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Mothball odor removal & mothball chemical & gas hazards: here we describe the detection of and risks of exposure to mothball chemicals & odors when moth repellent products are applied indoors in buildings.
We describe how to get rid of mothball odors in buildings, building furnishings, clothing, or vehicles.
We note the possible health hazards from exposure to mothball odors (and gases) as well as the child hazard of eating mothballs or moth repellent products. We discuss methods to reduce mothball chemical & gas exposure.
We cite authoritative sources of information about safe and proper use of moth repellents and about mothball and moth repellent chemistry, child hazards, indoor air quality and health concerns, and proper application and use of these products.
Green links show where you are. © Copyright 2017 InspectApedia.com, All Rights Reserved.
Mothballs are fumigants containing naphthalene or paradichlorobenzene and act a pest repellent and possibly act also as a pesticide used to protect clothing and other soft goods from attack by moths.
The moth at left and all other moths shown in this article except the one at the top of this page are not clothes-attacking insects.
[Click to enlarge any image]
Some people have also tried using moth repellent products like mothballs to keep rodents and other pests out of certain building areas or out of stored vehicles.
Placing an open box of mothballs under the hood of my MG midget while it was stored kept squirrels and mice from nesting in the engine compartment, and leaving a box of mothballs inside the car was an attempt to keep the same pests out of the vehicle interior too.
Watch out: we do not recommend placing mothballs, moth cakes, or moth repellent flakes inside building rooms, crawl spaces, attics, wall or ceiling cavities, trash cans, nor inside vehicles, both because the fumes and chemicals can be hazardous to humans and because the odor can later be difficult to get rid-of. We explain this problem in detail below.
Watch out: because mothballs are a registered pesticide and because of the toxicity of their chemicals, it is illegal to use mothballs or moth crystals, cakes, etc. as a repellent for animal pests (birds, cats, deer, dogs, moles, pigeons, mice, skunks, raccoons,snakes, squirrels, etc.) [19]
As stated in Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction and detailed
at PESTICIDE EXPOSURE HAZARDS
Pesticides are a special class of organic chemicals designed to kill living organisms.
In addition to the compounds used in the home and garden, the class of chemicals regulated as pesticides also include kitchen and bath disinfectants, flea and tick products, and swimming pool chemicals.
In most cases, both the active ingredient targeted to one or more pests and the "inert" carriers are organic chemicals that are toxic to humans.
Every registered pesticide has a "signal" word on the label, ranking the level of toxicity to humans, as follows:
Page top image of mothballs courtesy of Wikipedia creative commons. Clothes moth image shown at above left is from Stone & Stock, PNW who provide an excellent guide to moth control. [19]
Mothballs contain either of the chemicals paradichlorobenzene or naphthalene. Paradichlorobenzene is classified as a possible human carcinogen by the EPA, and its vapors can irritate skin, eyes, and the respiratory tract.
Large doses can damage the liver. Mothballs are not intended to be placed in open spaces such as rooms, closets, or vehicles. Rather they should be used in an airtight space such as a clothes storage bag. [7]
Mothballs are fumigants that will dissolve or sublime at lower temperatures; mothballs thus work by a process of sublimation - the solid ball of chemicals converts directly to a gas that enters the air nearby. [2][7] But believe it or not mothballs or moth crystals may also be a child hazard if eaten - as has happened. [3][6][7]
Symptoms of exposure to naphthalene include headache, nausea, dizziness, and difficulty breathing. Paradichlorobenzene is also a potential hazard, although typically less so compared to naphthalene. ... Eating just one mothball containing naphthalene can damage a young child's red blood cells.... [7]
Exposure to naphthalene promotes hemolytic anemia, associated with fatigue in mild cases and acute kidney failure in severe cases. Poisonings of infants have been reported after dressing the children in clothing stored in naphthalene mothballs.
We moved into a condo, which is a concrete block structure 3 months ago. Shortly after the move we began to smell moth balls.
After following the smell we were able to find out that the unit above us displaced several moth balls throughout there unit, tightly sealed the unit up without air conditioning on(we live in Florida) and left for the summer.
As the smell increased in our unit we begged parties involved to rid the unit of the moth balls and air it out.
Finally this was done, however even though the smell appears to be gone sometimes, other times we can still smell a bad odor, sometimes now the odor is less mothball smell and just simply a bad odor.
We have tried everything and are desperate to solve the problem. Is it possible to get rid of this toxic odor?
Any help would be greatly appreciated. - B.P. 9/22/2012
Indeed the odor from mothballs is a VOC-like substance (paradichlorobenzene or naphthalene) that quite penetrates many materials including even drywall, furnishings, carpeting, and it can take quite a while for it to diminish. And most people can smell mothballs - the characteristic odor of those chemica
ls can generally be detected in air at a concentration of just a few parts per billion, so getting rid of mothball odors is going to take some thorough airing out and cleaning.
Continue reading at ODORS GASES SMELLS, DIAGNOSIS & CURE or select a topic from closely-related articles below, or see our complete INDEX to RELATED ARTICLES below.
MOTHS, MOTHBALL ODORS at InspectApedia.com - online encyclopedia of building & environmental inspection, testing, diagnosis, repair, & problem prevention advice.
Or use the SEARCH BOX found below to Ask a Question or Search InspectApedia
Try the search box below or CONTACT US by email if you cannot find the answer you need at InspectApedia.
(June 9, 2014) Vicki Livingstone said:
I put my woolens in a bag with mothballs and it permeated my bedroom. I have removed the bags but the room still smells. I have all the windows and doors open to circulate the air. Is it now safe to sleep in the room as long as I keep the windows and doors open to the outside?
(June 29, 2014) Ocean said:
I had a few mothballs in both our tiny bedrooms for only a few hours before we both started choking. Got them out and now the place is permeated bad. We are both in the living room now as we can't go in there. HELP! What is the best cleaning solution to use to clean the walls and closets.
I already purchased activated charcoal and Smeleeze but have not received them yet and now I read here that they are no good! Someone please reply. We are getting headaches, sore throat, and tingling in body.
As the odor you cite is in a gaseous form I'm not sure that surface cleaning will be as helpful - unless you can identify and correct by removing or sealing actual materials that have become permeated with the mothball odor - as opening windows and doors and getting fresh air into the bedrooms where you have the odor complaints.
Activated charcoal won't hurt but just consider that you can't vacuum up dust bunnies in the living room by standing in the kitchen waving a vacuum cleaner wand in the air; in other words one needs to find and remove the odor source.
Just exposing a few ordinary mothballs indoors for a few hours sounds like an unlikely cause of severe persistent odors indoors. I'd also check for some other problem.
21 January 2015 Richard T. said:
We stored wool and cotton-polyester blend clothing in sealed LDPE low density polyethylene "rubber maid" containers with several naphthalene mothballs between each layer of clothes. After being stored for about one year, we opened the containers to discover a very bad chemical smell. It seems that the naphthalene reacted with the plastic and/or the polyester to create a very bad chemical smell. Since many of the items were quite valuable we attempted to save them. We contacted the mothball manufacturer for advice, their cleaning remedy was not successful with the polyester blends. We were successful with the wool and pure cotton items.
The big problem now is the order [sic] is present in the whole house. It seems to be attracted to other polyester/ plastic materials in the home such as the carpet, drapes, furniture cushions, polyester blend clothing, and dust that was in the heat vents. Unfortunately we had several of the contaminated clothing items and containers open and exposed inside the home for a several days while waiting for the mothball manufacturers advice.
It now has been several months without a successful solution. We have removed furniture, carpet, clothing, aired out the house daily, tried air purification, washed floors....etc. and the smell keeps returning. Since the smell migrates it is difficult to pin point what is next to be discarded or cleaned. I question if anyone else has had a problem like this and have the found a solution.
My advice is to never use naphthalene products in your living space.
Based on field experience and reader reports I agree that it can be quite difficult to completely remove napthalene odors from some fabrics or other materials in buildings or in clothing. At some point the cost of cleaning attempts may exceed the value of some clothing items.
For indoor building surfaces you might want to try the low-cost and easy SMELL PATCH TEST to FIND ODOR SOURCE we have documented in order to pinpoint the primary odor reservoirs.
Once those are identified you can decide to remove materials or to try applying a sealant paint such as the odor-suppressing paints used in building restoration following a fire.
Use the "Click to Show or Hide FAQs" link just above to see recently-posted questions, comments, replies, try the search box just below, or if you prefer, post a question or comment in the Comments box below and we will respond promptly.
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Environmental Decision Memo for Food Contact Notification No. 000670
Return to inventory listing: Inventory of Environmental Impact Decisions for Food Contact Substance Notifications or
the Inventory of Effective Food Contact Substance Notifications.
See also Environmental Decisions.
Date: November 3, 2006
From: Environmental Toxicologist, Environmental Review Group (ERG)
Division of Chemistry Research and Environmental Review (HFS-246)
Subject: FCN No. 670 - A mixture of peroxyacetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and 1-hydroxyethylidine-1,1-diphosphonic acid, with or without an adjuvant system composed of a mixture of dimethyl esters.
Notifier: Ecolab, Inc.
c/o Exponent
Washington, DC, USA
To: Division of Food Contact Notifications (HFS-275)
Attention: Mark Hepp, Ph.D.
Through: Layla I. Batarseh, Ph.D., Supervisor, ERG
Attached are the Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) and our supplement to the environmental record for FCN 625. The food contact substance is a mixture of peroxyacetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and 1-hydroxyethylidine-1,1-diphosphonic acid, with or without an optional adjuvant system composed of a mixture dimethyl sebacate (up to 20%), dimethyl succinate (up to 0.8%), dimethyl adipate (68-76%) and dimethyl glutarate (4-12%). When this notification becomes effective, these documents and the notifier's environmental assessment (in PDF, 1.15Mb), dated August 17, 2006, may be made available to the public, and we will post them on the internet at http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~rdb/opa-envt.html.*
Please let us know if there is any change in the identity or use of the food-contact substance.
Katrina E. White, Ph.D.
2 Attachments:
Finding of No Significant Impact
Supplement to the Environmental Record for Food Contact Notification No. 625
Finding of No Significant Impact
A food contact notification (FCN No. 670), submitted by Ecolab, Inc., to provide for the safe use of a mixture of peroxyacetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and 1-hydroxyethylidine-1,1-diphosphonic acid, with or without an adjuvant system composed of a mixture of dimethyl sebacate (up to 20%), dimethyl succinate (up to 0.8%), dimethyl adipate (68-76%) and dimethyl glutarate (4-12%) in the commercial sterilization of polyethylene terephthalate and high density polyethylene food packaging.
The Environmental Review Group has determined that allowing this notification to become effective will not significantly affect the quality of the human environment and therefore will not require the preparation of an environmental impact statement. This finding is based on information submitted by the notifier in the notification, including an environmental assessment (in PDF, 1.15Mb), dated August 17, 2006, and our supplement to the environmental record for FCN 625.
The food contact substances (FCS) for FCN 625 and FCN 670 are identical. The intended use is expanded from use in the commercial sterilization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) food packaging in FCN 625 to commercial sterilization of PET and high density polyethylene (HDPE) food packaging in FCN 670. The environmental introductions from use of the FCS to sterilize PET and HDPE are expected to be similar. The information in the supplement to the environmental record for FCN 625 is applicable and needed to support the finding of no significant impact for FCN 670.
Prepared by__________________________________________Date: November 3, 2006
Katrina E. White, Ph.D., Environmental Toxicologist
Environmental Review Group
Division of Chemistry Research and Environmental Review
Office of Food Additive Safety
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
Food and Drug Administration
Approved by__________________________________________Date: November 3, 2006
Layla I. Batarseh, Ph.D., Supervisor
Environmental Review Group/Supervisor
Division of Chemistry Research and Environmental Review
Office of Food Additive Safety
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
Food and Drug Administration
Supplement to the Environmental Information for Food Contact Notification No. 625
This document incorporates by reference the notifier's revised environmental assessment (EA) (in PDF, 1.15Mb), dated June 19, 2006.
The purpose of this supplement is to ensure the accuracy and completion of the environmental record and to assist the public in understanding the agency's basis for preparing a finding of no significant impact (FONSI) for the proposed use.
Item 7. Introduction of Substances into the Environment.
The EA used an assumption that wastewater resulting from use of the food contact substance (FCS) would be diluted by 1.0 million gallons per day (mgd or 3.79 x 106 L/day) to calculate environmental introduction concentrations (EICs) and expected environmental concentrations (EECs). This assumption was based on the weighted average of typical daily flow at publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) in operation in 2000, as presented in the Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2000, Table C-3 (1). Table 1 displays the data from Table C-3, with columns added to show the percent facilities and percent flow in each flow range.
|a California, Colorado, New York, and South Dakota did not have the resources to complete the updating of these data.
|b Results presented in this table for Amercian Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands,
and Wyoming are from the 1996 survey because these States and Territories did not participate in the CWNS 2000.
|c Flow data for these facilities were unavailable.
|Existing Flow Range
|Number of
|Total Existing Flow
|Percent of Total
|Percent of Total
|0.001 to 0.100
|0.101 to 1.000
|1.001 to 10.000
|10.001 to 100.000
|100.001 and greater
Ninety-two percent of the total volume of flow occurred at POTWs with greater than 1.0 mgd flow. However, the daily flow at 80.25 percent of POTWs was 1.0 mgd and below. Based on the CWNS data, ERG does not consider the EA's assumption conservative because 1) the flow in many POTWs is often much less than 1.0 mgd, 2) there is a large variation in flow at POTWs, and 3) industrial wastewater can contribute to a large percentage of the total flow in an individual POTW. This consideration is supported by the following references.
- Chapter 3 of the CWNS states, "It is noteworthy that 90 percent or more of the facilities in five states (Alaska, Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, and West Virginia) serve small communities. Moreover, in 10 additional States small community facilities constitute 80 - 90 percent of the publicly owned facilities" (page 12 - 13) (1). The survey also indicates that small communities serve a population less than 10,000 and have a flow less than 1.0 mgd, resulting in the assumed flow of 1.0 mgd being at the highest flow range for 80 - 90% of POTWs in 15 states.
- The large variation in flow rate at different POTWs, as shown in Table 1, indicates that an average value will vastly overestimate dilution in some cases while underestimating dilution in others.
- Much of the food processing industry is located in rural areas in which the water treatment systems are designed to serve small populations. As a result, one food processing plant can have a significant impact on water quality in POTWs and surface waters (2,3). For example, in a study published in 1979, new dairy plants were often located in suburban areas in cities with a population under 50,000, some distance from any major waste treatment facility, and with the average waste load equivalent to a population of about 55,000 (3).
- Dairy processing plants, as well as other food processing plants, can release wastewater treated at on-site wastewater treatment plants directly to surface water (3,4).1 For example, in 1979, more than 5000 dairy plants discharged, "53 billion gallons of wastewater each year - about 31 billion gallons into municipal treatment plants, and 22 billion gallons directly into water bodies." If wastewater is not going to be released into a POTW, dilution based on flow in a POTW should not be considered in the calculations of EICs or EECs because POTW dilution will not be applicable to these cases.
Due to use of the assumption of dilution in 1.0 mgd flow in POTWs to calculate EECs in the EA, the Environmental Review Group (ERG) calculated alternative conservative EECs without considering dilution with POTW flow. ERG's calculated EECs should not be considered typical EECs as many of the assumptions were conservative.2
Calculation of Conservative EECs.
The calculations of the conservative EECs were based on the following assumptions.
- Seventy-five percent of industrial wastewater will be treated with the FCS mixture. There is uncertainty with this assumption because these numbers vary from plant to plant, references with estimates on water use were published several years ago, and water use in the food processing industry is changing due to an emphasis on reducing water use and wastewater in food processing plants. However, based on a literature survey, ERG is confident that this assumption overestimates the percent of wastewater that is treated in most food processing plants expected to use the FCS and thus, is appropriate for a conservative estimate (2,3,6-8).
