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This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (
Different plant products have been subjected to detailed investigations due to their increasing importance for improving human health. Plants are sources of many groups of natural products, of which large number of new compounds has already displayed their high impact in human medicine. This review deals with the natural products which may be found dissolved in lipid phase (phytosterols, vitamins etc.). Often subsequent convenient transformation of natural products may further improve the pharmacological properties of new potential medicaments based on natural products. To respect basic principles of sustainable and green procedures, enzymes are often employed as efficient natural catalysts in such plant product transformations. Transformations of lipids and other natural products under the conditions of enzyme catalysis show increasing importance in environmentally safe and sustainable production of pharmacologically important compounds. In this review, attention is focused on lipases, efficient and convenient biocatalysts for the enantio- and regioselective formation / hydrolysis of ester bond in a wide variety of both natural and unnatural substrates, including plant products, eg. plant oils and other natural lipid phase compounds. The application of enzymes for preparation of acylglycerols and transformation of other natural products provides big advantage in comparison with employing of conventional chemical methods: Increased selectivity, higher product purity and quality, energy conservation, elimination of heavy metal catalysts, and sustainability of the employed processes, which are catalyzed by enzymes. Two general procedures are used in the transformation of lipid-like natural products: (a) Hydrolysis/alcoholysis of triacylglycerols and (b) esterification of glycerol. The reactions can be performed under conventional conditions or in supercritical fluids/ionic liquids. Enzyme-catalyzed reactions in supercritical fluids combine the advantages of biocatalysts (substrate specificity under mild reaction conditions) and supercritical fluids (high mass-transfer rate, easy separation of reaction products from the solvent, environmental benefits based on excluding organic solvents from the production process).
Plant products with low polarity are mainly understood to be represented by plant lipids, formed by glycerides, important sources of fatty acids (FAs), and by compounds soluble in lipid phase (phytosterols, vitamins etc.). Glycerides are important natural and sustainable sources of FAs. Among them, ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) belong among the main FA classes, derived biosynthetically from linoleic acid (LA) (
Natural sources of n-6 PUFAs contain variable amounts of these acids rarely exceeding 25% GLA. Oils produced from borage, evening primrose and blackcurrant seeds are rich sources of GLA and contain 17–25%, 8–10% and 10–12% GLA, respectively [
In nearly all plant cells, energy reserves in the forms of FAs are contained in a triacylglycerol molecule. Since the glycerol molecule does not have rotational symmetry, all the carbon atoms distinguish from each other. They are classified by the
Oils and fats have belonged among the most important renewable materials for the chemical industry. Industrial oleochemistry has concentrated predominantly on reactions involving carboxylate functionalities of the fatty acids. Modern synthetic methods have been extensively applied to all types of natural FA derivatives for the selective functionalization of their alkyl chains [
Hydrolysis of plant oils has been an important reaction for the production of fatty acids and glycerol as a major source of surfactants and detergents. Another process of industrial importance has been the hydrolysis of vegetable oils to enrich them with FFAs [
Lipases (triacylglycerol hydrolases; E.C.18.104.22.168) belong to the family of serine hydrolases and can be found in animals, plants, fungi and bacteria [
Lipase-catalyzed reactions are carried out under mild conditions: temperature lower than 70 °C, atmospheric pressure and with higher selectivity than their chemical counter parts. These enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of glycerides at oil-water interfaces
Lipases occur widely in animals, plants and microorganisms [
A mobile element, known as "lid", consisting of either one or two short α-helices linked to the body of the lipase by flexible structural elements is present in most of lipases. In the open active site of lipases, the lid moves away making the binding site accessible to the substrate [
Different lipases show different specificity, which is the cleavage of various bonds, chain length and structures of the cleaved fatty acids. Bottino
Plant seed oils are one of the most important sustainable sources of FAs. Hydrolysis is the basic procedure of modification of natural triacylglycerols. Plant oils also contain certain quantities of additional natural products with pharmacological importance: vitamins, phytosterols, phytosteroids and other compounds. They are mainly isolated from oilseeds during the deodorization process within the volatile by-product known as deodorizer distillate at a quantity between 2 and 20 %, together with FFAs, mono-, di- and triacylglycerols [
Supercritical fluids have unique properties, which can be applied to a wide range of novel chemical processes [
Ionic liquids are substances composed entirely of ions [
The application of supercritical carbon dioxide as a solvent in enzyme-catalyzed reactions has been a matter of considerable research because of its favorable transport properties, which accelerate mass-transfer-limited enzymatic reactions [
Examples of industrially important hydrolytic processes catalyzed by lipases are productions of soaps [
We have studied blackcurrant seed oil, which is rich in α- and γ-linolenic acid, which the human organism is unable to synthesize
Many lipases catalyze esterification reactions in organic solvents. TAG synthesis from DHA ethyl ester has been performed using the lipase from
Enzyme-catalyzed transesterification reactions have been employed for modification of fats and oils. The process involves rearrangement of fatty acid moieties within triacylglycerol molecules, with consequent improvement of the physico-chemical characteristics of fats and oils. Lipases have been used as biocatalysts for the modification of fatty acid profile of vegetable and marine oils to produce structured lipids, which are currently manufactured for their potential clinical benefits and for food applications. These nutraceutical lipids may provide specific fatty acids with particular properties desirable in specific disease or pathological conditions. A number of studies have focused on obtaining TAG having a combination of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs.
Senanayake and Shahidi [
Structured lipids (SLs) are triacylglycerols or phospholipids in which FAs can be found in specific locations in the glycerol backbone and are produced using chemical or enzymatic processes. SLs are new generation fats or oils with medical, nutraceutical and food applications. Lipids can be restructured to meet EFA requirements or to incorporate specific FAs of interest into specific locations of the glycerol backbone of TAG. SL may offer the most efficient means of delivering target FAs for nutritive or therapeutic purposes as well as to alleviate specific disease and metabolic conditions.
The constituent FAs and their locations in the glycerol backbone determine the functional and physical features, the metabolic fate, and the health benefits of SLs. Therefore, designing SLs with selected FAs at specific locations in the TAGs for medicinal applications has attracted much attention. The position of FA in the TAG molecules (
Over the past two decades several research groups have successfully incorporated MCFAs (caprylic acid or capric acid) into fish and marine oils containing PUFAs [
Lipase-catalyzed production of various types of esters, including SLs, has increased tremendously within the recent years. Esters are mainly present in oils, fats and natural polymers, and they are useful intermediates or target products in chemical industry. Acylglycerol and aliphatic ester synthesis by lipases was described [
Lipase-catalyzed esterification reactions have been applied in a production of different types of important esters: (a) esters of short-chain alcohols and short-chain fatty acids (aroma compounds; [
Lipases have often been used for treatment and modification of oils and fats [
(a) Cocoa butter equivalent: The main producers of cocoa butter are tropical countries, mainly Kenya and Malaysia. Since the melting point of cocoa butter is around human body temperature (37 °C), it is well suited as a matrix for suppositories. The main application is in the production of chocolates, where the rapid melting conveys a desirable feeling. The predominant TAGs of cocoa butter are compounds bearing oleic acid in the
(b) Fats with improved spreadability: The melting point of any oil can be modulated by the degree of catalytic hydrogenation of double bonds in unsaturated FAs, as it is done on a large scale for the preparation of margarines and shortenings from plant oils. Alternatively, the desired melting point can be achieved through interesterification of suitable triglyceride mixtures with the use of
(c) Highly digestive triacylglycerols: The absorption of TAGs from the small intestine strongly depends on their structure. TAGs containing palmitic acid are well adsorbed only when this FA is located in the
The utilization of supercritical carbon dioxide as a reaction medium confers many advantages, among which environmental compatibility, zero chemical residues in the synthesized product, and considerable processing flexibility are the most important [
An interesting study has been performed with lipase-catalyzed esterification of stearic acid with ethanol, and subsequent hydrolysis of ethyl stearate under the conditions set near to the critical point in supercritical carbon dioxide (p = 6 to 20 MPa, t = 35 to 60 °C) [
Myristic acid was esterified by ethanol using a hog pancreas lipase in supercritical carbon dioxide in 37 % yield, while a similar enzyme-catalyzed reaction performed in acetonitrile yielded only 4 % of the required product [
Immobilized lipases from
Modification of castor oil in supercritical carbon dioxide may be an example of
The course of the lipase-catalyzed reactions in supercritical carbon dioxide is always affected by the presence of moisture. Continuous acidolysis of triolein and stearic acid was studied [
The activity of several lipases was studied in subsequent enzymic transformation processes, after having used them as biocatalysts of blackcurrant (
Increasing importance of nutritional and pharmaceutical components (phytosterols, vitamins etc.) of plant oils has resulted in developing new sustainable processing methods [
Synthesis of esters derived from phytosterols or other steroid alcohols and FAs is of great importance, due to their recent recognition and application in the food industry as cholesterol-lowering agents. Several enzymes were screened as catalysts, and optimal conditions were determined for the reaction between various FAs and sterols / phytosterols (e.g., cholesterol, sitostanol etc.) in supercritical carbon dioxide [
A synthesis of butyl esters (propanoate, laurate etc.) in a recirculating bioreactor using ionic liquid / supercritical carbon dioxide biphasic systems at 50 °C and 8 MPa was described as an example of application of biphasic systems [
Extraction of compounds from natural sources has been the most widely studied application of supercritical fluids with several hundreds of published scientific papers (cf. review [
Supercritical fluid extractions, fractionations of the extracts, and their enzyme-catalyzed modifications have been developed and have expanded tremendously in many fields of products. This approach is also scientifically challenging but also necessary to find applications that are industrially competitive with the traditional processes based on cheaper technologies and plants. In some cases, the extraction problems proved to be very complex and as a consequence more evolved process schemes (multistep extractions, continuous solid processing, multistage separations, co-solvent or ionic liquid applications) have been adopted to overcome these problems. However, a large quantity of work is still required. Nevertheless, numbers of reviews have recently appeared which have shown perspectives of application of supercritical fluid technology in many areas of research and industrial production [
The authors thank to the research project of the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Z40550506 (MZ), and the Ministry of Education for the grant 2B06024 (SUPRAFYT), a part of the National Research Program II (ZW), for funding, and Mrs. M. Wimmerová for helpful discussion.
Triacylglycetol structure, R = fatty acid acyl chains.
System for performing enzyme-catalyzed reactions in supercritical carbon dioxide: (1) compressor, (2) pressure control unit, (3) and (4) optional mixing or saturation units, (5) reactor, (6) oven, (7) rinsing valve, (8) micrometer valve, (9) trap, (10) gas meter.
Metabolic pathways of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Lipase-catalyzed reversible process of a triacylglycerol hydrolysis and formation.
Processes catalyzed by lipases: (a) enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis, (b) enzyme-catalyzed esterification, (c) enzyme-catalyzed transesterification by acidolysis, (d) enzyme-catalyzed transesterification by alcoholysis, (e) enzyme-catalyzed interesterification and (f) enzyme-catalyzed aminolysis.


