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MQTT to Zabbix Gateway0
For a while now I've been wanting to try and monitor home automation parameters by using Zabbix. I already use it to monitor, graph and alert on servers and services at work and at home, so it was a logical extension to use it for home automation. I hope to deploy TinyTX sensors around the house, and by using my mqtt-rfm12b gateway I *should* be able monitor and alert on their battery voltages when things start to run a bit low. Firstly though, something is required to push the data from MQTT to Zabbix.
The first thing that you'll need is a working Zabbix instance. This is somewhat outside the scope of this blog post, and the documentation is fairly good. You'll need a host configured, so add one and give it a name, or alternatively use localhost that I think Zabbix comes preconfigured with.
Clone my mqtt-zabbix repository, and you'll find a XML Zabbix template that can be imported into your Zabbix install (import via Configuration -> Templates). It won't do anything drastic other than 10 or so Zabbix keys.
Once the import is completed, Configuration -> Templates will contain a template called "Template App MQTT". This has the 10 items, all of which can be edited to suit. The important part is the "Key" – which must match what you put in the keys.csv later on. Simply put, when Zabbix receives data with a specific key, it gets stored against the item with that key defined. It's not terribly complicated 🙂
If you're happy with Zabbix and the template import, follow the mqtt-zabbix README to get the rest of it installed. It's really just a glorified script with some init scripts. Put all the files in the right places, edit keys.csv to match between your MQTT topic and your Zabbix key name, and start the application.
mqtt-zabbix subscribes to the root wildcard topic at /# so possibly isn't very efficient on systems with massive amounts of traffic, but for home use it's quite sufficient. I may change this method of working at a later date. In the meantime, the moment something arrives at your topic it will be forwarded on to Zabbix. A log of the event will also be found at /var/log/mqtt-zabbix.log and it will tell you if the key was successfully inserted or not.
To view your data in Zabbix, click on the host, click on Latest Data, and it should be listed under – Other -. You can then choose the graph option on the right, or you can edit your own custom graphs and include the MQTT items.
Automated Kitchen Lighting2
Recently I decided to make some changes to the kitchen. It started off with a strip of warm white LEDs, and I thought "Wouldn't it be cool if…". I've now lost count of the number of guests asking how it works 🙂
There's a variety of components at play here. Firstly, there's a Raspberry Pi, followed up by a simple IRF530 MOSFET, a PNP transistor to pull it low, a PIR sensor, and a strip of LEDs.
It's a a PIR sensor from Seeedstudio that I bought on a whim a while back. It handily runs off of 5v, and returns a 3.3v TTL compatible signal upon detection of movement.
On the Raspberry Pi, I have my own Python app, mqtt-gpio-trigger, running. It continuously monitors pins that are defined in the config file, and in the event of a change of state of any of them it will publish a message to a predefined topic, with the pin number as the final component of the topic, and the message contains the state of the PIN. Simply subscribe to that topic to watch whatever pin on the Raspberry Pi.
A strip of warm white LED lights are attached to pin 18 of the Raspberry Pi, via the IRF530 MOSFET. There's a bog standard NPN transistor to help saturate the gate of the MOSFET, and it's pin 18 as that's the only pin on the Raspberry Pi that does hardware PWM. Using any of the other pins subjects you to vagaries of the CPU.
Controlling pin 18 is mqtt-pwm-lights, another one of my scripts. It simply sits and runs, and subscribes to yet another MQTT topic. When it receives a message with a value between 0 and 512, it fades the lights to that value. Due to the NPN transistor it's inverted, so 512 is off, and 0 is on. A minor annoyance, but the home automation controller handles that.
In the middle
Producing the show is a small script that isn't public. All it does is listen for MQTT events and reply with canned MQTT messages in return. It's a stopgap measure until I find a better home automation controller. The main role of the script at the moment is to listen to events from the PIR, start a timer when triggered, and publish a lighting level request. When the timer expires, the lighting level returns to normal (ie, off)
So that's it. Ambient automated lighting for the kitchen, and worktop lighting, all rolled into one.


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We are committed to providing excellent service to everyone. We recognise that our customers have a range of needs and we are working with various groups to make sure that our services and products are completely accessible.
In Branch
We are improving our branches to make access easier for everyone. Where possible, all of our new and refurbished branches have been designed with the following features:
- A permanent or temporary ramp
- Automatic or power assisted doors
- Interview rooms at ground level with access suitable for wheelchair users
- Counter positions at lower levels for customers who use wheelchairs and, in branches where this isn't possible, a writing table at a lower level
- All branches have lower level writing shelves
Cash Machines
- Where possible, our newer cash machines have been installed at a height suitable for wheelchair access
In Branch
We are improving our branches to make access easier for everyone. For example, we are improving lighting levels and fitting handrails to steps. Where possible, all of our new and refurbished branches have been designed with the following features:
- Automatic or power assisted doors
- Layout and signage designed with suitable colour contrast to assist our partially sighted customers
Cash Machines
All of our cash machines have audible tone prompts after each key depression. The keyboards on our new cash machines also have the following features:
- Raised dot on the number 5
- Coloured keys for 'entry' and 'error'
- A depression in the middle of the keys making the keys easier to press
- We will be installing cash machines that can talk. A guide to using our cash machines is available in Braille, large print or on audio.
For customers with visual impairments we provide the following services free of charge:
- Statements and general correspondence produced in Braille, large print or on audiotape
- Brochures produced in Braille, large print or on audiotape
- PIN numbers provided in Braille
For You
We provide templates to help you write your cheques
For the website
Our website has keyboard shortcuts, these can be accessed on a computer by using the following keys on the following browsers
Microsoft Internet Explorer - press 'Alt' and letter, then press enter
Netscape - press 'Alt' and letter at the same time
Microsoft Internet Explorer - hold down 'Control' key and then press letter
Keyboard Shortcut Action
H = Load home page
A = Load accessibility page
S = Skip to the main content of a page.
- The website should work with the accessibility options in IOS and Android on Tablet and mobile
- The website should also work with all major screen reader software
In Branch
- Hearing induction loops in all of our branches. In addition to providing fixed loops on some of our counter positions, all branches have a portable induction loop that is available for use in interview rooms
- We can arrange for an RNID Interpreter to be present for meetings free of charge, but please bear in mind this may require a few days notice
By Phone
- You can access our telephone banking services or apply for products using Text Relay via a Minicom number
For You
- We can give you signature stamps
- We can provide templates to help you write your cheques
For the website
- Our design allows for bigger buttons and links so you can use the website more easily. You can increase the font size to make the links/buttons larger.

subset: commoncrawl


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|feedback | low graphics version
|You are in: Football: Africa
Thursday, 5 April, 2001, 11:45 GMT 12:45 UK
Galatasaray pursue Dindane and Youla
Turkish giants Galatasaray, who won the Uefa Cup last year and are in the Champions League quarter-finals, are chasing the Belgian-based African duo of Aruna Dindane and Souleymane Youla.
Both are forwards on the books of Belgian champions Anderlecht but could be moving to Istanbul in a bid worth Ł4.2m, according to Galatasaray officials.
The Turkish club have already agreed deals in principle with the players, who would be the first big-name Africans to sign with Galatasaray, who have traditionally sought to fill their complement of foreign players with Germans and East Europeans.
Anderlecht have also confirmed Galatasaray's interest for the teenage pair.
Academy graduate
Youla, who is on loan from Lokeren, is a Guinea international, with several key goals for his country already under his belt. He turns 20 in November.
Anderlecht must soon decide whether or not to sign Youla from their fellow first division club for an agreed fee of Ł1.5m.
Dindane helped ASEC, the 1998 Champions League winners, to also take a sensational African Super Cup result last year against Esperance of Tunisia.
Replacements needed
Galatasaray are looking for replacements for Okan Buruk and Emre Belozoglu, expected to be sold to Inter Milan of Italy at the end of the season.
Ironically, both Youla and Dindane have not seen much in the way of regular action for Anderlecht, the runaway leaders in the Belgian championship, this season.
In league matches, Dindane has started just three of the club's 26 games so far this season, but scored three times after coming on as a substitute.
A recent poll by the Belgian newspaper Sport24 ranked him among the top five most valuable players at Anderlecht.
Youla has made just one start this season but come on as a substitute a further nine times with one goal scored.
Other top Africa stories:
Links to top Africa stories are at the foot of the page.
Links to other Africa stories
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Susan and Gerald J. Pomerantz of Elkins Park, and Judi and Ray Unger of Columbia, Md., announce the engagement of their children, Deborah Beth Pomerantz and Jason Hillel Unger.
Debbie is a graduate of Boston University with a degree in psychology. She currently works as an assistant kindergarten teacher at the Solomon Schechter Day School in Newton, Mass.
Jason is a graduate of Boston University with a degree in broadcast journalism. He is the associate editor of CE Pro and TecHome Builder magazines.
The couple met while members of Kol Echad, the Jewish a cappella group at Boston University.
Debbie is the granddaughter of Yetta Goldstein and the late Jules Goldstein, and the late Samuel and Esther Pomerantz. Jason is the grandson of Blanche and Mickey Melman, and the late Arthur and Viola Unger.
The couple is planning a January wedding.