- Concentrations will be diluted by a factor of 10 upon release into surface waters. This factor has traditionally been used by ERG.3
Approximate EECs in surface waters, based on dilution and degradation or sorption, are shown in Table 2.
|EEC based on
dilution (mg/L)
|EEC based on dilution and
degradation or sorption
|Dimethyl succinate (DMSu, C6H10O4)
|Dimethyl glutarate (DMG, C7H12O4)
|Dimethyl adipate (DMA, C8H14O4)
|Dimethyl sebacate (DMS, C12H22O4)
|1-hydroxyethyylidine-1,1-diphosphonic acid
The concentrations that still exceed lowest toxicity endpoints after dilution include dimethyl adipate (DMA), dimethyl sebacate (DMS), and 1-hydroxyethylidine-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP). Greater than 90% adsorption of HEDP was measured at wastewater treatment plants (11). As the wasewater will go to an onsite-wastewater treatment plant or a POTW, ERG assumed that 80% of the HEDP is removed from the water via adsorption prior to release into surface waters (11,12).4 This results in a conservative EEC of 4.64 mg/L HEDP. As stated in the EA, dimethyl esters are readily biodegradable and are expected to be almost fully degraded with wastewater treatment. The biodegradation rates in the EA were measured in non adapted industrial sludge and indicate complete biodegradation in days to weeks. Biodegradation rates of days to weeks do not support complete degradation prior to release from the wastewater treatment plants as the residence time of water in the treatment plant can be less than weeks. However, industrial and municipal sewage sludge will be adapted and ERG expects the degradation rate to be faster then weeks. In addition, rapid biodegradation is expected in water due to ester hydrolysis facilitated by microorganisms. This is supported by model estimates provided by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that predicted complete hydrolysis within hours in sewage treatment and by results using the EPI Suite (v3.12) program which predicted removal rates greater than 90% in wastewater treatment for all of the dimethyl esters in the FCS. Based on the assumption that 90% of dimethyl esters will degrade in the wastewater treatment plant or with sewage treatment, the predicted EECs are: 0.07 mg/L DMSu, 0.71 mg/L DMG, 6.41 mg/L DMA, and 1.76 mg/L DMS (Table 2).
Item 8. Fate of Substances Released into the Environment.
The EA provided a table of physicochemical properties for DMS and stated that the properties were representative of C4-C12 dimethyl esters. The physicochemical properties of C4 - C12 dimethyl esters are variable and the properties of one dimethyl ester are not applicable to all. A table of the physicochemical properties and environmental fate predictions for the distribution in different environmental media are shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Physicochemical properties and environmental fate of the C4-C12 dimethyl esters and HEDP.
|Water Solubility
|Vapor Pressure
(mm Hg)
|Henry's Law Constant
|Log Kow
|Boiling Point
(deg C)
|Melting Point
(deg C)
|Dimethyl succinate
|Dimethyl glutarate
|Dimethyl adipate
|Dimethyl sebacate
|a All physicochemical properties were obtained from the Syracuse Research Corporation PhysProp Database available at:
|b Dimethyl ester data were obtained from High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program: Robust Summaries & Test
Plans published for the dibasic esters and aliphatic esters categories. Available at:
http://www.epa.gov/oppt/chemrtk/dbe/c13453tc.htm. HEDP data were estimated using EPI Suite v3.12.
|Dimethyl succinate
|Dimethyl glutarate
|Dimethyl adipate
|Dimethyl sebacate
Item 9. Environmental Effects of Released Substances.
Dimethyl Esters: Aquatic Toxicity
To fully understand toxicity data, it is important to evaluate the source of the data. The EA summarized ecotoxicity data published in the High Production Volume (HPV) Chemical Challenge Program for the dimethyl esters and aliphatic esters (13,14). Most of the summarized values were calculated or estimated based on accepted models that use structure activity relationships and all data for DMS were estimated (Table 4) (13,14). Estimated toxicity data based on models should be compared to measured values to evaluate their accuracy. Measured acute median lethal concentrations (LC50)5 for fish ranged from 18 - 122 mg/L and are assumed to be representative of the dibasic esters (DMSu, DMG, and DMA) as a group. Toxicity tends to increase as molecular weight increases for these dimethyl esters and ecotoxicity endpoints for dimethyl sebacate are expected to be lower than endpoints for the other dimethyl esters (13). The lowest acute toxicity endpoint for the dimethyl esters for fish was 18 mg/L. A chronic median effects concentration (EC50)6 was estimated to be 6.44 mg/L (10).
Acute toxicity endpoints for Daphnia magna were measured using a dibasic ester mixture (DMSu, DMA, and DMG) and 48-hr LC50s were reported of 136 mg/L and 112-150 mg/L (13). We agree with EPA's comments on the HPV robust summaries regarding the invertebrate data, stating:
"The submitted data are only for the mixture, DBE, and are inconsistent with the predicted values for the other category chemicals. EPA therefore believes that the results of the DBE studies cannot be extrapolated to the single chemicals of the category and considers that this endpoint has not been adequately addressed. Furthermore, tests were performed on a mixture containing as little as 10% DMA, the member expected to be the most toxic, and thus the estimated value for DMA (497 mg/L vs. the measured value of 136 mg/L for DBE) appears to underestimate significantly the true toxicity. Measured data for DMA are needed to clarify the situation and help interpret the DBE data. Therefore, EPA recommends that the submitter conduct a daphnia toxicity study on DMA and use the results of this study for read-across purposes"(15).
No toxicity tests have been conducted on aquatic plants or algae. ERG also agrees with EPA that the estimated values using ECOSAR for algae are of limited value "because no measured analog data are available that are consistent with SAR results" (15). EPA recommended an algal toxicity study using DMA to represent the category (15). Finally, we note that no chronic toxicity studies were conducted on aquatic species.
Despite the above comments regarding the need for more data to support the ecotoxicity assumptions for the dimethyl esters, ERG believes that the available information is adequate to support a FONSI because of the high biodegradation of this class of compounds and the fact that calculated conservative EECs are lower than any measured or estimated ecotoxicity endpoints (Table 5). ERG agrees with the conclusions in the EA that DMSu, DMG, DMA, and DMS will almost fully degrade in wastewater treatment plants prior to release into the environment.
|Test Organism
|Dimethyl Succinate
|Brachydanio renio
|96-hr LC50
|Daphnia Magna
|48-hr LC50
|Calculated using SAR model
|96-hr LC50
|Calculated using ECOSAR
|Dimethyl Glutarate
|Lepomis macrochirus
|96-hr LC50
|Measured by Dupont
|Daphnia Magna
|48-hr LC50
|Calculated using ECOSAR
|96-hr LC50
|Calculated using ECOSAR
|Dimethyl Adipate
|Calculated by Matthiessen, P. et al. (1993). Mar. Poll. Bull., 26(2):90-95.
|Carpus carpio
|43-hr LC50
|Loeb, H.A. et al. (1963). U.S. fish Wildl. Serv. Sp. Sci. Rep.-Fish No. 471, Washington, DC (Aquire/AQ 0002965)
|Lowest Chronic EC50
|Calculated by Matthiessen, P. et al. (1993). Mar. Poll. Bull., 26(2):90-95.
|Daphnia magna
|48-hr LC50
|Calculated using ECOSAR
|96-hr EC50
|Calculated using ECOSAR
|Dibasic Ester Mixture
|Pimephales promelas
|96-hr LC50
|Measured by Dupont
|Daphnia magna
|48-hr LC50
|Measured by Dupont
|a All data from the High Production Volume Chemical Challenge Program for the dimethyl esters and aliphatic esters, references 13 and 14.
|EEC (mg/L)
| Lowest Measured
Acute Toxicity
Endpoint (mg/L)
|Dimethyl succinate
|Dimethyl glutarate
|Dimethyl adipate
|Dimethyl sebacate
HEDP: Aquatic Toxicity
The aquatic toxicity data for HEDP in the EA did not reflect the available data for this compound or give a good description of the relevant environmental concerns. Comprehensive environmental risk assessments for HEDP were recently published by Jarworska et al. (2002) and by the Human & Environmental Risk Assessment (HERA) group on ingredients of household cleaning products (11,12). These documents serve as a good reference on this subject. Acute toxicity endpoints ranged from 0.74 - 2180 mg/L (Table 6) (11, 12). Chronic no observable effects concentrations (NOECs) are also shown in Table 6. The 14 day NOEC for Onchorhynchus mykiss was between 60 - 180 mg/L and the 28 day NOEC for Daphnia magna was 10 mg/L (12).7
HEDP is a strong chelating agent and can result in adverse effects on environmental organisms by complexation of essential nutrients (11). For strong chelating agents, it is suggested that two types of NOECs be determined: an intrinsic NOEC (NOECi) measured with excess nutrients available and an NOEC measured to protect from the chelating effects in natural waters (NOECc) (12). A realistic NOECc should be determined by testing in natural waters, by predicting metal speciation and algal trace element requirements, and/or using metal speciation modeling programs (12). However, ERG believes that excess nutrients are expected to be present in industrial wastewater as eutrophication is a well known phenomenon seen in industrial wastewaters from food processing facilities (3,16,17).
The lowest toxicity endpoints published for algae, Selenastrum capricornutm, Daphnia magna, and Crassostrea virginica are believed to be the result of the chelation effect and not the intrinsic toxicity of HEDP (12). These values are not relevant when excess nutrients are present as expected in food processing wastewaters (16,17).8 This leaves the lowest aquatic toxicity endpoint published by Jaworska et al. at 10 mg/L which is higher than the very conservative EEC of 4.64 mg/L calculated by ERG. This is the basis of the FONSI for HEDP in relation to intrinsic aquatic toxicity.
|a All data from: Jaworska, J.; Van Genderen-Takken, H.; Hanstveit, A.; van de Plassche, E.; Feijtel, T.
Chemosphere. 2002, 47 655-665. HERA. Human & Environmental Risk Assessment on Ingredients of European
Household Cleaning Products: Phosphonates (Draft),
http://www.heraproject.com/files/30-F-04-%20HERA%20Phosphonates%20Full%20web%20wd.pdf (accessed Jul 2006).
|Lepomis macrochirus
|96 hour LC50
|Oncorhynchus mykiss
|96 hour LC50
|Cyprinodon variegatus
|96 hour LC50
|Ictalurus punctatus
|96 hour LC50
|Leuciscus idus melanatus
|48 hour LC50
|Daphnia magna
|24-48 hour EC50
|Palaemonetes pugio
|96 hour EC50
|Crassostrea virginica
|96 hour EC50
|Selenastrum capricornutum
|96 hour EC50
|Selenastrum capricornutum
|96 hour NOEC
|96 hour NOEC
|Chlorella vulgaris
|48 hour NOEC
|Pseudomonas putida
|30 minute NOEC
|Oncorhynchus mykiss
|14 day NOEC
|Daphnia magna
|28 day NOEC
|10 - <12.5
|14 day NOEC
Eutrophication is a process whereby water bodies, such as lakes, rivers, and streams, receive excess nutrients that stimulate excessive growth of algae and other plant material. This enhanced plant growth can result in low dissolved oxygen, fish kills, and a depletion of desirable flora and fauna. The relevance of this environmental issue is reflected in reports from the EPA which state, "As much as half of the Nation's waters surveyed by states and tribes do not support aquatic life because of excess nutrients" (17). The main cause of eutrophication in lakes and streams are high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus and phosphates usually originate from municipal or industrial effluents (16,17). Primary industrial point source contributions of phosphorus include dairy, meat, and vegetable processing facilities, indicating that excess phosphates in food processing effluent is a relevant environmental issue (18). HEDP contains phosphorus and has the potential to contribute to eutrophication.9 In 1998, permissible discharge levels for industries ranged from 0.1 - 0.5 mg/L total phosphorus and a goal of 1 mg/L total phosphorus was set in a phosphorus management plan for POTWs in the Upper Mississippi River Basin (16,18). ERG expects the proposed use of the FCS to contribute a small percentage of the total phosphorus load in the wastewater (19).10 However, dairy processing effluent released to POTWs and surface waters is typically treated to reduce total phosphorus prior to discharge (3). The FCS will be used with a product currently registered as a pesticide with the EPA under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). The label requires that the permitting authority of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) or the local sewage treatment plant authority be notified prior to the product being discharged into natural waters or POTWs. The label will also apply to FDA-regulated uses and will help to mitigate any adverse effects from the proposed use of the FCS.
Literature Cited
- US EPA Clean Watersheds Needs Survey 2000: Report to Congress; EPA-832-R-03-001; 2003.
- United States Asia Environmental Partnership; Civil Engineering Research Foundation. Clean technologies in U.S. industries: Focus on Food Processing. www.p2pays.org/ref/09/08853.htm (accessed Jul 2006).
- Carawan, R. E.; Chambers, J. V.; Zall, R. R.; Wilkowske, R. H. Dairy Processing: Water and Wastewater Management; Extension Report No. AM-18b; 1979. North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service. http://www.p2pays.org/ref/01/00458.pdf (accessed Jul 2006).
- Bough, W. A.; McJimsey, E.; Clark-Thomas, D. Operating Costs of Dairy Pretreatment vs. POTW Facilities and the Establishment of a Waste Minimization Program, Mid-AmericaDairymen, Inc. http://www.p2pays.org/ref/13/12901.pdf (accessed Jul 2006).
- US EPA Reregistration Eligibility Decision: Peroxy Compounds. Case 4072. EPA-738-F-93-026.; 1993.
- Carawan, R. E.; Jones, V. A.; Hansen, A. P. Journal of Dairy Science. 1979, 62 (8), 1238-1241.
- Carawan, R. E.; Chambers, J. V.; Zall, R. R. Fruit and Vegetable Water and Wastewater Management, Extension Report No AM-18e. North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service. http://www.p2pays.org/ref/05/04874.pdf (accessed Jun 2006).
- Coca-Cola HBC. Social Responsibility Report 2004, http://www.coca-colahbc.com/community/index.php (accessed Jul 2006).
- Cleland, J.; Rodriquez, M.; Huang, M.; Wrenn, B.; ICF Consulting Background Research Related to Aquatic Expected Exposure Concentrations from Poultry First Processing, Draft Memorandum, FDA Contract No. 233-00-2450, WA No. 314, Task 2; 2003.
- Matthiessen, P.; Thain, J. E.; Law, R. J.; Fileman, T. W. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 1993, 26 (2), 90-95.
- HERA. Human & Environmental Risk Assessment on Ingredients of European Household Cleaning Products: Phosphonates (Draft), http://www.heraproject.com/files/30-F-04-%20HERA%20Phosphonates%20Full%20web%20wd.pdf (accessed Jul 2006).
- Jaworska, J.; Van Genderen-Takken, H.; Hanstveit, A.; van de Plassche, E.; Feijtel, T. Chemosphere. 2002, 47 655-665.
- Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturers Association Dibasic Esters Group. High Production Volume Robust Summaries and Test Plans: Dibasic Esters, US EPA. http://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/pubs/summaries/dbe/c13453tc.htm (accessed Jul 2006).
- American Chemistry Council's Aliphatic Esters Panel High Production Volume (HPV) Chemical Challenge Program: Test Plan of Aliphatic Esters Category; AR201-13466A; 201, U.S. EPA. http://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/pubs/summaries/alipestr/c13466tc.htm (accessed Jul 2006).
- Hernandez, O. Robust Summaries & Test Plans: Dibasic Esters; EPA Comments. http://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/dbe/c13453ct.htm (accessed Jul 2006).
- Anirudhan, T. S.; Noeline, B. F.; Manohar, D. M. Environmental Science and Technology. 2006, 40 2740-2745.
- US EPA. Fact Sheet: Ecoregional Nutrient Criteria, EPA-822-F-02-008. http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/nutrient/ecoregions/jan03frnfs.pdf (accessed Jul 2006).
- Minnesota Technical Assistance Program. Final Report. Pollution Prevention for Industrial Wastewater Discharges in the Upper Mississippi River Basin Using City-wide Inventories. Grant No. 03-025. Funding Period June 2003 to May 2005., University of Minnesota. http://mntap.umn.edu/POTW/McKnight05.pdf (accessed Jul 2006).
- PCA Consultants Ltd. Technical Pollution Prevention Guide for the Dairy Processing Operations in the Lower Fraser Basin. DOE FRAP 1996-11, Environment Canada. http://www.p2pays.org/ref/04/03995.pdf (accessed Jul 2006).
Prepared by __________________________________________Date: August 21, 2006
Katrina E. White, Ph.D., Environmental Toxicologist
Environmental Review Group
Division of Chemistry Research and Environmental Review
1 The FCS is expected to be used in the production of low acid foods to be packaged in aseptic packaging. The low acid foods produced were described on page 7 of Form 3480 as "certain milk, milk-based fluids, dairy-based creams and substitutes" indicating that the FCS is likely to be used at dairy processing plants.
2 These assumptions and calculations should not be adopted for future notifications unless they are applicable to the proposed use and substance.
3 ERG has examined dilution factors (DF) at poultry first processing plants and found that 71% of facilities had DFs greater than 100 and 96 percent had a DF of 20 or greater (9,10). A DF of 10 for all food processing facilities is assumed to be a conservative DF for the majority of food processing facilities.
4 This assumption was used by the Human & Environmental Risk Assessment group and in a risk assessment conducted for phosphonates in the Netherlands (11,12).
5 A statistically derived concentration of a substance that can be expected to cause death in 50% of test animals.
6 A statistically derived concentration of a substance that can be expected to cause a specified effect in 50% of test animals.
7 A chronic NOEC of 0.1 mg/L for reproductive effects in Daphnia magna was published but is inconsistent with other toxicity data for the phosphonates and Jaworska suggested that the value is due to the depletion of micronutrients by HEDP rather than its intrinsic toxicity (11). No systemic toxicity was found below 10 mg/L and Jaworska et al. used 10 mg/L to represent the chronic NOEC for Daphnia magna (12).
8 Wastewater of dairy processing facilities is characterized by high total phosphorus levels and high biological oxygen demand (BOD), reflecting the presence of excess nutrients (18,19). However, it may contain low levels of nitrogen (19).
9 The FONSI and "Supplement to the Environmental Information Available for Food Contact Notification 140" reviewed the use of HEDP in meat processing facilities and discussed the possible contribution of HEDP to total phosphorus and thus eutrophication. It was found that the total phosphorus resulting from the use of HEDP was a small portion of total phosphorus levels found in wastewater of meat processing facilities.
10 Typical total phosphorus in dairy effluent ranged from 9 - 210 mg/L and the primary sources of phosphorus were milk, detergents, and sanitizers (page 35) (19). (4).
*The FDA web links cited in this article are now out of date. The new FDA websites can be accessed from the Ingredients and Packaging section under the Food topic of www.fda.gov.


