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Reproduction is permitted for noncommercial purposes.
The development of impedance-based array devices is hindered by a lack of robust platforms and methods upon which to evaluate and interrogate sensors. One aspect to be addressed is the development of measurement-time efficient techniques for broadband impedance spectroscopy of large electrode arrays. The objective of this work was to substantially increase the low frequency impedance measurement throughput capability of a large channel count array analyzer by developing true parallel measurement methods. The goal was achieved by Fourier transform-based analysis of simultaneously-acquired multi-channel time-based current and voltage data. Efficacy and quantitative analysis of the parallel approach at frequencies less than
Impedance-based measurement approaches, which are non-invasive, can substantially improve the selectivity and sensitivity [
Commercially-available, general purpose multi-channel analyzers capable of DC and AC impedance interrogation of arrays with up to 100 electrodes have been used to study complex electrochemical phenomenon such as metallurgical and spatiotemporal interactions in localized corrosion [
To date, impedance spectroscopy measurements of arrays have been based on sequential interrogation of each array element at each frequency [
There are numerous reasons why time-efficient methods are required for impedance spectroscopy of large electrode arrays. First, there is a need to be able to make the measurement in an experimentally practicable duration. It is beyond the patience of most researchers and experimental systems to spend hours or even days to conduct a single experiment, as is conceivable when performing impedance spectroscopy measurements at sub-Hertz frequencies sequentially on arrays with a large number of elements (see discussion on section 1.1). Second, one criteria for valid impedance measurements is a stable, unchanging system. That is, the system must be stable over the timeframe of the experiment. When the impedance of each array element is determined by sequential interrogation of each element at each frequency prior to moving to the next lowest frequency, it becomes increasingly difficult to satisfy the stability criteria because of the extended time required to complete the experiment. Similarly, transient events are more likely to either be missed or misinterpreted (due to failure to meet the stability criteria) when the measurement takes a long time to perform. Finally, some applications are restricted in their power availability and/or are required to function for an extended period of time on a fixed energy budget. Such applications include battery-powered or low-power sourced sensor array systems as well as systems for space exploration. For these applications, it is highly desirable if not essential to minimize the measurement duration. Thus, there are various reasons to address development of measurement-time efficient techniques for broadband impedance spectroscopy for large electrode arrays.
The objective of this work was to substantially increase the low frequency impedance measurement throughput capability of a large channel count array analyzer by developing true parallel measurement methods. The goal of true parallel impedance measurement at frequencies less than ∼ 10 Hz was achieved through development of Fourier transform-based analysis of simultaneously-acquired time-based multi-channel current and voltage data. In addition, we demonstrate a two-pronged measurement approach consisting of the standard sequential measurement method at high frequencies (∼ 1 kHz to 10 Hz) combined with the parallel method at low frequencies (< 10 Hz) for measurement-time efficient broadband impedance spectroscopy of large arrays. Arrays of resistor-capacitor dummy cells exhibiting frequency-dependent complex impedance characteristics consistent with chemiresistor and other sensors were used to demonstrate the efficacy of the approach.
The current state-of-the-art array analyzer is the Model 910 Multi-channel Microelectrode Analyzer (MMA, Scribner Associates, Inc.). The MMA is a general purpose instrument capable of DC and AC impedance interrogation of arrays with up to 100 electrodes or sensors [
However, the limitation of this approach is that at low frequency (less than ∼ 1 Hz), the data acquisition time can be substantial when interrogating large numbers of array elements (∼ 10s of minutes to 10s of hours). As an example, it takes 100 seconds
i. Standard (sequential) method only
■ Initial frequency:
106 Hz ■ Final frequency:
as indicated in ■ Measurement duration:
0.3 s integration time or minimum of 3 cycles ii. Standard method + Parallel method
◦ Standard method portion
■ Initial frequency:
106 Hz ■ Final frequency:
10 Hz ■ Measurement duration:
0.3 s integration time or minimum of 3 cycles ◦ Parallel method portion
■ Initial frequency:
10 Hz ■ Final frequency:
as indicated in ■ Measurement duration:
20 s integration time or minimum of 1 cycle
As will be demonstrated below, 10 Hz is a reasonable choice for the transition frequency from the standard sequential method to the parallel technique.
It is obvious from the results shown in
As demonstrated by the results in
To achieve this, we developed and evaluated a fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based method [
The method is based on the well-established FFT algorithm approach to calculate the complex impedance
The fundamental equations are the Fourier transform coefficients [
All experimental work was performed using a using a commercially available PC-controlled Multi-channel Microelectrode Analyzer, MMA (Model 910, Scribner Associates Inc.). Application software for the MMA instrument (MMALive®, Scribner Associates Inc.) was modified by the authors to implement the measurement schemes presented below. For all tests described below, all 100 channels of the MMA were monitored while the AC signal was applied to the array. Time-stamped multi-channel current and single-channel voltage data were acquired at a rate of ∼ 22 frames/second. That is, the current from each of the 100 channels and the common voltage signal were sampled more then 20 times per second.
The MMA incorporates a digital signal processor (DSP)-based impedance analyzer with a frequency range of 10 kHz to 1 mHz and a measurable impedance range of 500 to 107 Ω. The standard sequential impedance measurement method is based on the single-sine digital correlation technique used in many commercial impedance analyzers. Synchronization of the generator and analyzer is critical to ensure that signals of frequency not being generated are strongly rejected by the analyzer as noise. A small AC voltage signal of known frequency is simultaneously imposed on each array element for which the impedance is to be measured and the AC current response of each electrode sequentially evaluated by the impedance analyzer. Impedance spectroscopy measurements are performed sequentially from highest to lowest frequency. In other words, the instrument sequentially interrogates the impedance response of each electrode at a single frequency before stepping to the next lower frequency. In this way, the majority of the data is obtained for each electrode over a relative short period of time (
Because the focus of this work is evaluation of the performance of the analytical instrumentation and developed measurement techniques, testing was conducted using arrays of dummy cells. Dummy cells composed of electrical components (resistors and capacitors) have the advantage that the impedance of the circuit is known. Therefore, the performance of the analytical instrument and measurement methods can be accurately judged. As described below, a variety of dummy cells were employed in this work.
For the initial experiments, two of the dummy cells consisted of a 1 MΩ resistor, one was an open circuit condition (
A second array consisted of one hundred 100 kΩ (±1 % rated accuracy) resistors while a third array consisted of 98 resistors ranging from 1 MΩ to 10 MΩ. During these experiments, for each frequency down to 0.2 Hz, all 100 channels were measured for 5 seconds; for frequencies less than 0.2 Hz, up to 10 second acquisition time was required to get at least one full cycle.
For the second part of this work, described in section 3.2, circuits composed of resistors and capacitors were used to evaluate impedance measurement of test elements with frequency-dependent complex impedance values consistent with typical chemiresistor sensors [
Five replicates each of 4 different dummy circuits were fabricated using resistors and capacitors with rated accuracy of ±1 %.
The authors recognize that for highly non-linear systems, such as an electrochemical system, 50 or 250 mV AC perturbation is a large excitation signal that may result in violation of the criteria for linearity. This excitation signal was selected based on the range of impedances under investigation in relation to the dynamic range and resolution of the current measuring circuitry. Of course, impedance measurement of real systems would necessitate an AC voltage perturbation that did not displace the system from its steady-state condition in violation of the criteria for linearity. As discussed in section 3.2, this will require matching the dynamic range of the current measuring circuitry with the expected range of impedances for a given (acceptable) AC voltage perturbation signal.
The results of this work are presented in two parts. First we describe implementation and demonstration of the parallel multi-channel impedance measurement approach detailed in section 1.1. The benefits and challenges associated with practicable implementation of the parallel method, such as measurement time efficiency and time skew, respectively, are presented. The second part describes experiments designed to demonstrate the efficacy of a combined sequential + parallel measurement approach on dummy cells composed of resistor-capacitor networks that mimic in their frequency-dependent impedance response typical sensor and/or electrochemical systems.
The parallel multi-channel impedance measurement approach described in Section 1.1 was implemented in the MMA. Initial tests were performed on 4 simple dummy cells: two of the dummy cells consisted of a 1 MΩ resistor, an open circuit condition reproduced a very high impedance condition, and the final dummy cell was a 1 nF capacitor. Multi-channel current and the common voltage signal were acquired at a rate of approximately 22 samples/second.
Note that an exact sampling rate is not necessary, and in fact could be detrimental. It is very important to know exactly when a signal was sampled, but sampling at a particular frequency is not required. That is, sampling at
There are two relatively simple approaches to dealing with the need for a non-perfect sampling. The first is to incorporate a small (∼ 0.01 second) random delay to the triggering of each frame. An alternative approach would use a precise sample rate that is not a multiple of the applied AC frequency. For example, sampling for 10 s at 20.01 frames/second would spread the data for any given channel over 0.1 s within the reconstructed time-base. Thus, although an exact sampling rate is not required, there is a constraint to know precisely
Within the reconstructed time-base of
To address the issue of time skew between channels, we determined a series of correction factors by measuring the time delay between each current sample and the voltage sample, determining the order in which each channel of current and the voltage was sampled, and assessing how the number of channels sampled influenced the time skew between samples. The MMA application software was modified to use these correction factors to automatically account for time skew between measurements in the raw time-based data. As presented below, testing with 100-element resistor arrays verified the efficacy of this approach.
The effect of time skew is particularly evident by comparing the phase angle
We can quantify the accuracy of the parallel method by comparing its results to that obtained with the standard method.
Three frequencies were analyzed: 10, 1 and 0.2 Hz. Good agreement between the two methods is observed at the lowest frequencies, 0.2 and 1 Hz. In fact, close observation of the data sets at these frequencies reveals that they essentially overlap and are only slightly displaced from the 1:1 line. For these frequencies, there is less than 1 % difference between the mean of the result obtained from the parallel method and the standard method (see "%
At 10 Hz, the parallel method produced slightly greater values than the standard method. This is indicated by the larger positive %
As further demonstration of the efficacy and advantage of the FFT-based parallel method for low frequency impedance measurement of electrode or sensor arrays, the impedance of an array composed of 100 resistors ranging from 1 MΩ to 50 MΩ was determined using the parallel and "standard" sequential approach. Recall that in the standard approach, at each frequency the impedance of each electrode within the array is determined before stepping to the next lower frequency. While this approach is efficient at high frequency, at low frequency the experimental time becomes significant.
Bode plots showing the impedance magnitude and phase angle (theta) as a function of frequency for both the standard sequential and parallel techniques are shown in
It is worth reiterating the benefit of the parallel approach to low frequency impedance spectroscopy in multi-channel systems. The following conditions were used to measure the impedance of the two types of 100-element resistor arrays presented above: 1 kHz to 0.1 Hz; 10 steps/decade; duration: 5 second per frequency for parallel method, minimum of 0.3 second or 1 cycle for standard method. For these conditions, the parallel measurement method required 7 minutes of data acquisition time whereas the standard sequential method required 120 minutes. Thus, a 17-fold reduction in experimental time was achieved by the parallel measurement method. The increase in time-efficiency of the parallel method as compared to the standard method was derived at frequencies less than about 10 Hz.
Despite the forgoing discussion, it should be recognized that ultimately one probably would not want to apply the parallel method at frequencies greater than about 10 Hz because the advantages of the parallel method, with respect to measurement time efficiency gains, are not realized at higher frequencies and because errors caused by limitations in time-based measurement accuracy are exacerbated at higher frequencies. It is better to use the standard method of impedance measurement at frequencies greater than about 10 Hz and the parallel method at frequencies less than about 10 Hz. Implementation of the optimum solution to broad frequency sweep impedance measurement of large arrays will involve the use of the standard, sequential approach at high frequencies combined with a transition to the parallel approach for the low frequency range. This hybrid or two-pronged approach to time-efficient impedance spectroscopy of large arrays is addressed in the next section.
Here, we assess the performance of a multi-channel impedance analyzer with an array of dummy cells that exhibit frequency-dependent response and with impedance and reactance values consistent with typical chemiresistor sensors [
The results for the parallel low frequency impedance method are shown in
Noise in the data is evident, in particular at low frequencies and for the cells with very high impedance (
The array analyzers' ZRA circuitry has a limited number of ranges which it can use to optimize measurement of the current, thus limiting the measurable range of impedance to ∼ 5 to 6. As such there is an inherent challenge when one type of ZRA circuit is called upon to measure the impedance over 8 orders of magnitude. Fortunately, if the impedance range of a given sensor (or electrode system under study) is known, the current measuring circuitry and possibly the AC voltage perturbation can be selected for optimum measurement accuracy and resolution over the full range of the system response.
As indicated in the experimental section, two types of impedance experiments were conducted: the standard sequential measurement approach and the parallel low frequency approach described in detail above. The results of the equivalent circuit dummy cell impedance testing using the parallel approach are presented above. Next, we merged the results of the standard method covering the high frequency range (10 kHz to 10 Hz) with the results of the parallel method restricted to the low frequency range (10 Hz to 0.1 Hz) to demonstrate the efficacy of efficiently obtaining broadband impedance spectra.
The results of equivalent circuit fitting of the combined standard + parallel experimental impedance data provide an indication of the accuracy of the measurement. The results of the fit along with the nominal dummy cell resistor and capacitor values for one of each of the four different types of circuit are shown in
There was, however, a > 10 % error in the fitted value of the 1 kΩ series resistor (Rs) used in the Type A and B dummy cells, which was observed in other experiments as well, and only occurs when measuring a dummy cell containing a parallel resistor-capacitor (Rp‖Cp) element. That is, this error is not evident when measuring a resistor alone. Neither was this error observed when Rs ≫ 1 kΩ,
The results demonstrate that, in general, the large-channel count array analyzer used here was capable of accurately measuring the impedance of dummy cells designed to simulate typical chemiresistor (and other) sensors [
This work demonstrates the technical feasibility of implementing an enhanced, time-efficient approach to low frequency impedance measurement of large channel-count electrodes and sensor arrays. When the impedance of a 100-electrode array was measured to 0.1 Hz, the measurement time was reduced nearly twenty-fold by the parallel method in comparison to the standard sequential method without sacrificing accuracy. To our knowledge, this is the first implementation of such an approach to electrode arrays. The use of the described parallel impedance measurement approach at sub-Hertz frequencies, which are required for some applications, yields significant gains in measurement-time efficiency.
Dummy cells that mimic a simple electrical / electrochemical cell or sensor were used to probe the impedance measurement capability of the general purpose laboratory multi-channel array analyzer. Four different dummy cells covering four orders of magnitude in resistance were used (1 kΩ to 10 MΩ); the resistor and capacitor values were consistent with typical chemiresistor-type sensors. The results demonstrated that the array analyzer technology and measurement approaches were capable of accurately determining the impedance of dummy cells designed to mimic such sensors. Employing the combined standard + parallel measurement approaches significantly reduced by more than an order of magnitude the data acquisition time in comparison to using the standard method alone. Finally, equivalent circuit fit results of experimental data acquired using the combined standard + parallel approach resulted in most cases in predicted values of the dummy cell circuit components within a few percent of the nominal value used to fabricate the dummy cell.
This work was funded by the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) under contract # NNC07QA56P. The technical support of F.J. Grunthaner (Jet Propulsion Laboratory-California Institute of Technology) and R. Quinn (NASA-Ames/SETI Institute) are gratefully acknowledged. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the U.S. Government or any agency thereof.
Typical experimental set-up for electrical or electrochemical testing of a microelectrode or sensor array. The set-up is similar to a traditional 3-electrode configuration consisting of a working electrode (WE), counter electrode (CE) and reference electrode (RE) with the exception that the single WE is replaced with
Key to placement of twenty equivalent circuit dummy cells across array analyzer segments and groups (10 groups of 10 segments/group).
(a) Raw current I(x,y) and voltage data acquired at ∼ 22 frames/second with the MMA instrument imposing a 10 Hz, 0.25 V AC signal. The frequency-dependence of the data is not apparent in the raw data. (b) Post-FFT data processing, the time-dependent AC response is reproduced with the expected 0.1 second period. Time skew between the individual current channel data and the voltage channel data is apparent in the reconstructed data set.
Low frequency impedance of an array of one hundred 100 kΩ resistors determined from DC time-based Ik(ω),V(ω) data. (a) Without time skew correction factor the phase error approached 180° at 10 Hz. (b) With time skew correction factors the phase error is less than 2.5° at 10 Hz. Application of the time skew correction significantly improves the accuracy and decreases the phase angle error at all but the lowest frequencies.
Real(Z) by standard
Low frequency impedance of an array of one hundred resistors ranging from 1 MΩ to 50 MΩ. (a) Complex impedance obtained from parallel FFT method in 7 minutes. With time skew correction factors applied the phase error is less than 2.5° at 10 Hz indicating that the parallel measurement method can be used to simultaneously obtain the impedance of large array. (b) Complex impedance determined using standard sequential measurement approach in 120 minutes.
Complex plane plots (Z″
Impedance plots for standard method (○) + parallel (□) measurement method for one of each of 4 types of equivalent circuit dummy cells. This page: Type A and B, next page: Type C and D. Standard Method: 10 kHz to 10 Hz; Parallel Method: 10 Hz to 0.1 Hz. See text for impedance measurement conditions.
Time required to measure the impedance of 100 electrodes
Key to the nominal resistor and capacitor values used to fabricate the equivalent circuit dummy cells (±1 % rated accuracy).
|1 kΩ
|100 kΩ
|0.1 μF
|1 kΩ
|0.1 μF
|0.1 μF
|100 kΩ
|0.1 μF
Real component of the impedance Z′ at three frequencies via the parallel and standard impedance measurement method (N = 98).
The difference, expressed as a percentage, in the real component of the impedance at a specific frequency obtained by the two methods = [Real(Z)parallel – Real(Z)standard] / [Real(Z)standard]
Comparison of measurement time for the impedance measurement parameters reported in the experimental section using just the standard sequential approach and a combined standard sequential (10 kHz to 10 Hz) plus the parallel method (10 Hz to 0.1 Hz).
|16 + 7 = 23
Fit results for the 4 equivalent circuit dummy cells shown in


