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A&B Equipment Co. Inc. has been serving the Jackson metro area for 30 years with quality used equipment. A&B offers in excess of 30 rental machines at very competitive prices from crawler dozers, excavators, rubber tire loaders to backhoes and motor graders.
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by Staff Writers
New York (UPI) Jan 16, 2013
Yaks on the high Tibetan plateau, over-hunted almost to extinction, are making a comeback with a recent count finding nearly 1,000 of them, researchers say.
A team of U.S. and Chinese conservationists from the Wildlife Conservation Society and the University of Montana counted 990 yaks in a rugged area called Hoh Xil, a national nature reserve nearly in the mid-eastern Tibetan-Himalayan highlands, a WCS release said Wednesday.
Wild yaks are the third-largest mammal in Asia, second only to elephants and rhinos, and 50 years ago the Tibetan plateau was dotted with wild yak much in the way that bison once stretched across vast North American prairies.
And like bison, wild yaks were slaughtered almost to the point of extinction, researchers said.
"For millennia, yaks have sustained human life in this part of Asia; it would be a cruel irony if their reward is extinction in the wild," Joe Walston, WCS executive director of Asia programs, said.
Conservationists say they believe the wild yak may be making a comeback following conservation efforts by Chinese nature officials and provincial governments.
"Thankfully, we have a chance now to secure their future and give back a little of what they have provided us," Walston said.
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2.2. Kinetics of activation [2]
2.3. Choosing the appropriate procedure [4]
2.3.2. Measurement of radioactivity
2.3.3. Experimental parameters
2.4. Methods of standardisation
2.5. Measurement and evaluation [6]
2.5.1. Analysis of the gamma spectra
5. Data processing – uncertainty estimation
Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) is a quantitative and qualitative method of high efficiency for the precise determination of a number of main-components and trace elements in different types of samples. NAA, based on the nuclear reaction between neutrons and target nuclei, is a useful method for the simultaneous determination of about 25-30 major, minor and trace elements of geological, environmental, biological samples in ppb-ppm range without or with chemical separation.
In NAA, samples are activated by neutrons. During irradiation the naturally occurring stable isotopes of most elements that constitute the rock or mineral samples, biological materials are transformed into radioactive isotopes by neutron capture. Then the activated nucleus decays according to a characteristic half-life; some nuclides emit particles only, but most nuclides emit gamma-quanta, too, with specific energies. The quantity of radioactive nuclides is determined by measuring the intensity of the characteristic gamma-ray lines in the spectra. For these measurements a gamma-ray detector and special electronic equipment are necessary. As the irradiated samples contain radionuclides of different half-lives different isotopes can be determined at various time intervals.
Although the development of analytical techniques has led to the expansion of new methods (ICP-AAS, ICP-MS, etc.), which can also be widely applied in analytical chemistry, NAA is still competitive in many areas. The indisputable advantage of the method is its sensitivity and accuracy especially in respect of some trace elements. The method is of a multielement character, i.e. it enables the simultaneous determination of many elements without chemical separation. In the case of instrumental determination, the preparation of samples involves only the preparation of representative samples, i.e. pulverization or homogenization in most cases, and this reduces the danger of contamination to a minimum and accelerates the whole analytical process. If the determination of some special elements or groups of elements can be carried out only through chemical separation, it is possible to carry out after irradiation. Thus the pollution caused by the different chemicals will not get activated, the chemical yield can be measured by feeding inactive carriers and the chemical processes can be better controlled. During NAA the neutrons get into interaction with the nucleus, therefore, the chemical composition and crystal structure of the substance under analysis will have an effect on the result only in exceptional cases.
The development of the method has contributed to the elaboration of some very simple and accurate methods of standarization, which lead to a surpassingly accurate analysis.
The widespread application of NAA is hindered, however, by some conditions. Among the different fields of application, the Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) following a reactor irradiation is the most competitive. In view of the increasing protest against nuclear energy, a number of research reactors have been shut down; therefore, the possibilities of irradiation are limited in many countries. The equipment needed for the analysis is rather expensive and requires special laboratories and a highly qualified staff.
In the process of NAA the neutrons interact with the stable isotopes of the target element converting them to radioactive ones. The so-called compound nucleus emits gamma rays promptly with extremely short half lives in the order of ms and these can be measured during irradiation through a technique called prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA). In most cases, the radioactive isotopes decay and emit beta particles accompanied by gamma quanta of characteristic energies, and the radiation can be used both to identify and accurately quantify the elements of the sample.
Subsequent to irradiation, the samples can be measured instrumentally by a high resolution semiconductor detector, or for better sensitivity, chemical separations can also be applied to reduce interferences.
The qualitative characteristics are: the energy of the emitted gamma quanta (E) and the half life of the nuclide (T½).
The quantitative characteristic is: the I intensity, which is the number of gamma quanta of energy E measured per unit time.
1. step of the analysis: sample preparation means in most cases only pulverising, homogenising, mass determination, packing, as well as the selection of the best analytical process and the preparation of the standards, if any.
2. step of the analysis: for irradiation one can choose from the various types of neutron sources according to need and availability.
3. step of the analysis: after the irradiation the analysts face the dilemma whether or not a chemical separation should be carried out for better sensitivity. If it is needed, the measurement shall be made after the separation. If there is no chemical treatment, the measurement is performed after a suitable cooling time (tc).
4. step of the analysis: measurement, evaluation and calculation involve taking the gamma spectra and the calculating trace element concentrations of the sample. The most widely used gamma spectrometers consist of germanium based semiconductor detectors connected to a computer used as a multichannel analyser for spectra evaluation and calculation.
Isotopic neutron sources [2]
In the case of the most frequently used isotopic neutron sources an alpha emitting radioactive material is mixed with beryllium and an (,n) reaction generates the neutrons.
Isotopic neutron sources:
Half life
s-1 Ci-1 emitted
neutron energy [MeV]
22 y
1620 y
2.4x104 y
138 d
The spontaneous fission of some artificially produced transuranium isotopes can be applied as a small neutron source. E.g. 252Cf (half life 2.6y) undergoes fission, producing 3.76 neutrons of 1.5 MeV per event. One milligram of 252Cf emits 2.28x109 neutrons per second.
The major advantage is that the isotopic neutron sources can be made portable and generate a stable neutron flux. But, as the neutron flux is rather low in comparison to a nuclear reactor their use in NAA is limited to the determination of elements of high activation cross section which are present in major concentrations.
These neutron sources are accelerators where a convenient target material is bombarded by accelerated charged particles and the neutrons are produced in a nuclear reaction.
In the most frequently used and commercially available neutron generators, deuterons are accelerated and the target material is tritium. The nuclear reaction carried out is 3H(d,n)4He. The energy of the produced monoenergetic neutrons is 14 MeV. The typical neutron yields of about 1011 neutrons s-1 mA-1 means a neutron flux of approximately 109 neutrons cm-2 s-1.
Due to the emitted fast neutrons, in NAA the neutron generators are used for the determination of elements of high cross section in this energy region.
Examples of elements of geochemical interest determined by the fast neutrons of generators [3]:
Magnesium: 26Mg(n,)23Ne T½ = 37.6 s
Aluminium: 27Al (n,p)27Mg T½ = 9.5 min
Silicon: 28Si (n,p)28Al T½ = 2.3 min
Titanium: 46Ti (n,p)46mSc T½ = 18.7 s
Iron: 56Fe (n,p)56Mn T½= 2.58 h
Zirconium: 90Zr (n,2n)89mZr T½ = 4.2 min
Nickel: 60Ni (n,p)60mCo T½ = 10.5 min
Owing to the high neutron flux, experimental nuclear reactors operating in the maximum thermal power region of 100 kW-10 MW with a maximum thermal neutron flux of 1012-1014 neutrons cm-2 s-1 are the most efficient neutron sources for high sensitivity activation analysis induced by epithermal and thermal neutrons. The reason for the high sensitivity is that the cross section of neutron activation is high in the thermal region for the majority of the elements.
There is a wide distribution of neutron energy in a reactor and, therefore, interfering reactions must be considered. In order to take these reactions into account, the neutron spectrum in the channels of irradiation should be known exactly. E.g. if thermal neutron irradiations are required, the most thermalized channels should be chosen.
