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Caritas Africa and its partners held a forum in September in the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa on how micro-finance programmes can create livelihoods to lift millions of people out of poverty.
Caritas in Africa is running many micro-finance programmes to provide access to small amounts of capital to help people set up businesses. The programmes allow families to save up money and over time repay the loans. Caritas targets those who have little access to formal credit or savings services, especially women.
Studies show women are more likely to use their loans and profits to benefit their families by investing in their businesses and using additional income to meet household needs such as purchasing more food, improving family housing and health care, paying children's school fees, and saving for the future.
Caritas Uganda started its micro-finance activities as an emergency relief fund to war widows and people who lost their homes because of conflict. It grew into the Centenary Rural Development Bank, which is the largest microfinance institute in Uganda and the second largest bank in the country.
CRS (a Caritas member in the USA) has microfinance programmes that reach more than one million clients (69.9 percent women) in 36 countries in Africa, Asia, Europe and the Middle East, and Latin America and the Caribbean.
Archbishop Cyprian Kizito Lwanga of Kampala, President of Caritas Africa said, "Micro-finance is a proven strategy towards achieving the MDGs."


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Publisher's Description+
Ayo is a game commonly played in Nigeria, West Africa. Is is classified as a mancala game due to the similarity of the equipment but played with it own distinct native rules. The rules are actually very simple to learn but the game can become very engaging, with complex strategy, depending on the level of player. The essence of Console Ayo is the capture of the original rules and process of the game. There is a handful of blogs on the internet that explain and demonstrate the game�± but unlike eastern and western mancala variations Ayo cannot be found rendered as a software application, until now that is.
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What's new in this version:
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Maker's Mark Dipped Wax Shot Glasses
Great gift
These are beautiful shot glasses with a bomb shaped frosted interior.
so pretty sure the boyfriend would DEF get a kick outta this one. Just sayin...not too mention, I'm actually quite fascinated by how it looks. hehe.
These are perfect for anyone who is always using emoticons!
These are a fun way to keep everyone remembering which drink is there's. Bonus, its also a fun way to tell everyone your level of drunkeness.
I love the InsideOut Collection. I've already recommended their martini and champagne glasses. Now - their shot glass is available. A fun spin on the usual shot glass. Looks great with colored liquors as shown - very classy.
Your drink will taste a little stronger in these tumblers made from a unique combo of real concrete and glass. Great for any mixed drinks or just plain ol' water. Scotch on the rocks just seems so fitting for them!Added 9 Years Ago from Charles and Marie
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NYC store and salon openings, plus collaborations this fall
Find out about the biggest NYC store and salon openings, as well as the designer collaborations you need to know about this fall
With the change in season comes a whole new crop of beauty and designer collaborations, including Alexander Wang for H&M and Altuzarra for Target. We've also got the scoop on NYC store and salon openings this fall, such as a new Topshop location on Fifth Avenue and Spa Castle's outpost in Manhattan.
RECOMMENDED: See all things to do in New York this fall
Best new spa opening this fall
Spa Castle
You've likely either heard about or been to Spa Castle, the expansive sauna-and-bath mecca in College Point, Queens. For many, the train-plus-bus commute feels much like an exhausting trip to La Guardia Airport, rather than a relaxing outing to a day spa. But that's about to change, as the brand is launching a new outpost in Manhattan. With the name Spa Castle Premier, we can only imagine more high-end spa perks, but we imagine the luxury spa services such as Hand and Foot Reflexology, Golden Caviar Facials and Korean Scurb treatments will still remain. The new Manhattan facilities are set to debut this fall and will definitely feature a bade pool and outdoor sun deck.
Best new store openings this fall
Ramy Brook
This is a big fall store opening that's actually very small: The first brick-and-mortar location for the local line (known for its womenswear and handbags) is in a former Nolita copy shop that's just 360 square feet. It's set to open on September 26, 2014.
Birdcage at Lord & Taylor
Lord & Taylor is upping its cool factor with Birdcage, a new concept shop focusing on trendy accessories, home goods and local items (Local? Cool? Yes, we're still talking about Lord & Taylor.) The concept shop is set to open October 2, 2014.
Vineyard Vines
Who says preppy, Cape Cod fashion is just for the summer? Not this popular men's and women's line, which is set to unveil its first NYC location in November 2014.
Folks in the fashion crowd are obsessed with H&M's pricier sister brand (which was originally slated to open in the spring). The store's sharp, minimalist separates will make it worth the wait, which is a good thing because it looks like the opening has been pushed back yet again. Now it's set to open early winter 2014.
Best designer collaborations this fall
Altuzarra for Target
Designer Joseph Altuzarra is a big deal in the fashion industry, but not exactly a household name...yet. That's why we're excited to scoop up his clothes while his fame is still on the rise. For this collab with Target (items will also be available on Net-a-Porter), you'll find 50 womenswear goods starting at $18. Favorites include a military green trench coat ($90), sleek pencil skirts ($35) and a killer python blazer ($50). Visit target.com
Alexander Wang x H&M
The season's most anticipated collab is also the most mysterious. Details are still being kept under wraps, but the designer and the chain store both posted teases via Instagram earlier this summer. The photos in question? One was a key chain with two boxing gloves on it. So we're guessing Wang's line for H&M will have a sporty vibe to it, which makes sense since sportswear has been a major trend this year. And good news for guys: This collection also features items for men. Visit hm.com


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The following policies are in effect over Break:
1) Break housing is available only for residents who have submitted their requests forms by 4:30pm on Friday, November 16, 2012 and are approved by the Housing and Residence Life Office.
2) Students who are staying in University housing during Thanksgiving break for academic or University-sponsored purposes (and have been approved) will not be billed. Any other student approved to stay in University housing will be billed at a rate of $26 per night, as your room fee does not include periods when the University is closed.
3) All university and housing policies will be in effect during the break. Guests are not permitted in University Housing during Thanksgiving Break.
4) If any policies are violated, you will be required to move out of University housing immediately.
5) Campus Safety staff members will be on-call over the break and will conduct rounds through the building. In the case of an emergency, you should dial ext. 6242 from campus or (570) 348-6242 from a cell phone.
6) The dining halls are closed over break. You will need to arrange for your meals. Dinner on Tuesday, November 20, 2012 will be the last meal served on meal plans before the Thanksgiving Break. First Stop in Regina Hall will be open on Wednesday, November 21, 2012 from 8 a.m.-2 p.m. Meal plans will resume with dinner on Sunday, November 25, 2012.


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Vince Luxury staples
Founded in 2001 by Christopher LaPolice and Rea Laccone, this LA based American label set out to create a collection of luxury wardrobe staples. Initially with a focus on cashmere knitwear Vince has evolved to a full ready to wear clothing collection that features all pieces from stylish tops to the ultimate cut trousers. Timeless pieces but with very much a modern contemporary signature. Effortless sophistication is the foundation of the Vince look.
Vince and Morgan Clare
The understated styling of the Vince collection has made this a much loved label under the Morgan Clare umbrella. From the beautifully cut but quirky trousers to the luxurious but edgy knitwear. The Vince collection provides the perfect capsule wardrobe.