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The limits put on unhealthy lunch and snack food in Utah schools might seem like a hardship for those who are used to starting the day with a doughnut and a Coke, but the new federal rules are good for everyone.
School lunch was the first affected by new federal rules. More fruits and vegetables, less fat and sugar are mandated. New rules targeting vending machines, snack carts and kiosks on school grounds and club fundraisers and other events on school property will go into effect next school year.
Instead of cookies, cake, sugary punch and candy served or sold at such events, participants will get popcorn, trail mix, natural fruit juice and other less harmful items.
Schools now must limit candy and soda sales to non-lunch periods, in non-dining areas. But some students eat their snacks while walking around campus, so that rule has been difficult to enforce. Last year, Davis High in Kaysville and Box Elder High in Brigham City were fined $15,000-$20,000 for violating the rule.
Many Utah school have already changed the offerings in vending machines, but the rules governing school-supported events will come as a shock to many PTA and school-club officers and advisers who have long depended on sugary treats as a regular feature.
Critics says teenagers who are able to leave school to patronize convenience stores and other fast-food outlets will simply avoid school vending machines and lunchrooms and get their sugar-and-fat fixes elsewhere.
That the healthful rules aren't popular is probably true, but that's no reason to try to bend them. We may have to simply write off some older students whose eating habits are set.
But younger children whose tastes may still be changed, and older students who see the benefits, may yet be saved from recent dangerous trends toward obesity and poor nutrition that schools have traditionally supported with the food and snacks they offer.
Poor eating habits are contributing to the startling increase in overweight and obese children who often grow into obese adults. More than 60 percent of Utahns are either obese or overweight; 20.8 percent of Utah elementary school students and 20.8 percent of Utah high school students are at an unhealthy weight.
Diabetes, heart problems, and even some cancers linked to obesity are no longer just adult diseases. It's the responsibility of government to do all it can to encourage children to make more healthful choices.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
System crashes due to NFS problems
We have noticed that heavy disk I/O conditions have led to system crashes. You can reduce stress on NFS by maximizing the use of 25 GB local space available on each compute node under /tmp. Compute node can use this space as buffers. These buffers should be filled/emptied at the start/end of the job. This will considerably reduce the number of simultaneously open files over NFS.


