text:
"I don't think you want me to get a word in edgeways do you John ?" Re-assessing (im)politeness, language and gender in political broadcast interviews
Louise Mullany
Impoliteness is highlighted as a neglected area of politeness research, a consequence of the dominance of Brown and Levinson's (1987[1978]) theory of politeness universals. Previous studies that have investigated language, gender and politeness are critiqued for an over-reliance on Brown and Levinson's model, and for over-generalising the complex relationship between language and gender by simply cataloguing differences in male and female speech patterns. The community of practice (CofP) framework (Eckert and McConnell-Ginet 1992a, b) is presented as an alternative approach to language and gender studies. Following Mills, (forthcoming) the CofP approach is also adopted to bring a new dimension to the manner in which notions of linguistic politeness and impoliteness are conceived. In this paper, the communities of practice approach is modified in order to include the construct of media genres, and impoliteness in political broadcast interview data is analysed. The need for language and gender studies to acknowledge that gender may not be the only salient variable affecting linguistic behaviour is argued, and the CofP framework is suggested as a way forward to approach the complex relationship between language, gender and politeness.
Key Words: community of practice, politeness, impoliteness, gender identity, institutional discourse, political interviews
1. Introduction
The topic of politeness has proved to be a popular line of enquiry for language and gender researchers in recent years [1], with interest originating with Lakoff's (1975) anecdotal assertions that women are more linguistically polite than their male counterparts. Similar conclusions have been drawn by Brown (1980) and Holmes (1995) who offer empirical evidence to justify their arguments. At its time of publication, Holmes' (1995) work offered a detailed analysis of linguistic politeness and gender, drawing on her own and others' research in a variety of contexts. As Crawford (1997: 428) argues, Holmes manages to incorporate a large amount of material 'under her politeness umbrella', including critical reviews of influential language and gender studies conducted by Zimmerman and West (1975), Fishman (1978, 1980) and Tannen (1984, 1990). Holmes concludes that the multitude of evidence she has collected over a number of years clearly demonstrates that women are more linguistically polite than their male counterparts.
However, researchers including Cameron (1995, 1996, 1997) and Bergvall, Bing and Freed (1996) have questioned assertions such as those made by Holmes and others, where men and women are seen as having distinctive speech styles. They argue that viewing men and women in a dichotomised way results in a gross oversimplification of the complexity of language and gender. It not only ignores the diversity of speech within groups of women and groups of men, it also ignores cultural differences, and differences that may result from other social variables such as class, age and ethnicity. As Freed (1996: 55) points out, whilst 'people generally persist in believing that...women are more polite than men', research which continues to address such questions is both 'misguided and naive'. She argues that researchers need to abandon frequently asked questions such as 'what differences exist between men's and women's speech?' (1996: 55), as this serves only to perpetuate stereotypes about male and female discourse.
Cameron (1995) argues that the problem lies in the persistence of both the power/dominance and culture/difference approaches to language and gender. Both approaches assume that there is a pre-existing difference between male and female speech patterns. Power/dominance theorists believe that this stems from the considerable amount of economic, social and political power men have over women in society, whilst the culture/difference researchers believe that speech differences are implemented during the socialisation process. Cameron (1995: 39) accuses the dominance approach of becoming 'obsolete', and the difference approach of being 'reactionary'. Both frameworks result in the formulation of inaccurate over-generalisations such as women are more linguistically polite than their male counterparts.
Theorists, including Freed (1996), Bergvall (1996) and Cameron (1997), have turned to the notion of gender as a performative social construct, following Butler's (1990) work, as a way of avoiding gender polarisation in language and gender studies. Butler believes that masculinity and femininity are not traits that we inherently possess, rather they are effects that are produced by the activities we engage in. She argues that 'gender is always a doing', and as there is 'no gender identity behind the expressions of gender...identity is performatively constituted by the very "expressions" that are said to be its results' (1990: 25). Freed (1996), Bergvall (1996, 1999) and Mills (forthcoming) argue that as well as adapting the notion of gender as a performative social construct, language and gender research also needs to adopt Eckert and McConnell-Ginet's (1992 a, b) Community of Practice (CofP) approach. Bergvall (1999: 282) argues that the CofP framework enables the 'performative construction and achievement of gendered identity' to be examined, thus focusing 'much needed attention on the social construction of gender' (1999: 273).
In order to explore the ways in which the CofP approach can be of benefit to an investigation of impoliteness, it is necessary to define exactly what is meant by linguistic politeness and impoliteness by assessing current theoretical perspectives. The CofP framework will then be defined and applied to the institutional context of political interviews, with the aim of demonstrating how viewing them as a CofP can bring insights into how notions of gender and impoliteness can be conceived.
2. Theorising politeness
More than 20 years after it was initially published, Brown and Levinson's ([1978] 1987) theory of politeness universals is still highly influential. Although it has been criticised on many counts, researchers continue to adopt Brown and Levinson's definitions as the basis for their studies (see Johnstone, Ferrara and Bean 1994, Holmes 1995, Cheng 2001, Perez de Ayala 2001).
Brown and Levinson (1987: 62) base their theory on the concept of face, following Goffman (1967). They define face as the public self image that all rational adult members of society possess. Face consists of negative face, the desire to be unimpeded, and positive face, the desire to be liked/admired. All participants in spoken interaction emotionally invest in face, and it must be constantly considered. Brown and Levinson argue that, in general, it is in the mutual interest of interactants to maintain each other's face.
If a demand or an intrusion needs to be made on another person's autonomy, then Brown and Levinson distinguish this as a potential face-threatening act (FTA). When speakers are posed with the problem of performing an FTA, they have to decide whether the FTA should be performed on record or off record. The off record strategy enables a speaker to avoid responsibility for performing an FTA by either inviting conversational implicatures or by being deliberately vague or ambiguous. Alternatively, if the on record strategy is chosen, then a speaker can either perform the FTA without redressive action, known as going baldly on record, or they can perform the FTA with redressive action, thus paying attention to the addressee's face needs.
Brown and Levinson expand their definition of redressive action by outlining a number of politeness strategies that speakers can use. The strategies that they set out are designed to avoid conversational breakdown which they believe will occur if speakers neglect their addressees' face needs. They define positive politeness strategies, where the speaker pays attention to the hearer's positive face needs by demonstrating that the hearer's wants or needs are thought of as desirable. Conversely they define negative politeness strategies, where the speaker desires not to impose on the hearer by restricting the hearer's actions, thus paying attention to the hearer's negative face needs.
Brown and Levinson's theory focuses on interaction in informal contexts, and due to the predominance of their approach, politeness in institutional contexts has been neglected. Following Lakoff (1989), Harris (2001: 453) argues that researchers should examine politeness in institutional settings, as this 'forces us to see politeness from a different perspective' and works to 'foreground different dimensions' of politeness. Furthermore, Harris (2001: 452) points out that Brown and Levinson, and research which follows their principles, concentrates only on short stretches of talk. This criticism is also noted by Mills (forthcoming), who argues that politeness needs to be viewed as 'something that emerges at discourse level over stretches of talk', instead of something that is merely 'grafted on to individual speech acts'.
I agree with both of these arguments, and a reason to focus this paper on the institutional context of political interviews is motivated by the lack of attention that has been paid by politeness researchers to this setting in the past. One main purpose of the data analysis in section 6 is to demonstrate that impoliteness emerges at a discourse level, rather than in the production of a single utterance.
3. The neglect of impoliteness
Brown and Levinson's concentration on strategies which avoid the performance of FTAs leads to the area of linguistic impoliteness being overlooked. As Eelen (2001: 90) argues, their positive and negative politeness strategies 'stipulate how to be polite rather than impolite'. Although Eelen (2001: 92) acknowledges that, as Brown and Levinson do not claim to look at impoliteness then they cannot be criticised for something they did not claim to do in the first place, he does argue that politeness and impoliteness are 'two sides of a coin', and therefore 'any theory that pretends to say something valuable about one side, automatically needs to deal with the other side as well'. This argument is also made by Culpeper (1996: 350) who believes that, in order for a theory of politeness to be comprehensive, it is integral that the topic of linguistic impoliteness is addressed.
Eelen (2001) points out that by conceptualising face redress and face threatening acts, Brown and Levinson's theory seems to be capable of accounting for linguistic impoliteness. Their theory implies that if speakers aim for conflict, then they should avoid using redressive strategies and instead use bald on-record strategies.
However, Eelen proceeds to argue that a major problem with this idea is the notion of face and face wants that is central to Brown and Levinson's model. If speakers do not satisfy the face wants of others, then they are being 'self-destructive', displaying 'almost unnatural behaviour' (2001:101), as hearers will then not satisfy the face wants of their speakers. Therefore, despite Eelen's initial expectations that Brown and Levinson's theory could conceive notions of linguistic impoliteness, for it to do so would be entirely contradictory:
If face-wants were to account for impoliteness in the same way as politeness, they would need to include the want not to satisfy one's own face-wants, which is a contradiction in terms (2001: 102).
In their section on bald on record utterances, Brown and Levinson do state that, on rare occasions, participants may perform an utterance 'baldly, without redress' if 'the speaker does not fear retribution from the addressee' (1987: 69). This may be due to the urgency or efficiency required by a situation, or in situations where the danger to the hearer's face is very small, as in offers or requests such as 'come in' or 'sit down'. Despite these acknowledgements that FTAs can be performed without redress on some occasions, Brown and Levinson's model still does not account for the fact that their concept of face wants 'can never explain their own non-fulfilment' (Eelen 2001: 102).
Furthermore, Thomas (1995) points out that Brown and Levinson's theory appears to predict that their bald-on record strategy is only employed in situations where face threat is small, due to their premise that it is generally in the mutual interests of participants to maintain each other's face. Thomas (1995: 171) argues that Brown and Levinson have neglected the fact that there are occasions where speakers do perform utterances that are designed 'deliberately to be maximally offensive'.
In light of this evidence, a theoretical approach to politeness that incorporates both politeness and impoliteness appears to be required in order to provide a more comprehensive explanation of linguistic politeness as a whole. Culpeper (1996) has attempted to define a theory of impoliteness that works as a parallel framework to Brown and Levinson's model of politeness. However, the criticisms that have been highlighted above can also be applied to Culpeper's work, as he follows Brown and Levinson's basic principles of face, face-threatening acts, and positive and negative politeness. Further criticisms can also be applied to the manner in which Culpeper defines impoliteness in his data (see section 4).
Harris (2001) makes the point that a vast amount of criticism applied to Brown and Levinson's work is a consequence of the fact that they are seeking to define a set of politeness universals which are applicable to numerous cultures [2]. Quoting Kasper (1990), Harris argues that the point he makes eleven years ago is probably still relevant today: researchers should not be aiming to generalise politeness principles. Instead, politeness research needs to confine itself to certain, specific contexts which have some 'well-defined commonalities' (Kasper 1990: 213, quoted in Harris 2001: 470). Harris accounts for this by utilising the communities of practice approach to analyse impoliteness in the discourse strategies of British politicians in the specific context of Prime Minister's Question Time. Her work demonstrates how fruitful the CofP approach can be to analysing discourse in specific, institutional contexts.
4. Politeness, gender and communities of practice
Mills (forthcoming) suggests that following the CofP approach will radically alter the way in which we conceive notions of politeness and impoliteness. In order to demonstrate the difference a CofP framework can make to an interpretation of impoliteness, she revisits Culpeper's (1996) data. Culpeper (1996: 359) applies his impoliteness framework to the discourse of army training officers in a documentary on female recruits. He asserts that impoliteness is a crucial part of army life; thus, a universalising theory of impoliteness needs to be developed to explain such instances. However, Mills makes the significant point that in the specific CofP of an army camp, the kind of behaviour that Culpeper has classified as impolite would not be classified as such by the female participants in his data as it is an expected norm.
Mills (forthcoming) argues that by adopting the CofP approach to studies of gender and politeness then:
Individual linguistic acts between individual speakers must be replaced by a community-based perspective on gender and politeness, which must therefore involve a sense of politeness having different functions for different people.
Mills (forthcoming) therefore argues that Holmes' (1995) definition of 'polite people', i.e. the female speakers in her data, 'does not relate those polite acts to a community which judges the acts and people as polite'. A CofP approach would avoid these kind of problems.
Eckert and McConnell-Ginet (1992a) argue that a major problem with language and gender research stems from the fact that it has abstracted both language and gender from the social practices in which they are produced, thus blurring the complex way in which they relate to one another. They assert the need for researchers to connect social and linguistic practice in order to examine how they are realised in specific communities.
Eckert and McConnell-Ginet also urge researchers to stop seeing the differences between male and female speech patterns as the major goal of research. They argue that studies which follow this pattern, such as the politeness studies of Brown (1980) and Holmes (1995), serve only to draw attention away from 'a more serious investigation of the relations among language, gender, and other components of social identity' (1992a: 91). They believe that the CofP approach can overcome these problems. Drawing on work by Lave and Wenger (1991), where the CofP approach is presented as a social theory of learning, Eckert and McConnell-Ginet (1992b) define a CofP as:
An aggregate of people who come together around mutual engagement in an endeavor. Ways of doing things, ways of talking, beliefs, values, power relations - in short, practices - emerge in the course of this mutual endeavor (1992b: 464).
Communities of practice can develop out of formal or informal enterprises, and members can be either core or peripheral depending on how integrated they are in a CofP. Communities of practice vary in size and quality. They can survive changes in membership, and they can come into existence and go out of existence. Eckert and McConnell-Ginet (1992a: 93) argue that individuals 'participate in multiple communities of practice and their individual identity is based on the multiplicity of this participation'. Gender, as one part of that individual identity, is produced and reproduced in different forms of membership in communities of practice. As well as gender, an individual's exposure or access to communities of practice is related to many other aspects of social identity including class, race, age, etc.
Eckert and McConnell-Ginet (1992a: 94) proceed to point out that gender is also 'produced and reproduced in differential forms of participation' in particular communities of practice and this is crucially linked to the place of such groups in wider society. They believe that the CofP approach enables researchers to focus on 'people's active engagement in the reproduction of or the resistance to gender arrangements in their communities' (1992b: 466).
It is clear that to apply the CofP approach to the media-constructed setting of a political interview requires some justification. However, Ehrlich (1999) has successfully applied the CofP approach to the constructed setting of courtroom discourse in a language and gender study examining sexual harassment, and I believe that, by re-defining the concept of a CofP, then the benefits of the approach to a study of gender, impoliteness and political interviews can be emphasised.
5. Political interviews as communities of practice
The fact that political interviews are confrontational, competitive encounters is clearly documented by both researchers in this area (Harris 1991), and by media personalities themselves. Robin Day (1975, 1991) argues that politicians deliberately ignore the questions they are asked and insist on repeating statements irrespective of whether they bear any relation to the interviewer's questions. In a previous study on broadcast interviews and politeness (Mullany 1999), the confrontational nature of political interviews is clearly emphasised. At first glance, the adversarial discourse patterns found in political interviews appear to be at odds with the general, harmonious principles of the CofP approach.
However, as I have argued elsewhere (Mullany 2000), Eckert and McConnell-Ginet tend to focus on the harmonious nature of the CofP approach, thus neglecting to draw attention to the fact that Lave and Wenger's (1991) definition of a CofP can incorporate confrontational discourse as well. This point is summarised succinctly in Wenger's (1998) later work. He outlines three defining characteristics for a CofP: mutual engagement, a joint enterprise and a shared repertoire (1998: 73). Wenger argues that the process of mutual engagement can be either harmonious or conflictual and part of the misinterpretation of a CofP as a co-operative, non-confrontational environment lies in the implicit assumption carried by the term 'community'. He points out that because 'community' often carries with it 'positive' connotations, there is an expectation that relationships taking place within a CofP will be of harmonious (1998: 76). He denies that this is the case in every CofP, and this leads him to argue:
Connotations of peaceful coexistence, mutual support, or interpersonal allegiance are not assumed...peace, happiness and harmony are therefore not necessary properties of a community of practice...disagreement, challenges and competition can all be forms of participation (1998: 77).
Therefore, the confrontational nature of the political interview, where 'disagreement, challenges and competition' all frequently occur in interaction, are perfectly acceptable forms of linguistic behaviour in a CofP.
A further problem with utilising the concept of a CofP to investigate political interviews is the fact that, in Lave and Wenger's (1991) and Eckert and McConnell-Ginet's (1995) studies, the approach has been adopted to analyse naturally-occurring linguistic data. In contrast to this, political interviews are constructed encounters. They are a genre of the mass media, set up to produce discourse for an overhearing audience.
However, it has already been pointed out that Ehrlich (1999) has successfully applied the CofP framework to the constructed setting of courtroom interaction, where discourse is set up specifically for the overhearing jury to make a decision about a defendant's innocence or guilt. In settings such as courtrooms and political interviews, I wish to argue that the CofP framework is still a useful one if it is modified to acknowledge the constructed setting of its discourse production. To accomplish this, I propose that a CofP be redefined as a synthetic community of practice (SCofP), to account for discourse that takes place in constructed contexts. In a SCofP, the roles of the interlocutors are pre-determined. Furthermore, the main purpose of a SCofP is to produce discourse for an overhearing audience. In general, each participant will seek to influence the audience to agree/empathise with their point of view.
Furthermore, as part of his theory of social learning, Wenger argues that 'communities of practice are everywhere' (1998: 6) and the learning experience within these communities of practice make up 'an integral part of our daily lives' (1998: 7). Just because individuals enter a constructed discourse setting does not mean that they will suddenly stop learning. For the interviewers and interviewees in political interviews, the learning experience continues as they perform their social and institutional identities in this SCofP.
Another problem with using the CofP framework to examine political interviews lies in the fact that both Lave and Wenger (1991) and Eckert and McConnell-Ginet (1995, 1999) use the approach to examine the speech of the same group of individuals over a period of time. Unlike the tailor's apprentices Lave and Wenger observed, or the high school adolescents focused on by Eckert and McConnell-Ginet, the individuals who participate in broadcast interviews will differ from broadcast to broadcast. Although political interviewers regularly conduct interviews on specific programmes in the same broadcast network, the political interviewees change constantly and often appear on different programmes and networks.
However, political interviewees will participate in political interviews over a period of time during their political careers. Although they do not appear as often as the interviewers, interviewees learn the rules of engagement in political interviews through their own experience and through the training they receive from their political parties. They are thus aware of the norms of the SCofP they engage in as much as their interviewers, even though they appear less frequently.
Furthermore, although the individual participants do change, the pre-determined roles of the interviewer and interviewee remain constant. As a SCofP, the political interview has a clearly defined set of norms and expectations governed by the established membership roles of political interviewer and political interviewee(s). Greatbatch (1986) details the distinct roles that broadcast interviewers and interviewees occupy. He argues that, in news interviewing (in which all of the data he uses are political interviews), there is a 'turn-taking system which specifies that interviewees should confine themselves to answering interviewers' questions' (1986: 441). Within the turn-taking system, the interviewers are responsible for topic control and the time management of the discourse. Wenger's three defining characteristics for the existence of a CofP will now be applied in more detail to give clarity to the definition of the political interview as a SCofP.
Wenger's first characteristic, mutual engagement, is evident in political broadcast interviews, with the interviewer and interviewee(s) mutually engaging with each other to produce discourse for an overhearing audience. As has already been emphasised, the aims of a CofP do not have to be harmonious. Therefore, although the interviewers and interviewees will be mutually engaging with one another, this does not mean that conflict and competition will not occur. On the contrary, confrontational discourse will be expected, with the interviewer attempting to hold the interviewee(s) to account on the perspectives and policies of their particular political party.
Wenger's second characteristic, a joint negotiated enterprise, is also observable in political interviews. It is the job of the interviewer and interviewee(s) to jointly produce discourse for the overhearing audience. Through the production of question-answer adjacency pair sequences, the interviewer and interviewee(s) work jointly with one another in a two-way process: the interviewers ask questions designed to elicit information from the interviewees for the listening audience and the interviewees' role is to answer these questions to best effect for both themselves as individuals and the political parties which they represent. Whilst their purposes within the interview are different, the interviewer and interviewee(s) work jointly in order to produce discourse for the listening audience.
The third characteristic, a shared repertoire, is also evident in political interviews. Holmes and Meyerhoff (1999: 176) point out that by a shared repertoire, Wenger is referring to the 'joint resources for negotiating meaning' that participants have available to them. In political interviews this can include strategies such as specific linguistic routines, including interviewers introducing interviewees to the listening audience, and rituals for terminating an encounter. In a database of 20 political broadcast interviews, a distinct pattern was observed [3]. All of the interviewers introduced their interviewees to the listening audience by referring to the title they have within their political party, along with their FNLN. The interviewees' spatio-temporal relations are also made clear to the listening audience, as in the following examples [4]:
Example 1
MER: The Agriculture Minister Jack Cunningham is with me
Example 2
MER: In the radio car is The Roads Minister Baroness Hayman
Often, these details are accompanied by a ritual greeting that is reciprocated. For example:
Example 3
MER: The Schools Minister Estelle Morris is in our Westminster studio good morning
FEE: Good morning
Example 4
MER: The Leader of the Opposition William Hague is with us this morning good morning
MEE: Good morning
All of the interviewers in my database follow exactly the same ritualistic pattern for terminating an encounter. The interviewer states the FNLN of the interviewee, and then thanks them for partaking in the interview. For example:
Example 5
FER: Estelle Morris thanks very much
Example 6
MER: Jack Cunningham thanks very much indeed
As the interviewer and interviewee(s) have such clearly defined roles in political broadcast interviews, it becomes clear that as participants, they do not have equal access to the CofP, thus raising the important issue of power between participants. In order to illustrate this point, I wish to expand on the notion of core and peripheral membership (outlined in section 4), by defining two intersecting axes on which interviewers' and interviewees' membership of the SCofP can be defined.
On the first axis, both the interviewers and interviewees can be either core or peripheral in the conventional sense, depending on the amount of experience they have, either as broadcast journalists, or as politicians being interviewed on a political topic in the broadcast media. This axis can be referred to as core and peripheral membership at an individual level. Secondly, the definitions of core and peripheral can be given a more global distinction, with the interviewers being the core members of the SCofP, whilst the interviewees are the peripheral members. The interviewers are core members as they are responsible for controlling the discourse at a local management level. Furthermore, they are employed by the broadcast media as an institution, thus it is within their profession that the interview takes place. The political interviewees are the peripheral members of the CofP as they are controlled by the turn-taking system over which the interviewer has control. This axis can be referred to as core and peripheral membership at an institutional level. The SCofP approach to political interviews will now be combined with an examination of politeness from a CofP perspective, and the specific issue of linguistic impoliteness in political interviews will be focused on.
6. Impoliteness and political interviews
If Brown and Levinson's (1987) model is applied to a study of political interview discourse, the FTAs uttered by participants without redressive action would be regarded as impolite by implication. However, in political interviews it is not in the interests of participants to pay mutual attention to each other's face needs. The centrality of the preservation of face needs to Brown and Levinson's theory means that it does not appear to account for confrontational discourse where not paying attention to the addressees' face needs and attacking their position is a frequent and expected occurrence. Failure to pay attention to the face needs of fellow interlocutors does not result in conversational breakdown in political interviews, as would be predicted by Brown and Levinson's theory.
Unlike Brown and Levinson's approach, the CofP framework enables a more fluid and dynamic approach to be taken to a definition of politeness, which accounts for impoliteness as part of the overall concept of politeness. It draws attention away from a search for politeness universals, and leads instead to a detailed examination of what politeness means in specific contexts. Adopting the CofP approach means that it is the participants themselves who define what is polite and impolite behaviour against the norms they have for the specific communities in which their discourse practices take place. In a specific concentration on the CofP approach and impoliteness, Mills (forthcoming) argues:
Impoliteness is only classified as such by certain, usually dominant community members, and/or when it leads to a breakdown in relations.
For impoliteness to be evident, either the interviewer or the interviewee would need to highlight this themselves. However, as has been illustrated above, conversational breakdown rarely occurs in political interviews, and it is notable that only one example of impoliteness, as defined through the CofP approach, can be found in my database. Before analysing this example, and the potential implications it has for language and gender studies on politeness, I wish to focus on Mills's definition that it is usually the 'dominant' member of the CofP who will classify impoliteness in discourse as this raises interesting issues of power operating at both a micro and macro level in the SCofP of political interviews.
At a local level of discourse management, it is the interviewers who appear to control the encounter, as illustrated in section 5. However, it is often the case that the interviewees will hold a much more dominant position in wider society by virtue of the fact that they are Members of Parliament. As Winter (1993) points out, this is noticeable through the non-reciprocal use of address terms, which is also observable in all the interviews in my database. The interviewees use FN to refer to their interviewers, whereas the interviewers will use T only, TLN, TFNLN or FNLN to refer to their interviewees, signalling the distinction between their positions of power in society as a whole. As a consequence of the discrepancy between power at local and global levels, the identification of the most dominant participant in the interaction can become blurred, and on certain occasions, interviewees can stipulate which topics they will talk about, either during the interview or beforehand, thus limiting the amount of local power interviewers have over the encounter [5]. It thus appears that as the identification of the most dominant participant can become indistinct, both the interviewers and the interviewees could, on occasions, perceive that impolite linguistic behaviour has occurred in the interview.
The only example of impoliteness found in my database of 20 encounters occurs in a M-F interview between John Humphrys (JH) and Hilary Armstrong (HA), broadcast on the 2/12/97. It is the female interviewee who accuses her male interviewer of impolite behaviour towards her by marking his linguistic behaviour as inappropriate using metalanguage and by posing a question to him, thus reversing the expectation of whose role it is to initiate the question-answer sequences. In the SCofP of political interviews, the interviewer and interviewee should mutually engage with one another through a process of joint negotiation in order to produce discourse for the overhearing audience. However, HA accuses JH of not allowing her to respond to his questions. The accusation by HA therefore shows that the norms of the SCofP, as far as she is concerned, are not being adhered to by the male interviewer.
I intend to demonstrate that impolite behaviour, as classified by the participant herself, is something that emerges at a discourse level, rather than at the level of a single speech act. HA does not judge JH's behaviour as impolite due to a single speech act that he performs; rather it is his interactional behaviour over a stretch of talk during the interview that leads her to accuse him of not letting her have the conversational floor when she is entitled to it.
The topic of the interview is the Government's announcement of a settlement which will determine the amount of money local authorities are to be given towards the cost of providing services. This issue has been highlighted on the news bulletin that took place fifteen minutes before JH and HA's interview. Immediately preceding their encounter is a F-M interview with Anna Ford and a Liberal Democrat MP who argues that by sticking to Conservative spending plans, the Government will be unable to provide more finance as council tax bills will not be allowed to increase. The extract below shows JH questioning HA about the fairness of the settlement:
Example 7
All of the questions posed by John Humphrys in this section are defined as antagonistic in nature. Following Holmes' (1992) definition, antagonistic questions are aggressively critical assertions, which function to attack the interviewee's position and demonstrate that it is wrong. They occur frequently in political interviews. Antagonistic questions in this extract take either the syntactic form of a question (lines 1-6, 8, 10) or appear in the form of a declarative which has the pragmatic function of a question (lines 13, 16-17, 21-22, 27-31, 33).
In lines 1-6, JH's antagonistic question accuses the Government's settlement of being unfair, thus challenging HA's position and attempting to demonstrate that it is wrong. HA begins to respond to this, but JH successfully interrupts her answer with another antagonistic question 'but it won't be will it?' [6] HA precedes to answer the question by repeating her initial utterance 'the settlement', but JH successfully interrupts again with another antagonistic question (line 10). For the third time HA precedes to answer the initial question commencing yet again with the repetition of 'the settlement'. On this occasion she is allowed to proceed (lines 11-12), but JH successfully interrupts her again with the declarative 'not all those other things there listed' (line 13).
HA responds to JH's declarative, successfully interrupting his utterance to agree with him (line 14). JH show his surprise by interrupting with 'OH'. As HA attempts to explain why all of the things listed haven't been taken into account commencing with 'because' (line 15), JH interrupts once more to declare that this is what Frank Dobson attacked the Tory government for doing, thus accusing HA of hypocrisy. She responds to this, accusing JH of not presenting a correct version of the facts (lines 18-20).
He interrupts her again in an attempt to demonstrate that her position is wrong (line 21), by quoting directly from Hansard. It is during this declarative utterance that HA accuses JH of not allowing her to answer his questions, thus accusing him of being impolite because, as far as she is concerned, he has broken the norms of the political interview. Her initial interruption attempt to do this is unsuccessful (line 23). However, she then proceeds to accuse JH of not wanting her to respond to the questions he is posing, interrupting him, though he does not concede the floor to her. In her accusation she reverses the expectation that the interviewer initiates the question-answer sequence by asking him an antagonistic question of her own: 'I don't think you want me to get a word in edgeways do you John? He denies that this is the case in his response which he repeats four times (line 24), but after he has completed his utterance he does allow HA to have a turn in the discourse without disruptively interrupting her (lines 34-42).
It is important to note that HA's accusation is mitigated. She hedges the initial part of her utterance 'I don't think', followed by a conventional metaphorical expression 'get a word in edgeways', and then laughs when she has completed her utterance (line 26). The joking tone adopted lessens the force of the antagonistic question, and ironically focuses on their respective roles of interviewer and interviewee, i.e. that the interviewee is expected to take up the majority of turn-taking time when responding to the interviewer's questions. An unmitigated accusation could have led to conversational breakdown. This would be damaging both for HA and the Labour Party she represents if she is perceived to be unable to cope with JH's aggressive style. HA thus avoids potential conversational breakdown by implicitly classifying her fellow interlocutor's linguistic behaviour as being impolite, using metalanguage and reversing the role expectations of who should be the questioner in political interviews. JH is thus being impolite as he is not allowing HA to mutually engage with him in the joint enterprise of producing discourse for an overhearing audience.
In terms of gender, a potential explanation that could be suggested for JH's behaviour by the culture difference/approach is that as a male speaker he will not pay attention to conventions of linguistic politeness and thus disruptively interrupts his female interlocutor on numerous occasions. The power/dominance approach could explain JH's behaviour towards HA as yet another example of male domination, with the male interrupting the female on far more occasions in mixed-sex interaction. However, it is the female speaker who accuses her male interlocutor of displaying impolite behaviour towards her. Although her accusation is mitigated to avoid potential conversational breakdown, she nevertheless displays dominant behaviour by uttering an antagonistic question of her own which subverts the expected interviewer-interviewee power relationship at a local level of discourse management. Both the power/dominance and the culture/difference approaches would have difficulty in explaining this example of a female not paying close attention to the face needs of her male interlocutor, implicitly accusing him of inappropriate behaviour.
The CofP approach emphasises that gender is just one aspect of social identity that is being enacted in a CofP (see section 4). In political broadcast interviews, the interviewers and interviewees, as well as enacting their gender identity, are also enacting other parts of their social identity, such as their age, class and ethnicity. Furthermore, because the discourse takes place in an institutional context, they are also enacting their professional identities as either politicians or journalists, which is influenced by factors such as what political party they belong to or what broadcast network they appear on, what position they have within their party or within their broadcast network, and how long they have been an MP or a political interviewer. All of these aspects of identity can be expected to affect the discourse strategies male and female journalists and politicians use in political interviews.
7. Conclusion
By focusing on the institutional context of political broadcast interviews, it is hoped that the benefit of focusing studies of politeness on discourse in institutional settings has been emphasised. The neglect of impoliteness by previous linguistic politeness researchers has been overcome by using the CofP framework to theorise how notions of both politeness and impoliteness can be conceived. Instead of applying an alleged set of politeness universals to individual speech acts, the CofP approach demonstrates that politeness and impoliteness have different functions for different individuals depending on what kind of community they are interacting in.
The CofP approach also redefines the manner in which the relationship between language and gender should be conceived. Instead of treating men and women as monolithic categories, the focus on local practices enables language and gender researchers to stop searching for differences between male and female speech patterns and instead consider that gender may not be the only aspect of identity that is influencing linguistic behaviour in specific communities of practice.
However, this is not to suggest that gender as a variable is not significant. Although Freed (1996) points out that gender may not always be the most salient feature which affects speech patterns on all occasions, she argues that inspiration for language and gender studies should lie in the fact that, due to deeply embedded gender stereotypes that continue to operate in society, 'there are a well-organized set of social expectations about who, women or men, will convey which social meanings' (1996: 70) and, as a consequence, women and men have different access to specific social roles and activities.
Indeed, in the political arena, women are still heavily under-represented in the British House of Commons, and therefore appear far less frequently than male politicians on political broadcast interviews. Although there was an increase in female MPs in the 1997 General Election, taking the number of female MPs up from 9.2% to 18%, this decreased at the last election [7]. Furthermore, Walsh (1998) points out that when women have achieved the status of MP, they then face stereotyping within the political arena. She argues that there is 'a gendered division of labour' in political parties, and females are stereotypically seen as politicians who should 'occupy a practical supportive role vis-à-vis the activities of visionary men' (1998: 208). Therefore, due to this sex role stereotyping, women are far more likely to remain as peripheral members of political interviews as a SCofP at an individual level. Freed (1996) argues that as long as gender stereotyping exists:
Researchers will be obliged to consider gender (as a variable that interacts with other social variables) in the process of analysing the interaction of language and social life (1996: 70).
Adopting the CofP approach has highlighted that gender is not the only variable which affects linguistic behaviour. Instead gender should be seen as 'a sex-based way of experiencing other social attributes like class, ethnicity and age' (Eckert and McConnell-Ginet 1992a: 91), and also as a sex-based way of experiencing other aspects of identity, such as professional identity that are enacted when interaction takes place in an institutional context. Furthermore, adopting the CofP approach to theorise notions of politeness and impoliteness should avoid the decontextualised analyses that are a consequence of adopting Brown and Levinson's politeness universals, thus bringing advantages to studies of language, gender and politeness.
1. I would like to thank Francesca Bargiela, Sandra
Harris, Peter Stockwell and members of the Cross-Cultural Linguistic Politeness
Group who have commented on draft versions of this paper. I am also indebted
to the comments of two anonymous reviewers.
FER: female interviewer
FEE: female interviewee
MER: male interviewer
MEE: male interviewee
(.) indicates a pause of 1 second or less
[ ]
[ ] indicates simultaneous speech
= double equals signs indicate that there was no discernible gap between participant's utterances
'OH' : capital letters indicate that material was uttered loudly
((laughs)): material in double brackets gives additional information
hh. indicates a sharply exhaled breath
5. Greatbatch (1986: 442) argues that the politicians in his data use 'agenda-shifting procedures' during their interview in an attempt to exert some control over which topics are discussed.
6. There has been a wealth of material written on the nature of interruptions, a consideration of which is beyond the scope of this paper. Whilst it is acknowledged that some instances of simultaneous speech can be supportive in nature (Edelsky 1981, Coates 1996), all of the examples in my extract are disruptive. Therefore, the term interruption as used here refers to a 'disruptive turn' (Holmes 1995: 52) in the discourse. The interrupter attempts to prevent the current speaker from completing her turn and claims the floor for himself.
7. The number of female MPs elected in the 1997 British General Election was 120 (18%), an increase from 60 (9.2%) in 1992. However, the number decreased slightly to 115 (17%) in the 2001 General Election, most likely as a consequence of the Labour Party's decision to abandon their policy of all-women short lists. Achieving anything like an equal gender balance in the House of Commons therefore still appears to be a very long way off.
Bargiela, Francesca, Corinne Boz, Lily Gokzadze, Abdurrahman Hamza, Sara Mills and Nino Rukhadze (this issue [May 2002]), 'Ethnocentrism, politeness and naming strategies'.
Bergvall, Victoria, Janet Bing and Alice Freed eds., (1996) Rethinking Language and Gender Research: Theory and Practice. New York: Longman.
Bergvall, Victoria, (1996) 'Constructed and enacting gender through discourse: negotiating multiple roles as female engineering students', in Victoria Bergvall, Janet Bing and Alice Freed eds., Rethinking Language and Gender Research: Theory and Practice, 173-201, New York: Longman.
Bergvall, Victoria, (1999) 'Towards a comprehensive theory of language and gender' Language in Society 28: 273-93.
Brown, Penelope and Stephen Levinson, (1978) 'Universals in language usage: politeness phenomena', in Esther Goody ed., Questions and Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction, 56-311, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brown, Penelope, (1980) 'How and why some women are more polite: some evidence from a Mayan community', in: Sally McConnell-Ginet, Ruth Borker and Nellie Furman eds., Women and Language and Literature in Society, 111-136, New York: Prager.
Brown, Penelope and Steven Levinson, (1987) Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Butler, Judith, (1990) Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Gender Identity. New York: Routledge.
Cameron, Deborah, (1995) 'Rethinking language and gender studies: some issues for the 1990s', in Sara Mills ed., Language and Gender: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 31-44, New York: Longman.
Cameron, Deborah, (1996) 'The language-gender interface: challenging co-optation', in Victoria Bergvall, Janet Bing and Alice Freed eds., Rethinking Language and Gender Research: Theory and Practice, 31-53, New York: Longman.
Cameron, Deborah, (1997) 'Performing gender identity: young men's talk and the construction of heterosexual masculinity', in Sally Johnson and Ulrike Hanna Meinhof eds., Language and Masculinity, 47-64, Oxford: Blackwell.
Cheng, Rong, (2001) 'Self-politeness: a proposal', Journal of Pragmatics 33: 87-106.
Coates, Jennifer, (1996) Women Talk. Oxford: Blackwell.
Crawford, Mary, (1997) Review of Holmes' 'Women, Men and Politeness' Language in Society 26: 426-429.
Culpeper, Jonathan, (1996) 'Towards an anatomy of impoliteness' Journal of Pragmatics 25: 349-67.
Day, Robin, (1975) Day by Day. London: William Kimber.
Day, Robin, (1991) Grand Inquisitor. London: Pan.
Eckert, Penelope and Sally McConnell-Ginet, (1992a) 'Communities of Practice: where language, gender and power all live', in Kira Hall, Mary Bucholtz and Birch Moonwomon eds., Locating Power: Proceedings of the Second Berkeley Women and Language Conference, 89-99, Berkeley CA: Berkeley Women and Language Group.
Eckert, Penelope and Sally McConnell-Ginet, (1992b) 'Think practically and look locally: Language and gender as community-based practice' Annual Review of Anthropology 21: 461-90.
Eckert, Penelope and Sally McConnell-Ginet, (1995) 'Constructing meaning, constructing selves', in Kira Hall and Mary Bucholtz eds., Gender Articulated: Language and the Socially-Constructed Self, 469-507, New York: Routledge.
Eckert, Penelope and Sally McConnell-Ginet, (1999) 'New generalizations and explanations in language and gender research', Language in Society 28: 185-201.
Edelsky, Carole, (1981) 'Who's got the floor?' Language in Society 10: 383-421.
Eelen, Gino, (2001) A Critique of Politeness Theories. Manchester: St. Jerome's Press.
Ehrlich, Susan, (1999) 'Communities of practice, gender and the representation of sexual assault' Language in Society 28: 239-56.
Fishman, Pamela, (1978) 'Interaction: the work women do' Social Problems 25:397-406.
Fishman, Pamela, (1980) 'Conversational insecurity', in Howard Giles, Peter Robinson and Philip Smith eds., Language: Social Psychological Perspectives, 127-132, Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Flowerdew, John, (1999) 'Face in cross-cultural discourse' Text 19: 3-23.
Freed, Alice, (1996) 'Language and gender in an experimental setting', in Victoria Bergvall, Janet Bing and Alice Freed eds., Rethinking Language and Gender Research: Theory and Practice, 54-76, New York: Longman.
Goffman, Erving, (1967) Interaction ritual: Essays on face-to-face behavior. New York: Anchor Books.
Greatbatch, David, (1986) 'Aspects of topical organisation in news interviews: the use of agenda-shifting procedures by interviewees' Media, Culture and Society 8: 441-455.
Gu, Yueguo, (1990) 'Politeness phenomenon in modern Chinese' Pragmatics 14: 237-257.
Harris, Sandra, (1991) 'Evasive action: how politicians respond to questions in political interviews', in Paddy Scannell ed., Broadcast Talk, 76-99, London: Sage.
Harris, Sandra, (2001) 'Being politically impolite: extending politeness theory to adversarial political discourse' Discourse and Society 12: 451-472.
Holmes, Janet, (1992) 'Women's talk in public contexts' Discourse and Society 3: 131-150.
Holmes, Janet, (1995) Women, Men and Politeness. New York: Longman.
Holmes, Janet and Miriam Meyerhoff, (1999) 'The community of practice: Theories and methodologies in language and gender research' Language in Society 28: 173-183.
Johnstone, Barbara, Kathleen Ferrara and Judith Mattson Bean, (1994) 'Gender, politeness and discourse management in same-sex and cross-sex opinion-poll interviews' Journal of Pragmatics 18: 405-430.
Kasper, Gabriele, (1990) 'Linguistic politeness: current research issues' Journal of Pragmatics 14: 193-218.
Lakoff, Robin, (1975) Language and Woman's Place. New York: Harper Row.
Lakoff, Robin Tolmach, (1989) 'The limits of politeness: therapeutic and courtroom discourse' Multilingua 8: 101-129.
Lave, Jean and Etienne Wenger, (1991) Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mills, Sara, (forthcoming) 'Rethinking politeness, impoliteness and gender identity' in Evangelia Litosseliti and Jane Sutherland eds., Discourse Analysis and Gender Identity, Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Mullany, Louise, (1999) 'Linguistic politeness and sex differences in BBC Radio 4 broadcast interviews' Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics 7:119-142.
Mullany, Louise, (2000) 'The application of current language and gender theory to managerial meeting discourse' Nottingham Linguistic Circular 15: 1-16.
Perez de Ayala, Soledad, (2001) 'FTAs and Erskine May: Conflicting needs?- Politeness in Question Time' Journal of Pragmatics 33: 143-169.
Spencer-Oatey, Helen, (1992) Cross-cultural politeness: British and Chinese conceptions of the tutor-student relationship, unpublished PhD thesis, Lancaster University.
Tannen, Deborah, (1984) Conversational Style: Analyzing Talk Among Friends. Norwood NJ: Ablex.
Tannen, Deborah, (1990) You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation. New York: William Morrow.
Thomas, Jennifer, (1995) Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. London: Longman.
Walsh, Clare, (1998) 'Gender and mediatized political discourse: a case study of press coverage of Margaret Beckett's campaign for the Labour leadership in 1994' Language and Literature 7: 199-214.
Winter, Joanne, (1993) 'Gender and the political interview in an Australian context' Journal of Pragmatics 20: 117-139.
Wenger, Etienne, (1998) Communities of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zimmerman, Don and Candace West, (1975) 'Sex roles, interruptions and silences in conversation' in Barrie Thorne, Cheris Kramarae and Nancy Henley eds., Language, Gender and Society, 89-101, Rowley MA: Newbury House.