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Ask Health Experts and Get Answers to Your Health Question ASAP
Sorry for your friend problem
Please answer my questions so that i can help your friend in a better way.
Since how long this swelling of feet is going on? Is this swelling started after getting injury to feets during fall?
Is there any history of breathing difficulty or excessive cough when she lay down?
Any history of high blood pressure or heart problem in her?
Any investigations done?

subset: commoncrawl


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ARIZARD-L ArchivesArchiver > ARIZARD > 2005-07 > 1122864711
From: "Vera Reeves" <>
Subject: OFF SUBJECT - Bernie
Date: Sun, 31 Jul 2005 21:51:51 -0500
References: <firstname.lastname@example.com> <02e501c59628$d8aad620$0c00a8c0@D388LL11>
> they do not leave the confines of the resort property while they visit -
> do
> not realize that outside those grounds? It is butt ugly! LOL
I meant to answer this one first but I got started on Smith.
How can you say that. I find everything in Hawaii pretty. Even the lava beds
are neat and the black sand is even pretty, gets a little warm maybe. Were
we lived was not in the tourist resort areas and the palms were not
inported. We lived near the north shore. If the tourists don't get out of
the resort areas and see the island or islands, they really don't see
Hawaii. I've only been on 4 and they were all beautiful. When you walk out
of the airport the smell of flowers is in the air. Makes me home sick but it
would really be hard to give up the Ozarks even if I had a choice.
You traitor !
This thread:
|OFF SUBJECT - Bernie by "Vera Reeves" <>


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Skip to Content
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Home > Classes & Events > Event Search Results Details
A group for those living with conjestive heart failure. The group provides an informal setting to share experiences and provide each other support.
Registration is closed.
A group for those living with congestive heart failure. The group, faciliated by a nurse and behavioral counselor, provides an informal setting for conjestive heart failure patients to share their common experiences and provide each other support.
The group meets the first Wednesday of each month in Concord Hospital Conference Room A. For more information call (603) 230-6175.
At this location Concord Hospital Beginning on June 5, 2013
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Today's News Synopsis:
In an updated news story, Michael J. Willimas, the Chief Executive for Fannie Mae, resigned yesterday and will step down as soon as a sucessor is found. The latest report from the Lender Processing Services showed a decrease in home values of only 8%, and an overall slowdown in decreasing values. The latest survey from the Mortgage Bankers Association showed an increase in mortgage applications.
In The News:
Housing Wire – "LPS index shows home value declines slowing down" (1-11-12)
"The latest home price index from Lender Processing Services (LPS: 15.3001 -0.52%) shows a slight 0.8% decline in home prices in October. Early data also suggest home price declines stabilized even more in November with a slight dip of 0.5% nationally."
Mortgage Bankers Association – "Mortgage Applications Increase in Latest MBA Weekly Survey" (1-11-12)
"Mortgage applications increased 4.5 percent from one week earlier, according to data from the Mortgage Bankers Association's (MBA) Weekly Mortgage Applications Survey for the week ending January 6, 2012. The results include an adjustment to account for the New Year's Day holiday."
Housing Wire – "The fight over Bernanke REO rental plan shows political divide" (1-11-12)
"Chairman Ben Bernanke's plan to fix housing is feeding an ongoing national debate about the appropriate role of the Federal Reserve in America's housing recovery."
Realty Times – "Mortgage Rates Remaining Low While European Troubles Persist" (1-11-12)
"It may be a New Year, but European troubles continue to persist which is helping mortgage rates to remain low. Markets remain quiet as investors await fourth quarter earnings which will begin to be released.."
Bloomberg – "Lennar Rises After Reportign New-Home Orders Climbed 20% from Year Earlier" (1-11-12)
"Lennar Corp. (LEN), the third-largest U.S. homebuilder by revenue, rose in New York trading after reporting a 20 percent jump in new orders for the fourth quarter from a year earlier."
Housing Wire – "FHFA disputes claims of inadequate FHLB oversight" (1-11-12)
"The Office of the Inspector General released a report Wednesday contending Federal Housing Finance Agency supervision of troubled Federal Home Loan Banks is unclear and inconsistent."
San Francisco Chronicle – "Fed Says U.S. Economic Growth Improves While Hiring Limited" (1-11-12)
"The U.S. economic expansion improved last month across most of the country while hiring was limited and housing remained stagnant, the central bank said."
Bloomberg – "U.S. Property Deals May Climb to $300 Billion This Year, Real Capital Says" (1-11-12)
"U.S. commercial property deals are likely to climb 50 percent to $300 billion this year as loan maturities force asset sales and the economy grows, Real Capital Analytics Inc. said in its annual list of market predictions."
NAHB – "Voters Place High Value on Homeownership, Oppose Policies That Make It More Difficult to Own a Home" (1-11-12)
"By an overwhelming margin, American voters strongly value homeownership and would oppose efforts to weaken or eliminate the mortgage interest deduction or diminish a federal role to help qualified home buyers obtain affordable 30-year mortgages, according to a new nationwide survey gauging likely voters' attitudes towards homeownership and housing policy issues."
Housing Wire – "FHFA considers paycut for new Fannie, Freddie CEOs" (1-11-12)
"The Federal Housing Finance Agency is taking into consideration what government employees are paid when determining the future compensation for the CEOs at Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac."
San Francisco Chronicle – "Bernanke Doubles Down on Fed Bet Defied by Recession: Mortgages" (1-11-12)
"Ben S. Bernanke is signaling his willingness to double down on a three-year bet that's failed to revive housing, showing the extent of the Federal Reserve chairman's effort to wrest a recovery from the deepest recession."
FINS – "Fannie Mae CEO Michael Williams Out" (1-11-12)
"Fannie Mae Chief Executive Michael J. Williams resigned Tuesday, saying he will depart as soon as the mortgage-finance giant's board names a successor."
Hard Money Loan Closed
Hesperia, California hard money loan closed by The Norris Group private lending. Real estate investor received loan for $48,000 on a 3 bedroom, 2 bathroom home appraised for $80,000.
California Real Estate Investor Events:
The Norris Group posted a new event. Bruce Norris will be speaking at the Apartment Owners Association-Discover Wealth Strategies for 2012 Los Angeles on January 12, 2012.
The Norris Group will be at the Women's Council of Realtors on January 18, 2012.
Looking Back:
The Charles Schwab Corp. was required to pay $119 million dollars to settle claims that they were deceptive in their YieldPlus fund. Following the release of their earnings for 2010, Goldman Sachs made several changes to the divisions in their business, according to Housing Wire. DSNews reported that four major banks had been asked by New York City Comptroller John C. Liu to evaluate their recent mortgage and foreclosure processes following the then recent robo-signing scandal.
For more information about The Norris Group's California hard money loans or our California Trust Deed investments, visit the website or call our office at 951-780-5856 for more information. For upcoming California real estate investor training and events, visit The Norris Group website and our California investor calendar. You'll also find our award-winning real estate radio show on KTIE 590am at 6pm on Saturdays or you can listen to over 170 podcasts in our free investor radio archive.
Tags: Ben Bernanke, bruce norris, Capital Economics, Cato Institute, fannie mae, Federal Home Loan Banks, Federal Housing Finance Agency, Federal Reserve, freddie mac, Lender Processing Services, Lennar Corp, Michael J. Williams, mortgage bankers association, mortgage rates, Real Capital Analytics, the norris group, Weekly Mortgage Applications Survey