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Remembrance has a Rear and Front --
'Tis something like a House --
It has a Garret also
For Refuse and the Mouse.
Besides the deepest Cellar
That ever Mason laid --
Look to it by its Fathoms
Ourselves be not pursued --
Poet: Emily Dickinson
Poem: 1182.
Remembrance has a Rear and Front --
Volume: Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson
Year: Published/Written in 1955
Poem of the Day:
Nov 16 2003
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Physicist Richard Davis of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Sevres, southwest of Paris, says the reference kilo appears to have lost 50 micrograms compared with the average of dozens of copies.Link (Thanks, RickB!)
"The mystery is that they were all made of the same material, and many were made at the same time and kept under the same conditions, and yet the masses among them are slowly drifting apart," he said. "We don't really have a good hypothesis for it."
The kilogram's uncertainty could affect even countries that don't use the metric system -- it is the ultimate weight standard for the U.S. customary system, where it equals 2.2 pounds. For scientists, the inconstant metric constant is a nuisance, threatening calculation of things like electricity generation.
(Photo credit: Fair use is made here of a reduced-size crop from a larger image attributed to AP Photo/Jacques Brinon)


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Yeah, I was beginning to like the new talent system in WoW, after having wrinkled my nose at it since we first heard about it, but then I started a new character and the new talent thing just emphasized how horribly many levels you have to grind through in that game.
I mean, sh*t, one talent point every 15 levels. And since you don't have to upgrade abilities/spells anymore, you only get new stuff when you get a completely new ability, which is every, what, 5-10 levels? I'm looking at the Warlock abilities right now, and between level 68 and 78, the Warlock gets one ability: Singe Magic, which is a pet ability. The ability you get at 68 is the Soulwell, which no one uses outside raids, and at 78 it's the Teleport thing, which no one uses outside of PvP.
It's insane that people have to go through that grind. I mean, I get that you can fly through it with the RAF (get it?) and all, but if you're just a new player, or an old player re-rolling, you're looking at 90 levels with up to 10 levels between new stuff. And by new stuff, I mean stuff you likely won't use - sometimes a buff. What the ****, man? I got to level 20 on my Warlock and decided that my life wasn't boring enough that I had to continue doing this. I'd killed about a million boars by then and gotten all of my core spells, which means nothing new (just buffs and novelty stuff) for the next 30 levels or so. **** no.
Edit: The new talent system is fine if you're already level 80+. I get that it makes balancing easier and all that, but I don't see how it's an improvement over the old and "boring" talent trees. I mean, sure, picking +1% damage/healing isn't the most exciting stuff in the world, but it's better than not picking anything for 15 levels, isn't it? The first 60 levels just feel like they should be compressed into 30 levels. You get all your core junk in the first 20 levels and then it's just boars and boars with the occasional talent and odd new ability every 10 levels. Ugh.
Edited, Oct 8th 2012 11:34pm by Mazra


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More and More Americans Are Walking for Exercise
Want People to Think You're Taller, Tougher and Stronger? Shave Your Head
Want to Attract a Date? Be Funny and Playful [POLL]
Celebrity Birthdays for August 8 – Dustin Hoffman, The Edge and More
Here's a look at some notable birthdays being celebrated today:
Dustin Hoffman
Age: 75
Occupation: Actor
Known For: A half-century of work on stage and screen, including Academy Awards for his roles in 'Kramer vs. Kramer' and 'Rain Man' and other notable work in movies like 'The Graduate,' 'Midnight Cowboy,' 'All the President's Men,' 'Tootsie' and 'Wag the Dog'
This Day in History for August 8 – Nixon Resigns and More
Would You Be Willing to Skip Eating If It Meant Living Longer?
We all want to live longer, but one way to do it may not sit well with you — it involves eating less. A lot less. In fact, on some days, you'll eat almost nothing at all.
Lying May Be Hazardous to Your Health
The average American lies about 11 times a week, but next time you're tempted to tell a fib, remember this: lying won't just make you untrustworthy, new research finds it's also bad for your health.
Can Exercise Eliminate Depression?
We all know working out is good for our bodies — but did you know it's good for our emotions, too?
New research shows exercise may very well be an effective treatment for depression, especially among those with heart problems.
American Airlines Will Deliver Your Bags — For a Price — Dollars and Sense
Last year, the 17 largest airlines in the US made $3.3 billion in baggage-related fees, and now American Airlines would like a little bigger slice of the pie.
It's just announced a new luggage service that might make your life a little easier — but of course it'll cost you.
This Day in History for August 6 – Hiroshima Bombed and More
Here's a look at some interesting events that took place on this day in history:
1890 – Murderer William Kemmler becomes the first person to be executed by electric chair (More info)
1926 – Harry Houdini performs his greatest feat, spending 91 minutes underwater in a sealed tank before escaping (More info)
Celebrity Birthdays for August 5 – Neil Armstrong, Loni Anderson and More
Here's a look at some notable birthdays being celebrated today:
Neil Armstrong
Age: 82
Occupation: Astronaut
Known For: Being the first man to walk on the moon, uttering the famous words "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind," and being awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom
College Student Who Almost Died While Texting and Driving: 'Don't Do It' [VIDEO, POLL]
A recent survey found nearly a third of teen drivers have texted while driving — but after a catastrophic wreck that nearly cost him his life, one Texas college student says he'll never do it again, and he's imploring others to follow his lead.


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Mining focused engineering firm
Macmahon said on Tuesday it expects net profit for the year to June 30, 2012, to be in excess of $55 million.
In November, the company had forecast a full-year profit of more than $45 million.
"We now expect further success on the work-winning front, which will take our full-year revenue past $1.7 billion, which will drive the higher profits," chief executive
Net profit for the six months to December 31 is forecast to be about $20 million.
Macmahon posted a net profit of $1 million in the 2010-11 financial year, and a $13.2 million loss in the six months to December 31, 2010.
"With a very strong order book and positive trading conditions across the group, Macmahon is now on track to deliver a record profit for the 2012 year," Mr Bowen said.


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Space to grow: Renovations to make Illick Hall greenhouse more accessible for visitors
Micah Benson | Art Director
Even though the plants are miles away and construction hasn't started, Lindsay Rutte is already thinking of ways to make the layout of the new Illick Hall rooftop greenhouse more appealing to visitors.
"I'm really excited that we have this whole new space that we can turn into something more attractive to SU students," she said.
Rutte, a sophomore environmental biology major, works under the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry's greenhouse manager Terry Ettinger and cares for all of the college's greenhouses and plants.
The plants are currently housed at ESF's Lafayette Road Experimental Station, at the southern border of Syracuse, while a new greenhouse with some significant structural changes is being built to replace the old rooftop greenhouse on Illick Hall, Ettinger said.
New greenhouse doors, which have already been delivered, will improve access to the greenhouse and make accessing rooms and moving plants around the facility much easier, he said.
Under ideal conditions, Ettinger said, the new greenhouses should be able to start holding plants again by late next year.
But he also said he knows everything rarely goes perfectly with construction projects and he personally doesn't think any plants will be moved back into the greenhouse until 2014.
Since the start of the project, many plumbing and electrical systems have been removed from inside Illick Hall and the entire upper roof of the building has been replaced, Ettinger said. Most recently, about 16,000 square feet of concrete has been removed from the lower roof of Illick Hall so that a membrane to prevent leaking can be inserted, he said.
The construction of the new greenhouse officially began in early July, Ettinger said. It is funded by yearly critical maintenance funds from the SUNY system.
The entire renovation of Illick Hall costs about $8.5 million, Ettinger said. Just the building of the new greenhouse costs about $2.5 to $3.5 million, he added.
The focus of the entire project is to prevent leaks in the roof, Ettinger said. To do this, the roof needed to be replaced and since the greenhouse and the roof are all one piece, the greenhouse needed to be replaced as well.
When the greenhouse is completed, it will look like one large structure with three external faces, Ettinger said. The one large structure will be divided up into numerous smaller compartments that are devoted to the research of just ESF students and professors.
Although there will be about 1,000 square feet of new greenhouse space, there will be about 40 fewer feet of space devoted to the actual plant collection than in the older greenhouse, he said.
But there will still be just as many different species of plants represented, just not as many individual specimens of each species. The new greenhouse will have plants from everywhere except temperate New York, which includes 100 or more plant families, Ettinger said.
"Instead of only being able to have trees that are only 10 feet tall, now we can have trees in our exhibit that are about 20 feet tall," Ettinger said.
Allison Oakes, a graduate plant science and biotechnology major, is working on a study that began in the old Illick Hall greenhouse to make the American chestnut tree resistant to a virus from Asia.
Oakes said that one of the first hybrid, blight resistant trees was produced in the old greenhouse on top of Illick Hall and she thinks the new greenhouse will be an excellent place to continue this and other research projects involving trees.
Ettinger said the renovation process of Illick Hall and the building of the new greenhouse have been difficult in some ways for students and faculty since construction is often going on while they are occupying the building for research or classes.
"It's testing the patience of students and faculty," Ettinger said. "But the inconvenience now should pay off down the road."
Published on December 2, 2012 at 11:11 pm
Contact Shannon: firstname.lastname@example.com


