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Table Of Contents
Next Generation Networks and the Cisco Carrier Routing System
The Vision of Next Generation Networks and Converged Packet Infrastructures
Requirements for Converged Packet Infrastructures
Massive Scalability and Simplicity
Continuous Availability and Service Adaptability
Service Flexibility and High Performance
The New Scalability, Availability, and Flexibility
Introducing the Cisco Carrier Routing System
Introducing Cisco IOS XR Software
Solution Overview
Next Generation Networks and the Cisco Carrier Routing System
This solution overview describes the next generation of service provider networks, outlines steps for building converged packet infrastructures, identifies the requirements that converged packet infrastructures will place on next generation core routing systems, and introduces the Cisco® CRS-1 Carrier Routing System, the premier Cisco Systems® solution designed to exceed these requirements today and for decades to come.
The Vision of Next Generation Networks and Converged Packet Infrastructures
Service providers worldwide are striving to deploy new solutions that can adequately address the demands being placed on them by their customers and investors:
Demands from businesses for:
•Integrated data, voice, and video
•Any service, anywhere, with high speeds and media flexibility
•On-demand provisioning of circuits, bandwidth, and services
•Flexible Virtual Private Network (VPN) solutions
•More innovative services and network intelligence—security, storage, application layer routing, and adaptability—to support the trend in enterprise markets toward better integration of their networking and information systems
Demands from consumers and governments for:
•Broadband access to every home
•Business-class telecommuting—High-performance, highly available, and secure to support the growing population of telecommuters who work from home or abroad
•Attractive pricing bundles for data, voice, and video services, with both wireline and wireless access methods
•Firewalls and intrusion protection
•On-demand video services
•High-speed peer-to-peer networking and applications
Demands from investors include:
•Increased revenue
•Improved profitability
•Broader service areas
•Greater productivity
Many service providers are finding it progressively more challenging to address these market demands using their existing solutions, which include:
•Offering data, voice, and video services over complex collections of service-specific networks that are costly to operate and unable to deliver the flexible, integrated services demanded by the market
•Deploying a broad range of access methods and protocols that are better suited to providing connectivity than differentiated, profitable services
•Building IP/MPLS networks using complex, redundant architectures that cannot deliver the levels of reliability, efficiency, and flexibility demanded by the market
As a means to address these challenges and market demands, a new vision is gaining momentum in the telecommunications industry—the vision of one network for all services—a next generation network that delivers:
•The mobility of wireless networks
•The reliability of the public switched telephone network (PSTN)
•The broad reach of the Internet
•The security and service isolation of private lines
•The flexibility of IP and Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) to support integrated data, voice, and video services
•The high capacity of optical networks
•The operational efficiency of a common, consistent infrastructure
Many service providers agree that next generation networks will be built on a new foundation - a converged packet infrastructure formed from three fundamental elements:
•Infrastructure convergence—The convergence of multiple service-specific networks onto a common MPLS core through the use of Multiservice Edge (MSE) routers that deliver Layer 2 and Layer 3 VPN services
•Service convergence—The convergence of data, voice, and video services onto flexible and ubiquitous IP/MPLS
•Network simplification—The simplification of network architectures—specifically Point-of-Presence (POP) architectures—through the elimination of complex tiering and redundancy to create more scalable, reliable, and manageable IP/MPLS networks
Infrastructure Convergence
Today, many service providers are operating infrastructures built from multiple service-specific networks that have evolved in parallel with the many technologies that have appeared over the past several decades (refer to Figure 1). These complex, hybrid infrastructures typically include:
•Frame Relay networks (using ATM for a core backbone) for providing Layer 2 data services—These networks deliver fairly limited bandwidth, typically less than 1 Mbps, and impose strict media and topology restrictions that make them less capable of meeting today's demands.
•SONET/SDH networks for long-haul private-line services—SONET/SDH can transport data, voice, and video easily, but requires fixed, dedicated bandwidth. The availability of SONET/SDH is limited, as is its interoperability with other Layer 2 services
•Metro Ethernet networks offer improvements over the bandwidth and topology restrictions of Frame Relay, but their limited geographical reach and lack of interoperability with Frame Relay and SONET/SDH services limit flexibility
•Voice services delivered over TDM have become commoditized, in part due to the historically slow product development cycles and the inflexible nature of this technology
•Private IP and Internet-access networks delivered over distinct infrastructures
Figure 1
Complex Service Provider Infrastructure Built from Multiple Service-Specific Networks
Operating these multiple networks presents a significant burden to service providers because they typically deploy separate operations, management, administration, and provisioning infrastructures for each, making service integration difficult from both technical and operational perspectives.
Over the next three to five years, core IP/MPLS traffic growth rates are expected to exceed 100 percent year-over-year. The need to scale capacity in response to this growth will force service providers to expend operational and capital resources tactically on multiple network infrastructures that cannot effectively meet all of the market demands.
Infrastructure convergence—the consolidation of services onto an MPLS-based packet infrastructure—offers a better approach for service providers. Infrastructure convergence allows them to deliver integrated data, voice, and video services over a common, flexible infrastructure while focusing their operational and capital resources strategically on a single backbone infrastructure (refer to Figure 2). Efficiency and scalability are improved while lifecycle costs decrease.
Infrastructure convergence is made possible through the use of highly capable edge-routing platforms that deliver multiservice edge functionality, allowing for the creation of Layer 2 VPNs to provide transport services for voice, Frame Relay, ATM, or Ethernet, and the creation of Layer 3 VPNs that can provide private IP and Internet services.
The following packet-based services—deployed over IP/MPLS infrastructures—will allow service providers to offer more innovative, flexible solutions at higher speeds to broader markets while slowly decommissioning their service-specific networks:
•Private-line services—These services are equivalent to private leased lines typically provided over SONET/SDH TDM infrastructures, including DS-1, DS-3, and OC-3 leased lines. MPLS-based alternatives include Ethernet private lines—point-to-point Ethernet LAN extension with dedicated bandwidth, or Pseudowire Emulation Edge-to-Edge (PWE3)—transporting clear channels over MPLS using shared bandwidth.
•Layer 2 Frame Relay services—These services use Layer 2 MPLS VPNs to encapsulate and transport Frame Relay frames, instead of using existing Frame Relay and ATM infrastructures. They allow providers to offer higher access speeds with fewer topological restrictions than are typically available using Frame Relay switches.
•Layer 3 Frame Relay services—These services use Layer 3 MPLS VPNs to encapsulate and transport Frame Relay frames. Also known as IP-enabled Frame Relay, these services allow for higher access speeds; eliminate many of the topology restrictions of Frame Relay, including the need for hub-and-spoke topologies; and allow the use of alternative media, including Ethernet, for access.
•Ethernet services—This collection of services offers Ethernet LAN extension over MPLS, including point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, and any-to-any topologies over both shared and dedicated (protected) resources.
•MPLS VPNs—Layer 3 MPLS VPNs use the multiprotocol capabilities of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) and the private-circuit capabilities of MPLS to create virtual private routed networks.
•Private network services—These completely isolated network services are essentially private IP infrastructures delivered using dedicated routing resources.
As infrastructure convergence gains momentum, data, voice, and video become services instead of distinct networks. Service providers can continue to take advantage of their existing service-specific networks for access while converting customers to new IP/MPLS-based services when it becomes convenient or prudent for both to do so.
When the service provider and customer migrate to these new IP/MPLS-based services, the vision of any service, anywhere, over one infrastructure becomes a reality.
Note how next generation networks change the business environment for both the service provider and the customer:
•Service providers operate a simplified, converged packet infrastructure instead of a complex hybrid of service-specific infrastructures.
•The core transports one protocol—MPLS—instead of a mix of TDM, Ethernet, SONET, Frame Relay, ATM, IP, and MPLS.
•Service providers can sell bandwidth and innovative new services based on IP/MPLS instead of selling connectivity and bandwidth.
•Services are available anywhere IP/MPLS can reach, instead of being limited by the capabilities and reach of service-specific networks and protocols.
•Provisioning changes from slow and difficult to on demand, or even automatic because of the elimination of separate network administration and provisioning infrastructures.
•Growth is no longer limited by infrastructure but is enabled by the flexibility of IP/MPLS and its ability to deliver flexible and integrated services to any customer over any medium.
•Operational and capital costs are reduced as service-specific networks and operations infrastructures are consolidated or decommissioned over time.
Figure 2
Infrastructure Convergence, Where Data, Voice, and Video Services Are Delivered over a Common IP/MPLS-Based Packet Infrastructure
Service Convergence
Today, most large service providers deploy a hybrid service model that forces them to connect with their customers using multiple service-specific infrastructures and protocols (refer to Figure 3):
•Voice services over a TDM infrastructure
•Layer 2 data services over Frame Relay, ATM, TDM, Ethernet, or SONET/SDH infrastructures
•Layer 3 data services over IP, but implemented over separate Internet and private IP infrastructures
Figure 3
A Typical Complex Mix of Services and Protocols Offered by Service Providers to Meet the Various Communications Needs of Enterprise Customers
Although all the basic services that customers need to operate their businesses are available, both customers and service providers are burdened by the need to manage and maintain multiple service interfaces and infrastructures, and more significantly, they are burdened by the inability of these infrastructures—with the exception of those based on IP/MPLS—to evolve to deliver new services in any location, over any medium. For example:
•Traditional voice services and infrastructures offer limited opportunities for value-added services or service differentiation; these limitations lead to commoditization and diminished profit potential in a highly competitive environment.
•Frame Relay services, although widely deployed, these services impose strict bandwidth, media, and topology restrictions.
•Fixed-bandwidth TDM and SONET/SDH-based services are expensive for both customers and service providers because they require the strict dedication of bandwidth and resources to a specific service and customer.
•Metropolitan (Metro) Ethernet services, although offering higher speeds, do not interoperate easily with Frame Relay, ATM, or other Layer 2 services.
Service convergence is the migration of critical data, voice, and video services onto packet transport protocols—either IP or MPLS (refer to Figure 4). These protocols provide excellent transport solutions for these services because of their flexibility, ubiquity, and the ability of advanced routing infrastructures to deliver circuit-like quality of service and service isolation.
The flexibility and adaptability of IP and MPLS also allow service providers to deliver innovative service offerings in addition to data, voice, and video, such as security (managed firewall and intrusion detection systems), storage, on-demand video—all over any media—truly any service, anywhere.
Figure 4
Integrated Data, Voice, and Video Services Delivered over Flexible, Ubiquitous IP/MPLS
Network Simplification
Most service providers have deployed Internet and private IP/MPLS core infrastructures that can be characterized as constellations of POPs distributed throughout a service provider's coverage area, often with two or more layers of hierarchy (refer to Figure 5).
Figure 5
A Typical Service Provider IP/MPLS Infrastructure Built from Multiple Levels of Interconnected POPs
Many of these core infrastructures are quite complex, with hundreds or thousands of POPs, several layers of POP hierarchy, and thousands of interconnecting links. Evolving this infrastructure to meet market demands will require the addition of more capacity, but to allow for improved growth, profitability, and efficiency, this addition must not introduce more complexity.
The simplification of network architectures within individual POPs can provide significant benefits, creating more scalable, available, and flexible infrastructures that will provide a foundation upon which next generation networking cores can be built. These more scalable, available, and flexible POPs can even allow for the geographical consolidation of multiple regional POPs into fewer, larger POPs to further ease overall network complexity.
Figure 6 depicts a typical POP, where a service provider has deployed redundant routers and links to protect against router or link failures and provide higher overall availability.
The routers themselves have been organized into distinct layers according to their function—core, aggregation, edge, and in some cases peering—to allow for capacity to be scaled at each layer by adding additional routers, to allow for the segmentation of operations and administration per tier, and to allow for the difference in capabilities that has commonly existed between routers dedicated to specific functions.
Figure 6
A Typical POP Architecture with Multiple Routing Tiers and Redundant Routers
This architecture has several drawbacks, making it more difficult for service providers to meet market demands. For example:
•Availability has been delivered at the cost of redundant routers and interconnecting links, doubling capital costs and the number of elements under management.
•POP scalability reaches an upper limit quickly as the number of interconnecting links required to support redundancy and tiering increases. Scaling link speeds between routers often involves disruptive equipment upgrades, and slots that could be generating revenue are instead used for intra-POP connections.
•Network operations and management are made overly complex by the number of individual systems that must be monitored and maintained.
•Provisioning is difficult because of the number of routers that must be configured to deploy a new service, particularly where service-level agreements or protection for high-value or real-time traffic must be implemented.
•Routing complexity and the number of peers that must be managed by each router increase convergence times, adding to the potential for customer-detected service disruptions caused by router failures, link failures, or operations and maintenance mistakes.
•Differences in service awareness and service application capabilities in routers deployed at different tiers can preclude support for real-time services, security, multicast, and traffic prioritization.
Only by deploying a new class of routing system that combines unprecedented levels of scalability, availability, and service flexibility can service providers minimize the number of routers, links, and layers to create simpler next generation POP architectures, as shown in Figure 7, where:
•Core, aggregation, and peering layers collapse onto one or few large-scale, unified systems, creating more scalable, more available, and more easily managed POPs
•Infrastructure convergence is made possible with Layer 2 and Layer 3 services delivered by multiservice edge platforms or directly by the core routing system
•Service convergence to IP/MPLS is made feasible by the improvements in network scalability, availability, and service awareness resulting from both the overall POP simplification and the advanced capabilities of the routing systems that make this simplification possible
Figure 7
A Simplified POP Architecture with Collapsed Core, Aggregation, and Peering Tiers
Requirements for Converged Packet Infrastructures
Infrastructure convergence, service convergence, and network simplification will impose demanding—even conflicting—requirements on the routers and routing systems that form the foundation for converged packet infrastructures.
Massive Scalability and Simplicity
Converged packet infrastructures will eventually provide critical transport for most or all of a service provider's data, voice, and video service offerings, including consumer and business voice services, broadcast and on-demand video, Layer 2 and Layer 3 VPN services, private IP, and Internet services. The sum of traffic from these and other sources is expected to increase core IP/MPLS traffic at a rate exceeding 100 percent per year for the next three to five years, and will require service providers to increase the size of their networks and POPs to accommodate this growth.
Scaling POPs using the traditional method of applying additional routers to the core, aggregation, peering, and edge layers adds complexity, increases capital and operational costs, and increases the likelihood of service disruptions caused by component failures, routing disturbances, and required forklift upgrades. This traditional method allows scalability or simplicity, but not both.
Converged packet infrastructures will demand new routing systems that can provide massive interface and service scalability over multiple decades without increasing POP or network complexity: both scalability and simplicity.
Continuous Availability and Service Adaptability
Because converged packet infrastructures will provide transport for a large number of critical services and applications such as voice, storage, enterprise resource management transactions, and e-business, they must provide unprecedented levels of availability—continuous availability. However, converged packet networks will also have to be extremely adaptable to allow service providers to deliver innovative new services and react to new technologies, standards, competitors, market conditions, and customer demands. The traditional methods of adapting to meet new demands involve replacing routing platforms, platform components, or software—all of which are disruptive and have a negative effect on network and service availability. Achieving continuous availability requires that systems remain in place and in service, but adapting to new demands requires system or software upgrades. These traditional methods allow for continuous availability or service adaptability, but not both.
Converged packet infrastructures demand a new routing system that can provide continuous system availability while allowing service providers to adapt without disruption—via hardware and software upgrades—to new market demands, new standards, and new technologies: both continuous availability and service adaptability.
Service Flexibility and High Performance
Many technologies are subject to certain immutable design trade-offs: Cars are fast or fuel-efficient; metals can be hard and brittle or soft but flexible; and memory can be volatile and fast or persistent but slow. Routing technologies have been subject to similar trade-offs. Routers based on general-purpose processors are extremely flexible but offer moderate performance. Routers based on application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) offer very high performance but are very difficult to adapt to new services. Traditional router architectures have forced a compromise: service flexibility or high performance, but not both.
Converged packet infrastructures demand a new class of routing technology that combines the high performance of ASICs with the service intelligence of general-purpose CPUs, allowing service providers to deliver a full range of services over any interface without performance compromises: both service flexibility and high performance.
For converged packet infrastructures, the key requirements of scalability, availability, and flexibility must be redefined. Scalability must now be defined as to scale without adding complexity; availability must now be defined as to remain continuously available even while adapting to new demands; and flexibility must now be defined as to deliver rich services without impacting performance.
The New Scalability, Availability, and Flexibility
Converged packet infrastructures demand routing systems that meet the new definitions of scalability, availability, and flexibility—combining massive scalability with simplicity, continuous availability with adaptability, and service flexibility with high-performance.
To allow service providers to become more innovative, become more efficient, and reduce capital and operational costs, the routing systems deployed in converged packet infrastructures should deliver multi-decade longevity and all the following features and capabilities:
•Interface—Simplified POP architectures will require routing systems that can deliver non-disruptive scalability to thousands of physical interfaces and hundreds of thousands of logical interfaces. This will allow service providers to simplify their POP architectures (and therefore their networks) by collapsing multiple layers—core, aggregation, peering, and, assuming the necessary service capabilities, even edge—into one unified routing system.
•Peering—Network simplification will lead to the elimination of dedicated peering layers and routers within POP architectures and the migration of these peering connections to fewer or even one unified routing system. The routing systems deployed as the foundation for converged packet infrastructures must be capable of managing thousands of BGP peers while delivering an efficient, programmatic, rules-based method of implementing complex routing policies.
•Adjacency—As routing systems grow to include thousands or even tens of thousands of interfaces, and networks expand to include millions of routes, the number of adjacencies that must be maintained by the packet-forwarding engines increases dramatically. Routers that implement single-stage forwarding architectures have inherent scalability limitations because every forwarding engine must maintain state for every route and every adjacency. Routing systems built for converged packet infrastructures will require a more efficient two-stage forwarding architecture that vastly increases overall system scalability by requiring forwarding engines to maintain state only for directly connected adjacencies.
•Route and path—Growth in the number of Internet routes, IPv6 routes, Layer 3 VPNs (and their attendant virtual routing and forwarding tables), and MPLS label-switched paths (LSPs) that will form the foundation for many new services will demand that the routing systems deployed in converged packet infrastructures be capable of handling millions of routes and millions of LSPs.
•Control plane—Routing systems for converged packet infrastructures must be capable of maintaining state for dozens of routing protocols, hundreds to thousands of peers, thousands to tens of thousands of interfaces, and millions of routes and LSPs. This level of control-plane scalability requires hardware with a modular, extensible, and distributed processing architecture and an operating system that provides highly granular process distribution to available processing resources, implements a rich client-server model for critical control-plane processes, and provides an extremely efficient mechanism for distributing reachability and other control data to its forwarding engines.
•Management—Managing any routing system that delivers the interface, peering, route, and control-plane scalability required by converged packet infrastructures will be inherently difficult without an Extensible Markup Language (XML) management interface and embedded tools to correlate alarms and events, manage configurations, monitor performance, secure devices, and perform accounting. Trying to poll, monitor, and correlate the huge amounts of data generated by such large-scale systems using external management systems would quickly overwhelm both the bandwidth and the processing capabilities of typical management platforms. Routing systems that can collect, correlate, evaluate, and deliver only relevant, high-value data to its operators will provide a huge operational advantage.
•Multicast—Applications such as packet-based broadcast video, database replication, streaming financial information and other one-to-many data services will depend on IP Multicast for transport. Routing systems used in converged packet infrastructures must be able to manage potentially millions of multicast groups and to efficiently and quickly replicate multicast traffic to thousands or tens of thousands of interfaces without introducing excessive delay or jitter in the multicast streams.
To provide the level of availability that customers will demand and applications will require—99.999-percent availability or better—the heavily used routing systems on which converged packet infrastructures are built must deliver:
•Operating system infrastructure protection—The foundation for any operating system, whether used in PCs, supercomputers, or routing systems, is the operating system kernel. If the kernel is compromised, the operating system fails, so routing systems used in converged packet infrastructures should rely on microkernel architectures that force all but the most critical functions, such as memory management and thread distribution, outside of the kernel. This prevents failures in applications, file systems, and even device drivers from causing widespread service disruption.
•Process and thread protection—Operating systems of modern networks require tens of millions of lines of code and thousands of individual processes to implement protocol stacks, management interfaces, control-plane features, file systems, device drivers, and other critical services and features. To minimize the effect that any failure in any of these processes can have on other processes, each process—even individual process threads—must execute in its own protected memory space, and communications between processes must be accomplished through well-defined, secure, and version-controlled application programming interfaces (APIs).
•In-service hardware and software upgrades—Routing systems deployed in simplified POP architectures for converged packet infrastructures will be so heavily used that they cannot be taken out of service for any reason, even to add or replace hardware, install new features or services, or apply patches or upgrades to software. All upgrades, hardware and software, must be made without disruption and with minimal impact on customers, routing peers, or network traffic.
•Nonstop forwarding and stateful switchover features—To support in-service software and hardware upgrades, the Route Processors must be capable of transitioning from active to standby with zero packet loss and no perceivable change in the routing topology, routing adjacencies, or routing protocol state.
•Software packaging—The ability to incrementally upgrade specific operating system packages or even specific features is a critical requirement for routing systems that will be deployed for converged packet infrastructures. These systems must remain in continuous service but retain the ability to deliver new features that can be delivered, installed, and placed in service in a modular fashion. Software packaging also gives a service provider the opportunity to qualify again only those portions of its operating system that change—instead of the entire system—saving significant time and expense.
•Restartable processes—To support the required continuous system availability and allow for in-service software upgrades and quick recovery from process or protocol failures with minimal disruption to customers or traffic, it must be possible to restart critical control-plane processes both manually and automatically in response to a process failure. Restartable processes allow system operators to restart perhaps as few as thousands of lines of code instead of the millions that might compose the entire operating system.
•State checkpointing—Restarting critical processes such as routing protocols or signaling stacks in response to a hardware failure, software failure, or software upgrade should not force the reestablishment of routing adjacencies or signaling state. Routing systems deployed in converged packet infrastructures must be able to maintain a memory or critical operating state across process restarts using some method of state checkpointing, as is typically found in advanced database server systems.
•Configuration protection—As POP architectures are simplified and routing layers collapse onto fewer or even onto one large routing system, service providers may elect to retain separate management structures for core, peering, and edge services. Having the ability to effectively limit the administrative capabilities and scope of these various groups is a requirement to help ensure system integrity and minimize the effects of unintentional configuration errors.
Service Flexibility
To provide the level of availability customers will demand and applications will require—99.999-percent availability or better—the routing systems on which converged packet infrastructures are built must deliver:
•Strict service separation—The large routing systems deployed in converged packet infrastructures will provide transport for many different services: voice, video distribution, VPNs, Internet, and perhaps even private network services for government agencies or large enterprises. The ability to provide virtual routing—separate routing and forwarding tables per service maintained by a common operating system instance—will not be sufficient. True logical routing will be required to help ensure complete separation of data, control, and management planes between services, effectively allowing the service provider to create completely distinct logical routing systems from one physical system.
•High-performance services—The elimination of routing tiers to form simplified POP architectures dictates the collapse of many sophisticated functions and services onto routing systems that must provide core, peering, and edge services. As previously noted, past routing architectures could offer either high performance with few features, or many sophisticated features at the price of performance. Routing systems deployed for converged packet infrastructures must overcome these restrictions and provide high-performance services to every interface and customer with no performance compromises.
•Control-plane adaptability—Routing systems deployed for converged packet infrastructures must be capable of delivering the processing power to manage thousands of peers, millions of routes, and dozens or more true logical routers in a single physical system. To service these requirements as they grow, routing systems must have a modular hardware architecture that allows the addition of more processors and a modular operating system that can effectively leverage these processors as they are added.
•Interface flexibility—Any routing system deployed in simplified POP architectures where core, peering, aggregation, and edge routing tiers collapse must provide significant interface flexibility, ranging from DS-3 to Channelized SONET and Gigabit Ethernet interfaces, and including the capability to mix interface types even within individual slots.
•Forwarding-engine flexibility—Building converged packet infrastructures will require service providers to make significant investments in new routing systems that deliver the required scalability, availability, and service flexibility. Many of these investments will be in long-lived assets such as chassis, power, cooling, control-plane processors, and physical Interface Modules. So that these assets can be redeployed to reduce lifecycle costs, the forwarding engine hardware deployed in these systems must be upgradeable to deliver ever-higher levels of performance or new features and capabilities without requiring the replacement of other system components or causing any service disruption to non-associated interfaces.
•Service awareness—converged packet infrastructures will carry tens of millions of simultaneous data flows, video streams, and voice conversations throughout any given day. Some of these will be high-priority, high-value flows with strict delay, loss, and jitter requirements, others will be critical business transactions that must be rerouted instantly around any network disruptions, and others may be ordinary HTTP or Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) flows that require and expect nothing more than best-effort service. The ability to distinguish and properly service each flow according to its individual requirements will require rich, scalable packet- and flow-classification mechanisms, thousands of queues per interface to provide priority forwarding and congestion management, and a two-stage forwarding architecture to allow for separate ingress and egress service policies.
Introducing the Cisco Carrier Routing System
To meet these requirements for unprecedented levels of scalability, availability, and service flexibility, Cisco introduces an entirely new class of routing system, the Cisco Carrier Routing System (CRS-1)—the industry's first modular, distributed routing system, with:
•An innovative and unique, multi-shelf architecture that delivers a true unified-router character and non-disruptive scalability from 1.2 to 92 terabits per second (Tbps)—effectively capable of supporting network capacity requirements over multiple decades.
•Hardware and software architectures designed to meet the carrier-grade availability requirements—continuous system operation—demanded by converged packet infrastructures.
•A unique, service-flexible architecture that not only provides the ability to properly distinguish and service millions of flows, but also the abilities to deliver rich, flexible, upgradeable packet-processing capabilities and to isolate services through logical—not just virtual—routers.
Figure 8
The Cisco Carrier Routing System (CRS-1)
The Cisco CRS-1 includes two major elements—Line-Card Shelves and Fabric Shelves—combinations of which allow the Cisco CRS-1 to scale from as few as sixteen to as many 1152 40-Gbps slots in a single system.
There are two basic CRS-1 configurations—a Single-Shelf System that is built from a Single Line-Card Shelf, and a Multi-Shelf System that is built by interconnecting multiple Line-Card Shelves using one or more Fabric Shelves. Multi-Shelf Systems can grow to as many as 72 Line-Card Shelves interconnected using eight Fabric Shelves.
The Cisco CRS-1 Line-Card Shelf is built from several components, starting with the Cisco CRS-1 Line-Card Chassis, a midplane design 23.6 inches wide, 38 inches deep, and 84 inches high (59.9 x 96.5 x 213.4 centimeters). Designed to fit into the space of a standard telecommunications rack, the Line-Card Chassis includes integrated support, cable management, and slots for redundant fan trays and redundant AC or DC power systems.
The Line-Card Chassis also includes slots for the addition of 16 Modular Services Cards (MSCs) and eight Fabric Cards in the rear of the chassis, and 16 Interface Modules, two Route Processors, and two fan controllers in the front of the chassis to form a complete Cisco CRS-1 Line-Card Shelf.
The Route Processors provide system management, shelf control, and control-plane processing functions for the system.
Each Route Processor includes a Dual PowerPC CPU complex configured for symmetrical multiprocessing, 4 GB of DRAM for system processes and routing tables, 2 GB of Flash memory for system images and configurations, NVRAM for configurations and logs, and a 40 GB hard drive for onboard data collection.
Every Line-Card Shelf contains one active Route Processor and another that remains in hot standby. Any Route Processor can control any line-card slot, on any Line-Card Shelf in a Multi-Shelf System.
To augment the processing power provided by the Route Processors, the Cisco CRS-1 architecture also includes support for Distributed Route Processors that provide two additional Dual PowerPC CPU complexes and associated DRAM. Distributed Route Processors allow the operator to distribute control-plane functions and processing arbitrarily to meet service separation, performance, or logical routing objectives.
Cisco Modular Services Cards pair with Interface Modules to provide data plane forwarding functions, implemented through the innovative Cisco Silicon Packet Processor, an array of 188 programmable Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) processors. Silicon Packet Processors are deployed two per card: one for ingress and one for egress packet processing.
Figure 9
Cisco CRS-1 Hardware Architecture
The powerful, flexible Silicon Packet Processor, built using the most advanced semiconductor technologies available, allows the Cisco CRS-1 to deliver rich services and features at true 40-Gbps speeds while allowing the operator to scale services linearly and offer new features without service disruption through microcode software upgrades.
The Cisco Modular Services Card also provides the interface between its associated Interface Module and the Cisco CRS-1 Switching Fabric which provides an interconnection to every other line-card slot, Route Processor, and Distributed Route Processor in the system.
The Cisco CRS-1 Interface Modules are modular physical interfaces that are paired with the Cisco Modular Services Card to form a complete line-card slot. Interface Modules include: OC-768c/STM-256c, OC-192c/STM-64c, OC-48c/STM-16c, and 10 Gigabit Ethernet.
The Cisco CRS-1 implements a unique, three-stage, dynamically self-routed Benes topology switching fabric to provide a highly scalable, available, and survivable interconnection between all slots in a Cisco CRS-1 system: from 1 to 1152 slots in a Multi-Shelf System.
The three-stage fabric provides high and low priorities for both unicast and multicast traffic, which is replicated efficiently by the fabric for up to 1 million groups.
Physically, the Cisco CRS-1 fabric is divided into eight planes over which the packets—broken into cells—are evenly distributed (Figure 10). Within the planes, the three fabric stages—S1, S2, and S3—dynamically route cells to their destination slots where the Cisco Modular Services Cards reassemble cells in the proper order to form properly sequenced packets.
Figure 10
One Plane of the Eight-Plane Cisco CRS-1 Switching Fabric
In a Single-Shelf, 1.2-Tbps configuration, the Fabric Cards contain all three stages, S1, S2, and S3. In Multi-Shelf configurations, from one to eight Fabric Shelves are required to provide the S2 stage of the Benes topology, allowing the Cisco CRS-1 to scale from 2 to 72 line-card shelves.
Because of this modular fabric architecture, the Cisco CRS-1 can be scaled to address service provider requirements without service disruption—from 1.2 Tbps to 92 Tbps of system capacity.
In all design aspects of the Cisco CRS-1, critical attention has been given to creating an architecture that isolates faults and maintains system resiliency when faults occur. This not only protects the network from unplanned component failures, but also provides the capability for in-service hardware upgrades, allowing the Cisco CRS-1 to remain in continuous operation for years or even decades.
Introducing Cisco IOS XR Software
To take full advantage of the powerful, distributed hardware architecture of the Cisco CRS-1, Cisco Systems has developed Cisco IOS® XR Software, a new member of the Cisco IOS Software Family that leverages 20 years of IOS innovation and development. Cisco IOS XR Software is designed specifically to address the requirements for massive scalability, continuous system operation, and exceptional service flexibility demanded by converged packet infrastructures.
Cisco IOS XR Software is the first fully modular, fully distributed internetwork operating system built on a microkernel-based, memory-protected architecture that strictly segments all operating system components, from device drivers and file systems to management interfaces and routing protocols, helping to ensure complete process separation and fault isolation (refer to Figure 11).
Figure 11
Cisco IOS XR Software Architecture
Every operating system and control-plane function runs in its own protected memory space and has been divided into processes that can be distributed to any available processing resource on any shelf in the system to eliminate processing bottlenecks and to ensure that no hardware failure adversely affects system operation.
Cisco IOS XR processes can be stopped, started, or restarted dynamically, either automatically in response to a failure or by the system operator.
Critical processes implement stateful hot-standby and state checkpointing to ensure that these processes can be restarted with minimal effect on system operation or the routing topology, allowing for non-disruptive process restarts.
The modular nature of Cisco IOS XR, combined with its ability to support hitless process restarts, allows for in-service software upgrades that are further simplified through the use of a modular software-distribution mechanism that bundles similar or dependent components together so they can be upgraded as a set. If necessary, individual processes can be upgraded or patched to apply critical fixes or new features. This capability will allow service providers to add new features or fix software defects without having to re-qualify a completely new operating system version.
Figure 12
Cisco IOS XR Software Packaging Architecture
Cisco IOS XR implements a two-stage packet-forwarding architecture using a dedicated Cisco Silicon Packet Processor to apply features and services, to queue packets, and to make forwarding decisions on both ingress and egress routes. This forwarding architecture helps ensure complete routing and service flexibility, as well as massive scalability made possible by minimizing the volume of adjacency information that must be maintained by ingress Modular Services Cards.
Using these and other innovative techniques, Cisco IOS XR Software has been designed to deliver unprecedented scalability—millions of routes, tens of thousands of interfaces, and thousands of peers—all while presenting a true, unified router character to its operator and peers.
To allow even further flexibility, Cisco IOS XR Software allows the Cisco CRS-1 to be segmented into completely distinct logical routers, each with its own interfaces, processors, management interfaces, and control-plane processes. This flexibility allows service providers to deliver multiple services and absolute service separation using a single Cisco CRS-1 (refer to Figure 13).
Figure 13
True Service Isolation Through the Creation of Multiple Logical Routers
This unprecedented level of service separation, combined with the fast speed-to-service capabilities of the programmable Silicon Packet Processors and the service-intelligent queuing architectures of the Modular Services Cards and fabric, form the foundation for Cisco's new Intelligent ServiceFlex Design.
Cisco Systems has combined unprecedented hardware and software innovations into the Cisco CRS-1 to deliver the multi-decade longevity and scalability, continuous system operation, and unprecedented service flexibility required by converged packet infrastructures. With Cisco Systems and the Cisco CRS-1, service providers can confidently begin pursuing their vision of next generation networks.
For more information about the Cisco CRS-1, go to www.cisco.com/go/crs or contact your Cisco sales representative.