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We are in process of building the inventory of good professionals in this categoryGot it!
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2 cups flour
3/4 cup sugar
3 tsp baking powder
1 tsp salt
1/2 tsp baking soda
1 tsp cinnamon
1/2 tsp cardamom
5 oz toasted sliced almonds
1 egg, beaten
1 cup applesauce
3 tbsp melted shortening (you can use butter if you like)
Preheat oven to 350 degrees and grease a standard sized loaf pan.
Whisk together the flour, sugar, salt, baking power, baking soda, cinnamon and cardamom in a large bowl. Add the sliced almonds to the dry ingredients, reserving about three tablespoons.
In another bowl, combine the melted shortening, egg and applesauce. Add to dry ingredients and mix until a dough forms (be careful not to overmix here!).
Smooth batter into loaf pan and top with reserved sliced almonds. Bake for 1 hour then let cool completely before slicing.
1.5 hours


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WORLD-OBITS-L ArchivesArchiver > WORLD-OBITS > 2009-04 > 1240949117
From: "Peter McCrae" <>
Subject: [W-OBITS] Fw: MCGILL: Lilian Ann Weston McGill 2009
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2009 21:05:17 +0100
----- Original Message -----
From: "Peter McCrae" <>
To: <>
Sent: Sunday, April 26, 2009 9:55 PM
Subject: MCGILL: Lilian Ann Weston McGill 2009
> MCGILL, Lillian Ann (Wetson)
> Lhendri479 (View posts) Posted: 13 Apr 2009 11:51PM
> Classification: Obituary
> Surnames: MCGILL, WETSON, MORSE, MONIES, BAGLEY, ROBERTSON, ROSINSKI,
> BEVERLY, MA - Lillian Ann (Wetson) McGill, 98, wife of the late Thomas A.
> McGill, died on Thursday, April 9, 2009 at the Ledgewood Rehabilitation
> and
> Skilled Nursing Center in Beverly.
> Mrs. McGill was born in Shelburne, Vt., the daughter of the late Harry and
> Elizabeth Wetson. Mrs. McGill was a longtime resident of Beverly and was a
> former member of the Wenham Golf Club for many years.
> She was a volunteer at Christ Church thrift shop in Hamilton and for
> several
> years worked at Sylvania in Ipswich during World War II. She and her late
> husband enjoyed going to sports car rallies. She will be missed by her
> family and friends.
> Mrs. McGill is survived by her three daughters, Peggy A. Morse and her
> husband Fred of Beverly, Fran Monies and her husband Don of Beverly and
> Kathrine Bagley and her husband Jim of Gloucester, a sister, Minnie
> Robertson of Brooksby Village, Peabody, five grandchildren, Pam Rosinski,
> Dawn DePalma, Dana Monies, Dan Monies and Nick Bagley, and two
> great-grandchildren, Brandon DiPalma and Hailee Monies. She also leaves
> many
> cherished nieces and nephews. She was predeceased by two brothers, Howard
> and Harry Wetson, and three sisters, Catherine Kinsella, Florence Hart and
> Emily Jane Dolliver.
This thread:
|[W-OBITS] Fw: MCGILL: Lilian Ann Weston McGill 2009 by "Peter McCrae" <>


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Editors' Note: The download button opens the iTunes App Store, where you may continue the download process. You must have iTunes installed with an active iTunes account in order to download and install the software. This download may not be available in some countries.
Sponsored Products
|Digital Photo Software
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Related Master's Degrees at Brown
In 2011, the Graduate School introduced a new Open Graduate Education program to encourage students to pursue Master's degrees in a secondary field concurrently with the Ph.D., so as to bring a wider base of expertise to the job market and facilitate interdisciplinary pursuits. Funded by the Mellon Foundation, this program awards students a sixth year of funding to complete the two degrees. Master's-level degrees of potential interest to Ph.D. students in the Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology include:
M.A. in Anthropology/Museum Studies
The Department of Anthropology offers two master's degree programs: in Anthropology and in Anthropology/Museum Studies. Required for both are eight courses including four core courses in the history of ethnological theory, socio-cultural anthropology, anthropological archaeology, and anthropological linguistics – as well as four approved electives, and a research paper. Students who desire the master's in Anthropology/Museum Studies take an additional two core seminars which focus on material culture and museological practice.
For more information, visit: https://www.brown.edu/academics/anthropology/phd-anthropology
M.A. in Classics
For admission to candidacy students must present satisfactory evidence of completion of a substantial number of courses in Greek and Latin in their undergraduate program. The graduate program consists of a minimum of eight courses, including at least two seminars in Greek and Latin or Classics, and completion of a thesis, which is an original investigation of a literary, historical, archaeological or linguistic topic. Competence must also be demonstrated in French or German.
For more information, visit: https://www.brown.edu/academics/classics/graduate-program/ma-program
Sc.M. in Computer Science
Six courses, two of which must be CS courses that form a coherent major, one of which must be a CS course (the "breadth" course), and three additional courses in CS or related areas. Additionally, students must take two advanced courses, or complete a thesis, project, and/or internship.
For more information, visit: https://cs.brown.edu/degrees/masters
M.A. or Sc.M. in Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences
Integrated program requiring eight courses, and no more than two courses can be research courses.
For more information, visit: https://www.brown.edu/academics/earth-environmental-planetary-sciences/graduate-program
M.A. in History of Art & Architecture
A minimum of ten course credits is required, which includes no fewer than six departmental seminars, among them two 2000-level seminars. In addition to the two 2000-level seminars, all students must take HIAA 2920 (Methods) and HIAA 2930 (Practicum) during the first two years. Up to four undergraduate lecture courses or seminars within and outside of the department can be taken for graduate credit. A reading knowledge of at least two foreign languages is also required.
For more information, visit: https://www.brown.edu/academics/art-history/graduate/handbook/program-curriculum-and-requirements/program-and-curriculum-requirements
M.A. in Public Humanities
Students in the M.A. program complete two years of courses, including two required classes and ten elective courses. In addition, students undertake two practicums, gaining professional experience and the opportunity to reflect on the theory and practice of the field. In recent years, students have worked at museums (including the Smithsonian, Boston Museum of Fine Arts, the Baseball Hall of Fame, and the International Folk Art Museum), the National Park Service, local historical societies, state, city and federal agencies, archives and libraries.
For more information, visit: https://www.brown.edu/academics/public-humanities/masters-public-humanities
M.A. in Public Policy
Students in the Masters of Public Policy (MPP) program are required to complete twelve courses. This includes eight required courses, one online course, and three electives which the student chooses.
For more information, visit: https://watson.brown.edu/public-policy/graduate
M.A. in Religious Studies
For students admitted for terminal master's study, eight graduate level courses are required, including RELS 2000, "Theory of Religion." Students must demonstrate competency in French or German, as well as in whatever other languages are relevant to research interests. A thesis is required.
For more information, visit: http://www.brown.edu/academics/religious-studies/graduate/masters-arts


text:
Men who want to use herbal erectile dysfunction pills have hundreds of supplements to choose from. When you need herbal erectile dysfunction pills, you'll find that they're a safer alternative than traditional prescription drugs that can have unpleasant side effects and can be potentially dangerous. To increase sexual performance, sometimes it's necessary to take a supplement as you get older, although this can be a problem with younger men as well. When you choose herbal erectile dysfunction pills, you want something that works quickly and effectively.
The best herbal erectile dysfunction pills are manufactured with combinations of herbs that will alleviate erectile dysfunction quickly and effectively. Alternative herbal erectile dysfunction pills are manufactured from plants which are considered to be much safer than conventional prescription medications. When taken according to manufacturer's directions, herbal erectile dysfunction pills dissolve quickly into the bloodstream and begin working within about 20 to 30 minutes of taking them. The results with many of the herbal supplements on the market can last for up to 4 hours. This type of supplement is more cost effective than prescription medications.
The newer herbal erectile dysfunction pills are designed to keep you from having the side effects commonly associated with prescription medications. Drugs prescribed by doctors are manufactured with chemicals that may be dangerous to your health when consumed over a long period of time. Most of the herbal erectile dysfunction pills come in smaller packages that can be carried with you. When searching for the best herbal erectile dysfunction pills, make sure to find a supplement that comes with a guarantee that gives you back the purchase price if you aren't satisfied with the product.
Although the herbal erectile dysfunction pills on the market work on the same principle as the prescription medications, they're created with abundant plant sources, so the formulas won't be changed to add more potentially dangerous combinations of drugs that could cause serious health problems. The herbal erectile dysfunction pills that are most effective contain among other ingredients, vitamin B6, which increases the blood flow to enhance sexual performance. Niacin also increases blood flow and works on the sexual hormones within the body. One of the herbs commonly used in herbal erectile dysfunction pills, is L-Arginine. This is a type of amino acid which is produced naturally by the body, but used as an ingredient in herbal supplements, can increase sex drive. The combinations of herbs used in the supplements may vary depending on the manufacturer.


