and corporations.
How many KDH readers knew of the fast-food workers' walkout May 16? People walked off their minimum wage-paying jobs in 150 U.S. cities and 33 countries. Not a word on local, national or cable news.
How many readers knew of Police Commissioner Robert Copeland of New Hampshire, who said, "I believe I did use the 'N' word in reference to the current occupant of the White House. For this, I do not apologize — he meets and exceeds my criteria for such."
He has since resigned, but there was no coverage locally.
Mr. Sterling owner, of the L.A. Clippers, must have sucked up all the print and airwaves regarding his racist views.
What about Texas legislators' voting records? KDH continually has photo ops of their smiling faces. Did you know in 2014 that Republicans filibustered a bill that would have boosted funding for the VA by $21 billion, expanded benefits and repealed cuts pushed through under the (Rep. Paul) Ryan budget bill?
The 2013 Ryan budget cut $6 billion from veterans benefits; in 2012, Republicans blocked seven other bills that would have helped veterans and the VA and filibustered a bill that would have adjusted VA benefits to keep up with inflation; Republicans filibustered a bill in 2010 that would have provided benefits for homeless veterans.
Do you see a pattern here? Since Benghazi, there have been 81 school shootings in which 66 children were killed. Yet Republicans have held eight official reviews and spent millions in taxpayer money on Benghazi and squashed gun control.
Corporations around the globe own CEOs, the media and Congress.
According to workingamerica.org, between 2000 and today, worker productivity has increased 23 percent adjusted for inflation; wages didn't increase at all.
These are facts. You might not like them but I promise you, if you ignore them at the ballot box Nov. 4, you haven't seen the worst.
Patricia Muldrow Roberts
Harker Heights


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Nowadays it is really hard to get albums loaded of GOOD heavy metal. While Yngwie gets more and more boring with every release we get Impelliteri, Narnia and some others trading tendencies and trying really hard to get out of the box without actually sacrificing their core sound. As you might expect the majority of those albums are, for me at least, at the edge of boredom. Thus, when I read about this album I was a little afraid of being a copycat of Yngwie, fortunately this is not the case although there is obvious resemblance. I mean, this is neoclassical shredding metal by all means.
The first seconds you listen to this metal feast you know this will be hell of a ride. The riffing style is not 100% similar to Yngwie's albums. Joe Stump's riffing style is a little less melodic than Yngwie yet it has far more edge and sharp style. The riffs do not repeat themselves for instance, although the keyboards sound is what resembles to Yngwie in some way IMHO. The melodies are sharper and more interesting since they shred and at the same time have melody. The major difference between the two is that Joe is really concerned with the rhythm section and he creates powerful riffs to sustain the background. Yngwie uses rhythm sections only as an excuse to play his guitar fills every single second he can.
The vocal department, courtesy of the great Mike Vescera leaves me speechless. He has the perfect tone for this kind of metal. This is heavy metal the way it is supposed to be played and sung. He has a higher screechy tone and some hard rock vibe but without being smokey.
Save me' has very classical influences and the solo by all means is exquisite without that wankery waterfalls of notes like Yngwie does although for someone who are just passing by the album out of curiosity, it will pretty much sounds the same. 'Into the unknown' is almost a hard rock tune due to the riffing style. The keyboards are very present here and drive the melody. The solo is more hard rock influenced with neoclassical influences. 'Hellbound' sounds very much like a piece from an Axel Rudi Pell album with its structured riff pattern and soloing. This is a nice mid tempo song with double bass and outstanding vocals by Mike and it is really rhythm based and actually there are not that many solos or guitar fills you can notice which makes it a great song, making the rhythm section sound really tight. Of course, the solo is kick ass and again, he uses different patterns and sections within the same solo. 'Kill the King' is THE tribute to the already well known song from Rainbow with its 70s sound keyboards. Nice dual soloing between keyboards and guitar solos. Mike sounds very much like Ian Gillian and all those hippies singing style singers from back then. This is, so far, the only version of this song that I actually like. 'Last time' is a very emotional song with delicious yet middle range and safe zone for Mike Vescera. The use of a double bass drum makes it sound even more powerful considering that it is kind of a 'soft' song. 'Dante's danza is an exquisite instrumental with some flamenco influences, which by the way, the style was copied by Rex Carroll on his King James' album on his instrumental as well. This is Joe's show off but as far as I am concerned, he does not repeat the passes or the fills over and over, but instead he uses different cascades of notes, making it very interesting. 'Still holding on' is the only song that cannot grab me. It is not because it is a ballad. It has to do with the guitars being too heavy and too loud in the mix, plus the distortion that is too sharp for a ballad that eventually speeds up using a crescendo build up that is quite nice because the riff is quite rich so I guess my problem is only with the first part of the song. 'The unknown' is mid tempo song and it has very prominent keyboards to accentuate the atmosphere of the unknown (pun intended) and it sounds very similar to any song from the 'Alchemy' album. 'Sacred ground' is another kick ass song that doesn't go into really high speed and the riffing section is really strong and here the bass lines are really thick and strong. Finally 'Undercover' is another song that could fit into a Axel Rudi Pell album 'Black moon pyramid' because of its retro feeling and tribute to the 70s and 80s bands.
In the end my friends, this is a kick ass metal album, not power metal or any other boxing category and although I can understand the resemblance with Yngwie and some might get pissed off because of this it is not all the same. Oh, and for the record, thanks to a friend of mine who is an Yngwie's fucking stupid worshipper and wet pants fan, I became a hater of Yngwie's records. I actually got rid of the ones I had so when I discovered this guy after many times listening to this album I finally got it and they are not all the same shit. Joe's is, as far as I am concerned far better in regards to composition which is the core of any good song. I am taking only 5 points because of the aforementioned songs I don't like but as far as entertainment, shredding, guitar lessons, technique and kick ass vocals this album has it all.
Thirty seconds into the first track, and I find myself reaching for the CD case to make sure I had not mistakenly hit Play for a Yngwie Malmsteen CD - alas, no mistake made; it's not Yngwie, but I forgave myself very quickly for thinking so. The US band The Reign of Terror may well be familiar to guitar shred fans, but were, until this here CD "Sacred Ground", released in 2001, not on my radar.
Instead of Yngwie doing the mad shredding, the axe wielder in this band is Joe Stump. We have 12 tracks, and two of them are the requisite instrumentals (guitar and keyboard atmospherics in one, acoustic guitar for the other); on the other ten tracks Joe Stump is backed by his band (vocals, bass, drums, keyboards). The other reason for my earlier mistake became clear after looking up this factoid: the vocalist here, one Michael Vescera, has in the past performed the same duties for none other than Mr. Malmsteen.
To be honest, while I occasionally enjoy this kind of music, it is not my favorite genre - there is just too much super-fast guitar noodling, which, while certainly impressive, also tends to become monotonous after about 5 tracks. The song structures are also similar enough to make the songs quickly blend into each other. "The Unknown" was the only song that made me look up the song title - the others were all one big morass of guitar-overloaded metal.
If you're into this kind of metal in the first place, you will certainly enjoy this CD - I'll keep it handy if I feel the need for maximum notes-per-minute metal.