In the case of nuclear reactions induced by neutrons the radioactivity of the examined isotope depends on the flux of the neutrons and the cross section of the given nuclear reaction. The cross section and the neutron flux highly depend on the energy of neutrons, and therefore the usual activation equation is:
, (1)
N: number of interacting isotopes
s (E): cross-section [in cm2] at neutron energy of E [in eV]
f (E): neutron flux per unit of energy interval [in cm-2 s-1 eV-1]
R: reaction rate
In nuclear reactors the integral in Equation [1] is usually replaced by the sum of two integrals separating the thermal and epithermal regions, the lower limit of the epithermal component of a neutron spectrum most commonly is 0.55 eV:
R = N (fth ·sth + fe · I0 ) (2)
sth: conventional thermal neutron flux [in cm2]
fth : effective thermal neutron cross-section [in cm2]
fe: conventional epithermal neutron flux [in cm-2 s-1 eV-1]
Io: resonance integral cross section (in epithermal region), for 1/E epithermal spectrum [in cm2]
The activity (A) of the isotopes depends on time. During irradiation the activity of the radioactive isotope produced grows according to a saturation characteristic governed by a saturation factor S=1-e-lti. Subsequent to the irradiation the isotope decays according to the exponential law: D=e-l td:
Where ti : time of irradiation; td : time of decay; l : decay constant
A = ( o) (3)
NAv: Avogadro number
fi : isotopic abundance
m : the mass of the irradiated element
Arel : atomic mass of target element
The intensity of the measured gamma line is proportional to the activity. The measured parameter is the total energy peak area (NP) at a particular energy given by
The efficiency (eg) of a semiconductor detector varies with gamma energy. The emission probability of a gamma photon at a given energy is the fg, tm is the measuring time.
When solving an analytical problem by means of activation analysis, or any other method, the analyst must select an appropriate procedure. In attempting an optimisation, one must consider a number of aspects. A set of experimental parameters must be chosen for adjustment, the others being fixed by practical considerations.
A number of elements have more than one isotope which can be activated by neutrons. Each activation product has its own cross-section, isotopic abundance and decay scheme. The first decision is to choose the most selective nuclear reaction in order to optimise the procedure.
The incident flux of the irradiating particles directly affects the level of radioactivity produced, generally the neutron self absorption is negligible.
In a nuclear reactor the neutron flux cannot be freely changed, but there are some possibilities to choose. The effective cross-section of a nucleus depends on the energy of the bombarding particles. Some reactions, "threshold reactions", do not occur below certain energy. Some interferences can be avoided by proper selection of the energy range. In nuclear reactors there are several irradiation channels with different neutron energy spectra.
The use of a thermal neutron filter is an important option of selection. This type of analysis is called Epithermal Neutron Activation Analysis (ENAA), where Cd or B is used as a filter. ENAA is advantageous in cases when the nuclide has a high Io/sth ratio. Some elements can be determined with higher sensitivity by ENAA, e.g. As, Br, Rb, Sr, Mo, Sb, Ba, Ta and U.
Some interferences can also be avoided by this way. Sometimes, the same radionuclide can be produced from two different elements, e.g. 28Al which is produced from 27Al(n,g)28Al and 28Si(n,p)28Al. The (n,g))) reactions are initiated mainly by thermal neutrons, while for (n,p), (n,a) reactions, fast neutrons are required. In this case, the samples can be activated twice, with and without cadmium filter, in order to determine both Al and Si in the sample.
Generally, the activation product emits more than one gamma quanta, each of different energy and emission probability. To choose the proper analytical gamma line(s) the gamma abundance, the efficiency and the possible interferences must be considered, in exceptional cases self absorption can be the main problem. Sometimes, it is also possible to use more than one gamma line in order to improve the accuracy and the reliability of the measurement.
The region of gamma ray spectrum bellow 150 keV is generally quite complex, and it is frequently advisable to count the samples with a Low-Energy Photon Detector (LEPD). In geological samples, the use of alternate gamma lines in the low energy region is more effective in the case of Ba, Nd, Sm, Tb, Hf, Th and U, while the determination of Gd, Ho, and Tm can be successfully realized only by measuring the photons at low energies.
Measuring geometry: the efficiency of the measurement depends on the solid angle presented by the detector to the sample. Therefore, the detection efficiency is highly affected by the shape of the sample and its distance from the detector. The counting rate can also be changed in this way.
In the case of shortage of samples (analysis of meteorites, special minerals etc.), very low concentrations in biological samples the use of a well-type detector is desirable.
By optimising the irradiation, decay and measuring times a lot of elements can be determined with higher sensitivity. A number of interferences can be avoided in this way, too.
For elements with short half lives the shortest irradiation and cooling times are determined by the technical limitations. In this case some special methods are required, e.g. the process of cyclic activation [5]. In this method the samples are repeatedly irradiated and counted, and then, the spectra are summed. The transfer, irradiation and counting times, as well as the number of cycles should be optimised.
The radioactive isotopes of long half lives produced after irradiating the elements for long time (e.g. eight hours) in a thermal channel of the reactor are measured several times. The cooling times are one week and one month or longer in special cases. By this way, usually 25-30 elements can be determined in different types of samples.
The two features of neutron induced reaction - high penetrability for neutrons and gamma radiation - ensure that its standardisation is potentially easy and accurate. As the signal to concentration ratio is nearly matrix independent, the sample preparation is rather easy; therefore, the risk of systematic or random errors is reduced.
The analytical procedure can be made faster and more economical by simplifying the standardisation procedure.
Since the theory of NAA is well founded, an "absolute" standardisation procedure can be applied. The quantitative measurement can be effected by determining the neutron flux and counting the absolute gamma rays. The direct calculation of concentration is made by applying nuclear constants according to Eq. 3.,4.
According to Girardi's investigation [6], systematic errors up to tens of percent may be the consequences of the uncertainties of nuclear data taken from literature, especially those on decay schemes and activation cross-section. Although recently the conditions have much improved, the factor of uncertainty is still considerable compared to the relative methods. Irrespective of this, the ability to estimate the quantity of an element in an unknown sample is a very important feature of NAA.
The method is based on the simultaneous irradiation of the sample with standards of known quantities of the elements in question in identical positions, followed by measuring the induced intensities of both the standard and the sample in a well known geometrical position.
A relative standardisation can be performed by means of individual monoelement standards, or by using synthetic or natural multielement standards. The calculation of the unknown quantity (m) is made according to Eq.5.
, ; (5)
(st) refers to the standard.
The accuracy of the relative method depends on the standard preparation procedure (e.g. non stoichiometry of the standard compound, dilution and micropipetting uncertainties).
The disadvantage of the classic relative method lies in the multielement application. The procedure of the standard preparation and counting is rather laborious, and this is coupled with the occasional loss of information if an unexpected element appears for which no standard has been irradiated.
The use of home-made multielement standards can be an answer to these problems, but this raises the question of homogeneity and stability.
There are commercial multielement Standards Reference Materials (SRM) available. They aim at improving the accuracy of the measurements and allowing a proper quality assurance in the laboratories.
The modern gamma measuring systems consist of a gamma detector, usually a HPGe type and sometimes NaI(Tl) scintillation crystals. The detectors are connected to a multichannel analyzer (MCA) by an appropriate electronic system (preamlifier, spectroscopy amplifier, etc.). Nowadays, the MCAs are computer based systems with the ability of an automatic spectrum evaluation.
The most important parameters of the detectors are the efficiency and resolution. The efficiency of the NaI(Tl) detectors is quite high, but their resolution is poor comparing to the semiconductor germanium detectors. The typical resolution of a 3x3" NaI(Tl) detector at 1333 keV energy is 90 keV and the same for a HPGe detector with a 30% relative efficiency (related to a 3x3" NaI(Tl) in similar circumstances) is 1.9-2.2 keV.
The usual objective of the measurements by gamma ray spectrometers is the determination of the number and energy of the photons emitted by the source. The peak location and the peak area in the spectra have to be determined. The peak location is a measure of the gamma energy, while the peak area is proportional to the photon emission rate. For the energy measurement the pulse height scale must be calibrated with standard sources emitting photons of known energies. In order to calculate the activities, the full-energy-peak efficiencies of the source- detector system have to be determined by using sources of known activities.
For the determination of the peak areas the background under the peak interval has to be subtracted. The net count (Np) results from NP = Nint - NB, (Nint integral under the peak and NB refers to the background).
The peak area can also be calculated by computer programs which fit an analytical function to the peak. The shape is described basically by a Gaussian function, modified by suitable auxiliary functions. Thus all the peaks including also the multiplets can be automatically analysed.
The nuclear decay processes occur at random, and follow a Poisson distribution, where the standard deviation (s) equals to N1/2 (N is the observed number of events). In gamma spectrometry, the peak area is the measured parameter. The standard deviation is: s = (N+2NB)1/2 where the confidence level is 68%.
The counting statistic is only one of the possible sources of errors in NAA, the overall value depending on a number of different factors (e.g. sample preparation, weighing, and uncertainty of standardisation).
- sample for analysis (chosen by the students: hair sample, soil or steel)
- standard solutions (Ca, Mn, Na standard solutions)
- analytical balance
- micropipette
- reactor for irradiation
- HPGe detector, spectrometer
1. Before starting the irradiation the following have to be answered:
- How can we determine Ca, Na, Cl in the samples in the presence of interfering components (e.g. Mg, Al, Si):
- Choose the proper - nuclear reaction
- analytical gamma line
- irradiation, decay and measuring times,
- Calculate the quantity of the elements to be used for standardization.