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COOJA and Testbed Federation/TWIST growing together
Two COOJA plugins and manuals have been published to integrate the TWIST testbed in COOJA and to take checkpoints and perform rollbacks both in TWIST and COOJA.
Call for Papers: CONET/UBICITEC 2013
The 4th International Workshop on Networks of Cooperating Objects for Smart Cities 2013 (CONET/UBICITEC 2013), colocated with CPSWeek 2013, accepts submissions until January 28th, 2013.
Newsletter issue #19
The 19th CONET newsletter has been published. You can read on Virtual Organizations for Multi-Model Based Embedded Systems and on the UvA Bird Tracking System.
EWSN 2012/CONET Master and PhD Thesis Awards
*** Extended deadline for applications: December 31st, 2011 ***
The Chairs of the 9th European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks (EWSN 2012) and the CONET Consortium are pleased to announce the Master and PhD Thesis Award Competitions in the area of Cooperating Objects. The prize is donated by CONET, the Cooperating Objects Network of Excellence.
Cooperating Objects combine the strong functional aspects of embedded systems, pervasive computing and wireless sensor networks. Cooperating objects entities federate themselves into dynamic and loose networks in order to reach a common goal. This common goal will typically be related to sensing or control.
Theses eligible for the competition
- have to be written in English;
- have to be supervised to a major part by an official European university (EU and EFTA);
- and have to completed between Dec 1st, 2010 and Nov 30th, 2011.
Candidates must submit the following materials (in English) in electronic format until Dec 31st, 2011:
- Application letter, including the name of the student, the title of the thesis, its duration, and its date of completion, the date of the defense, the overall grade and a report on the outstanding contributions of the thesis.
- Letter of recommendation from Advisor.
- The thesis itself.
Submission of a single document file in PDF format must be done thru EDAS at http://edas.info/newPaper.php?c=11675.
The award will be assessed by CONET members. Criteria for selecting the winner are scientific originality, scientific significance for the field of Cooperating Objects, quality of the presentation and potential for practical application. Each category of thesis (MSc or PhD) will have separate prizes assigned by separate academic and industrial juries, for a total of 4 prizes:
- MSc Academic - 250 Euros
- MSc Industrial - 250 Euros
- PhD Academic - 500 Euros
- PhD Industrial - 500 Euros
The jury can decide not to award some of the prizes if the quality or significance of the submitted works is not relevant. The jury will decide on which track the thesis will be evaluated. The winners of each category will be awarded during EWSN 2012.
If you have questions concerning the awards please contact Paulo Gandra de Sousa at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
In order to plan for the future, we must understand the past. This paper investigates the manner in which both naturalists and the wider community view one of the most intriguing of all questions: what makes a species special? Consideration is given to the essentialist view—a rigid perspective and ancient, Aristotelian perspective—that all organisms are fixed in form and nature. In the middle of the 19th century, Charles Darwin changed this by showing that species are indeed mutable, even humans. Advances in genetics have reinforced the unbroken continuum between taxa, a feature long understood by palaeontologists; but irrespective of this, we have persisted in utilizing the 'species concept'—a mechanism employed primarily to understand and to manipulate the world around us. The vehicles used to illustrate this journey in perception are the barnacle goose (a bird), and the goose barnacle (a crustacean). The journey of these two has been entwined since antiquity—in folklore, religion, diet and even science.
Ever since Carl Linnaeus formally established the species concept in 1735, there has been controversy about how a species should be defined [
The species concept becomes even untidier when we include that most elusive of parameters: time. For in a palaeontological species, definition is almost always morphological. Further, it is rarely based upon more than a fraction of the skeleton, and although this may seem quite "distinct", the skeleton too is but a portion of the whole. In vertebrates, especially mammals, systematic taxonomy (the system in which organisms are accorded placement into their species, genera,
The Greek philosopher Heraclitus once observed, "All is flux". With the species concept, this may be true in two ways—firstly, where a common origin of related species gives them a predisposition to interbreed,
This essay seeks to unravel how we perceive the world around us, and by this labeling, we have hoped to gain some semblance of mastery over it.
In 1859 Charles Darwin published
I have continued steadily reading & collecting facts on variation of domestic animals & plants & on the question of what are species; I have a grand body of facts & I think I can draw some sound conclusions. The general conclusion at which I have slowly been driven from a directly opposite conviction is that
Several aspects of this letter and Darwin's reluctance to publish deserve closer attention. Firstly when Darwin says that he has been preoccupied with the question 'of what are species', he is referring to what had become 'the species problem' [
Secondly, Darwin dealt with his reluctance to publish his evolutionary theory by carrying out an eight year long project to examine and classify barnacles. At that time there was no systematic classification of the Cirripedia (
By 1854 Darwin had completed his four-volume study of the Cirripedia [
At the time of publication of his final barnacle volume, he was closer to, but still not resolved to publish his theory of species mutability. Only the shock he received following correspondence from Alfred Wallace, a naturalist working in Borneo, propelled him into publishing his theory of evolution in 1859. What would certainly have concerned Darwin was the progress that Wallace had made in the development of the species concept [
There are aspects of Darwin's study of barnacles that open up large questions about how the history of a science like biology should be written. The difficulty of understanding the mentalities of those from other periods of time and acknowledging those difficulties is widely recognized [
What are the empirically verifiable conditions that have made possible and are making possible actually occurring history in its temporal extensions? … In what ways do historians constitute their history (Geschichte) when they fix it, orally or in writing and offer it to a circle of listeners or readers? Both… questions concern the mediation of being and saying, happening and recounting, (Geschichte and Historie) [
Like Foucault, Koselleck points to a central problem facing those who would write the history of an enterprise like natural history or biology. That problem concerns the interplay between concepts like the 'species' category itself, the empirically verifiable 'substance' of reality and the practices of observers and naturalists.
In the course of his long journey through 'barnacle darkness' Darwin had occasion, in early 1849, to write to H. E. Strickland. Darwin was perturbed by the difficulties he faced distinguishing between taxa, as well as how to attribute 'discovery' and naming rights to other researchers. He gave Strickland examples of the difficulties he was facing:
Olfers in 1814 made
In a postscript, Darwin refers to another case involving the barnacle
Linnaeus gives no type to his genus
The reference to 'old authors' and to Linnaeus's naming of
From some time before the 10th century and well into the 18th century, members of Europe's intelligentsia believed that two quite real creatures, one a crustacean called the 'goose barnacle'
It is no less provoking that Darwin drew on Linnaeus' nomenclature for the 'goose barnacle'
References to the 'barnacle goose' (hereafter referred to as the barnacle-goose) run from the Middle Ages through the Scientific Revolution beginning in the 17th century, to our own era of advanced scientific rationality. Such a periodization is conventionally understood as a narrative arc of epistemological progress. In this narrative arc what was once a miasma of medieval superstition, mysticism, and the kind of teleological scholasticism which Aristotle's 'species essentialism' licensed, gives way to the 'scientific revolution' and the application of scientific method. The latter is empirical, based upon careful observation, operationalization, and the use of experimental and mathematical procedures to produce predictive and explanatory laws.
Yet as historians of ideas and science have argued, this convenient narrative misleads [
…the world of everyday experience is made up of natural chemical and biological kinds whose exemplars manifest definite colors, change in time and are locally distinguished by their relations in time [
All known human communities seem well able to generate basic folk categories to describe the life-forms in their worlds, making 'groups within groups' that can be applied to local flora and fauna… indeed, humans impute taxonomic stability to their schema on the premise that species of plants or animals are stable entities [
This story melds into the modern conventional approach to the history of biology that argues that the discipline was shaped by an Aristotelian essentialist concept of species. Historians of science and philosophers and have long argued that Aristotle was responsible for a model of 'species essentialism' which held that species were
The taxonomy of living things that Darwin inherited was…a direct descendant via Aristotle of Plato's essences…In Darwin's day species of organisms were deemed to be as timeless as the perfect triangles and circles of Euclidean geometry [
Nonetheless, Aristotle did recognize a hierarchy, which could presumably provide an opportunity for transmutation [
Darwin's intervention in 1859 disposed of the species essentialist story, and barnacles and geese play a small but vital role in this. Darwin's decision to devote time and effort to researching barnacles began in Chile in 1835, during his voyage around the world on HMS
Darwin's barnacle project raised all sorts of questions about the classification systems used by zoologists. Darwin had wondered aloud in his letter to Strickland about 'the question of what are species' [
…when there is so much variation within a group like the barnacle what—in terms of size, mode of reproduction, and life cycle—common features hold the family together? [
The question of what Darwin meant by the word 'species' has long teased, and this is surprising given the central role played by the word 'species' in
Without engaging all of the very large questions about Darwin's intervention there is one question we do want to address here: how well does the story that Darwin inherited a taxonomy of living forms from Aristotle, via a line of naturalists and theologians, stand up to scrutiny? In particular how well does it make sense of the beguiling story of the barnacle-goose represented all too frequently as a 'myth' or a 'comedy of errors' but which demonstrated surprising longevity? [
Making sense of the longevity of the barnacle-goose saga across the second millennium in Europe requires a capacity to reflexively grasp the relationship between the writing of history and the role played by sense-making categories available both to the historical actors—and to the historians writing about them. The difficulties are formidable as neither the language categories (
…awareness of a gap between historical events and the language used to represent them—both by the agents involved in these events and by historians retrospectively trying to reconstruct them … [
In short there are fundamental conceptual and hermeneutic problems involved in writing history—and these arise because history is to varying degrees a discourse of past reality rather than an assemblage of verifiable facts.
At stake here is what kind of practice a critical historical consciousness might look like.
This general observation requires us to identify both what the case of the barnacle-goose represents, and what Darwin's solution to the 'species problem' represents for the kind of reflexive critical historical consciousness involved in this hermeneutic exercise. In particular we explore what and how Europeans thought about the barnacle-goose and the extent to which ideas about species were at stake. We begin by reflecting upon the way the 'barnacle goose/goose barnacle' nexus unfolded in European natural histories over the last two millennia.
While there is a good deal of evidentiary material testifying to the 'existence' of the barnacle-goose, establishing the point of origin in the idea that a barnacle tree grew fruit-like barnacles from which geese burst forth to take to the air is complex. In 1928 the English chiromancer, historian, and psychic, Edward Heron-Allen (1861–1943) published a delightful text that reviewed the history of the 'barnacle tree in myth and nature' [
Nonetheless, Heron-Allen attributes equivocal accounts, made during the 11th century, of the creation of birds from trees to Fr. Pietro Damiani, then Bishop of Ostia (the harbor city of Rome) [
What is clear is that by the 12th century the barnacle-goose was well attested. There are at least three accounts of the barnacle tree, each of which appeared in the late 12th century: by Rabbi Isaac ben Abba Mari, Gerald of Wales, and Alexander of Neckham [
By far the best-known early account of the barnacle-goose was offered by the monk Gerald of Wales (1146–1223) who accompanied the invading armies of Henry II to Ireland and whose account of the barnacle-goose in
There are here many birds that are called 'Barnacles' [barnacoe] which in a wonderful way Nature unnaturally produces; they are like wild geese but smaller. For they are born at first like pieces of gum on logs of timber washed by the waves. Then enclosed in shells of a free form, they hang by their beaks as if from the moss clinging to the wood and so at length in process of time obtaining a sure covering of feathers, they either dive off into the waters or fly away into free air … I have myself seen many times with my own eyes more than a thousand minute corpuscles of this kind of bird hanging to one log on the shore of the sea, enclosed in shells and already formed… [
Finally, towards the end of the 12th century Alexander Neckam (1157–1217),