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Las Vegas (AFP) Jan 8, 2008
The automobile's future is electronic and green, using alternate fuels and slick technology to protect both people and the environment, the head of the world's largest car company said Tuesday.
General Motors chief executive Rick Wagoner's prediction came in an unprecedented address at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES).
He capped his presentation by unveiling a prototype Cadillac Provoq sedan powered by hydrogen and electricity from a lithium ion battery pack.
Wagoner promised that by 2012 half the car maker's US production line will be devoted to vehicles powered by "Flexfuel," environmentally friendly alternatives to oil-based fuels.
"The future of the auto is bright and increasingly electronic," Wagoner said in the first-ever CES speech by a car company executive.
"All the factors point to a convergence of the automotive and electronics industries that is literally transforming the automobile."
A major advancement on the horizon is getting cars to communicate with each other, according to Wagoner.
Cars will be able to receive signals from other vehicles and then use computerized controls to take actions such as slowing to avoid collisions.
"One of the next big steps is to connect automobiles electronically to keep them from connecting physically," Wagoner said. "We are working our way up the technology ladder."
New cars already contain more electronics than steel, a GM engineer said.
Existing mapping, satellite navigation, wireless communications, and spatial detection devices can be integrated to build a "robot car" smart enough to drive itself, he noted.
A Chevrolet Tahoe converted into a self-driving vehicle won the US defense department's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Urban Challenge by maneuvering through traffic on mock city streets in November.
Carnegie Mellon University students modified the SUV into an "autonomous vehicle" with backing from GM.
"Autonomous driving means that someday you could do your e-mail, eat breakfast, do your makeup, and watch a video while commuting to work," Wagoner said.
"In other words, you could do all the things you do now while commuting to work but do them safely."
GM's OnStar system in cars already automatically summons help in the event of crashes and pinpoints the locations of stolen vehicles.
System upgrades soon to be implemented include remotely forcing stolen cars to slow or stop when spotted by police to prevent thieves from racing away, according to GM.
OnStar improvements soon to be revealed include sending e-mail directions from computers to cars and using mobile telephones to lock doors, start engines, or honk to signal locations in parking lots, a GM engineer said.
In November, GM signed a deal to provide OnStar service in China.
Electronic innovations are vital to breaking the auto industry's oil dependency for the sake of the world's deteriorating climate and dwindling oil reserves, Wagoner said.
"The auto industry can no longer rely almost exclusively on oil," Wagoner said. "This is a global issue."
Approximately 270 million cars and trucks were sold worldwide in 2007 and analysts expect that figure to more than triple in the next few years due to demand in China and other growing economies in Asia.
GM will soon announce production of a plug-in electric car, Wagoner said.
Related Links
Car Technology at SpaceMart.com
Smart cars will watch roads while drivers' minds drift
Las Vegas, Nevada (AFP) Jan 8, 2008
Smart cars that pay attention to the roads while drivers' minds are elsewhere are on the automotive horizon at the world's largest consumer electronics show.
|The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright Space.TV Corporation. AFP and UPI Wire Stories are copyright Agence France-Presse and United Press International. ESA Portal Reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. Advertising does not imply endorsement, agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by Space.TV Corp on any Web page published or hosted by Space.TV Corp. Privacy Statement


text:
Posts Tagged 'NFL'
NFL news and rumors in SportStream Football app
Today Evri, the startup pioneering topic-based content discovery, has just announced the launch of a new family of mobile sports apps called SportStream. The... Full Story
Colt Brennan Accident: QB in Serious Condition Following Car Crash
Former Washington Redskins quarterback Colt Brennan – who also played for the University of Hawaii during his college football years – was left in a serious... Full Story
Chicago Bears vs. Miami Dolphins Score: Thursday Night Football 2010
As you all know yesterday was Thursday, and that of course means another Thursday Night Football game. Last night's game saw the Chicago Bears take on the... Full Story
Eagles vs. Redskins Score: Monday Night Football Results 2010
Yesterday was of course Monday and as all you NFL fans know, that means another Monday Night Football game. While most NFL fans would have watched last night's... Full Story
Patriots vs Steelers: Tom Brady leads the comeback
Yesterday's big fixture in this NFL season was that of the New England Patriots vs. the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Patriots brought home the result in fine... Full Story
Atlanta Falcons vs. Baltimore Ravens Score: 2010 NFL Football Results
The Atlanta Falcons continued their 2010 NFL season last night (Thursday, November 11th), with a very close and intense Week 10 game against the Baltimore Ravens.... Full Story
Cincinnati Bengals vs. Pittsburgh Steelers Score: NFL Football Results 2010
Week 9 of the NFL 2010 season came to an end last night, with another Monday Night Football game. Last night's game saw the Pittsburgh Steelers withstand... Full Story
Al Harris Officially Released from Green Bay Packers
If any Green Bay Packers fans were wondering when they'd see cornerback Al Harris back on the field, it looks like you may be rather disappointed. It appears... Full Story
Cowboys Coach Wade Phillips Fired?: Rumors Continue
The Dallas Cowboys suffered a rather embarrassing 45-7 loss to the Green Bay Packers on Sunday night, sparking yet more rumors that head coach Wade Phillips... Full Story
Austin Collie Injury: Colts' WR Suffers Concussion During Eagles Game
Is it my imagination, or do more and more NFL stars appear to be suffering head injuries and concussions during games these days? Indianapolis Colts wide receiver... Full Story
Recent News
- Investigation into dog attacks and the causes behind them
- Batter Up: The Summer Sports TV Guide
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- May Bank Holiday 2013, need for life-saving water safety tips
- Create a Fruit & Veg Masterpiece Art Competition for 2013
- Virgin London Marathon success for Martha Trust runners
- Spring open day at Ranscombe Farm in Kent


text:
|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Daniel Itaboraí <itabora...@gmail.com>
|Declarative validation of recursive documents
|Tue, 13 Sep 2011 02:37:03 GMT
I'm pretty new to Couch and I'm trying to let go of my relational footing for a little bit. This is going to sound a little like a crackpot rant, so please bear with me for a second. Relational databases are all about meaningfully linking simple tuples. The validity of the "data graph" is maintained basically by how you identify and how you relate such tuples. In a document database all document are tree like structures. The database itself is like a forrest of such trees. There is no joining. The validity of a document is all in its structure and the validity of the "data forrest" is achieved by making sure that every document adheres to some sort of tree like schema. I'm starting to think that "the fatter, the better" for documents, as along as you don't hit some operational hiccups such as high probability of concurrent writes. It seems to me that it would be useful to be able to declaratively specify this tree like schema to validate complex documents, something like the following Doc( Field('left', Recursive()), Field('value', Number()), Field('right', Recursive()) ).validate({ 'value': 10, 'left': { 'value': 5, 'left': {'value': 2}, 'right': {'value': 6, 'right': {'value': 7}} } }) or Doc( Field('subject', String()), Field('body', String()), Field('replies', Array(Recursive())) ).validate({ 'subject': 'Couch rulez', 'body': '... and yet I suck', 'replies': [ { 'subject': 'Re: Couch rulez', 'body': 'this!', 'replies': [{'subject': 'Re: Re: Couch rulez', 'body': 'Totally', 'replies':[]}] }, { 'subject': 'Spam', 'body': 'Buy something crappy', 'replies': [] } ] }) I banged away at the keyboard until I got this http://pastebin.com/N8cv1mYn(it ain't pretty and is probably filled with errors) ... and I'm not sure if it is something worth pursuing. Is this sort of thing useful? And more importantly, is there anything that already does this better? Thanks, Daniel
|View raw message


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Report: Lily Allen & Sam Cooper Welcome Second Child
It's a girl for Lily Allen and her husband Sam Cooper, as the actress gave birth on Tuesday (January 8), according to reports from The Sun.
The ecstatic couple, who also have another child, Ethel, named their new bundle of joy Marnie Rose Cooper.
Friends say the name may have come from Hitchcock's 1964 thriller, Marnie.
Making the news even more exciting for the new mom was the babys birthdate- the same as her musical hero Elvis Presley.
GossipCenter first reported that Miss Allen was expecting back in July. The 27 year-old songstress' father later made the news public at an appearance on This Morning.


text:
A CRACKDOWN on traders advertising their wares on the street has been met with anger.
Shopkeepers in Epping High Street were told to take A-boards, some which had been in place for years, off pavements by Essex County Council yesterday.
Rob Young, owner of Epping Shoe Repairs, said: "I was told to move the sign within two hours.
"It's hard enough in business at the moment and they're making it more difficult by threatening me with fines and having my board taken away. It's rubbish.
"There's been a sign there 13 years."
He said he was handed an un-dated letter on county council headed paper by an officer warning that he could be liable for court action and costs if he did not take the four-foot sign advertising his business off the pavement.
"I could understand if it was a thin pavement, but it's not," he added.
"It also serves a double job – within 20 minutes of me moving the sign, cars were parking on the pavement.
"We used to have three bollards there, but over the years, they've been broken."
He has moved his sign back onto the pavement while he waits for a formal letter from the council.
Sarah Kay, of Minx lingerie shop in Station Road, who was told to remove her A-board, said: "If you speak to the business owners here, it's not easy – we have a lot of competition from Westfield.
"How are people supposed to know I'm here? It seems like they're just trying to make it hard to trade.
"All the council is doing is telling us what we can't do and not promoting us."
But an Essex County Council spokeswoman said the authority did not deal with advertisements.
"A-board advertising enforcement is dealt with by districts and boroughs," she added.


