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History of Saskatchewan Waterways
|Contrary to common present expectations, land-locked Saskatchewan with
its North and South Saskatchewan Rivers was once the super-highway of canoe
transportation during the time of the fur trade. That's right! The fur
trade! It was furs which brought exploration and commerce to Saskatchewan;
furs and not farming. During the time of the fur trade (~1650's to 1850)
water transportation was the primary form of travel and communication, and
it was the canoe which provided the interface for blending the "old" and the
"new" world; the established colonial settlement with the unknown
wilderness. How did this happen and what role did Saskatchewan waterways
have in western Canadian development?
Any history is filled with strokes of genius, remarkable achievements, feats of courage, persistence and heroism; but as expected history is also full of surprise, risk, buffoonery and blunder. Canoeing history of Saskatchewan has not been short-changed in any of these respects.
Obviously, the lay of the land - or in more scientific terms, the geographical features of this central region of the continent - played a crucial role in how exploration and transportation of goods took place. Although numerous native groups had hunted, trapped and travelled the continental waterways for thousands of years, it was the coming of foreigners initially by means of canoes which began a process which eventually altered life for everyone in the region.
The geography of the prairie provinces, more commonly known as the "Northwest Territory" during the days of fur trade, has three principle water basins:
Before we become lost in this continental ocean, let's take a look at the watercraft which played such a central role in development of the West.
Origins of the Canoe
|It is commonly accepted that the canoe as we know it is an adaptation of
earlier Native models. As you may have guessed, there is no single origin
or model of the canoe! The canoe with its various shapes and forms and
sizes was a common watercraft of numerous aboriginal groups on the North
American continent and its design characteristics depended in part on the
area of intended use. Some canoes had a high bow and stern, others had
bows and decks partially or completely covered as in a kayak. East coast
canoes or those used on the Great Lakes were large and sturdily crafted
canoes; others used in the interior and on the prairie were small and
essentially single person or even single crossing crafts.
The early model canoes were made of readily available local materials: a light wooden frame or skeleton (often cedar) with a birch bark exterior or skin. The canoe was designed to travel the diverse waterways of the continent- from large lakes to fast and/or shallow, marshy rivers including the possibility of frequent portages. By necessity, therefore, the canoes had to be light-weight, yet rugged enough to withstand the often dangerous sections of interior waterways.
From the early birch-bark models - which some described like travelling on a dried leaf - to the more sophisticated and high-tech Kevlar, Royalex or still lighter graphite models, the experience of canoeing for the most part is still largely the same; and yet at the same time so very different.
As might be expected, there was reluctance on the part of the early
North American settlers - both English and French - to accept the lifestyle
and living methods of the aboriginal dwellers. After all, many of the
Europeans immigrants shared the notion that part of their mission in this
new country was to convert the pagan people; and could the way of "primitive
savages" be superior to their own methods and culture?! Over time, and
after repeated failure and frustration with their own methods, some of the
settlers were willing to consider some of the aboriginal ways; including
their methods of water travel. Granted, this light and fragile craft did
not strike them as safe or particularly welcoming craft to the wary
Europeans. However, after years of observation and demonstrated use by some of
their own people, gradually some suspicion and misgiving gave way.
The Canoe: Presenting New Opportunities
|Two French colonists, Pierre Radisson and Medard Chouart, Sieur Des
Groseilliers (full names), abandoning the security and familiarity of their
own community were among the first white men (aside from missionaries) to
live among the Native people. Over a period of time they too learned the
native languages and skills necessary for wilderness survival. They came to
realise, that survival in the wilderness required acute perception and
flexibility to harmonise intended actions with the rhythms of nature.
Through use of their newly acquired survival skills Radisson and Groseilliers were able to pursue their own interests of exploration and fur trade. Using Indians as their guides Radisson and Groseilliers pushed back the frontier and established trading relations with other Indian groups. From their life among the Huron and Algonquin Indian of the Ottawa River valley they travelled as far as the upper Mississippi and Missouri Rivers and later the northerly flowing waterways to Hudson's Bay.
As a result of their travels, Radisson and Groseilliers gained a whole new understanding of the continent and it's seemingly unlimited potential. No longer was the unknown a forbidden barrier but rather an opportunity to be explored and developed for their own profit.
Aside from the extensive skills, travels and profits from fur trading , the most notable accomplishment of Radisson and Groseilliers may, in fact, be the confident, out-going and indomitable spirit which permeated their wilderness lifestyle. The challenge of wilderness life seemed to inspire a whole new outlook which provided motivation for the innumerable difficulties that confronted the settlers and even more so the wilderness travellers. Having learned the flexibility and the survival skills of the Natives, no longer did they feel compelled to apply familiar, Old World solutions in this strange, inhospitable environment. Rather than being overwhelmed by the severe conditions on this continent, they accepted life as it was in this unfamiliar country and the challenge of over-coming the adverse conditions seemed to inspire new bravado.
To the astonishment of French colonial elite increasing numbers of young men offered their services as paddlers for these restless river men. Among the colonists these free-wheeling explorers came to be known as "coureur de bois": "a brand of men who were familiar with wilderness.life, spoke the Indian languages and could handle and live upon the country." As knowledge of their achievements and successes spread among the habitants, so did the charm and mystique of their seemingly carefree wilderness existence.
Pushing Back the Frontier
|Following Radisson and Groseilliers success, other French explorers
took on the challenge of wilderness exploration: explorers like Louis Joliet
(1669), La Salle (1690), and Du Hut (1684) pushed ever further inland to the
far western reaches of the Great Lakes. The appeal of possible fur profits
and of probing the unknown regions of the continent proved too appealing to
restrain them.
By 1717, French explorer, Pierre Gualtier de Varennes de LaVerandrye, enticed by Indian reports of a large body of water to the west, reached Lake Winnipeg. By so doing he had moved from the St Lawrence water basin to the Hudson Bay water basin via an inland water route establishing a string of posts both for security as well as trading purposes. It was this route which for the next century-and-a-half would become the main link between Montreal and "the Northwest Territory" (as the region West of the Great Lakes was known during the days of the fur trade). The East-West link established by the explorers and traders tied the central part of the continent to its eastern St Lawrence base, eventually becoming the country of Canada.
Although LaVerandrye reached the Lake Winnipeg water basin, it was his sons who, in 1748, came upon the Saskatchewan River and established Fort Bourbon and Fort Pascoyac, near present day The Pas.
The Canoe: Economic, Political, and Social Effects
|It is scarcely possible to examine the early history of this country - and
particularly the history of the fur trade - without recognising the
significant role that the canoe played in its exploration and development.
The heading title for this section appears to attribute the canoe with
having caused great sweeping changes, when in reality the canoe only
provided the means by which contact between foreigners and Natives was
accelerated. Nonetheless, the canoe did bring changes which affected
virtually everything on the continent but particularly the life of the
aboriginal people.
It should be remembered that the aboriginal inhabitants of this continent had used the canoe for travel and trade long before foreign settlers arrived. During the early part of the fur trade from Hudson's Bay - from about the 1650's and for the next 120 years - the British traders relied on Native traders bringing their furs to the posts at the Bay; i.e.. relying on Native traders and paddlers who were familiar with the interior waterways and with inland navigation techniques. For the British Company men this method simplified trade immensely.
Although the French explorers were able to divert some of the furs bound for the Bay from their forts near the mouth of the Saskatchewan River, other independent traders (French but also British and American, - since after 1763 the British controlled the colony of New France) recognised the potential for profits in this vast unharvested region of the north-west and quickly moved in to stake their claim.
While furs were the economic motivation for this intrusion, the waterways became the economic and political battlefield for control. Forts were established and goods brought in by canoes to entice trade.
The intrusion of fur traders into the former domain of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) forced the Company men to change their "wait-at-the-Bay" approach. They too, needed to move inland, establish trading posts and renew trading relations with their former Native fur suppliers. While this simplified trade for the Native groups, it also intensified the competition and brought a flurry of activity into the interior which eventually brought trading posts along almost every waterway in the Northwest.
As the number of traders increased and competition for furs intensified, it became increasingly difficult to compete with other independent traders as well as their main rival at the Bay. By the 1770's alliances were formed between groups of traders in order to pool their resources and co-operate in bringing the supplies the long distance from Montreal to the ever more distant forts along the Northwest river system. Canoe brigades - from 5 to 20 canoes - were organised to travel together the vast distances, both for security as well as increasing the capacity for goods, supplies and provisions en route.
Gateway to the Interior
|The Northwest Territories and particularly the "Saskatchewan" portion,
with its array of inter-linked rivers and lakes, combined with its cold
climate and plentiful woodlands became the focus of economic activity and
trade. It did not take long for traders to recognise that good furs from
the northern woodlands of Saskatchewan were of equal quality and value as
those from the more northerly Athabasca region.
The Saskatchewan River with its ease of access and navigation from Lake Winnipeg became the primary gateway to the rich fur-bearing regions beyond. In addition, the Saskatchewan River provided access to other important navigable rivers in northern Saskatchewan; i.e., the Churchill River system as well as the Clearwater River which provided access to the Lake Athabasca basin.
Within the span of a little more than a decade numerous forts had been established on the principle trade routes and traders were travelling on virtually all of Saskatchewan's rivers.
The Role of the Indians
|As one might well imagine, the arrival of foreign traders seeking furs
brought about a gradual shift in economic focus and with it a changing way
of life. Furs could now be traded for manufactured commodities: items such
as pots and pans, guns and ammunition, or luxury goods like tobacco, rum,
brandy and beads.
As exploration and trading entered their territory, some Indian people found service as advisors and guides for the strangers. Foreign explorers and traders seemed to have an insatiable desire to know about water routes, possible areas of wild game and furs, and some distant body of salt water with tides. Natives with their knowledge of the land and its waterways became invaluable guides for the ever inquisitive foreigners. Not only did Natives have a knowledge of the local language but they also had the necessary canoeing and survival skills so essential for wilderness exploration.