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Pelvic Limb
Pelvic Girdle
Ilium: The ilium represents the cranial half of the os coxae. It is divided into a flat cranial part, the wing and a narrow caudal part, the body. Along its cranial border is a roughened area known as the iliac crest. The tuber coxae contains the cranial ventral iliac spine and the adjacent part of the ventral border of the wing of the ilium. The tuber sacrale is composed of the cranial and caudal dorsal iliac spines and the intervening bone. Running along the ventromedial edge of the sacropelvic surface of the body of the ilium is the arcuate line between the auricular surface and the iliopubic eminence of the pubis.
Ischium: The ischium consists of tuberosity, body, table, and ramus. It enters into the formation of the acetabulum, obturator foramen, and symphysis pelvis. The thick ischiatic tubrerosity provides attachment for the sacrotubeorus ligament. The ischiatic spine is a rounded crest dorsal to the acetabulum, where the ischium meets the ilium. The ramus of the ischium is the thin and wide fused with the pubis cranially. The left and right rami meet at the pelvic symphysis. The caudal border of each ischium meets to form the ischiatic arch.
Pubis: The pubis extends medially from the ilium and ischium to the symphysis. It consists of a body and two rami. On the cranial border of the cranial ramus of each pubic bone projects the iliopubic eminence. The cranial area of the pubis between the iliopubic eminences represents the pectens. From the midline of the pubis project the pubic tubercle.
The acetabulum has a semilunar articular surface that receives the head of the femur. Its circumference is broken at the acetabular notch. The ligament of the head of the femur attaches to the acetabular fossa.
Clinical Correlation: Fractures of the pelvis are relatively common, and in many veterinary practices they constitute 20 to 30 percent of all fractures. Most fractures are multiple and involve more than one bone. Hip dysplasia is a hereditary disease that cause lameness and arthritis of the joints. It is caused by several contributing genetic factors, including abnormal articulation of the hip and femur causing friction, wear and tear within the joint. Hip dysplasia affects large and giant breeds of dogs.