…bird which is commonly called bernekke [which] takes its origin from pinewood which has been steeped for a long time in the sea. From the surface of the wood there exudes a certain viscous humour which in course of time assumes the shape of a little bird clothed in feathers and is seen to hang by its beak from the wood. This bird is eaten by the less discreet in times of fasting because it is not produced by maternal incubation from an egg. But what is this? It is certain that birds existed before eggs. Therefore should birds that do not emerge from an egg follow the dietary laws for fish any more than those birds which are begotten by the transmission of semen? Have not birds derived their origin from the water according to the irrefutable pages of holy doctrine? [
As Donoghue has noted, all accounts assume that knowledge of the barnacle-goose was widespread by the 12th century and address dietary issues for both Christians and Jews—and this implies that these accounts could only have been written after what he calls the 'legend' had been in circulation for some time [
The British Museum has an image from a
Bernace or barnacle-geese as described by Gerald of Wales (Giraldvs Cambrensis circa 1146–1223):
As time passed, the story grew, aided by the new technology of printing and printmaking, and Britons seemed eager to claim the barnacle-goose as their own. The 1597 edition of John Gerarde's
"This tree had been known for centuries to grow certain shellfish, which falling into the water, doe become foules, whom we call Barnakles… Brant Geese… or tree Geese" [
It is Gerarde's tree, or variations of it that abound in the literature up until the late 17th century, by which time, the barnacle tree had migrated to islands to the north of Scotland, or in some instances Ireland [
The story of the barnacle-goose was to endure even as the Scientific Revolution gathered momentum. In the 17th century Giralamo Cardano argued in his
It was not until the middle of the 17th century the weight of intellectual opinion began to turn against the representation of the barnacle-goose—although there had been skeptics, including Frederick II (d.1250), Albertus Magnus (d.1280) and Roger Bacon (d.1294). Albertus insisted, 'I myself and many of my colleagues have observed these birds copulating, laying eggs and feeding their young'. Since Albertus is most unlikely to have ever visited Spitzbergen where the wild birds breed, it must have been domesticated birds that he saw [
Closure of the barnacle-goose saga occurred in the late 18th century, when the French naturalist, Jean-Étienne Guettard (1715–1786) critically analyzed the phenomenon:
No one who has read this memoir can fail to be amazed that an absurdity such as we have been discussing has occupied the attention of scientists of the first rank for centuries, and that it has taken all this time to establish a truth which a properly conducted observation would have established… it would have been sufficient to have watched the life-history of the s (or) to have made a careful dissection… but that would have required care and attention, and it was more convenient to give a loose rein to the imagination [
On the one hand those who attested to its existence claimed to be good empiricists attending to the way things looked. As Buckeridge has pointed out, goose barnacles look superficially like a miniature bird [
The representation of the barnacle-goose was quite unlike the invocation of exotic beasts such as the phoenix or the Scythian lamb in distant lands—for at the time it was an acceptable interpretation of a natural phenomenon. Anglo-Saxons were fairly observant and had a reasonable knowledge of their natural world,
Since it was never observed mating or laying eggs, medieval Europeans thought it never did so: they simply assumed that it started life attached to a floating log. The representation of the barnacle-goose as a hybrid form simply served to make sense both of a goose with no known nesting ground and of a crustacean that looks like a goose. It was widely believed that the goose 'generated spontaneously from sap exuding from marine driftwood' with Gerald claiming to have seen minute budding specimens of this bird; importantly, the morphological relationship between adult and embryo was unlikely to have been widely appreciated [
The stalked barnacle
None of this implies that Gerald or his contemporaries got it right, for important questions remain: e.g., how did medieval people sustain a belief in things they could see, with things they could not see but believed to exist? This represents a conceptual schema at work in the medieval trope of the world —as the book-of-nature worked to represent the visible world as:
A vast network of created objects that bare profound theological meanings … made manifest through a contemplative consideration of how they analogously resemble moral and theological truths [
Among those truths was the way God allowed for marvels and wonders. In the Middle Ages it seems that as well as visibly present local wildlife and domestic animals, marvels such as sirens, phoenixes and barnacle-geese were accepted as both actual
Daston and Park remind us that the conceptual or discursive framework available to medieval communities had its own history [
Be wise at length, wretched Jew, be wise even though late. The first Generation of man from dust without male or female [Adam] and the second from the male without the female [Eve] thou darest not deny in veneration of thy law. The third alone from male and female, because it is usual, thou approvest and affirmest with thy hard beard. But the fourth, in which alone is salvation, from female without male, that with obstinate malice thou detestest to thy own destruction. Blush, wretch, blush, and at least turn to nature. She is an argument for the faith and for
Gerald of Wales represented the barnacle-goose as both an empirical entity that he had seen a thousand times over
The same point may be made when contemplating Nehemiah Grew's landmark text
Accounts of hybrid creatures continued to circulate into the 17th century and valuably, sponsored experiments in comparative anatomy and embryology. The later Renaissance stalls the continued salience of animal/plant hybrids, such as the 'Scythian lamb' (or 'the vegetable lamb of Tartary') into the early modern period… indeed, Girolamo Cardano used comparative arguments in his 1557 manuscript
… the much more basic ideas of distinct stages, water-sheds, new beginnings, and punctual or decisive change. These narrative conventions, imported into intellectual history from 18th- and 19th-century political historiography, only distort the nonlinear and non-progressive cultural phenomena we describe. For the most part our story is not punctuated by clearly distinguished epistemes or turning points, but is instead undulatory, continuous, sometimes cyclical [
We have noted how the philosophical tradition associated with Aristotle and represented as a tradition of 'species essentialism' has played a central role in the history of biology. How then should we think about the claim that for more than two thousand years Aristotle's model of species essentialism has shaped the way naturalists produced descriptions of living forms? Essentialism itself is a way of thinking about:
…natural kinds. It holds that each natural kind can be defied in terms of properties that are possessed by all and only members of that kind. All gold has atomic number 79 and only god has that atomic number ... a natural kind is to be characterized by a property that is both necessary and sufficient for membership [
More particularly a species essentialist view holds that when thinking about a species like
…species essentialism…has enjoyed a long and distinguished history, being traceable back, broadly speaking, to the views of Plato and Aristotle on the one hand, and the Book of Genesis on the other. The combination of these two traditions found its culmination in Carolus Linnaeus [
If the implication is that there is a seamless tradition of species essentialism running from Aristotle to Linnaeus, it is tempting to expect that the medieval period, given the dominance of Aristotelian thought we think characterized this period, would sponsor a species essentialist view—for this would enable a way of classifying life forms like the barnacle-goose. However this supposition is void on a number of grounds.
Aristotle's work shows that he was not a believer in species essentialism; although he accepted that certain generalized 'species' (
Medieval representations of the natural world survived without relying on any kind of classificatory system—Aristotelian or otherwise, until the middle of the 15th century [
Unfortunately, Aristotle's work was not available widely or uniformly enough in Europe to have sustained any species essentialist paradigm until after the 13th century—even if he had promoted such a conceptual scheme. The process of transmission of important Aristotelian texts into Europe via Arabic sources really begins in the late 12th century: a transmission that was superimposed on top of a vibrant, even controversial intellectual culture, in centres like Paris and Oxford. From the 11th century on, 'realists' like St Anselm debated with 'nominalists' like Roscelin and 'conceptualists' like Peter Abelard or John of Salisbury questions like: What if anything were the referents for words like 'man' and 'animal' understood to be 'universals'? Realists insisted that there were real entities or things to which such concepts referred like really existent species (or Aristotle's
By the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, a classificatory approach dependent on some kind of species essentialism had begun to coalesce. It was led by figures such the humanist Leoncino (1428–1524), herbalists like Brunfels and Brock (
By using the barnacle-goose as a vehicle, this paper attempts to challenge the premise that Darwin confronted a persistent tradition of species essentialism. This is not to deny the greater point wherein Darwin thought that the category 'species' was both indefinable and arbitrary [
I look at the term species as one arbitrarily given for the sake of convenience to a set of individuals closely resembling each other, and that it does not essentially differ from the term variety [
In other words, he could determine no difference between species and varieties, and there are three good reasons for this [
That there is no process that distinguishes 'varieties' from 'species'
That any difference drawn between them sat on a seamless continuum and was made by the observer for pragmatic reasons.
That the distinction between varieties and species was rejected because it rested on theological frames which relied on ideas about a divine creation rather than 'natural selection'.
Darwin solved the species problem by arguing that the species concept does not exist in nature; nonetheless, he believed we can and should continue to use the species concept in a pragmatic way [
In 1856 Darwin acknowledged to Hooker that he thought the species concept to be indefinable because there was no natural essence to be discovered that could enable a theoretical definition of it.
…we shall have to treat species in the same manner as those naturalists treat genera, who admit that genera are merely artificial combinations made for convenience. This may not be a cheering prospect but we shall at least be freed from a vain search for the undiscovered and
Equally Darwin seems to have believed that it was useful to accept the conventional way naturalists identified particular taxa as 'species'. As he wrote in a draft of
In the following pages I mean by species those collections of individuals which have commonly been so designated by naturalists [
Likewise he advised that:
Darwin's reference to species does not signify that he believed species occurred in nature [
When the views entertained in this volume on the origin of species, or when analogous views are generally admitted, we can dimly foresee that there will be a considerable revolution in natural history. Systematists will be able to pursue their labours as at present;
These remarks help to contextualize White's advocacy for a theoretical turn to a 'critical historical consciousness' and to engage the 'history of historiography' through close attention to the role played by the vocabulary of categories available to, and used both by historical actors and by later historians [
This is nicely encapsulated by Richards:
What confronted Darwin then, was not a property essentialism but a multiplicity of species concepts based on similarity, fertility, sterility, geographic location and geologic placement, and descent [
The case of the barnacle-goose—something we would now conventionally enough condemn as superstitious nonsense and/or as thoroughly unscientific, recalls to mind the strangeness of the ways we make sense of our world. Darwin, who thought the mutability of species not at all strange, was prepared to dissolve the putative stability and determinacy of the species category altogether. He undertook this in terms that seemingly anticipate contemporary cognitive scientists who understand that all categories (like 'species') are inherently indeterminate and should be retained only when serving some pragmatic sense-making function. This reminds us of the shift in the intellectual culture of 20th century philosophy and the humanities conventionally attributed to Wittgenstein, who drew attention to the larger problem of using any 'category' in a non-arbitrary way. In Wittgenstein's discussion of the category
As cognitive psychologists have shown, we should be mindful that there is an essentially pragmatic and arbitrary character to any category like 'species' whenever we use language (or discourse) to represent the world, even when or especially when we are engaged in observing this world.
Although some decades prior to this, Jean-Baptist Lamarck had concluded in his
In his fourth (1744) edition of his
This changed in the late 20th Century, when increasing mobility and trade led to a greater need to recognize subtle differences between species, e.g., to identify invasive and poisonous taxa and to enhance (or restrict) interbreeding.
As Stott shows, only in the 1840s did Darwin discover how absolutely anomalous this barnacle was.
Although Heron-Allen spent some time reviewing images of birds and other animals on Mycenaean pottery (
In modern parlance, the term "shellfish" exclusively applies to molluscs. Barnacles are crustaceans.
In his
Most of Darwin's varieties remain as valid species and although some were subsequently reassigned to other taxa, recent work has resulted in these being returned, close to where Darwin had originally assigned them [
Darwin put the problem clearly to Hooker:
It is really laughable to see what different ideas are prominent in various naturalists' minds, when they speak of 'species'; in some resemblance is everything and descent of little weight-in some, resemblance seems to go for nothing and Creation the reigning idea-in some sterility and unfailing test, with others it is not worth a farthing.
Darwin to Hooker, 24 Dec. 1856 [