text:
If you support expanding energy efficiency programs to all homes and businesses that heat with oil, now is the time to speak out!
Why H 2909 Matters:
- The cost of oil is over $2.50/gallon, and yet businesses, non-profits, churches and schools that heat with oil have little to no assistance to replace aging oil heating equipment. Residents served by a municipal electric company and heat with oil cannot participate in the Mass Save programs. This needs to change.
- The savings are HUGE. Approximately 40% of heating systems in MA are over 25 years old—the average customer will save $800 in fuel costs in the first year alone.
- 44% of MA towns have limited or no gas infrastructure; switching to
natural gas is out of the question. This bill provides relief for the millions
of homes and other buildings that heat with oil and will continue to rely on
Add thousands of jobs in MA
167 job years will be created per million dollars of program investments, both within and independent of the energy efficiency sector.
Save consumers money
Every $1 dollar invested in energy efficiency pays the customer back over $7.60 in direct oil heat savings.
Boost our local economy
Keeping more of our energy dollars circulating in-state rather than sending them outside our region.
Reduce greenhouse gases
Reducing oil consumption will allow the Bay State to meet our aggressive carbon reduction goals and reduce other pollutants.
Communities using oil heat in Massachusetts
Find out the percentage of homes in each community in MA who heat with oil. View map | View list of towns
Save Oil, Improve Comfort and Create Jobs: It's Time for Oil Heat Efficiency in Massachusetts
View fact sheet on the benefits of an oil heat efficiency fund for MA
Towns without gas infrastructure and municipal electrical utilities
View service territory map of Massachusetts communities served by natural gas