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Anne Talks The Power of Small Earrings and Thai Massage/
Mt. Airy Pop-Up Sept 2012
There was dancing in the street, right outside our Mt. Airy pop-up store last weekend. We had a fabulous time and sold A LOT of jewelry on Sunday. This is the intersection of Green and Carpenter, right next to the Weavers Way Coop.
My design assistant and GlamTribale jewelry maker Zuwena, pictured below with her mother-in-law Iman, persuaded me to make a group of small earrings — pierced and clip — that sold for $15. It was a huge hit and didn't bastardize our sales of $150 bracelets for one minute.
I don't intend to sell $15 earrings — and a new collection coming soon at $25 — unless they are a free gift or part of a deal. But as a pickup gift at craft fairs and pop-ups like ours last week in Mt. Airy, they are a wonderful small gift.
AND, I'm reminded that so many women don't like big earrings. This reality check paves the way forward for a new collection of small earrings made of semi-precious stones, gold and silver.
The Powers of Thai Massage
On a side note, Iman is also my Thai-massage masseuse. She is coming today for my third 2-3 hr. treatment. I would like to say that it's heavenly, but at the present her unwinding, stretching and walking all over me is a bit uncomfortable.
The second time was much less painful than the first and today will be even more wonderful. Last weekend, we both agreed that I was "letting go". I've fought a very painful gym injury for the last year and more. My posture and skeleton work is totally repaired but there's a lot of tight muscle work to release. That's Iman's job and we're making great progress.
My doctor is positively amused over the stretching exercises I've concocted while I'm working — leg up on a bookcase, as if it is a ballet barre — except that I'm sitting in a rolling chair at the same time pulling into a much wider stretch.
About Iman, I laughed and said she's the only person in life to walk all over me and get away with it. When she first arrived with her balancing stick, I said "what are you doing with that????" All I could remember is my piano teacher who used to rap my knuckles with a rules, if she didn't like my hand positioning.
Luckily Iman doesn't use her balancing stick on me. There's something incredibly wonderful about having a person totally devoted to you for such an extended period of 2-3 hrs. After this much time, you're bound to stop fighting the idea of retaining control. LOL. Simply stated, Iman wears me out. ~ Anne


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OzForex Group Shares Increase 30% on Trading Debut in Sydney
OzForex Group Ltd. (OFX), which raised about A$440 million ($416 million) in Australia's largest initial public offering this year, rose 30 percent in its debut on the Australian Securities Exchange.
Shares in the Sydney-based online foreign exchange company climbed to as much as A$2.59 in initial Sydney trading compared with the A$2 that investors paid for the stock in the IPO. Part-owners Carlyle Group LP (CG), Macquarie Group Ltd. (MQG) and Accel Partners raised the money in Australia's third-largest IPO in three years.
OzForex's opening may embolden companies waiting to sell shares to Australian investors. Nine Entertainment Co., an Australian television broadcaster part-owned by Apollo Global Management LLC (APO) and Oaktree Capital Group LLC, may sell shares in December to raise as much as A$1.2 billion, the Australian newspaper reported Sept. 24 without citing anyone.
Macquarie, Carlyle and Accel together owned 63 percent of OzForex before the IPO and have exited the firm, according to the offer prospectus.
OzForex posted net earnings of A$17.1 million on net operating income of A$52.1 million in the year ended March 31 and forecast net profit of A$18.6 million in the year through March 2014, the prospectus shows. It completed more than 460,000 transactions worth in excess of A$9.1 billion in fiscal 2013, it said.
Including OzForex, Australian IPOs have raised about $1.9 billion this year, a 46 percent rise from the $1.3 billion raised in 2012, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.
The IPO is the third-largest in the country in three years, Bloomberg data show. Shopping Centres Australasia Property Group (SCP) raised $483 million in October 2012 and rail company Aurizon Holdings Ltd. (AZJ) raised $4.2 billion in October 2010, the data show.
Goldman Sachs Group Inc. and Macquarie arranged OzForex's IPO, according to offer documents.
To contact the reporters on this story: Narayanan Somasundaram in Sydney at email@example.com; Brett Foley in Melbourne at email@example.com
To contact the editor responsible for this story: Chitra Somayaji at firstname.lastname@example.com


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Achaval-Ferrer Finca Mirador Malbec 2007
Malbec from Argentina
Winemaker's Notes
With Finca Mirador our goal is to allow the vineyard to express its "terroir". Malbec is the flagship red variety from Argentina. It has found in Mendoza its true home. We work as hard as necessary during eleven months in the vineyard, to produce grapes that will need very little intervention during the winemaking process. The climate, the viticulturural program, the irrigation management: Everything is thought as a step towards the goal of true expression of the vineyard. Finca Mirador's personality shines through the wine, vintage after vintage, with a recognizable and repeated signature. Fermentation took place in a small tank. At dryness, the wine was pressed and racked into French oak barrels, 100% new, where it was then aged for 15 months.
Critical Acclaim
Wine Spectator - "Intriguing, with a piercing violet and mineral entry backed by superracy acidity that lets the crushed blueberry, plum and blackberry fruit stretch out on the very long, mouthwatering finish. Best from 2010 through 2015. 1,000 cases made."
The Wine Advocate - "The 2007 Finca Mirador was sourced from a 13-acre parcel in Medrano planted in 1921. The yields for this wine were 0.9 tons per acre with the wine aged for 15 months in new French oak. Purple-colored with a superb display of toasty new oak, lilacs, spice box, black cherry, and black raspberry, on the palate it sports an elegant personality, savory flavors, underlying structure, and a lengthy, 45-second finish. It, too, will drink well from 2013 to 2022."
Achával-Ferrer Winery
Founded in 1998, Achaval-Ferrer is a team of friends who dream about great wines. Achaval-Ferrer is also a collection of old vineyards in beautiful places. They are committed to the production of wines that are expressive of their terroir. They are a small winery because this is the key to top quality. Low yields allow the vineyards to express their personality in the grapes. Low intervention winemaking allows the grapes to fully express their vineyard in the bottle. Each of their wines is a different expresson of Malbec: The Mendoza Malbec is about varietal tipicity. Their Quimera blend is about Malbec as the key to complexity and balance. And their Fincas (Single Vineyards) are about how Malbec expresses different soils and microclimates. View all Achával-Ferrer Wines
About ArgentinaView a map of Argentina wineries (ahr-jen-TEE-nah)
Notable FactsUnlike its Chilean neighbor, Argentina's vineyards are spread out around the country. The best known region is Mendoza, almost parallel to Santiago to the west. Mendoza contains the sub-regions of Maipu (pronounced MY-pu) and San Rafael. Grape-wise, the most important white is Chardonnay, making wine similar to California's style on the variety. Another fun white grape to try is Torrontes. Almost only grown in Argentina, Torrontes makes wines that are crisp, aromatic and easy-drinking. Some of the best versions of this wine come from the northern region of Salta, with very high altitude vineyards. As for the reds, Cabernet Sauvignon is the main grape for many wines leaving the country, but Malbec, the grape Argentinians like to call their own, makes very distinctive wines that are structured, dense and velvety. Many more varieties happily grow in the country, but for export, and consistent quality, these are the primary grapes.
About South AmericaRelated Links:
Young, organically farmed Carmenère at Chile's De Martino estate vineyard
Customer ReviewsSign In to Add Your Review4.54.3 out of 5 stars
9 ratings, 4 with reviewsgrape.nut - Omaha, NE17/21/2017Anonymous - Cincinnati, OH56/1/2017Alfred Coelho - Fresno, CA35/10/2016walktard - Tahoe City, CA53/1/2014I liked it best right out of the gate on its own, but it did pair better with food as it opened over the course of the night.gasglobe - Tygh Valley, OR28/22/201255/29/2012Excellent malbec. used in wine tasting & well received by large number of tasters, preferred that is. Unfortunately cannot buy the 2007 vintage anymore. It was much less expensive and you got a tremendous value for your dollar,Buttaflygurl - San Francisco, CA54/5/2012Fruity w/ a bit of spice (just enough). Very well balanced. Liking It! : )nikkileth - Oakland, CA43/30/2012Definitely smooth and supple with a tinge of spice. It is really mellow and goes down smooth.jeff b - Southampton, PA43/17/2012