text:
DISCONTINUED: View related products by browsing the categories below.
Downloads and Resources:
AVerMedia EB1304NET SATA+ Datasheet
AVerMedia EB1304NET SATA+ User's Manual
AVerMedia EB1304NET SATA+ Comparison Chart
AVerMedia EB1304NET SATA+ Firmware
AVerMedia EB1304NET SATA+ Remote Viewer
AVerMedia EB1304NET SATA+ PDA Viewer
AVerMedia CM3000 Central Monitoring Station
AVerMedia RC1000 Remote DVR Console
AVerMedia USB Playback Console
AVerMedia Download Center
Instructional Video on Installing a Security Camera System
Standalone DVR Comparision Chart
Pros: I have had this unit for some time now and it has worked witout any issues so far. I love the size of the unit since I am very limited in available space. Two year warrenty.
Cons: None that I have come across yet.
Other Thoughts: Would be nice if it had a CD/DVD burner built in.
Pros: So far the unit has worked without any issues. Software was easy to use, and the ability to view cameras remotely is great
Cons: Only one audio imput :(
Pros: This unit offers real time live viewing and real time recording. You can view this unit remotely over the Internet with Internet Explorer. NO proprietary software is needed which is great. This unit offers a two year warranty, where many DVRs offer only one.
Cons: This unit only offers one audio input. Four audio inputs would be nice.
Other Thoughts: Great looking unit at a fair price! Also, the customer support provided by Apex is amazing and the reps I have dealt with are friendly.
Pros: Product as described in most on-line literature. Supports simultaneous recording, viewing, LAN access (locally and remotely), reviewing prior events. Great price, easy setup, stable software thusfar, most PORT assignments (ie LAN access for webserver and email) can be set. Conservation of disk space during motion recordings is great. The small size surprised me, about 9"(wide) x 6" (deep not counting cables sticking out the backside) x 2" (height).
Cons: Only 4 cameras, D1 is 15 frames per second (fps). Menu, camera captions and symbols on composite video are useless (blurred, font too small) but okay on VGA and LAN. No simultaneous VGA and composite video output (as stated in manual), email output only to SMTP non-SSL servers (ie, you can't email to hotmail/verison/yahoo/gmail etc), email pictures very tiny 160 x 120 resolution (file size about 4KB) and not settable (making the pic useful only for identifying which camera triggered, but no details), does not come with IR remote extender cable. The cooling fan speed is adjustable, but even on "low", it is audible (if you're a light sleeper, you may want to consider locating the DVR outside the bedroom). During motion recording, each event is a separate disk file, could be a + or - negative depending on your expectations. Can't set motion sensitivity on a camera-by-camera basis. LAN access/viewing requires Internet Explorer active-X software install (which may not be possible with some corporate security policies). The alarm "output" only activates its relay if the event is triggered by a WIRED SENSOR INPUT, IT WON'T ACTIVATE BY A MOTION EVENT.
Other Thoughts: The DVR likely has many more Pros than I've listed, the Cons were merely surprises and/or annoyances. Menu text/caption size/font should be adjustable! Should support FTP of pics and video! Email pic resoultion/size should be adjustable. Power switch would be nice.Summary: It's a very basic, no fancy frills, dependable device at a good price. Would I buy another one, yes.
Product Highlights:
Multi-functional front panel
Affordable embedded DVR solution
4 channels Video and 1 channel Audio input with 120 fps recording rate
Lightweight and Compact size (1/5 of general DVR net weight)
Thermal testing verification approved
Heat-resistance material
Supports standard 3.5" SATA HDD
Supports PTZ control
Supports Central Management System, allowing for remote management and control of up to 1,000 DVRs
Intelligent Motion Detection feature records only when activity is detected preserving HDD space
System will auto scan through all channels based on channel rotation settings
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Let's not think so much about the election's outcome but instead ask: What's so good about democracy and majority rule?
How many decisions in our day-to-day lives would we like to be made through majority rule or the democratic process?
How about the decision to watch a football game or "Law and Order"? What about whether to purchase a Chevrolet Volt or a Toyota Prius?
Would you like the decision of whether to have turkey or ham for Thanksgiving dinner to be made through the democratic process? Were such decisions made in the political arena, most of us would deem it tyranny.
Democracy and majority rule give an aura of legitimacy and decency to acts that would otherwise be deemed tyranny. Most people would agree that having our decisions on what television shows to watch, what kind of car we'll purchase and what we'll eat for Thanksgiving dinner made through the democratic process is tyranny.
Why isn't it also tyranny for the political process to determine decisions such as how much should be put aside out of our paycheck for retirement; whether we purchase health insurance or not; what type of light bulbs we use; or whether we purchase 32- or 16-ounce soda containers?
The founders of our nation held a deep abhorrence for democracy and majority rule. The word democracy appears in neither of our founding documents: our Declaration of Independence and Constitution.
In Federalist Paper No. 10, James Madison wrote, "Measures are too often decided, not according to the rules of justice and the rights of the minor party, but by the superior force of an interested and overbearing majority."
John Adams predicted, "Remember, democracy never lasts long. It soon wastes, exhausts, and murders itself. There was never a democracy yet that did not commit suicide."
Edmund Randolph said "that in tracing these evils to their origin every man had found it in the turbulence and follies of democracy."
Chief Justice John Marshall observed, "Between a balanced republic and a democracy, the difference is like that between order and chaos."
In a word or two, the founders knew that a democracy would lead to the same kind of tyranny the colonies suffered under King George III. Our founders intended for us to have a republican form of limited government where political decision-making is kept to the minimum.
Read More At IBD: http://news.investors.com/ibd-editorials-perspective/112012-634216-tyranny-of-the-majority-does-exist.htm#ixzz2Cq6nBv1S