text:
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Review DateFebruary 6, 2006
Overall Rating 5 of 5
Value Rating 5 of 5
Reviewed by: jsdweck
Summary:I am a 150lb man, aggressive expert skier. Purchased these 174cm skis new and mounted Marker Titanium Bindings on them. I wear a new Nordica GTS8 boot.
This ski has some excellent qualities. It will carve short, medium, and long turns with total control on groomed packed powder, or 5" new. Totally responsive and dynamic, the ski will propell you out of camber and into the next turn. The narrow side cut allows one to be quite aggressive with confidence. I must say that those K2 babes know how to build a ski.
If you're lean and mean like me, and you're looking for a lively ride, get on a pair of Spires.
Review DateMarch 9, 2003
Overall Rating 4 of 5
Value Rating 3 of 5
Visitors rate this review5.00 of 5,
3.00 votes
Reviewed by: anneokirby(Unregistered User)
, from Wilmington DE USA
Summary:While in Steamboat I demoed the Volant Vertex 68, the Volant Vertex 71, the Solomom Scream, and the K2 T-Nine Spire. While I was ready to buy the Vertex 68, after skiing the Spire I changed my mind. The Spire rocks. I was effortly rolling turns from one edge to the next. Cruised thru crud easily and also handled bumps ok. This ski is a great groomer ski but will handle anything on the mountain. Since we had 24 inches in one day I was able to try all conditions.
Similar Products Used:Volant Vertex 68
Volant Vertex 71
Solomon Scream
Review DateJanuary 13, 2003
Visitors rate this review5.00 of 5,
2.00 votes
Reviewed by: marcie (Unregistered User)
Summary:Just demo'd these skis this past weekend. I was definately impressed with their responsiveness. Coming off of Solomon's which I have been unhappy with, I wanted more control and less chatter at the higher speeds. I pushed them hard and had no disappointments. Then again, conditions were great and the sloped were well groomed. I've reserved a follow up demo to try them again somewhere more irregular and aggressive to see if they are up to the challenge before shelling out the big bucks. I don't think I'll be let down.
Review DateDecember 15, 2002
Value Rating 4 of 5
Visitors rate this review3.67 of 5,
3.00 votes
Reviewed by: Sherry (Unregistered User)
Summary:Need help in Steamboat. I demo'd the Spires yesterday in a 167 length. At higher speeds, I felt I needed a longer ski. I like fast cruising, GS turns, yet a ski that performs well in the powder and crud. I'm not a bump skier (too old for that). I'm 5'6", weight 130, and am wondering if I should go with the longer length or give these another try. My ski shop doesn't have the longer model mounted, but I can look elsewhere I suppose. Any comments? Thanks!