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Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations
Digicare Biomedical Technology, Inc. 26-Apr-05
Department of Health and Human Services
Public Health Service
555 Winderley PI., Ste. 200
April 26, 2005
Jose Eduardo Miranda, President
Digicare Biomedical Technology, Inc.
107 Commerce Road
Boynton Beach, Florida 33426-9365
Dear Mr. Miranda:
During an inspection of your establishment located in Boynton Beach, Florida on January 25-28, 2005, an investigator from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) determined that your establishment manufactures pulse oximeters and multiparameter patient monitors. These products are Class II medical devices under sections 201(h) and 513(a)(1)(B) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act), 21 U.S.C. 321(h) and 360c(a)(1)(B). The investigator documented significant violations from the Quality System (QS) regulation, Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 820. These violations cause the devices you manufacture to be adulterated within the
meaning of Section 501(h) of the Act, 21 U.S.C. 351(h).
The investigator noted the following violations of the QS regulation:
1. Management with executive responsibility has failed to review the suitability and effectiveness of the quality system at defined intervals and with sufficient frequency according to established procedures to ensure that the quality system satisfies the requirements of this part and the manufacturer's established quality policy and objectives, as required by 21 C.F.R. 820.20(c). Specifically, your firm has not conducted management reviews since 1998 (FDA 483, Item #7).
2. Your firm failed to establish and conduct an internal audit procedure that adequately assures that the quality system is effective and in compliance with the quality system requirements, as required by 21 C.F.R. 820.22. The QS regulation, 21 C.F.R. 820.22, requires that: (a) quality audits be conducted by individuals who do not have direct responsibility for the matters and shall be taken when necessary; (b) a report of the results of each quality audit, and reaudit(s), where taken, shall be made and such reports shall be reviewed by management having responsibility for the matters audited; and (c) the dates and results of quality audits and reaudits shall be documented.
However, your firm lacked major steps for effective internal audits, including design control, software validation, corrective and preventive action (CAPA), and Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) reduction activities Also, the individual conducting the audits lacks the necessary training and experience to conduct such audits and failed to identify deficient quality matters. Furthermore, audits were conducted by the Quality Assurance Manager, who has direct responsibility over matters being audited. This observation was repeated from the previous inspection and the untitled letter issued in September 2003 (FDA 483, Item #6).
3. Your firm failed to establish and . maintain procedures for implementing and documenting CAPA, as required by 21 C.F.R. 820.100. Your firm did not perform various CAPA activities, including an analysis of sources of quality data, documentation of nonconformities, investigations into the causes of nonconformities, and submission of information on quality problems and CAPA actions for management review (FDA 483, Item #3).
4. Your firm failed to establish and maintain procedures to adequately control environmental conditions, including the verification of the environmental control system, when such conditions could reasonably be expected to effect product quality, as required by 21 C.F.R. 820.70(c). Specifically, your ESD is inadequate because: (a) al! four wrist straps used by device assemblers failed the your firm's established test; (b) wrist straps and mats are not routinely cleaned and are not checked for proper grounding and surface resistivity; (c) daily surface resistivity tests of wrist straps were conducted with meters not designed for this use and-that had expired calibration dates; (d) two of four assemblers failed to perform the wrist strap test according to your firm's ESD written procedures; (e) ESD training is not conducted at designated intervals; (f) out of specification ESD test results were not investigated and corrective actions were not taken prior to production; (g) work benches where pc boards are handled were observed with materials such as paper and Styrofoam cups, which can generate strong electrostatic fields; (h) in-process pc boards were stored on shelves without anti-static bags or other protection against ESD. This observation was repeated from the previous inspection and the untitled letter issued in September 2003 (FDA 483, Item #4).
5. You failed to ensure that all inspection, measuring, and test equipment is suitable for its intended purposes, to maintain procedures to ensure that equipment is routinely calibrated, inspected, checked, and maintained, and to take remedial action to reestablish limits when accuracy and precision limits are not met, as required by 21 C.F.R. 820.72 (a) and (b). The following test equipment used for in-process testing were found being used with expired calibration dates: Fluke 87 III True RMs Multimeter SNs: 71820463, Exp. 718/2004 and 66240307, Exp. 9/1712004 (FDA 483, Item #5).
6. You have failed to establish and maintain procedures for validating the device design, as required by 21 C.F.R. 820 .30(g). The Life Window 6000 Multi-Parameter Patient Monitoring System was not validated. This observation was repeated from the previous inspection and the untitled letter issued in September 2003 (FDA 483, Item #1).
7. You have failed to establish and maintain a Device History File (DHF) for each type of device that contains or references the records necessary to demonstrate that the design was developed in accordance with the approved design plan and the requirements of the QS regulation, as required by 21 C.F.R. 820.30(j). Your firm did not conduct and document design verification, design validation, design review, or risk analysis in the DHF for the Life Window 6000 Multi-Parameter Patient Monitoring System. This observation was repeated from the previous inspection and the untitled letter issued in September 2003 (FDA 483, item #2).
You should take prompt action to correct these deviations. Failure to promptly correct these deviations may result in regulatory action being initiated by the FDA without further notice. These actions include, but are not limited to, seizure, injunction, and/or civil penalties. Additionally, no premarket submissions for Class III devices to which QS regulation deficiencies are reasonably related will be cleared until the violations have been corrected. Also, no requests for Certificates to Foreign Governments will be approved until the violations related to the subject devices have been corrected.
Please notify this office in writing within fifteen (15) working days of receipt of this letter, of any steps that you are still in the process of taking to correct the noted violations, including (1) the time frames within which the corrections will be completed, (2) any documentation indicating the corrections have been achieved, and (3) an explanation of each step being taken to identify and make corrections to any underlying systems problems necessary to assure that similar violations will not recur.
Your response should be sent to Timothy J. Couzins, Compliance Officer, Food and Drug Administration, 555 Winderley Place, Suite 200, Maitland, Florida 32751, (407) 475-4728.
Emma Singleton
Director, Florida District


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of thousands of their own citizens."
Senator Tydings traced present conditions in Germany back to the peace conferences after the World War. "The very articles called the Peace Treaty contained the red words of war," he said.
Pointing out that it is wrong "to forever doom the millions of inhabitants of Germany to a life of economic slavery," Senator Tydings said that "one of the things that ought to be done—and that promptly—is to relieve the tension of the world by giving the German people a chance to live and not call upon them to do more than they can do."
A just and fair settlement of the post-war problems through "far-seeing and balanced leadership" is the need of today, the speaker said. The world, wrong though it may have been in its attitude toward Germany at the end of the war, cannot look with favor upon Germany's post-war plight "when the present German government itself oppresses hundreds of thousands of its own citizens solely because of their race," Senator Tydings declared.
"Thousands of Jews fought in the German army and in the allied armies as well," the Senator said, "and now, having offered their all to their country, we find that in Germany these offerings, taken during her hour of need, are spurned. Called upon to bear the dangers of the battlefield, they are forbidden the blessings of peace.
"The full scorn of every civilized man throughout the earth is heaped upon the present German leadership which, actuated by prejudice, is torturing a race of people for the crime that they are the sons of their fathers."


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BUFFALO, NY -- A Buffalo man has pled guilty to wire fraud relating to a vending scam he operated under five different names.
Daryl J. Chase, 42, was sentenced to time served, six months home detention with electronic monitoring, and three years' supervised release. He also was ordered by U. S. District Judge William M. Skretny to make restitution of $18,338 to the victims of his scheme.
Assistant U.S. Attorney Edward H. White, who handled the case, said Chase advertised vending equipment for sale on the Internet. After receiving $18,338 from six people, he never delivered the vending machines or refunded the payments to any of the buyers.
The sentencing is the culmination of an investigation by FBI agents under the direction of Christopher M. Piehota, special agent in charge.