text:
Our phones are capable of doing so many things, many of which we haven't a clue about because we haven't worked that out yet. If we really sat down and thought about how hard it is to execute some of the simplest things on our phones, we might be amazed. In order to simplify how we interact with our devices, Google has launched Chrome to Phone and Voice Actions.
Voice Actions
Communicating with your phone should be as easy as communicating with another person. It is still a phone, after all, made (mostly) for voice conversations. Their initial investment in voice search has definitely paid off with 25% of searches from Android 2.0 devices being done via voice. Voice activated dialing and voice commands have been around for a while, but Google is attempting to take this type of control to the next level with Google Voice Actions (get it here). You can initiate calls to contacts and businesses, make a note to yourself, pull up a map, send a text or email, and even tell your phone to play a certain artist/song/album. Here are the commands currently available:
- send text to [contact] [message]
- listen to [artist/song/album]
- call [business]
- call [contact]
- send email to [contact] [message]
- go to [website]
- note to self [note]
- navigate to [location/business name]
- directions to [location/business name]
- map of [location]
This feature only works on Froyo 2.2 and will be pre-installed on the Droid 2 phone from Motorola. Other phones that have just been updated will need to install the following apps to get access to the new features:
- Voice Search (this app includes Voice Actions)
- Google Search widget
- music apps (e.g. Pandora, Last.fm, Rdio, mSpot)
I've been playing with Voice Actions on the Evo and I have to say that I'm extremely impressed and also extremely disappointed. Just as with the voice-to-text feature that was already available, you often get server errors. I can't really tell if it's a connectivity issue specific to me or something on Google's end. The primary issue is that you have to keep repeating yourself rather than the software saving what you said and trying to submit it again.
Chrome to Phone
Have you ever been looking at something on your computer and decided you wanted to take it with you? It would be great if there was an easy way to just zap stuff from your computer to your mobile device, but that ability just hasn't existed until now with Chrome to Phone. Chrome to Phone puts a button on your browser that lets you seamlessly hand things off to your phone.
How many times have you looked up directions on your computer and immediately wished you'd just done it on your phone? Every wished you could cut and paste something to your phone? Dial a phone number? Chrome to Phone makes it all happen.
Suppose you're reading an interesting article on your favorite news website and need to leave for an urgent appointment. Simply click the extension icon in your browser to send the link to your phone and the device's browser will automatically open the link, ready for you to view on the go. Chrome to Phone also works seamlessly with Google Maps. Say you've looked up an address or driving directions on your desktop. Clicking the extension icon in your browser will push the information to the Google Maps app on your phone. YouTube videos work the same way with the extension. You can also select a phone number on a web page and send it to the dialer on your phone. Selected text can also be automatically copied from your browser and sent to your Android clipboard for later viewing.
Remember that you need the Chrome extension as well as the corresponding Android app for your phone.