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Christmas Day
Was Jesus Really Born on December 25th?
by John J. Parsons
Was Jesus (Yeshua) really born on December 25th, as the Western Christian tradition maintains, or does Scripture allow us to infer a different time for His advent here on earth? Two cases will be presented below: one case for a Tishri (Sukkot) birth, and the other for the traditional late December date.
Background: The "Courses" of Temple Service
As you will see, the crux of the arguments both for and against the late December dating of the birth of Yeshua depend upon the date assigned to the "course of Abia" (ū×ų┤ū®ūüų░ū×ųČū©ųČū¬ ūÉų▓ūæų┤ūÖų╝ųĖūö) and the precise time that Zachariah -- John the Baptist's father -- was in the Temple when he was visited by the angel Gabriel. But what is the "course of Abia" and why is it important?King David (1 Chr 28:11-13) divided the sons of Aaron into 24 "courses" or groups (1 Chr 24:1-4) to create an orderly schedule by which the Temple could be staffed for the year. Once these courses were established, lots were drawn to determine the sequence each group would serve in the Temple (1 Chr 24: 7-19). Each of the 24 courses of priests would begin and end their service on the Sabbath for a tour of duty of one week (2 Chr 23:8, 1 Chr 9:25).
The issue turns on the date assigned to the "course of Abia"and the precise time that Zachariah was in the Templewhen he was visited by the angel Gabriel...
The Jewish calendar begins in the Spring (i.e., Nisan 1), so the first course of priests (Jehoiarib) would serve for seven days. The second week would then fall to the family of Jedaiah. The third week would be the festival of Passover, when all priests would be present for service, so the schedule would resume with the third course of priests (Harim) on the fourth week. By the tenth week, since both Passover and Shavuot had occurred, the 8th course of Abia (Abijah) would be called for Temple service. By means of this arrangement, after the 24th course was completed, the cycle of courses would repeat, so that in a given year each group of priests would serve in the Temple twice per year (in addition to the three major festivals).
Argument for a Tishri (Sukkot) Birth
There are several reasons to believe that Yeshua was born during the fall, in particular, during the festival of Sukkot ("Tabernacles"). Among the reasons cited are as follows:
Since Zachariah served during the tenth week and Elizabeth conceived shortly thereafter, we can place the date of Yeshua' birth during the festival of Sukkot...
Argument for a late December Birth
The argument for assigning late December as the rightful date of the birth of Yeshua is based on further reflection on the time Zachariah was told that Elizabeth would conceive a child.
Since Zachariah served during Yom Kippur and Elizabeth conceived shortly thereafter, we can place the date of Yeshua' birth during the month of Tevet, in late December...
If the priest Zechariah was performing the Yom Kippur avodah (ritual) when he was visited by the angel Gabriel (as seems to be the case given the context, see Luke 1:8-23), and his wife Elizabeth conceived about that time (see Luke 1:24, i.e., sometime in the middle of the month of Tishri), and her cousin Mary was told of the incarnation six months later, during Passover season, then the birth of Yeshua would have been sometime during the middle of the month of Tevet, which is indeed close to the traditional December 25th date observed by the majority of Christians... An appropos implication of this view is that the great Lamb of God (ū®ūéūö ūöųĖūÉų▒ū£ūöų┤ūÖūØ) was conceived during Passover, during the festival of Firstfruits.
Tentative Conclusion...
Besides the two arguments given above, you are likely to hear of other arguments for the "exact date" of Yeshua's birth. For example, while reading up on this subject, I came across an article that insisted that Mary brought Yeshua into the Temple to be purified on Yom Kippur; I read another article that purported to "prove" (by means of Bible Codes) that Yeshua was born on Rosh Hashanah; and I read several others arguing for a Passover birth based on classical rabbinical midrash regarding the birth of Isaac....It is apparent, however, that since we cannot definitively date the time of Zachariah's service in the Temple, we cannot be dogmatic regarding the date of the birth of Jesus. And even if we could decide if Zachariah was visited by Gabriel during his first course of service (during the 10th week), we are faced with the textual ambiguity regarding the statement "after those days" (given in Luke 1:24). How much time is meant by this phrase? Is it a day? a week? a month? several months?Existentially the exact time of the birth of Yeshua is irrelevant, since we know the date of his crucifixion on erev Pesach, etc., with his resurrection on Nisan 17 (firstfruits), and this is of more fundamental significance (see 1 Cor. 2:2; 1 Cor. 15:3-4, etc.).
In light of these uncertainties, it is perhaps advisable to take a humble attitude and confess our ignorance of the matter.The important thing, of course, is that our LORD was indeed born and ransomed us from the wages of our sins...
In other words, Scripture seems to be more focused on the life, death, and resurrection of the LORD Jesus, rather than His birth. As the Apostle Paul wrote:
"For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received: that Christ died for our sins in accordance with the Scriptures, that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day in accordance with the Scriptures..." (1 Cor 15:3-5)
Every day, then, we celebrate the Life of our LORD and Savior, Yeshua the Messiah! Amen.
Postscript: Some people try to "blend" Christmas and Chanukah into "Christnukkah" or "Messiahmas," but strictly speaking the birth of the Messiah and the Zionist holiday of Chanukah are two different things. Personally, I am inclined to think that Yeshua was conceived around Chanukah and born during Sukkot (in other words, I think that Zachariah heard from Gabriel during his first course of service at the Temple), though I am open to the possibility that Zachariah heard the angel during his second course of service, during Yom Kippur). Moreover, since Christmas occurs close to Chanukah, I consider it to be a valid time to remember both the Incarnation and birth of Yeshua the Messiah and to rejoice with others over the miracle of the love of God for us all. Among other things, that means that my family celebrates both Chanukah and Christmas! Phew!Regarding these matters, I quote Augustine of Hippo:
In necessariis unitas (in essentials unity), In dubiis libertas (in doubtful things liberty), In omnibus autem caritas (but in all things love).
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Monthly Archives: September 2011
Nursery rhymes and computers
Comptine /kɔ̃tin/ is the French for nursery rhyme or for a counting rhyme or song. I learnt it last night and thought I'd look into where it comes from. According Wiktionnaire, comptine is made up of compte (count, number, account) and the suffix -ine. Compte /kɔ̃t/ comes from computus (count, number, account, calculation), from computo […]
Chinese app
A new application for Android devices that teaches you how to read and write the 100 most widely-used Chinese characters was launched today. It shows you how to write each character with animations, and also has recordings in Mandarin Chinese and English, as well as pinyin transcription and English translations for each character, It was […]
Lyrics Translate
The other day I came across a useful site called Lyrics Translate, where you can find, submit and request translations of songs. It currently contains translations between a wide range of languages, including English, German, Russian, Turkish, Spanish, Polish and so on, and the site itself can be viewed in a variety of languages. There […]
Breton, English, French, Irish, Language, Manx, Music, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Translation, Turkish, Welsh 2 Comments
Fry's Planet Word
There's a new series on the BBC at the moment called Fry's Planet Word. I just watched the first episode in which Stephen Fry explores the origins of language, and asks how it's acquired, why only humans have language, why there are so many languages, and so on. He also touches on sign language and […]
Language quiz
Here's a recording in a mystery language. Can you identify the language, and do you know where it's spoken?
Fence sitting
Last night I learnt the French equivalent of the English idiom, to sit on the fence (to be undecided in opinion, or neutral in action) – ménager la chèvre et le choux [source], or "to keep the goat and the cabbage". This phrase is also translated as "to face both ways", "to keep everyone happy", […]
Sing me a song
Recently I've noticed that my motivation to study languages is low. I listen to online radio stations in various language every day; I'm reading literature in Welsh, Irish, French and Manx at the moment; and I speak my languages with myself and with others when the opportunity arises. Occasionally I'll listen to and/or read a […]
Eyelid batting
The other day a friend asked me about the origins of the phrase "to bat an eyelid", which is normally used in the negative – he didn't bat an eyelid at the pink elephant in the fridge – and means that you don't react or show emotion when surprised or shocked. Or in other words, […]
Language quiz
Here's a recording in a mystery language, which features someone reading part of a story. Can you identify the language, and do you know where it's spoken?
Do it because it's fun
The title of this post is a song writing tips from Kate Rowe's website – she's an Australian singer/song writer who support the Spooky Men's Chorale on their recent UK tour. I saw them in Caernarfon and found the website after that, saw the tips and thought that could apply, with some adaptations to language […]