2. Sample preparation:
- weigh the samples into polyethylene bags using analytical balance
- prepare standards using micropipettes
3. Irradiation of the samples using pneumatic system of the reactor
4. Measure the gamma-spectra, evaluate the spectra (determine the peak areas at the given gamma-lines)
5. Identify the isotopes in the spectra using gamma library. Determine the elemental concentrations and their uncertainties using standard method (Eq. 4.).
Thermal neutronflux (at 10kW): 2,4·1011 neutron/cm2sec, measurable intensities at the chosen gamma line: 10 counts/sec.
Isotopic abundance
Gamma energy
Gamma abundance
23Na(n,g )24Na
14.959 h
9.458 m
2.24 m
37.21 m
8.719 m
2.578 h
· Efficiencies of the HPGe PopTop detector at 50 mm distance.
1. What is the difference between absolute and relative methods?
2. How can we determine e.g. Ca in lead (why it is difficult)?
3. How can we measure Al in soil?
[1] A.Vértes, S. Nagy, K: Süvegh, Nuclear Methods in Mineralogy and Geology, Plenum Press, New York and London (1998)
[2] D.Soete, R. Gijbels, J.Hoste, Neutron Activation Analysis, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1972
[3] H.Das, A.Faanhof, H. Van Der Sloot, Radioanalysis in Geochemistry, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989
[4] Z. Alfassi, Activation Analysis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1990
[5] M. Al-Mugrabi, N. Spirou, J.Radioanal.Nucl.Chem. 110,67 (1987)
[6] F.Girardi, G. Guzzi, J. Pauly, Anal. Chem.36(8), 1558 (1964)


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And here's me walking into Shea Stadium's Loge13 the night before:
It's just about time for the penultimate regular season game at Shea. My next post will be after the last game...and before our first playoff game, dang it!
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ARLINGTON, Texas -- The Rangers experiment with Jurickson Profar in left field opens Saturday night against Houston.
Manager Ron Washington received the thumbs up from third-base coach Gary Pettis -- who works with the club's outfielders -- and away we go.
It's another way to get Profar in the lineup, and if gives the Rangers an option in left field when a left-handed starter is pitching.
"It give me another position I can put him at," Washington said. "That's what this is."
Profar has been going through drills in the outfield for three weeks with Pettis, who told Washington on Saturday that his project is ready. When asked what to expect, Pettis didn't offer any specifics.
"When I see him tonight I'll know," Pettis said.
Profar has taken to playing the outfield, and believes he's getting better at reacting to balls off the bat.
"I've worked on it a lot," Profar said. "I've been working on reacting to the ball off the bat, whether it's a jam shot or they square up."
One thing for Pettis to deal with is Saturday's 6:15 p.m. early start -- 50 minutes before the usual 7:05 p.m. game time. The sun is especially brutal on left fielders -- Leonys Martin had trouble with a line drive in last Saturday's early start against Cincinnati.
Pettis has been working with Profar on shielding the sun in the outfield.
"This kid is a quick learner," Washington said.
Tepesch had ups and downs: Right-hander Nick Tepesch had a big positive and one not so big positive in Friday night's start against Houston.
Tepesch started the outing with five shutout innings, doing a particularly good job against Houston's left-handed hitter, keeping them honest with his change-up. That included a strikeout of Carlos Pena, one of nine punchouts for a career high for Tepesch.
"He did a good job of keeping it down and away in the zone," Washington said. "It's something he needs consider doing more and more."
Tepesch also allowed all four batters he faced in the top of the sixth to reach base. Washington thought the heat impacted the rookie pitcher.
"What I saw is he ran out of gas," Washington said. "The extension on the fastball wasn't there."
It's part of a process all young pitchers have to work through, whether it's dealing with the heat, going through the lineup a second and third time or getting the third out of an inning. Rookie Justin Grimm, who will start Sunday's game, is going through it too.
"(Nick) has to learn how to get over the hump," Washington said. "The way he came out of the shoot I thought he was going eight or nine."
Soria possible for Sunday: Reliever Joakim Soria was given a second day off Saturday after going back-to-back appearances for Double-A Frisco to complete his rehab assignment, putting him on target to be activated for Sunday's season finale against Houston.
Soria will be worked back methodically by the Rangers. He hasn't pitched in a big league game since the 2011 season.
"We're confident in his ability to get outs and he lacks none," Washington said.
Lewis does more work: Right-hander Colby Lewis (elbow soreness) threw another bullpen on Saturday as he pushes closer to his second rehab assignment this season.
West patch is on: The Rangers will wear a "SUPPORT WEST" patch on the right sleeve of their game jersey sleeves for Saturday night's game in honor of "City of West Night" at Rangers Ballpark in Arlington.
Jerseys will be raffled to raise additional funds for relief efforts. This is the first time the Rangers have worn a patch other than the Texas flag on their uniform since the 2011 World Series.


text: Posted October 27, 2013 Big storm on the way... Many are saying it's because of low pressure and the jet stream, some that it's a sign of global warming, some cosmic rays and the position of the moon... Yet we all know the real reason... The Rugby League World Cup! Biggest influence on weather, transport and industrial relations in the UK...Ever! Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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An ignition interlock device (IID) is a breath alcohol analyzer connected to the ignition system of a vehicle. The driver must blow into the device, and if his or her breath alcohol level exceeds the accepted level set on the device, the vehicle will not start. In addition, at different times while driving, the driver will be prompted to blow into the device to ensure he or she is not under the influence.
The IID Program allows DC DMV to reduce the license revocation periods for first or subsequent alcohol- or drug-related offenses. If you participate in the IID Program, you can get a restricted DC DMV driver license (either a restricted REAL ID license or a restricted Limited Purpose license) and drive designated vehicles with installed IIDs.
NOTE: The DC DMV REAL ID driver license is a secure, federal ID; the DC DMV Limited Purpose ID driver license is available to District residents who do not have a Social Security number.
More information on all of the steps and requirements for getting a DC DMV driver license is available at the links below:
The restriction and conditions on your driver license and on your driving will remain in place for the period in which your driver license has been revoked. That period of time will be extended if you violate the IID Program rules or commit another driving-related violation.
To be considered for this program, you must:
- Contact the Driver Services Administration at (202) 727-2200 to discuss eligibility and requirements.
- Have held a DC DMV driver license immediately prior to revocation.
- Have either been convicted in court of an alcohol- or drug-related offense or had your license revoked administratively because of an alcohol- or drug-related offense.
- Not have any additional or pending license suspensions or revocations.
- Have not been convicted of causing injury or death while operating a motor vehicle in any jurisdiction.
- Have not previously unsuccessfully participated in this program or any similar program in another jurisdiction for 5 years prior to the date of the application.
- Complete and submit the DC DMV Ignition Interlock Program Application and pay the application fee. The IID Program application is available at the link below:
- IID Program Application
Information on the fee is available at the link below:
- Obtain and maintain High Risk SR22 Insurance.
- Meet any other criteria as required by the Director of the DMV.
- Have the IID installed by a DC DMV approved vendor in all vehicles operated by you. DC DMV will provide the information you need at the consultation to determine whether or not you are eligible for the program.
If you have a commercial driver license (CDL), you are not eligible for an IID. Once a CDL holder has downgraded to a non-CDL, he or she may be eligible to enter the program.
If you are an out-of-state driver with an IID restriction who wishes to convert an out-of-state restricted IID license to a DC DMV IID restricted license, you must:
- Meet the requirements to convert your license to a DC license. Information on converting out-of-state licenses to DC DMV license is available at the link below:
- Convert Out-of-State Licenses
- Be currently enrolled (minimum of 30 days) in another state/jurisdiction's certified IID program and have at least one vehicle with an installed IID for a minimum of 30 days before date of application.
- Currently possess a valid out-of-state driver license with IID restriction (minimum of 30 days).
- Provide a certified driving record (issued within the last 30 days) from the licensing jurisdiction.
- Provide the vehicle registration and IID monthly reports reflecting activity and triggered events (30 days' minimum reporting requirement).
- Visit and obtain an IID from a DC DMV approved IID provider within 30 days of enrollment into the IID program. Vehicle must be registered in DC prior to visiting the IID approved provider.
- Remain in the IID program for the duration of either (1) the original IID license restriction in the previous jurisdiction, or (2) the IID license restriction that the driver would have received if the infraction occurred in the District of Columbia, whichever duration is longer. Once enrolled in the DC DMV IID Program, you will be required to follow the DC DMV requirements for the IID Program and may also be required to continue compliance with the requirements from the court or jurisdiction that initially required or allowed the installation of the IID.