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Frequently Asked Questions About Celiac Disease 09/30/2015This Celiac.com FAQ on celiac disease will guide you to all of the basic information you will need to know about the disease, its diagnosis, testing methods, a gluten-free diet, etc. Subscribe to FREE Celiac.com email alerts What are the major symptoms of celiac disease? Celiac Disease Symptoms What testing is available for celiac disease? - list blood tests, endo with biopsy, genetic test and enterolab (not diagnostic) Celiac Disease Screening Interpretation of Celiac Disease Blood Test Results Can I be tested even though I am eating gluten free? How long must gluten be taken for the serological tests to be meaningful? The Gluten-Free Diet 101 - A Beginner's Guide to Going Gluten-Free Is celiac inherited? Should my children be tested? Ten Facts About Celiac Disease Genetic Testing Is there a link between celiac and other autoimmune diseases? Celiac Disease Research: Associated Diseases and Disorders Is there a list of gluten foods to avoid? Unsafe Gluten-Free Food List (Unsafe Ingredients) Is there a list of gluten free foods? Safe Gluten-Free Food List (Safe Ingredients) Gluten-Free Alcoholic Beverages Distilled Spirits (Grain Alcohols) and Vinegar: Are they Gluten-Free? Where does gluten hide? Additional Things to Beware of to Maintain a 100% Gluten-Free Diet What if my doctor won't listen to me? An Open Letter to Skeptical Health Care Practitioners Gluten-Free recipes: Gluten-Free Recipes Where can I buy gluten-free stuff? Support this site by shopping at The Celiac.com Store.
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kitgordon posted a topic in Gluten-Free Foods, Products, Shopping & MedicationsAnyone who relies on Better Batter products, think about ordering now. The company is facing possible bankrupcy, so now is the time to stock up. Or enough orders may pay the bills and keep them afloat - I am hoping, as I haven't found any cup for cup flour or cake mixes that even come close!
kitgordon replied to tonalynn's topic in Celiac Disease - Coping WithIt helps to take Lactaid tablets when you have dairy the first few months and buy Lactaid milk if you use milk. I wasn't giving up my dairy, either!
kitgordon posted a topic in Gluten-Free TravelMy husband and I celebrated our 30th anniversary in the Bahamas, and the all the resort restaurants took great care of me, sending chefs to talk to us, getting gluten free bread for me, pancakes in the morning, even Glutino crackers with the cheese plate they sent to our room. The staff was very knowledgeable and helpful, and I would highly recommend Sandals resorts for a romantic gluten free getaway!
kitgordon replied to Tigercat17's topic in Gluten-Free Foods, Products, Shopping & MedicationsLannett brand generic levothyroxine is gluten free.
kitgordon replied to kitgordon's topic in Dermatitis HerpetiformisThanks, yes it was rather awful - but also a relief in a sense because there is an obvious (though expensive and annoying) cure for bedbugs. Clean everything out of your bedroom, vacuum thoroughly, run all clothes through a hot wash and dry, send curtains to the dry cleaner, throw away dust ruffle and bedspread, encase the mattress, have the exterminators in, let them apply the freeze treatment and spray, keep your stuff out of the bedroom for a week so they can come back and repeat the treatment, cross your fingers that they got every last bug and egg - and begin to heal. Incidentally, it is possible for only one person in a house (or even a bed) to have the bites. My husband sleeps with me and never had any bites we could see. Apparently some people are just not reactive to the darn things. Or they just thought I was sweeter than him!
kitgordon posted a topic in Dermatitis HerpetiformisI spent the entire fall and early winter trying to cure what I thought was DH. Tried low iodine, went crazy trying to locate hidden gluten in my life... turns out the "rash" was bedbug bites! Just sharing this because they are apparently epidemic, and the bites really looked and felt much like all the descriptions of DH that I have read, so if anyone thinks they have DH when you never have before - it might be worth looking into. Disgusting and embarrassing, but at least treatable. And you can have them even if your house is very clean (mine is!). They don't like filth - not like roaches - what they like is blood, so if you have blood, you can have bedbugs.
kitgordon posted a topic in Gluten-Free Recipes - Baking & Cooking TipsI wondered how the Better Batter compares to Gluten Free Bisquick. I love Better Batter flour and cake and brownie mixes.
kitgordon replied to jackibar's topic in Gluten-Free Foods, Products, Shopping & MedicationsSchar makes good breads, too.
kitgordon replied to troykm's topic in Celiac Disease - Post Diagnosis, Recovery/Treatment(s)I think about suicide when I am glutened - not with any actual intent, but the thoughts come almost like they are being sent in by someone else. Very weird.
There are a lot of gluten-free options for cooking. Progresso's boxed broths are gluten free, and so are most of the HerbOx boullions. The first Christmas was HARD. If you start experimenting now, you may be able to come up with replacement recipes by then. It is great you are a good cook; people who don't like to cook find the adjustment much harder. There's no denying that it is more expensive, though. Not all salad dressings have gluten, either. You just have to read a lot of labels. You can definitely do it successfully without an official diagnosis, as long as you trust your own knowledge that gluten is poison for you. I am self-diagnosed, and I certainly don't cheat. Of course, half my family has celiac, and accidental glutenings make me ill, so it was easy for me to be sure I had it. I don't particularly trust doctors anyway. There are restaurants you can trust, too. You'll get the hang of it. It is hard and overwhelming at first, but your health is worth it. Wishing you healing and an easy transition!
kitgordon replied to BlackStar's topic in Celiac Disease - Pre-Diagnosis, Testing & SymptomsWelcome aboard! It is overwhelming at first, but very doable, and you have definitely found the right place for support and advice!
kitgordon replied to Macmuireadhaigh's topic in Celiac Disease - Pre-Diagnosis, Testing & SymptomsThis was my primary symptom, and its recurrence is how I know when I have been accidentally glutened.
Looks very familiar. 3 years?! I am so sorry, and hope it clears up soon. I've had it 3 months and going crazy with it.
kitgordon replied to Adalaide's topic in Dermatitis HerpetiformisI'm so sorry. DH is truly miserable. I get too many adverse reactions to prescriptions to try steroids or dapsone, so I don't know what to suggest about that. Benadryl or Zyrtec will help a little with the itch, but it's nothing like total relief. I am trying the low-iodine diet, but not far enough into it to know if it will help. Hope you get relief soon!
kitgordon replied to kitgordon's topic in Dermatitis HerpetiformisThanks; good luck to you, too!


text: David Tennant: Gracepoint ending will be "different" to Broadchurch The American remake of the ITV drama will NOT play out the same way - but its star still doesn't know the identity of the killer... Comments Written By Susanna Lazarus 11:15 AM, 13 May 2014 Any Broadchurch fans who've watched the first trailer of US remake Gracepoint would be hard pushed not to notice the striking similarities between the two versions. With a string of identical characters – many of whom share the same name or, in David Tennant's case, the same face – It begs the question is Gracepoint going to play out exactly the same way as it's British equivalent? But the simple answer is no. According to Tennant, who plays Detective Emmett Carver (that's the American equivalent to his DI Alec Hardy) the ending will not feature the same outcome as Broadchurch which saw (SPOILER ALERT) DS Ellie Miller's husband Joe admit to killing schoolboy Danny Latimer. "I don't quite know where it's all going," revealed Tennant, who is still filming the ten-part remake for Fox in British Colombia. "The ending is going to be different. So long as it doesn't turn out that I did it..." The fact that the he is still in the dark as to the killer's identity echoes the cast's experience on ITV's Broadchurch where writer Chris Chibnall kept Tennant, Olivia Colman and their co-stars guessing until filming on the final episode. Gracepoint also stars Anna Gunn, Jacki Weaver and Nick Nolte and will begin airing in the US on Thursdays at 9pm. In the meantime, take a look at a selection of newly-released images below... Follow @RadioTimes Like this? Share it. Facebook Twitter Google Tumblr Pinterest Blogger Reddit VKontakt Print Email