In most historical literature, traders and explorers are honoured as independent and individual heroes whereas in reality much of their success was due to the co-operation and assistance of Native people - especially the often overlooked role of Native women. While close relations with indigenous people were discouraged and forbidden by European society and explicitly so by HBC policy, it was fairly common practice for men to take "temporary wives" from among the Native people with whom they interacted daily.
"It was customary for all Gentlemen who come to this country to remain any length of time to have a fair Partner with whom they can pass away their time . . .more agreeable then to live a lonely, solitary life as they must do single."
In fact, men as young as age 14, like David Thompson, who were being groomed for service in the interior were often placed among Indian settlements for several years in order to learn their language and ways of life. Small wonder then that European rules and values seemed to have ever diminishing relevance for the men in the Northwest. David Thompson wrote that he considered the Indian to be fully equal to those of this class in Europe. Alexander Mackenzie noted that he thought Cree women were most comely and beguiling of all people on the continent, which he was convinced European people would recognise as well:
"Their figure is generally well proportioned and the regularity of their features would be acknowledged by more civilised people of European . Their complexion has less of that dark tinge which is common to their savages who have less cleanly habits."
Despite taboos against inter-racial relationships with the aboriginal people, pressures of long days and social isolation had a predictable effect on the all-male crews of the traders and explorers. Around company posts English, Scottish and Irish men with Indian wives, mostly Crees fathered a new people, the 'Metis'. Along inland water routes French-Cree, Ojibway and Saulteaux Metis dominated. Most of the children from these relationships were brought up in the fur trade.
Different Strokes for Different Folks
|Looking back at history we can see how the British and French traders
took different approaches to opening up the west and supplying their inland
forts. While the HBC had been reaping easy profits with the trade of furs
at the Bay, the French had been exploring and setting up a series of forts
on inland waterways in order to expand their fur trading area. Although it
was a long-stretched supply route, the pay-off and potential reward were
sufficient to compete with the British at the Bay and this motivated other
traders to try to cash in on the fur trade profits.
Although British explorers like Henry Kelsey (1690) and Samuel Hearne (1769) had travelled inland to reconnoitre the country, there was now new urgency to establish inland posts to compete with the independent traders like Peter Pond and Alexander Mackenzie and others. In 1774 Samuel Hearne, in consultation with local Native people established the Hudson's Bay first inland post at Cumberland House. This was a fortuitous choice since from this location canoes could branch off to link up with the Churchill River system.
Rather than discouraging the independent and Montreal traders, the British attempt to recoup their fur trade losses only increased the resolve of the competition, forcing the French traders further inland and up-stream. As a result, a whole series of competing forts were built along the inland rivers hoping to lure Native traders to trade their furs with them; each trader trying to ensure their domain - until, that is, the numbers of furs began to deplete due to over-hunting.
Boats vs. Canoes
|As the realisation of what the French had accomplished with their
extended system of forts - all the way into the heart of their fur trading
area in the Northwest Territories - the HBC men looked with envy at the
dedication and skills of the Voyageurs. In order to compete they too would now
have to set up forts in the interior: bringing trading goods to inland forts
for trade with the Indians. But this required a reliable means of inland
water transportation to bring the goods and personnel inland and return with
the furs to the ocean ports for export.
The British boats proved a difficult and cumbersome craft for the varied waterways of the interior. They enviously watched the agility and success of the Voyageurs with their canoes so an attempt was made to get local Cree Indians around the posts to build canoes for them but with little success. There were several reasons for this: there was little co-operation, because the Native people realised that if the British had means to travel inland, then their role as middlemen near the British posts would become redundant; moreover, the supply of suitable raw materials for canoe building were not readily available among the scrub brush and barren lands around the Bay. As well, the less seasoned and trained Orkneymen did not adapt well to this more fragile craft and they refused to risk their lives on the rapids as the Voyageurs did.
Since the canoe was seen as too fragile a craft for the northern rivers, the British resolutely stuck to their heavier boats on the main routes, even though trader Henry Anthony conceded:
"Their Birch-rind canoes will carry as much as an Indian ship's long boat and draws little water; and is so light that two men can carry one several miles with ease; they are made of the same light material as the small ones; only a thin board runs along the bottom; and they can sail them before the wind, but not else."Finally canoe use on trunk lines was abandoned by HBC man, George Simpson in favour of their modified boat with a flatter bottom which would be less likely to hang up in the marshes and slow water sections. These boats also did not require the highly skilled dexterity that the more fragile canoe required.
"Voyageur", "Coureur de bois" or Orkneymen?
|Before beginning an explanation of "Coureur de bois" and "Voyageurs"
it might be helpful to clarify the labels. Although the terms "Voyageur"
and "Coureur de bois" are used synonymously by some people, in actuality the
terms refer to two different periods in history. Up until 1763 the French
explorers and their paddlers were known as "Coureur de bois". These
generally were independently financed explorers and traders. "Voyageurs",
on the other hand, refers to "hired paddlers" for the fur trade which
occurred mostly after 1763.
Voyageurs: Paddlers for the Montreal-based TradersIn order to endure the long journeys and survive some of the dangerous conditions of the waterways, the canoes had to be handled by skilful and experienced rivermen: Indian paddlers & guides as well as brave and hardy "Voyageurs" Life in the wilderness seemed to evoke a spirit of challenge, adventure and independence which became the mark of the Canadian Voyageur - an indomitable spirit. Without question these had to be people who were willing to leave the security of their familiar environment and subject themselves to the uncertainty, risk and adverse conditions of life in the wilderness. Not only did Voyageurs need to accept the unpleasantness of life but, needless to say, they also had to be in superb physical condition to endure the rigorous demands and long gruelling hours that were part of their life:
In spite of the gruelling expectations, many men opted for the challenge of life with the brigades in the wilderness. Without their zeal, dedication and perseverance the Montreal based traders could not have competed with the British traders at the Hudson's Bay. The super-human achievements and success of the Voyageurs won the praise and admiration even of the seasoned trading veterans like Daniel Harmon; who noted in his report:
"The Canadian Voyageurs posses lively and fickle dispositions, and they are rarely subject to depression of spirits, of long continuance, even when in circumstances the most adverse. Although what they consider good eating and drinking constitutes their chief good, yet, when necessity compels them to it, they submit to great privation and hardship, not only without complaining, but even with cheerfulness and gaiety. They are very talkative, and extremely thoughtless, and make many resolutions, which are almost as soon broken as formed. They never think of providing for future wants. . . They are not brave; but when they apprehend little danger, they will often, as they say, 'play the man'. They are very deceitful, are exceedingly smooth and polite, and are even gross flatterers to the face of a person, whom they will basely slander, behind his back. . . A secret they cannot keep. They rarely feel gratitude, though they are often generous. They are obedient, but not faithful servants. By flattering their vanity, of which they have not a little, they may be persuaded to undertake the most difficult enterprises".
Orkneymen - The imported help of the HBCWhile the French adopted Indian ways and hired Native guides and paddlers, the HBC hired the hardy Orkneymen of Britain. The Orkneymen were tough and reliable people used to a hard life at sea; however, in comparison to the Voyageurs, their praise was more subdued. According to Murdoch Mackenzie, Orkneymen:
"are healthy, hardy, well-shaped, subject to few Diseases, and capable of an abstemious and laborious life, at the same time; but for want of profitable Employment, slow at work and many of them maligned to Idleness. In sagacity and natural understanding, they are inferior to few of the Commons in Britain; sparing of Words, reserved in their Sentiments, . . .apt to aggravate or magnify their Losses, and studious to conceal or diminish their Gains...Honest in their dealings with one another, but not so scrupulous with respect to the Master of the Grounds . . .[yet] clannish Adherence and Subjugation to their Masters. . . .[regarding Violence or Resentments...(the corrupting influence of the Northwest): "Many of these men bring home with them all the vices without any of the virtues of the savages, indolence, dissipation, irreligion and at the same time a broken constitution." [about religion - most of them set aside their religion when they enter the Northwest."
Comparison of Orkneymen and VoyageursThe reluctance of the English to adopt the canoe in addition to their reliance on hired men from Orkney, prompted numerous comparisons between these differing approaches to trade.
The hired men of the English, the Orkneymen, were described as: "cautious and careful" and somewhat trustworthy, whereas the Voyageurs were seen as volatile and "indifferent about themselves as with their master's property." They seemed to "delight in the dangers of running rapids and cataracts in their frail canoes, caring little about their lives or cargoes and with little thought of gain." The Hudson's Bay men marvelled at the skill, agility and daring of the Voyageurs but also noted that the Voyageurs seemed corrupt, and debase as savages.
Types of Watercraft Used in the Fur Trade
|During the era of exploration and the fur trade - from 1650's to the
late nineteenth century, essentially three types of watercraft were used:
Canot de Maitre
|For the more easterly stretch from Montreal to the west end of Lake
Superior the larger "Canot de Maitre" or Lake Canoe was the most suitable,
since a good portion of the journey was on larger bodies of water. For
safety as well as for carrying capacity the canoe was built as large as a
keelless bark-craft would tolerate. Although there was no single pattern,
in general its specifications were:
Canot du Nord
|For the interior portion of the journey after the Great Lakes, a
smaller and lighter version of canoe was more appropriate: the "Canot du
Nord" or Northern Canoe. Because of its lightness, a Canot du Nord could be
carried easily by two men for several miles. Its usual specifications
Canoes: Made Where? By Whom, Of What?Initially, and for most of the duration of the fur trade, canoes were made for the traders by the Algonquin people of the Ottawa River valley and southern Ontario region from whom the canoe was originally adapted. They had the knowledge, skills and access to the raw materials necessary for building a reliable watercraft.
In spite of the generally superb construction of these canoes, on average the birch-bark canoe would last about two years. Adverse conditions, big loads and heavy use took their toll and some canoes were damaged or lost en route and needed to be replaced in the interior. Using available materials, some canoes were built using poplar frames and stretched with buffalo hide; but these were too heavy and required constant wetting in order to keep them buoyant.
Records show that an excellent forest for canoe building was found near Fort George on the North Saskatchewan River and for a number of years Indians and traders built canoes there. Nonetheless, for the most part, traders continued to get their canoes in the east.
York Boats
|On account of the reluctance by the HBC to use canoes, a decision was
made to modify their boats. As a result a flatter bottom boat became their