- Have not been convicted for causing injury or death while operating a motor vehicle in any jurisdiction.
- Complete and submit the DMV Ignition Interlock Program Application and pay the application fee. The IID Program application is available at the link below:
- IID Program Application
- Information on the fee is available at the link below:
- DC DMV Fees/ Driver License Fees
- Obtain and maintain High Risk SR22 Insurance.
- Obtain a DC DMV driver license. More information on all of the steps and requirements for getting a DC DMV driver license is available at the links below:
- DC DMV REAL ID Driver License
- DC DMV Limited Purpose Driver License
- Title and register your vehicle in the District.
IID Program participants must pay all costs involved with the installation and monthly maintenance of the IID directly to the vendor. Costs are determined by each approved vendor.
You must also pay a DC DMV Ignition Interlock Application fee. Information on the fee is available at the link below:
General Information
If you want to participate in the IID Program, you must fill out an Ignition Interlock Device Application and have an IID installed by a DC DMV-approved vendor in all vehicles you operate. The IID Program application is available at the link below:
When the device is installed, the provider will show you how to use it, advise you about the monthly maintenance and reporting requirements, and provide you with written proof that the device was installed.
This written proof of installation and the completed application must be returned:
by email to [email protected]
by fax to (202) 727-6003
or by mail to:
DC DMV Driver Services Administration
95 M Street, SW, Third Floor
Washington, DC 20024
You must also obtain High Risk SR22 Insurance and pay a reinstatement fee to reinstate your driver license. Information on the fee is available at the link below:
If you are approved for participation in the IID Program, DC DMV will reinstate your license and issue you either a REAL ID or a Limited Purpose driver license with an IID restriction.
DC DMV records will indicate that an IID restriction has been placed on your license. Law enforcement officials are aware that individuals with this license restriction may only operate a vehicle with an IID installed.
If you violate the rules of the IID Program, you will either spend more time in the program, or you will have your driver license revoked, depending on the circumstances.
Approved Ignition Interlock Device Service Providers
You may visit the website at the link below or call the toll free number(s) below for cost, installation, or appointment information.
(800) 786-7394
Costs are determined by the independent vendors and not by DC DMV.


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Are you sick of Pumpkin recipes yet?
I sure hope not because I have just a few more for you. 🙂
I know with Thanksgiving coming up you may have the "dessert" assignment and although it's customary to be thinking of PIES, I don't think it's a necessity. Most people are just looking for something yummy, and perhaps pumpkin, and this next recipe is both of those things: yummy AND pumpkin!
If you're looking for something that easy and delicious and isn't a pie – then I recommend this Delicious Butter Pumpkin Cake.
Add some Cool Whip and sprinkles on top and I promise it will be a hit at Thanksgiving. 🙂
- 1 box Yellow Cake Box Mix
- 1 egg
- 8 TB butter, melted
- Filling :
- 1 8 oz package cream cheese, softened
- 1 15 ounce can pumpkin puree
- 3 eggs
- 1 tsp. vanilla
- 8 TB butter, melted
- 3¾ cups powdered sugar
- 1 tsp. cinnamon
- 1 tsp. nutmeg
- Place cake mix, egg and butter in a bowl and mix well. Pour into a greased 9x13 pan and pat down until the bottom of the pan is covered.
- For filling, place cream cheese and pumpkin puree in a bowl and beat until smooth. Add eggs, vanilla and butter and mix until all combined. Add powdered sugar cinnamon, and nutmeg and mix well.
- Pour the pumpkin mixture over the cake batter and bake at 350 for 40 - 45 minutes. When done, let cool completely and top with whipped cream. ENJOY!
Recipe adapted from HERE.
Told you it was easy! And doesn't it look SCRUMPTIOUS?!
For more Pumpkin treats be sure to check out:
White Chocolate Pumpkin Spice Snickerdoodles
For all Dessert Recipes go HERE.
For all Recipes go HERE.
And get weekly emails with monthly freebies by signing up for the Lil' Luna newsletter. 🙂
For even more great ideas follow me on Facebook – Pinterest – Instagram – Twitter – Periscope.


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KAPPA Chooses Flexera Software FlexNet Publisher Software Licensing Solution to Establish Long-Term Intellectual Property Protection
Broad Operating System Support, Strong Anti-Piracy Protection and Market Leadership Were Decisive Differentiators Over Competing Solutions
Schaumburg, IL - Jun 29, 2010 - Flexera Software, the leading provider of strategic solutions for Application Usage Management to application producers and their customers, today announced that KAPPA has chosen FlexNet Publisher as its long-term, strategic solution for software licensing and intellectual property protection.
Founded 25 years ago, KAPPA has established itself as a leader in providing petroleum exploration and production software to the oil and gas industry. The KAPPA software portfolio, which is sold and used globally, includes pressure transient analysis, production logging interpretation, production analysis, reservoir simulation and well performance analysis. Given its global reach and diverse customer base, KAPPA software is widely deployed on operating systems ranging from 64-bit Windows to Linux and frequently deployed in markets where copy protection policies and practices are not up to international standards.
"KAPPA was seeking a robust, sophisticated and proven software licensing technology for its entire product portfolio," said Olivier Houze, managing director at KAPPA. "Based on new market trends and specific requests from our customers, KAPPA chose FlexNet Publisher to enable software licensing and protect the substantial intellectual property in our software products. After evaluating all of the available alternatives, we chose FlexNet Publisher because it is the de facto industry standard, provides support for all major operating systems and delivers industrial strength software piracy protection."
FlexNet Publisher software licensing makes it easy for software vendors and high-tech manufacturers to manage, secure, enhance, and grow market share through flexible pricing, packaging, licensing, and protection of their software. FlexNet Publisher software licensing management is a core component of the FlexNet Producer Suite for Software Vendors, Flexera Software's Entitlement and Compliance Management Solution, which enables software vendors and high-tech manufacturers to increase revenues, get products to market faster and simplify customer relationships.
"KAPPA represents the type of software producer that FlexNet Publisher was designed for," said Priya Rajagopalan, director of product management at Flexera Software. "FlexNet Publisher supports every major commercial operating system and provides the strong protection capabilities global software providers require to monetize and protect their intellectual property."
Follow Flexera Software…
About Flexera Software
Flexera Software helps application producers and enterprises increase application usage and security, enhancing the value they derive from their software. Our software licensing, compliance, cybersecurity and installation solutions are essential to ensure continuous licensing compliance, optimized software investments, and to future-proof businesses against the risks and costs of constantly changing technology. A marketplace leader for more than 25 years, 80,000+ customers turn to Flexera Software as a trusted and neutral source of knowledge and expertise, and for the automation and intelligence designed into our products. For more information, please go to: www.flexerasoftware.com
For more information, contact:
Flexera Software
John Lipsey
(224) 465-9139
*All third-party trademarks are the property of their respective owners.


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Start 2017 on the Right Path
New Year's resolutions, beloved by some and loathed by others, are an integral part of the New Year's tradition. We wish our relationship to the new year to be one of joy and anticipation, and we ...View Article
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| Staying Healthy and Well
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Overall, good health is maintained by


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Bryce Dallas Howard Maternity Style
Bryce Dallas Howard's Glowing Maternity Style
Start Slideshow
Bryce Dallas Howard's Glowing Maternity Style
Bryce Dallas Howard has been Hollywood royalty since she was a mere twinkle in Opie's eye. Famous dad or not, Howard has earned her reputation as a talented, hard-working actor, writer, and producer. With her second baby on the way with husband and fellow actor Seth Gabel (the couple are parents to son Theo, 4), Howard can now add a new title to her impressive résumé: maternity fashion icon. Click through for a collection of the stunning redhead's best pregnancy looks.


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- 1/4 cup pure olive oil
- 3 1/2 pounds carrots, halved lengthwise
- Salt and freshly ground pepper
- 1/2 cup chicken stock or canned low-sodium broth
- 1 tablespoon honey
Preheat the oven to 400°. Spread the oil on 2 large rimmed baking sheets. Arrange the carrots, cut side down, on the baking sheets. Rub a little of the oil over the carrots and season with salt and pepper. Bake for about 45 minutes, or until the carrots are very tender and browned on the bottom.
In a large saucepan, heat the chicken stock with the honey. Add the carrots and, with a potato masher, mash the carrots coarsely. Season with salt and pepper and serve hot.


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This article is an Open Access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (
The interest in measuring physiological parameters (especially arterial blood gases) has grown progressively in parallel to the development of new technologies. Physiological parameters were first measured invasively and at discrete time points; however, it was clearly desirable to measure them continuously and non-invasively. The development of intensive care units promoted the use of ventilators via oral intubation ventilators via oral intubation and mechanical respiratory variables were progressively studied. Later, the knowledge gained in the hospital was applied to out-of-hospital management. In the present paper we review the invasive and non-invasive techniques for monitoring respiratory variables.