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Amid all of the talk regarding the glut of All-Stars, Scott Van Slyke had been largely overlooked. While much was made about what the Los Angeles Dodgers would do with the likes of Matt Kemp, Yasiel Puig, Carl Crawford and Andre Ethier, Van Slyke remained in the background and has done nothing more than quietly produce.
Even with four serviceable outfielders, Van Slyke fills a very important need, and he has seemed to relish his role as a platoon outfielder and power bat off of the bench. After all, Van Slyke seemed destined to be with another team during last season's offseason, as the Dodgers designated him for assignment to make room for Skip Schumaker. Fortunately, Van Slyke cleared waivers and he remained with the Dodgers.
Van Slyke has been impressive, and the Dodgers have used him in left, center and even at first base. While Van Slyke's defense has been adequate all over the field, it is his ability to hit left-handers that is his true value.
On the 2014 season, Van Slyke has slashed .291/.451/.727 against left-handers, accumulating six doubles, six home runs and nine RBI in 55 at-bats. Manager Don Mattingly has not used him exclusively lefties, however, and while the power has not been there for Van Slyke against righties, his on-base percentage of .392 has made him a valuable part of the lineup.
The Dodgers have two left-handed hitting outfielders in Carl Crawford and Andre Ethier, both of whom struggle mightily against left-handed pitchers. With the emergence of Van Slyke, the Dodgers have been able to take advantage of favorable matchups on a regular basis.
There has even been some speculation by Mattingly that Van Slyke could be an everyday player elsewhere, and his overall slash line of .271/.426/.542 may indeed indicate that he is capable of doing so. Van Slyke has compensated for his inability to hit right-handers by being exceptionally patient, evidenced by his 18.9% walk rate.
It should also be noted that Van Slyke has already accumulated 1.6 WAR, which is impressive for a part-time player, especially one that was deemed completely expendable less than 18 months ago. It is even more impressive when one considers that the 1.6 WAR is more than Kemp, Crawford and Ethier have accumulated as a group.
So maybe Mattingly is right about Van Slyke being an everyday player. Depending on what happens at the trade deadline, there is still the possibility that he could be an everyday player as a member of the Dodgers.Tags: Andre Ethier, Baseball, Carl Crawford, Don Mattingly, Los Angeles, Los Angeles Dodgers, Matt Kemp, MLB, Scott Van Slyke, Yasiel Puig