text:
The New York Times
The Given Dayby Dennis Lehane
"Gut-wrenching force...A majestic, fiery epic. The Given Day is a huge, impassioned, intensively researched book that brings history alive." - The New York Times
Dennis Lehane, the New York Times bestselling author of Live by Night—now a Warner Bros. movie starring Ben Affleck—offers an unflinching family epic that/em>/em>/p>/em>
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"Gut-wrenching force...A majestic, fiery epic. The Given Day is a huge, impassioned, intensively researched book that brings history alive." - The New York Times
Dennis Lehane, the New York Times bestselling author of Live by Night—now a Warner Bros. movie starring Ben Affleck—offers an unflinching family epic that captures the political unrest of a nation caught between a well-patterned past and an unpredictable future. This beautifully written novel of American history tells the story of two families—one black, one white—swept up in a maelstrom of revolutionaries and anarchists, immigrants and ward bosses, Brahmins and ordinary citizens, all engaged in a battle for survival and power at the end of World War I.
Editorial Reviews
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A seasoned TV and film actor, Michael Boatman is an excellent choice for Lehane's historical fiction. Set in Boston at the time of the 1919 policemen's strike, the novel involves a range of characters including Babe Ruth and sundry African-American, Irish, Irish-American, Italian and Italian-American men and women. Boatman creates a clear and engaging persona for each and handles all the accents convincingly. His pacing helps draw listeners into the lives contorted by the social, economic and political turmoil of the era that Lehane describes so exquisitely. Fans of Mystic River will be swept into this full-bodied production. A Morrow hardcover (Reviews, July 7). (Oct.)Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Shamus Award winner Lehane's first historical novel is a clear winner, displaying all the virtues the author (Mystic River) has shown in his exceptional series of crime novels: narrative verve, sensitivity to setting, the interweaving of complicated story lines, an apt and emotionally satisfying denouement-and, above all, the author's abiding love for his characters and the human condition. In 1917, the Great War in Europe is still being waged, but with America's entry into the conflict, people expect it to end soon. Boston's policemen have a grievance. With their wages scaled to the cost of living in 1905, earnings lie well below the poverty level, and working conditions are appalling. The city government has reneged on its promise to readjust wages after the war. With anarchists planting bombs and social unrest in the air, there is little sympathy in Boston for the policemen's threat to strike. When the strike finally breaks in 1919, the strikers receive an object lesson in the bitter truth that "different sets of rules [apply] for different classes of people." Against this background of turmoil, an unexpected friendship develops between Irish American policeman Danny Coughlin and African American Luther Laurence, on the run from gangsters and police. Lehane's long-awaited eighth novel is as good as it gets. Enthusiastically recommended for all fiction collections. [See Prepub Alert, LJ6/15/08.]
David Keymer
Product Details
- 9780061982286
- Publisher:
- HarperCollins Publishers
- Publication date:
- 10/06/2009
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- NOOK Book
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- 736
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Read an Excerpt
The Given Day
A Novel
By Dennis Lehane
HarperCollins Publishers, Inc.
Copyright © 2008
Dennis Lehane
All right reserved.
Chapter One
On a wet summer night, Danny Coughlin, a Boston police officer, fought a four-round bout against another cop, Johnny Green, at Mechanics Hall just outside Copley Square. Coughlin-Green was the final fight on a fifteen-bout, all-police card that included flyweights, welterweights, cruiserweights, and heavyweights. Danny Coughlin, at six two, 220, was a heavyweight. A suspect left hook and foot speed that was a few steps shy of blazing kept him from fighting professionally, but his butcher-knife left jab combined with the airmail-your-jaw-to-Georgia explosion of his right cross dwarfed the abilities of just about any other semipro on the East Coast.
The all-day pugilism display was titled Boxing & Badges: Haymakers for Hope. Proceeds were split fifty-fifty between the St. Thomas Asylum for Crippled Orphans and the policemen's own fraternal organization, the Boston Social Club, which used the donations to bolster a health fund for injured coppers and to defray costs for uniforms and equipment, costs the department refused to pay. While flyers advertising the event were pasted to poles and hung from storefronts in good neighborhoods and thereby elicited donations from people who never intended to actually attend the event, the flyers also saturated the worst of the Boston slums, where one was most likelyto find the core of the criminal element—the plug-uglies, the bullyboys, the knuckle-dusters, and, of course, the Gusties, the city's most powerful and fuck-out-of-their-minds street gang, who headquartered in South Boston but spread their tentacles throughout the city at large.
The logic was simple:
The only thing criminals loved almost as much as beating the shit out of coppers was watching coppers beat the shit out of each other.
Coppers beat the shit out of each other at Mechanics Hall during Boxing & Badges: Haymakers for Hope.
Ergo: criminals would gather at Mechanics Hall to watch them do so.
Danny Coughlin's godfather, Lieutenant Eddie McKenna, had decided to exploit this theory to the fullest for benefit of the BPD in general and the Special Squads Division he lorded over in particular. The men in Eddie McKenna's squad had spent the day mingling with the crowd, closing outstanding warrant after outstanding warrant with a surprisingly bloodless efficiency. They waited for a target to leave the main hall, usually to relieve himself, before they hit him over the head with a pocket billy and hauled him off to one of the paddy wagons that waited in the alley. By the time Danny stepped into the ring, most of the mugs with outstanding warrants had been scooped up or had slipped out the back, but a few—hopeless and dumb to the last—still milled about in the smoke-laden room on a floor sticky with spilt beer.
Danny's corner man was Steve Coyle. Steve was also his patrol partner at the Oh-One Station House in the North End. They walked a beat from one end of Hanover Street to the other, from Constitution Wharf to the Crawford House Hotel, and as long as they'd been doing it, Danny had boxed and Steve had been his corner and his cut man.
Danny, a survivor of the 1916 bombing of the Salutation Street Station House, had been held in high regard since his rookie year on the job. He was broad-shouldered, dark-haired and dark-eyed; more than once, women had been noted openly regarding him, and not just immigrant women or those who smoked in public. Steve, on the other hand, was squat and rotund like a church bell, with a great pink bulb of a face and a bow to his walk. Early in the year he'd joined a barbershop quartet in order to attract the fancy of the fairer sex, a decision that had served him in good stead this past spring, though prospects appeared to be dwindling as autumn neared.
Steve, it was said, talked so much he gave aspirin powder a headache. He'd lost his parents at a young age and joined the department without any connections or juice. After nine years on the job, he was still a flatfoot. Danny, on the other hand, was BPD royalty, the son of Captain Thomas Coughlin of Precinct 12 in South Boston and the godson of Special Squads Lieutenant Eddie McKenna. Danny had been on the job less than five years, but every cop in the city knew he wasn't long for uniform.
"Fuckin' taking this guy so long?" Steve scanned the back of the hall, hard to ignore in his attire of choice. He claimed he'd read somewhere that Scots were the most feared of all corner men in the fight game. And so, on fight nights, Steve came to the ring in a kilt. An authentic, red tartan kilt, red and black argyle socks, charcoal tweed jacket and matching five-button waistcoat, silver wedding tie, authentic gillie brogues on his feet, and a loose-crowned Balmoral on his head. The real surprise wasn't how at home he looked in the getup, it was that he wasn't even Scottish.
The audience, red-faced and drunk, had grown increasingly agitated the last hour or so, more and more actual fights breaking out between the scheduled ones. Danny leaned against the ropes and yawned. Mechanics Hall stank of sweat and booze. Smoke, thick and wet, curled around his arms. By all rights he should have been back in his dressing room, but he didn't really have a dressing room, just a bench in the maintenance hallway, where they'd sent Woods from the Oh-Nine looking for him five minutes ago, told him it was time to head to the ring.
So he stood there in an empty ring waiting for Johnny Green, the buzz of the crowd growing louder, buzzier. Eight rows back, one guy hit another guy with a folding chair. The hitter was so drunk he fell on top of his victim. A cop waded in, clearing a path with his domed helmet in one hand and his pocket billy in the other.
Excerpted from The Given Day by Dennis Lehane Copyright © 2008 by Dennis Lehane. Excerpted by permission.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.
What People are Saying About This
Meet the Author
Dennis Lehane is the author of ten previous novels—including the New York Times bestsellers Live by Night; Moonlight Mile; Gone, Baby, Gone; Mystic River; Shutter Island; and The Given Day—as well as Coronado, a collection of short stories and a play. He lives in California with his family.
Brief Biography
- Hometown:
- Boston, Massachusetts
- Date of Birth:
- August 4, 1965
- Place of Birth:
- Dorchester, Massachusetts
- Education:
- B.A., Eckerd College, 1988; M.F.A., Florida International University, 1993
- Website:
- http://www.dennislehanebooks.com
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Stepping away from the familiar, Lehane takes us back to 1900s Boston. Other reviewers have given loads of info. All I will say is, you won't be dissappointed. Loved it from first page to last and highly recommend it to anyone who enjoys a historical but readable novel. This one should go to the top.
I have read all the books Dennis has written and this one was no disappointment as well....interesting times and great plot....characters felt like more than one ...almost like a group of people from that time....impossible to put down and sad when I arrived at the end.
I've been waiting forever for this to be published. The last time I talked to Lehane, he said it was turning into a 'brick', and he didn't know when it'd be published. He is my favorite writer and I wasn't too happy with the 5 year wait. But, it was worth it, totally. The rest of his novels have been mysteries, this is not. It is historical fiction, at it's finest. Well written, well researched, The Given Day covers a turbulant time in American history, at the end of The Great War and, of course, it's set in Boston. Over 700 pages, but truly a fast read because you can't put it down, it just flows and you are swept up, as you read it.
What a piece of work Dennis Lehane has brought us! I was taken back in time in the early 1900's when Babe Ruth was playing and the Boston policemen went on strike and the city went crazy. One of the most touching characters in the book is Luther. His team played Babe Ruth! I felt like I was there and was angry and hurt as if I had been playing myself. I hate to give too much away and ruin the book. The Given Day also deals with race relations in the 1900's. Later Luther befriends a Boston policeman and his wife. They have a wonderful and amazing friendship. The Given Day deals with power, corruption, good and evil. I loved it!! Thank you Mr. Lehane
Before leaving to spend Christmas in London, I purchased "The Given Day" at my local Barnes & Noble. At the time, I had no idea that I had given myself the best present of all. From the beginning, the characters, plot, pace and writing style had me hooked. What a stoke of genius to include Babe Ruth in the story! I would highly recommend this book for anyone that is a fan of either history, baseball, the human condition or, just wants to read one heck of a story.
I loved this book! Lehane does such a great job developing the characters that I felt like I knew them each and was very attached to them. There are few twists that you don't see coming, and some predictable stuff mostly because of the period in time it takes place. He does a great job weaving the story into historical events. This is the kind of story that can go on and on.
An interesting snapshot of post WWI Boston.
The Given Day by Dennis Lehane is one of my all-time favorite books. Lehane creates some of the best characters and plot-lines that I have ever read, period. Lehane incorporates many interesting historical topics throughout. . .such as civil rights, WWI, unionism, communism, as well as many others. Not only is this book historically educational, it is extremely entertaining as well. 700+ pages seems short for this masterpiece work of fiction. I hope Dennis Lehane receives all the awards and recognition that he deserves for this book. I will be recommending it to everyone that I can.
This book combined fascinating characters and historical perspective to provide an unflinching portrait of Boston post WWI. Unionism, civil rights, a fear of communism, with a little Babe Ruth thrown in are combined to tell of a changing world. Dennis Lehane keeps you interested from page one.
This book started a little slow for me, but be patient and allow yourself to be drawn into the world Lehane has created. The interweaving of real events with the fictional story of these families adds another point of interest. Who knew there was such a thing as a molasses flood? This great big book went all too fast as I progressed. I thought the characters and situations were believable, and I liked that the main characters were not drawn in black and white. This is the first of Lehane's books that I have read, but won't be the last.
It takes several days to read The Given Day, but each day is worth it. This is just the kind of book one can sink into and get carried away with. Lehane creates the sights and sounds to involve you in the lives of the characters. I was glad that it was a long book.
Had never read Lehane before. This doesn't make me rush to buy another.
This is like the best eva!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Now I'm just a high school student, but personally this was a book that compared to a movie, tv show, a song, etc.. I was actually able to focus, understand, and enjoy this book. The Given Day was about a white man, who ia an amatuer boxer, police officer, and owns two servants, his name is Danny Coughlin. I mentioned his servants because they are just as important to the story as he is. The first servant is a woman, Nora O'shea. Danny and her have had a past and had a very strong relationship thats now coming back into the light. Danny's other servant is his driver, Luther Lawrence; Luther has fled the south and left his pregnant wife behind because the policed identified him to be a shooter in a murder case. After reading this book I realized that I enjoyed the end of the book just as much as the beggining of the book. I'm not going to ruin it, if you're planning on reading this book, but I liked the end because in the end all of he characters were happier considering that their situations are worse then when we first met them. Enough about what the book is about this is just an overall good book, involving hints of Babe Ruth, the Boston Police Strike of 1919, corrupt cops, what one will do for love, and the coming of new technology. Like I said I'm just a high school student but in my opinion any adult would appreciate this book for all its worth! I would definitely recommend this book for anyone who enjoys reading!
A fine portrait of Boston in the 1915 - 1925 (roughly) era. The first part of the book deals really well with Babe Ruth getting himself in a game against some African American baseball players. I'm not a big baseball fan myself, but this was one of the best parts of the book. We get into the meat of the book, and follow two main protagonists. Danny is a Irish Boston policeman being drawn into the police forces struggles to unionize, and Luther is an African American (he's in the baseball game) who goes from Ohio, to Tulsa Oklahoma, and then has to flee to Boston, where he ends up getting a job working in Danny's father's house as a servant. The characters in this book from the main one's on down are really well portrayed. If I had a problem, it was maybe that there are too many big events / adventures. I might of liked to have a little more of the focus on the little things in the life of Bostonians of this era. Overall it's not a Classic, but it's a really good book that is worth reading.
Having listened to the audiobook version of this book, Michael Boatman's ability to get into audio character of each of the various characters is astounding. He voices the different accents, from thick Irish, to Bostonian, Black, Yankee, and yes, although somwhat lacking, even the female persona. The actors come alive in the story and one finds themself transformed into an era long forgotten. The issues surrounding post war America and an economy struggling to survive, while a true flu pandemic rages throughout the country, are met with various political groups bent on altering America as they knew it. It pits labor against management while focusing on issues of ethnicity, gender, religion, and national pride; all while millions of servicemen are returning to an economy incapable of handling so many white men looking for jobs where none exist. It shines a spotlight on the huge underbelly of corruption. That was the Boston Police Department, and the mob power brokers on the eve of the 1919 prohibition and woven into the fabric of nearly every societal faction, from the lowly beat cop, to the governor of Massachuchetts, to the black culture of corruption in Tulsa, Oklahoma, of all places. One could confuse the conditions of society then with the very issues facing America today. Then it was anarchists, bolshevicks, and unions. Today it is Al Queada, health care, the green movement, ACORN and an out of control government. LeHane pulls together so many seemingly disconnected issues and weaves them in such a way that one finds themself researching historical archives to verify his story. Oddly enough, the historical accounts of the riots and the Boston Police strike are quite accurate and his portrayal of the events are nothing less than amazing. Historical perspective is the biggest contribution LeHane brings to the table. Boatman simply brings his work to life. This would make a great movie on par with Mitchell's Gone With The Wind. Every time I listened to the audiobook, I came away with something new that had escaped me on a previous listening. I will listen to it a few more times before I am completely satisfied. This is a must for any library.
Yet another amazing book by my favorite author, Dennis Lehane. Deatiled descriptions on the story have already been given so I won't rehash them, but I had to add my 5 stars to such an excellent book.
While I enjoyed the change of era, early 1900's, it was difficult to identify w/any of the characters. Also, it is a very long read and the climax comes very near the end. I did enjoy the fact that given the times there was an open and socially unacceptable relationship between a negro, a white woman and her lover, the main character. It demonstrated that not all people felt the need to keep the races seperated. I thought that was rather fascinating. This is my first read of Lehane and I would have difficulty reccomending this book due to how long the book is. So, if you have the time, give it a shot.
Dark Shine
I have always enjoyed Lehane's books and this is no exception. Even though the subject matter was so disturbing, the author puts you there with descriptive prose and you feel a part of the story, even if you do not want to be there. That's what I like in an author and this one delivered.