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July 2017 WebstaurantStore Coupon Code Big Sale on the Items You Need for the Summer Season!Read More
5 Drinks of Summer These 5 drinks of summer will quench your guests' thirst and transport them to the islands. Check out our blog post and video to learn how to make them!Read More
How to Make Cold Brew Coffee Do you want to serve your customers a smooth and refreshing coffee drink while also boosting your profits? Try our new cold brew coffee recipe.Read More
5 Tips for Outdoor Catering Check out our top 5 outdoor catering tips to find ways of making your job a little easier! Learn more by reading this post on the WebstaurantStore Blog.Read More
How to Pick a Crab Check out the video in this post as we show you step-by-step how to extract the most meat from your crab in a couple minutes!Read More
Spicy Cilantro-Lime Chicken Kebabs Recipe Interested in incorporating Mediterranean and African flavors into your menu? Our lime and spice marinated chicken kebabs recipe is a great place to start!Read More
How to Offer Private Cooking Classes in Your Restaurant Private cooking lessons are one way to increase interest in your cuisine and encourage people to eat at your restaurant.Read More
If you're looking to revamp your restaurant, resort, or nightclub's drink menu, our list of five of the most delicious drinks of summer is a great place to start. These cocktails blend a variety of fresh herbs and fruits with boozy favorites like gin, vodka, tequila, and wine for the ultimate blend of summery flavors. From caipirinhas to sangria, these five drinks of summer are crowd pleasers that will also raise your establishment's profits. Keep reading for recipes and directions!
Brazil's national drink, caipirinhas combine lime and a sugarcane spirit called Cachaca for a sweet and tart concoction your guests will love.
Yield:1 cocktail
1. Muddle the lime quarters in a rocks glass.
2. Add sugar.
3. Add ice.
4. Add Cachaca.
5. Stir and serve in a rocks glass over ice.
Your guests already love the refreshing taste of mojitos, but why not kick it up a notch by adding delicious apple juice?
Yield: 1 cocktail
1. Add the bar syrup to a cocktail shaker.
2. Muddle the mint leaves in the shaker.
3. Add vodka.
4. Add orange juice.
5. Shake and pour the cocktail into a highball glass over ice.
6. Garnish with mint and apple slice.
This unique cocktail blends the savory flavor of basil with lemon juice and gin, so it's perfect for your more adventurous bar guests.
Yield: 1 cocktail
1. Add basil leaves to a cocktail shaker.
2. Add lemon juice.
3. Add bar syrup.
4. Muddle the basil leaves, lemon juice, and bar syrup together in the shaker.
5. Add gin.
6. Pour the cocktail into a rocks glass over ice.
7. Garnish with basil leaves and lemon twist.
This tasty drink swaps out rum for tequila and adds an almond-flavored liqueur called orgeat and orange curacao for a unique twist on a classic tiki bar cocktail.
Yield: 1 cocktail
1. Pour the liquid ingredients into a cocktail shaker and shake them thoroughly.
2. Rim a margarita glass with salt.
3. Shake the cocktail and pour it into the glass over ice.
4. Garnish with a lime slice.
Fresh fruit, wine, and Grand Marnier mingle together to make this drink a summer favorite that's perfect for serving a crowd.
Yield: 1 pitcher
1. Pour wine into pitcher.
2. Add sliced mango and peaches.
3. Add mint leaves.
4. Add Grand Marnier.
5. Add bar syrup.
6. Stir and serve in stemless wine glasses over ice.
Be sure to stock up on these essential supplies for your bar to craft your own creative cocktails:
Whether you run a poolside tiki bar or a tropical resort, these five drinks of summer are must-have additions to your cocktail menu. In addition to being easy to make, they take advantage of fresh ingredients to wow your customers' taste buds. So, stock up on the ingredients and supplies you need, teach your bartenders how to make them, and start stirring!
Now that summer is underway, more and more events are being held outdoors. These warmer months are the perfect time for large events like weddings, picnics, and festivals. Taking on outdoor events can open up a number of opportunities for your catering business, but first, you must be ready to create dishes outside of a typical kitchen setting. Check out our top 5 outdoor catering tips to help you get prepared for your next outdoor event.
If you are able, visit the site well in advance of the event, so you can plan your outdoor catering setup and see the resources that are available to you. The venue layout could dictate what equipment you'll need to bring, and it also could impact your serving plan. For example, if you're working out of a truck that needs to be parked out of sight from guests, it's important to know how far your servers will need to carry dishes and other supplies from your preparation space. A long distance or unmaintained path could slow things down and cause a holdup if you don't account for it ahead of time.
If you are unable to go to the venue before the day of the event, be sure to contact the location's representative and talk to them about the site plan. Remember to ask about even the smallest details that you might have discovered if you had seen the site. Asking about the terrain, electrical hookup placement, and light levels can easily be overlooked, but these details could influence how you are able to work on the day of the event.
Especially if you are working in a temporary event space like a closed street or parking lot, there may be zoning restrictions for the event based on your local government's policies. Zoning ordinances define how particular geographic areas, or zones, can be used and are principally used for differentiating between commercial and residential spaces. In many places, permits are also required for approval from the health department, fire marshal, and other officials. If you aren't planning the event, make sure that you know what the approved plans are, so you can avoid fines.
When choosing your menu items, consider how the outdoor conditions could affect what your guests would like to eat. The available space, time of year, and even noise level can factor into what kinds of foods your customers could be looking for. For instance, if your eating area is right next to speakers that are playing music loudly, some patrons may not want to sit for very long and would prefer easily portable food to take to a quieter location. Customers in crowded eating areas may feel the same way. On the other hand, guests at an outdoor wedding are typically prepared to remain seated for a full meal, no matter the noise level or number of people present.
One of the trickiest parts of outdoor catering is the weather. Precipitation can put your meal service out of commission if you are not properly prepared for it. At the same time, do not make the assumption that your event will be cancelled if the weather turns out to be less than ideal. In addition to providing shelter for guests, remember that your equipment will need to be protected. While preparing for your event, take the time to find out if the extension cords and generators powering your equipment can be safely shielded from rain. Many outdoor catering supplies are not completely weatherproof, so cover over your preparation area is a must-have in order to keep them safe. Failing to prepare a contingency plan could leave you scrambling on the day of the event and may hinder your ability to perform your duties.
Without the comforts of a kitchen, having the right outdoor catering equipment for your space can determine how smoothly your event runs. Below are some key components to consider when deciding how to create your temporary outdoor kitchen.
Having an electrical power source is useful for any refrigerators or holding cabinets you may need for food preparation. Even if the venue provides them, consider having a generator and extension cords on hand to ensure that your equipment can be powered when you arrive on site. When purchasing a generator, make sure that its voltage is compatible with your equipment. You do not want to invest in a generator with a lower capacity than your equipment requires.
Decide whether you would like to work with liquid propane or natural gas as your heat source for cooking. Liquid propane is more energy efficient, so you may not need to bring as many heavy tanks with you to your location. On the other hand, natural gas is often more economical than propane. When selecting your power source, do not feel limited by which option your equipment is already set up for. In many cases, you can purchase conversion kits to make your supplies compatible with your selected source. Be sure to arrange for a professional to safely install your conversion kit in advance of your event.
If you cater outdoor events often, you may want to invest in mobile outdoor catering equipment. Supplies like portable outdoor grills and portable gas ranges are easily moved from one site to another. Additionally, many options are designed for simple setup, so you can connect to power and begin cooking.
Catering outdoor events can help your business to make the most out of the warmer months. Before you take on an outdoor event, refer to our top 5 outdoor catering tips to learn about what kinds of supplies and strategies are required for a successful event.
If you're like me, you can't start your day without a cup of coffee or three. Coffee is one of the most popular drinks in the United States, and a report showed that over one-third of the U.S. population drinks coffee daily. Due to its popularity, baristas are constantly experimenting with inventive ways for people to get their caffeine fix.
One of the newest crazes is cold brew coffee, which is when the coffee is brewed at room temperature or in the refrigerator over a long period of time, typically overnight. The result is a rich and full-bodied coffee that is strongly caffeinated without the bitterness and acidity of drip or French press coffee.
One of the best things about making cold brew coffee is that there is a lot of room for adjustments and versatility. For example, you can let your coffee grounds steep in any large container you have on hand. If you're making small batches, preparing cold brew coffee in mason jars can add a fun and interesting twist. When straining cold brew coffee, there are a few different options. You can use several coffee filters, but cheesecloth is the best option. This is because Cheesecloth is very fine and can strain out many small particles that other filters will miss.
Grind your coffee beans on the coarsest setting. Your ground beans should be chunky, similar to the texture and size of Kosher salt.
Place your coffee grounds in a 22 quart container and add 3.5 gallons of water. Stir until the coffee is thoroughly moistened.
Let your coffee steep for 18 to 24 hours.
The following day, strain your mixture through a chinois and cheesecloth. Don't press down on the coffee while it is straining because it can add bitterness and acidity. Strain the mixture a second time, if necessary.
At this point, your coffee is ready to drink, but there will be some silt leftover. If desired, put the concentrate in the refrigerator until the silt settles at the bottom of your container.
Pour your cold brew concentrate into another container, leaving the silt behind.
Add water until you have a 1:1 ratio of clean water to coffee. Serve your coffee over ice and add milk, cream, or simple syrup to taste.
One of the best things about cold brew coffee is how adaptable it is, and you should play around with the recipe until you find the ratio and strength that works best for you. This recipe can also make cold brew coffee concentrate, which you can use if you prefer your coffee strong or if you want to make coffee smoothies and frappes. To make a cold brew concentrate, simply skip adding a 1:1 ratio of water in the last step. Just be warned that the concentrate is very strong and slightly bitter, so if you're planning on serving it black, it's best to dilute it with water first.
The beginning of summer means the start of blue crab season for the East Coast. While blue crab is popular among many of the Atlantic states, it is just one of the many crab varieties you can choose to serve in your restaurant. Before you start offering it, however, it is important to learn how to eat a crab. This means mastering the technique of "picking," or removing the crab meat from its shell. If you're new to serving crab, keep reading for buying guidelines and serving suggestions, and check out our video on how to pick a crab.
1. Remove the claws and legs by twisting them off at the base. Set them aside.
2. Peel back the apron found on the underside of the shell using a knife.
3. Detach the top shell from the bottom portion.
4. Remove the gills by peeling them away from either side of the body.
5. Use a crab mallet or claw cracker to crack open the claws and access the meat.
6. Enjoy!
Once you've decided to include crab on your menu, your first step is to choose what kind of crab you want to serve. Some options may be more accessible to you than others based on where they are found. Additionally, summer is not crab season everywhere, so keep this in mind if you want to serve fresh crab.
Buying live crabs is the best way to guarantee freshness. Once dead, crabs quickly become toxic because bacteria from their digestive organs enters the meat. Coastal locations have markets or wharves that are excellent for buying live crabs. While there, look for suppliers with clean tanks that are free of algae and murky water. Similarly, seek out tanks with aerators that maintain oxygen levels and keep the crabs lively. Sluggish crabs could be sick or close to death, so it is best to avoid selecting them.
Be sure to choose crabs with all of their limbs. A missing leg would be an unpleasant surprise for your customer who wants to pick a whole crab!
If you can, hold the crabs and squeeze their shells. Meaty crabs have firm shells and heavy bodies. At the same time, a lighter crab with a brittle shell could be immature and contain less meat. Generally, the meat of a crab makes up ¼ of its total weight, so remember to choose crabs that are large enough for your intended portion size.
While female crabs are meatier than males, some parts of the country put bans or limitations on the amounts of females that crabbers can catch. This encourages reproduction and prevents supply depletion. As a result, you may be limited in the amount of female crabs that are available to you. Find out what the restrictions are in your area so you know whether to ask for male or female crabs when you are at the market.
Once you've selected your live crabs, chill them as soon as possible until you are ready to cook them. Putting them in an open container of salt water in your refrigerator lets oxygen in and keeps these sea creatures alive.
When buying crab in non-coastal areas, it's best to find an online vendor with high turnover and rapid shipping. That way, your crabs come to you before they become unsafe to eat. Because shipped crabs are often no longer alive, it is very important to keep them chilled before cooking.
The most popular methods of cooking crab are boiling and steaming. Fully cooked blue crab is bright red-orange in color and has opaque meat. Once it is cooked, you can start picking.
A great crab picking experience includes more than just plain, cooked crab. Seasoning your blue crab with a spice blend can enhance its natural flavor for an extra kick. Also, offering melted butter and lemon or lime wedges gives your guests the opportunity to alter the taste to their preferences. To round out the meal, try providing a simple salad with light dressing and citrus flavors.
Now that you've learned how to eat whole crab, you can bring crab picking to your restaurant. Providing your customers with whole crabs gives them a hands-on experience that other dishes can't achieve. While this meal choice could fall flat if a patron doesn't know how to access his or her crab meat, educating your servers and hosts can help prevent this. For this reason, serving whole crab is a great way to keep your guests and staff engaged.