text:
 By Kevin Werner, News Staff

Hamilton Food Share executive director Joanne Santucci says if you want to create a sustainable food bank operation, reach out to an established organization.

It's a suggestion Ward 5 councillor Chad Collins, and about 25 East Hamilton Food Bank Initiative volunteers are seriously considering.

"Joanne recognizes the issues, and told us to partner with an existing service provider," said Collins. "We are looking into it."

Santucci attended a recent information meeting with Collins' group to provide some valuable experience to create a food bank from scratch.

"The people (in the Riverdale area) are underserviced and there is a genuine need," said Santucci. "But the organization needs to be viable and sustainable."

Providers have to determine the type of food to offer, who will use it, and what hours will the facility have.

"It needs to be well thought out," she said. "The image of people handing out food from a church basement is gone. There needs to be a discussion on how it can happen and make it a reality. We have a very committed group here."

Collins proposed last spring to create a food bank in his area after the Stoney Creek Community Food Bank relocated from its rent-free building in the city's downtown to Winona October, 2011. It provided food to about 600 people.

Collins says there are no food banks between Winona and Wentworth Street in Ward 4, except for a few small operations, such as the Community Access to Child Health that provides food to about 85 families, Lightway Church at Queenston Road and Centennial Parkway, and St. Matthew's House in the former St. Helen's School on Britannia Avenue.

City food banks remain under constant pressure as they attempt to nourish a growing number of people. This year food banks are serving 19,000 residents, of which 44 per cent are children. Just over 7,900 households used a food bank this year with about 54 per cent are parents with children under 18 years.

"I don't know who loves going to a food bank," said Santucci. "You see people coming in, and it's pretty tough for them to ask for food."

So far up to 30 people have joined Collins as they collect information about operating a food bank. They have toured other establishments such as Neighbour to Neighbour, St. Matthew's and Mission Services to look at their models.

"It's all part of the education process," he said.

Collins does have some criteria for the east end food bank. It should be located on a bus route, preferably in the Eastgate Square area. He also wants the food bank to provide food for a diverse population. He said newcomers may not find macaroni and cheese, or soups appealing for their specialized diets.

It's too early to say how much it will cost to create a food bank, or what resources the group can access, said Collins. But he wants a plan developed by the early part of 2013.