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Helpless and hopeless it is drawn ashore, upturning, in the act of submission, its starred and gleamy flanks.
He bobbed his head, smiled absently and went back to his gleamy gadgets.
Lips red, a little full perhaps; teeth slightly prominent, but white and gleamy as she smiled.
The Duke arrived just as the setting sun crowned the proud palace with his gleamy rays.
It was a faint, gleamy afternoon, and such sun as there was did not shine into the study.
The fresh wind, the gleamy wisps of light, the running, open sea beyond the harbour bars.
Somehow it haunts me, that soft, gleamy, virgin gold there in the solitary rivers with not a soul to pick it up.
She set them together and opened her lips to show him all the gleamy whiteness between.


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In years to come, this will surely be regarded as the bluest of Mondays, the day when a golden summer officially came to an end, and when impossible dreams were replaced by insoluble problems, and when the glorious distraction of sporting achievement made way for the rather more serious matters of economics and politics.
We will all have our favourite moments from this summer, whether they be individual moments of triumph that illuminated a bigger picture – the victories of Mo Farah and Jessica Ennis that portrayed Britain as a wonderful, polyglot nation – or simple, heart-warming stories that conveyed nothing more than the resilience of the human spirit – Dave Weir or Johnnie Peacock, for example, who made a nation look beyond what the disabled are incapable of doing to see what they are capable of achieving.
Above all, this was the summer that sport was seen by most of the population as something that can entertain, excite, and also elevate. It didn't matter whether sprinters were in wheelchairs or on their own two feet, we roared them on, lost in the thrill of the race, and the simplicity of the contest. There remains a purity about the test of physical ability that has captivated us all summer, and, to an extent, has made us better people.
At the weekend, I was at a party to celebrate a remarkable landmark for one of Britain's greatest-ever sportswriters, Hugh McIlvanney, pictured. He came to what was then Fleet Street 50 years ago, and has since reported from home and abroad on every event there is.
He spoke with eloquence about the value of sport in our lives.
"It separates the genuine from the phoney," he said. Sportswriting should always recognise this essential virtue, in direct antithesis of advice McIlvanney was given many years ago by a man who was venerated for the vividness of his writing. "The secret is to think up a tale," the young McIlvanney was told, "then gently drag the facts towards it."
That, of course, was in the days when so little sport was televised. Now, every aspect of a contest is laid bare by television, and the facts, you may say, speak for themselves. It is the interpretation and contextualisation of the raw details where the value of the sportswriter lies, and few have done this better than McIlvanney.
His reporting from ringside in 1980 when the young Welsh boxer Johnny Owen suffered fatal injuries in fighting for the world title remains one of the best examples of the sportswriter's art.
Of the shy and courageous 20-year-old, McIlvanney wrote: "Outside the ring he was an inaudible and almost invisible personality. Inside, he become astonishingly positive and self-assured... It is his tragedy that he found himself articulate in such a dangerous language."
Sport, with its triumphs and, yes, its tragedies, has long been a backdrop for many of us. This will be remembered as the summer when it forced itself into the foreground for everyone.Reuse content


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Hi-Tek Naturals Grain Free Dog Food receives the Advisor's top rating of 5 stars.
The Hi-Tek Naturals Grain Free product line lists three dry dog foods.
Each recipe below includes its related AAFCO nutrient profile when available on the product's official webpage: Growth, Maintenance, All Life Stages, Supplemental or Unspecified.
- Hi-Tek Naturals Grain Free Alaskan Fish [M]
- Hi-Tek Naturals Grain Free Lamb Meal and Sweet Potato [M]
- Hi-Tek Naturals Grain Free Chicken Meal and Sweet Potato [M]
Hi-Tek Naturals Grain Free Chicken Meal and Sweet Potato was selected to represent the other products in the line for this review.
Hi-Tek Naturals Grain Free Chicken Meal and Sweet Potato
Dry Dog Food
Estimated Dry Matter Nutrient Content
Ingredients: Chicken meal, sweet potato, peas, pork meal, egg, chicken fat (preserved with natural mixed tocopherols), duck meal, salmon meal, ground sage, ground basil, flaxseed, sea salt, tomato, blueberry, raspberry, choline chloride, Yucca schidigera extract, dried Lactobacillus acidophilus fermentation product, dried Lactobacillus casei fermentation product, dried Bifido bacterium fermentation product, dried Enterococcus faecium fermentation product, vitamin E supplement, biotin, niacin supplement, d-calcium pantothenate, vitamin A acetate, vitamin B12 supplement, vitamin D3 supplement, pyridoxine hydrochloride (source of vitamin B6), riboflavin (source of vitamin B2), thiamine mononitrate (source of vitamin B5), citric acid, ferrous sulfate, zinc sulfate, zinc proteinate, iron proteinate, zinc oxide, copper sulfate, manganese proteinate, manganese oxide, selenium yeast, calcium iodate, folic acid
Fiber (estimated dry matter content) = 3.3%
Red items indicate controversial ingredients
|Estimated Nutrient Content
|Guaranteed Analysis
|Dry Matter Basis
|Calorie Weighted Basis
The first ingredient in this dog food is chicken meal. Chicken meal is considered a meat concentrate and contains nearly 300% more protein than fresh chicken.
The second ingredient is sweet potato. Sweet potatoes are a gluten-free source of complex carbohydrates in a dog food. They are naturally rich in dietary fiber and beta carotene.
The third ingredient includes peas. Peas are a quality source of carbohydrates. And like all legumes, they're rich in natural fiber.
However, peas contain about 25% protein, a factor that must be considered when judging the actual meat content of this dog food.
The fourth ingredient is pork meal, another protein-rich meat concentrate.
The fifth ingredient includes whole eggs. Eggs are easy to digest and have an exceptionally high biological value.
The sixth ingredient is chicken fat. Chicken fat is obtained from rendering chicken, a process similar to making soup in which the fat itself is skimmed from the surface of the liquid.
Chicken fat is high in linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid essential for life. Although it doesn't sound very appetizing, chicken fat is actually a quality ingredient.
The seventh ingredient is duck meal, another high protein meat concentrate.
The eighth ingredient is salmon meal, yet another high protein meat concentrate.
Fish meal is typically obtained from the "clean, dried, ground tissue of undecomposed whole fish and fish cuttings" of commercial fish operations.1
From here, the list goes on to include a number of other items.
But to be realistic, ingredients located this far down the list (other than nutritional supplements) are not likely to affect the overall rating of this product.
With four notable exceptions…
First, flaxseed is one of the best plant sources of healthy omega-3 fatty acids. Provided they've first been ground into a meal, flax seeds are also rich in soluble fiber.
However, flaxseed contains about 19% protein, a factor that must be considered when judging the actual meat content of this dog food.
Next, this recipe contains selenium yeast. Unlike the more common inorganic form of selenium (sodium selenite), this natural yeast supplement is considered a safer anti-cancer alternative.
In addition, we note the inclusion of dried fermentation products in this recipe. Fermentation products are typically added to provide enzymes to aid the animal with digestion.
And lastly, this food also contains chelated minerals, minerals that have been chemically attached to protein. This makes them easier to absorb. Chelated minerals are usually found in better dog foods.
Hi-Tek Naturals Grain Free Dog Food
The Bottom Line
Judging by its ingredients alone, Hi-Tek Naturals Grain Free Dog Food appears to be an above-average dry product.
But ingredient quality by itself cannot tell the whole story. We still need to estimate the product's meat content before determining a final rating.
The dashboard displays a dry matter protein reading of 36%, a fat level of 18% and estimated carbohydrates of about 39%.
As a group, the brand features an average protein content of 36% and a mean fat level of 17%. Together, these figures suggest a carbohydrate content of 39% for the overall product line.
And a fat-to-protein ratio of about 46%.
Above-average protein. Near-average fat. And below-average carbs when compared to a typical dry dog food.
Even when you consider the protein-boosting effect of the peas and flaxseed, this still looks like the profile of a kibble containing a significant amount of meat.
Bottom line?
Hi-Tek Naturals Grain Free is a plant-based dry dog food using a significant amount of chicken, lamb or salmon meals as its main sources of animal protein, thus earning the brand 5 stars.
Enthusiastically recommended.
Please note certain recipes are sometimes given a higher or lower rating based upon our estimate of their total meat content and (when appropriate) their fat-to-protein ratios.
Hi-Tek Naturals Dog Food
Recall History
The following list (if present) includes all dog food recalls since 2009 directly related to this product line. If there are no recalls listed in this section, we have not yet reported any events.
You can view a complete list of all dog food recalls sorted by date. Or view the same list sorted alphabetically by brand.
To learn why our ratings have nothing to do with a product's recall history, please visit our Dog Food Recalls FAQ page.
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A Final Word
The descriptions and analyses expressed in this and every article on this website represent the views and opinions of the author.
The Dog Food Advisor does not test dog food products.
We rely entirely on the integrity of the information provided by each company. As such, the accuracy of every review is directly dependent upon the specific data a company chooses to share.
Although it's our goal to ensure all the information on this website is correct, we cannot guarantee its completeness or its accuracy; nor can we commit to ensuring all the material is kept up-to-date on a daily basis.
We rely on tips from readers. To report a product change or request an update of any review, please contact us using this form.
Each review is offered in good faith and has been designed to help you make a more informed decision when buying dog food.
However, due to the biological uniqueness of every animal, none of our ratings are intended to suggest feeding a particular product will result in a specific dietary response or health benefit for your pet.
For a better understanding of how we analyze each product, please read our article, "The Problem with Dog Food Reviews".
Remember, no dog food can possibly be appropriate for every life stage, lifestyle or health condition. So, choose wisely. And when in doubt, consult a qualified veterinary professional for help.
In closing, we do not accept money, gifts or samples from pet food companies in exchange for special consideration in the preparation of our reviews or ratings.
However, we do receive a fee from Chewy.com for each purchase made as a direct result of a referral from our website. This fee is a fixed dollar amount and has nothing to do with the size of an order or the brand selected for purchase.
Have an opinion about this dog food? Or maybe the review itself? Please know we welcome your comments.
Notes and Updates
01/31/2016 Last Update
- Association of American Feed Control Officials ↩