craft of choice on the main trade routes to travel the shallower waterways
to York Factory, hence the York Boat. The usual specifications were:
Saskatchewan Waterways
|The Trade Routes which opened up the Northwest
The Saskatchewan Rivers
|The Saskatchewan Rivers form the main drainage of a large area east of the
Rockies into the Lake Winnipeg. Familiarity with the topography of the
region also helps to understand the trader's preference for the Saskatchewan Rivers.
Situated in the rolling grasslands of the interior the River was fairly easy
to navigate and the river banks were not impassable. The length of the
rivers, ease of navigability as well as access to other principal
navigation routes - the Churchill River and Lake Athabasca region - made the
Saskatchewan River all the more appealing for the canoe travelling explorers
and voyageurs.
The location of the Saskatchewan River basically formed the southern limit of the Woodlands and the Precambrian Shield country - the prime fur bearing regions. Other more southerly rivers like the Assiniboine & Qu'appelle Rivers were explored and harvested for furs but did not have the reach nor the connections to other waterways like the Saskatchewan Rivers. As well, they were prone to seasonal fluctuations in water level and shifting sand bars. Other possible routes such as the Seal River or the easterly portion of the Churchill were much more hazardous to navigate. From the early explorers like Kelsey and La Verandrye's sons to the height of the fur trade, Mackenzie, Pond, Fidler, Thompson, Simpson, and countless others, the Saskatchewan River was the primary entry point to the interior.
The Sturgeon-Weir River
|The Sturgeon-Weir River and finally the Frog Portage are
the vital link between the Saskatchewan and the Churchill Rivers. However,
the Sturgeon-Weir has a fairly steep grade and therefore is "an almost
continual rapid" - so much so that it was known as "Riviere Maligne" by the
Voyageurs. The dozen portages listed by Mackenzie - the Pente, Bouleau, de
l'Isle, d'Epinettes, three "galets", to name the principle ones, are
still in used by modern voyageurs.
The Sturgeon-Weir River became the route of preference allowing paddlers to use the less difficult Saskatchewan & Nelson Rivers rather than the hazardous Burntwood, Lower Churchill or Seal River to get to the Bay. Tipping the balance in favour of the southern route was the reputation of hospitable replenishing posts like the one at Norway House
The Churchill River
|The Churchill River has been described as one of the best canoe rivers
on the whole route. The rivers and lakes which comprise this waterway lie
primarily in the Precambrian rock country and lie like a string of pearls
across Saskatchewan - from Churchill Lake in the north-west to Sandy Bay in the
east. The beauty of this country and its clear waters make it one of the
more attractive and well used canoe routes in the province to this day. As well, the
Churchill River system provides access to the Athabasca country and the Peace River
via Methye Portage.
Lake Athabasca region
|The Lake Athabasca water basin is accessible via Lac la Loche and the
gruelling 12km Methye portage. Historically known as Chipewyan country and
highly renowned for its prime furs, this region was jealously guarded by the first
explorers and traders like Peter Pond - and later by other Northwest Company
traders - as their own fur domain, beyond the jurisdiction of the HBC Royal
Pond established Fort Chipewyan on the shores of Lake Athabasca and from
this location other expeditions were launched to the north-flowing Mackenzie
River and to Peace River country in the West.
Life on the River
|Even though there was a certain charm and romance to this unfettered
wilderness existence, life for the paddlers was anything but easy. The
following is a description of Voyageurs' life as recorded by Eric Morse:
"The voyageur's daily routine was a killing one: for the six- to-eight weeks he was on the road, he was roused as early as two or three am., and (provided that no rapids were just ahead) he set off without breakfast. Before eight o'clock a breakfast stop was made. A midday lunch was "served" - though often lunch was no more than an opportunity to hack off a piece of pemmican to chew on the way. However, fairly regularly, a stop was made for a few minutes each hour to allow the men to have a pipe. This event was so important that distances came to be measured in "pipes"; "trois pipes" might be 15 to 20 miles, depending on wind and current.Brigades of 5 to 20 canoes were organised, travelling together for increased security as well as greater carrying capacity on the long treks across the country. The duty of the Voyageurs was to bring supplies for the trappers and traders in the Northwest and to return with the furs from inland trade. Main supply forts such as Grand Portage at the west end of Lake Superior, Bas-de-la-Riviere at the mouth of the Winnipeg River, Cumberland House on Pine Island on the Saskatchewan River or Fort Chipewyan on Lake Athabasca were spaced so as to permit the voyageurs to replenish supplies and return to base before freeze-up. These shorter distances between the "provision depots" allowed them to manage with less space used for provisions.
Songs of the Voyageurs
|Voyageurs' life has been portrayed as harsh, gruelling and monotonous and
there is little doubt that such a long journey would be all of that;
however, to break the strain and the tedium songs were sung by the Voyageurs
- often songs of simple melody, passed down from father or grandfather, sung
lustily to motivate or to pace themselves: "En Roulant ma Boule", "C'est
l'Aviron", "A la Claire Fontaine", "Youpe Youpe sur la Riviere", etc.
The sight of canoe after canoe of Voyageurs coming round the bend in a
river must have been enchanting but even more enchanting must have been the
growing swells of song that wafted ahead of the travellers even before they
rounded the bend.
Provisions: Food Supply for the Voyageurs
|Anyone who canoes knows the importance of a good supply of food.
Adequate and non-perishable food is especially important when making a
journey across half a continent and with little time to hunt or gather
supplies en route. For the Montreal based Voyageurs a good part of their
journey was through inhospitable country where hunting or fishing or access
to local provisions was difficult. Time limitations -
waterways being ice-free from mid-May to October: 4 or 5 months at best -
increased the necessity of carrying a good stock of easily prepared food.
The Native people and the explorers had learned to live off of the land, but
for the Voyageurs, there was not time nor space to carry fresh food supplies.
The limited carrying capacity of the canoe, not to mention the strain of difficult portages, or the possibility of loss should some canoes be lost in rapids, added to the challenge of carrying sufficient supplies. Always it was a trade-off between cargo (trading goods or furs) or items of comfort and necessity - such as food or clothing or shelter.
The amount of provisions required varied, of course, with the number of paddlers and passengers, and the distance to be covered before fresh supplies could be restocked. Invariably, with a crew of 5 to 8 men per canoe and some brigades of up to 10 canoes there would be a need for a large food supply. ( During Frobishers journey in the northern tundra it was noted that hard-working men required up to 8 lbs of meat per day. And on an expedition of 20 people that amounted to a deer carcass per day. )
The types of food available depended in part on the region that the paddlers were going through: maize and cured pork meat in the east; wild rice and deer in the area west of Lake Superior, and buffalo and grain based pottage in the Northwest.
When food supplies became a problem for the traders, again it was the Native people (Assiniboine & Grassland Cree) who provided a solution: "pemmican". Various Indian groups became the providers of pemmican for the traders. Recipes of course differed among the Native suppliers and also from season to season; however, for the most part the meat is pounded into a powder, inter-larded with fat and occasionally supplemented with berries or fresh vegetables from the gardens near some forts and placed in raw-hide bags called "parfleches". The dried meat and fat would keep the food from spoiling - a precurser to modern de-hydrated and freeze-dried foods - and was of sufficient concentration to provide a high- energy food source. Voyageurs would need only 1.5 lbs per day.
On any canoe trip, but particularly those where portaging is required, weight is a critical factor. So in order to reduce the amount of food that the brigades needed to carry, certain posts were designated as supply posts, where Voyageurs could replenish food supplies en route and/or exchange their load for the furs which they carried on their return voyage. Major supply posts such as the one near the Red River, Cumberland House or Fort Chipewyan in the north were spaced so as to limit the amount of food supplies that the Voyageurs needed to carry
Saskatchewan: The storehouse of food suppliesEven during the time of the fur trade, Saskatchewan was known as a storehouse of plentiful food supplies: wild game like deer, buffalo or caribou could be supplemented with wild berries and around certain forts access to fresh garden produce when in season. After a long, gruelling voyage and the monotony of the same food everyday for weeks on end, the thought of fresh food and a break in the daily routine was a motivating and enticing thought. After restocking supplies at Cumberland House, paddlers looked forward to several days on the hunt at Monee, (west of Prince Albert). Not only was this a break from the daily routine of paddling but also the men got the excitement and thrill of hunting buffalo and the enticing thought of fresh food.
Voyageurs dietFor the Voyageurs the morning meal would be some type of flour-based pottage occasionally mixed with other supplements; the mid-day meal consisted of a piece of dried pemmican and supper, prepared after night camp was set up (usually between 8 - 10pm) was pemmican, mixed with flour and water creating a pottage which the Voyageurs called "rubbaboo".
Their diet was also supplemented with ducks, geese and other fowls. For festive occasions there were more exotic delicacies such as moose nose, beaver tail, roast goose, prairie chicken, partridge or various types of sea food like roast seal, salmon or trout.
Small wonder that after weeks on the water, day after day with the same rations, that the voyageurs were ready to hunt or whoop-it-up when they arrived at a fort. The anticipation of these certain fort stops were so cherished that paddlers would refuse to co-operate if a brigade leader tried to get them to go an alternate route - and this would mean that they'd miss a stop at certain favourite supply posts.
For the modern palate reports of standard food fare sounds bleak and unimaginative. Pemmican, although a convenient travel ration, was not particularly appreciated by all Voyageurs either since it eventually became stale or mouldy when damp and was frequently "garnished with long human hairs and short hair of oxen". Nonetheless, it remained the Voyageurs primary food source.
In Rudy Wiebe's historical novel, Discovery of Strangers, a Native guide comments wryly on the excessive and absurd travelling styles of the white man:
"Each canoe has a crew of 6: a bowman, sternman and paddlers. Eating is their greatest and only diversion, together with drinking. They expect to devour 8 lbs of meat per day. When you add our translators and ourselves - 4 officers plus servants - we presently require almost a full ton of meat a week: i.e.. a minimum of 20 large dressed deer.!!"
| The demise of the canoe as the principle form of transportation in the
Northwest happened almost as quickly as its arrival. Overland
transportation like ox cart, horse and train began to replace water
transportation as the primary mode of travel, although in isolated regions
the canoe remained prominent until well into the 20 century. The decline
in the European demand for furs also contributed to a changing pattern of
trade and travel as did the diminishing supply of furs.
It is remarkable indeed, that most of the waterways which the explorers and traders used remain in much the same state they were centuries ago. Evidence of their lives still remains: forts, portages, debris of spills, etc. Along many portages Saskatoon bushes flourish, planted by unknowing Voyageurs relieving themselves beside the trail.
These waterways, largely unchanged over the centuries, can still be travelled today. Increased historical awareness can only enhance one's own experience on these waterways and sharpen one's observation and perception. Enjoy your travels on Saskatchewan waterways.
Canoe Saskatchewan Home Page | Routes & Trips | Local Information | Outfitters
Wilderness Living | Native Lifestyle & Crafts | History | Archaeology | Geology
Table of Contents | Gift Shop | Paddler's Gallery