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9 Reasons I'm Sad That Tom Cruise & Katie Holmes Are Over
The rest of the world seems pretty happy about the fact that Katie Holmes has filed for divorce from Tom Cruise. The Telegraph titled their article on the split "Marriage Impossible?" Meanwhile, Amelia wrote, "Well, her contract must be up. Five years after they tied the knot in Italy, Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes are splitting." Sherri Reed of The Stir took things a big step farther, writing, "Thank God, Katie Holmes has finally escaped that sham of a marriage … Run Katie run! Suri, take off your heels and run with her!"
So I know that I am in the minority in actually feel pretty bummed about this parting. Yes, Scientology freaks me out and I very much dislike the idea of religion where you buy your way in. But still, these two really did seem in love. And it's always sad to see that end, no matter what.
After the jump, nine reasons I'm sad that Katie and Tom are no more.
1. Because in recent interviews, Tom said such lovely things about his soon to be ex-wife. While promoting "Rock of Ages," Tom told Playboy, "[Katie] is an extraordinary person. Everything she does, she does with this beautiful creativity … When she walks into the room, I just feel better."
2. Big duh—I feel sad for Suri. Because divorce isn't easy on kids.
Related: Dear Kate: Should I Try To Get Pregnant "By Accident"?
3. Because I secretly love couples where the woman is taller than the man. Just sayin'.
4. Because I liked the way Katie always gushed about Tom. Holmes famously told W magazine after her wedding, "I've found the man of my dreams. From the moment I met him it just felt like I'd known him forever … He's the most incredible man."
5. Because now Tom will have to rename his plane. Goodbye, Kiss Me Kate.
Related: The Working Girl's Guide To Surviving A Terrible Job
6. Because I liked this couple's look-a-like factor. I mean really, these Katie and Tom really have the male and female versions of the same face. The same grey eyes, the same high cheekbones, the same brown hair and olive coloring. I remember reading somewhere eons ago that couples with similar facial features, statistically, were more likely to stay together. But perhaps not?
7. Because I was charmed by the couch jumping. I know 99 percent of people thought Tom's showing on Oprah back in 2005 was the sign of an unhinged person. But honestly—being in love makes me want to jump on couches, too! As Tom later put it on ABC News, "I really think that all men should celebrate their women. They should all jump on couches for them." Amen to that.
Related: I Was An Extra On "Girls"
8. Because it makes me worry that no one can make it. It's easy to feel down on the institution of marriage these days. But that "50 percent of marriages end in divorce" stat we're always hearing just isn't true. (The stat entered the lexicon because half as many divorces are granted per year as marriage licenses are issued. However, this doesn't take into account that the couples getting divorced could have tied the knot in any preceding year.) I think the constant barrage of high-profile divorces adds to the cultural idea that marriage for life is a thing of the past. And I worry this could be a self-fulfilling prophecy.
9. Because TomKat was a really good nickname. I'll miss using it.
What do you think—did you like Katie Holmes and Tom Cruise as a couple, or did you think their marriage was totally creepy?
This post was originally published on Kate-Book.com.


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One-Armed War Vet Wows Crowd by Catching Foul Ball [VIDEO]
"I thought I was going to catch the ball or go over the railing," said Michael Kacer of the foul ball he caught at Yankee Stadium Friday.
The 29-year old vet had lost his left arm in Afghanistan, so he had nothing to brace himself with when he used his baseball cap as a glove and reached over the railing to snag a ball off of the bat of Curtis Granderson.
College Football Player Rescues Man By Lifting 3,500 Pound Car [VIDEO]
University of South Florida football player Danous Estenor sprung right into action when he saw that tow truck driver Pedro Arzola had become trapped under the Cadillac Seville he had been trying to load onto his truck.
Two men and Arzola's hysterically screaming wife hadn't been able to move the 3,500 pound car at all. But the six-foot-three-inch, 295-pound offensive lineman, who was on his way to get a bite to eat, took a crack at lifting it all by himself.
Phillie Phanatic Hospitalized After Being Hit By Foul Ball [VIDEO]
Years of dancing on and around baseball dugouts has finally caught up with the Phillie Phanatic.
The most recognizable mascot in sports was performing Wednesday night at Lehigh Valley, home of the Philadelphia Phillies' triple-A affiliate, when a foul ball bounced off of the dugout and struck the Phanatic in the neck.
New Graphic Warning Labels To Cover Half of Cigarette Packs
Smokers are going to need a strong stomach if they want to continue their habit.
That's because starting in September of 2012 new FDA requirements will mandate that half of the area on every pack of cigarettes be covered by a graphic anti-smoking warning label.
Tom Hanks Breaks Out Crazy Dance Moves With Shapely Univision Weather Lady [VIDEO]
What's a guy to do when he's trying to promote a movie on station which is broadcast in a language he doesn't really speak or understand?
Well, if you're Tom Hanks, and you're appearing on Univision in support of your upcoming film 'Larry Crowne,' you simply get past all of the awkward attempts at translation and start speaking the international language of dance.
Wild West Shootout Re-Enactment Hospitalizes Three Spectators
Tourists watching the Old West show in Hill City, South Dakota last Friday got a real taste of the mayhem associated with that time period when live ammo began spraying into the crowd.
Investigators aren't sure if real bullets somehow got into the actor's guns, or if it was shrapnel from blanks that wounded three spectators seriously enough to be taken to the hospital in ambulances.
Rory McIlroy Wins US Open With Record-Shattering Performance
Rory McIlroy shredded the course, lapped the competition and wrote his name in the record book 12 times Sunday during a dazzling 16-under par, 8-stroke US Open victory at the Congressional Country Club in Bethesda, MD.
Among the US Open records the 22-year-old from Northern Ireland set included the lowest score after 36 rounds, the lowest score after 54 and the lowest total score – a mark he shattered by four strokes.
Man Kicked Off Plane For Cursing
Robert Sayegh wanted to know why it was taking so long for his Atlantic Southeast Airlines flight from Detroit to Newark to get off the runway.
So he made a general inquiry as to the plane's grounded nature that admittedly contained R-rated language.


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Katie Holmes @ Costume Institute Gala
Love It or Hate It? Katie Holmes' Costume Institute Gala Look
Katie Holmes went a little more dramatic than we're used to seeing her. Her Anna Wintour-esque bob is old news now, so it's really the makeup we have to discuss. First, her skin is sun-kissed to perfection. Second, her lips are a glossy delight in a shade that complements the dress. But I want to talk about what's going on around the eyes. She went very sultry with a dark, smoky liner that expands with eye shadow that has an almost ombre effect on both the upper and lower lid onto her cheekbone. What do you think of Mrs. Cruise's look?


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"It gives me a great pleasure to introduce myself. My name is Telmuun Bayarsaikhan and I am an international student from Mongolia who is studying at Central Washington University, and this is my 3rd year at CWU!"
Telmuun studied at the Russian Embassy School for ten years in Mongolia. He had always been a capable student, very active in all fields of school activities. As a class monitor for 6 years, he had to develop good communication, teamwork, and problem solving skills to organize and fund-raise for his school activities. He really enjoyed working with large groups of people.
In 2007, Telmuun had successfully finished a high school exchange program in the United States. He graduated from Montesano Jr-Sr High School with excellence and became the senior honor student. During this time, Telmuun lived with an American host family for one academic year in Montesano, WA. That was the first big step for him to set his goals and "to begin the road that will lead me".
It was interesting and great for Telmuun to live with a new family as an exchange student. His host family was the Berry's and Telmuun describes them as wonderful people. He had two host brothers, Sean (20) and Mike (17) and they had a lot of fun doing activities together (like skiing, hiking, kayaking, traveling and more). Telmuun really enjoyed his experience at Montesano Jr-Sr High School. He made a lot of good friends and learned a lot. He also really enjoyed playing on the basketball team for his high school.
Click here to read full newsletter
This fall, Ahlem Jedidi became the first student from Tunisia—the northernmost nation in Africa—CWU Near You: CWU Visits Nepal, Pakistan, And Jordan
Meet with Central Washington University's International Student Recruiter,Stacy Soderstrom, to leEnrollment Up Dramatically For CWU WorldCats Summer Institute
Central Washington University's WorldCats Summer Institute will experience an enrollment increase


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City Walk Sponsored by SafeHouse Outreach and Leadership Development
Civic Engagement, Georgia State University
Wednesday, November 13, 2013 from 5:00 PM to 7:00 PM (EST)
Who's Going
San Francisco, California
London, United Kingdom
Florence, Italy
Event Details
Take a walk around Atlanta and see the city in a way you may not have thought before. The City Walk will be followed by a pizza party and reflection session with non-profit leaders from SafeHouse Outreach.
When & Where
430 University Center
44 Courtland St NE
Wednesday, November 13, 2013 from 5:00 PM to 7:00 PM (EST)
Add to my calendar
Civic Engagement, Georgia State University
Welcome to the department of Civic Engagement! Our focus is on connecting students, staff, and faculty with meaningful community involvement. Let us help you explore the possibilities!
You can sign up for most of the service projects coordinated by our office staff on this page. We'll add more as volunteer opportunities arise, so check back with us from time to time for updates!