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Hey Everyone!
We will be LIVE tonight, Friday September 14th, at 5 Central with TWO Hockey Group Breaks on BlogTV!
Prime/Ultimate - $102
Prime/Titanium/Limited - $45
We have a special for TWO Spots in the $45 and ONE in the $102 for only $180!
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See you tonight!.
Hi there everyone, well, I have enetered the commitment to spell out my favorite players name Louis Leblanc
Well I need help from you guys to find letters /75. These are from the Panini Prime 2011-12 Hockey boxes. Can you help? What do you think?
Well it has been a fun filled pull my hair out couple of weeks since we moved to our new retail location in Ajax First off lets say that this is a terrible time to be selling cards unless you have something very rare or of some big name like RNH. We are seeing some horrible selling prices on eBay for new stuff just pulled with the exception of my noted comment previously.
We recently sold $11,000 worth of hockey cards, all autos, jerseys or inserts for a whopping $1,100


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3 Star HotelsVia Marina Piccola, 98 - Capri - See map
+39 081 8375322
+39 081 8379366 (Fax)
Three reasons to book here:
- You're in the Piazzetta, in just 5 minutes
- Wake up to the view of Marina Piccola
- Winter, spring, summer, or fall: all you have to do is call!
Nautilus - CapriBack to the top
Fancy a dream holiday on the island of Capri? Want to stay in a villa set in gorgeous gardens and with marvelous views of the sea? Like the idea of waking up to the sight and sound of the waves lapping the beach of Marina Piccola? If you answered yes to any of these questions, you're going to love Hotel Nautilus!
Everything you'll ever need
Hotel Nautilus provides quality guest accommodation in standard, classic and superior bedrooms, all of which are furnished in typical Capri style and equipped with air conditioning, heating, satellite television and minibar.
The most sought-after rooms open out on to a small private terrace, where guests are able to relax and enjoy the view of the gardens and the sea
From your bed to the beach
The proximity to the sea is one of the secrets of Hotel Nautilus's success. From your room to the beach: five minutes are all you'll need to reach the pretty little bay of Marina Piccola and some of Capri's most fashionable bathing resorts and fish restaurants.
The best of Capri - on your doorstep
Within easy reach of all the island's main tourist attractions, Hotel Nautilus is just a short bus or taxi ride away from the Piazzetta, Anacapri, the Grotta Azzurra and the port of Marina Grande.
Guests wishing to walk to the center of Capri can do so by way of the Via Krupp, an incredibly scenic path cut into the rocks which links Marina Piccola with the Gardens of Augustus.
Open 365 days a year!
Great news for the budget traveler: not only is Nautilus one of the most conveniently priced hotels of its category on the island, it's open all year round too - making it the perfect destination for an early spring break, late autumn getaway or last minute winter escape.
What former guests say about NautilusBack to the top
Nautilus: TripAdvisor reviews®Back to the top
Highly recommend- loved our stay!
My wife and I were there in September 2015 for our honeymoon. We actually stayed an extra night than planned and still had to pay for our hotel in Rome because we loved Capri and our stay there so... more »
Absolutely love
Absolutely loved everything about this hotel. It was really nicely done out and the standard of decoration was very high. Its position is perfect for a few days on the beach and due to the hotels... more »
We loved everything... Clean room.... Friendly staff... Our Tomtom device couldn't find the hotel. Because the road in front of the hotel is closed to regular traffic(You have to walk about 50... more »
Nautilus: LocationBack to the top
Set in gardens brimming with island flowers, Capri's Hotel Nautilus is located within steps of the beach of Marina Piccola, the enchanting little bay on the southern shores of the island.
The center of Capri, and the buzzing Piazzetta, are just a short bus or taxi ride away. It's well worth making the return journey on foot; walking from the Gardens of Augustus down the spectacular Via Krupp, which terminates by the beach of Marina Piccola and, thus, only a few meters away from the hotel.
Other suggestionsBack to the top
Capri Wine Hotel
- A boutique hotel inspired by the world of wine
- A vineyard within minutes of Capri's Piazzetta
- Rooms with a view of the Bay of Naples
Villa Helios
- Relaxing on the sea view terrace
- Peace and quiet in the center of Capri
- Great rates: for individuals and groups
- The beautiful views of the sea surrounding Capri
- The strategic location slap-bang in the center of Anacapri
- Free Wi-Fi throughout the hotel


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SYNOPSIS: A group of hot college girls decide to raise money and pulses by donning bikinis for a car wash. But a maniac chef is prowling about to get a cut of the action. REVIEW: My mom always taught me from a very early age that if you had nothing nice to say to not say anything at all. As …Read More »
Book Review: Tucker's Monster – Author S.S Wilson
TUCKER'S MONSTER I admit that when I hear the term "young adult fiction" I am forced to assume the worst. I think sparkly vampires with an addiction to Dido music sitting around stalking teenagers. Tucker's Monster by S.S. Wilson is, thankfully, not that kind of book. It is, at its heart, an adventure story that reminds me of things I …Read More »
Book Review: SINema – Author Rod Glenn
If you have ever watched a movie and thought to yourself "Wow, I think that could happen," then you certainly are not alone. Author Rod Glenn effectively portrayed that thought in his book SINema but took an approach most of us would not: mass murder. Han Whitman (short for Hannibal) is not his real name but one he produced to …Read More »
Book Review: Breaking News – Author N.J. Hallard
Zombies. Dirty, filthy, rotting corpses lumbering around feasting our brains. They have become pop icons and have spawned countless movies, comic books and novels. It is difficult to find anything on the subject that is unique. Breaking news by N.J. Hallard is one of those few exceptions. For starters the novel takes place in the United Kingdom and follows a …Read More »
Film Review: The Factory (2011)
SYNOPSIS: An obsessed cop is on the trail of a serial killer prowling the streets of Buffalo, N.Y. but when his teenage daughter disappears, he drops any professional restraint to get the killer. REVIEW: Most movies with a horror slant should start as The Factory does… with setting the mood. Now I don't mean shoving blood and guts down your …Read More »
Film Review: Storage 24 (2012)
SYNOPSIS: Will their first contact be their last? REVIEW: The storage locker craze is, well… crazy. From Auction Hunters to Storage Wars there is simply not enough out there so obviously there should be a movie about them, right? Well – here it is in the form of Storage 24 which comes to us from across the pond. Storage 24 …Read More »
Film Review: Future World: City of Mass Destruction (2012)
SYNOPSIS: Set in a post-apocalyptic landscape 28 thousand years into the future, "Future World: City of Mass Destruction" is an amazing vision of the last city on earth. After four atomic holocausts and the second Ice Age, only one city remains on our ravaged planet – a city on the edge of insanity, overrun by mutants and madmen, and largely …Read More »
Film Review: Julia X (2011)
SYNOPSIS: Meeting a man on the Internet, Julia decides to see him in person, only to get abducted and branded with the letter "x" by that guy. A game of cat and mouse follows, but the story has an unexpected twist. REVIEW: Two words: Kevin Sorbo! Hercules and Captain of the Andromeda himself sold me on Julia X right out …Read More »
Film Review: In Search Of… (2012)
SYNOPSIS: Mark Whitman answers a riddle in an online dating ad, and receives a GPS coordinate and a note saying "Come Find Me" in return. He and his best friend grab their video camera and go in search of this woman. And the further down the rabbit hole they get, the more they begin to wonder if she's alive or …Read More »
Film Review: Possession (2012)
SYNOPSIS: Five friends find an old bunker in the forest. There, they meet a demon that resumes to split them up. Possessed by the Demon attempting to split them up into five parts – making each of them to attempt to take possession of one friend – in order to play them off against each other. Only one of them …Read More »
Film Review: Profane (2011)
SYNOPSIS: A young Muslim Dominatrix in the midst of a spiritual crisis. REVIEW: This is one of those movies that are incredibly hard to review. There are very, very few of those types of movies and Profane certainly fits the bill. For lack of a better comparison like a Citizen Kane type of film where there is a lot of …Read More »
Book Review: Z=MC2: Time Travelin' Zombies vs. The Garden State – Author Kelly Jamesons
Time traveling zombies in New Jersey amounts to a b-movie version remake of the worst ever made SyFy Channel original of Doctor Who visits the Jersey Shore. Yea – it's THAT bad. The best part is that the author knows it and embraces it in all of its absurdities. There are small glimmers of hope no matter how minute they …Read More »
Book Review: Tainted Blood – Author Nina Hobson
It's nice to finally read something… original. Most things I get are glittering homoerotic vampires knocking up EMO girls. I also get a bunch of zombies that are very atypical. Blah. In any case there is no mistaking its originality as Tainted Blood is about demons! This scourge comes through their world to our own to feed on us. To …Read More »
Comic Review: Junkyard Angels – Issues 1-2
Junkyard Angels – Issues 1-2 Comic books, though taking a sort of downward spiral over the last few years, have begun to rise again like a phoenix from the ashes. This is particularly true with indy books where quality and interesting stories reign supreme. You can take your DC New 52 and your dead Spidey from Marvel and glance over …Read More »
New York Comic Con: Nightmare at the Javits
The Comic Con of New York, like that of San Diego, is the geek version of Mecca. Here you can find everything entertainment related from toys and television to comic books and film. Even Anime makes an appearance at the NYCC. Free swag is found at every turn and there is a lot to do – assuming you get around …Read More »