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The Department of Revenue posts sale tax collections monthly for each Wilson County municipality and for Wilson County government. Sales made inside a municipalitys corporate city limits are applied to that citys receipts while all other sales are regarded as collections due county government.
So far, local sales tax collections for the countys three municipalities are up for the same period one year ago.
The positive trend in sales tax collections points to an improving economy.
In recent weeks Wilson County has seen a reduction in unemployment percentages and an uptick in the real estate market, all of which are contributing factors, according to local government officials, in a stronger local economy.


text:
LONDON (AP) — Despite three days of rioting and looting in London, Olympic organizers were going ahead with a series of events to prepare for the 2012 Games.
A women's beach volleyball tournament began as scheduled at Horse Guards Parade, with players in bikinis competing on a specially made sand court a short distance from Prime Minister David Cameron's 10 Downing Street residence.
But organizers decided to use two courts instead of one for Tuesday's 12 matches so that play could finish 90 minutes early, allowing spectators and staff to leave before dark.
FIVB Beach Volleyball Director Angelo Squeo consulted with high-ranking London Olympic organizers and police before taking the decision. Squeo, who was on site during the Olympic Park bombing at the 1996 Atlanta Games, told The Associated Press he "will do whatever to not even risk putting in danger anybody here."
Other scheduled test events this week include a marathon swimming competition at Hyde Park on Saturday and a cycling road race that will go through the streets of London on Sunday. The world badminton championships are taking place at the Olympic venue of Wembley Arena in north London.
Olympic men's badminton champion Lin Dan of China said he took some precautions amid the unrest.
"I just aimed not to go along the street too much," he said through an interpreter. "It was all right."
A wave of violence and looting has raged across London, as authorities struggled to contain the country's worst unrest since race riots set the capital ablaze in the 1980s. More than 400 arrests have been made so far.
Television broadcast images around the world of buildings and vehicles in flames and looters running amok.
"A lot of detailed work has taken place regarding security plans for the games and we will continue to review them together with the Met Police and the Home Office over the coming year," LOCOG, the local organizing committee, said in a statement.
Olympic security officials said they are confident of their plans and have already taken public disorder into account as a potential risk.
"Obviously, in light of the appalling events in London over recent days, we will review our planning to ensure that any lessons are identified," said Assistant Commissioner Chris Allison, the national Olympic security coordinator. "But first, we must fully establish the circumstances of what has happened and at this time it is too early to say whether our planning will significantly change.
"What is absolutely clear is that we are committed to the games being delivered in safety and security, for athletes, spectators and the wider public."
Mayor Boris Johnson said he felt "ashamed" at the violence and the damage to London's image around the world.
"In less than 12 months we will welcome the world to a great summer games in the greatest city on earth — and by then we must all hope that we will look back on these events as a bad dream," he said in a column in the London Evening Standard. "It can be done. But it will be hard, and we will have our work cut out."
The volleyball court was bathed in bright sunshine for the start of the 24-team tournament. The stands, which will be boosted from their current 1,500 capacity to 15,000 for the Olympics, were about half full for the opening three matches.
"You'll have incidents anywhere you are in the world," U.S. player Brittany Hochevar said after a win over a Chinese team. "It doesn't matter. If you're in a big city, this could happen anywhere in the world, so this doesn't change my perception of London for 2012 or give me concern for the Olympics. That's the world."
British Olympic Association spokesman Darryl Seibel expressed confidence the games would go safely.
"It makes an Olympic Games and a Paralympic Games all the more important," he said on Sky TV. "We need a reason to come together. What better city to do it in than London. This is not a reflection of London, this is a reflection of the world we live in today."
Hundreds of Olympic delegates from around the world were gathering Tuesday at a luxury hotel in Park Lane, near Hyde Park, to check on logistical preparations for the games. The chefs de mission, or team leaders, from more than 200 national Olympic committees were scheduled to tour the venues on Wednesday.
"We know that security has been a top priority in the planning and preparation for London 2012, and we have full confidence in the work being done to prepare for the games," Seibel said in a statement.
Across town, in the Canary Wharf business district, top International Olympic Committee officials huddled with LOCOG leaders for a regularly scheduled "project review" of preparations for the games. LOCOG chairman Sebastian Coe and his team were meeting with a delegation led by Denis Oswald, the IOC executive board member who heads the coordination commission for the games.
The IOC reiterated its confidence in security planning for London.
"Security at the Olympic Games is a top priority for the IOC," spokesman Mark Adams told the AP. "While we are not responsible for security, we're happy with how local organizers are dealing with the issue and we are confident they will do a good job."
Groups of young people rampaged for a third straight night, setting buildings, vehicles and garbage dumps alight, looting stores and pelting police officers with bottles and fireworks into early Tuesday.
The unrest started Saturday night in the Tottenham area of north London following the fatal shooting of a local man by police. It spread closer to the Olympic complex Monday when scattered violence broke out in the Hackney area of east London.
Hackney is one of the five boroughs encompassing the Olympic Park, a square-mile site that will be the centerpiece of the games. Monday's violence took place about 4 miles from the park.
The unrest, which has affected some of the boroughs encompassing the Olympic Park, comes less than two weeks after London celebrated with great fanfare the one-year countdown to the opening of the games on July 27, 2012.
Cameron cut short his summer vacation in Italy and returned to London to deal with the crisis. He recalled Parliament from its summer recess and said 16,000 officers would be on the streets of the capital Tuesday night — almost tripling the number on the streets Monday night.
Britain was already preparing a massive security operation for the Olympics, but most of the attention has been on the threat of international terrorism. About 12,000 police officers will be on duty each day of the games, which have a security budget of at least $770 million.
A day after London was awarded the games in 2005, suicide bombers attacked London's transport network, killing 52 people. The British government is planning for the national terror threat to be "severe" during the Olympics, meaning an attempted attack is highly likely.
"It's not a great thing to be happening to London, but most of us can see past that to what a great city London really is and all the preparation going into this great event," said Heather Bansley, a Canadian beach volleyball player. "It shows how ready they are for the games."
AP Sports Writer Stuart Condie and Associated Press writers Danica Kirka and Jill Lawless contributed to this report.