text:
The Kimberly Crest Soiree, a fundraiser for Kimberly Crest House & Gardens, was held Oct. 5 on the grounds of Kimberly Crest in Redlands.
Guests were welcomed to the estate with glasses of champagne before they made their way to the silent auction area, under the magnolia tree with a view of the house. Following the silent auction, dinner was served on the terrace overlooking the valley.
Neal Waner and Stan Weisser presided over the live auction. At the close of the live auction, a paddle bid was held to complete maintenance projects in the Kimberly Crest gardens, including the repair of a retaining wall.
Larry Burgess, retired director of Redlands' A.K. Smiley Public Library, was host of the evening's entertainment, a game of Redlands Jeopardy. Contestants were Marv Hudson, Lorraine Anderson and Steve Stockton. It was a close game, but after the points were tallied, Lorraine Anderson won the game and holds the title of amateur Redlands historian.
Lee Burton provided appetizers, and Five Star Catering served the dinner. Guests had dessert by the upper pond, choosing desserts from three Redlands businesses — a la minute, Sucree and Muffin Top Bakery.
The event raised more than $45,000, according to Peggy Brier, event co-chairman.
"In every aspect of the event, we exceeded our goals," Brier said. "These funds will be an important part of our operating budget and will finance numerous maintenance projects and outreach programs over the next year."
"It was a beautiful evening and the event was very enjoyable, but the highlight for me was seeing the community come together to support this historic home," said Lorraine Anderson, president of the Kimberly-Shirk Association.
The Soiree is planned to be an annual fundraiser for Kimberly Crest. Next year's Soiree is scheduled for Oct. 4.
Kimberly Crest House & Gardens in a historic house museum in Redlands. It receives no city, state or federal tax money and is supported through donations and fundraising events. The home is open for public and private tours. In addition to a variety of public events the grounds are also available for event rentals and weddings.