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Here are three examples of the kind of enquiry that the Manuscripts Reference Team can help you with.
If your enquiry requires in-depth research or more specialist help than we can provide we will forward your enquiry to the appropriate person, refer you to our Research Service or suggest alternative sources of help.
Why can't I find all of the Manuscript Foundation collections in the Manuscripts Online Catalogue?
The Manuscripts Online catalogue is a catalogue in progress, and some of the early collections, notably the Harley Collections, are not yet available. The following published catalogues or parts of catalogues have not yet been automated:
- Catalogue of Additions 1783-1835 (index - descriptions not published)
- Burney (descriptions)
- Harley (descriptions and index)*
- Index Locorum of charters (index)
- King's (index)
- Lansdowne (index)
- Royal (index)
In addition, the Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts contains new descriptions of over 400 Harley MS.S
Unpublished catalogues available at present through manual indexes in Manuscripts Reading Room are Plays after 1852, and Modern Playscript, Play Correspondence, Reserved Photocopies and Departmental Microfilms.
I would like to see the Blake Notebooks, how do I make arrangements?
Access to very special manuscript material requires, in addition to a current Reader Pass, that you provide a letter of recommendation, and need to have viewed all available surrogates.
It will be necessary to provide very precise academic reasons for your need of access to the original manuscript, and if you feel that you still have need to view the original manuscripts where facsimile or other surrogates are available, you will need to make a precise academic request in writing to the Manuscript Collections.
In the case of the Blake notebooks, there is good coverage available on the British Library website.
If the surrogates are not suitable for your needs, it will be necessary for you to request a special application form, which will be submitted to a senior curator for assessment.
Access will be granted only in rare cases when suitable surrogates exist. Three working days should be allowed to process such requests.
Such restrictions are applied to all "Treasures" and "Exhibition" items. We regret that it is not possible to know which items are so restricted from the Manuscripts Online Catalogue, and it is always wise to contact the Manuscript Collections before travelling, allowing four working days for investigations to be made.
What illustrations are available depicting medieval agriculture and horticulture?
Wherever possible, picture research should be carried out using printed texts available from the Library's catalogue, Explore the British Library, within the Humanities collections; and from the Facsimiles, "Printed Books", microfilms and slide collections available, within the Manuscripts Reading Room.


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Campus Life
CaPS Tutorial: myFuture's On-Campus Recruitment (OCR)
Your facilitator, Jean Hepworth, will guide you through this session which is aimed at providing you step-by-step instructions on how to search and apply for OCR opportunities. This is a campaign whereby private and public organizations from across Canada, the U.S. and abroad visit McGill to recruit students in their final year of study for full time employment in the areas of Consulting, Finance and Information Technology.
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July 12, 2011 at 2:37 pm


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My True Lover
- by Maxxie12
- Rating:
- Published: 1 Apr 2014
- Updated: 8 May 2017
- Status: In Progress
What started as a truth or dare game ended in a change in a young teens life. David age 17 was the popular rich kid with the hottest girlfriend and the most expensive cars. One night at his high school formal his friends dared him to kiss his best friend. Alex. After that night David thought nothing of the kiss but as days went by he began to feel something each time he thought about Alex. He knew he couldn't be with him. That it would make him an outcast to his school, friends, and family. Would David risk what goodness he has for what love he has for Alex in his heart?
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She performed at the Olympics in Vancouver. She is a member of Quincy Jones's Global Gumbo All-Stars. At only 18, with two albums under her belt, Montreal-born jazz-pop ingenue Nikki Yanofsky has performed on many famous stages. In Toronto to perform at Yorkdale's Swarovski Crystal Wonderland, she shares her five favourite places to hear – and sing – live music.
Blue Note, New York
The Blue Note is probably my favourite place. Because of the history and also because the sound is really cool. It's really small and you can talk to the audience. I've been lucky enough to go back a lot. One of my favourite shows there is probably when Pierce Brosnan came. I picked up water and I was drinking it and I said, "Shaken, not stirred." I thought I was really clever. [She laughs]. bluenote.net
Place des Arts, Montreal
Even the biggest room there feels very intimate. I've seen a lot of people. Aretha Franklin was probably my favourite. Also Crosby, Stills and Nash. That was a great concert. Especially for those artists. They're both vocal artists. Crosby, Stills – you hear all the harmonies. It was just really beautiful. Aretha was amazing: piano and the background singers and the horns, everything was super-clear. pda.qc.ca
Carnegie Hall, New York
When I was 14 I got to perform with Marvin Hamlisch at Carnegie Hall. He got the whole New York Philharmonic orchestra to play me Happy Birthday. I just kept thinking: Wow, the Beatles have been on the stage, Ella Fitzgerald has been on the stage. Louis Armstrong has been on the stage – all my favourites. carnegiehall.org
Hollywood Bowl, Los Angeles
I was part of Quincy Jones's concert at the Hollywood Bowl. It was a beautiful night. Quincy had it set up so there were also couches and rugs on the stage. So once you were done performing, instead of walking off the stage, the artist got to watch the show. You're listening just like how an audience member would. One of my favourites was probably Alfredo Rodriguez. He was like this crazy unbelievable piano player, like you've never heard anything like it. hollywoodbowl.com
Massey Hall, Toronto
The sound was great onstage. You really do feel the history. You just feel like there's been a lot of stuff that's happened on that stage before. You almost feel that energy. masseyhall.com
This interview has been edited and condensed.Report Typo/Error
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These authors contributed equally to this work.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Bile duct ligation (BDL)-treated rats exhibit cholestasis, increased systemic oxidative stress, and liver fibrosis, which ultimately lead to liver cirrhosis. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is a competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase that can decrease the synthesis of nitric oxide. BDL rats have higher plasma and hepatic ADMA levels, which may be due to increased hepatic protein arginine methyltransferase-1 and decreased dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase expression. BDL rats also exhibit renal and brain damage characterized by increased tissue ADMA concentrations. The increased plasma ADMA levels and multiple organ damages seen here are also observed following multiple organ failures associated with critical illness. This review discusses the dysregulation of ADMA in major organs in BDL rats and the role of increased ADMA in multiple organ damages.
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is a naturally occurring amino acid that can competitively inhibit nitric oxide synthase (NOS) to decrease the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) [
By inhibiting NO bioavailability, ADMA causes endothelial dysfunction, vasoconstriction, blood pressure elevation and atherosclerosis [
There is a range of substrate proteins for type 1 protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT), and the enzymes and substrates are distributed throughout the whole body. These proteins are largely found in the nucleus and are implicated in the regulation of RNA processing and transcriptional control [
While ADMA is widely present, the liver and kidney are the major sites of ADMA production, and this is regulated in a dose-dependent manner by
Excess plasma ADMA can be transported to major organs for ADMA degradation, mostly by the kidney and liver. In humans, approximately 20% of ADMA is excreted by the kidneys into the urine and this ratio is less in rat [
One landmark study of the liver in the metabolism of ADMA was published in 1977 by Carnegie and colleagues [
Hepatocytes take up large amounts of
In parallel, Mookerjee
Using a rabbit model of critical illness, Davids and colleagues showed plasma ADMA was significantly correlated with ADMA levels in the liver [
Following depletion of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), ADMA stimulates superoxide anion (O2−) production by an uncoupled endothelial NOS (eNOS) [
The BDL model in rat has been used widely to study cholestatic liver injury with associated oxidative stress and fibrogenesis. Developing and adult rats with BDL have elevated serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and lactic dehydrogenase [
The BDL rat has higher plasma ADMA, SDMA, and
Since the liver is a key organ regulating plasma ADMA concentrations, it is evident that hepatic dysfunction encountered in the BDL rat may disturb ADMA metabolism. The effects of BDL in rat are characterized by increased systemic oxidative stress and damage to major organs, including liver, brain, heart, intestine, and kidney [
Liver cirrhosis is a frequent consequence of the long clinical course of all chronic liver diseases and is characterized by tissue fibrosis and the conversion of normal liver architecture into structurally abnormal nodules. Portal hypertension results from an increased intrahepatic resistance combined with increased portal (and hepatic arterial) blood flow [
Dysfunction of sinusoidal endothelial cells in liver cirrhosis is linked with the low production of vasodilators such as NO [
Animal studies also demonstrated increased plasma and hepatic levels of ADMA in the cirrhosis adult rat [
In parallel, plasma ADMA is also increased in cirrhosis patients. Vizzutti
The Child-Pugh score is used to evaluate the severity of liver disease, with class C being the most severe, followed by B, and then by A [
The BDL rat exhibits renal damage presenting as higher creatinine levels and elevated tubulointerstitial injury scores compared to those in the control [
In kidney, we found no significant differences in eNOS expression between rat with or without BDL. However, the BDL rat exhibited reduced renal expression of
There is similar renal expression of DDAH-1 and DDAH-2 in the BDL and sham groups. Renal DDAH activity was significantly lower in the BDL group [
Human studies also support the notion that plasma ADMA is increased in HRS. The levels of ADMA were higher in the cirrhotic patients with HRS than in those without this serious complication [
BDL-induced brain damage has been commonly used as a model of HE [
Hyperammonemia is considered one of the main factors responsible for the neurological alterations found in HE. Recently, the relationship between hyperammonemia and altered brain NO signaling [
ADMA is involved in the pathophysiology of cerebrovascular disease [
As reported by Ljubuncic
Breakdown of the intestinal barrier may increase intestinal permeability and allow movement of intraluminal contents across the mucosa, which can lead to MOF in critical illness [
BDL in rat induced small intestine atrophy that included decreased villus density and mucosal thickness, and increased oxidative stress, which was characterized by increased intestinal lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, and increased glutathione disulfide and total non-protein mixed disulfides [
NO is also involved in intestinal injury in BDL rat [
The BDL rat exhibits cholestasis, increased systemic oxidative stress, increased circulatory and hepatic ADMA levels, and multiple organ damage. Given the similarity of increased circulatory ADMA and multiple organ damage, BDL can represent a model of increased circulatory ADMA with resultant multiple organ damage. Understanding the role and regulation of ADMA in major organs in the BDL rat has clinical implications to treat cholestatic liver disease and ADMA-related disorders.
The study was supported in part by grants from Chang Gung Memorial Hospital CMRP8B0121, CMRPG8B0122, and CMRPG8C0121 to Jiunn-Ming Sheen and grant CMRPG8B0302 to Li-Tung Huang.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
asymmetric dimethylarginine
bile duct ligation
cationic amino acid transporter
cyclic guanosine monophosphate
dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase
endothelial NOS
hepatic encephalopathy
hepatorenal syndrome
inducible NOS
Model for End-Stage Liver Disease
multiple organ failure
nitric oxide
nitric oxide synthase
protein arginine methyltransferase
symmetric dimethylarginine
transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
The role of increased circulatory asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in multiple organ damages in the bile duct ligation rat.