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conceived by Dean Wetton Advisory Limited as a pension
solution for smaller employers drawing on their experience
with large occupational schemes.
It works as a
co operative of employers allowing them to have a say in the
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http://www.eliterestaurantequipment.com/universal-commercial-mixer-20-qt-lj-20m.html http://www.eliterestaurantequipment.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/265x/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/s/c/screen_shot_2012-10-25_at_9.25.00_am.png LJ-20M Universal
Universal LJ-20M - Commercial 20 Qt. Mixer with Guard 110v
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Quick Overview
This Universal Commercial Mixer 20 Qt. LJ-20M is the perfect mixer for high performance use. This 20 qt commercial mixer has three working speeds for recipes that need heavy mixing like cake, cup cakes, pies, and bread. The design of this 20 qt restaurant mixer is sleek, and the easy to clean stainless steel material keeps things clean in the kitchen. This commercial 20 qt mixer is great for a food service establishment that needs things done fast and right. This commercial 20 qt mixer includes a beater for thin batters and cakes, a wire whip for whipping cream and a spiral dough hook. Please note that this item is white labeled so that Elite Restaurant Equipment can extend the warranty on your order. The package and/or item can include various model numbers such as [LJ-20M, LJ-20, M-20, GEM-120, etc].
Product Description
|Ship Weight:
|280 lbs.
|Bowl Capacity:
|20 Qts.
|Dimensions (H x W x D):
|22" x 21" x 31.5"
|Mixing Heads:
|Spatial Orientation:
|Floor Model
|Transmission Type:
Customer Reviews
Overall User Rating:(4.71 out of 5 stars from 7 reviews)
Customer Rating 1 5
We knew that we could use a quality mixer, but wasn't sure how much we would use it. It is well made, easy to use, and we have already found that we will use it a variety of times a day. It saves us time in ways we had not thought we needed. We have other Universal kitchen equipment, so we expect this mixer to be with us for many years to come. Since we are a small business purchasing a mixer that will stand the test of time was a must. Other positives about this units is: It comes with several attachments (Bowl, mixer, hook, etc) although most mixers this size come with it, i still think its kind of neat. Another big one is free shipping, i hate when about to checkout on a website and i see a big shipping charge right at the end, no surprises here. I hope this review was helpful, and have a tasteful day.
Posted on 11/18/2014 by Betty's Bakery
Customer Rating 1 5
For the price, this mixer cannot be beat! We've had it for a few months now, and our output has literally tripled. We haven't had any problems yet! I have had this machine for a little over a year and it works pretty good. It has fallen oven while making dough for bread before, while it was on a Mixing Table that was recommended for the mixer.
Posted on 11/5/2014 by George I.
Customer Rating 1 5
We bought this mixer when we first opened our cupcake shop, it works great if you have a lot of batter or frosting to mix!
Posted on 11/5/2014 by Roc's C.
Customer Rating 1 5
I only gave this 4 stars because it's not a Hobart. For the money it's great and has been holding up well in a busy kitchen. Great for large(relatively) batches of cookies or pastries. A little slowbut it will do it. For the money, it's great.
Posted on 10/31/2014 by Richard H
Customer Rating 1 5
I bought this mixer to do large volumes of rolls and desserts for a food program at church. I am the pastors wife and use the mixer at my residence next door to church. It is excellent and gives great performance. Because I have never used a commercial mixer it would if been great if the instructions that came with the mixer were clearer. But. I figured it out. It is awesome and I would recommend it to anyone who does lots of baking even at home. It can hold quite a load.
Posted on 10/29/2014 by Wendy J.
Customer Rating 1 5
For the price, this mixer cannot be beat! We've had it for a few months now, and our output has literally tripled. We haven't had any problems yet! We bought this mixer when we first opened our cupcake shop, it works great if you have a lot of batter or frosting to mix.
Posted on 6/26/2014 by Rocco
Customer Rating 1 5
We are located in the New York area and were in desperate need of a small dough mixer fast. We found Elite Restaurant Equipment online and gave them a call. They had the mixer delivered to us same day, and in a way save our day. Great product, great customer service, fast delivery A+ for EliteRestaurantEquipment.com
Posted on 7/30/2013 by Steven Forkosch
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Fans can now get an inside look into the latest Harry Potter film series with the release of 'Half-Blood Prince' four official stills by Warner Bros. and two unofficial photos.
Harry Potter's fans around the world may have learned that in the latest Warner Bros. Pictures' tidbit "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince", Harry enters his sixth year in Hogwarts while Lord Voldelmort is coming closer and closer threatening the life of those opposing him. But, many perhaps still wonder how the movie itself will look like. Recently, a slew of pictures exposing the adventure fantasy film have come out online.
Some of the stills were official photos released by the studio producing the movie, a couple of other stills were posted by Harry Potter fansites. The four official pictures expose mostly the main characters, Harry, Hermione and Ron. The first one which is posted on this news photo show Harry peeking into Snape's Potion cupboard, the second one pictured Draco walking away from Snape who stands from a distant watching his favorite student striding the hallway, the third and fourth unveil the three friends in Ron's room at the Burrow and in the Gryffindor common room respectively. The two other stills unearthed Harry in a hallway and the other show Draco who is caught crashing Professor Slughorn's Christmas party by Filch and is brought forward to Snape.
From the director of "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix" David Yates, "Half-Blood Prince" is another movie adaptation from J.K. Rowling's famous novel series that tells the story of a wizard boy who survives the murder attempt of an evil dark lord as he trains to be a real wizard and tries to fight off the dark lord once and for all. The sixth movie coming out on November 21 stars once again Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint, Emma Watson, Helena Bonham Carter, Tom Felton, Alan Rickman and Maggie Smith among many others.
[ Sorry, all images are taken down as Warner Bros request ]


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Paging Fox Mulder: Crooked Trees, Crooked Trees
This pic looks like some straight up "X-Files" outtake, but it's not. It's actually a photograph of Poland's western forests, where a swath of trees has grown with hook-shaped trunks. No one is sure what caused the 90-year-0ld trees to grow in such a way — though it appears that it was some kind of human mechanical intervention. Either way, it looks really cool. [Discovery]


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Girl Dog Names - German, Nordic, and Russian
Adolpha - German - The female form of Adolf, which means a noble wolf. She reminds you of her wild cousins.
Alice - German - One with noble qualities.
Aline - Russian - The shining one. This girl dog stands out in a pack.
Alisha - German - Someone having excellent qualities. This pure-bred dog is flawless.
Amelia - German - One who is industrious. This girl dog is always busy.
Astrid - Scandinavian - Power from God. A super guard dog name.
Babushka - Russian - Grandmother.
Bertha - German - Bright and strong.
Bolshoi - A famous Russian ballet company. An appropriate name for your graceful, ballerina-dog.
Christiane - German - A Christian.
Elsa - German - Princess. You treat this girl dog like royalty.
Emily - German - A hard worker. This dog earns her keep.
Emma - German - One who cares.
Etta - German - Small. A great name for any small breed of dog.
Felda - German - Of the fields. A good name for any sporting breed of dog.
Frederica - German - Queen. A good name for the dog that comes from champion blood lines.
Frieda - German - The dove. This girl dog brings peace.
Gerda - Nordic - A guardian. A great name for any guard dog.
Gretchen - German - A pearl.
Hedda - German - Division.
Heidi - "I'm the real Swiss Miss."
Helga - German - A person of God.
Hilda - German - Warrior maiden. This girl dog enjoys a good battle.
Ida - German - Hard working. This guard dog earns her keep.
Imelda - German - A fierce fighter. This dog will protect you no matter what.
Inga - "I come from the land of the ice and snow."
Ingrid - Scandinavian - A child of the hero.
Irma - German - A princess. This girl dog demands the royal treatment.
Karelia - A republic located in northwestern Russia, east of Finland.
Kirsten - German - A Christian.
Koruna - Czechoslovakian monetary unit.
Krona - Swedish monetary unit.
Kulak - A prosperous Russian farmer who opposed Soviet plans for the redistribution of lands. An appropriate dog name for your Siberian Husky.
Lala - Slavic - A tulip.
Lorelai - A high cliff on the Rhine where, according to German legend, a wicked nymph lures ships to wreck with her singing.
Louise - German - Battle maid. This girl dog doesn't mind a fight.
Did you know?
Dogs shed their undercoats in the warm summer months and grow them back in the cooler months of autumn.
Magda - A short, stocky dog.
Mallory - German - Wise in battle.
Marelda - German - Great warrior.
Mercedes - "I ooze luxury."
Millicent or Millie - German - Hard worker. This guard dog earns her dog biscuits.
Nadia - Slavic - Full of hope. This dog will lift your spirits every day.
Neda - Slavic - Born on Sunday.
Nissa - Scandinavian - A happy little girl.
Olga - Russian - Of God.
Radinka - Slavic - A girl who is full of energy and contentment. A wonderful name for your hyper-active dog.
Radmilla - Slavic - A worker for the people's interests.
Rolanda - German - From the great land.
Russia - The largest country in the world. Your Siberian Husky would greatly appreciate this name.
Sonja - Scandinavian - A wise counselor.
Tania - Russian - Queen of the fairies. A great name for any toy breed of dog.
Thora - A feminine form of Thor (the Norse god of thunder). Your very large and powerful dog would appreciate this name.
Troika - Russian - A group of three.
Uda - German - An extremely wealthy person. This dog always has a bone to spare.
Ulra - German - A female wolf. This dog greatly resembles her wild cousins.
Ulrica - German - A person who rules over all. A great name for your German breed of guard dog.
Ural - A mountain chain in western Russia. Your Siberian Husky dog would absolutely love this name.
Uta - German - A rich person.
Vala - German - The one that is chosen over all. You picked this dog out of a big litter.
Valda - German - One who governs or rules.
Valeska - Slavic - A glorious ruler.
Volga - A river in Russia that flows into the Caspian Sea.
Walda - German - A famous ruler. This German Shepherd dog is master of the backyard.
Wilda - German - An untamed person. A great name for the dog that is hard to train.
Wilhelmina or Willa - German - The diligent guardian. A fantastic name for your Rottweiller or German shepherd.
Winifred - German - A peaceful friend. This dog doesn't want any part of a dog-fight.
Winola - German - A very gracious and charming friend.
Zora - Slavic - An aurora or dawn. This dog brightens up any room that she enters.