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Dear reader,
I am trying to boot backtrack on my windows notebook, these are the exact steps I took.
When I boot the USB, the screen just stays black.
Step 1
Format my USB (4GB) to FAT32.
Afther the format the properties of the USB says that of the 4GB, 3.7GB is left empty
Step 2
I run UNetbootin in administrator mode, I select the file BT5-KDE-32.ISO.
The file was downloaded from the official website.
I select the USB drive, and I let Unetbootin do its work. It stays at 39% for about 10 minutes, while its bussy with filesystem.squashfs.
It finishes and gives me the option to reboot.
Step 3
When the notebook starts up again, I press ESC to get to a menu. In that menu I select; "Select boot drive"
From that menu I pick the name of my USB stick 'Freecom'.
Now the screen stays black.
I have left it running for about 15 minutes, and it stayed black.
I use a HP pavilion DV5-1010ed.
What is going wrong?


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The iTunes Guy Looks at Chronological Playlists, Surround Sound Playback Problems and More
One of the best things about iTunes is the ability to make smart playlists to group content according to simple conditions. In this week's column, I look at two questions about smart playlists: one about listening to different podcasts in chronological order, and another about the Category condition. I also look at how to redownload previous purchases, and how to fix in issue where the Apple TV won't play surround sound from ripped DVDs.
Read more in this week's Ask the iTunes Guy column.