text: 8/12/09 8/11/09 POPSUGAR Celebrity Red Carpet Photos of Hollywood Foreign Press Luncheon August 11, 2009 by Celebrity 0 Shares Chat with us on Facebook Messenger. Learn what's trending across POPSUGAR. View on One Page Photo 7 of 30 Start Slideshow ADVERTISEMENT () Share This Link Copy ← Use Arrows Keys → 7 Previous Next Red Carpet


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Saturday, May 18, 2013
Antlers Hilton Hotel, 4 S. Cascade Ave.
Colorado Springs, CO 80903
Reception ~ 8 - 9 p.m.
Dance ~ 9 p.m. - 1 a.m.
Graduating Seniors, Family, and Friends
Please join us in honoring the Class of 2013 as we celebrate with our annual Commencement Reception and Dance.
Enjoy complimentary appetizers and champagne during the reception hour, while mingling with President Jill Tiefenthaler and the Senior Class Committee. The senior class will also share their reflections on time spent at Colorado College with a slide show.
The evening will feature a live DJ playing a wide variety of favorites for all ages in the large ballroom, and live music of a quieter variety in the small ballroom; a free photo booth; and a professional photographer who will take family portraits that you can purchase following the dance.
Tickets are required for everyone, and we encourage you to purchase your tickets in advance.
Graduating seniors attend for free (with a ticket) and with their student ID. Children 12 and under are free. Adult tickets are $15.
Students are encouraged to pick up all tickets at the Tutt Alumni Office on Thursday and Friday, May 17-18, 2013, 10 a.m. - 4 p.m. Enjoy a cup of coffee and a dessert compliments of your Colorado College Alumni Association!
Wear "festive," cocktail attire!
(Everyone must bring photo ID to purchase alcohol)
To purchase tickets, click on the button below.


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CommentsBack to Article
Contribute your own thoughts, experience, questions, and knowledge for the benefit of all MedPage Today Healthcare Professionals and Expert Patients™.Post a comment
A much more effective stroke prevention method is Earthing. It thins the blood, making clots very unlikely, as this study shows: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3576907/ . And it costs nothing, if you make your own earthing device. Just google "DIY Earthing" for the instructions..
(E.) Barry Gordon, MD
Once again the assumption of cause and effect. Is it the lack of physical activity that predisposes to increased stroke risk, or is it the REASON for the lack of activity? Namely - lower testosterone levels..


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Schultz's Stuffing Suggestion To Boehner: 'You Can Put Some Gravy On That'
Ah, Thanksgiving. A time for Americans to come together, be grateful for their blessings—and tell people with different politics to stuff it?
That's apparently Ed Schultz's take on the holiday. On his MSNBC show this evening, gloating over his presumption that taxes will be going up on the top 2%, Schultz sent this warm 'n fuzzy message to John Boehner: "think about it over your turkey and stuffing Speaker Boehner. And by the way, you can put some gravy on that--and you know the rest of the sentence." View the video after the jump.
Ed Schultz—classy as always.
ED SCHULTZ: Bottom line, taxes are going up on the top 2% of Americans; the rest of the country is not going to bear the full burden of this deal. The President said it, Nancy Pelosi said it, the voters voted for it: they said it. What part of this does John Boehner simply not understand? The President is willing to reach a compromise with you, Mr. Boehner, but not on taxes for the wealthy. The Republicans have already lost this fight. I hope Speaker Boehner takes this message to heart over this Thanksgiving dinner. He can grandstand by speaking about Obamacare, or he can get down to brass tacks and tell his party fanatics that they are going to have to budge on tax hikes. Think about it over your turkey and stuffing, Speaker Boehner. And by the way, you can put some gravy on that--and you know the rest of the sentence.