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Easy Chinese Home Cooking Recipes
Food for Thought
de Denise
Acerca del libro
This little book includes some of my favorite recipes written on my foodblog. Please check out my blog if you are interested. My recipes are simple but include some tips that you may not aware of.
Características y detalles
- Categoría Cocina
Cuadrado pequeño, 18×18 cm
46 Páginas
- Fecha de publicación nov. 30, 2013
- Idioma English
- Etiquetas shrimp tprecipes, bitter melon, home cooking, Chinese food, fish, seafood, recipes, blogs
Acerca del creador
"Better to travel ten thousand miles than to read ten thousand books" ~ a Chinese proverb I am a blogger, a traveler, and a self-learner in technology, writing, cooking and arts appreciation. When did I start doing all these? I began to blog in May, 2012 after having attended a technology conference. In less than two years, I have created at least 6 public blogs: ◾https://speakingabouttravel2.wordpress.com/ My Notebook ◾http://speakingabouttravel.wordpress.com/ Falling in love with Arts ◾http://linkphotographyblog.wordpress.com/ Exploring Turkey and Greece ◾http://denisefoodblog.wordpress.com/ Food for Thought ◾http://denisec88.wordpress.com/ "from curiosita to connessione I am also an author of four books , two on amazon.com, others on Blurb.com, and all on iBookstore: ◾Easy Chinese Home-Cooking Recipes ◾Angkor Wat, Cambodia ◾Eastern Europe Trip Highlights ◾Turkey and Greece Delights http://www.blurb.com/user/store/Friendlytm http://www.amazon.com/Denise-Lau/e/B00MRQWRGU
Inicia sesión o crea una cuenta para publicar un comentario.


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Top 5 Archives
Arizona resorts offer hot staycation deals
Arizona is home to some of the world's most fantastic pools, luxurious spas, romantic retreats, spectacular golf courses and best restaurants. So if you need a summer getaway, why not save money and take advantage of staycation deals? Forget about flight delays and rental cars because many of Arizona's award-winning hotels and resorts offer summer deals that… Read More →
Which Golf resort was named the best?
The Boulders continues to be honored as "one of the best in the industry" by readers, golf editors and golf experts in the industry. Golf Digest magazine just announced their first time "Best Golf Resorts in the America's Editor's Choice Awards" in their May issue and the Boulders Resort & Spa was named "Best Golf… Read More →
15 Things You Must Drink in Phoenix
When it comes to drinking the night away, there are a few cocktails that reign supreme. Today, the editorial staff of AZ Big Media would like to present the 15 essential drinks that every connoisseur of Arizona nightlife — or day drinking — has to try before they die. We're not including any PBRs or… Read More →
IndyCar Series will race at PIR in 2016
Verizon IndyCar Series will race at Phoenix International Raceway in 2016, PIR President Bryan R. Sperber and Hulman Motorsports Chief Revenue Officer Jay Frye announced at a news conference today. The Phoenix Grand Prix will take place under the lights on Saturday night, April 2, 2016. "We are thrilled to add the Verizon IndyCar Series… Read More →
Royal Palms introduces 'Babymoon' package
Royal Palms Resort and Spa, A Destination Hotel, is introducing a new package – Babymoon Bliss – for expecting parents-to-be to take a well-deserved vacation before baby arrives. Babymoons, a pre-baby getaway, have gained in popularity as expectant parents seek out a stress-free, romantic trip before the sleeplessness nights begin. Couples in need of a… Read More →
Scottsdale resorts offer hot discounts that beat the heat
When you envision Scottsdale during the summer, do you see a dry, barren desert, where weather-worn locals proclaim through parched lips, "At least it's a dry heat"? Well, think again. Locals have a secret weapon that helps them survive May, June, July and August. We'll let you in on the secret. Scottsdale's 70 hotels and… Read More →
Arizona's best resorts offer summer staycation deals
Need a summer getaway? Stay home and save money. Arizona is home to some of the world's most fantastic pools, luxurious spas, romantic retreats, spectacular golf courses and best restaurants. So you can forget about flight delays and rental cars because many of Arizona's award-winning hotels and resorts offer summer deals that are designed specifically… Read More →
Princess will host 4th of July Freedom Fest
The Fairmont Scottsdale Princess is unfurling its 5th annual "4th of July Freedom Fest," a two-day event with vintage air shows, concerts, fireworks, all-American fare, military tributes and poolside fun, with vacation packages benefitting military families, July 3-5, 2015. Saluting Heroes & Vintage Air Shows Saluting America's heroes, the Fairmont Scottsdale Princess will host a… Read More →
Fairmont Scottsdale Princess packs fun for entire family
When I first moved to Arizona from New York in 1998, my father already knew his way around and could give me recommendations for the best places to eat, play and golf. He didn't live in Arizona, but he and seven of his friends spent a week each March taking advantage of Arizona's great weather to… Read More →
PIR to be renamed Jeff Gordon Raceway for event
Phoenix International Raceway will officially be renamed Jeff Gordon Raceway on Nov. 15, 2015 for the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series Quicken Loans Race for Heroes 500, PIR President Bryan R. Sperber announced today. The race is the semifinal race for the Chase for the NASCAR Sprint Cup and will be Gordon's last Sprint Cup Series… Read More →
Phoenician offers 'Culinary Countdown' summer dining series
The Phoenician, Arizona's premier AAA Five Diamond destination, is making dining out even more appetizing this summer with its signature "Culinary Countdown" series. From Monday, June 1, through Monday, August 31, 2015, three resort restaurants will offer select multi-course menus at exceptional prices: • J&G Steakhouse ($40 per person) – The three-course dinner menu includes… Read More →
Arizona Office of Tourism inspires vacation ideas
The Arizona Office of Tourism (AOT) launches its Summer In AZ marketing campaign this week, encouraging Arizonans to plan summertime travel adventures throughout the state. "There are so many ways to enjoy Arizona during the summer months, and through this campaign we want to inspire people to get out and have a wonderful summertime adventure,"… Read More →
Summer at the Princess kicks off Memorial Day Weekend
Good day, sunshine: it's a summer to remember at the Fairmont Scottsdale Princess, where sunny days start with cool rides down waterslides, zooming across a zip line and finish with fireworks lighting up the night. This AAA Five Diamond play-cation paradise is presenting "Summer at the Princess," a three-month calendar of robust entertainment for the… Read More →
Royal Palms launches 'Live on the Lawn' music series
Royal Palms Resort and Spa, A Destination Hotel, will kick off the "Live on the Lawn, Summer Music Series" to celebrate each of the hottest summer holidays – Memorial Day, Fourth of July and Labor Day. The free, three-part event begins this weekend and will be hosted under the stars on the picturesque Vernadero Lawn overlooking… Read More →


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professional video editor needed asap
Presupuesto $10-30 USD
editing of existing 40 sec long video needed by a professional video editor.
send me some videos you edited if you are interested.
Fixed price: 10usd for this short 40 sec long film. Do not bid above.
More work for the right person is available.
33 los freelancers están ofertando un promedio de $28 para este trabajo.
Work link ( https://vimeo.com/user58268562/videos/sort:date/format:thumbnail ) Hello, I work on all kinds of 2D animation / E-learning/Explainer/Animation/Motion graphics/Whiteboard and how it works web videos. I am Más
Hello Sir, We are Specialized in Animation, Vfx and Advertising. We have a pool of some really wonderful and talented artists for 3d & VFX Production. Looking Forward to work with you. Sincerely, 2CGStudio Más
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I am a professional video editor. Contact with me for discussing all details!