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Parent, seven minors charged in Clarence drinking party
A parent and seven minors were arrested just after midnight Sunday at an underage drinking party in the Town of Clarence, the Erie County Sheriff's Office said.
An anonymous tip on the Underage Drinking Tip Line led sheriff's deputies to a residence on Keller Road. Deputies detained some partygoers who tried to leave in their vehicles and others who ran into a wooded area in the backyard.
Stephen Langley, 45, the homeowner and parent of one of the minors, was charged with giving alcohol to a person under 21 and acting in a manner to injure a minor, both misdemeanors. He is scheduled to appear in Clarence Town Court on Aug. 7.
The seven minors were charged with unlawful possession of alcohol.


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PIO notes: Gray pitching without regret
Grand Junction righty regaining confidence after rocky debut
By Greg Rachac / Special to MiLB.com | July 18, 2013 7:26 AM ET
Grand Junction rookie Jonathan Gray looks back on his first professional start with discontent, but not regret.
"I wasn't really used to getting knocked around the yard like that," said Gray, the third overall pick in the 2013 Draft by the Colorado Rockies. "But I'm glad it happened, and I'm glad it happened in my first outing. That will make you learn better than anything. I think it was really a blessing in disguise."
In that highly anticipated start July 10 at home against Billings, Gray gave up three earned runs on seven hits with one strikeout. The right-hander noted his lack of command as the culprit for his struggles.
Gray was up in the strike zone that night, and the Mustangs took advantage with three runs in the first inning and one in the second. Gray was lifted after the third when he reached his pitch limit, but the Rockies eventually got him off the hook and won, 10-6.
Gray learned from his mistakes and, in his next start July 15 at home against Great Falls, he cruised. Gray gave up one earned run on one hit in 2 2/3 innings, recording four strikeouts without a walk.
"You can't really overpower guys a lot of times like you can in college baseball," he said. "These guys can hit fastballs, so location is really important."
Colorado has made a big investment in the 21-year-old Gray, signing him to a contract in June that included a reported $4.8 million signing bonus. He is the organization's highest-drafted player since it selected pitcher Greg Reynolds second overall out of Stanford in 2006.
Gray is the also the highest-drafted player in the Pioneer League this season and one of only three first-round Draft picks from 2013 currently in the league, along with Idaho Falls shortstop Hunter Dozier (eighth overall) and Billings outfielder Phil Ervin (27th overall).
Still, Gray isn't dogged by expectations.
"I don't feel any pressure," Gray said. "They have 100 percent confidence in me. I see it as motivation. They believe I can be a really good player, and that's what I'm going to work at -- to meet those expectations."
The 6-foot-4, 255-pound Gray was drafted out of the University of Oklahoma, where he dominated hitters with an upper-90s fastball and the ability to pitch to both sides of the plate. Gray's slider was his out-pitch. He threw 126 1/3 innings this past season at OU, going 10-2 with a 1.59 ERA and 138 strikeouts.
Now as a pro, Gray is trying to hone his changeup, which first-year Grand Junction manager Anthony Sanders said is coming along just fine. Even Gray said it was "on the money" in his outing against Great Falls.
"Before we saw him throw it, I was expecting something really bad," Sanders said. "But that's a big league changeup in my opinion right now. I don't know if I could hit that thing."
Including this season at OU, Gray has already eclipsed 130 innings in 2013. But he says his arm feels great. His innings workload will be light for the remainder of this year, but his determination to improve each day won't change.
"I'm glad I'm here. I want to work my way up from the bottom," said Gray, who chose not to sign in 2011 after being drafted in the 10th round by the Yankees. "I want to earn the rankings and the levels."
In brief
Youth is served: Most Rockies fans are fixed on Gray, but Grand Junction outfielder Raimel Tapia has dominated the league. The 19-year-old is hitting .406 with a league-high 39 hits -- including eight doubles, three triples and two home runs -- and 26 RBIs while riding a 17-game hitting streak.
Power surge: Ogden outfielder Jacob Scavuzzo is looking to make a run at the Pioneer League's single-season home run record. As of July 16, Scavuzzo led with seven homers in 80 at-bats, a ratio of one homer every 11.4 at-bats. Gregory Morrison of Medicine Hat set the single-season mark with 23 homers in 1997.
What gives: Entering July 17, Billings' pitching staff boasted some of the league's best numbers: fewest hits (212), second-fewest earned runs (91), second-fewest walks (76), third-fewest home runs (14) and most strikeouts (215). But the Mustangs were tied for the fewest wins in the league (11) and had won only twice at home.
Greg Rachac is a contributor to MiLB.com. This story was not subject to the approval of the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues or its clubs.View More


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Auto Meter 2616 Z-Series Mechanical Boost Gauge, 35 PSI, 2-1/16 Inch
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What's in the Box
InfoMechanical boost gauges have become the staple in boost pressure monitoring for all types of engines, gasoline, diesel, or otherwise. Ultra-precise bourdon tube meter movement ensures accuracy and durability not seen anywhere else in the industry. A simple 1/8" NPT pressure connection requires no electrical hookup for operation. Includes 1/8" NPT fittings and nylon line kit.
- Includes bulb and socket assembly with red and green bulb covers
- Includes 10 ft. Nylon tubing
- Includes Male and Female 1/8" NPT compression fittings
- Includes 1/8" NPT to 1/4" NPT adapter/fitting
- Includes gauge mounting hardware and installation instructions