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From River North Brewery - For this beer, River North's brewers crafted a traditional Abbey-style Belgian Strong Dark Ale, then aged it on toasted American oak. Wood-aging lends dry notes of vanilla and coconut, providing a perfect balance to the … [Read more...]
Abt/ Quadruple
Mikkeller Monk's Brew (Bourbon Barrel)
From Dan - The Full Pint was at this past Stone Oakquinox at Stone Brewing World Bistro and Gardens this past spring, and we were able to try many Mikkeller beers that have been either hard to find our too cost prohibitive. If you don't know where to … [Read more...]
New Belgium Lips of Faith Cascara Quad
From New Belgium Brewing - Cascara Quad is a dark, strong and surprisingly delicate ale made with dates and coffee cherries. Channeling the Trappist tradition, it's brewed with an ethereal malt bill, and spiced with the fruit of the coffee bean … [Read more...]
Lost Abbey Track 8 (Number of The Beast)
From The Lost Abbey - At a Glance The Beer: A fresh track, Track 8 is a spicy monster — A base of Judgment Day aged in freshly emptied bourbon barrels then spiked with liberal additions of cinnamon stick and dried chili pepper. ABV: 13.7% Released: … [Read more...]
Elevation Apis IV
From Elevation Beer Co. - Apis, the genus of the honeybee, is in homage to the hardworking honeybees of Colorado that provided the caramelized honey we use in making this fantastic beer. IV is a nod to the four people who came together to turn … [Read more...]
Sierra Nevada Ovila Quad
From Sierra Nevada - A collaboration between Sierra Nevada Brewing Co. and the monks at the Abbey of New Clairvaux, Ovila Abbey Quad brings the centuries-old monastery brewing tradition to America. Ovila Abbey Quad is rich and complex with layers of … [Read more...]
Karl Strauss Two Tortugas
From Karl Strauss - San Diego may not top the list for birdwatchers but it certainly tops the list for beer-drinkers. And while you're more likely to spot a Sea Turtle than a Turtle Dove, tracking down a world class beer is easy. Two Tortugas is the … [Read more...]
The Bruery Provisions Series: Cuádruple
From The Bruery - If the monks of Belgium had access to the agave plants of Central America, this is the beer they would have brewed. We used heaping amounts of dark agave nectar in place of the typical sugars in our version of the classic … [Read more...]
Southampton Abbot 12
From Southampton - A strong, dark ale with notes of raisins, figs, and caramel, and a pronounced "dark rum" character. Deceptively smooth at 10.5% alcohol, this strong ale is ideal as an after-dinner sipping brew. Southampton Publick House - … [Read more...]
Pretty Things Baby Tree
From The Pretty Things Beer and Ale Project - Baby tree is a "quadruple" brewed with a single strain of Belgian yeast. While a commonly used style name on the internet, "quadruple" isn't in fact a style name at all but a brand of beer produced by … [Read more...]
Schlafly Quadrupel
From Schlafly - Schlafly Quadrupel is, as its name implies, a serious beer. But don't be intimidated. This fourth beer in our bottle-conditioned Belgian-style beer series has a rich, malty backbone that is generously balanced by select, fresh hops … [Read more...]
Dieu du Ciel Rigor Mortis Abt
From Dieu du Ciel - Strong brown ale inspired by the beer brewed by Belgian Trappist monks. Very little bitterness, this beer has intense malty and sweet flavours, mixed with the taste of chocolate and caramel. It presents complex red fruit and … [Read more...]
Midnight Sun Because
From Midnight Sun - "Double Dubel" is a playful way to say Quadrupel. This strong dark ale was brewed and aged with ancho chilies, which are the dried version of poblanos. Anchos impart earthy, raisin-y, peppery characteristics but not a lot of … [Read more...]


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An increasing number of Russian oligarchs will soon be pawning their yachts and selling their jets as an estimated $369bn (£262bn) has been wiped off their combined wealth after oil prices have plunged by more than $100 a barrel in the past nine months.
The 2009 Forbes Rich List, which was released last week, revealed that the number of Russian billionaires has fallen to 32, from 87 last year.
Moscow was left with 27 billionaires, which meant that it lost its title of billionaire capital of the world to New York, which had 55 people on the list. London was second with 28.
Aluminium magnate Oleg Deripaska, who was last year the ninth-richest man in the world and Russia's wealthiest tycoon, has seen his fortune collapse by $24.5bn to leave him with a mere $3.5bn. Many of his companies were highly leveraged when the crisis hit and are now struggling to keep their heads above water. United Company RusAl has debts of $14bn to banks and his GAZ Group owes about $1.3bn. It is rumoured that Deripaska's holding company, Basic Element, has overall debts of about $28bn.
He has been overtaken as Russia's richest man by Mikhail Prokhorov, the chairman of Polyus Gold, who is worth £9.5bn, down from £19.5bn in 2008. Chelsea football club owner Roman Abramovich came second with a fortune of £8.5bn, down from £23.5bn the previous year.
Other oligarchs fighting to save their fortunes include Kirill Pisarev and his partner Yuri Zhukov, who each lost about 90% of their wealth as shares in their PIK development firm crashed, and Yelena Baturina, whose Inteko construction company has asked the Kremlin for financial assistance. She has lost $3.3bn of her $4.2bn fortune over the past year.
Another is Igor Yakovlev, who lost control of Eldorado, eastern Europe's largest home appliance and electronic retailer, which was valued at $3.5bn a year ago. His other operation, Banana Mama, which sells baby clothes, has become insolvent. He has lost an estimated $1.6bn of his $1.8bn fortune.


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[Date Index]
[Thread Index]
[Author Index]
Appending an element to a list
i do have a problem, which is probably very easy, but i couldn't find
a reasonable way to solve it. I would appreciate very much any hint.
I have a list of lists. My purpose is to append a new elements to this
list. These elements are generated by some function. Sometimes the
output of the function is an empty list meaning no element. In this
situation Append includes the new element in the list. i would like to
avoid this behaviour.
In[1]:= d={}
Out[1]= {}
In[2]:= Append[{{2,2},{3,3}},d]
Out[2]:= {{2,2},{3,3},{}}
Thanks in advance. Felix Farkas