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Applied and Environmental Soil Science
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 530732, 10 pages
Correcting Inaccurately Recorded Data due to Faulty Calibration of a Capacitance Water Content Probe
Alamoudi Water Chair, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
Received 17 April 2013; Revised 28 May 2013; Accepted 12 June 2013
Academic Editor: Davey Jones
Copyright © 2013 Mohammad N. ElNesr et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Measuring soil water content by capacitance probes requires rigorous calibration to achieve acceptable accuracy. Some of the capacitance probes' users might take several readings using the default device calibrations or other prestored calibrations by mistake. This can lead to logging of faulty readings for periods of up to months or years. This study aimed to (1) study the importance of probe calibration and the level of error that results from using flawed calibrations and (2) to develop a mathematical method to correct the faulty recorded data. This research involved studying eleven scenarios of faulty calibrations including errors in the air/water calibration and in the in-soil calibration. A mathematical method was developed to correct the faulty recorded data and comparisons were made for the data after and before correction. Results indicated that using the manufacturer's default calibration within the software resulted in substantial error values especially for heavy textured soils. It is recommended that users and especially researchers should perform rigorous in-soil calibration wherever the probe is installed, and they should repeat the calibrations whenever the soil structure changed.
1. Introduction
Accurate estimations of soil water content are required for precise agriculture and for agricultural research such as determinations of crop water requirements, water use efficiency, and irrigation scheduling. Soil water content estimations are also used in field hydrology [1]. The direct method of soil water content measurement is the gravimetric method, which involves taking a physical sample of the soil, weighing it before any water is lost, and then drying it in an oven at 105°C before weighing it again [2, 3]. The soil water mass is measured as the mass difference between the two weights (before and after oven-drying). Normally, water content is expressed as the mass ratio of water to dry soil matter called mass basis , or volume ratio of water to soil called volume basis . The measure is usually used for comparative purposes, especially when the compared soil samples are not consistent in volume as in studying the tillage effect on water movement in soil or when the soil changes its volume as it dries (like some clay soils). On the other hand, is widely applied in a wide range of research fields especially in irrigation studies.
Although the gravimetric method is accurate and reliable, it is slow and laborious; however, it does not allow continuous measurement of water content for a particular place as the sample is destroyed during the measurement process [4]. Hence, many nondestructive methods to measure and monitor water content change have been developed. These methods measure water content indirectly by taking related measures that indirectly give an indication of the soil water content such as electrical conductivity of a porous block (using gypsum blocks), matrix soil-water potential (using a tensiometer), electromagnetic pulse speed (using time domain reflectometry, TDR), frequency of an oscillating circuit (using capacitance sensors), and reflection of neutrons on the hydrogen atom (using the neutron probe). However, the measures of these methods have to be converted to an accurate estimate of soil water content, usually through simple mathematical models that require calibration of parameters depending on soil structure, texture, salinity, bulk density, organic matter content, and so forth. In many cases, a default calibration is preset within the device, so that it displays the water content directly (depending on this default calibration). Users are required to change the default calibration parameters to their field's calibrated parameters; otherwise, faulty readings may arise. Conversely, a well-calibrated nondestructive method can result in a convenient and accurate method of measuring soil water content that allows continuous measures of a sample.
Despite the advantages of nondestructive methods, each method involves specific drawbacks. The tensiometer can monitor only a small range of soil water content [5]. The neutron probe readings are affected by organic matter, chloride, boron and soil density, despite thenegligible radiation hazard [2, 3, 6]. Gypsum blocks are affected by soil salinity and soil chemical content [7]. The electromagnetic methods (capacitive and time domain reflectometry) are affected by salinity, temperature, and magnetic soil components such as ironstone [8].
A typical capacitance sensor consists mainly of two electronic components: a capacitor and an electronic oscillator. The capacitor consists of two metal electrodes arranged coaxially and laid several millimeters apart with plastic isolation in-between. The oscillator produces sinusoidal waveform to make a fringing field around the sensor. The frequency of oscillation is inversely proportional to the soil bulk electrical permittivity and to the soil water content. For example, the frequencies of the EnviroSCAN sensors are about 75 MHz when the sensors are surrounded by air; and about 48 MHz when the sensors are surrounded by deionized water [2]. Thus, the frequencies in soil should be within this range.
Due to their ease of use, the capacitance probes are currently one of the most preferable methods by farmers and landowners. However, rigorous calibration is required to ensure maximum reliability of measures. The increasing affordability and resulting widespread use of the electromagnetic water sensors have coincided with calibration problems that have occurred not only with usage by farmers and landowners, but also for some scientific researchers. The basic calibration procedure for electromagnetic probes involves taking sensor readings in pure water , in air , and in soil of different water contents; this will be discussed in detail later in this paper. In conjunction, the soil water is measured by the gravimetric method in the same location under specific circumstances. Finally, the calibration equation is derived by relating the measured values to the estimated ones by interpolation and fitting methods.
Calibration Problems. The calibration of electromagnetic devices is subjected to 2 kinds of problems: the first kind of problems occurs due to inaccurate field setting or sampling conditions, while the second kind of problem occurs due to faulty calibration equation, that is, the existence of one or more of faulty fitting parameters in the equation. The problems due to sampling conditions involve the following: (1) calibration in repacked soils when soil structure has an important effect on sensor readings; (2) calibration under constant temperature conditions when soil temperature has an important effect on sensor readings; (3) Calibration under constant soil salinity conditions when soil bulk electrical conductivity has an important effect on sensor readings.
On the other hand, the problems due to faulty fitting parameters involve (1) missing or faulty readings of and/or , (2) incorrect sensor readings in soil , (3) incorrect derivation of the parameters of the fitting model, or (4) using an incorrect set of calibration parameters (including the default or preset calibration of the device).
Through experience, we found that most of the farmers and landowners reckon that their devices do not need to be calibrated at all. It is also our experience that the aforementioned users regard the use of electromagnetic probes as giving more accurate measures of soil water content than gravimetric methods! Regrettably, part of this problem is due to the lack of knowledge of some users who do not have a background in soil science. This has resulted in the collection of multiple faulty readings over extended periods of time (up to years).
The aim of this work was to demonstrate the importance of calibration and the level of error that can occur when using the incorrect calibration and to develop some mathematical procedures that assist in correcting the faulty or inaccurate readings if found. The study concentrated on the Sentek EnviroSCAN electromagnetic probe owing to the widespread use of this device.
2. Material and Methods
2.1. The Capacitance Probe Calibration Procedure
The capacitance probe consists of several sensors placed on a plastic electronic board at multiplies of 10 cm apart as shown in Figure 1. Each probe should be connected to a data logger which preserves readings for up to months depending on the readings frequency. To calibrate the probe, each sensor should be calibrated separately; for each sensor, two basic readings should take place initially: the reading in air and the reading in pure water . To take readings in pure water, a special box is needed; Figure 2, which is constructed by installing a pipe (similar in material and diameter of the probe's access tubes) in the middle of the box, so that water can surround it radially. The attached sensors to the probe are being tested one by one; the sensor under test is the one which is in the middle of the tube. Readings in air can be measured the same way in the calibration box after it is emptied from water and perfectly dried. Some users prefer to take the in-air readings while the probe is hung in air with nothing surrounding it, but the reading may interfere with any nearby moist object like plants. In addition to and , some in-soil readings are required in dry soil, moist soil, and almost saturated soil. For best results, these readings must cover both extremes of volumetric soil-water content and the mid values [10]. Exactly around the location of each water sensor, four volumetric soil samples (in a cross-shape around the pipe) would be taken to measure the volumetric water content by the gravimetric method. For each in-soil reading of each sensor of the probe, a ratio called scaled frequency (SF) is calculated, where As recommended by the manufacturer, SF and values are then fitted to a shifted power fitting model (see (2)) using any curve fitting software (we used CurveExpert Pro v1.6, [11]): where , , and are the fitting parameters.