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The "Foto Cabana" EM club of the 3rd Photo Reconnaissance Squadron on Guam in 1945.
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Bhat, V and Ramasesha, Sheela K (2002) Synthesis of ternary molybdenum carbosilicide. Ceramics International, 28 (4). pp. 459-461.Full text available as:
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Dense compacts of Mo-1 5Si3C,1 have been prepared by reactive hot pressing of a mixture of elemental powders of Mo, Si and C.Synthesis temperatures and soaking times have been optimized for obtaining pure MoMO-1 5Si3C,1. The hardness of pure sample is 14.7 GPa. 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd and Techna S.r.l. All rights reserved.
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News & Events
Lester M. Crawford, D.V.M., Ph.D. - PhRMA Annual Meeting
This text contains Dr. Crawford's prepared remarks. It should be used with the understanding that some material may have been added or deleted during actual delivery.
Speech before
PhRMA Annual Meeting
Remarks by
Lester M. Crawford, D.V.M., Ph.D.
Acting Commissioner of the FDA
April 3 , 2004
Good morning, and thank you, Miles [Miles White, PhRMA Chairman] for the kind introduction. I'd also like to thank Bob Essner for his leadership over the past year, and Alan Holmer for providing all of the energy and direction needed to help speed innovation in the U.S.
This is the first time I am addressing the pharmaceutical industry since assuming the post of Acting Commissioner of FDA, and I have to say I am glad to be with you here today to tell you about the exciting programs underway at FDA.
As you may know, I led the FDA prior to Dr. McClellan coming aboard, and it is an honor to reassume this important task. Dr. Mark McClellan was an outstanding Commissioner, and his legacy will undoubtedly be a long-lasting one. Mark helped us build a strong team, and his energy and vision motivated all of our staff.
Now Mark and I worked together on a wide variety of major agency initiatives, in particular the development of our FDA Strategic Action Plan. And as the Acting Commissioner, I would like to report that our strong plan and our dedicated team remain firmly in place, and we are continuing to execute this plan to protect and advance the public health.
We are facing more new challenges at FDA than ever before, and more new opportunities stemming from the latest biomedical innovations. And I am dedicated to making sure we are meeting these new challenges and opportunities, and helping Americans lead longer, healthier and happier lives.
One of the most pressing issues that confronts us all today – and which we're hard at work dealing with at FDA – involves the challenges facing medical product development. This is an area that affects not only our America's patients, but also our economy, and if addressed properly, can help ease some of the pressures that are driving up the cost of our healthcare.
This is an exciting time for the biomedical sciences, and there is a great deal of very interesting and innovative science being done in this country. Over the last few decades, the new medical breakthroughs that are being submitted to us for review at FDA have more to offer patients than ever before.
For example, new classes of drugs such as the statins are proving so beneficial to many patients with many different diseases that the introduction of these and other new drug groups perhaps rivals the introduction of penicillin.
New sciences such as genomics and proteomics might result in a new kind of medicine capable of treating the underlying causes of specific diseases in each individual patient – and perhaps even to prevent those diseases from occurring or progressing.
New engineering applications of nanotechnology can get the right treatment to the right place in each individual with far fewer side effects and complications than in the past.
And next-generation information technologies can turn the explosion of health information into far greater useful knowledge at the fingertips of doctors and patients, so that they can make far better informed, far more effective healthcare decisions than is possible today.
Now I know you've heard Dr. McClellan use the term "biomedical century" a number of times. And I think it's fair to say that with so many new opportunities out there for biomedical research to transform our lives, the 21 st century does indeed hold the promise of becoming the "biomedical century."
But the plain truth is that many of the most dramatic scientific advances that we've recently made in the labs haven't yet been transformed into medical treatments for patients.
Today, there's more spending on biomedical R&D than ever before. Total spending on biomedical research has grown exponentially over the past 10 years.
And yet, a disturbing trend is unfolding: despite the doubling of US R&D spending in both the private and public arenas, output of new products has been dropping since 1997. FDA is now receiving fewer applications for new drugs than in mid-1990's. The number of new device applications is also decreasing.
The agency is concerned that the rate of failures also has been increasing. Almost 50% of applications are failing in late-stage Phase 3 trials. This indicates we are not succeeding in extrapolating basic science to the clinic.
And in turn, this higher failure rate is driving up the cost of successfully bringing a new drug to market. In 2003, researchers at Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development estimated these costs to be $802 million, and some sources suggest that the total cost is closer to $1.7 billion.
This high cost of R&D is compelling companies to opt for the development of products that will recoup expenditures. This may rule out attempts to develop risky but breakthrough products or those for diseases affecting smaller populations.
And so, despite all of the wonderful innovation going on out there, the current challenges to therapeutical development are preventing us from realizing the promise of all this innovation and from converting it into medical products which directly improve the lives of patients.
Now, we recently reported that the number of truly novel drugs the FDA approved in 2003 actually increased by about 20 percent over last year, and that we saw an increase in the number of novel investigational applications we received. These are encouraging signs, and we are happy to see these slight upticks. But they are not enough.
The product development process is lengthier, more costly, and more uncertain than ever before. That means fewer products are reaching patients who desperately need them.
As you know, we've been taking new steps at FDA to help address this problem and improve medical innovation.
This includes various initiatives to speed review times – and as you know, FDA is committed to reducing total review time for new drugs and biologics across the board by approximately 10.5% – but it also incorporates efforts to improve the processes that researchers and manufacturers use to develop innovative products. Such efficiencies in product development will place much needed treatments in the hands of patients faster, thus helping to prevent deaths, avoid other adverse events, and improve overall health.
And we're making good headway in various key elements of our innovation initiative.
First is the development of "quality systems" for our review procedures. The idea is to build on our professional staff expertise to identify and apply best management practices internally to our review processes. We're moving forward in implementing these systems to make sure we are doing all we can not only to continue to reduce the time it takes to review new treatments, but also to help product developers get their applications right the first time – to do the R&D work that demonstrates safety and effectiveness as quickly and efficiently as possible. To this end, new peer review programs, coupled with more empirical data, are already enabling drug and other scientific reviewers to exchange ideas and use each others' experience to learn about best practices.
Second, FDA is working on new guidance documents in critical medical areas. The idea here is to bring together experts in government, in academics, and in the private sector to help lay out the pathway for developing new treatments – to make sure that the clinical endpoints for studies, the study designs themselves, and the whole clinical development pathway is as clear as possible for scientists and clinicians. Over the past year, we've introduced new guidances on integrating pharmacogenomic testing into the drug development processes, and on investigational new drug (IND) exemptions for studies of lawfully marketed cancer drug or biological products, as well as a draft guidance for reviewers of human somatic cell therapy INDs.
We're doing this with collaboration and new support from outside experts, including the National Institutes of Health, as well as with the help of key FDA working groups – such as our Working Groups on Obesity, Diabetes, and Oncology – which link experts from across the Agency and from the broader expert community to confront specific medical needs. One specific collaboration I'd like to point out involves our work with the National Cancer Institute. FDA and NCI are working closer than ever to help foster better and faster innovation in oncology – this joint initiative includes collaborative exchanges of expertise and resources, as well as a new system for receiving INDs electronically.
The bottom line is that FDA is interested in helping speed innovation and enhance patient safety, but we cannot do it alone. We rely on a broad range of partners to help clarify and improve the pathway for new product development.
Our efforts also include modernization of medical product manufacture. Our regulations for drug manufacturing haven't been substantially updated in 25 years. Meanwhile, best practices in manufacturing have undergone significant progress, particularly in other high-tech industries which have adopted "six sigma" and other quality improvement methodologies.
And so, what we're doing is overhauling and upgrading a body of outdated standards and requirements called the pharmaceutical Good Manufacturing Practices. We want to make sure that our regulations encourage progress, savings and quality improvements in medicine. Our new regulatory approaches are being designed to encourage companies to continuously seek out and apply cost-reducing and precision-enhancing innovation in manufacturing and technology. This project is still ongoing, but it will be completed by the end of this summer.
In meeting our goals as outlined in PDUFA III, we're also conducting a root cause analysis for product approvals that require more than one review cycle and many months of additional development time. Evidence shows that upfront, focused communication with product developers about FDA standards can often help the developers get the application right the first time around. We have several new pilot programs underway to pursue earlier communication with product manufacturers, and I look forward to seeing this focused communication bear fruit.
Finally, we've had strong success to date under the user fee program, which has reduced the median review times for regular drugs to one year, and for new molecular entitites, the most important new medicines, to six months or less.
Despite these efforts, the fact remains that in recent years, fewer new products have been making their way to patients, and the ones that do are increasingly expensive.
Two to three decades ago, the success rate for a new drug used to be about 14 percent. Today, a new medicinal compound entering Phase 1 testing -- often after more than a decade of preclinical screening and evaluation -- is estimated to have only an 8 percent chance of reaching the market. For very innovative and unproven technologies, the probability of an individual product's success is still much lower.
And so we face a real challenge today to bring the promise of 21st century medical breakthroughs to patients.
To achieve the goals of biomedical innovation and affordable health care, we are going to have to work together to find new and better ways to turn scientific discoveries into practical medical solutions that can be safely used by patients.
That means finding better ways to develop new technologies that can allow us to bring new medical products to patients faster, and more safely, and at a lower cost. It also means using the latest scientific knowledge to improve the process of developing new treatments and demonstrating that they are safe and effective and reliable.
For all that modern science has to offer, developing new treatments is still very much an art – in which hunches, and intuition, and luck play a critical role, and in which the odds are long. For medicine that is affordable and innovative, we need more well-understood science.
How can we solve this problem? Well, there are no simple answers. But one thing is becoming increasingly clear to us – that is, that the applied sciences needed for medical product development have not kept pace with the tremendous advances in the basic sciences.
The new science is not being used to guide the technology development process in the same way that it is accelerating the technology discovery process. There are serious gaps in knowledge and antiquated product evaluation tools that create technical hurdles that relegate potential breakthrough candidates to the lab shelves.
Just two weeks ago, FDA issued a major report examining these challenges to medical development, and focusing on what we call the "critical path" to medical product development.
The "critical path" refers to the pathway that medical products must negotiate as they move from laboratory concept to actual commercialized treatments that make a real difference in patients' lives. This encompasses not just the science of developing drugs, biologics and devices, but also the know-how for turning an experimental medicine into a finished product that can be used safely and effectively.
The thesis of our report and of this "Critical Path Research Initiative" is that much more scientific research and standards development must be devoted to improving the critical path--that investing only in basic scientific research is not enough. Specifically, the report suggests new development tools are needed to improve the predictability of the drug development process and lower the cost of research by helping industry identify product failures earlier in the clinical trials.
The white paper finds that updated development tools are needed in three critical areas: Product Safety, Medical Utility and Manufacturing. New development tools in these areas will enable better throughput to commercial product development and can act as a productivity multiplier, increasing the returns on public and private investment in basic research. By turning the critical path of product development into a fast, certain, and more affordable process, we can increase opportunities for industry competition, lower prices for consumers, and in turn improve access to better treatments for all Americans.
FDA's plan is to identify opportunities for targeted investment in research, gathering information internally and from outside stakeholders. We believe that concrete examples will crystallize support for targeted research.
With improved scientific methods and a new, shared effort by all of us, I believe we can develop and improve standards for product characterization and product safety testing, both for traditional and innovative products.
For example, applying genomic and proteomic techniques, we can develop safety assessment programs for new biomaterials. With better scientific methods, we can develop better animal models and new biomarkers for clinical safety and effectiveness.
We can apply modern engineering and cutting-edge scientific knowledge to medical product manufacturing. We can improve standardization and automation of clinical research. And we can develop novel and improved clinical trial designs and analytical methods for evaluation of safety and effectiveness.
And so I'm hopeful that as we come to together to address these issues -- to make sure we're all using the latest scientific knowledge to improve the process of developing new treatments and demonstrating that they are safe and effective and reliable -- we can see a lot more of the biomedical progress being made in laboratories in recent years turned into safer, more effective, and more affordable treatments for patients.
It is important to point out that this initiative will complement other existing efforts to strengthen basic and translational research, for example those underway at NIH and in industry. FDA's critical path activities and research will complement, not compete with, what our sister agencies and industry are already doing.
I'd also like to note that FDA is uniquely suited to take a major role in this effort because of our unique cross-industry and cross-cutting knowledge of the hurdles that companies and products are encountering that are causing them to fail in late stage clinical trials. The FDA has the technical expertise that can draw together stakeholders, help prioritize research that is most needed and to partner with others to conduct this research.
Issuing our report a few weeks ago was just the first step.
One of the key conclusions of our report was that collaboration is key. The FDA hopes that stakeholders – including patients, industry innovators, academics, and the financial community (those of you here today) – will read our report and help the agency prioritize actions that could break-up the log jam of products poised to enter the approval pipeline. We want to work together to ensure we are ready to evaluate breakthrough technologies.
By embarking on an aggressive, collaborative research effort, we can create a new generation of performance standards and predictive tools that will provide better answers about the safety and effectiveness of investigational products, faster and with more certainty.
Key to this effort will be the collaborative development of a Critical Path Opportunities List, which will identify those areas of product development that could most benefit from innovative approaches and emerging technological advances, to fundamentally change and modernize the critical path for medical product testing and manufacture in the 21st Century.
FDA also intends to make internal changes and implement new collaborations to realize these priority opportunities.
This action promises not only to bring medical breakthroughs to patients more quickly, but to do so in ways that ensure greater understanding about how to maximize patient benefits and minimize their risks. Moreover, the efficiencies gained through these innovations could bring significant economies that could provide both more affordable medical products and a much greater payoff from greater predictability and speed for investment in medical research and development.
And so, I'd like to thank you again for all that you are doing to support biomedical innovation and let you know that I'm looking forward to working with you in the months ahead to bridge the gap in product development and bring new, innovative treatments from the lab to our nation's patients to improve the public health.
Thank you.