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Near Vertical Incidence Skywave
A Book Review
By Richard Morrow, K5CNF
Most of the time, we want our signals to really reach out and head for the other side of the earth to contact a DX station, but there are occasions when we need communications on a more local level that cannot be served by the VHF repeaters. Now there are those who are thinking when could that ever be? There are some types of natural disasters are capable of taking out the repeater sites, such as hurricanes and really bad earthquakes. When this happens, the only thing left to use is the HF SSB communications that can do the job needed, which is to be able to bring in the required aid from surrounding areas.
Many times, particularly in the case of hurricanes, the emergency aid from Red Cross, Salvation Army, utility companies will be located away from the main path of a storm. This may be several hundred miles from the impacted areas. So the communications requirements are altered somewhat in this case. For those who have been fortunate never have been in a hurricane, a really big one like Hurricane Andrew will destroy anything in its path and flatten everything, towers and all. What is needed is a communications system that will reach out to the areas within a 400-mile radius to alert the waiting emergency units in the outlying areas. This is where the Near Vertical Incidence Antenna systems come in to play.
For those who are not familiar with the NVIS antennas, these were called cloud burners or cloud warmers, as the signal goes straight up and comes straight back down. This made for a tremendous signal close in to the transmitter site and out to about 300-400 milesjust what is needed for disaster communications when nothing is left standing after a really severe storm.
What equipment is needed to make up an NVIS system? Well that is what is this book is all about. The book is authored by LTC. David M. Fiedler (NJ ARNG) (Ret) U.S. Army (Ret) and Maj. Edward J. Farmer, P. E. (CA SMR), and is divided into three parts, with part one devoted to an explanation of how and why the NVIS works. There are many diagrams, charts and graphs of the different modes of propagation and how the NVIS mode differs from other modes. The principal difference is that the NVIS has no skip zone, which is what makes it so useable for close-in communications. There are many informative articles included in this book, many of them from articles written by the authors and many others that have been published in other publications.
The second part of this book is the how-to-do-it part and is another very interesting section. There are discussions on how the German and Soviet armies used this method of communications during World War II. There is a picture taken in the 1980s of a Russian BMP-60 with an NVIS antenna installed. The Russian NVIS usage is discussed in some detail and their reasons for why they use this method of communication is explained well.
Technical information on how to optimize the system for low power transmitters, 20 watts or less, is explained. There is more antenna design and information on how to design and optimize an antenna. Also there are several pictures of a mobile installation on a van that was used for testing a mobile NVIS antenna. The results of this installation are discussed in this section. Interestingly, the mobile radio used is a Kenwood 430S modified for military use and the matching Kenwood AT-230 tuner is used to tune the antenna. The frequency used is 4.520 MHz. The results were presented for analysis in an easy to understand format.
Many antenna are illustrated and their operation is described very well as is their construction. Dimensions can be figured out for the ham bands as these antennas are all within the construction capabilities of the average ham. By using the basic antenna length formulas, these antennas can be easily duplicated.
In the third section of the book, there are discussions on how the NVIS communications worked on D-Day and how it came to be used. It is a most interesting facet of the communications systems that were used that day. It is interesting to note that Dr. H.H. Beverage of Beverage antenna fame was the source of the solution for the communications problems that they were having at that time and as he recommended the use of horizontal dipole antennas close to the ground as a solution to the problem. The problem being that the vertical antennas being used were not working well as they had very little ground wave coverage and it appears that the skip zone was causing many problems with communications among the military command posts. The use of low dipole antennas solved that problem.
There is also a detailed report by the U.S. Marine Corps on testing that was done in the area of Camp Lejeune and outwards to 200 miles radius from there and this is covered in detail. There are several other tests that were run by other organizations and these are also covered in detail with charts and graphs. There are illustrations presented of the antennas that were used at the fixed locations as well as the ones used on the mobile units.
After I finished this most interesting book, I realized that in years past I had used many different NVIS antennas and not known it. Since I had done most of my operation on 75 and 40 meters, nearly all of my dipoles were not more than 15 feet high. So I got good reports during the day on 40 meters when I was a novice and the same on 75 meters. That antenna was a trap dipole that had the center at 10 feet above the ground and the ends were at a height of about 14 feet. It had a pair of W2AU traps and was made of lamp cord fed with RG-8 coax. I used a Heathkit AT-1 transmitter that ran about 25 watts and I was fairly pleased with things as they were. Keep in mind that this was in 1955. This antenna was also the one I used with a Central Electronics 10B SSB exciter that had about 3 watts out on 75 meters. I got decent reports all over Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas and Louisiana. But that was as far as it went. No contacts were made any farther out, and now I know why. As a point of historical interest, I still have the W2AU traps and I think they are still useable.
Another interesting antenna situation took place several years ago when I had installed an Atlas SSB rig in my car. After I finished the installation, I went for a drive to see how it worked. I was getting 20 to 40 over 9 reports from stations in Dallas, Houston and San Antonio. Then someone pulled up beside me and pointed to the rear of the car. When I stopped I found out that the ball mount had slipped and the antenna was at a 45-degree angle to the horizon. After I got the antenna back to the vertical and tightened up, my signal had fallen off to S9 in the same places. A Lesson learned, but not realized until later after reading this book about the use of tilted whips and the effect on the signal.
I realize there are many who are interested in only local contacts out to no more than 200-400 miles for regional nets or just ragchew with the local cronies. For these purposes the NVIS is the ideal antenna system.
The book may be ordered online from: http://www.wr6wr.com/products/book_booklist.html
Or via mail at : Worldradio Books. P.O. Box 1894900, Sacremento, CA 95818
antenneX ~ January 2002 Online Issue #57 ~
Send mail to email@example.com
with questions or comments.
Copyright © 1988-2011 All rights reserved - antenneX©
Last modified: December 31, 2010


text:
The Lehigh Valley IronPigs came back from a 2-0 deficit with five runs in the bottom of the seventh to beat the Gwinnett Braves 5-2 in Game 3 of the four-game series. The G-Braves are now 2 1/2 games behind Charlotte in the International League South, as Charlotte won its fourth straight game Thursday night.
G-Braves starter Kris Medlen worked five scoreless frames and allowed four hits, no walks and struck out four.
The G-Braves (33-28) continue their road trip at 7:05 tonight in Allentown against Lehigh Valley (37-26). Right-hander Jair Jurrjens (3-3, 5.56) is scheduled to start for the G-Braves against the IronPigs left-hander Pat Misch (3-8, 5.01).


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Your location: Home > > Documents & Decisions > Advanced Search
Full library record
Informal overview text by the Chair.
Corporate Author
Full versions
This informal overview text aims to reflect the exchanges and views, interventions and options presented by Parties in their consideration of the various agenda items of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention (AWGLCA) this year. It builds upon the informal overview note by the Chair made available on 5 September 2012, at the end of the informal additional session of the AWG-LCA held in Bangkok, Thailand. In some areas, the overview text also presents attempts by the Chair to give further structure to the elements under consideration in order to identify a potential way forward. This overview text is made available by the Chair in an effort to facilitate discussions among Parties on the different ideas and proposals presented, with a view to completing the work of the AWG-LCA and reaching the agreed outcome pursuant to decision 1/CP.13
Agenda item 3
Preparation of an agreed comprehensive and balanced outcome to be presented to the Conference of the Parties for adoption at its eighteenth session, to enable the full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention through long-term cooperative action now, up to and beyond 2012, pursuant to decision 1/CP.13, taking into account decisions adopted by the Conference of the Parties at its sixteenth and seventeenth sessions and recognizing that the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention includes both implementation tasks and issues that are still to be concluded
Agenda item 4
Review: further definition of its scope and development of its modalities
Agenda item 5
Other matters
This document is available in English only
Document type
meeting papers
Published by
United Nations Office at Geneva | Geneva (Switzerland) | 16/11/2012