"We've had four good meetings," said Collins. "We are making progress."


text:
Movgrab is a command-line movie downloader for sites like YouTube. It has no dependencies; everything that's needed should be there in the tar.gz package. Movgrab can connect through an HTTP proxy, can output the download to stdout for piping into another program, and can fork into the background to free up the console. When forked into the background, its progress can still be seen in a ps list.
getxbook is a collection of tools to download books from websites. There are tools to download from Google Books' "book preview", Amazon's "look inside the book", and Barnes and Noble's "book viewer". There is an optional GUI written in Tcl/Tk, and some shell scripts using OCR to create plain text or searchable PDFs and DjVu files from the downloaded books.
Elmedia Player PRO makes it easy to download videos from online sources such as YouTube, Vimeo, DailyMotion, Metacafe, and many others. Using it is just a matter of entering the link to the page with your desired video in Elmedia Player and choosing the content you want to download from the list. When you are downloading SWF files, you are given the option to preview all external resources used by the SWF animation. You can download them along with the SWF file if you wish, or even download just the external resources without the initial SWF. Other features include full-screen mode, "Always on top" mode, the ability to make screenshots of your favorite movie moments, and the ability to convert the whole movie into a series of images.
Conversion of pgs subtitles in mkv videos.
A pure Python implementation of the Sane API and abstraction layer.


text:
Test Proctoring
Exam Proctoring is available to Homewood Library Cardholders ONLY.
There is no charge for this service.
There is a minimum of ONE WEEK notice for this service.
Hours available are limited.
To arrange your proctoring session, please call Karin at 708-798-0121, ext. 224
or email her at: firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
To utilize professional level databases for more info on people search free; here are links to the most effective tools:
NET DETECTIVE DATABASE ACCESS PAGE - Typically, they prove to be a valuable help for finding people search free information.
WEB DETECTIVE DATABASE ACCESS PAGE - This a similar service utilizing slightly different databases.
NET-VESTIGATOR DATABASE ACCESS PAGE - A new entry into the database access field.
CYBERDETECTIVE DATABASE ACCESS PAGE - Very similar to Net Detective with minor variations.
Other listings for people search free:Yahoo! People Search
Home | Index | cell phone number search | find email addresses | find people free | oregon dmv | free people searches | phone number look up | virginia department of motor vehicles | military records


text:
Finding the Best Commercial Refrigeration Contractor
Meeting the refrigeration needs of commercial establishments is very important. Restaurants, hotels, malls, movie houses and many others rely on proper air-conditioning to ensure customers are comfortable. These establishments cannot afford to have customers complaining about the heat or the cold.
Even more important than the comfort of customers is many commercial establishments have perishable goods they need to keep fresh. Restaurants, stores, markets would lose customers and bankrupt in a matter of days if they do not have an adequate refrigeration system in place. Distributors of meats and vegetables need their transport vehicles to be equipped with refrigeration machinery or they'll be dealing with complaints from retailers about the quality of the products they are delivering to them. To learn more about commercial refrigeration system, you can visit http://www.huffingtonpost.com/news/refrigeration/.
All commercial establishments engaged in the production and distribution of perishable goods specially food need an efficient cold storage refrigeration system. Fortunately for them, refrigeration engineering has made rapid improvements over the years and has the capability to provide solution to any kind of refrigeration requirement of even the biggest commercial establishments.
Those looking for a company to take care of their refrigeration needs have plenty to choose from. Because refrigeration is essential to many businesses handling perishable products, there are many companies offering the service. To find a refrigeration company all they have to do is search in the internet.
Refrigeration companies offer a variety of services. Some can only handle needs of small businesses while others can handle the needs of even the biggest businesses. In deciding which company to engage, it is important for businesses to consider the quality of equipment being offered as well as related services such as installation and maintenance. There are many manufacturers of refrigeration machinery and equipment and it's not reasonable to expect that their quality to be the same. It's important for businesses to find industrial refrigeration contractors providing the best equipment in terms of efficient performance, energy consumption, durability and maintenance.
Even the best refrigeration system is bound to suffer a breakdown which can be damaging to businesses. A contractor that provides maintenance that consists of preventive maintenance and speedy response to problems is a must. It should not be difficult to identify a contractor offering this kind of maintenance service. Web sites of cold storage refrigeration system contractors contain information about the maintenance services they offer to their clients. There are also customers' feedback on these web sites which allows businesses a clearer picture of the kind service a contractor actually provides.


text:
Pair your brand colors together in this two-tone silicone custom wristband that's custom made with any two colors of your choice!
The options are endless with this silicone custom wristband! Screen printed with your logo, these bracelets are custom made to match any color.
Call all the shots with this completely custom wristband. Available in any color, your bracelet will stand out from the rest when you add your full color logo or graphics.
Make your giveaways perfectly match your brand colors with a silicone custom wristband that's custom made to match any color of your choosing and screen printed with up to 2-colors
ePromos can help you show your clients that you care about their health and safety with our healthcare promotional products. These promotional products include condoms in matchbooks, first aids kits, pill cases, DNA kits, and many more useful healthcare products. They make great giveaways at trade shows, job fairs, or other promotional events, and are very useful so your business is sure to get great exposure.


text:
|From: keydana at gmx.de (keydana at gmx.de)
Date: Fri May 22 16:10:16 EDT 2009
Hi Jay, hi Robby, thanks a lot for your extremely quick and helpful responses! Now I see I really was quite wrong! I don't know if it's from having web development experience mainly with Java, or because I chose snooze explicitly for the "Active Record" pattern (thanks to a hint some time ago here on the list :-) ) - but really I was somehow associating "state" with the active record objects... Now with your explanation, on the other hand, it's very clear that it's about the storage of the continuations! Perhaps it might really make sense to put this directly into the documentation, - if you ask me, your explanation is very clear and concise Jay! Also Robby, I would agree that "stateful" and "stateless" are not so helpful as names. Ah yes - I think I was vaguely thinking of a difference similar to stateless and stateful EJB's maybe. To me as a layperson scheme user, the real difference between both forms as I learned it now would perhaps not even make it necessary to have such a big opposition - where the continuations are stored sounds like a rather "technical" matter to me, something like a configuration issue (but also here again I admit I'm spoiled, remembering now that Tomcat has such a configuration thing about where users are stored...). I hope this was not too much of alluding to Java things :-; - I just tried to understand myself why I was so completely mistaken, and perhaps other scheme newbies with similar background might also be, so it could make sense to adapt the documentation perhaps. Ciao Sigrid Am 22.05.2009 um 21:38 schrieb Jay McCarthy: > Hi Sigrid, > > Perhaps we can figure out a better explanation for the documentation > after I test it out on you. > > The only difference between stateful and stateless servlets is how > they handle the continuations that are executed when you browse to > URLs. > > Stateful servlets store those continuations in a hash-table in the > server's memory. > > Stateless servlets give those continuations to "stuffers" which > "stuff" them into the URLs themselves. In most cases this means > actually serializing the continuation into a string that is included > in the URL. However, with the hash-stuffer, it means putting the > continuation on disk and a reference in the URL. > > All other state... whether that be database connections, images, or > floating point numbers... that are not part of the continuation are in > the server instance. > > Ceteris paribus, you want stateless servlets because they use less > memory on the server. However, the stateless language imposes certain > constraints on you, so it is not always an option. > > Jay > > On Fri, May 22, 2009 at 3:33 PM, keydana at gmx.de <keydana at gmx.de> > wrote: >> Hi all, >> >> to be honest, from the documentation it is not clear to me what the >> difference between stateful and stateless servlets is, and which I >> should >> use for my purpose. If I had to make a guess, I would perhaps >> assume that >> with stateful servlets, state is kept in memory between requests, >> whereas >> with stateless ones it would be always directly written somewhere, >> with the >> help of "stuffers" - is this at least a littel correct? >> >> I 'd be very grateful for a short explanation of the real meanings, >> and also >> perhaps a hint which to use. I plan to write a simple web >> application, using >> snooze for the database handling. Up till now I'd imagined >> triggering the >> database operations "manually" >> (directly writing "save!" commands when necessary), but now I >> wonder if this >> would be the way to go only with stateful servlets, whereas with >> stateless >> ones I would pack this into a stuffer? >> >> Thanks a lot in advance for any help, >> Sigrid >> >> _________________________________________________ >> For list-related administrative tasks: >> http://list.cs.brown.edu/mailman/listinfo/plt-scheme >> > > > > -- > Jay McCarthy <jay at cs.byu.edu> > Assistant Professor / Brigham Young University > http://teammccarthy.org/jay > > "The glory of God is Intelligence" - D&C 93
|Posted on the users mailing list.


text:
The Family First Health Hanover, PA center has been serving the community for over 40 years. The center is currently located near the North Hanover Mall.
Family First Health – Hanover Center
1230 High Street
Hanover, PA 17331 • (717) 632-9052
Medical Hours of Operation
Monday: 7:00 am to 7:00 pm
Site Contact: Tina Thompson or Stephenie Downing
Dental Hours of Operation
(Closed 1:00 to 1:45pm)
Site Contact: Patty Welles
For emergencies after business hours or on weekends, please call (717) 632-9052.
|Medical Services
Dental Services
Special Services


text:
:St. Laurent:
I've eaten here only a handful of times, but it's a winner. Every person I have recommended it to, LOVES it. Like they really love it. They call me and go on and on about how much they loved it. Here's why: it's a fantastic multi-storey restaurant at St. Denis and Duluth, right next to a SAQ. This would be a good time to mention Montreal is huge on BYOW – bring your own wine. Just look for "approtez votre vin". And unlike the rest of Canada, they don't charge a corking fee, nor do they stare at you with their judgy little eyes. The Quebecois simply uncork and pour. It's genius – why can't every restaurant do it.


text:
VONA/Voices: The Miami Workshop and University of Miami Offer Workshops for Writers of Color
VONA Voices Writing Workshop and the University of Miami's MFA in Creative Writing Program will again be offering the VONA/Voices: The Miami Workshop at the University from January 18-20, 2013.The Voices of our Nations Arts Foundation (VONA) is dedicated to nurturing writers of color and has been holding summer workshops for twelve years in the Bay Area. The success of last year's workshop, held over the Martin Luther King, Jr. Birthday weekend in 2012, has inspired another year of offerings in Miami. "Miami reflects the spirit of the VONA/Voices: The Miami Workshop with its diversity and sense of communities," says Diem Jones, executive director of VONA.
M. Evelina Galang, director of Creative Writing at the University of Miami, approached Jones about the workshops in Miami after her first stint as faculty in the summer workshops.
"As a VONA/Voices instructor during the summer, it's always a great joy to be with students so hungry and willing to learn and do the work," Galang says. "These tough young writers go into deep territory, sometimes lost and sometimes stuck, but always willing to move."
Galang and Jones have designed an intensive three-day program of workshops to be led by Chris Abani, Willie Perdomo, M. Evelina Galang and Elmaz Abinader, as well as Galang herself. Applications to the program are due on November 5, 2012. For more information, click here.
Chris Abani


text:
Forums: Index > The Wizengamot archive > Snape vs Voldemort
Hello there! I've read on the harrypotter.wikia page about Severus Snape that he was able to hide his betrayal to the Death Eaters from Voldemort because he was a highly acomplished Legilimens and Occlumens. I do not agree! When I read the book I got the impression that Snape was able to hide from Voldemort because Dumbledore lent him the Pensieve in which he could have put away essential memories. I'm not denying that he wasn't a great Legilimens and Occlumens, but I don't believe he was better than Voldemort. And I wasn't able to find another explanation besides that for Dumbledore lending and then leaving him Pensieve. If anybody knows something I don't please write!--Ohmbun 20:30, 1 May 2009 (UTC)