It is preferable that this equation be site dependent. However, if there is high variance of soil texture at a particular site, a separate set of calibration parameter values should be used for each probe or related group of probes.
After the parameters , , and are calibrated, they should be inputted to the data acquirement software in order to get direct readings from the device logger (in this study we used the IrriMAX software version 8.0). Note that use of the manufacturer's software requires this specific form of (2), but other calibration equation forms may be used [12], in which case the user may work with the data using other software such as conventional spreadsheets. The benefit of the manufacturer's software is that it converts the readings from the sensors to volumetric water content through the following formula: The software includes some calibration parameter values for specific soil textures obtained from the literature in addition to the default values, as shown in Table 1.
2.2. Mathematical Solution to Correct Calibration Problems
The use of the and readings within the calibration process is called "air/water calibration" or "sensor calibration," while the determination of the , , and parameters in (2) is called "soil calibration." As mentioned before, the , , , , and parameters are sometimes faulty or missing, resulting in the device monitoring and logging incorrect values. There are three alternatives causing incorrect readings to occur. These alternatives, Table 2, depend on some combinations of two sets of parameters: the sensor-specific parameters ( and ) and the fitting parameters (, , and ). Alternative 1 involves that the two sets are incorrect, Alternative 2 if only the sensor parameters set is incorrect, and Alternative 3 if only the fitting parameters set is incorrect.
In subsequent descriptions of the methods, the known parameter values (through current correct measurement and calibration) will be designated with the normal symbols as described previously, while unknown measures from past incorrectly calibrated measures are designated with a "" symbol over the normal symbol. Hence, if the calibration parameters are correct, we will use the symbols , , , , , and ; while if the symbols are incorrect, the following symbols will be used, respectively: , , , , , and . Assume that we have a historical value, which was computed from faulty values, and we have obtained or calculated the correct parameters of , , , , and , but we have no idea of what the value was; notice that the value is not affected by the calibration equation; hence, the from the wrong calibration parameters is considered correct. By backward analysis, solving (1) and (2) for gives then, Next, substitute in (1) to get the correct SF value: Finally, substitute in (3) to get the corrected value of : In all cases, the corrected water content should be reasonable within the normal range according to the values in Table 3; that is, the value should not exceed the maximum saturation water content and should not be less than the minimum permanent wilting point (extreme values are shaded in the table). If it happens that the corrected value violates this rule, then there must be an error in the calculated value, (5), or one of its parameters.
2.3. Field Calibration in a Sample Soil
For the verification purposes, we performed a full calibration for the capacitance probe in the soil of the King Saud University's educational farm: the soil was sandy textured (sand 98.5%, silt 1.0%, clay 0.5%, and bulk density 1.5 g cm−3). The result of calibration is shown in Figure 3. All the resulting calibration parameters were placed in Table 1, Case 9.
2.4. Statistical Comparison Measures
Some statistical comparisons were performed between values resulting from correct and faulty calibration equations. One measure was used to compare individual readings, that is, the estimation error (), (8); while four measures were used to evaluate full cases, that is, the mean percent error (MPE), (9), the root mean squared error (RMSE), (10), the normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE), (11), and the coefficient of variation of the root mean squared error (CVRMSE), (12): where and are the forecasted/estimated and actual/measured values, respectively; is the number of readings; is a counter; and , , and are the maximum, minimum, and average measured values, respectively.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mathematical Correction of Calibration Parameters
In order to demonstrate the effect of incorrect calibration, some common scenarios for incorrect or missed loggings are presented, Table 4. One of the famous errors is the error that occurs when the manufacturer's software is used, by mistake, without changing any of the default values (Table 4, Scenario 1); that is, , , , , and equaled 65535, 0, 1, 1, and 0, respectively. Hence, after obtaining the correct calibration parameters and the correct air/water sensor calibrations , we can get the correct values of the water content, , by applying a reduced form of (7), (13), over the faulty logged water content values, : On the other hand, if the users calibrated the air/water parameters but they used the default in-soil parameters instead of the correct in-soil parameters, Scenario 2, Table 4, then the correction equation should be as follows: Another error when the users forgot to change the air/water parameters ( and equal 65535 and 0, resp.) while they selected an in-soil calibration equation which is not the correct one; probably the general (built-in) equation which is bundled in the manufacturers' software. For the used capacitance probe, the manufacturer provided an equation which they fit to several soils with various texture classes, this is called the default Sentek calibration (DSC); where , , and equal 0.196, 0.404, and 0.0285 (Table 4, Scenario 3). In this case, the correction of is made by substitution in (7) which will be reduced to the following form.Similar scenario, (Table 4, Scenario 4), but when the air/water values are correct and the DSC in-soil calibration is used, then the correction equation is reduced to (16), where , , and as shown in the previous scenario.Finally, where the correct calibration was used (corrected valued of , , and ) while , and are wrong (set to defaults), Table 4 Scenario 5, the correction formula is reduced to In addition to the aforementioned scenarios, there are many other scenarios to consider based on incorrect calibration selection, for example, to apply the DSC on a soil whose in-soil calibration parameters are different, like the soils which are shown in Table 1 (items 3 to 9). The effect of such faulty application will be shown in the following.
Eleven scenarios were considered to study the effect of different types of mathematical errors during the calibration process. Five scenarios show different wrong calibrations to a sandy soil with a known set of calibration parameters; and six scenarios for applying the DSC calibration on certain soils having known calibration parameter values. The eleven scenarios are listed in Table 4.
The studied Scenarios 1 and 2 reflected the usage of the manufacturer's software without entering any in-soil parameters; that is, the parameters , , and had values of 1, 1, and 0, respectively, and the air/water calibrations were either wrong (Scenario 1) or correct (Scenario 2). In the two scenarios, the uncalibrated values from the software were too low for all of the ranges of the scaled frequencies values (SFs), as shown in Figure 4. The values were almost zero, hence, the estimation error () ranged from −85% to as high as −98.5% for Scenario 1 with . On the other hand, for Scenario 2, ranged from −91% to −97.5%, and . Although these error values are high, the actual indication of error varied according to the SF value. For low values of SF, the correct was already small (about 0.035) compared to the uncalibrated value which read 0.005. In contrast, for higher SF values, the values were too high compared with the readings of the software (0.366 compared to 0.006). The overall statistics also reflect very bad matching, as seen in Table 5. The root mean square error (RMSE) for both scenarios was >18, with a CV of 137% and NRMSE of 0.55. These substantial error values for all SF values reflect the risk of using the manufacturer's software without feeding it with the calibration parameters.
On the other hand, many users are using the default calibration of the manufacturer (DSC in our study). The next two scenarios are about the usage of DSC as an in-soil calibration, while the air/water calibration is either wrong (Scenario 3) or correct (Scenario 4). The effects of both scenarios are shown in Figure 5. As expected, the two charts show that using the incorrect sensor calibration (Scenario 3) led to errors larger than those that occurred when the default calibration was used (Scenario 4). For low to middle values of SF in Scenario 3, the readings overestimated the calibrated values by up to 150%, while the scene is reversed for higher SF values with underestimation of up to −70%. The uncalibrated values range from 0.094 to 0.144, while the calibrated values range from 0.050 to 0.366 for the same SF range as shown in Figure 5. The error levels decreased somewhat when using the DSC with the proper air/water calibration (Scenario 4). Here, the error values range from −40% to 25% in the full range of the SF, and the . Although the errors in Scenario 4 are less than those in Scenario 3, but still we have unacceptable error percentage in the middle to higher range of SF, which is the range from below the field capacity to the saturation, where the sensitivity of the readings is vital to a reliable irrigation scheduling process.