text: On Mon, Jul 21, 2003 at 08:33:11AM -0700, blocke shivan org wrote: > > Hello. > > Now that Red Hat Linux appears to be a non-retail "product" with a much > shorter release cycle I am wondering about the following: > > Is it Red Hat's plan to continue to produce security patches and other > errata for baseline Red Hat Linux releases for at least 12 months? (As > outlined for past releases on http://www.redhat.com/apps/support/errata/) First, the release cycle for Red Hat Linux hasn't really changed that much. We've been doing a new release every six months for quite a few years. As for the errata policy for Red Hat Linux, it's detailed here: http://rhl.redhat.com/about/faq/ Short answer is that we will continue to provide security errata for 12 months at the least. - jkt -- --*--*--*--*--*--*--*--*--*--*--*--*--*--*--*--*--*--*--*--*--*--*--*--*--* Jay Turner, QA Technical Lead jkt redhat com Red Hat, Inc. Reality is merely an illusion, albeit a very persistent one. - Albert Einstein

subset: commoncrawl


text:
West Ham ensured their bid for automatic promotion to the English Premier League will go to the final day of the season after coming from behind to win 2-1 away to Leicester on Monday.
The Hammers had to take all three points at the Walkers Stadium otherwise Southampton would have been assured of the second and final automatic promotion spot behind already crowned Championship winners Reading.
Leicester led when Ben Marshall's cross was headed home by Jermaine Beckford in the 34th minute but five minutes later Winston Reid equalised from Matty Taylor's centre.
Jack Collison settled the match in West Ham's favour with a 25-yard shot shortly before the hour mark.
West Ham are two points behind the Saints going into Saturday's final day.
The London club need to beat Hull City on the final day and hope Southampton lose to relegated Coventry.
If the Saints draw, West Ham would need to win by three or four goals - depending on how many Southampton score - to clinch promotion.
Teams that finish third, fourth, fifth and sixth in the regular Championship season will then enter the playoffs, which culminate in a Wembley final for the prize of the third and last promotion place in the lucrative Premier League.
West Ham are looking to bounce straight back to the top flight following their relegation at the end of the 2010/11 season while it is seven years since south coast side Southampton last played in the Premier League.


text:
Thom posted on Dead Air Space tonight:
having just been elected in a landslide
this is just my mind
a way to keep time
clasping at straws
grabbing at branches
i was supposed to go and see arcade fire tonight
but its full moon
and i can;t feel the top of my head
i do no t understand
(m e n t a l)
do you find people hate you now?
all those years ago you mujst hav e thought yourself invincible.
oh but hate takes too much effort.
i am sorry for us.
As opposed to Thom… Ed, Colin and Nigel did go to the Arcade Fire show in London though. [thanks Mandy]
Thom did another post 'i have all the answers here in my pocket' with the follwing link: Recruiting Spies at British Airports


text:
Establishment Panchayat Raj & Rural Development Department Extension of quota to VillageDevelopment Officers Grade-I 10% of the posts of Superintendent in Zilla Parishadsand Mandal Parishads for appointment by transfer to the category of Village DevelopmentOfficers Grade-I -Orders Issued.
PANCHAYAT RAJ& RURAL DEVELOPMENT (Estt.V) DEPARTMENT
G.O.Ms.No.78 Dated:7-3-2000
Read the following:-
1. G.O.Ms.No.211, G.A.(Ser.B) Dept., dt.30.5.1995.
2. G.O.Ms.No.261, G.A.(Ser.B) Dept., dt.14.7.1998.
3. G.O.Ms.No.498, PR & RD (Estt.V) Dept., dt.12.10.1999.
4. Rept. from the General Secretary, A.P.V.D.Os Association, Hyderabad
5. From the CPR & RE, Hyd.Lr.No.36475/CPR&RE-E1/99, dt.27.10.1999.
TheGeneral Secretary, Andhra Pradesh Village Development Officers Association in hisrepresentation 4th read above, has stated that there was no post ofSuperintendent in Mandal Parishad till 12.10.1999 and the post of Superintendent wasavailable only in the Office of Zilla Parishad. He has also stated that orders were issuedearlier in the reference first read above that 10% of the total cadre strength of posts ofSuperintendents in Zilla Parishads shall be reserved for appointment by transfer ofVillage Development Officers Grade-I. According to Rule-3 of the A.P.Ministerial ServiceRules, 1998, two posts of the Superintendents in Zilla Parishad in each District shall befilled by transfer of Village Development Officers Grade-I who have passed the AccountsTest for Local Bodies or an equivalent Test.
2. It is further statedthat the Government in G.O.Ms.No.498, P.R. & R.D. (Estt.V) Department,dated.12.10.1999 issued orders that one post of Junior Assistant existing in each Mandalbe upgraded to that of Senior Assistant and the post of Senior Assistant be upgraded asSuperintendent.
3. Consequent on theissue of orders in reference 3rd read above, the Association has requested theGovernment that one post of Superintendent has now been created in each mandal and theymay also be considered for appointment to the category of Superintendent in MandalParishad on par with Superintendent in Zilla Parishad or 10% of the post ofSuperintendents in Zilla Parishads and Mandal parishads be reserved to be filed by VillageDevelopment Officers Grade-I.
4. In the referencefourth read above the Commissioner of Panchayat Raj & Rural Employment has reportedthat the Andhra Pradesh Village Development Officers Association has requested to extendthe quota to Village Development Officers Grade-I for appointment as Superintendent @ 10%in the newly created Superintendent posts in the Mandals as existed in the erst-whileBlock pattern. Accordingly the Commissioner, Panchayat Raj, A.P. Hyderabad has preparedthe ratio to the Village Development Officer Grade-I for appointment by transfer asSuperintendent in each District and requested the Government to consider the aboverequest.
5. After carefulexamination of the request of Andhra Pradesh Village Development Officers Association, andkeeping in view of the proposals of Commissioner, Panchayat Raj & Rural Employment,Government hereby order that 10% of the posts of Superintendents in Zilla Parishads andMandal Parishads be reserved to be filled by transfer from the category of VillageDevelopment Officers Grade-I subject to their eligibility in lieu of the provision in Rule3 of A.P. Ministerial service Rules with immediate effect.
6. The Commissioner ofPanchayat Raj and Rural Employment, A.P., Hyderabad/Chief Executive Officers, ZillaParishads shall take necessary action in the matter accordingly.
7. The necessaryamendments to the A.P. Ministerial Service Rules will be issued by the GeneralAdministration (Ser.B) Department, separately.
The Commissioner, Panchayat Raj & Rural Employment, A.P. Hyderabad.
All the Chief Executive Officers, Zilla Parishads in the State.
All the Heads of Departments.
All the Collectors.
All District Panchayat Officers.
The Accountant General, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.
The Pay & Accounts Officer, Hyderabad.
The Director of Local Fund Audit, A.P. Hyderabad.
The Director of Treasuries & Accounts, Hyderabad.
All District Treasury Officers in the State.
Copy to:
The General Administration (services-B) Department/P.A. to Secretary (Services) GeneralAdministration Department.
The A.P.Village Development Officers Association, Hyderabad.
The A.P.Panchayat Raj Ministerial Employees Association, Khairathabad, Hyderabad.


text:
Social Services
Social Services at Mee provides information to patients and families about long-term care options in both English and Spanish, as needed. The department also assists community members and hospital inpatients with Medicare Part D enrollment.
Social Services acts as a referral service for mental health services in Monterey County, including King City. The department also provides referrals and information about local programs and services to inpatients and outpatients.
Contact Social Services
For more information, contact:
Shiela Snider
Hours: Monday – Friday, 8AM -5PM


text:
The Eye
'Transformers 4' Trailer 2014 Release Date Soon? New Twitter Spoilers Reveal Dinobots in Upcoming Movie, Grimlock and Optimus Prime Teaming Up?
New spoilers emerged for "Transformers 4: Age of Extinction" that confirms that the Dinobots will appear in the highly anticipated 2014 film.
According to Tformers.com, Transformers package artist Marcelo Matere posted news on his Twitter account about seeing the designs of the Dinobots and "seems to feel the fans of these prehistoric creatures will be quite pleased with their designs."
"I saw the concepts of all the Dinobots. Guys who likes dinosaurs will freak out with Transfomers 4!" Matere wrote on Twitter in Portuguese.
This is definitely exciting for fans, and it also gives us more confidence that we will see the Dinobots in "Transformers 4."
Back in September, producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura revealed in an interview with Beijing News that Dinobots will be in the film.
"I can not disclose the specifics, but you can be sure that the arrival of the Dinobots will give the audience a lot to be excited about," said di Bonaventura. "The world's coolest, most exciting cars will appear in the film, including Chinese vehicles, so whether you are a car enthusiast or not, it will be a feast for the eyes."
Just recently, new images of Optimus Prime, Bumblebee, and Grimlock were featured on exclusive "Transformers 4" merchandise. It includes a Heroes 18 oz. Tritan water bottle that features the images of favorite characters, and then there are 12 oz. Acrylic Travels cups with Optimus and Bumblebee on them.
Last but not least, there is a Large Tin Tote that measures 9-inches long x 7 1/2-inches tall x 3 1/2-inches wide.
We won't have to wait long for more spoilers that will come in form of video. Michael Bay recently dished that fans would get to see a new trailer at Super Bowl 2014 on Sunday, Feb. 2.
Mark Wahlberg plays Cade Yeager, an inventor who discovers a buried Transformer and sets off all the explosive events that we are bound to see in the June 27, 2014 film. Nicola Peltz plays his teenage daughter Tessa, while Jack Reynor is playing her racecar driver boyfriend.
Check out the latest "Transformers 4" news HERE!
Jan 18, 2014 01:30 PM EST