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The Robbins Institute
The Robbins Institute® provides an informative program for architects and other professionals involved in selecting a sports floor for a recreation, multi-purpose, and sports facility.
At Robbins, we know choosing the right floor is not an easy decision. It takes time, research, product knowledge, and trust in the manufacturer's promises. We provide our customers with the education and background they need to make the most knowledgeable buying decision by attending one of many Robbins Institutes across America. In addition to learning the features and differences in sports flooring, our customers are given the opportunity to exchange ideas and to learn from the industry experts about the quality, longevity, safety and benefits to athletes from the floor.
The industry's leading school for sports floors, The Robbins Institute is a learning center for all who attend. The Institute is an integral part of Robbins research, development and testing that spans a wide range of sports floor disciplines – both wood and synthetic.
By attending a Robbins Institute seminar, you can evaluate sports flooring and understand just how important the selection of the correct surface is for the comfort, safety and performance of your athletes. You'll learn about things like dynamic testing, biomechanics, building requirements and performance considerations. Architects can gain AIA learning units as they pick up valuable industry information or product information for their specific projects.
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Design, purpose and use of sports surfacing as it relates to user comfort, safety and performance are explored, as are the functional relationship between sports surfaces and building design/construction.
Provides an informative program for architects and other professionals involved in selecting sports flooring for recreation, multi-purpose and sports facillties.
Contact a Robbins representative today to learn more about the educational programs that Robbins offers by calling 1.800.543.1913, or by filling out our online contact form.


text:
Budget $250-750 USD
drawing conversion
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text:
Generally the varieties with red flowers prefer more shade and moisture, while those with lavender or white flowers do best in sunnier, drier conditions. (Many of these named varieties of M. didyma are hybrids of M. clinopodia, M. didyma, and M. fistulosa. Some botanists refer to the entire group as M. media.)
Wild bergamot (M. fistulosa). Perennial; zones 3 through 9. Wild bergamot (no relation to true bergamot, a citrus) grows in dry, open woodlands and wood margins, primarily in eastern North America. It thrives in places that have cool summers, conditions typical in the heart of its native range from New England to Georgia. Compared with other bee balms, wild bergamot is less showy, stems are more noticeably four-sided, and leaves are a little hairier, more sweetly fragrant, and less toothed than those of M. didyma. Lavender-pink flowers come in late summer, the newest flower developing above the older ones. Height is 3 to 4 feet.
'Rose;', a new variety, is notable for smelling and tasting in all its parts like an old-fashioned rose. It's an ideal fragrance and flavor substitute for rose geranium where that plant isn't hardy.
The closely related M. f. menthifolia grows in western North America. When dried, it substitutes well for oregano.
M. pringlei. Annual or short-lived perennial; all zones. Though this stunning bee balm reaches only 18 inches tall, bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds cover it throughout its long blooming season that begins in late spring or early summer and continues until frost. Its glossy, dark green mounds of foliage remain green during the winter in zones 7 to 11. This species does not get powdery mildew.
Spotted horsemint (M. punctata). Annual or short-lived perennial; all zones. This 2-foot plant is extraordinary in bloom, producing tiers of showy pink bracts, and dense whorls of purple-spotted yellow flowers. Bloom starts in early summer and lasts until frost. Start plants from seed sown in place in early spring. Plants tolerate dry soil (even prefer sandy soil), and rarely suffer from powdery mildew. Spotted horsemint contains the greatest concentration of thymol.
Holly Shimizu is the director of the U.S. National Arboretum and an herb specialist.
Photography by Suzanne DeJohn/National Gardening Association


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For mojitos and more, Cubanitas hits the spot
There is little better on a hot summer day than a mojito -- white rum laced with muddled fresh mint leaves, cane sugar, and tonic with fresh lime juice and a lime slice served up in a Tom Collins glass with lots of ice. The drink is an aromatic as it is delicious, and quickly conjures yearnings for trademark Cuban dishes like empanadas and ropa vieja (Cuban-style shredded beef).
And while Cuban dishes make appearances on other Latin restaurant menus in Milwaukee, Cubanitas, 728 North Milwaukee St., is the city's first, and now only, entirely Cuban restaurant.
And, its longevity is not without reason.
Six years into its tenure, Cubanitas not only serves up a thirst-quenchingly delicious mojito, the appetizer and entrée items carry through the simple flavors and fresh ingredients that are the mark of good Cuban cuisine.
In a vibrant orange space with an intimate bar, Cubanitas takes on a more casual and upbeat face than its Milwaukee Street neighbors, which is likely part of what makes the restaurant a favorite for lunch and dinner. Service here on recent visits was somewhat inconsistent and rather slow, but what we found lacking in hospitality was made up for in the sandwiches and entrées we sampled on our visits.
Empanadas come in three varieties for a reasonable $2.25 each, and are large enough to share. Pollo arrived with a crisp, flaky pastry shell generously stuffed with seasoned shredded chicken punctuated by bits of chopped olives and raisins. Picadillo stuffed the same turnover with seasoned ground beef and cheese. The pollo was the more flavorful of the two, but both were very good.
Sandwiches are pressed to crunchy perfection on fresh bread the restaurant flies in "from out east daily," and are served slice diagonally lengthwise, which makes even the Cuban sandwich easy to eat in business attire with no mess. The Cubano ($7.50) piles lean ham with roasted pork, swiss cheese, dill pickle slice and mustard aioli for cravable results. A sandwich de pollo ($7.50) ordered on the server's recommendation, delivered juicy marinated chicken breast with a red pepper spread.
Sandwiches are served solo on the plate, but the serving is more than enough for one for lunch. Pair them with an order of Cuban guacamole with plantain chips ($6.75) in the evening to make a meal. The guacamole is above average, and the plantains are thin and crisp for a great complement to the avocado and spice.
Entrées come with white or yellow rice, depending on the dish, and some are paired with your choice of red or black beans. Ropa Vieja ($12.50) was thick with a tomato Creole sauce and shredded with peppers. Mixed with the white rice, this dish carried just a hint of latent heat, and was excellent. Camarones ($13.50) offered plump, fresh shrimp in a rich garlic white wine sauce and served with yellow rice. The shrimp were well-cooked, and the garlic was strong without being overpowering.
Cubanitas offers daily specials, but plan to get there early, as they are extremely popular and sometimes sell out. Expect to see creative items like baby back ribs with guava barbecue sauce and Cuban pot roast with chorizo on the evening specials menu, and Saturdays bring a Spanish omelet with chorizo, potatoes and onions.
Ice cream also appeared to be a popular option with diners at Cubanitas. Helados Ice Creams ($4) come in coconut or Häagen-Daaz Dulce de Leche and looked to fare well both with Cubanita's Cuban style coffee and the trademark mojitos as a cool, refreshing end to a vibrant Cuban meal.
Dave1 | May 13, 2009 at 3:58 p.m. (report)
I've got a Cuban friend that doesn't think much of the place but he might be bias. Maybe they do something differently than his mother did, i don't know. But after reading most of the comments i'll be sure to try it. The owner seems like a pretty nice guy as well.
|Rate this:
Rose | May 13, 2009 at 12:50 p.m. (report)
I LOVE Cubanitas. My only complaint (which is good for them I guess) is thats it always SOOOO busy! Worth the wait though.
|Rate this:
Downtowner | May 11, 2009 at 11:17 a.m. (report)
Consistently great food, and really affordable. 2 or 3 empanadas and those awesome plantains and gauc and you're good to go. Add a Cuban beer or a mojito and you're really set.
|Rate this:
mikeyp3 | May 11, 2009 at 10:28 a.m. (report)
I love Cubanitas. Their mojitos are the best in town and I have NEVER had a bad Sandwich Cubano there. It's also the most affordable place on Milwaukee Street. The only minor quibble I have is that the homemade guac and plantain chips are generally only available at night. I want 'em at lunch! But I think that's because they want the product to be fresh (and it is) and the demand is so high at night -- they can barely keep up. So, if you haven't been there -- you should check it out.
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repoman | May 11, 2009 at 10:11 a.m. (report)
Every time I have been there the food is outstanding and the service is the best around. There is a reason they are still around while most of the businesses around them keep changing. One of Milwaukee's gems.
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This is the teacher site of Paul Deiss, instructor with the Musical Theater Department.
Here you will find materials for the Musical Theater Applied Voice (MTAV) classes, Theater History, Acting One and Acting Three.
Use the menu on the left to navigate.
Here is some information about the audio accompaniment tracks you may use from this site:
- This site is for sharing music studied in class.
- To the left is a menu of classes and other projects.
- Click on a class to see a menu of files, which are mostly .mp3 audio. (There are also sub-pages within most menus, so look closely.)
- The files will allow students to study material with accompaniment only (there are no vocals on the audio files.)
- Files are usually added to this site after they have been introduced in class.
- These files are a great way to expand your personal repertoire (e.g., for auditions, recitals, cabarets) so please don't limit yourselves to the material being covered in your classes alone. Explore!
Note: When a song title is followed by a number (e.g., -4, +2, -1, etc.) it means the original key has been altered by this increment of semitones (half-steps.)
Mr. Deiss
Mr. Deiss