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Dubai Ports World controversy
The Dubai Ports World controversy began in February 2006 and rose to prominence as a national security debate in the United States. At issue was the sale of port management businesses in six major U.S. seaports to a company based in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and whether such a sale would compromise port security.
The controversy pertained to management contracts of six major United States ports. The purchaser was DP World (DPW), a state-owned company in the UAE. The contracts had already been foreign-owned, by Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O), a British firm taken over by DPW (completed in March 2006). Although the sale was approved by the executive branch of the United States Government, various United States political figures argued that the takeover would compromise U.S. port security.
U.S. President George Bush argued vigorously for the approval of the deal, claiming that the delay sends the wrong message to U.S. allies. Legislation was introduced to the United States Congress to delay the sale.
DP World is a company owned by the government of Dubai in the United Arab Emirates, via a holding company. This holding company is under the direct control of the ruler of Dubai, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, who is also the prime minister of the UAE.
In mid-October 2005, DP World approached the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) to clear regulatory hurdles for a possible acquisition of the British firm P&O. The CFIUS is the multi-agency federal panel that passes judgment on deals with foreign corporations that raise antitrust or national security questions, Soon after, DPW began negotiating the terms of the takeover with P&O.[1] They were advised by former President Bill Clinton to submit to a 45-day review of the acquisition.[2]
In December 2005, Coast Guard intelligence officials raised the possibility of significant security risks associated with the management of some U.S. port operations by a Dubai company, stating in a report that broad intelligence gaps prevented them from assessing the risks.[3]
In February 2006, the stockholders of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O), a British firm, agreed to a sale of that company to DPW over a bid by PSA International of Singapore. As part of the sale, DPW would assume the leases of P&O to manage major U.S. facilities at the Port of New York and New Jersey, Port of Philadelphia, Port of Baltimore, Port of New Orleans, and the Port of Miami, as well as operations in 16 other ports.
After P&O stockholders approved the deal, the arrangement was reviewed by the CFIUS headed by the U.S. Treasury Department. The transfer of leases was approved.
When the deal appeared in the business press, it was noticed by Eller & Company, a Florida firm. Eller has two joint ventures with P&O and it feared becoming an "involuntary partner of DP World", said Michael Kreitzer, Eller's lawyer.[4] According to Kreitzer, Eller hired semi-retired lobbyist Joe Muldoon as a last-ditch effort to persuade Congress to block the deal. Soon Muldoon and Kreitzer got the attention of Democratic New York Senator Charles E. Schumer and an Associated Press reporter. Within days, Schumer held a press conference calling for a review and the AP ran the story nationally.[4]
Congressional politicians were quick to respond after Schumer's press conference and the AP story put the Dubai Ports deal in the national spotlight. Both Democratic and Republican members of Congress started to question the approval. Republican leaders Dennis Hastert and Bill Frist, who usually work closely with the office of the President, publicly questioned the deal. Frist said "If the administration cannot delay the process, I plan on introducing legislation to ensure that the deal is placed on hold until this decision gets a more thorough review."[5]
On February 22, 2006, President Bush threatened to veto any legislation passed by Congress to block the deal, a veto that would be his first. In a statement to reporters, Bush claimed, "It would send a terrible signal to friends and allies not to let this transaction go through."[6] DP Worlds Chief Operating Officer, Ted Bilkey engaged a number of high-profile lobbying firms to garner congressional support for the deal.[4]
The controversy created a public and unusually high-profile dispute within the Republican Party, and between the Republican-controlled Congress and the Republican-controlled White House.
On February 23, 2006, DPW volunteered to postpone its takeover of significant operations at the ports to give the White House more time to convince lawmakers that the deal poses no increased risks from terrorism.
On February 24, 2006, it was reported that there are 22 U.S. ports in the deal, not just the six major ports mentioned in initial news stories and reports.[7] According to the website of P&O Ports, the port-operations subsidiary of P&O, DPW would take over stevedore services at 12 East Coast ports including the Port of Portland (Maine); Port of Boston; Port of Davisville; New York City; Port Newark; Port of Philadelphia; Port of Camden; Port of Wilmington; Port of Baltimore; and Virginia locations at Newport News, Norfolk, and Portsmouth.
Additionally, DPW would have taken over P&O stevedoring operations at nine ports along the Gulf of Mexico including the Texas ports of Beaumont, Port Arthur, Galveston, Houston, Freeport, and Corpus Christi, plus the Louisiana ports of Lake Charles and New Orleans.
Former Senate Majority Leader and 1996 Republican presidential candidate Bob Dole was hired by Dubai Ports World to lobby Congress on its behalf against bipartisan criticism of the deal. Mr. Dole was a special counsel in the Washington office of the law firm of Alston & Bird. DP World hired the firm in 2005 to help shepherd its purchase of the British-based firm P&O.[8]
On March 8, 2006 the House Panel voted 62–2 to block the deal, and senator Charles Schumer added amendments to a senate bill to block the deal, causing an uproar in the senate.[9]
On March 9, 2006, Dubai Ports World released a statement saying they would turn over operation of U.S. ports to a U.S. "Entity".[10] Later that same day, American Enterprise Institute scholar Norm Ornstein reported on PBS's "News Hour" that DP World was considering selling its U.S. operations to Halliburton.[11]
Dubai Ports World eventually sold P&O's American operations to American International Group's asset management division, Global Investment Group for an undisclosed sum.[12]
Opinions and comments[edit]
According to Bill Gertz, author of Breakdown: How America's Intelligence Failures Led to September 11:
- "Intelligence and security officials opposed to the deal with Dubai Ports World said ports are vulnerable to the entry of terrorists or illicit weapons because of the large number of containers that enter U.S. territory, regardless of who manages them."[13]
Frank Gaffney, president of the Center for Security Policy wrote:
At the very least, the company will have to be read-in on these ports' security plans as it will have some role in their implementation.[14]
Susan Collins, Republican Senator from Maine (and Homeland Security Committee chairwoman at the time) wrote:
[A] careful review of the 'assurances letter' reveals that DP World is not, in fact, bound to provide the U.S. government with the information it would need to close the intelligence gaps the Coast Guard identified...The language is weak... Indeed, the assurances appear to amount to little more than a restatement of what the FBI or other law enforcement agenc[ies] could gather anyway in the course of an investigation.[15]
After the DP World announced its decision to transfer the U.S. port operations to a U.S. entity, the BBC quoted Daniel T. Griswold, director of the Cato Institute's Center for Trade Policy Studies, as saying that the affair would "send a chilling signal":
It is just assuming that if a company is from the Middle East it is de facto disqualified from investing in the United States, and I think that is a terrible message to send.[16]
The objections to approving the sale centered on arguments about who controls U.S. ports, especially after the September 11, 2001 attacks. Some opposed to the sale have argued that no foreign government should be permitted to own such strategic assets while others argue that port security should remain in the hands of American firms under American control at the very least. Few had offered similar objections to the P&O's ownership, until the proposed DPW takeover brought attention to the situation. Over 80 percent of the terminals in the USA are already controlled by foreign owners. While the UAE's past actions regarding funding terrorist organizations (notably Hamas) and DPW's state-ownership increased discomfort across major party lines in the United States.
Those who expressed opposition to the deal included: The New York Times, Michael Savage, Lindsey Graham, The New Republic, The John Birch Society, Sean Hannity, Lou Dobbs,[17] Laura Ingraham; Bill Frist and Hillary Clinton,[18] prominent politicians from two different parties; Bob Menendez, John Gibson,[19] Jon Corzine, and Peter King.[20] Senator Barack Obama stated his opposition to the deal.[21] So did Senators Carl Levin[22] and John Kerry.
The objections commonly raised in public discourse differ from those lodged by Eller & Company, the Florida firm responsible for bringing national attention to the deal. Eller has two joint ventures with P&O and it feared becoming an "involuntary partner of DP World".[4] For them, business rather than security or concerns over the approval process were the overriding factors driving their lobbying efforts to sink the deal.
Several additional arguments have circulated among critics of the deal, including:
- Review and approval of the acquisition by CFIUS was not sufficiently transparent and thorough, and never reached the proper level within the administration.
- Personal ties between the Bush administration and DP World, such as the appointment of David C. Sanborn to the Transportation Department's Maritime Administration portray a conflict of interest.
Editorial support for the deal came from publications including the Financial Times, The Wall Street Journal, the Los Angeles Times, The Washington Post, The Economist and commentators including Tony Snow,[23] Thomas Friedman,[24] Rush Limbaugh,[25] former president Jimmy Carter,[26] John Warner,[27] and Bill O'Reilly.[25]
Former President Bill Clinton advised top United Arab Emirates officials on how to address growing U.S. concerns over the acquisition,[28] but later stated "He told them that he didn't know the details about the deal".[citation needed] In a press conference his spokesman Jay Carson stated Clinton "felt that any ports deal should be subject to the full scrutiny process and should also take steps to make ports safer, not maintain the status quo".[29] However, his wife Senator Clinton was publicly opposed to the deal. Clarified in the same interview: "Like Senator Clinton and many others, he is concerned about foreign state ownership of our ports, and, to this end, he is supportive of her legislation,"[citation needed] Carson told CNN.
Former Senate Majority Leader and 1996 Republican presidential candidate Bob Dole was a special counsel in the Washington office of the law firm Alston & Bird. DP World hired the firm in 2005 to help shepherd its purchase of the British-based firm Peninsular and Oriental.[30] His wife, North Carolina Republican Senator Elizabeth Dole, has also raised questions about the Dubai-based company.[31] The chairman of the North Carolina Democratic Party, Jerry Meek, publicly called on Sen. Dole to remove herself from "any congressional oversight" of the Dubai port deal and stated "The fact that Dubai is paying her husband to help pass the deal presents both a financial and ethical conflict of interest for Senator Dole".[32]
The Bush administration and other supporters of the deal made the following arguments:
- The U.A.E. has proven itself a strategic partner by allowing the U.S. military access to its land, ports and airspace for basing and operations in Iraq and Afghanistan;
- The U.A.E. has allied with the U.S. in the Global War On Terror;
- Blocking the transfer of operating rights held by a British firm to an Arab firm appears discriminatory against Arabs;
- Security would remain a government responsibility as always, and performed by the United States Coast Guard and U.S. Customs and Border Protection.
Israel's largest container shipping firm, Zim Integrated Shipping Services, came out in support of the deal.
- "During our long association with DP World, we have not experienced a single security issue in these ports or in any of the terminals operated by DP World... We are proud to be associated with DP World and look forward to working with them into the future." Zim Integrated Shipping Services Chairman of the Board, and main shareholder, Idan Ofer, February 22, 2006.[33][34]
The controversy came shortly after the World Trade Organisation's Doha Round of global trade talks. At which many member states called for the U.S. to open up its ports to international competition, in the same way that other industrialized nations have pushed poorer countries into opening up their service sectors (e.g. water, telecoms, etc.).[35]
See also[edit]
- List of North American ports
- United States Coast Guard – Port and Waterways Security
- Supply Chain Security
- ^ "Lobbyist's Last-Minute Bid Set Off Ports Controversy". NPR. March 8, 2006.
- ^ "Bill Clinton helped Dubai on ports deal". Financial Times. March 1, 2006.
- ^ Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (February 28, 2006). "US Coast Guard warned on Dubai ports deal - FT.com". Financial Times. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
- ^ a b c d Overby, Peter (March 8, 2006). "Lobbyist's Last-Minute Bid Set Off Ports Controversy : NPR". NPR. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
- ^ Sanger, David; Eric Lipton (February 21, 2006). "Bush Threatens to Veto Any Bill to Stop Port Takeover". New York Times. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
- ^ "Bush threatens veto in ports row". BBC Online. 22 February 2006. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
- ^ "22 PORTS IN ARAB DEAL, NOT JUST 6 AS REPORTED". WND. February 24, 2006.
- ^ "CNN - Wednesday, February 22". CNN. February 23, 2006.
- ^ "House Panel Votes to Block Ports Deal". Fox News. March 9, 2006.
- ^ "Dubai Company Gives Up On Ports Deal". CBS News. March 9, 2009.
- ^ "Dubai Ports Pledges to Transfer Ports to U.S. Entity". PBS. March 9, 2006.
- ^ King Jr., N.; Hitt, G. (2006-12-11). "Dubai Ports World Sells U.S. Assets". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ "Security fears about infiltration by terrorists". The Washington Times. February 22, 2006.
- ^ "Frank Gaffney on Ports". National Review Online. February 27, 2006.
- ^ "The ports 'promise letter' that wasn't". The Washington Times. March 1, 2006.
- ^ "Dubai firm to 'transfer' US ports". BBC News. March 10, 2006.
- ^ Lou Dobbs told to Shut up, Crooks and Liars, February 27, 2006, retrieved March 11, 2006
- ^ Hillary Clinton 'unaware' of Bill's Dubai ties by Stephanie Kirchgaessner, MSNBC, March 4, 2006, retrieved March 11, 2006
- ^ John Gibson: U.S. Ports Should Be Off Limits to Foreign Companies by John Gibson, FOXnews.com, February 24, 2006, retrieved March 11, 2006
- ^ Peter King: Dubai Ports Company in 'al-Qaida Heartland', NewsMax.com, February 20, 2006, retrieved March 23, 2006
- ^ Barack Obama stated "we're allowing our port security to be outsourced to foreign governments"
- ^ 02-23-2006 - Opening Remarks at Senate Armed Services Committee Briefing on Port Security : Senator Carl Levin: News Release
- ^ Tony Snow: It's time for cooler heads to prevail, by Tony Snow, townhall.com, February 24, 2006, retrieved March 11, 2006
- ^ Port controversy could widen racial chasm - Thomas L. Friedman, New York Times, February 25, 2006
- ^ a b Limbaugh, O'Reilly favor deal, while Savage, Hannity oppose, WorldNetDaily, February 24, 2006
- ^ Jimmy Carter backs Dubai Ports World deal, NewsMax.com, February 21, 2006, retrieved March 11, 2006
- ^ Dubai Firm Sought U.S. Security Probe, by Jonathan Weisman, washingtonpost.com, February 27, 2006, retrieved March 11, 2006
- ^ Stephanie Kirchgaessner (2006-03-02). "Bill Clinton helped Dubai on ports deal". Financial Times. (subscription required)
- ^ Paula Newton, Phil Hirschkorn and Ed Henry (2006-03-03). "Israeli shipper endorses DP World". CNN. (subscription required)
- ^ Andrea Koppel (2006-02-22). "Dubai company hires Bob Dole to lobby for port deal". CNN. (subscription required)
- ^ Paula Newton, Phil Hirschkorn and Ed Henry (2006-03-03). "Israeli shipper endorses DP World". CNN.
- ^ Jeffrey H. Birnbaum (2006-02-24). "Role of Sen. Dole's Husband at Issue". Washington Post.
- ^ "Israeli shipper endorses DP World". CNN. 2006-03-03. Retrieved 2006-07-02.
- ^ "Letter sent to Clinton" (PDF). CNN. 2006-02-22. Retrieved 2006-07-02.
- ^ Beattie, Alan (March 5, 2006). "Trading partners request access to US ports - FT.com". Financial Times. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
External links[edit]
- Security fears about infiltration by terrorists - Bill Gertz, Washington Times, February 22, 2006
- UAE terminal takeover extends to 21 ports - UPI 2/24/2006
- Dubai ports
- The United States–UAE Bilateral Relationship


text:
Trey Ratcliff
I'm a warm-hearted, old-school gentleman explorer with really cool toys. INTJ. Browncoat.
1152 / 2865
The Best Fish Evar
I have a restaurant suggestion!
The best fish I have ever had is in that little viking-house there to the right. You have to duck to get through the door. Once inside, you emerge into a darkened viking-style dining hall (imagine the great hall where Gríma Wormtongue held powah over King Théoden of Rohan).
This spot is pretty well-known restaurant called Tjöruhúsið in the little town of Isafjordur. There is a little window in the back where the fishermen come every morning to deliver the fresh fish in exchange for getting to eat there for free. They bring you the food inside giant iron-clad pans… it was so awesome. I'm going back in a few months and I'm going to gorge myself here with giant dinners before heading out for all-night shooting.
- Trey Ratcliff
Click here to read the rest of this post at the Stuck in Customs blog.