text:
I need a logo for a foundation we have just started
Budget $30-250 USD
It is a logo for a foundation that will support malnutrition centers in Africa and will also support pregnancy crisis centers in the US. It is a Christian organization and will have a Bible verse of our choosing on it.
I would like to have a cross as the background, and then have drawings that
connect but are separate of a pregnant mother, a very small baby, and then a young child (our ministry is to these 3 groups). I would like it to be simple but elegant. The name of our foundation is Birthright Ministries Foundation, and the Bible verse I want to appear somewhere on it is , "But to all who believed Him and accepted Him, He gave the right to become children of God." John 1:12
Awarded to:
Hello there, I can create nice and modern logo for your foundation with a pregnant mother, a small baby, and a young child, and with the bible verse. I have 6 years of experience in the field of graphic and logo des More
157 freelancers are bidding on average $110 for this job
Welcome to theDesignerz ( World #1 Graphic Design company on Freelancer ) If you are looking for some real quality graphics work and willing to pay fair price for that then you are reading the right proposal. We ar More
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ello, I am interested in working on your project " foundation Logo". I have read your job description and assure you that I will provide you better quality logo for which you are looking. I have designed hundred's More
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Hi nice to meet you, my name is Ana. Would love to help you design the logo for your foundation. I personally enjoy designing for good causes... and end up most of the time helping them. If you visit my profile her More


text:
Sunroof Drain Clog - Flood
View Single Post
Registered User
Location: Portland, OR
Join Date: Jan 2010
Posts: 1
Mein Auto: 2006 BMW 530 XI Wagon
View My Garage
My Experience: I have a 2006 BMW 530Xi Wagon. Two days ago my radio and Navigation stopped working so i dropped it by Rasmussen BMW in Portland to have it looked at. I got a call from the service advisor saying that one of my drains was partially clogged and the water ended up being re-routed into the body panels causing damage to the headliner and all of the electrical equipment, NAV, RADIO ETC. He mentioned it was not covered by the warranty because the owner needed to maintain the cleaning of the sunroof drain tubes. I immediately said, i paid for the 100K extended warranty AND Maintenance plan. Originally, I was told when buying the maintenance plan that i only needed to take care of the rubber (TIRES) and all other maintenance aspects were handled by BMW. I have been very diligent about taking the car into the dealership and on three ocassions had Rasmussen adjust the sunroof due to noise issues, i assum this would have been a good time to perform maintenance on the drain tubes. The service manager at Rasmussen explained that the cleaning of the sunroof drain tubes is not a maintenance item, and that cleaning the tubes is the owners responsibility....(WTF). I explained there are many other owners of my exact car having the same issue and there are many service bulletins available discussing issues with the drain system in the bmw. The service advisor explained these SB are to fix other issues and are not related to my issue.
So BMW will take care of changing my wiper blades, flushing my coolant, oil, etc....but when it comes to flushing the drain tubes its an owners responsibility..*****. This is the 11th car i have owned, all with sunroofs, this has never been an issue with any. I live in a secured buildin and park my car indoors, so its not like it sits under a tree all day.
I did call BMW north america and had discussions with them, but received the same bull**** I did from the dealership.
I hope this information helps you in some way.
View Public Profile
Find all threads started by danlebaron
Find all posts by danlebaron
View My Garage
Add danlebaron to Your Ignore List


text:
Swiss Chicken & Broccoli Casserole
Recipe by mums the word
My brother is a bachelor and even though he cooks for just one, he makes awesome full course meals. He got this recipe from a friend and I had to have it! I have taken this to potluck dinners and have been asked for the recipe. Simple comfort food.
Top Review by TasteTester
We enjoyed this casserole so much! The swiss cheese is a delicious change from the usual cheddar cheese found in many recipes and it went perfectly with the broccoli and chicken, making a light and creamy sauce. This great recipe is going into my keeper file. Thanks for sharing it!
See Discussion:6 Reviews
Ingredients Nutrition
- 6 tablespoons butter
- 3 -4 boneless skinless chicken breasts
- 1 tablespoon onion, minced
- 1 teaspoon lemon juice
- 1 cup sliced mushrooms
- 3 tablespoons flour
- 2 cups milk
- 1⁄2 teaspoon thyme
- 1⁄4 teaspoon basil
- 1⁄4 teaspoon pepper
- 1⁄2 teaspoon salt
- 1 cup swiss cheese, shredded
- 2 cups broccoli, blanched 2 minutes
- 4 cups egg noodles or 4 cups penne pasta
Directions See How It's Made
- Cook pasta according to package.Drain well and butter lightly to prevent sticking. Set aside.
- Cut chicken into bite size pieces.
- In large frying pan, heat 6 tbsp butter. Add onions and chicken pieces. Cook just until turning white, turn and cook other side.
- Sprinkle with lemon juice. Add mushrooms and cook over medium heat for about six minutes, turning once. Remove chicken and mushrooms and keep warm.
- To the juices left in the frying pan, add flour. Cook and stir about 2 minutes.
- Using whisk, stir in milk and bring to a boil. Lower heat and simmer to thicken.
- Add spices and half of the cheese. Simmer gently for 5 minutes.
- Using the same pot that you cooked your noodles in, add the cream sauce and gently stir to coat noodles. Add broccoli, chicken and mushrooms. Fold into the noodles gently.
- Transfer to a greased 2L baking pan and top with remainder of Swiss cheese.
- Bake covered at 350F 35-40 minutes.


text:
Appeals Courts Issue Conflicting Rulings on Health-Law Subsidies
Subsidies Seen as Crucial to Implementation of Affordable Care Act
Two U.S. appeals courts issued conflicting rulings on whether consumers can get subsidies for health coverage bought on the Affordable Care Act's federal exchange, escalating a legal battle that could complicate fall insurance enrollment and jeopardize tax credits for millions of Americans.
In a blow to President Barack Obama's signature legislative achievement, a panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, on a 2-1 vote, invalidated an Internal Revenue Service regulation that implemented a key piece of the 2010 health law. The regulation said subsidies for health insurance were available to qualifying middle- and low-income consumers whether they bought coverage on a state or federally run exchange.
Two hours later, a three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit in Richmond, Va., reached the opposite conclusion, unanimously ruling that consumers in states relying on the federal marketplace could receive subsidies. That handed the White House a victory that counteracted the administration's loss in the other case.
Tuesday's rulings won't have an immediate impact on the subsidies that an estimated 4.7 million Americans have received on the federal exchange. But they raise a new cloud of legal unknowns that likely won't be settled before open enrollment begins Nov. 15, because the cases could take a year or more to conclude in the courts.
If the two courts remain in conflict, it is a near certainty the Supreme Court will have to step in to resolve the dispute, setting the stage for a third high-court ruling on the health law. Should the D.C. Circuit's ruling eventually prevail, it could cripple the law by making subsidies unavailable in as many as 36 states where the federal government has run some or all of the insurance exchanges.
The Obama administration said it would ask the full D.C. appeals court, which might be more sympathetic to its position, to reconsider the case.
"This just lays another layer of uncertainty on top of an already confused environment," said Ruth Krystopolski, president of nonprofit Sanford Health Plan, which sells plans to individuals in North Dakota and South Dakota.
Several insurers said they had no current plans to change how they sell policies through the federal exchange. Hospital executives said the cases complicate efforts to plan annual budgets, because losing the subsidies would likely increase the number of uninsured patients coming through their doors.
At issue was how to interpret a section of the health law allowing subsidies when consumers buy insurance on an exchange "established by the state." The law gave states responsibility for setting up exchanges, but more than two-thirds of the states chose not to do so. Those states, mostly with Republican governors opposed to the law, decided to rely on the federal government instead.
Individuals and employers who challenged the subsidies in court argued the law's language made clear subsidies weren't available in those states without their own exchanges. The Obama administration argued Congress intended the subsidies to be available everywhere.
"You don't need a fancy legal degree to understand that Congress intended for every eligible American to have access to tax credits that would lower their health-care costs, regardless of whether it was state officials or federal officials who were running the marketplace," White House press secretary Josh Earnest said Tuesday.
The D.C. Circuit held the IRS regulation allowing the subsidies nationwide wasn't a permissible interpretation of the health law. "We reach this conclusion, frankly, with reluctance," Judge Thomas Griffith, a George W. Bush appointee, wrote for the court, saying the decision would likely have significant consequences for millions of people. He was joined by another Republican-appointed judge. But he said the court had to interpret the law the way Congress wrote it. Judge Harry Edwards, a Jimmy Carter appointee, said in dissent that the ruling "portends disastrous consequences."
The Richmond court said language in the Affordable Care Act on the subsidies was ambiguous and could be read in different ways. "Applying deference to the IRS's determination, however, we uphold the rule as a permissible exercise of the agency's discretion," wrote Judge Roger Gregory, originally nominated by Bill Clinton. Joining the ruling were two Obama appointees.
The average size of a federal subsidy for each enrollee getting one in 2015 will be $4,250, and the government is expected to spend $17 billion in fiscal 2014 on exchange subsidies, according to research by the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office. Exchange enrollees who selected plans with tax credits pay an average of $82 a month in premiums after the subsidy, which is 76% less than the full premium, according to the Department of Health and Human Services.
Aetna Inc. said the tax credits played a significant role in attracting people to exchange plans. Insurance industry advocates have warned that a win for the challengers in the cases could destabilize insurance markets and lead to higher premiums for all exchange consumers.
"It could mean the collapse of the individual insurance market in states that are affected," if the subsidies are ultimately struck down by the high court, said Timothy Jost, a professor at Washington and Lee University School of Law who supports the health law.
Will Ferniany, chief executive of University of Alabama at Birmingham Health System, said the decisions made it difficult to set next year's budget, which is due to the board in August. "Do we take a conservative approach and assume these people aren't going to be insured, or do we take an optimistic approach and assume it will be appealed [successfully]?"
Julie Thiets, 51 years old, of Decatur, Ga., gets an insurance subsidy of more than $600 a month through the federal exchange. She said she isn't sure if she would have signed up if there was a possibility she could lose that tax credit.
"To me, it was the whole benefit of signing up," said Ms. Thiets, who owns a small business that provides video tennis instruction. "It would devastate my life without it."
The law requires most Americans to carry health insurance or pay a tax penalty, a mandate that was upheld by the Supreme Court two years ago. The subsidies were designed to work in tandem with the mandate to make coverage more affordable for lower-income individuals.
The D.C. ruling also could hobble the functioning of a delayed health-law provision that can requires larger employers to pay penalties if they don't offer affordable coverage to full-time workers and those workers get a subsidized exchange plan. The penalties are triggered when a worker receives federal subsidies for purchasing insurance on an exchange.
The administration's legal options include an appeal to the Supreme Court. But first it plans to ask the D.C. appeals court to rehear the case, with all active judges participating in the review. The full court has a more favorable political makeup for the administration, with a majority of judges appointed by Democratic presidents.
The White House's Mr. Earnest said, given fierce Republican opposition to the law, the prospects for a legislative move that might fix the law "seem rather unlikely."
House Speaker John Boehner (R., Ohio) said the court's decision shows House Republicans are right in seeking to file a lawsuit accusing Mr. Obama of overstepping his authority in implementing the law.
"The president has demonstrated he believes he has the power to make his own laws. That's not the way our system of government was designed to work," Mr. Boehner said.
A senior administration official indicated the White House is used to challenges to the health law by now, and that the law would weather this turn of events, as it has previous setbacks. Officials emphasized there would be no near-term impact on policyholders' subsidies or premiums.
As with past health-law challenges, multiple cases are working their way through the federal courts. In addition to Tuesday's cases, two other similar lawsuits are being considered by courts in Indiana and Oklahoma.
—Anna Wilde Mathews, Carol E. Lee and Christopher Weaver contributed to this article.
Write to Brent Kendall at email@example.com and Stephanie Armour at email@example.com
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text:
• Severity Rating • Fix Information • Vulnerable Software Versions • SCAP Mappings
|Array index error in the SMBv2 protocol implementation in srv2.sys in Microsoft Windows Vista Gold, SP1, and SP2, Windows Server 2008 Gold and SP2, and Windows 7 RC allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (system crash) via an & (ampersand) character in a Process ID High header field in a NEGOTIATE PROTOCOL REQUEST packet, which triggers an attempted dereference of an out-of-bounds memory location, aka "SMBv2 Negotiation Vulnerability." NOTE: some of these details are obtained from third party information.
|Note: References are provided for the convenience of the reader to help distinguish between vulnerabilities. The list is not intended to be complete.
|Date Entry Created
|Disclaimer: The entry creation date may reflect when the CVE-ID was allocated or reserved, and does not necessarily indicate when this vulnerability was discovered, shared with the affected vendor, publicly disclosed, or updated in CVE.
|Phase (Legacy)
|Assigned (20090908)
|Votes (Legacy)
|Comments (Legacy)
|Proposed (Legacy)
|This is an entry on the CVE list, which standardizes names for security problems.
You can also search by reference using the CVE Reference Maps.
|For More Information: firstname.lastname@example.com