In the 1950s, reports of blindness caused by oxygen therapy administered to premature babies drew attention to the need to develop non-invasive techniques for measuring PaO2. Later, clinicians became interested in measuring PaCO2 as well. An important milestone was the introduction of pulse oximetry in 1985, which provided effective non-invasive assessment of oxygenation during sleep and exercise. Pulse oximetry cannot, however, provide information on PaCO2, so it cannot provide information about the patient's ventilation. Therefore, the development of techniques for non-invasive monitoring of PaCO2 became a priority.
Interest in measuring physiological parameters grew progressively in parallel with the development of new technologies and intensive care units (ICU). Physiological parameters were first measured invasively and at discrete time points; however, it was clearly desirable to measure these parameters continuously and non-invasively. The development of ICUs promoted the use of ventilators via oral intubation, and mechanical respiratory variables were progressively studied. Later, the knowledge gained in the hospital was applied to out-of-hospital management, and devices were developed designed to provide ambulatory care for chronic diseases [
In the pulmonary field, arterial blood gases and airflow are the target parameters to be measured. Techniques for assessing arterial blood gases were first developed for measuring oxygenation [
The physiological basis of blood gas pressure determination through the arterialization of capillary blood derives from experiments conducted by Baumberger and Goodfriend more than 50 years ago [
Although the gold standard continues to be invasive blood gas monitoring through arterial puncture, pulse oximetry has proven effective for non-invasive assessment of oxygenation during sleep [
Whereas non-invasive arterial oxygen saturation monitoring using pulse oximetry has proven reliable, non-invasive monitoring of PaCO2 remains controversial. Two techniques are of special interest in the non-invasive estimation of PaCO2: capnography (based on capnometry) and transcutaneous CO2 measurement.
Capnography has long been the standard of care for the non-invasive estimation of PaCO2 in many health disciplines, including anesthesiology, and pulmonary, critical care, and emergency medicine. Capnometry refers to the continuous measurement of CO2 in exhaled air, which is often accomplished by infrared spectrometric analysis during the respiratory cycle. All capnographs provide a single value for CO2, usually from end-respiration to end-respiration, designated end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2). When capnometric values are displayed as breath-to-breath CO2 elimination curves, the technique is referred to as
Two main types of capnographs are commonly available. The first,
Despite the relatively simple technology behind capnography and the ease with which capnographic measurements are obtained, the interpretation of the results requires a profound knowledge of the physiological bases of CO2 production, transport, and elimination.
Thus, the value of EtCO2 depends on extrapulmonary factors (endogenous tissue production and transport of CO2 to the lungs) as well as pulmonary factors (CO2 clearing by alveolar ventilation). In baseline conditions (cardiac output within the normal ranges, absence of situations causing hyperproduction or underproduction of cellular CO2), the gradient between PaCO2 and EtCO2 − P(a-et)CO2, see below–ranges between 1 to 3 mmHg. Changes in the P(a-et)CO2 gradient have been studied in several clinical and experimental situations. In an animal model of hemorrhagic shock [
Capnograms can show ventilation in one of two ways: graphs resulting from plotting CO2/time and those resulting from plotting CO2/volume. The usual representation is CO2/time, with PaCO2 on the X-axis and time on the Y-axis.
Phase I represents the clearing of the dead space at the beginning of an expiration; in normal conditions, the dead space is void of CO2. In phase II, the value of CO2 increases abruptly, reflecting the transition from clearing the large caliber airways to clearing the first alveolar units. Phase III, the alveolar plateau, which lasts throughout most of the expiration, reflects the CO2 content of millions of alveolar units each with different CO2 concentrations. Thus, both phase III and the value of CO2 at the end of phase IIl (EtCO2) are products of the CO2 mixture contained in these millions of alveolar units. Occasionally, a fourth phase (phase IV) in which an abrupt increase in CO2 is seen at the end of phase III is encountered in patients with conditions like pregnancy or significant obesity [
An alternative way of graphically representing capnometric information is by plotting expiratory CO2 on the X-axis and volume on the Y-axis. These capnograms are obtained by incorporating a pneumotachograph to the capnograph in order to provide continuous measures of CO2 elimination as a function of the volume of gas expired. The combination of airflow and capnography monitoring allows calculation of breath by breath CO2 production and pulmonary dead space. Therefore, the use of volumetric capnography is clinically more useful than time-based capnography. As shown in
Estimating the dead space is important for determining ventilator settings in patients with ARDS. Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is used to increase lung volume and to improve oxygenation in these patients. However, this technique may be helpful or harmful. On the one hand, PEEP recruits collapsed lung units and improves oxygenation, thus reducing the alveolar dead space since alveolar recruitment is associated with decreased P(a-et)CO2; on the other, PEEP-induced overdistension may increase dead space and widen this difference. Thus, the P(a-et)CO2 gradient reflects the physiological dead space. In ideal ventilation-perfusion conditions, the value of EtCO2 is situated between 1 and 3 mmHg lower than the PaCO2 measured in arterial blood; this difference is known as the P(a-et)CO2 gradient. However, in some situations this gradient can suffer considerable variations, and it is crucial to take these situations into account when monitoring critical patients by capnography.
Generally speaking, the P(a-et)CO2 gradient increases in conditions that increase dead space; in other words, P(a-et)CO2 is proportional to the dead space/tidal volume coefficient (VD/VT). Thus, diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or even conditions characterized by low cardiac output [
In spontaneously breathing patients, several attempts have been made to study the correlation between PaCO2 and EtCO2 in different clinical settings such as pulmonary embolism [
There may be alveolar units with a prolonged time constant due to bronchial narrowing which do not empty during tidal breathing. The CO2 of these alveolar units tends to equilibrate with mixed venous P CO2 values. In a longer expiratory maneuver, the greater expiratory time may allow lung units with low ventilation-perfusion ratio (V/Q) to empty and to be represented in a capnogram. This phenomenon has also been described by other authors [
The basis for the transcutaneous measurement of PaCO2 was first described by Severinghaus
The main technical problems in the systematic use of transcutaneous PaCO2 are due to the electrochemical nature of the commercially available sensors. Briefly, there are two main problems: the learning process (the proper placement of the sensor and the management of the device require a minimal degree of expertise) and the consumption of materials such as membranes or gas for calibration. These sensors need systematic calibration before each measurement and the membrane of the electrochemical sensor needs to be changed after a period of time that varies between the different devices; while some companies indicate that membranes should be changed before each measurement, others recommend that they should be changed every two weeks).
Measurements of transcutaneous CO2 can be used in two ways, each of which has some particular features of its own:
a) As a non-invasive substitute for arterial blood gases for discrete measurements in the pulmonary function laboratory or in emergency departments. In this setting, a key point that remains to be established is the point in time when the monitor offers the most reliable measurement, which can be influenced by the "overshoot phenomenon": two opposing phenomena may interfere with TcCO2 readings during the first few minutes of monitoring. First, the arterialization of capillary blood due to vasodilation takes several minutes. Second, applying heat increases the metabolism of the cells in the surface of the skin, raising CO2 release from these cells and causing a transitory overestimation of true PaCO2 (
Overshoot seems to vary among individuals and therefore cannot be predicted before monitoring. Early high TcCO2 readings may warn the clinician of its presence, although their interpretation depends on the patient's baseline PaCO2 [
b) As a monitoring tool that provides continuous estimates of arterial PaCO2. In this setting, two main drawbacks should be mentioned:
The delay in detecting acute events, which is estimated at about 2 min. This means that short events, like sleep apneas, often go undetected by the device.
Shifts during prolonged periods of monitoring. In some devices, the magnitude of the shift may reach values as high as 1.3 mmHg/hour of monitoring. Some commercial devices systematically correct the shift, but it is important that staff that manage the device are aware of it.
Despite these limitations, transcutaneous CO2 monitoring may be a useful adjunct in various clinical scenarios and should help improve control and therapy in many patients in the coming years [
Certain commercially available monitors offer transcutaneous measurement of both transcutaneous CO2 and O2. Many of these devices also allow the physician to set the working temperature of the electrode applied to the skin. Thus, while transcutaneous pO2 measurement can require working temperatures of 45 °C, temperatures between 41 °C and 42 °C suffice for TcCO2 measurement, although some authors have reported that TcCO2 measurements are more accurate at higher temperatures and recommend 43 °C for measuring both transcutaneous CO2 and O2. Nevertheless, as stated above, even at high temperatures, the correlation between transcutaneous O2 and PaO2 is suboptimal.