text:
I am very laid back and have a huge passion for sports. Especially my Minnesota Vikings and Ohio Bobcats!
Like the outdoors: hiking, fishing, canoeing, whitewater rafting...etc. Sincerely thought about quitting school to become a whitewater rafting guide after my sophomore year of undergrad. I have started running quite a bit since moving to Raleigh and am training for my first trail race in August.
- I have the goofiest golf swing, basketball shot, and bowling stroke? that you will probably ever see.
- I love karaoke despite not being the best singer in the world
- I do play a little guitar, but certainly don't rely on that to impress people
- I like to line dance and love country music
Shows- Big Bang Theory, How I Met Your Mother, Hell's Kitchen, Masterchef, The Voice and reality shows like Pawn Stars and Storage Wars. Also watch lots of survival shows like Survivorman, Dual Survival, Man vs. Wild, etc.
Music- I'm a big country fan, but some others are Train, John Mayer, Goo Goo Dolls, Journey, and of course the Backstreet Boys.
- Family
- Friends
- Sports
- Country music
- Cheese Sticks from Lucky's in Athens, OH
- Outdoors


text:
Gladiator ShieldItem #: 25268
Add the product directly to your basket by clicking the checkbox
Gladiator Shield
Roman costume accessory for your appearance as Spartacus
A fighter with no sign probably has only a short life span, so you should round as a gladiator or Roman general necessarily with this shield your historical costuming.It protects you in battle, leaving the women guaranteed pay attention to you.
The Gladiator Shield has a diameter of 47 cm and a hump of ca.Is 8.5 cm high.The sign outside the leader has a gold-black ring is riveted with nails.The mogul runs upwards too narrow and is riveted around the outside as well.The shield has an antique finish by the tarnished look.The scratches and abrasions also point you out as a battle-hardened warrior.Inside, the black plate and has two straps through which you pass puts the arm and holds his hand.Combine can you sign with the Roman Sword and the Spartan helmet ,
1 x Gladiator Shield
- Colour: black / gold / silver
- Diameter: approx. 47 cm
- Material: Plastic
- Ancient warrior shield
Caution: This item is a decorative items for adults and is not a toy.Not suitable for children under 3 years.Can contain small parts that could be swallowed - suffocation.Keep away from fire and open flames.,