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The genome of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC (MmymySC)
has been sequenced with funding from the SSF Genome program
in an attempt to facilitate studies regarding the organism's
cell function and the disease it causes. MmymySC is the etiological
agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), a highly
contagious respiratory disease in cattle and buffalo. CBPP
is widespread in central Africa where the disease is of great
concern in endemic regions. Since 1980, there have been outbreaks
also in Southern Europe. CBPP is, from a global point of view,
one of the most serious diseases in animals. It is the only
bacterial disease included in the A-list of communicable animal
diseases of Office International des Epizooties (OIE), the
World organization for animal health. MmymySC has a circular
genome of 1,211,703 bp and the G+C content is 24%. The genome
of MmymySC contains a large number of long repetitive sequences
(1). The complete sequence of the assembled genome has recently
been generated (2) and 985 putative genes have been found.
The complete sequence will contribute to a more detailed analysis
of the genome evolution of the mycoplasmas from the Bacillus-Lactobacillus-Streptococcus
branch, and increase the comprehension of small genome evolution
in general.


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Thoughts on Cora, Coste plus a Q & ADecember 1, 2009
In the video below I share my thoughts on the recent New York Mets signings of Alex Cora and Chris Coste. Plus a Q & A from go57mets: This offseason do you think the mets are capable of dealing Perez, and Castillo, and signing Tim Hudson, Holliday, and perhaps Wolf?
Links To Stories Mentioned In The Video Above:
ESPN.com: Mets Team Salary
Mets.com: Mets re-sign Cora, ink catcher Coste
This entry was posted in Baseball, New York Mets, Q&A and tagged Alex Cora, Chris Coste, New York Mets Q&A. Bookmark the permalink.


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Does Hershey's new logo like like the poo emoji?
Hershey released a new logo this week and the internet took over, added eyes to it and, well, it looks a lot like the poo emoji
On second thought, the new Hershey Kiss logo *does* kinda look like a steaming pile of.. pic.twitter.com/wI78Bz10rP
— The Logo Factory (@TheLogoFactory) August 28, 2014
Hershey's hires a design firm to design a brand new steaming pile of poo. http://t.co/lkTC35txKd pic.twitter.com/uqgOMsrfnb
— Jared Spool (@jmspool) August 28, 2014
Hershey's new logo is "just some blinking eyes away from being a poo emoji." http://t.co/X8iJiuvnMy pic.twitter.com/vMVQIFY4vp
— Kira Bindrim (@KiraBind) August 28, 2014


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Seattle Viaduct Project Could Define City Development
"From an engineering standpoint, it is absurd to compare Seattle's proposed cut-and-cover tunnel to Boston's Big Dig. The Boston project, writes Dan McNichol, its former deputy director of public affairs, in his book The Big Dig, 'is the largest and most complex urban infrastructure project ever undertaken in the modern world. It is bigger in scale than the Panama Canal or Hoover Dam and more complex in its planning, engineering, and construction than the two combined.'"
"Boston's Big Dig is eight miles long with 121 lane miles, 80 of which are in a tunnel. Seattle's full project 'corridor' would begin in the north on Aurora Avenue North at the intersection of Ward Streetâ€"four blocks north of Mercer Street on the eastern slope of Queen Anne Hillâ€"and would run south to a point on Highway 99 three blocks south of Qwest Field."


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Steubenville High School's season-opener Thursday night marked a return to the gridiron for wide receiver Ma'lik Richmond, who was sidelined last season.
That's because the high school senior was behind bars, serving a juvenile prison sentence for rape.
Richmond and another Steubenville High football player were involved in a sexual assault on a 16-year-old girl, who was intoxicated to the point of alcoholic coma. The attack, which surfaced in part because of videos of the incident, drew nationwide attention and raised questions whether school officials and coaches covered up players' involvement because the "Big Red" team reigns supreme in Steubenville.
Richmond, 18, has served his prison sentence, but as a convicted Tier II sex offender he will have to register his whereabouts every six months for up to 20 years.
There are those who would argue that he has paid the price for his crime and, as a onetime juvenile offender is entitled to a chance at redemption.
We believe a convicted rapist has no place on the high school gridiron -- or in the classroom, for that matter. As an athlete and potential role model in a "football town" such as Steubenville, he ought to be held to a higher standard.
The fact that Richmond has served his time does not erase the fact that he committed a horrendous crime against a young woman. The idea that "Big Red" fans may be cheering his exploits on the gridiron is repugnant. And we can't imagine how young women at Steubenville High must feel when encountering him there, knowing the actions that sent him to prison.
Steubenville High football coach Reno Saccocia, who continues to coach "Big Red" despite speculation that he attempted to shield Richmond and the other player convicted of rape, told a local TV station that Richmond had earned a second chance.
We disagree. Because of his actions, he has forfeited the privilege -- and involvement in extracurricular activities such as athletics is a privilege, not a right -- to return to the football field. And, because of his conviction of a violent crime, he also has forfeited his place in the classroom. While he has a legal right to an education, arrangements ought to be made for instruction off-site.
Having Ma'lik Richmond on the football field isn't about second chances or redemption. It's a signal that, as far as Steubenville High School is concerned, it's still business as usual when it comes to football. And evidently that means a sense of entitlement for those on the gridiron; it appears that they can do just about anything -- including raping a teenage girl -- without lasting consequences.
There's a rapist on the gridiron at Steubenville High School this fall. He has no place being there.
From:...cbsnews.com....Ohio Chief Probation Officer Fred Abdalla Jr. told CBS affiliate WTRF, "There's no law against it that states he can't play. There's no OHSA rules that they'd be violating, then I think the boy should be allowed to play. Ma'Lik Richmond has done everything the court has asked him since he's been sentenced....
*Maybe no law, but what about common sense...Why would the parents of the students of Steubenville, allow an adult sex offender to mingle with their children, and attend their school? Put him in alternative school for sex deviates.
The schools that are on the football schedule should tell Steubenville, we don't play with rapists, that's our policy. If he comes on the field, walk off.
A little kid was expelled from school sometime ago for chewing his pop-tart into the shape of a handgun, EXPELLED zero tolerance....
A convicted 18 year old student rapist, should be expelled forever, Zero tolerance for RAPIST, and find another way to get educated. He made the choices..
What about the Victim? Traumatized for life.. You don't hear much of anything about her.
All the comments voiced here are the product of pure hysteria. So many of the opinions expressed run against the laws and rights expressed in the U.S. Constitution and the Ohio Revised Code. If you disagree with those then it's your right to work to change them. But here, the assertion that because this individual is male he is not covered by those laws and rights and should therefore be subject to the whims of the writers'--or any writers'--emotionalism, writers who in no way were even parties to the events that led to the actions taken against Mr. Richmond, is just that--hysteria. It's like reading the editorials of that local guy that once, in his own misplaced piety, revealed the license plate of a local man because he thought it expressed an inappropriate capitalistic sentiment regarding his own wealth and then the writer had to apologize for his own crossing the line and breaking the rules. He knows who he is.
He's "earned" a second chance? How? By serving a court ordered incarceration? He has served his time but he has earned NOTHING! I wonder if it was the coach's daughter at that party, would he feel the same way. Of course not. Well, at least this nice young man will be ready for the life of big time college football or the NFL where you can punch a woman in the face until she is no longer conscious and you will only miss a couple games.


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Can anyone point me in the right direction??
i have an eee pc 900 (20g) i have windows installed on my 4g primary and i want to put BackTrack 3 on my 16g secondary drive and be able to choose which OS to load when i turn my eee on.
has anyone done this yet on there eee? i found loads of information on installing BT but i can't figure out how to set it up for two seprate drives.
any help with this would be greatful