In a previous study our group validated a combined ear-lobe sensor SpO2/ transcutaneous CO2 [
In mechanically ventilated patients, respiratory mechanics can be measured in dynamic (no flow interruption) or static (occlusion technique) conditions. Modern ventilators employed in ICUs measure breath-by-breath flow (
Assisted ventilation can be total, partial, or absent, depending on the respiratory muscles' ability to generate the pressure applied to the respiratory system (Prs). The Prs of a ventilated patient is the sum of the pressure generated by the ventilator Pao and the pressure developed by the respiratory muscles (Pmus). The latter is negative, as inspiratory muscles act by producing a decrease in pressure below the airways, as described by the equation of motion [
The term
During mechanical ventilation the rapid airway occlusion method is the most commonly used technique for measuring respiratory mechanics. The mean airway pressure (Paw) wave has a characteristic trend with the highest peak at end-inspiration (Pmax), followed by a rapid drop after the occlusion (P1), and a slow decline until a plateau is reached (P2). P2 is the static pressure of the respiratory system (Pst, rs), which, in the absence of flow, equals the alveolar pressure (Palv), reflecting the elastic retraction of the entire respiratory system. The pressure drop from Pmax to P1 represents the pressure dissipated by the flow-dependent resistances. The slow decline from P1 to P2 after the occlusion depends on the viscoelastic properties of the system and on the pendulum-like movement of the air. In normal subjects, the alveolar pressure is near zero at end-expiration. Limiting expiratory flow or an inadequate respiratory pattern (high tidal volume or high respiratory rate) causes PEEPi due to volume trapping. PEEPi is detectable during the post-expiratory occlusion maneuver. The rapid airway occlusion technique is quick and easy to perform and provides immediate clinical data; this is especially useful when monitoring a paralyzed patient, even with a nonconstant flow wave, as occurs during pressure-controlled ventilation. Plateau pressure (P2) can be measured by applying a pause at end-inspiration during pressure-controlled ventilation [
Observing the pressure wave in the airway as a function of time during constant-flow ventilation in the absence of spontaneous inspiration provides information about the elastic load (tension) to which the lung parenchyma is subjected. During inspiration with constant airflow, there is a linear increase in flow volume. Therefore, during the constant-flow inspiratory phase, changes in the concavity or convexity of the pressure wave are associated with unnecessary stretching/overdistension of ventilated alveolar regions or to recruitment and derecruitment of alveolar regions that were collapsed at the start of inspiration and opened during inspiration. A linear pressure wave during inspiration indicates constant compliance and the absence of overdistension and/or cyclic recruitment and derecruitment of alveolar regions [
Dynamic mechanics may be derived during spontaneous breathing and in intubated patients in partially or totally supported ventilation [
Patient-ventilator synchrony is achieved using a flow- or pressure-trigger system. In pressure-trigger mode, the ventilatory support detects the drop in airway pressure that occurs during inspiratory efforts that surpass a specific threshold value (usually 0.5–1 cmH2O during assisted ventilation, although higher threshold values of up to −20 cmH2O may be set). Inappropriate trigger sensitivity may lead to increased work of breathing, delaying weaning, or patient-ventilator dyssynchrony, and subsequent need for sedation. On the other hand, flow triggering has the advantages of lower inspiratory workload and greater sensitivity, but it sometimes triggers ventilatory support when patients are not spontaneously breathing (autotriggering) [
A correct understanding of flow-trigger ventilation is important when managing non-invasively ventilated patients. Using masks or helmets during non-invasive ventilation (NIV) causes frequent air leaks and patient ventilator asynchronies during the inspiratory phase. This problem can be overcome by setting the bias flow as a compensating system, since its capacity reaches 20 liters/min; thus, PEEP can be applied without causing autotriggering [
Ineffective inspiratory efforts are the most common manifestation of poor patient-ventilator interaction [
The number of inspiratory efforts that a patient makes in a specific period of time can only be quantified by continuous observation of the airflow and airway pressure waves on the respirator's screen or with specific algorithms [
Up to 77% of admissions to medical ICUs take place, at least in part, for the purposes of monitoring, although only 10% of the patients monitored will subsequently have indications for major interventions [
Current monitoring systems show waves and values. Even when alarm thresholds are based on values, analyzing waveforms can be very useful. Specialists tend to analyze waveforms at the bedside. For example, in the intracranial trace, a P2 wave greater than the P1 wave can alert the specialist to a drop in intracranial compliance. Persistent airway flow at end-expiration is synonymous with autoPEEP. Extreme variability in pulse pressure suggests the need for intravenous fluid replacement, and so on. However, physicians require extensive training in order to carry out these analyses. It may be relatively simple to implement automatic processes for evaluating these phenomena once the signals from the monitoring devices have been acquired by a centralized system. To achieve this, information must be available in a form that is independent of the manufacturer of the monitor or ventilator.
The combination of elements from different monitoring devices (pressure at airway opening, airflow, and capnograms) could be of clinical interest. Measuring the volume of expired CO2 (rather than the pressure of CO2 in expired gases, which is usually available) allows the approximate state of the patient's metabolism to be estimated, and some parameters calculated from volumetric capnography provide information about the condition of the lungs and cardiovascular function. If the information from the ventilator flow sensor were combined with information from the patient's capnograph (nearly always available in mechanically ventilated patients), information about the volume of expired CO2 would be easily available without the need for additional equipment [
Because manufacturers of monitoring systems are concerned about avoiding false negatives (a true event going undetected), they lower the alarm thresholds, thereby generating excessive, often useless, information. Kestin et al. showed that, in the operating room, where patients are normally sedated and relaxed, only 3% of the alarms that went off alerted to events that represented a true risk to the patient [
Incorporating monitoring systems with more complex algorithms might represent a considerable improvement. Currently, signals are treated as if they were completely unrelated. Even when the ECG and respiratory plethysmographic signals are measured by the same sensors, the malfunction of one of the electrodes usually triggers a low level ECG alarm ("Electrode disconnected") and a maximum level alarm in the plethysmograph ("Apnea"). A more comprehensive overview is necessary to understand the physiological and physiopathological phenomena involved. For example, the combined presentation of bradycardia, hypertension, and increased intracranial pressure means much more than the sum of each individual phenomenon. While each element might result from many causes, the level of uncertainty is much lower when the three alterations present together.
The final aim of alarm programming is patient safety. In an environment in which human resources are scarce, simply warning of a potentially dangerous event does not guarantee that this aim will be fulfilled. Therefore, incorporating expert knowledge in monitoring systems could help staff to understand the phenomena and suggest solutions for the problems. The level of information in medical registers will determine the usefulness of the information that can be offered and will thus guarantee patient safety while solving the problem of detecting important events [
A telecare system consists of equipment (basically sensors and monitors) that transfers data to a communication controller, which then forwards the data to a monitoring center where they are stored in a database for subsequent access by the user. Nowadays, some of these sensors are wireless [
Telemedicine is normally used to compensate for the limitations of medical resources, in which a remotely located physician provides care for a patient either in-hospital or elsewhere. However, this is not the only scenario in which telemedicine can be used. In cities, patients can usually reach emergency services within half an hour. In rural areas, however, the distances are greater and the provision of medical attention may be delayed [
In this latter scenario, telemedicine can help to shorten the time needed to provide the best standard care to the patient. In a population-based retrospective cohort study of all trauma deaths in the province of Ontario (Canada) between 2002 and 2003, Gomez
At present, on reaching the scene of the emergency, paramedics must make a voice call to the coordination center and transmit information to the on-call physician if they need medical advice before taking a decision. Inevitably this "second hand" information is limited and partial, and there is a strong risk that potentially valuable information will be lost. In a telemedicine service model, the physician at the coordination center has access to signals and measurements from the patient monitor and the mechanical ventilator via the video and two-way audio systems of the ambulance cabin. So, the decision-making process is based on objective information (as in the hands-on paradigm). Furthermore, if the patient needs to be hospitalized, control can be transferred to another physician located at the reference hospital who can start managing the case when patient is still on the road.
Medical emergencies are a growing problem. Statistics from the Department of Health of the United Kingdom show that emergency consultations have increased at an annual rate of 6% since 1994. In fact, excluding admissions for births, 55% of all hospital admissions go through emergency departments. [
Around 15% of nursing visits can be replaced by home telenursing [
Partially funded by the 2005 Institutional Investigation Committee grant from the Parc Taulí Foundation. The authors thank Michael Maudsley of the University of Barcelona's Language Service for revising the English.
arterial oxygen partial pressure
arterial anhydride carbonic acid pressure
arterial blood gas
transcutaneous arterial oxygen saturation
arterial oxygen saturation obtained from arterial blood gas analysis
transcutaneous partial pressure of carbon dioxide
forced spirometric value in the first second
forced vital capacity
pulmonary function testings
flow over time
pressure applied to the respiratory system
pressure developed by the respiratory muscles
pressure at the airway opening
frictional forces generated with gas flow
resistance of the respiratory system
elastic forces
respiratory system compliance
positive end-expiratory pressure
Intrinsic PEEP
highest peak at end-inspiration
static pressure of the respiratory system
alveolar pressure
non-invasive ventilation
acute lung injury/adult respiratory distress syndrome
Phases and angles of a capnogram.