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Trending Now: David Wright placed on disabled list
-The New York Mets put David Wright on the disabled list with a herniated disk in his neck and said he'll be out at least 6-8 weeks.
-Game 1 of the NBA Finals drew a 13.1 overnight rating, the highest for an NBA Finals Game 1 since 2001.
-Jeff Hornacek was introduced as the new head coach of the New York Knicks.
-A federal judge ruled today that the world champion U.S. women's soccer team is not allowed to strike over a dispute with the U.S. soccer federation over wages and working conditions.
American cyclist Tejay Van Garderen has withdrawn from consideration for the Olympic team due to concerns about the Zika virus. Van Garderen's wife is due to give birth in October.
-19-year-old Vanderbilt freshman pitcher Donny Everett died late Thursday in a drowning accident. The status of the Commodores' Friday night NCAA Regional game against Xavier tonight has not yet been decided.
-The Warriors beat the Cavaliers 104-89 in Game 1 of the NBA Finals despite Steph Curry and Klay Thompson combining for just 20 points. Golden State's bench scored 35 more points then Cleveland's bench led by Shaun Livingston's 20 points.
-The Orioles hit 7 home runs in a 10-7 win over the Red Sox. Baltimore moved 1 game back of Boston for first place in the A.L. East.
-The Mariners trailed the Padres 12-2 but rallied back for a 16-13 win. Seattle moved into a tie with Texas for first place in the A.L. West.
-The Indians walked off with a 5-4 win over the Royals. Cleveland snapped Kansas City's 6 game winning streak.
-The Brewers beat the Phillies 4-1. Philadelphia has lost 7 in a row.
Photo: Getty Images


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Current Newswire:
A Modest Proposal for Toyota: Release the Code!Mar 12, 2010, 14:32 (9 Talkback[s])
(Other stories by Adam Fisher)
[ Thanks to Vikram for this link. ]
"That's great - until things start to go wrong. Why couldn't a software bug in the drive-by-wire have caused the sudden acceleration problems? After all, computers crash all the time.
Related Stories:
0 Talkback[s] (click to add your comment)


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Independent Publishing Resource Center (IPRC) (map) Southeast
Thu., June 13, 7 p.m. 2013
A reading and book launch for Marci Blackman's story of Gus Weesfree, witness to a brutal crime in Tradition, Ohio. Featuring redings from Cooper Lee Bombardier, Valentine Freeman, Cass J. Hodges, and Galadriel Mozee.
1001 SE Division Ste. 2, Portland, OR 97205


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49 U.S. Code § 20148 - Railroad car visibility
§ 20148.
Railroad car visibility
(a)Review of Rules.—
The Secretary of Transportation shall conduct a review of the Department of Transportation's rules with respect to railroad car visibility. As part of this review, the Secretary shall collect relevant data from operational experience by railroads having enhanced visibility measures in service.
(b)Regulations.—If the review conducted under subsection (a) establishes that enhanced railroad car visibility would likely improve safety in a cost-effective manner, the Secretary shall initiate a rulemaking proceeding to prescribe regulations requiring enhanced visibility standards for newly manufactured and remanufactured railroad cars. In such proceeding the Secretary shall consider, at a minimum—
the effect of any enhanced visibility measures on the health and safety of train crew members; and
In prescribing regulations under subsection (b), the Secretary may exclude from any specific visibility requirement any category of trains or railroad operations if the Secretary determines that such an exclusion is in the public interest and is consistent with railroad safety.
(Added Pub. L. 103–440, title II, § 212(a), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4622.)
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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Mont Ventoux
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Plateau de Vaucluse, Mont Ventoux with snow on it, Reillanne village. Picture taken from Villemus in winter. 1984
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Today, China is the only one of five original nuclear weapon states that is increasing its nuclear arsenal. According to some estimates, the country could "more than double" the number of warheads on missiles that could threaten the United States by the mid-2020s. Earlier this year, China published a defense white paper, which repeated its nuclear policies of maintaining a minimum deterrent with a no-first-use pledge. Yet China has yet to define what it means by a minimum deterrent posture. This, together with the fact that it is deploying four new nuclear-capable ballistic missiles, invites concern as to the scale and intention of China's nuclear upgrade. The authors estimate that China has a total inventory of approximately 240 nuclear warheads. Reviewing one of the world's most opaque nuclear forces, they assess the country's land-based missiles, submarines and sea-based missiles, and cruise missiles.
Chinese nuclear forces, 2011
Current Status: Blessed (1)
Seeded on Wed Nov 9, 2011 8:27 PM
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It's a contentious race fraught with what ifs and who's better. Romney versus Obama? That's political football. For the real stuff in these parts, it's Kevin Glenn vs. Drew Tate and who should lead the Calgary Stampeders into the CFL playoffs.
With the Stampeders to host the Saskatchewan Roughriders in Sunday's West Division semi-final, Calgary head coach John Hufnagel has a pivotal decision to make: which quarterback gives Calgary the best chance at winning?
Having played the position, Hufnagel understands the need for his starter to have plenty of first-team repetitions in practice. That's why on Tuesday he'll select his man. Until then, there's still time for some last-minute campaigning, beginning with:
When people talk about the league's top quarterbacks, you never hear them say, "That Kevin Glenn, he ranks up there with Anthony Calvillo or Ricky Ray." The truth is Glenn isn't flashy, isn't overpowering and has never played in a Grey Cup in 11 seasons. (He did quarterback the Winnipeg Blue Bombers to a victory in the 2007 East Division Final but broke his left arm in the process and missed the 95th Grey Cup game.)
That aside, Glenn was the Stampeders' salvation this season. He took over when Tate suffered a shoulder injury in Week 2 and helped them win 10 games. He did it by following the directions of his offensive co-ordinator Dave Dickenson, who saw Glenn compete a personal-best 66.7 per cent of his throws.
"Kevin's an accurate passer and a good student," Dickenson has said of Glenn. "He studies hard and I didn't know that about him [as a quarterback]."
Glenn, at 33, has endured a lot in his playing days. He's been a third-stringer and a No. 1.
He's shared the starter's role and he's kept the spot warm for Tate, who was the undisputed leader until his left shoulder unhinged. At this stage in his career, Glenn is all about doing what it takes to win and his experience and poise make him a more reliable choice than the upstart Tate.
Plus, in the three games against Saskatchewan this season Glenn passed for a total of 796 yards and eight touchdowns against one interception. Calgary won twice.
When people talk about the league's top young quarterbacks, you almost always hear, "That Drew Tate, he's a gamer." He showed that by wrestling away the starter's job from Henry Burris last season but he was also benched at halftime in last November's Western semi-final, his first playoff start. This is a player who remains a work in progress, and yet there's something undeniable about Tate's potential.
After missing more than 10 weeks of the season with his injury, he returned to duty and picked up where he'd left off. In his roughly three quarters of playing time, post-injury, he completed 16 of 22 passes for 207 yards, two touchdowns and an interception. In building a 20-3 lead over the Edmonton Eskimos last Friday, Tate even ran for a 13-yard touchdown.
He followed that by getting into a sideline shouting match with Hufnagel – not the wisest move, although it did underline Tate's passion for playing and wanting to succeed.
"I don't feel like I've played enough," Tate told reporters after watching Glenn close out the win over Edmonton. "It's not my call."
There are no early polls to read but this is how it's likely to go: Tate starts. He's had just enough practice and game time for his let's-get-roaring attitude to work. He's used his feet well and thrown smartly and that could enable the Stampeders to get an all-important early jump on Saskatchewan. Besides, think of Tate getting the nod over Burris last year. That showed Hufnagel isn't afraid of making the gutsy, aggressive call, even in the postseason.
As for Glenn, he is ideally suited to coming off the bench and calming things down. If Tate is the fire starter, Glenn is the fireman. He can give his teammates a belief all is not lost then prove it. It's Hufnagel's decision to make and he's got the only vote that counts.Report Typo/Error
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I'm really looking forward to tonight's event for the National Museum of Health and Medicine in Silver Spring, Maryland (just outside Washington). (Click here for details.) The museum has slides with samples of Grover's tumor!
The movers came yesterday and packed up our stuff. Now we're living out of suitcases until we get to Ulaanbaatar. We leave Washington on Friday for Maine. We leave portland for UB on the 20th - a week from tomorrow. Hard to believe!


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Your Celebrity-Approved Summer Reading List
Paulina Porizkova wants you to know that, yes, she can read. In fact, she's written a whole essay on the subject for Modelinia.com.
"I feel the need to constantly prove I'm not some dumb model. And yes, I know that having to prove it undermines my efforts. But bear with me. I quit school at 15 to live off of my looks," she says. "Fortunately, I have been a bookworm ever since I learned how to read." [Modelinia]
So what does Paulina think you should read this summer? Vikram Seth's 1,488-page tome about India, A Suitable Boy. And A Soldier of the Great War, which Paulina describes as "880 pages of love, humor, and war." She also says, "Once read, [these books] can be used to tone biceps or in step class."
Oh, but there are other options. Here's what our favorite celebs are reading this summer.
|Lindsay Lohan is currently digging into Phillip Roth's The Plot Against America. You know, just some light poolside reading.
|Hilary Duff is loving Salem Falls by Jodi Piccoult while chilling on the set of "Gossip Girl."
|Cormac McCarthy, who wrote No Country For Old Men, is a favorite of James Franco's. While filming "Eat, Pray, Love," he read Blood Meridian.
|The last book Britney Spears was seen with: Zohar, the ancient text of Kabbalah.
|Sarah Jessica Parker has been carrying The Help by Kathryn Stockett all around town. It's a novel about black nannies in Civil Rights Movement-era Mississippi.
|Blake Lively's pick? Prince of Thieves by Chuck Hogan.
|Angelina Jolie likes her reading heavy and of the non-fiction variety. Hence, she's unwinding with War of Necessity, War of Choice by Richard Haass.
|And Then The Roof Caved In is all about how Wall Street greed effed everything up. Shia LaBeouf is enjoying it.