text:
Email is not just alive, it is also a direct channel for us to use as a consumer reference – it is actually a perfect tool especially for beginners affiliate marketing to promote their organization and make it bigger in just a short period of time.
Listed below are 14 tips on having a great email marketing to use on any affiliate offers and to make it a success:
1. Focus on your target market and not for yourself
Write an email as if you are sending it to one person only. It makes your emails more personalized and trusted at the same time.
2. Send a useful email
Writing an email randomly to your target market just shows how you really want to be read and noticed. Change this attitude as early as possible. You can try sharing ideas which are helpful for them in a much friendlier tone.
3. Personalize your email
Use your own name or brand to show who you really are and for people to know what you really do. It will make you more trustworthy.
4. Be their friend
Always remind people that they are not alone. That is what affiliates are for, right? Never forget to show them that you can really help.
5. Attract their attention
Of course, that's all what we are aiming for. You can use emotional and catchy subject lines to make your email standout.
6. Feed their curiosity
Show off your writing skills to your readers to make them more intrigued with your email and read on. It's a trick to encourage them as well.
7. Dare to be different
You don't have to be the same to everyone else's. Especially when you have something to show off.
8. Keep your emails short
Be on point as much as possible to deliver the right message to your target market right away. It would encourage them more to read on and be more interested with what you do.
9. Ask questions
Writing an email is just like having a face-to-face conversation with your reader.
10. Don't be dull
In connection with keeping your emails short, you don't have to write too long emails which causes your readers to be bored.
11. Go mobile
Optimize mobile as well since majority of email users nowadays are now making use of any kind of devices.
12. Show what they will miss
Consider showing off the benefits of what could happen when they acquire your brand.
13. Don't invite when they're ready
It would sound more like you are a spammer. Share useful information to them, instead.
14. Promise something good
Write in your email that you will make them more informed and even do better in business for them to be inspired to read more.
There are actually a lot more benefits that we can get from email if we really just know how to make use of them.


text:
The 55th annual Grammy Awards took place last night at the Staples Center in Los Angeles. Music's biggest night was hosted by rapper and actor LL Cool J and gave out a total of 81 awards. The night's big winners were Frank Ocean, Fun. and Mumford & Sons.
Posts Tagged: Grammy Awards
Grammys 2013: The Top 5 Performances
Forget the awards, forget the fashion, this year's Grammys was all about the music. With tons of performances that included tributes, newcomers, legends and musical comebacks, the Grammys provided something from every genre of music.
Celebs.com Junk Drawer: Miley Cyrus, Leonardo DiCaprio, Beyonce
This edition of the Celebs.com Junk Drawer roundup features stories about Miley Cyrus, Leonardo DiCaprio and Beyonce.
Celebs.com Junk Drawer: Kate Middleton, Rihanna and David Beckham
This edition of the Celebs.com Junk Drawer roundup features stories about Kate Middleton, Rihanna and David Beckham.
2013 Grammy Nominees Announced, 6 Acts Lead
The Grammy committee announced their 2013 nominations with a special 1-hour concert event. On hand to help announce (and in some cases sing) the nominations were Taylor Swift, LL Cool J and Hunter Hayes.
New Film Depicts How Whitney Houston's Death Altered the Grammy Awards
A pivotal moment occurred earlier this year when Grammy Awards producers had to make substantive last-minute changes to the live telecast due to Whitney Houston's death, and a new documentary will capture this hectic and emotional period.


text:
Throughout the archipelago you'll find charming houses and buildings with thatched roofs. The colorful structures reflect the flavors and personalities of this Caribbean region. These cute pink houses are just around the corner, located amongst … more →
In Bocas, DIY (do it yourself) is not just a hobby, it's a way of life. Everywhere you look in Bocas you'll see hand made, from houses to handicrafts. They say, 'Necessity' is the mother … more →
Popa Paradise Beach Resort is a proud supporter of the Bastimentos Boat Races. Held every year on the last weekend of March, this is the third annual event. Locals and Expats come from all over … more →


text: [Mark I've also cc'ed you personally because I think the list scrubs attachments.] Here's a diff against CGI::Application 4.20 which adds the ability to set the query object after your CGI::Application based module has been constructed. This will fix the problem with CGI::Application::Server I described in this list last week. documentation, tests etc. also included. -- Jaldhar H. Vyas <jaldhar at braincells.com>