The measurement of exhaled and arterial CO2 makes it possible to represent the dead space.
Graphic representation of the overshoot phenomenon.
Drawbacks of traditional devices for transcutaneous measurement of carbon dioxide.
|Burns resulting from the high temperature of the electrodes
|Skin abrasion resulting from excessive friction of the electrodes
|Unreliable readings in patients with acidosis
|Long times for calibration and stabilization
|Need to change application site of the electrodes every 2–4 hours
Abnormalities in the capnogram.
|Increased length of phase I
|Increased dead space
|Decreased phase II slope
|Decreased perfusion (PTE, excessive PEEP, low cardiac output)
|Increased phase III slope
|Inhomogeneous V/Q:
- Airway obstruction
- Suboptimal PEEP
|Increased angle
|The same situations that increase the slope of phase III
|Increased angle
|Reinhalation of alveolar gas: malfunctioning expiratory valve


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ED Magedson – Founder
Ripoff Report
Alex Watson, Legal Affairs Investigationsn/a n/a, California USA
Alex Watson, Legal Affairs Investigations A woman reprorted as Alex Watson w/ Legal Affairs Investigations called my job at 8:31 am on 6/25/13 stating that I was going to be arrested in the morning and sent to jail for 6 months for a criminal offense. She then stated that my company did a background check on me and something was discovered by them that my company did not see. n/a California
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At 8;31 am on June 25, 2013, I received a call to my office from a woman who reported her name as Alex Watson, attorney at Legal Affairs Investigations in California. She asked if Robert Wright was there; I knew that there was something fishy about the call, so I told her that Robert had not come in as of yet. She said to give him a message and to tell him that he will be arrested at his job in the morning on a criminal offense by an officer and that he will be going to jail for 6 months. She would not give me any details other than the fact of it being a criminal offense. She further proceeded to asked if whether or not we performed a background check on him because if so, there might of been something we missed. After trying to gather more information abour the incident, she then began to become rather rude and unprofessional questioning me, "What part of criminal offense did you not understand?", I then hung up the phone and researched Legal Affairs Investigations to only find that it was fraud. Something really need to be done about this; after the call, I immediately went into desperation, shock and frieght.
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 06/25/2013 06:47 AM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/reports/alex-watson-legal-affairs-investigations/na-california-na/alex-watson-legal-affairs-investigations-a-woman-reprorted-as-alex-watson-w-legal-affa-1061864. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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SUBMITTED: Tuesday, June 25, 2013POSTED: Tuesday, June 25, 2013
If this call really happened you need to contact law enforcement. The caller broke several laws.
FYI, the police don't just come and arrest someone and put them in jail for 6 months. The police make the arrest, the prosecutors brings the charges, and a judge puts them in jail IF FOUND GUILTY.
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PDA Through the Years: Khloe Kardashian & Lamar Odom's Second Anniversary! (PHOTOS)
The couple has a unique chemistry that makes them quite the pair. Both are dedicated to their families, caring, sensitive, and share a similar sense of humor. We've seen them grow together on their reality show Khloe & Lamar, and even start their own enterprise via their unisex scent, Unbreakable.
What stands out the most, however, is how touchy-feely the two are together. They just can't keep their hands to themselves!
Celebuzz celebrates the famous duo with some of their best PDA moment — click through the galley for more.
It started well before their wedding with a whirlwind romance. After dating for just a month before they were betrothed.
They tied the knot in front of family, friends and Lamar's team members at a private estate in Beverly Hills.


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Hong Kong -- Taubman Asia confirmed a joint venture agreement between Taubman TCBL and Beijing Wangfujing Department Store (Group) Co., Ltd (Wangfujing), one of China's largest department store chains.
The joint venture will own a controlling interest in and manage a shopping center to be located at Xi'an Saigao City Plaza, a large-scale mixed-use development in Xi'an, China, which is developed by Shaanxi Fuli Real Estate Development Co. Ltd. This is the first retail development by Taubman TCBL in China since the company was formed in late 2011.
The joint venture between Wangfujing and Taubman TCBL will have the majority ownership of the shopping center. The remaining ownership of the shopping center will be held by Shaanxi Fuli Real Estate Development Co. Ltd.
"This agreement is a major milestone for Taubman TCBL," said. Rene Tremblay, president of Taubman Asia and chairman of Taubman TCBL. "It is the company's first investment in the China market and we are proud to have formed a strategic partnership with Wangfujing, one of China's most respected department stores."


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Michigan-Penn State Postgame Quotes
March 14, 2013
Penn State
THE MODERATOR: Go ahead and get started with an opening statement from coach.
PATRICK CHAMBERS: Proud of our kids. They competed. They played hard. Last month has been a lot of fun being right there, being so close.
Give Michigan a lot of credit. That second half run that they made on us, we couldn't respond and we couldn't get stops. Their bigs did a tremendous job today. I think that was really the difference. The bigs finished. They hurt us on the offensive glass as well.
I love this team and I'm really proud of these players and the way they competed to finish the season.
THE MODERATOR: Take questions for the student athletes.
Q. For either guy, what happened in the second half when they started getting on a roll. How difficult are they to stop with all their offense?
D.J. NEWBILL: I think that they got stops. They got out on the break, they hit shots, they rebounded the ball really well. I think that that led to them getting on their run.
SASA BOROVNJAK: It was really tough. They crashed the offensive glass all game long and we didn't do a great job of rebounding and that was the difference.
Q. D.J., Coach Beilein just had some really good things to say about potential for you guys next year with Frazier coming back. Talk about what you learned this year and the potential for next year.
D.J. NEWBILL: Just learning to keep battling. No matter what adversity strikes, just keep battling. This upcoming season, we can't look too far ahead, we got to get in the gym and work hard. This offseason we just got to put in that much more work.
Q. Can one of the players talk about the difficulty about getting inside against them?
SASA BOROVNJAK: My teammates did a great job of finding me today. I was just trying to find open areas to help my teammates down low. But again, like their bigs did a great job today. I give them a lot of credit.
THE MODERATOR: Okay. Thank you, fellows, you can return to the locker room. Take questions for coach.
Q. You mentioned the play of the bigs. You look at the rebounding it was pretty even but you look at the second chance points and they had 28 15. How big was that, their ability to cash in on their offensive rebounds?
PATRICK CHAMBERS: That was the difference in the two games that we played them we did a pretty good job for the most part. Mitch McGary set the tone in the first half. He had a double, double and he had 10 rebounds in the first half alone.
Again, Horford did his job and Morgan did his job. Those guys I thought were huge today. Because they know how we were loading to Tim and their shooters and Trey. So those guys had to catch and finish and they did.
As a matter of fact, they caught, they finished, and they got to the foul line. They're back breakers. 3 point plays are absolute daggers. And they did a good job.
Q. Talk more about the last month and how much fun you had and does this kind of make it feel like you're closer to getting over the hump this year?
PATRICK CHAMBERS: We got a lot of work to do. We're in the Big Ten. It's the best conference. Over the hump? I'll let you know when we get there next year. I told the guys and I said this after the game against Wisconsin, we lost in that buzzer beater I really enjoyed coaching them. I love coaching them and I want this season to continue.
We're starting to get better, they were starting to mesh. And the cohesion out there, it was great, the chemistry and the trust. You could just see it over the last four or five weeks. We were really starting to come around. It's a shame the season has to end.
Q. You must be pleased with only having eight turnovers against that pressure defense.
PATRICK CHAMBERS: Yeah. I'm pleased that we only turned it over eight times. I'm not pleased that they only turned it over four times. We took care of the ball over the last month for the most part. One game here or there we didn't do a great job. But took care of the ball, we got shots.
We didn't shoot the ball particularly well from the three today. They took away our threes, which was huge, because we made 10 threes against them at home last game. But we took care of the ball and our assists skyrocketed recently, which is good. We're starting to share the ball a little bit more and hopefully that can continue into next year.
Q. Was there ever a point this year where you had to warn them that you can't just fast forward to next year and get Tim back. Was there every any, wait until next year you had to get out of their heads?
PATRICK CHAMBERS: Well, there's no doubt. Every time we were in a press conference, every time we had media in it was all like, man, you guys are going to be good next year.
And I was trying to tell them to live in the moment. Take each day as it comes. Stay here, be right here, right now. Because we can still win games and get better. We have a choice. Make the right choice. The choice is to continue to work hard. And they did.
There's no guarantees next year either. There's always injuries, there's always something that's going to happen. So we have to continue what we laid out over the last few weeks and use that as we go into spring and summer.