text:
James Beard nominees announced: Aprahamian advances for Best Chef Midwest
Just moments ago, the James Beard Foundation announced the final nominees for its 2013 awards from the Lowndes Grove Plantation in Charleston, SC. And Milwaukee has at least one reason to be proud.
Sanford's Justin Aprahamian, who was nominated for the third straight year, has made it to the next round for Best Chef Midwest.
The other finalists in the category are Gerard Craft of Niche in Clayton, MO, Colby Garrelts of Bluestem in Kansas City, Mo., Michelle Gayer of Salty Tart in Minneapolis, and Jack Riebel of Butcher & the Boar in Minneapolis.
Final James Beard Award winners will be announced at the annual gala on May 6 at Lincoln Center's Avery Fisher Hall in New York City.
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text:
First Brian, now Marcus:
Former Padres second baseman Marcus Giles was arrested early Wednesday morning on charges of domestic battery involving his wife, El Cajon Police Sgt. Fenton Sue said. Sue said police were called to Interstate 8 at Greenfield Drive at 3:20 a.m. by California Highway Patrol officers who were with Giles, 31, and his wife, who were in a vehicle that was pulled over, Sue said. It's unclear if it was the CHP officers who had stopped the car.
Giles' wife told officers she was making a citizen's arrest on her husband for battery, Sue said. She said Giles was taken into custody and is being booked on charges of domestic battery on a spouse.


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Patrick Agyemang scored twice, slotting home from 12 yards for the first and then netting from close range after Akos Buzsaky's shot fell into his path.
Buzsaky put the result beyond doubt in the second half as he scored QPR's third with a rifled shot from 25 yards.
City nearly grabbed a consolation late on, but substitute Ivan Sproule's 20-yard shot hit the post.
"There were long periods when City didn't get the ball and I don't think we
dropped our tempo even when we were 3-0 up.
"The thing about this division is anyone can beat anyone and we have showed that. After such an abysmal performance in our defeat at Cardiff in midweek, it was nice to come here and be very positive from the start - hopefully we can go on a good run now."
"The boys tried hard but our quality was poor and we got what we deserved.
"There were not a lot of positives from the day but we must try to forget about it and move on. We have recovered from setbacks before and we will again. We mustn't dwell on it for too long, we have a big game against Southampton next week."
QPR: Camp, Mancienne, Stewart, Rehman (Connolly 76), Delaney, Ephraim (Lee 75), Mahon, Buzsaky, Rowlands, Vine (Leigertwood 89), Agyemang.Subs Not Used: Crowther, Blackstock.
Booked: Rowlands, Vine.
Goals: Agyemang 18, 33, Buzsaky 63.
Bristol City: Basso, Orr, Vasko (Fontaine 46), McCombe, McAllister, Carle (Sproule 66), Elliott, Johnson (Noble 80), McIndoe, Byfield, Adebola.Subs Not Used: Weale, Skuse.
Booked: Adebola, Fontaine.
Att: 16,502.
Ref: Darren Deadman (Cambridgeshire).
What are these?


text:
Originally posted on The B1g Time | Last updated 11/20/12
The common thought heading into the season for Penn State was that they would go as far as first team all-conference guard Tim Frazier would take them. We're about to find out if that statement is true because Frazier will not play another game this season after rupturing his Achilles tendon. "Tim is a tremendous player, a great team leader and just a fantastic young man who put a ton of hard work into having a terrific senior season," Penn State coach Patrick Chambers said in a statement. "I have no doubt he will meet this challenge and will again be one of the top players in the nation." Penn Sate announced the news on Tuesday morning via a release. Penn State is currently 2-2 on the young season and will face Bucknell on Nov. 23rd as their first contest without Frazier. Frazier was averaging a team best 16.3 points per game as well as an amazing 4.5 rebounds per game for a point guard. He was also dishing out 3.8 assists per game. Without Frazier the bulk of the scoring will now fall to D.J. Newbill, a transfer from Southern Miss, who is currently averaging 14.5 points per game. However, Newbill and Jermaine Marshall, the other double digit scorer, can't possibly pick up that slack alone. There's no doubt this is a massive blow to a team trying to build a winning culture in Pat Chambers' 2nd season at the helm of the Nittany Lions.
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Jeffrey SpahrSummers
Jeffrey SpahrSummers (01/26/60 / Colorado Springs)
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Snakes Never Stray Far From Their Mates
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Hey there, I have a brushed 1/16 grace digger too. Since you do not run the carwithout a body it must get some dirt and stuff in small spaces. I would get a air duster can and spray out the whole car after a run. Also grap some ed-40
And spray down the car after a run. Also maybe every three or four weeks change the shock oil with 40 or 50wt pupil. And after every run tighten that big silver screw on the motor just so it does not get loose and strip ur gears. Hope this helps


text:
Four categories of plant food dominated the diet of chimpanzees in Kibale Forest, Uganda: non-fig tree fruits, fig tree fruits, herbaceous piths and terrestrial leaves. Fruit abundance varied unpredictably, more among non-figs than figs. Pith intake was correlated negatively with fruit abundance and positively with rainfall, whereas leaf intake was not influenced by fruit abundance. Piths typically have low sugar and protein levels. Compared with fruits and leaves they are consistently high in hemicellulose and cellulose, which are insoluble fibres partly digestible by chimpanzees. Herbaceous piths appear to be a vital resource for African forest apes, offering an alternative energy supply when fruits are scarce.
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text: Chris Wendl (Humboldt Universitat, Berlin): A Hierarchy of Filling Obstructions for Contact Manifolds Abstract: It is a standard fact that overtwisted contact 3-manifolds are not symplectically fillable, and more recent results show that there are also many tight but non-fillable contact manifolds, namely those which have Giroux torsion. I will explain how these two obstructions can be understood as the first two levels in an infinite hierarchy of filling obstructions, collectively called planar torsion, which can be used to find contact manifolds that are not strongly or weakly fillable but have no Giroux torsion. The proof uses pseudoholomorphic curves.