text:
Australia's big four banks have denied that their reputation as some of the safest in the world has been tarnished after they were stripped of their coveted AA credit ratings, but
The major banks were forced on the defensive on Friday, claiming there would be no material impact from the downgrades, while Treasurer
In a controversial step on Thursday night, Standard & Poor's lowered its rating on
Mrs Kelly told the Weekend Financial Review the downgrade would not necessarily increase the cost for the bank to borrow money from investors.
But she warned the cost of funds was on the rise even before the S&P changes against the backdrop of Europe's debt crisis.
"Funding markets have become a lot more difficult around the world at the moment," Mrs Kelly said.
"I wouldn't want to attribute anything particularly to this [S&P] announcement, but overall the funding markets are difficult and funding costs have, in overall terms, gone up."
NAB chief executive
Australia's banks were highly protective of their AA ratings because it gave them a competitive edge against many international rivals and allowed them to raise money at cheaper rates from investors.
The ratings downgrades raise the prospect that they could pay more to access funding, which could in turn put pressure on the interest rates the banks charge home-loan borrowers.
With questions asked of Australia's banks after the S&P changes, Mr Swan stood up for the big four on Friday, saying through a spokesperson that they were stronger and more stable than before the financial crisis.
But the Treasurer warned banks that there was no justification for not passing on rate cuts if the RBA lowered the official cash rate.
It comes ahead of the RBA's next monetary policy decision on Tuesday, when many economists believe the central bank could cut rates to safeguard the Australian economy from global turmoil.
"The major banks are highly profitable compared to their counterparts around the world, with an average return on equity more than double their global peers," a spokesperson for the Treasurer told the Weekend Financial Review.
"Major bank net interest margins are as high as they were pre-crisis, so we know that the big banks are making enough on loans to comfortably cover their borrowing costs."
Australia's banks were the latest in a long line of global ratings downgrades by S&P that has resulted in dozens of the world's biggest financial institutions being cut down to size over the past week.
In a report, the ratings agency described the Australian banks as "strong", while their ability to deal with risks was considered "adequate".
However, S&P cited the banks' heavy reliance on shaky international funding markets as a key reason behind the ratings downgrades.
Australia's banks depend on the wholesale debt market for about 40 per cent of the money they need to lend to customers, making them vulnerable to shocks in the global financial system.
Costs in these markets have climbed over the past few months amid growing concerns about the health of European banks as the region's debt crisis deepens.
European Central Bank president Mario Draghi signalled on Friday the bank was prepared to take extraordinary steps to resolve the crisis, including buying bonds of distressed countries.
The ECB, the US Federal Reserve and other central banks were forced in the past week to step in with co-ordinated measures to help financial institutions hit by Europe's debt woes, underscoring the growing alarm that the crisis was spreading deeper into the global financial system.
Despite the downgrades, Australia's big four remain some of the best rated in the world and only a handful of international banks are ranked higher.
CBA group treasurer Lyn Cobley said she did not expect the S&P downgrade to "have any material impact on our funding plans or expected pricing of our new issuance".
ANZ group treasurer
While the downgrades are a blow to the big four banks, they were well flagged and anticipated by the market. However, Macquarie's hit was more severe than expected.
Shares in ANZ, CBA, NAB and Westpac rallied strongly on Friday as investors downplayed the ratings changes. Macquarie shares rose marginally. "We believe the market was largely expecting a one notch downgrade [to the big four] which should reduce any market impact," Deutsche Bank credit strategist Gus Medeiros said.
After the Reserve Bank cut the official cash rate by 0.25 of a percentage point on November 1, ANZ, CBA and Westpac handed on the full saving to its mortgage customers.
But NAB passed on only part of the rate reduction to borrowers, blaming higher funding costs.
"The banks have large reserves of liquid assets, strong deposit flows which are out-pacing their lending and they have no need to access global funding markets for the period ahead," the spokesperson for the Treasurer said.
The Australian Financial Review


text:
Lewis Black And Jim Kerr Go Back A Long Time
We're all fans of Lewis Black. And it always struck me that he looked so familiar. And while we were talking, he said the same thing. Turns out we both knew each other, but didn't remember. To be fair, it was the 80s...
Lewis has a big event on Monday night. He's raising money to help fight Cystic Fibrosis. You can get tickets and more info here.
He also has a TV special on Epix, that you can watch here.
Watch our interview:


text:
A new tool for mapping the entire startup ecosystem has sprung from an early stage investment network called AngelList. Startupsbio.me uses the AngelList API to collect data on startups, accelerators, tech conferences, and influencers and display the information on a searchable map of the world.
The company was founded in Zagreb, Croatia, by Filip Topol.
Until now, Crunchbase was the go-to source for looking up information about startup companies and their investors. Although it's still in development, StartupsBio.me adds a visual element to an emerging scene that now extends far beyond Silicon Valley.
A quick look at the map shows startup activity in six out seven continents. What's interesting is that both the mapping tool and its data source catch many of these startups before they're even on the map in terms of success.
AngelList connects early stage startups to potential investors. The site provides document writing and other tools for companies to close their investment rounds online, and for as little as $1,000 at a time, which startups have already used to raise a combined $1 million in less than a month.
Other parties have used the service to make their introductions online and then meet up in the real world to seal the deal.
StartupsBio.me links to AngelList profiles for each of these investors and startups the map. The profiles contain a product description and list the names of the founders, investors, advisors, and team members for the companies, as well as a history of their funding rounds and recommendations from colleagues.
The fledgling companies don't immediately make all of their funding information public. In December, AngelList reported raising $12.3 million for startups throughout the month, but couldn't disclose the names of the startups and investors or the dollar amounts for each.
A company representative explained at the time, "We are unable to discuss such matters as they are private financings that are only publicly disclosed at the discretion of the startup or where required by securities regulations."


text:
Autism research on Fragile X syndrome has led some pharmaceutical companies to develop a pill to fight the disorder, prompting another autism treatment.
Fragile X is a genetic defect that affects the behavior and emotional development of children. The mutation specifically affects brain cells as they try to develop connections through the synapses. As children try to learn and form new memories and thoughts, these immature brain cells fall short of reaching the synapse. Overactive receptors are to blame for weakening these important synapses.
Although the cause of autism is unknown, there is considerable evidence that Fragile X leads to development in autism. In addition, Fragile X also provides a reason why autism statistics for boys are so much higher than girls at 1 in 58. While girls have two X-chromosomes, boys only have one, therefore giving them a higher chance of developing Fragile X, and therefore Autism.
To strengthen synapses, pharmaceutical companies have developed an experimental drug called mGluR5. The drug will strengthen synapses by blocking the overactive receptors.
Dr. Andrea Beckel-Mitchener of the National Institute of Mental Health agrees; "this looks like a really promising pathway."
A pharmaceutical company involved in the development of another Fragile X drug includes aFraxis, a San Diego startup under the wing of Avalon Ventures. Led by Avalon partner Jay Lichter, aFraxis operates in collaboration with the lab of Nobel laureate Susumu Tonegawa of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Together they are working hard to develop a pill that "might reduce or reverse the brain abnormalities and related behavioral symptoms of Fragile X."


text:
Their innovative rock/reggae fusion, superb songwriting, and crossover appeal put the Police light-years ahead of many of their 1980s new-wave colleagues in terms of artistic resonance. Emerging just after the punk explosion of the late '70s, the trio rode to international stardom on a string of hit singles, and when they reached the top, they called it a day. Charismatic frontman Sting (aka Gordon Sumner) remains a pop icon whose appeal shows no sign of waning; members Stewart Copeland and Andy Summers also went on to successful, though less high-profile, solo careers.
There are no customer reviews yet. Be the first to write a review!
With the release of 1983''s Synchronicity, their fifth and final studio album, the Police were briefly the biggest rock band in the world. As such, it''s a suitably overblown representation of their stature. Gone are previous albums'' love ditties set to danceable Caribbean pop and new wave; in their place are the pretentious conceptualism of the title, the grand strokes of chart-friendly drama, and rock-star brooding found in the record''s three top-ten hits, "Wrapped Around Your Finger," "King of Pain," and the undeniable classic, "Every Breath You Take." The newfound seriousness spurred multiplatinum sales, convincing Sting it was time to go solo. --Roni Sarig
Synchronicity is the last full-length studio recording from the Police, the final evolution of their sound, and the album that yielded their greatest success. It is a brilliant pop record, but it''s something more, as well. The singles, particularly "Every Breath You Take," "King of Pain," and "Wrapped Around Your Finger," while pure gems by themselves, are an integral part of the album''s musical and lyrical texture. As the title indicates, the album''s intellectual content is inspired by C.G. Jung''s psychosocial connecting principle and it manifests lyrically in some of the most evocative imagery Sting has ever created. Musically, the band defines a sonic space with arrangements that are often spare to the point of transparency. The songs are constructed from delicate arpeggios and eerie washes of guitar, sinuous keyboard lines, solid, repetitive bass figures, and the signature Stewart Copeland drum sound, all topped by Sting''s voice moving through a wide range of pitch and sentiment. Synchronicity is a collection that creates and sustains a mood in the sensitive listener, a feeling that remains after the last note has died away. A benchmark album from a tremendously influential band, it will stand the test of time as a genuine classic. --Al Massa


text:
Exclusive Empire Spectre Cover Revealed
Christoph comes but once a year
The new issue of Empire is guest edited by Sam Mendes, the director of Spectre. This is, needless to say, very exciting news and brings some very obvious benefits. And we're not talking about his generous approval of our holiday requests. No, the new boss has delivered into readers' laps the most spectacular array of scoops, new looks and access to his 24th instalment of the mighty 007 franchise. It also has a cover - revealed exclusively below - that sets the movie's two adversaries check-by-jowl in a face-off for the ages.
As revealed earlier in the week, the issue also offers some incredible access to Mendes's book of contacts. There are interviews with Spielberg, Joss Whedon and David Fincher - conducted by the editor himself, no less - as well as an in-depth look back at some of the other highlights on the editor's CV, including American Beauty, and a look at the unheralded but spectacular work of practical effects whizz Chris Corbould.
Plenty, in other words, for fans of James Bond lovers and 007-agnostics alike. There's also an exclusive chat with Steven Spielberg and Tom Hanks about their latest collaboration, Bridge Of Spies, a chat with Daniel Radcliffe and James McAvoy, news, reviews and all the latest Hollywood insights you need to know about.
Pick up the new issue of Empire from all good hollowed-out-volcano-based newsagents from September 24 or click here to subscribe and save yourself a trip on Little Nellie.