Q. With Frazier out, he says he's on point with his rehab.
PATRICK CHAMBERS: Doing great.
Q. What did he learn this year being a student coach?
PATRICK CHAMBERS: He was awesome. He totally gets the coaching aspect of it. Totally see things when I get angry and upset during practice and games. He sees the game differently. He's very mature now.
It's going to be a challenge for him. It really is. Because he became a coach. Now he's got to go back to being a player and he's got to demand that respect and that leadership. And leadership never takes a day off. And I think he's looking forward to the challenge.
THE MODERATOR: All right. Thank you, coach.
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Mum Card by Kyoko Nakayoshi
Welcome! You are browsing as a guestWould you like to see projects made from this pattern and much more? create a free account What am I missing?
© Simply Knitting
Mum Card
Finished Size
For 10cm (4") x 15.5cm (6") card (when folded)
King Cole Merino Blend (DK; 100% pure new wool; 112m (123yds)/50g ball).
1 ball each of:
White (1) as yarn A
Olive (69) as yarn B
Gold (55) as yarn C
Sugar Pink (797) as yarn D
Linden (165) as yarn E
22 sts and 28 rows to 10 cm over stocking stitch using 4 mm needles.
Needles & Accessories
A set of 4 mm needles.
Yarn needles
Crochet hook 3.5mm (UK 9/US E4)
For more information, see: http://www.themakingspot.com/knitting/pattern/6-gift...


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I am about 19 weeks pregnant and this morning I woke up and my head and eyes were spinning and wouldn't stop then later had pains on my right below my chest side (right) and they were so insanely bad I couldn't talk but finally went away then when they went away I got so hungry I could eat everything in the world n not be full! What does this mean? I had done a lot of work the night before and I did have sex after so maybe it was a combo of the two?! Well, let me know what you think!
Answer this question


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Spicy Orange Pepper Chicken
Fresh orange, spicy jalapeño, crisp bell peppers and a sweet, pungent sauce make this quick chicken stir fry a great choice for an easy dinner. It's versatile enough to be served over rice or noodles. We like thin whole-wheat spaghetti because we feel its mild, nutty flavors make a nice complement, but white rice, brown rice, rice noodles, or even ramen would be just as tasty.
Spicy Orange Pepper Chicken
- Ingredients:
- 1 lb boneless chicken tenderloins
- 2 teaspoons soy sauce
- 1 teaspoon orange juice
- 1 teaspoon cornstarch
- 1 tablespoon vegetable oil
- 1 clove garlic, finely chopped
- 2 jalapeno peppers, seeded and chopped
- 1 small red bell pepper, seeded and cut into 1-inch pieces
- 1 small green pepper, seeded and cut into 1-inch pieces
- 1/2 small red onion, thinly sliced
- 1 fresh orange, peeled and sliced
- 1/3 cup ketchup
- 1/4 cup orange juice
- 1 teaspoon sriracha (Asian hot sauce)
- 1 teaspoon sugar
- Noodles or rice
Prepare the chicken by trimming away any white connective tissue. Cut each tenderloin in half lengthwise, then crosswise and place in a bowl. Mix the soy sauce, orange juice and cornstarch, pour over chicken and toss to coat. Let stand for 10-15 minutes.
Mix the ketchup, orange juice and sriracha in a glass measure. Add the sugar and mix until dissolved. Set aside.
Add oil to a pre-heated stir fry pan and add the red onion. Stir fry for 1 minute, add the garlic and continue cooking for another 30 seconds. Add the chicken and continue stir-frying until the chicken is almost cooked through, about 2 minutes.
Add the jalapeños and bell pepper and continue cooking just until the bell pepper is crisp tender, about 2 minutes more. Add the sauce, stir to coat the chicken evenly and heat to bubbling. Season with freshly ground black pepper. Serve over noodles or rice.
Makes 4 servings
Recipe adapted from "Martin Yan's Quick and Easy" by Martin Yan
Filed under: Poultry, bell peppers, chicken tenderloins, orange
SOURCE: MyGourmetConnection.com
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|Home > World News > Article
The body of an 11-year-old heir to a German banking dynasty has been found in a lake , days after his parents paid a $1.8 million ransom to kidnappers who snatched him last week.
Jakob von Metzler, whose family has owned the private Metzler Bank for 11 generations, disappeared on Friday on his way home from school.
His parents, Friedrich and Silvia von Metzler, found a ransom demand in their driveway demanding one million euros, which they paid on Monday.
But when the kidnappers failed to return their son police arrested several suspects and launched a vast search for the boy.
More than 1,100 police officers using dogs, horses and helicopters combed an area south of Frankfurt before his body, tied up in a bundle, was found in a lake surrounded by woodland.
Police said that Jakob was probably killed the day he was abducted. He was last seen on Friday, the last day of term, when a schoolfriend said he saw him get off a bus near the family's home in the Frankfurt district of Sachsenhausen.
When he failed to return as expected his parents went out to look for him, only to find the ransom note. It promised that Jakob would not be harmed if the money was paid.
A police spokesman said that a 27-year-old law student, who was known to the family, had made a partial confession to being involved in the abduction. He is likely to be charged either with kidnapping or with murder after tests on the body. The student was arrested on Monday along with two other men in their 20s and a teenage girl, who were later released. Tens of thousands of euros, believed to be part of the ransom payment, were found in the law student's flat.
Police said the suspect, who helped them to locate the body, had set out to befriend Jakob and his teenage brother and sister with a view to abducting them.
"I can't tell you of the dismay of the other children that the 27-year-old had tried to befriend them," said Harald Weiss-Bollandt, the Frankfurt police chief.
"This inhuman crime is, at least in recent history, without comparison in our experience.
"My staff has, in the last five days, done everything humanly possible to return Jakob von Metzler safe and sound to his family. Sadly that does not seem to have been possible."
Grieving neighbours left bunches of flowers outside the family's home.
The aristocratic von Metzler family, which founded the bank in 1674, are renowned in Germany for their philanthropy and as patrons of the arts. They have donated millions of dollars to museums, universities, hospices and children's charities. Nonetheless, they keep a low public profile.
Their company is Germany's oldest family-owned bank, with a clientele limited to the extremely wealthy, and has about 650 employees in Germany, America, Ireland and Japan.
The Metzler case is the highest-profile abduction in Germany since 1996, when Jan Philipp Reemtsma, the heir to a tobacco fortune, was kidnapped. He was released after 33 days with his family paying a record ransom of almost pounds 10 million.
The Telegraph, London
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text: On Thu, 2007-08-02 at 23:46 +0200, Artem Harutyunyan wrote: > Hi, > > I have several questions concerning Gold > > - How Gold server authenticates the users? I have captured the gold > packets using sniffer, and noticed that the name of the user is sent > the as the value of 'actor' attribute. What I want to know, is how > server figures out whether the request is really sent let's say from > 'amy', or it is 'bob' trying to impersonate 'amy'. > > - In the XML sent from client to server, there is an element called > 'Signature', which has inside, 'SignatureValue' (according to SSSRMAP > protocol specification is the signature over the <Body> element). Is > that signature generated using the password kept in > $GOLD_HOME/etc/auth_key ? > Yes, that is correct. Because the clients are setuid to gold, the suidperl feature allows the client to read the key from auth_key without allowing the user to actually obtain and read it. The client verifies that the specified actor is the same as the user invoking the request and uses this key to create the digest against the body which is sent in the signature. The server uses its own copy of the key to compute a digest on the body and verify that they match. If so, we know that the actor has been properly verified to be the invoker of the command. > - SSSRMAP protocol supports six security token types, among them > GSI(X.509) and 'Asymmetric key'. Which of the supported authentication > methods are implemented in Gold ? > Really only password and Symmetric Key are implemented in Gold at this time. > - When I tried to start Gold for the first time I've got an error > about missing 'sperl'. The error went away after installation of > 'suidperl'. As far as I know, use of this package is deprecated due to > security issues. Why does gold need that to run ? Is that possible to > run Gold without having 'suidperl' ? > As explained above, it is the suidperl/sperl functionality that allows the user to use the secret key without being able to obtain or read it. It is possible to install gold without suidperl, but then commands will be limited to the gold user. Other users will not be able to run gold commands. It may be possible to enable password-enabled clients, but your users would have to type a password every time they tried to invoke a command -- which I think most would consider untenable. The GUI does use this, however, because the browser has no other way to verify the user. Once a user is logged in, their password is cached for that session. It might also be possible in the future to enable some of the other security protocols defined in SSSRMAP (GSI, Assymetric key), but this would have to be a development effort sanctioned by my employer at this time, because my free time on this project is very limited. > Thank you in advance for your help, > Artem. > _______________________________________________ > gold-users mailing list > gold-users at supercluster.org > http://www.supercluster.org/mailman/listinfo/gold-users