text: 'Helix' Extended Trailer: There's a Price for Playing God November 26, 2013 Helix, News An isolated Arctic locale. Scientists playing God. Black ooze. Possible aliens. Ronald D. Moore. The extended Helix trailer has everything horror and sci-fi junkies alike love. It's full of running, screaming and possible (painful) body-snatching. It even raises the stakes by having our hero (Billy Campbell) discover that his brother is among the infected. Containment is key, but whatever the scientists have unleashed smacks of the uncontrollable. "This thing doesn't kill it, it annihilates," says one scientist. Freaked out yet? Just wait until you watch the full trailer below. What do you think of Helix so far? Helix premieres Friday, January 10th at 10/9c on Syfy. Share this:Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)Click to share on Google+ (Opens in new window)Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window)Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window)Click to email this to a friend (Opens in new window) ptjackson Oh, yeah… now that is must see TV! Can't wait!


text:
Bishop Nicholas of Myra in Lycea (in an area of Turkey now) was a
bishop of the early Christian Church in the early 4th century. He
died on December 6th somewhere between the years 342 and 352 (though the
exact year is not known), which is why we celebrate St. Nicholas's day
in early December. To the right is shown a picture of St. Nicholas as he
would have appeared in the 4th century. Note that St. Nicholas is
holding the Gospels, and is depicted with Christ and Mary, Jesus's
It is easy to see how with the corruption of the Spanish name for
this saint, Santa Nicholas, as well as the Dutch name, Sinterklaas,
his celebration by the church in December, and the coming day of
Christmas could have been confused into the current Santa Claus of
In this
painting from a German Christian card, Nicholas is shown, again with his
Bishop's stole and Gospels, but also with a staff and in more Roman
Catholic attire.
Mass marketing hype has now turned a man, beloved by many for his
continued devotion to Christ, his unwavering support of unaltered
Christian doctrine (as handed to the early church by the Apostles), his
piety and love for others into an inflatable glowing "Lawn
You can see why we feel that honoring the "Real St.
Nicholas" is worth doing with an annual festival. For us, this
celebration helps kick off the period leading up to Christmas, and what
a great way to start!
...is our parish priest, The Reverend Father Thomas Moore, of Holy
Apostles Orthodox Church, with the blessing of our bishop.
As you can see, Father Thomas gives us a chance to "see"
St. Nicholas on this day, dressed much as he would have been when he was
at the Council of Nicea in 325 A.D. (when the Nicean Creed was formed,
and the basic list of the books of the Bible were established).
Though our St. Nicholas doesn't take requests for presents, he gives
a "golden coin" (chocolate) to each child, reminiscent of a
famous story of his generosity.
More on Nicholas can be found on Wikipedia
or OrthodoxWiki
The Saint Nicholas Festival is Presented by Holy Apostles
Orthodox Church in Columbia South Carolina.


text:
(Photo: http://www.newscom.com/cgi-bin/prnh/20061030/LAM091)
The initial products will be the Directed HD Car Connect (p/n DMHD-1000), which quickly upgrades listeners' current car radios to receive digital HD Radio programming, and the Directed HD Table Top (p/n DHHD-1000), which features a large backlit multi-line display, with two detachable ported speakers plus an alarm clock.
Retail pricing is expected to be $249 for the HD Car Connect, and $299 for the HD Table Top radios. The products should be widely available at Directed retailers in the Spring. Directed will also be supplying HD Car Connect and HD Table Top radios to HD Radio broadcasters across the country this winter, for on-air promotions that will give away thousands of new HD Radio receivers to listeners. For more information on Directed Electronics, please visit http://www.directed.com. For a list of HD Radio stations in your area, please visit http://www.hdradio.com.
About Directed Electronics
Headquartered in Vista, California, Directed Electronics (Nasdaq: DEIX) is the largest designer and marketer of consumer branded vehicle security and convenience systems in the United States based on sales. Directed also markets and sells certain SIRIUS-branded satellite radio receivers and accessories, with exclusive distribution rights for such products to Directed's existing U.S. retailer customer base. Directed is also a major supplier of home audio and mobile audio and video. Its broad portfolio of security products, including remote start, hybrid systems, GPS tracking, and navigation, are sold under leading brands including Viper(R), Clifford(R), Python(R), and Astroflex(R). In the home audio market, Directed designs and markets award-winning Polk Audio(R) and Definitive Technology(R) premium loudspeakers. Directed's mobile audio and video products include speakers, subwoofers, amplifiers, video screens and digital media players, sold under its Polk/MOMO(R), Orion(R), Precision Power(R), Directed Audio(R), Xtreme(R), Directed Video(R), Directed Mobile Media(R), and Automate(R) brand names. Directed was founded in 1982 and markets its broad portfolio of products through many channels including leading retailers and specialty chains throughout North America and around the world. More information is available at http://www.directed.com.


text:
What Constitutes Sexual Harassment and How Does Sexual Harassment Differ From Gender Discrimination? Essay
What Constitutes Sexual Harassment and How Does Sexual Harassment Differ From Gender Discrimination?
Related Articles
•Female Discrimination in the Workplace
•What Steps Do You Take With Sexual Harassment in the Workplace? •Forms of Workplace Harassment
•Strategies to Curb Sexual Harassment in the Workplace
•Employer Discrimination Against Women
•Work Place Harassment & How to Avoid a Lawsuit
Gender discrimination and sexual harassment can occur in any organization, even though both are against the law. In 2012, there were 30,356 charges of gender discrimination filed with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, which compares to the 28,534 cases filed in 2011. The EEOC received 11,364 sexual harassment suits in 2011, 84 percent of which were filed by women. Perpetrators of sexual harassment and gender discrimination may employ some of the same tactics. Sponsored Link
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Sexual Harassment
Sexual harassment is defined as unwelcome contact of a sexual nature. This behavior may include requests for dates or sexual favors, unwelcome verbal or physical advances and expressed or implied threats that if the victim doesn't give in, her employment status may be affected. Other actions such as posting sexually explicit material, making offensive comments about men or women in general or telling sexually oriented jokes may qualify as sexual harassment or creation of a hostile working environment. Gender and Harassment
Although most of the cases filed with the EEOC were filed by women, sexual harassment can occur against men, too. The harasser might be male or female. In some cases, men will sexually harass other men or women will sexually harass other women. The key is that the behavior is unwelcome — consensual sexual relations do not qualify as harassment. However, if one person ends the relationship and the other continues to press for dates or sexual activity despite begin clearly told to stop, it may qualify as sexual harassment. The behavior must also be something that a reasonable person would find offensive. Gender Discrimination
Gender discrimination — also known as sexual discrimination — is making employment decisions based on an individual's gender. When an employee is hired, fired, promoted or her salary is affected because of her gender rather than her performance, it is illegal. Other examples of gender discrimination include any treatment that negatively affects terms of employment such as your position, title or training opportunities. In addition to employment, gender discrimination can occur in educational institutions – for example, if men are consistently given lower grades than women. Harassment vs. Discrimination
Supervisors or workers in organizations where gender discrimination occurs may exhibit some of the same behaviors seen in those where sexual harassment occurs. For example, if the discrimination is against women, work areas may contain calendar pinups of nude females or sexually explicit cartoons. Men may use derogatory slang terms toward women or call them by terms such as "babe" or "honey" rather than "Ms. Jones." However, gender discrimination may be directed against men, as well. Male nursing students in one study reported in May 2004 in the "Journal of Nursing Education" said nursing faculty made anti-male comments, referred to nurses exclusively as "she" and set different requirements for men in OB-GYN clinical rotations.
Subject: Commission, Feminism,
University/College: University of Chicago
Type of paper: Thesis/Dissertation Chapter
Date: 19 April 2016
Let us write you a custom essay sample on What Constitutes Sexual Harassment and How Does Sexual Harassment Differ From Gender Discrimination?
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text:
Jeffrey F. Jackson
Going Postal
When psychologist Nicholas Brink (Richard Portnow) decides to take his research on human behavior into the local post office in this comedy, he discovers that it isn't just his primary subject, Orsen Starks (Brad Garrett), who's about to "go postal." Everybody else is on the edge of losing it, too. To make matters worse, the postmaster's got his eye on them all, waiting for them to slip up.