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The rights and obligations created under the Family and Medical Leave Act ("FMLA") can leave even the most seasoned human resources professional confused. To prevent potential liability, employers should have a clear policy and process in place to ensure compliance with the law. Furthermore, since a violation of the FMLA can result in significant liability, employers should always ensure that they are in compliance with the law before denying FMLA to an employee who requests it.
What is FMLA?
Enacted in 1993, the FMLA gives eligible employees the right to take up to twelve (12) weeks of unpaid leave for specified family and medical reasons. An employee may take FMLA leave if he or she has a serious health condition and therefore cannot perform the essential functions of his job. An employee may also take FMLA leave to care for a spouse, child or parent with a serious health condition. Serious health conditions are illnesses or injuries requiring in patient treatment or continuing treatment by a health care provider. Mental health conditions may also qualify as serious health conditions if they require continuing treatment.
The FMLA also gives employers certain rights. The law allows an employer to require an employee on FMLA leave to obtain medical certification of his condition. An employer may also require the employee to obtain a "Fitness for Duty" certificate from his medical provider stating that he may return to work.
As an employer, how can I ensure compliance with FMLA?
An organized paper trail is an important tool for ensuring compliance with the law. Key documents that an employer should file include:
* A record stating the employee's request for leave and the date of the request;
* Verification from the employee's physician confirming his serious medical condition, if required by the company;
* Any correspondence, including emails, to or from the employee regarding his leave; and
* A "Fitness for Duty" certificate completed by the employee's physician verifying that the employee may return to work, if required by the company.
Employers should also create a "chronology" of important dates. The chronology should include the date of the request for leave, the date the leave was taken, and the date of the employee's return to work. Dates of any communication with the employee regarding his or her leave should also be included.
Additional key points to keep in mind when an employee requests FMLA leave include:
* FMLA's notice requirement is not applicable to emergency situations: The FMLA requires an employee to provide 30 days notice of his or her intent to take leave. However, the law also recognizes that many serious health issues are emergencies. In such situations, an employee is required to give notice to his employer of the leave as soon he or she is able. Thus, an employer should not deny FMLA to an employee simply because the employee did not meet the notice requirement.
* The employer has the burden of recognizing that the leave requested qualifies as FMLA leave: An employee's request for FMLA leave is effective even if he does not specifically mention the law. An employee may simply state that he needs to take time off to care for a sick family member. It is the employer's job to recognize that the leave qualifies as FMLA leave.
* An employer may require an employee to put his or her request for leave in writing: If the employer's notice requirements demand written notice, the employee's failure to provide such notice can be grounds for denying or delaying approval of leave qualifying under the FMLA.
* Employers should always give the employee requesting FMLA leave the benefit of the doubt: When acting on an FMLA request, an employer should have a policy of giving the "benefit of the doubt" to the employee. For example, if the "certification" information submitted by the employee or the employee's doctor does not show that the employee has a serious medical condition, rather than deny the request, the employee should be given a chance to obtain additional certification within a reasonable time.
What happens when an employer denys FMLA leave to an eligible employee?
The consequences for denying FMLA leave to an eligible employee can be severe. For example, in Lubke v. City of Arlington, 455 F.3d 489 (5th Cir. Tex. 2006), the plaintiff , a 22-year veteran of the Defendant City of Arlington's fire department, was scheduled to work December 31, 1999 through January 1, 2000. Like many organizations in late 1999, the fire department had a "Y2K plan" in place. On December 30, 1999, Plaintiff telephoned a call box and left a message stating that he would not be at work during the Y2K weekend because he had to care for his wife, who was ill. When he returned, Plaintiff submitted a standard leave form, on which he wrote: "Wife was ill with severe bronchitis/possible pneumonia. During coughing spells had strained back muscles and could not get out of bed. Needed my assistance."
The plaintiff also provided his employer with an examination form from a doctor dated December 22, 1999 and receipts for three prescriptions for his wife. Plaintiff's supervisor then submitted a personnel complaint against Plaintiff for his unscheduled leave. Although Plaintiff "repeatedly" asked the assistant chief what type of substantiation would be sufficient, he received no response. Nearly four months after the Y2K weekend, Plaintiff was told that his employment would be terminated. Plaintiff asked for two additional days to obtain a report from his wife's doctors, but his employment was terminated. He filed a lawsuit alleging an FMLA violation.
After a ten-day trial, a jury awarded the plaintiff damages for lost wages and benefits of $ 395,394, liquidated damages of $300,000, attorney fees $305,292, and court costs $ 9,576. The Fifth Circuit upheld the decision but reversed and remanded for recalculation of the damage award, which the court ruled should have been offset by a retirement plan payout.
Luke demonstrates the importance of having a set procedure for handling FMLA leave requests as well as giving the employee the benefit of the doubt when leave is initially requested. While the FMLA is an easy statute to violate, having a set procedure in place for compliance will reduce potential liability.
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Classic Cinemas works with a number of schools, park districts, organizations and businesses to present a movie event which meets their individual requirements.
For schools and/or park district groups, we typically set up a private morning show if we have at least 75 students. Or some schools prefer to reserve seats at the first matinee show when they have only a small group.
In the past companies have sponsored a special movie around Christmas for their customers and their families. An event can be tailored to suit any special occasion or holiday to add a more festive mood. A theatre is an excellent place to host a meeting with a big screen for your PowerPoint presentations. For information on Group Shows and Theatre/Auditorium Rental, please click here.
Birthday Party
Celebrate your birthday at the movies! Birthday party prices are per person and include admission and a Kiddie Combo (popcorn, soft drink & candy). All of our theatres can accomodate birthday parties and a party room is available for an additional fee at select theatres. For theatre contact information, please click on the theatre name below. (*Locations featuring party rooms)
Party rooms are also available for other special occasions such as small meetings, book clubs, troop meetings, etc.
Classic Cinemas corporate and theatre staff will work with you to make your event memorable.


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1969: The X-Men, Marvel's poorest selling title, flagging in sales and on the verge of cancellation, was in dire need of a shot in the arm. Enter Roy Thomas and Neal Adams, and one of the most amazing evolutions in Marvel history! Featuring the introduction of mutant mainstay Havok, the vampiric villain Sauron, the Mutates, and X-Man-to-be Sunfire!
Not to mention, the Living Pharaoh, a classic team-up with Ka-Zar in the Savage Land, as well as the return of Magneto and Professor X! Plus: Hank P. McCoy tries a stint as mad scientist and ends up creating - and being - his own monster! And while the Beast gets furried and hurried, his former teammates are fighting the likes of Morbius and the Hulk!
Guest-starring Spider-Man and Iron Man! Collecting X-Men issues t#54 through to 66, Amazing Adventures #11 to 17, Marvel Team-Up #4 and Incredible Hulk #150 and #161. Written by Roy Thomas, Arnold Drake, Dennis O'Neil, Linda Fite, Gerry
Conway, Steve Englehart and Archie Goodwin, with art by Neal Adams, Don
Heck, Werner Roth, Sal Buscema, Tom Sutton, Marie Severin, Bob Brown,
Jim Starlin, Gil Kane and Herb Trimpe; features a cover by Adams.Marvel, paperback, 560 pages, published February 2009
This product was added to our catalog on Thursday 20 November, 2008.
Maldon, Essex
Phone: 01621 877222
Copyright FPI © 2017All Rights Reserved


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by Jean-Louis André
French Chefs and Their Recipes is a book to be reckoned
with. Food and travel writer Jean-Louis André introduces
us to 15 seriously accomplished chefsan enviable,
diverse group of culinary geniuses. Some you'll surely recognize:
names like the legendary Paul Bocuse from L'Auberge de Collonges
in suburban Lyon; Alain Passard from L'Arpège in
Paris; Arnaud Daguin of Les Platanes in Biarritz; and Olivier
Roellinger of Brittany's Les Maisons de Bricourt. The geographical
spread of these chefs and their restaurants takes us into
areas where the regional influence is distinct and memorable.
the talent is so big, it's difficult to be fair to each
chef in the book. Each chapter contains an interesting and
concise profile: a mini-biography, an overview of the chef's
region, and insight into his or her style. Suffice to say,
every dish is spectacular and sophisticated. Each recipe
clearly bears the distinct mark of its creator. Starters
can be simple, like Michel Portos' Oysters with Herb Butter,
or Pierrot's beer-infused Maroilles Cheese Pie. Marc Meneau's
Beef Ravioli with a Vegetable Broth may require more work
and assembly (you'll need to spend some time filling the
pasta with hand-shredded raw fillet, oysters, shallots and
olives) but it's worth the additional effort. The result
is delicious, beguiling and beautiful.
dishes are unforgettable too: Georges Billon's Spaghetti
with Rock Lobster will soon appear on our dinner table.
Gérard Passédat's Oriental Mullet and Oyster
Consommé with Shellfish and a Pistachio Topping will
follow. Star anise seasons the fish stock; puréed
mullet liver and pistachio oil dresses the fish. Seafood
reigns supreme, but there are a few choices from the land
including Braised Shoulder of Veal with Fresh Truffle, from
Mathieu Viannay, of his namesake bistro in Lyon; and Bocuse's
Bresse "Chicken in Mourning" with Sauce Suprême.
It's stuffed, among other things, with root vegetables,
foie gras and truffle slices.
ever skip dessert. You'd be missing Anne-Sophie Pic's Candied
Vanilla Mango, Sugar Crisps with Lemon Cream and Vanilla
Ice Cream or Mango Sorbet. It's a visual and culinary masterpiece.
Pic's vanilla-poached mango is sensational. Great French
Chefs is about desserts where chocolate, for once, is
scarce. Instead, take advantage of inventive approaches
to fruit. End your meal with Meneau's Peppery Spiced Strawberries
or Passard's Pineapple in Salt Crust finished with
a vanilla-scented reduction of fresh orange juice.
you've been to any of the restaurants, André's book
brings back memories. If you haven't, the reading is a good
study for a future visit. Great French Chefs also
stands on its own as cookbook. Dishes range from somewhat
straightforward to challenging, depending on ingredients
and your level of experience. Recipes are clearly written,
nicely detailed and include both preparation time and cooking
long as you know how to source the specialty ingredients
(you'll need a very committed fishmonger to track down sea
anemones and periwinkles) nothing in the book is beyond
the reach of a confident, flexible and committed home cook.
Funding a dish like Marc Haeberlin's Goose Liver Terrine
wit Truffles or Anne-Sophie Pic's Truffle in Pastry "André
Pic" is another matter, but, hey, the pictures are
amazing and dreaming is free.
by Kevin Schoeler


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Foil Balloon Number 1 silverItem #: 22772
Add the product directly to your basket by clicking the checkbox
Foil Balloon Number 1 silver
Shiny foil balloon with the number one as a motive
With a shiny silver foil balloon and the number one can be compiled and thus combine different occasions a great decoration the various numbers.The foil balloon number one is to use great for a birthday or anniversary.Multi-foil balloons with number as a motif can be a variety of year figures Representing and for any festivity on a special date to remember.
The silver foil balloon number 1 consists of a polyethylene film on a shiny aluminum film was deposited as a motif and shows the number one.More foil balloons for birthdays in our range are the Foil Balloon Number 0 Silver as well as the Silver Foil Balloon Number 4 ,
- Scope of delivery: 1 x Foil Balloon Number 1
- Colors: Silver
- Size: approx. 86 x 41 cm
- Material: Polyethylene and aluminum
- The foil balloon with number will be shipped unfilled
- The foil balloon with number can be filled with helium or air
Attention: Not suitable for children under 3 years because of small parts can be swallowed.The foil balloon with number will be shipped unfilled and can be later filled by you with helium or air.,


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The ES Mass Spectrometry Lab
Location: LD366
Phone: 317-278-8491
The Gilhooly lab has two stable isotope ratio mass spectrometers. The MAT 252 can be run as either dual-inlet or by continous flow. It is currently connected to a Gas Bench II for stable isotope analysis of carbonates (δ13C and δ18O) and waters (δ2H and δ18O). The Delta V is designed to analyze carbon (δ13C), nitrogen (δ15N), and sulfur (δ34S) by combustion in an elemental analyzer, and oxygen (δ18O) of sulfate, nitrate, or phosphate by pyrolysis with a TC/EA. Please contact Bill Gilhooly for more information regarding cost per analysis.
The ES Geochemistry Labs
Location: SL018, 020, and 022
Phone: 317-278-8490
The geochemistry labs are well equipped to prepare and process a broad range of samples. We have an UIC Coulmetrics carbon analyzer for determing carbonate concentrations, microbalance, chromium reduction lines, and a variety of other tools.


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The BAPP Group of Companies founded in 1972 has now become the largest independent stockist and distributor of nuts & bolts and associated products in the UK.
The BAPP branch network covers total supply throughout the UK from our twelve locations. As well as same and next day delivery to our OEM customer base, each branch has it's own Tool and Fixing centre.
The BAPP Export Division at group head office has vast experience in shipping throughout the world and can cater to any demands for both major and small construction projects.