text:
Forehead + Skin Care Q&A
Bumpy Skin on Forehead
There's no other way to describe it -- the skin on my forehead is bumpy! They don't appear to be scars, and when I squeeze them this white stuff (as... READ MORE
What are the small colorless bumps that I cannot get rid of?
They are mostly on my forehead, I've been using acne products but nothing has helped I have had them for a long while now and they have not gonna away... READ MORE
How to Get Rid of Skin-Colored Forehead Bumps?
I am a 32yr old black woman, with these skin colored bumps on my forhead. I use a face wash prescribed by the doctor it was working but for the past... READ MORE
Graves Disease Preventing Scarless Sebaceous Hyperplasia Treatment?
I am 52, female, and have developed sebaceous hyperplasia on my forehead. My current dermatologist says there is nothing she can do for me that... READ MORE
The Best Treatment for New Transverse Forehead Wrinkles?
I am 32, half-Asian, half-Caucasian, with rather dry, very sensitive, eczema-prone olive-toned skin. I have just recently "discovered" fine transverse... READ MORE
Why is my skin texture bumpy? (Photo)
On especially my forehead and nose, I have these tiny painless bumps. Nothing comes out of them when squeezed, maybe some oil. I've tried exfoliating... READ MORE
Skin tone variation in forehead around hairline (Photo)
Well I feel really annoying when everyone rushes to me and asks what's there in your hair line. Last few months I was having a lot of dandruff like... READ MORE
How to Correct Small but Persistent Dog Ears on Forehead?
I had a dermatofibroma removed from my forehead, and it left small but visible dog-ears. I have read that small dog ears can go away with time, but... READ MORE
How can I get rid of the small, painless, colorless bumps on my forehead?
I'm not sure what these are, or what they're caused by, but I need a bit of help to know what they are if they aren't simply clogged pores, and how I... READ MORE
What are the bumps on forehead, and how can I treat them? I was told once that they're milia (Photo)
I've had this issue since I was 12. I'm 28 now and have found no long-term solution! I was told once that they're milia. One spa was able to extract... READ MORE
Best treatment for terrible forehead texture and nose?
I am 15 years old, I do not have acne but the skin is uneven, the sides seem to be wrinkled and the forehead has many pores and lumps, I want a... READ MORE
I need answers on what this is and how to get rid of it (Photo)
I have these bumps on my forehead and i have had them for weeks now. Then yesterday I bought a acne wash and a black head wash. I need answers on what... READ MORE
What treatment do you suggest for textured forehead? (Photo)
I don't have acne ,but since I can remember I have always had these tiny bumps in my forehead and I was wondering what I can do to get rid of them. READ MORE
Can I use a product that contains hyaluronic acid with vitamin C?
I bought Hada Labo Gokujyun Lotion, they have hyluronic acid . I also bought OZ natural vitamin C. After using it, I feel my skin so dry in my... READ MORE
Melasma - No Results from Tri-Luma?
I have melasma on my forehead. I used Triluma for 8 weeks with no results? READ MORE
Is There an Effective Way to Get Rid of Stubborn Blackheads?
Hello, I have been having unsightly blackheads on my nose since puberty. I'm 21 now. The pores are very large on my nose and my forehead. I wish... READ MORE
How do I treat colorless bumps all over my face? (Photo)
For over 2 years, I've been experiencing bumps all over my face, especially my forehead, My doctor prescribed a benzyl peroxide medication, which help... READ MORE
What treatment for my skin on the face after rogaine was use? It got on my face and now my skin is messed on forehead. (photos)
I have been using rogain 5% on the front part of my head. When I would apply it, it would run down my face some. Now my forehead has bumps and it... READ MORE
I Have Lots of Tiny Flesh Coloured Spots on my Forehead, How Can It Go Away Naturally?
I Have Lots of Tiny Flesh Coloured Spots on my Forehead, How Can It Go Away Naturally i am 13 and have not experienced acne READ MORE


text:
When you click a course title in the My Courses widget on your My Home page, the Course Home page opens.
Each of your courses has its own Course Home page, with a navbar and widgets.
There are two ways to get to course content: The Content link and the Content Browser.
- Use the Content link if this is the first time you are looking at the course content so you see the table of contents and all the course modules in one window.
- Use the Content Browser if you know which module you want to view.
1. The Course Home Navbar
There are eight links on the Course Home navbar (Fig 1):
- Course Home returns you to the Course Home page.
- Content opens the Table of Contents for course materials.
- Discussions opens the Discussions Tool.
- Dropbox is where you turn in assignments (essays, etc.).
- Classlist shows who is in the class, and allows you to email them.
- Grades shows grades for quizzes, assignments, etc.
- Chat opens the Chat Tool.
2. The Calendar Widget.
The Course Calendar Widget displays upcoming events specific to the course you are looking at.
3. The News Widget
The News widget shows information posted by the instructor.
There may be more news items than yopu see in the small widget, so to see all news for a course, click the link at the bottom. This opens the full News window, where you can view all news items.
4. The Content Browser Widget
You can get to course content modules, or topics in the modules by clicking a link in the Content Browser, or if there are topics in a module, by clicking the > next to a module, which shows the links to the topics.
To continue, click the "next" arrow...


text:
Do not become a distributer of the small talk of a community.
The sun of course is not light, only a light-holder and distributer.
As a carrier and distributer of mails, the motor van has already established a position.
In this there was nothing pleasant to the distributer of patronage.
Fig. 57 shows a form of distributer which will illustrate the construction.
It was the duty of the distributer of Stamps to stamp all documents brought to him, and so forth.
Peter had no idea what a distributer was, but he knew now that his method of crippling an automobile was very crude.
If man be the producer and distributer of wealth, woman is certainly the director of consumption.
I'm taking this little jigger out of the distributer, so no one could run the old bus anyway.
Art became a colporteur, a distributer of tracts, a mendicant missionary whose highest ambition was to suppress all heathen joy.
1520s, distributer (Latinized form is from 1570s), agent noun from Latin distribuere (see distribution). As a part in an internal combustion engine, from 1905.


text:
Shantonu Sen (email@example.com)
Thu, 20 May 1999 12:18:51 -0400 (EDT)
my two cents on ultraseek:
we have an installation of ultraseek on our campus, and i've had more bad
experiences with it than good. i won't argue for the search capabilities,
since i'm fairly certain that the infoseek people are paid to make it
however, the problem i've run into probably pertains to you. our web
server has four alias (all of which point to the same "site"). when the
server was first set up, it indexed the site by the canonical name (which
wasn't what we wanted). after a while, it switched everything so that all
search hits pointed to the alias i had originally wanted. then after a few
more weeks, it realized my web server had another alias, and switched to
that. a few weeks ago, i got two more aliases, and all ready ultraseek is
treating all of my pages as being on one of the NEW aliases!!!.
in any event, ultraseek has the capability to remove duplicate pages from
its index, however you never know what alias it's going to index your
machine as. if it finds an alias to your machine, it might just reindex
everything, throw out the old duplicate files, and keep cycling through
my personal solution (which i implemented too late) is to have two
separate of virtual hosts. one virtual host will be what you want to
present to the outside world, and what you want pages to be indexed as.
the second virtual host container will contain all your serveralias
directives to respond to all the aliases, and will have the same
configuration, in general. HOWEVER, the important difference is that it
should have:
Alias /robots.txt /wwwfake/robots.txt
and this fake robots.txt should be EXTREMELY restrictive. so basically,
when any spider tries to access your machine by one of the aliases, it
will be disallowed by the robots.txt. when it accesses your machine by the
intended machinename, it'll get a real robots.txt file.
i'm not sure if this will work for you, in that you might not be running
unix web-servers. i'm not sure if MS IIS has any sort of support for this.
(specifically, having a different robots.txt when the machine is
referenced by a different name.
Shantonu Sen
On Thu, 20 May 1999, Walter Hafner wrote:
> Albert Desimone jr writes:
> > Anyway, I just had the occasion to look at Infoseek Ultraserver. The
> > cost, even with an educational discount, was a bit rich for our blood.
> > We might have gone for the initial cost of 24K (70% educational discount;
> > you .com folks do the math), but the 12K yearly upgrade/maintenance cost
> > was way too much.
> I got the same offer (70% off). Couldn't afford it either.
> > Sure, if I could have gotten the money, and did not feel that I was
> > being fiscally irresponsible, I might have pushed harder for
> > Infoseek Ultraserver.
> Yup.
> Geoff Hutchison writes:
> > What Walter Hafner is asking for is probably better termed server aliases,
> > or duplicate hostnames. He has multiple names for the same host
> > (essentially 'soft' virtual hosting), but these do not always correspond to
> > different sites. So he'd like to have ht://Dig realize that the names are
> > different, but the sites are the same. Yes, we already have a
> > server_aliases feature, but what he wants (rightly so) is for a more
> > automatic solution to the problem. (Please correct me if I'm wrong here
> > Walter.)
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This archive was generated by hypermail 2.0b3 on Thu May 20 1999 - 08:34:56 PDT