text: This email is to inform you about the release of version '1.0.18rc1' of 'ALSA driver' through freshmeat.net. All URLs and other useful information can be found at http://freshmeat.net/projects/alsadriver/ The changes in this release are as follows: A jack reporting API was added. Simultaneous compilation of both PXA AC97 drivers is now possible. Drivers were added for TI TLV320AIC26, WM8900, WM8580, TriTech 28023, Asus V1Sn, ASUS Eeepc P90*, 92HD81/83, AMD HDMI Audio, and several more. Code was cleaned up. Many fixes were made. Release focus: 6 - Minor bugfixes Project added: Mon, May 25th 1998 02:56 (10 years, 2 months ago) Project description: The Advanced Linux Sound Architecture is composed of several parts. The first is a fully modularized sound driver which supports module autoloading, devfs, isapnp autoconfiguration, and gives complete access to analog audio, digital audio, control, mixer, synthesizer, DSP, MIDI, and timer components of audio hardware. It also includes a fully-featured kernel-level sequencer, a full compatibility layer for OSS/Free applications, an object-oriented C library which covers and enhances the ALSA kernel driver functionality for applications (client/server, plugins, PCM sharing/multiplexing, PCM metering, etc.), an interactive configuration program for the driver, and some simple utilities for basic management. Trove categories: [Development Status ] 5 - Production/Stable [Environment ] Console (Text Based) [Intended Audience ] Developers, End Users/Desktop [License ] OSI Approved :: GNU General Public License (GPL), OSI Approved :: GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) [Operating System ] POSIX :: Linux [Programming Language] C [Topic ] Multimedia :: Sound/Audio, Multimedia :: Sound/Audio :: Capture/Recording, Multimedia :: Sound/Audio :: CD Audio, Multimedia :: Sound/Audio :: Conversion, Multimedia :: Sound/Audio :: MIDI, Multimedia :: Sound/Audio :: Mixers, Multimedia :: Sound/Audio :: Players, Multimedia :: Sound/Audio :: Sound Synthesis, Software Development :: Libraries, System :: Hardware, System :: Networking :: Monitoring :: Hardware Watchdog, System :: Operating System Kernels :: Linux If you would like to cancel subscription to releases of this project, login to freshmeat.net and choose 'home' from the personal menubar at the top of the page. You'll be presented with a list of projects and categories you're subscribed to in the right column, which you may cancel by highlighting the project or category in question and clicking the 'delete' button. Sincerely, freshmeat.net ____________________________| Advertising |____________________________ Considering the industry's fastest growing Linux but weary of rolling out without someone behind you? HP has a 20-year partnership with Novell and 10 consecutive years Linux market leadership. We can offer you best-of-breed technology including SUSE Linux Enterprise, paired with proven multi-OS services expertise and total solution accountability! Check us out at http://www.linux.com/sponsor_solutions/hpos ____________________________| Advertising |____________________________


text:
Okay so here's the deal, I will be taking 4 students. I can teach earth, lighting, wind or fire. It's not first in, first served. I will chose who I see fit.
One more thing, if you won't reply to training in under two weeks I will drop you, unless you VM reasons why.
PHP Code:
[B]What you want to be taught in?[/B]
[B]Link to approved bio(s)?[/B]
[B]What you learnt already?[/B]
[B]What is one thing you know about me?[/B]
Do not spam, unless your username is Zombie.


text:
At Least a Fragment of Hope
Night Raid
Hunt in the Dark
East is East
The New Capital
In the Country of Frozen Earth
The Incident
An Ominous Night
Negative of Summer
Cameras, Dumplings & Stray Cats
Shadows Fall on the Big Four
Rondo of Retrospection
The Rescue
The year is 1931. The City is Shanghai. Ten years before America will enter World War II; the hydra's teeth planted by the first great
The year is 1931. The City is Shanghai. Ten years before America will enter World War II; the hydra's teeth planted by the first great global conflict are beginning to germinate, hatching into spiders weaving the complex web of plots and conspiracies destined to inevitably draw entire nations, against their will, to the brink of destruction once more. And caught in the heart of these webs, desperately seeking to separate lies from truth, is "Sakurai Kikan," an ultra-secret intelligence agency staffed by extraordinarily talented individuals with abilities far beyond those of normal humans. Their duty: stop the darkest plots and eliminate the greatest threats.
But in a city built on intrigue, can even a team of clairvoyants, telepaths and espers stand against the ultimate forces of destiny? As the Japanese Imperial Army rolls across China, documented facts and fantasy intermingle in the breathtaking exploration of alternative history that is Night Raid 1931.


text:
Mike wrote:
> I have a scenario I am having difficulty with. I am needing to block
> access to the Webgui from a range of hosts, yet allow access to the
> from 3 particular hosts at each location- two of which reside on the
> other end of the VPN. Blocking/ allowing local access is easy enough,
> however blocking access but allowing local and remote access to only
> certain IP's is proving difficult. The Alias feature as far as I can
> tell will allow either single host or networks, but not multiple
> single hosts.
> Example:
> Site A: 192.168.0.0/24
> Site B: 192.168.6.0/24
> Site B needs Gui access from the single local address 192.168.6.x and
> from *two* remote addresses on the A side of the tunnel, but needs to
> block any and all other addresses from accessing the Web GUI on either
> side of the tunnel.
> Any ideas?
Hi Mike...
There is an option "webGUI anti-lockout" on the System --> Advanced page
to help save you in case of installing rules that accidentally block
access to the web gui. You will need to disable this feature, but only
after you create the rule or two specifically allowing access from the
LOCAL IP's that require it.
In other words, on m0n0 B, allow HTTPS access to the 192.168.6.x single
IPs, and on m0n0 A, allow access to the 192.168.0.x single IPs.
But here is the part that is trapping you:
m0n0wall's rules act on packets ENTERING an interface.
As far as Site B's m0n0wall is considered, packets coming from Site A
through the IPSEC tunnel have already been inspected and allowed. (a
simplistic way to describe it).
Any Site A traffic that you do NOT want on site B's network must be
stopped by Site A's m0n0wall.
So, if you want to allow one or more hosts from site B to access the Web
GUI on Site A's m0n0wall, you need to set rules on Site B's m0n0wall to
allow these packets to the Site A m0n0wall IP and right after that rule
you need a rule on Site B's m0n0wall to block access to the Site A
(192.168.6.0/24) network. Remember rule order counts.
The reverse is true on the Site A m0n0wall.
Also, the FIRST thing I do when configuring a m0n0wall firewall is to
DELETE the default "allow from any to Any" rule on the LAN interface,
and THEN I start allowing what is required.
Hope this helps.
Bill Arlofski
Reverse Polarity, LLC
* Stop the NSA from illegally eavesdropping on your personal email *
Learn about PGP and start encrypting your email today
http://gnupg.org or http://www.pgp.com


text:
- Manufacturer: SW-Motech
SW-Motech Vario Barback Converter. 22mm to 28mm. Up/back. Variable. Black.
SW-MOTECH Vario Barback Converter from 22 mm to 28 mm handlebars
Instruction Manual
SW-MOTECH Vario Barback Converter from 22 mm to 28 mm handlebars
- Variable barback for personalised positioning of the handlebar
- Converts from 22 mm to 28 mm to use tapered handlebars
- The handlebar is relocated by 40 mm without spacer and by 50 mm with spacer
- For an individual sitting position
- CNC-milled, made of extremely firm aluminium alloy
- Black anodised
- Vario Barback Converter
- 10 mm spacer
- Mounting material
- Mounting instructions
- Including cover
- The length of bowden cables has to be checked individually
- Change your handlebar from racy to long distance fit just in a moment
Instruction Manual
Manufacturer Part Number: LEH.00.039.172/B


text:
Show Results for:
Tag Results for texting while driving mobile app (1 - 3) of 3
New Mobile Solutions from AT&T Help Curb Distracted Driving for Business Customer Employees
Mobile devices have made it easy to conduct business away from the office, but using these devices while driving can create significant safety risks.
AT&T to Extend "It Can Wait" Reach in 2013
Building on a campaign that has raised awareness of the dangers of texting while driving and inspired more than 1.2 million pledges not to text behind the wheel, AT&T today announced plans to expand the It Can Wait program in 2013....
Risks of Texting while Driving Inspires Driving Safety Mobile Platform
The Driving Safely platform was created in response to distracted driving, such as texting while driving. This mobile application can disable calls, texts or social networks so users won?t drive distracted....