text:
Penelope Cruz has described Cannes as the "perfect" place for her latest film to première, although her partner Tom Cruise will not be accompanying her up the red carpet.
Cruz, who stars as an 18th-Century gypsy in Fan Fan La Tulipe, a swashbuckling remake of the 1952 French classic, said she was "very happy" her film was opening such a prestigious event.
But she added that her Vanilla Sky co-star Cruise was not attending the festival with her because he was "working".
There has been considerable interest and speculation in Cannes that Cruise, whose former wife Nicole Kidman is also attending the festival, would accompany Cruz to the première.
Fan Fan la Tulipe, a lightweight adventure comedy, has had a mixed reception from critics so far and is not in competition for the main prize in Cannes, the Palme d'Or.
Cruz, who speaks French throughout the film, said it had been wonderful to work with her friend and co-star Vincent Perez, who also starred in Cyrano de Bergerac which screened at Cannes in 1990.
Perez plays a womanizing yet gallant action hero of the 18th Century, who mocks war but ends up joining the army to avoid marrying yet another of his conquests.
Its producer, Luc Besson, famed for films including Leon and Nikita, said he decided to remake the original film because he had loved it so much as a boy, and it had "emotional memories" for him.
He added that it had been very challenging to make, not least because the shooting schedule had to be changed 45 times due to poor weather.
There have also been challenges facing journalists and members of the world's film industry in reaching Cannes, due Tuesday's national transport strike and fears over the Sars virus.
Although hotels are reporting several absentees due to the strike, there are still hundreds of people who have managed to arrive in time for festival's opening.
Hundreds of delegates from Asia are expected, but organisers are keeping a close watch on any sign of Sars cases.
French health officials have begun leafleting the crowds as Cannes' population begins to increase threefold to more than 200,000.
And France's health ministry has handed out a document in English and French detailing the symptoms of Sars (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) and how to act.
Hot favourites
The annual two-week event is the most important film festival in the world and will be the venue for scores of screenings, parties and deals.
Later in the festival, star-studded premières will be held for The Matrix Reloaded and Dogville, starring Nicole Kidman and directed by Danish auteur Lars von Trier.
Arnold Schwarzenegger will also be in town promoting his comeback film, Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines.
Crime drama Mystic River, directed by Clint Eastwood and starring Sean Penn, is among the favourites to pick up the Palme d'Or.
'Hard work'
Just one UK director, Peter Greenaway, has a film in competition, with The Tulse Luper Suitcases.
Also vying for the top prize will be Gus Van Sant's Elephant, plus The Brown Bunny, directed by Vincent Gallo, and Francois Ozon's Swimming Pool.
The head of the jury, Patrice Chereau, said: "This is going to be 10 days of hard work. I do not, for a minute, underestimate the size of the task."
Actress Meg Ryan, Bollywood star Aishwarya Rai and director Steven Soderbergh are also on the jury attended a press conference on Wednesday afternoon.


text: State Street Corporation (NYSE: STT) today announced that its Foundation made 23 grants to support nonprofits in Quincy and Boston during the second quarter of 2014 totaling more than $1 million to support education and career development programs. The State Street Foundation is the charitable grantmaking arm of State Street Corporation. "As a company headquartered in Massachusetts we are deeply invested in our local community," said Michael Scannell, senior vice president and head of the State Street Foundation. "We recognize our investments in education and workforce development can have a positive impact in creating and maintaining sustainable employment." Adult Education and Employment • Five grants totaling $145,000 were made in support of job placement and retention programs, secondary and post-secondary credential programs, and English as a secondary or other language (ESOL) programs with a focus on programs that provide skills development and support services, as well as language and literacy skills to help adults maintain employment. • One $40,000 grant was awarded to the New England Center for Homeless Veteran's (NECHV) to support its veterans training school which offers vocational training to homeless veterans to provide them with critical skills to achieve employment. Youth Education and Employability • Seven grants totaling $435,000 were made in support of academic achievement programs targeted at keeping students on track for high school graduation. • A $150,000 grant was given in support of the Boston Debate League's Go Deep Initiative, a new program implemented in seven Boston area schools with the goal of transforming school culture and improving graduation rates. • Eight grants totaling $420,000 were made in support of youth academic and employment programs to help build basic job skills. • A $115,000 grant was given to BUILD, a four year old program that uses entrepreneurship to encourage students at risk of dropping out of high school to persevere, graduate and ultimately attend college.