text:
Thousands sign up for safer crossing
Reporter: ROBBIE GILL
Date online: 19 December 2013
A PETITION to install a pelican crossing at the tragic Milnrow Road black spot has already yielded 4,500 signatures.
The former head of Oldham Police traffic unit, Chris Gloster, is determined to have traffic-calming measures on the crossing, at the junction of Milnrow Road and Salt Street.
Mr Gloster hopes to put pressure on Oldham Council to devise a plans to prevent further tragedies.
"We've already had a lot of people sign, but we hope to get thousands of new ones in the coming days," said Chris.
"Our ultimate aim is for the council to come up with a scheme that will stop people being killed or seriously injured. We need to have traffic lights and pedestrian-control measures."
The petition has been backed by Councillor Howard Sykes, who shares the frustration of residents over the crossing's safety.
He said: "Local councillors have been asking for this crossing to be made safer and pelican traffic signals be provided for more years than we care to remember."
The petition is at www.ipetitions.com/petition/install-a-pelican-crossing-on-milnrow-road-shaw.
ONE Shaw resident plans to protest in public this weekend
Danny Shepherd has long campaigned for change and at 11am on Saturday plans to make his demands public: he hopes for a big turnout.
"Something has needed to be done for too long. It's got so bad that I just want to sit on that zebra crossing until something changes," he said.
"We think we will get a big turnout and cause some disruption to make people think about what's going on here. Everything about it smacks of danger. It shouldn't take a tragedy to force change, but this time we are going to carry it through."
COUNCIL leader Jim McMahon said a full review will be held into the safety of the crossing.
A minute's silence was held at last night's council meeeting before Councillor McMahon announced the council would respond to the concerns of local residents.
The crossing, near Salt Street, had raised concerns among local residents before pensioner Lynn Steele was killed by a car last January.
But Councillor Dave Hibbert said only three incidents had occurred in 14 years — though he admitted council statistics only covered reported incidents.
I wonder if Chris Gloster, ex head of Oldham traffic unit, is aware of the findings made from the last fatality on the crossing. The chron reported the council were awaiting a safety assessment from the Police before deciding if the crossing was safe to use or not. Nothing happened, what was in the report? Was it deemed safe to use?
From the beginning when the by-pass was built in the 1970s the junction has been an accident waiting to happen. Due to ever-increasing traffic volume very little has been done to allay the fears of local people who use it every day. Has the lollipop lady finished for ever? Will a proper set of traffic lights be installed with a "traffic free" zone to the zebra crossing? Can the sharp bends going to Shaw town centre/down Linney Lane be smoothed out? . . .
heart goes to the family and friends at this sad time.
This is insane how many more reviews are needed . Cllr Hibbert one fatality is one to many,how many more do you want Cllr Hibbert before action is taken.
I apologise if I have caused offence to the family's you are and will be in my prayers.
Don't sit on the crossing as that would cause an obstruction. Get an organised group to go back and forth as Pedestrians are not to delay on crossings.
Zebra Crossing reg which refers:-
19. No pedestrian shall remain on the carriageway within the limits of a crossing longer than is necessary for that pedestrian to pass over the crossing with reasonable despatch.
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text:
Chapel Gathering: Friendship as Incarnational Mission Practice - Dr. Dana Robert
When Tuesday March 19, 2013 @ 11:00 AM (1592 days ago)
Where Seminary, 215, Martin Chapel
Duration 45 minutes
Dr. Dana Robert speaks on the topic, Friendship as Incarnational Mission Practice for the annual Augsburger Lectureship.
Dr. Robert is the Truman Collins Professor of World Christianity and History of Mission and the director of the Center for Global Christianity and Mission, Boston University.
A reception follows the lecture.
The Augsburger Lecture Series is the Myron S. Augsburger Annual Lectureship on Christian evangelism and mission for Eastern Mennonite University.
The entire campus community is invited to every chapel worship service on campus.
Eastern Mennonite Seminary hosts chapel gatherings in Martin Chapel every Tuesday
and Thursday; EMU Campus Ministries hosts chapel gatherings every Wednesday and
Friday in Lehman Auditorium.
Intended Audience General Public
Contact Information
Name Seminary
Phone # 540.432.4260


text:
By Brian Mansfield, Special for USA TODAY
When American Idol launched in 2002, it promised to create instant superstars. Based on recent music sales, the show might currently be better titled American Opening Act.
Albums from last season's top two finishers, Lee DeWyze and Crystal Bowersox, have each sold about 100,000 copies since their respective November and December releases, according to Nielsen SoundScan. During the show's first seven years, that figure would have made for a bad first week.
Neither had a substantial radio hit.
Idol, which kicks off its 10th season Jan. 19 on Fox, still is television's top-rated show. But a shrinking percentage of its viewers become buyers. More than flagging ratings, slumping sales are a sure sign that the Idol media juggernaut is slowing.
IDOL CHATTER: Get the latest on the new season
JANUARY TV CALENDAR: What's worth watching?
"They've had a lot of acts that have sold respectably, and they have a few — Adam Lambert and maybe David Cook — that still have long-term potential," says Richard Rushfield, author of the upcoming book American Idol: The Untold Story. "But they have not had a multimillion seller since Chris Daughtry in Season 5, and that's a long time."
Last year's top sellers were the winners of the show's third and fourth seasons, with 2005 champ Carrie Underwood selling approximately 750,000 copies of 2009's Play On, and 2004 victor Fantasia selling roughly 350,000 copies of her comeback album, Back to Me.
From the past two seasons, 2009 runner-up Adam Lambert has seen the most success, combining 782,000 sales of For Your Entertainment (335,000 in 2010) with a headlining tour of small theaters.
With the biggest star the show has created — former judge Simon Cowell— launching his X Factor in the USA this fall, it's imperative for Idol that the upcoming season'swinner fare well in the marketplace.
"We are excited about the new judges this year and (Interscope/Geffen/A&M Records chaiman) Jimmy Iovine's involvement," says retailer Target's vice president of entertainment, John Butcher. "However, we realize the ultimate success of the contestants will have to do with the artists themselves and, of course, fan participation."
Rushfield believes "the clock is ticking for Idol to do what it promises. What made this show different from a Survivor or The Bachelor was that the prize was something so massive, the highest coin of the realm: actual, bona fide superstardom. If it becomes, 'You'll get a record deal that may or may not be worth something,' it's an entirely different narrative."
We've updated the Conversation Guidelines. Changes include a brief review of the moderation process and an explanation on how to use the "Report Abuse" button. Read more.


text:
OK, I wanted to change the size of my adsense display. I found the code in the Graphene Options (appearance>graphene options in my dashboard),highlighted it and hit delete. It didn't disappear from my blog, although it no longer shows in Graphene options. Wasn't certain if this forum or WP forum was place to go.
changing size of adsense display(2 posts) (2 voices)
Adsense sizes are fixed. You can choose predefined sizes in your adsense account.
If you want to put bigger ad under your posts you have to put the code of bigger add (728x90) and then style the placeholder with css.
You have to extend the main-content to desired width first through Graphene Options/Display/Columns width options.
You want to put ad with 728x90px. Than you have to increase the main content to at least 748px (728px add + 20px left&right margin) and if you have 400px sidebar width than you have to put full content to 1148px (748px+400px).
Topic Closed
This topic has been closed to new replies.


text:
Team Integy Tip for 3.0mm Wrench
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text:
4-Year-Old With Gaga Hair Banned From School Pictures
Marcella Marino really loved Lady Gaga's bow hairstyle, so her sweet dad took her to a hair salon and had her hair done up. But officials at Marcella's school said the bow-tie look violated school policy. According to a note sent to parents, girls were not permitted to wear "braids or beads" in their hair, and requested that girls ribbons or bows be "made of dark colors, maroon/navy blue/black."
So … maybe Marcella's bow would have worked had she had dark hair? Marcella, keep in mind, is four. I'm not entirely sure why it's necessary to instill such a strict beauty code on such young girls. It's not like she chose to follow some of Gaga's other fashion trends, like say, her meat dress, or radical platform heels, after all. It's a hair bow, people.
Because of an unrelated incident, school pictures were rescheduled for another day, but Marcella's dad snapped a bunch of pics of the cute hairstyle and posted them to Twitter instead. And now Marcella's received way more attention for her supposedly "banned" hairstyle than she ever would have had the school not made such a silly fuss in the first place. [Shine]


text: The effective income tax rate for the 2012 quarter was 34.1 percent compared to a rate of 36.8 percent for the 2011 quarter. Increases in the effective tax rate associated with the expiration of various federal jobs credits for workers hired after December 31, 2011 (primarily the Work Opportunity Tax Credit) as well as the expiration of the Hire Act's Retention Credit were more than offset by decreases totaling $14.5 million (or approximately $0.04 per diluted share) associated with the adjustment of accruals due to the favorable resolution of income tax audits.26-Week Period Results For the 26-week period ended August 3, 2012, total sales increased 11.7 percent over the comparable 2011 period, to $7.85 billion. Same-store sales, based on a comparison of the 26-week periods ended August 3, 2012 and August 5, 2011, increased 5.9 percent. Operating profit increased by 14.9 percent to $772 million and, as a percentage of sales, increased 27 basis points to 9.8 percent. Excluding expenses resulting from secondary offerings of the Company's common stock of $1.9 million in the 2012 period and litigation settlement expenses of $13.1 million in the 2011 period, operating profit increased by 13.0 percent to $773 million and as a percentage of sales increased 11 basis points to 9.9 percent. The gross profit rate, as a percentage of sales, was 31.7 percent in the 2012 26-week period compared to 31.8 percent in the comparable 2011 period. Consumables, which generally have lower markups than non-consumables, represented a greater percentage of sales in the 2012 period than in the 2011 period. Higher initial markups were offset by lower price increases and higher markdowns than in the 2011 period. Improved efficiencies resulted in lower distribution and transportation costs as a percentage of sales. The 2012 period reflects a LIFO provision of $1.1 million compared to a $14.2 million provision in the 2011 period.