In Scenario 5, Table 4, the correct in-soil parameters were fed to the software, while the air/water parameters were left to their default (wrong) values. This is the inverse of Scenarios 2 and 4, where the correct air/water parameters were fed and the in-soil parameters were incorrect. The results of Scenario 5 are shown in Figure 6. The scenario showed larger levels of error ranging from −67.5% to 129.5% with . In the irrigation range of the SF (middle to higher values of it), the uncalibrated values rigorously underestimate the correct values. The levels of error in Scenario 5 and Scenario 3 appear to be alike, as both of them represent air/water calibration errors.
To summarize the impacts of the errors in the in-soil and air/water calibrations, the RMSE values of the aforementioned scenarios are plotted in Figure 7. It is obvious through the figure that the absence of in-soil calibration (applying the default values in the software) led to massive values of error, as the , regardless of whether the air/water calibration was correct or not. On the other hand, when we apply the manufacturers' recommended calibration (the DSC in our study), the RMSE is reduced significantly. If the air/water calibration is correct, the RMSE is 0.040, while the value is 0.099 when the air/water calibration is not correct. Finally, when the in-soil calibration is correct and the air/water calibration is not correct, the RMSE value is 0.112. These results indicate that using the no-calibration parameters of the in-soil calibration results in massive error regardless of the air/water calibration, but selecting the DSC calibration reduces the error dramatically. It is also noticed that the air/water calibration has larger effect on the readings error when selecting any in-soil calibration rather than the no-calibration parameters. One can notice that the RMSE obtained for the uncalibrated air/water case was better for the DSC calibration (Scenario 3) than it was for the correct soil calibration equation (Scenario 5), as the RMSE values were 0.099 and 0.112, respectively. The reason for this is that the air/water calibration directly affects the SF, which changes the base of the data. In contrast, the soil calibration equation only changes how the data appears. In other words, because the soil calibration equation is a relationship between and SF, the effect of the equation is limited if the SF values are correct, but the soil calibration effect will be unpredictable when the incorrect SF values are used. Hence, the instance of the low RMSE values obtained using the DSC calibration compared with the value obtained using the proper calibration is due to a numeric conflict caused by incorrect SF values and does not necessarily reflect the suitability of the DSC, which will be discussed in the next paragraph. Furthermore, the values of the RMSE in Figure 7 reflect the comparison between Scenarios 1 and 5 compared to the application of the correct air/water parameters and the correct in-soil parameters. Hence, the zero value reflects the RMSE between the control scenario and itself which must be zero; however, this is a theoretical value and does not mean that no errors in sampling or measuring.
As mentioned before, the DSC calibration is widely used by several farmers and landowners due to lack of awareness about the importance to perform an in-site soil calibration test. The studied Scenarios 6–11 illustrate the effect of using the DSC instead of the proper calibration of six different soils equations (Table 4). In these scenarios, we studied only the effect of the in-soil calibration; that is, the air/water calibration was unified and set to the correct values for all scenarios to remove its effect. All of these scenarios are plotted in Figure 8. For clay textured soil (Scenario 6), applying the DSC always underestimates , with error from −82.9% to −33.4%, , and . These results reflect a large degree of error and prove the inappropriateness of using the DSC in soils with such texture class. However, the results of using the DSC with coarse sand (Scenario 7) were different; the estimation error ranged from −36.9% to 51.8% with and . These values show that the errors in coarse texture are smaller than that with fine texture.
In Scenario 8, the soil under test is a mixed soil like that of the DSC; however, it led to estimation error ranging from −29.0% to 8.3%. In Table 5, all error values of the studied scenarios are listed; the table shows that the scenario with the lowest RMSE was Scenario 9 , followed by Scenarios 8, 11, 7, 10, and 6 in order of best to worst, with RMSE values of 0.035, 0.037, 0.037, 0.051, and 0.210, respectively. Comparing Scenario 3 with the above, as it also used the DSC while the correct calibration was calibration 9—Table 1. Scenario 3 comes in the order just before the worst scenario (Scenario 6) and after Scenario 10 (as its ). The RMSE values of these scenarios are plotted in Figure 9. These results show that the DSC gives smaller error with soils of light to medium texture like sand, sandy loam, and silty loam. The DSC is not suitable for heavy textured soils owing to the large error occurred.
For all textures, if the EnviroSCAN is used for scientific research purpose, it is highly advised to perform a specific calibration for each soil.
4. Conclusions
The capacitance probes are easy to use devices for continuous monitoring of soil water content. Due to their sensitivity to variations in soil structure and soil bulk electrical conductivity (EC), several investigators recommend not to use them in scientific research which require accurate measurements of soil water [2, 3, 13–15]. However, the probes ease of use and reasonable prices urge scientists to use them all around. In that case, it is highly recommended to perform rigorous in-soil calibration of their devices wherever they are installed. These calibrations should be repeated whenever there is a change in the soil structure or the bulk conductivity. On the other hand, for landowners and farmers who use the devices for irrigation scheduling and similar activities, it is recommended not to use the manufacturer's calibration (DSC) especially for heavy textured soils.
If the capacitance probes' users performed the proper calibration and they want to benefit from the past data that were recorded before calibration, they can easily use one of the correction equations in this study to convert the past data to the correct form (see (13) to (17), or the general equation (7)). Using the correction procedure mentioned in this study corrects the faulty values and enables the owner of the capacitance probe to use his faulty-logged data with confidence.
Conflict of Interests
The authors of this paper certify that there is no conflict of interests with any financial organization regarding the material discussed in the paper.
This paper is one of the deliverables of the Granted project no. 10-WAT985-02 funded through the National Plan for Science and Technology (NPST), King Saud University. The authors wish also to express their deep thanks and gratitude to Shaikh Mohammad Bin Husain Alamoudi for his kind financial support to the research chair "Alamoudi Chair for Water Researches" (AWC), http://awc.ksu.edu.sa/, where this study was performed by the AWC researchers.
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|You are in: Middle East
Saturday, 21 December, 2002, 00:38 GMT
Two dead in Yemen al-Qaeda clash
A gun battle between Yemeni security forces and suspected al-Qaeda members has left two policemen dead and four wounded.
They were named as Shaker Hamel and Abdel Hakem Abduo, wanted for the October bombing of a French tanker in the Gulf of Aden which killed a Bulgarian crew member, the Associated Press news agency reported.
Yemeni police officers had surrounded a three-storey building in the city after being tipped off that al-Qaeda members were living there, an official said.
Shots were exchanged and at least six officers were wounded, with two later dying in hospital of their injuries.
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The incident echoed a similar attack on US warship the USS Cole in the port of Aden in 2000 which left 17 US sailors dead.
Both attacks have been blamed on Osama Bin Laden's al-Qaeda network, which the US also accuses of the 11 September attacks.
In November the US Central Intelligence Agency killed six al-Qaeda suspects in a car explosion in Yemen.
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Dodge to Instruct GILL Session on Cranesville Swamp
A boreal peat bog, the Cranesville Swamp was formed 15,000 years ago during the last Ice Age. Glaciers, which came close to but never reached Maryland, carried many of the boreal plants which remain to this day. The swamp, now owned and managed by the Nature Conservancy, is home to pockets of virgin forest as well as a variety of animals including bobcats, beavers, and black bears. Visitors to the swamp may also see various forms of rare, endangered, or threatened flora and fauna.
Dodge, who holds a B.S. and M.S. in Biology, has taught at Garrett College since 1987, and has also taught classes at Frostburg State University and West Virginia University. His courses emphasize field experience, and often include field trips to other parts of the mid-Atlantic and Central Appalachian region. He has also studied the impact of acid mine drainage and its mitigation on wetland plants and animals.
In addition to his teaching, Dodge is also involved in natural resources issues in Garrett County and the surrounding area. He is president of the Allegheny Highlands Conservancy, past vice president and current board member of the Youghiogheny River Watershed Association, and a member of the Savage River State Forest Citizens' Advisory Board, and the Garrett County Marcellus Shale Natural Gas Advisory Committee. He is a frequent local consultant to The Nature Conservancy.


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