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Thanks Sabine! I did drink a lot yesterday, but also peed A LOT! So tomorrow I will def aim to drink more. Today is UD and having a hard time eating. Not much appetite today.
No announcement yet.
Alternate Day Fasting-Support and Chat
new posts
Originally posted by Bugs View PostDoes anyone else get headaches on dd? Anything I can do to prevent it? Hunger was ok, just this headache! Thanks everyone!Blogging my weight loss experiment using alternate day fasting here:
Created by MyFitnessPal.com - Free Calorie Counter
I suppose I could do this with you if I started it on my first work day. But during the work week I only eat one huge meal before work, and sometimes a little bit before sleeping 12 hours later.I am on MyFitnessPal if anyone is interested in the details of what I eat, just ask to friend me and in the message let me know you are from this thread.
I'm back! And I gained 5 lbs in the last 3 weeks while honeymooning and vacationing. Obvious I had a good time. I think I ate 0% primal too, so I feel pretty bloated. Going grocery shopping tonight or tomorrow and hoping Sunday will be my first DD in a long time.Blogging my weight loss experiment using alternate day fasting here:
Created by MyFitnessPal.com - Free Calorie Counter
Congrats on the wedding!
Sent from my LG-VM696 using Marks Daily Apple Forum mobile app
Reading the past few pages and this looks just awful. People gaining and losing lots of weight on a regular basis, binges and "returning", like a crash diet. This doesn't look sustainable for a lot of people. Is anybody just happily plugging along on this without vanishing for weeks and binging on junk?Crohn's, doing SCD
I'm happily plugging along.
I went back and read the past five pages to see if I could see what Knifegill saw. I think since the thread has slowed down so much, the posts are skewed. There are a few people who are happily doing ADF, but having enough success with it, that there's not really much to chat about.
I only check into the thread every week or if I see something has been posted. Then there are a few newcomers, with the typical succes or failure. But their posts are taking up a larger proprtion of the space, since it gets a little boring to keep typing, "I didn't eat much today; feeling good,' alternated with, "I ate three full meals of meat and veg; feeling good.'
I have had some not-good eating, but I am still feeling good, particularily since the ADF is helping me get back to regular eating after an indulgence, instead of a bag of m&ms leading to three weeks of poor eating choices. This is a big change for me. I LIKE IT!
I would have loved it if switching to primal eating had solved my food issues, but since it didn't(even though I feel good when I am sticking to primal) I am glad to have found a tool that DOES help me get back to it as quickly as possible.
I don't think that ADF is a cure-all for everyone, but I think it is worth trying to see if it works for you.
Sipping peppermint tea and some homemade peach-ginger kombucha today on my Down Day. Another liquid Down Day for me, although i am considering having a protein shake before I go to the gym(yes, you read that right, THE GYM!) and maybe a Green smoothie afterwards. If I feel like it. Usually by the time I get home from the gym, I feel like it is too late to eat, even if it is just drinking. Well, we'll see.
I finally have my home internet back, after almost three weeks of no service, and I am spending WAY TOO MUCH TIME on the internet. But, I'm loving it. I should be back to normal by next week. That's what I'm telling myself, in any case.
First DD since before my wedding. It was a long day. And now I eat cheese and some pickled vegetables. It is hard getting back in the game after a long break.Blogging my weight loss experiment using alternate day fasting here:
Created by MyFitnessPal.com - Free Calorie Counter
Liquid observations:
My last couple of Down Days have been all-liquid: tea, water, kombucha, and protein-shake. Yesterday was an Up Day, and I was at an all-day outdoor event, combined with not drinking enough water( although eating lots of good food).
Today I am PARCHED, and my ring is tight on my finger. I think my body is holding onto every bit of water it can. I feel like I might have to double down on liquids today, just to feel normal.
Not really much to do with ADF, I guess, but I thought it was interesting that even with a lot of previous hydration going on( I usually drink quite a bit even on my up Days) it only took one sub-par day, in a liquid sense, for my body to hang on to all the water it could.
SNAP Challenge
I copied this from my journal, as I think parts of it are interesting from an ADF viewpoint.
I did my planning and shopping for my week of eating on $4.50/day. That's $31.50 for the week, and the first thing I did was subtract $1.50 for the cost of three bottles of my homemade kombucha.
The SNAP guidelines say no using anything you already have, but that's impractical. Most people having to go on food stamps will still have SOME leftovers and pantry items.
So, I made these modifications:
I can use salt, pepper, and sweetener(for flavor, not large amounts as would be needed if I am baking something).
I can use one spice per dish. I can get most spices for $1.00 a packet, so I can even see replacing these at one or two per week as needed. But food stamps wouldn't allow me to have all the spices I wanted, so my compromise will be one per dish.
I can use ONE leftover dish from my fridge for this week. I chose my cauli-rice dish. I haven't even gotten to taste it yet, so that was easy!
I can use the homemade broth in the freezer. Just because you are on food stamps, doesn't mean you can't do investment cooking. I will be tossing the bones from the meats I eat in the freezer as usual, so I will be making new broth from leftovers.
Likewise, I can use my kombucha, but I will 'charge' myself the amount it costs to make, which is $.50 per bottle.
This is what I bought:
8.49 ground beef
2.50 tea
2.44 pork
1.95 chicken thighs
1.52 head of cabbage
1.00 large can of tomatoes
1.00 2 pounds of carrots
0.27 yellow onion
2.89 12 eggs
0.85 frozen spinach
1.84 cream cheese
0.75 3 lemons
0.79 can of salsa verde
1.00 jar of mayo
1.00 3 zucchini
1.50 3 bottles of kombucha
29.79 expended = $1.71 'left over' for another purchase, or to go towards a theoretical second week, perhaps to buy those replacement spices, or some sour cream, which I was sad not to be able to afford.
I made a soup from one pound of ground beef, the onion, half the cabbage, four carrots, and the can of tomatoes. And some coleslaw from 1/4 of the cabbage.
My basic meal plan for Down Days is to continue my plan of water, tea, and kombucha, with some soup instead of a protein shake or green smoothie if I want more.
On Up Days I will be having a breakfast of ground beef patty topped with one or two eggs. There will be two dinners of chicken, and two of pork. Vegetables will be one or more of these: carrots, coleslaw, creamed spinach, zucchini. I will be doing any frying in the leftover hamburger grease. Lunches will be soup, creamed spinach with poached eggs, and/or leftovers.
I don't think I will be hungry, but I can see how it could get tedious. And if I was not doing ADF, the amounts, spread over 7 days, instead of four, would be small. I DO think I might get hungry then.
It's very cool that you are doing this, Sabine! I find it incredibly challenging to eat well on so little money. And to think many politicians want to defund the food stamp program.Last edited by elkay7; 09-25-2013, 02:27 PM.Blogging my weight loss experiment using alternate day fasting here:
Created by MyFitnessPal.com - Free Calorie Counter


text:
Russell, chairman of the Judicial Nominating Commission, will be the guest
speaker at the Family Law Section Council's June 12 meeting.
Russell will explain the process of becoming a judge, including description of
the new Judicial Application; how applications are
reviewed; interviews; the timetable for decisions; and appearing before the
Governor's Council.
All Family
Law Section members are invited to attend. Due to limited space, please
register as soon as possible.
Jean Stevens
Contact by e-mail
Family Law Section


text:
Game of Thrones Peter Dinklage Game of Mullets....
As "Game of Thrones" winds down its most successful season yet (unless you're one of the characters who has been killed off), here's an interesting high school yearbook photo of its star Peter Dinklage.
Trust me: no one really loves their school photo from years ago. I'm sure the fine actor might agree.
(Picture from VanityFair.com via Reddit.com)