text:
Scuffed Balls
American League
Chi White Sox
Kansas City
LA Angels
NY Yankees
Tampa Bay
National League
Chi Cubs
LA Dodgers
NY Mets
San Diego
San Francisco
St. Louis
Jon Gray's 467-foot homer vs. Reds (Video)
Giancarlo Stanton's two-homer game vs. Cardinals (Video)
Aaron Judge ties Dimaggio with 29th homer (Video)
On July 5, 2017, in
NY Yankees
Your browser does not support iframes.
Follow @scuffedballs
If you enjoyed this article, please consider sharing it!
Comments are closed.
Search for:
Fantasy Of The Week- Sabine Jemeljanova
Fantasies of the Week
Fantasy Of The Week- Sabine Jemeljanova
Fantasy Of The Week- Alexis Ren
Fantasy Of The Week- Eiza Gonzalez
Fantasy Of The Week- Sara Sampaio
Fantasy Of The Week- Helga Lovekaty
Fantasy Of The Week- Karrueche Tran
Fantasy Of The Week- Emily Ratajkowski
Fantasy Of The Week- Vicki Li
Fantasy Of The Week- Yovanna Ventura
Fantasy Of The Week- Valeria Orsini
Curve Balls
Bruce Bochy sits on Game of Thrones' Iron Throne (Video)
Moths invade Target Field (Video)
Astros hold funeral for Carlois Beltran's glove (Video)
Derek Holland goes around back, flips mitt (Video)
Zack Cozart receives a donkey from teammate Joey Votto (Video)
Squirrel runs on the field at Comerica Park
What has happened to Sammy Sosa?
Nelson Cruz poses for a picture with Joe West (Video)
Aaron Judge wins 2017 Home Run Derby
Justin Bour takes doughnut break during Round 1 of Home Run Derby (Video)
Miguel Sano crushes a homer as lightning strikes (Video)
Bryce Harper unveils his new Under Armour cleat (Video)
Rockies prospect Ryan McMahon's amazing catch over the railing (Video)
Giants unveil Barry Bonds plaque on team's Wall of Fame
Elderly woman flashes stunned crowd at Dodger Stadium
Fantasies Of The Week Galleries
Fantasies Of The Week Galleries
News from Around the League
Statcast scouting: A look at top trade targets
July 21, 2017
It's Sonny at the top of Deadline Power Rankings
July 21, 2017
Thursday's best: White Sox prospects impress across Minors
July 21, 2017
Judge showing signs of pulling out of slump
July 21, 2017
Severino brings heat to sink Mariners
July 21, 2017
Spangy shows monster power vs. Bumgarner
July 21, 2017
Vintage Felix a promising sign for Mariners
July 21, 2017
Freeman returns from virus, hits 2 RBI singles
July 21, 2017
Managers Postgame: Collins on wild walk-off
July 21, 2017
After root canal, Grandal catches, hits homer
July 21, 2017
Long Balls
Daily MLB Home Run List
MLB Standings
MLB Standings
Game Box Scores
Orioles 9 - Rangers 7 Game Box Score 07/20/17
D-backs 12 - Reds 2 Game Box Score 07/20/17
Blue Jays 8 - Red Sox 6 Game Box Score 07/20/17
Braves 6 - Dodgers 3 Game Box Score 07/20/17
Pirates 4 - Brewers 2 Game Box Score 07/20/17
Royals 16 - Tigers 4 Game Box Score 07/20/17
Mets 3- Cardinals 2 Game Box Score 07/20/17
Yankees 4 - Mariners 1 Game Box Score 07/20/17
Padres 5 - Giants 2 Game Box Score 07/20/17
Mets 7- Cardinals 3 Game Box Score 07/19/17
Twins 6- Yankees 1 Game Box Score 07/19/17
Red Sox 5- Blue Jays 1 Game Box Score 07/19/17
Angels 7- Nats 0 Game Box Score 07/19/17
A's 7- Rays 2 Game Box Score 07/19/17
Pirates 3- Brewers 2 Game Box Score 07/19/17
Angels put stolen base leader Cameron Maybin on DL with MCL sprain
Brandon Nimmo placed on DL with partially collapsed lung
Carlos Correa out 6-8 weeks with torn thumb ligament
Colby Rasmus leaves Rays, placed on restricted list
Giants put Johnny Cueto on DL to make room for Madison Bumgarner
Greg Bird to have foot surgery; season likely over
J.D. Martinez hit by pitch, exits in D-backs debut
Kris Bryant leaves game after sliding into third
Lonnie Chisenhall headed to DL with calf strain
Michael Pineda to have Tommy John surgery
Nationals starter Joe Ross slated to have Tommy John surgery
Phillies activate Cesar Hernandez, put Aaron Altherr on DL
Stephen Vogt out at least a month with MCL sprain
Twins' Phil Hughes on 60-day DL with thoracic outlet syndrome symptoms
Yoenis Cespedes exits game after awkward slide
Spit Balls
Severino, Gardner lead Yankees to 4-1 win over Mariners
Berrios, Twins top Yankees 6-1 for elusive home series win
Yankees acquire Frazier, Robertson from White Sox in 7-player deal
Moths invade Target Field (Video)
Yankees surge past Colon in 5th for 6-3 win over Twins
Aaron Judge throws out Dozier at the plate (Video)
Rosario, Escobar lift Twins over Yanks 4-2 as Judge slumps
Red Sox win 3-0 for split after Yankees take first game 3-0
Sabathia pitches Yankees over Red Sox 3-0 in DH opener
Matt Holliday's game-tying homer off Kimbrel (Video)
Go To Top »
Scuffed Balls
American League
National League
Terms Of Use / Privacy Policy
Stay In Touch
Thanks for dropping by! Feel free to join in the discussion by leaving comments, and stay updated by subscribing to the
RSS feed
© 2013 ScuffedBalls


text:
There are many good changes going on at Ivo's Pizzeria and Bakery. First good news is that Ivo's two favorite breads are available every day. He makes a batch of Multigrain bread that comes out of the oven around 12:30pm, daily, except Monday. He then puts in a batch of Baguettes that are ready around 1:30pm.
When the last baguette comes out of the oven, Ivo is ready to start making his famous pizzas. Awards for "Best Pizza" are as varied as the pizzas themselves, but if you think crust is the most important ingredient of a pizza, Ivo's is your place. Choose from 4 different sizes, from Personal - $35p, to Grande - $120p and many different toppings. Ivo's speciality is definitely his pizza dough.
Connoisseurs of chocolate look no further than Ivo's World Famous Brownies, still just $7p. The top, thin, crisp layer quickly gives way to a world of creamy textures and chocolate flavors, all competing to see which can melt in your mouth the fastest.
But that's still not the best change to happen at Ivo's. If I might digress: last week, when I was purchasing my MutiGrain Bread from Ivo, I met a table of tourists who were in Patzcuaro for the first time and loved it. As we were talking, their food arrived and everyone of them had ordered an IvoBurger. NOTE TO SELF: Order one next time.
Today was the day! l placed my order at the counter: a brownie to go, of course, MultiGrain Bread, which I freeze half and slice the other half, and an IvoBurger. I am not a big fan of french fries and had the choice of with - $45p, or without fries - $35p.
The IvoBurger was served to me and I could not believe my eyes. The 100% beef patty was larger than the sesame-seed bun and was sticking out from the sides. The green lettuce was also over-lapping the bun and covered with a the plethora of sliced tomatoes. All of that was just looking at it. I opened the bun for a squirt of mustard and discovered pickles, onions and a creamy sauce, which could have had a mayo base, but tasted cheesy. The super-sized patty was thin, but flash grilled, for a tender, crispy flavor.
Enough of the looking, it was time to indulge.
That first taste has to be big, to bite over the super-sized patty, over the layer of lettuce, past the tomatoes, finally reaching the sesame bun for the first huge, melding of flavors. Somewhere around the last bite, I remember I was writing a review: The bun was thin, but held-together perfectly, neither disintegrating, nor getting soggy. The crisp, green, lettuce was a good partner with the crispy patty and the creamy sauce worked well with the saucy tomatoes. The pickles, the scattering of onions and the splash of mustard were nice explosions of flavor.
Consider this your lucky day, since IvoBurgers are served daily, except Monday, from around noon to around 8pm.
Yes, there are many good changes at Ivo's. Problem is there is so much good food and so little time.
Ivo's Pizzeria and Bakery is located in Plaza Las Islas, located on the NW corner of Plaza Grande in Patzcuaro, at the corner of Calle Ahumada and Morelos, with entrances on both streets. Ivo's is in the back, left corner. Notice in the front door hallway, the old, dusty framed photos of Patcuaro in the 1920's and 30's.They are above the shelves and hard to see, so look for them.
For best results, call ahead at 434-342-5655.


text:
Group dining is a nourishing way to socialize and encourage friends to accept the mouth growing on your back. Practice social etiquette with this Groupon.
$15 for $30 Worth of Pub Food and Nonalcoholic Drinks for Two
Meals commence with Thai lettuce wraps ($10), and then turn to main courses such as a California chicken sandwich ($13), pierogi and sausage ($11), or crab and prawn penne ($14). View the full menu.
Jack's Public House
Bringing an approachable style of tavern cheer to its Surrey street corner, Jack's Public House sets its hearty breakfast and dinner fare against a perpetually festive backdrop. Customers enter under Jack's long, blue awning and elbow up to the bar's rich woodwork or grab a specialty drink such as a Jackersonic gin and tonic before sauntering over to the outdoor patio area. Recent and enthusiastic new owners have revamped the menu and installed flat-screen TVs for keeping tabs on UFC, NFL, and soap-opera action. Each day delivers a different weekly promotion or event such as Almost Famous Karaoke nights emceed by sing-along enthusiast Jacqueline Stone.