text:
Oakley Signs New Talent To Global Women's Team
WQS Surfer Erica Hosseini Chooses Oakley Eyewear & Apparel to Train & Compete
Oakley, Inc. today announced a new addition to the company's Global Women's Team: WQS surfer Erica Hosseini. Erica will rely on Oakley's ability to bridge the gap between form and function enabling her to fulfill her potential in and out of the water, while simultaneously expressing her own distinctive style.
A Newport local, Erica surfs and trains in her own backyard and when she's not at the beach the self-proclaimed "tech nerd" likes to spend time updating her website, www.whereserica.com, blogging and hosting "The Weekly Grind," for Grind TV.
"When I heard Oakley was focused on launching more women's active and swimwear products, I knew it was something I wanted to be apart of," said Erica. "As a professional surfer I need to make sure I stay fit and train hard. I want to do this everyday in high performance, quality and stylish products. That's why I chose Oakley."
"Oakley athletes have woven a powerful legacy across a myriad of sports since the brand's inception in 1975," said Patrick McIlvain, Oakley VP Global Sports Marketing. "Erica possesses an uncontainable drive to be on the forefront of sport and style. This makes her an exceptional ambassador for Oakley who will lead the next generation of active women into new territory where performing beautifully is a natural part of everyday life."
Oakley has long been recognized for the superior optical quality of their eyewear and the Women's Active Collection builds on that legacy. The collection combines technological advancements including HD Polarized® lenses for optimum clarity and Unobtanium® nosepads to prevent slipping, with stylized frames for a line of eyewear that enables athletic women like Erica to be powerfully protected and beautifully decorated at the same time.
Whether Erica is out for a surf putting Oakley symmetry to the test or running on the beach, Oakley's innovative swimwear and active apparel elevates performance levels allowing her to do the same. The brand's advanced O-Form technology maximizes fit, comfort and performance with 4-way stretch that conforms to the body while Oakley's best in class moisture management system, O Hydrolix, removes excess moisture to keep the her focused and comfortable during her most intense workouts.
As Oakley continues to perfect the balance of performance and style, athletes like Erica are poised to play an integral role in shaping the future of Oakley's Women's eyewear and apparel for before, during and after sport.
Visit Oakley.com to learn more about the company's latest advancements in women's-specific eyewear and apparel and to meet the newest additions to Oakley's Global Women's team.


text:
Press Release
Release Date: February 1, 2010
For immediate release
The Federal Reserve Board on Monday announced the execution of a Written Agreement by and among Peoples, Inc., a registered bank holding company, Peoples Bank, a state chartered member bank, both of Lawrence, Kansas, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.
A copy of the Written Agreement is attached.
Last update: February 1, 2010


text:
From: "Spectra" <mOnO at SpectraTechnology dot Net>
>I don't know if this question has already been asked... but is there a way
> to get to any kind of shell for monowall? Any kind of command line
> terminal interface? SSH? Telnet?
Yes. It is not recommended for security reasons, but you can add one.
> Also, can the image files and php files building the gui be edited?
You bet. Many people do this.
> Would I have to build my own monowall image?
That is the only way to change things and have them survive a reboot. I
have created a simple development environment for Qemu, but I am almost
ready to alpha it when I find a place with the bandwidth.


text:
Chinese police investigating the death of the British businessman Neil Heywood believe he was murdered after threatening to expose a plan by Chinese leader Bo Xilai's wife to move money overseas, sources have said.
Gu Kailai, a lawyer and the wife of one of China's most powerful leaders, is in custody along with a family employee, Zhang Xiaojun, suspected of murdering Heywood, state media reported last week. Until now, no specific motive had been aired.
The sources, who have knowledge of the inquiry, told Reuters that police believed Gu asked Heywood to move a large sum of money abroad late last year and became angry when he demanded a larger than expected cut. She allegedly devised a plan to kill him after he said he could expose her dealings, posing a threat to both Gu and the political ambitions of her husband.
Bo was party secretary in the south-western city of Chongqing until his dismissal in March, and had been tipped by some to rise further in the once-a-decade leadership transition due this autumn. He is under investigation for "severe violations of discipline".
"Heywood told her that if she thought he was being too greedy, then he didn't need to become involved and wouldn't take a penny of the money, but he also said he could also expose it," one source told Reuters. "After Gu Kailai found that Heywood wouldn't agree to go along and was even resisting with threats – that he could expose this money with unknown provenance – then that was a major risk to Gu Kailai and Bo Xilai."
The news agency said both of its sources had close ties to Chinese police in Chongqing, where Heywood died. The Chinese government did not respond to faxed questions about the case and neither Gu nor Bo has been seen since March, shortly before Bo's dismissal.
Given that there was no autopsy before Heywood's body was cremated, it is unclear how much new evidence can be gathered. Any case is likely to rest in large part on the questioning of Gu, Zhang and Wang Lijun, Bo's former ally and police chief, who is under investigation after fleeing to a US consulate.
Wang is understood to have said he fell out with Bo after telling him he suspected Gu was connected to the death. The police chief faced a corruption investigation and some suggest he hoped that building a file on Gu would ensure Bo protected him. Several people who knew Heywood believe the relationship with the Bo family soured in 2010, but the Reuters sources said there had been no sign of a dispute with Gu until October or November last year, when the row over money began. They said there was no paper trail for the financial dealings.
The Wall Street Journal has said Heywood told a friend he had left a document detailing the Bo family's overseas investments with a lawyer in the UK. But other friends had not heard of such a document or of Heywood having a British lawyer, it reported.
Questions had been raised about how Bo and Gu funded their son's expensive education at Harrow, Oxford University and Harvard. Bo said his son received full scholarships and accused critics of "pouring filth" over his family. Last week an article in the official party newspaper, the People's Daily – widely assumed to be directed at Bo given its timing and prominence – said corrupt officials had been secretly using children, wives, friends and even mistresses to move and hide illicitly obtained wealth overseas.
Numerous questions remain over Heywood's death. The sources said police believed he was poisoned by a drink and that Gu was not present when he died, but they were not sure where his death occurred. They believe Heywood was probably killed at the two-star Nanshan Lijing Holiday hotel, also known as the Lucky Holiday hotel, a cluster of secluded villas and rooms on a wooded hilltop, which Gu had visited in the past.
A guard barred access to apparently empty villas on Sunday and Monday, saying a meeting was in progress. Reuters said police believed Heywood also stayed at the Sheraton hotel, but the Sheraton has denied this. Staff at both hotels said they knew nothing of a British man dying there.
According to the Economic Observer newspaper, the party secretary of Nan'an district, where the Nanshan hotel is located, was taken away for investigation by officials on 21 March. The sources said Gu saw Heywood as her soulmate, becoming extremely close to him as she grew apart from her husband, but they had not been romantically involved.
"Bo and Gu Kailai had not been a proper husband and wife for years … Gu Kailai and Heywood had a deep personal relationship and she took the break between them deeply to heart," said Wang Kang, a Chongqing businessmen who said he had learned some details of the case from Chinese officials. "Her mentality was 'you betrayed me, and so I'll get my revenge'," he told Reuters.


text:
I can bake a pretty good cake.
I am awesome at shower karaoke
getting lost
doing really crazy eyeshadow.
I am usually some sort of glittler/ neon/ leopard print/ tye dye , so basically I could be in an 80s metal band/ super powered girl group.
I also usually look stoned as hell even when Im not ( you try looking alert and on top of it when you have to be at work at six am)
Im annoyingly perk once I do wake up.
depending what I did that night I may smell like beer and perfume hah.
Music : I'll be the first to admit I have terrible taste in music I Love 80s and 90s pop , probably thats most of my ipod, I love the beatles , I like lots of types of music , but mostly stupid pop music :)
Food: I am very open to new foods ill try anything , some of my favorite foods are liver and onions , lobster , pretty much anything asian , french fries, sour candy , BBQ , beer (counts right?) , mashed potatos
Shows: Buffy the vampire slayer, lots of animes: FLCL , Cowboy bebop , Excel saga , Elfen Lied , Azumanga Dioh , Oran Highschool Host club , shin-chan , outlaw star , Dirty pair Flash and growing!, South Park , American dad , Old nicktoons, Boy meets world , kenan and kel , I love lucy , Family guy , aqua teen hunger force , robot chicken , Adventure time , sponge bob , Glee , Raising hope , Angel , Monty pythons flying circus , (tryimg really hard to think of whats in my netflix que right now and what I am tivoing right now) futurama, if theres any nature docs that catch my eye , I really like blue plant and the planet earth series , I also like shows that take a look in to other people and cultures lives (and I don't necessarily mean like reality tv shows I mean more like documentary type things , like if anyone has ever seen the show taboo on the nat geo channel that kinda stuff) , Powerpuff girls
my super guilty pleasuse shows: teen mom/ 16 and pregnent , Rupauls drag race , My little pony : friendship is magic (where my bronies at ?)
movies: ack so many Ill name a few I really like , Zoolander , disney movies!! I love them so much they could be in a seperate catagory , don't judge me hee , beavis and butthead do america (yes I know) , the wedding singer , requiem for a dream , the last unicorn , road trip, Eurotrip, Zombieland , austin powers , (I like stupid movies lol) , Dead Leaves , Spirited away , Totoro , Howl's moving castle , princess mononoke , Paprika , ummm arg I will update list if I think of more (and I will )
My baby
good food
somewhere comfy to be
my phone , or a way to keep in contact with people
I dance in front of my mirror in my underwear (but really who dosn't do that )
I have justin beiber on my ipod (don't judge me)
Ill probably admit more if you talk to me long enough
also I hope justin beiber isn't cockblocking me , that would be sad
you like to laugh
you find akwardness cute (cause I can be akward)
u like cute babies
if you have a kid ! , even if nothing romantic comes of it my daughter needs more baby friends and I would like more parent friends !
you want to challenge me to a pokemon battle
you're awesome
if we seem like we have somethings in comman
you like to cuddle
you like just wandering around
you like good food
you like animals
I love people so talk to me , I can be hesitent to make the first contact but once I know someone wants to talk to me I talk a lot , please don't be shy I'll always respond IM me to :) I love talking