text:
Coat, Insulated, Dark Brown, 2XL
CARHARTT| Zoro #: G0088776| Mfr #: C26 DKB REG XXL
Zoro #: G0088776Mfr. Part #: C26 DKB REG XXL
$109.99 /ea
This item ships free. DetailsStandard ground shipping
Technical Specifications
|Zoro #: G0088776 Mfr #: C26 DKB REG XXL
|Gender: Men's
|Item: Coat
|Insulated: Yes
|Closure Type: Zipper, Hook-and-Loop
|Number of Outside Pockets: 4
|Lining Material: Quilted Nylon/Polyester
|Material: 100% Cotton Sandstone Duck
|Fabric Weight: 12 oz.
|Number of Inside Pockets: 2
|Color: Brown
|Size: 2XL
|Fits Chest Size: 50" to 52"
|Length: 26-1/2"
|Country of Origin (subject to change): United States
Product Description
Coat, Gender Men's, Size 2XL, Fits Chest Size 50 In. to 52 In., Color Dark Brown, Length 26-1/2 In., Insulated Yes, Material 100 Percent Cotton Sandstone Duck, Lining Material Quilted Nylon/Polyester, Closure Type Zipper, Hook-and-Loop, Fabric Weight 12 oz., Number of Inside Pockets 2, Number of Outside Pockets 4


text:
President Obama said today his proposed $3.73 trillion budget will reduce deficits while maintaining needed investments in education, while Republicans pointed out that the president's plan maintains record levels of red ink.
The proposed budget "puts us on a path to pay for what we spend by the middle of the decade," Obama said after touring science programs at a middle school in Baltimore. He said, "We have a responsibility to invest in those areas that will have the biggest impact on our future," particularly education.
In discussing "tough choices and sacrifices" to reduce budget deficits, Obama cited a proposed spending freeze on certain domestic programs, cuts in the defense budget and reductions in community programs for low-income neighborhoods. "If we're going to walk the walk when it comes to fiscal discipline, these kinds of cuts will be necessary," he said.
Though the proposed budget would cut deficits by up to $1.1 trillion over the next decade, Republicans pointed out that the projected deficit for the current year is $1.65 trillion.
Sen. Jeff Sessions, R-Ala., chairman of the Senate Budget Committee, said, "Our national debt will soon be larger than our entire economy," and Obama's budget "accelerates our dangerous trajectory."
Speaker of the House John Boehner, R-Ohio, said Obama's plans "will destroy jobs by spending too much, taxing too much and borrowing too much."
Congressional Republicans have pledged deeper cuts in a budget they are likely to release in the coming weeks.
This year's budget battles take place as Congress decides whether to increase the nation's debt ceiling as it approaches $14.3 trillion; some Republicans threaten to block raising the ceiling without major budget cuts.
Obama said his plan will cut the budget deficit in half by the end of his first term, done in part by "eliminating waste and cutting whatever spending we can do without."
He pledged to work with Republicans on budget cuts, saying, "What we've done here is make a down payment, but there's going to be more work that needs to be done, and it's going to require Democrats and Republicans coming together to make it happen."
In defending his spending programs, Obama reached back to his theme in last month's State of the Union speech, saying, "Education is an investment we need to win the future," particularly in science and engineering.
The president cited plans to increase high-speed rail and high-speed Internet programs across the country, saying, "I'm convinced that if we out-build and out-innovate and out-educate, as well as out-hustle the rest of the world, the jobs and industries of our time will take root here in the United States."
David's journalism career spans three decades, including coverage of five presidential elections, the Oklahoma City bombing, the 2000 Florida presidential recount and the 9/11 terrorist attacks. He has covered the White House for USA TODAY since 2005. His interests include history, politics, books, movies and college football -- not necessarily in that order. More about David
Follow the Oval on Twitter: @The Oval, @djusatoday.
Also contributing to the Oval: Richard Wolf @richardjwolf; Aamer Madhani @AamerISmad


text:
1 Min Read
BERLIN, Oct 5 (Reuters) - Borussia Moenchengladbach sacked coach Jos Luhukay on Sunday, the day after a 2-1 defeat at home to Cologne left the club bottom of the table with just three points from seven matches.
The club said in a statement on its website that sporting director Christian Ziege would take over coaching duties on an interim basis.
"We're looking for a new coach but we're going to do it calmly and carefully," Ziege told www.borussia.de. "We're not going to make a hasty decision and I've therefore agreed to train the team for now."
Moenchengladbach were promoted back to the Bundesliga under Luhukay after winning division two last season. (Writing by Kevin Fylan; editing by Miles Evans)


text:
The 32-year-old struck in the 67th minute with a simple tap-in from strike-partner Ben Burgess's cross.
Home Paul Rachubka had to be at his best to tip Paul Warne's 20-yard effort onto the bar, before Chris Porter hit the woodwork again with a free-kick.
However, Blackpool's win was deserved and Keigan Parker should have made it 2-0 only to somehow shoot wide late on.
Oldham: Pogliacomi, Eardley, Haining, Gregan, Charlton (Rocastle 84), Liddell (Smalley 77), Wellens, McDonald (Edwards 78), Taylor, Porter, Warne.Subs Not Used: Blayney, Lomax.
Booked: Haining.
Blackpool: Rachubka, Barker, Evatt, Jackson, Coid, Gillett, Fox, Southern, Hoolahan (Forbes 79), Morrell (Parker 69), Burgess.Subs Not Used: Vernon, Evans, Gorkss.
Booked: Hoolahan, Parker.
Goals: Morrell 67.
Att: 6,956.
Ref: A Penn (W Midlands).


text:
Pelosi: 'On Pace' to Keep Majority
House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said late this afternoon that she is confident the House Democrats' message to preserve Social Security and fight for the middle class will resonate with voters. "We're on pace to maintain the majority in the House of Representatives," Ms. Pelosi told reporters gathered in a second-floor conference room at the Democrats' headquarters in Washington.
Rep. Chris Van Hollen, the Maryland Democrat who serves as Ms. Pelosi's assistant and is chairman of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, said he is seeing strong voter turnout among Democrats, who "are proving the Washington pundits absolutely wrong." He added: "This thing is not over."
Recent polls have indicated that the Republicans are poised to gain a majority in the House of Representatives, and pick up seats in the Senate, too.
Ms. Pelosi, referring to the World Series victory by her hometown San Francisco Giants last night, joked that "Mr. Van Hollen and I are flipping a coin to see who wears the beard out there tonight. The only problem is we need to find a beard," she said. "They're all over the place in San Francisco."


text: <shameless-pitch> With Scyld ClusterWare we provide server tools that work outside of TORQUE. One tool is called bpsh and allows for a command to be executed sequetially over a set of nodes: $ bpsh 0,2-3 hostname n2 n3 n0 There is also a called beorun, that lauches the given command in parallel (not MPI parallel mind you) across a given set of nodes. Further, Scyld has a unified process space, so running a ps on the central head node shows the PIDs running on the compute nodes! If you are interested in reading more about Scyld ClusterWare you can check here: http://www.penguincomputing.com/cluster_computing/scyld_clusterware </shameless-pitch> Otherwise what would you be looking to add to your existing script? -Joshua Bernstein Software Engineer Penguin Computing Ole Holm Nielsen wrote: > Si Hammond wrote: >> Have you looked at the pbsdsh command? > > Yes, pbsdsh could be used within a batch job. I'm interested > in cluster management tools where you can execute a command > from the central administration server, for example to get > the process status on the nodes that run a particular job. > > I currently use a simple script that loops over the job's nodes, > see ftp://ftp.fysik.dtu.dk/pub/Torque/sshjob but I would like > to improve this by using pdsh. > > Thanks, > Ole > _______________________________________________ > torqueusers mailing list > torqueusers at supercluster.org > http://www.supercluster.org/mailman/listinfo/torqueusers


text:
Weight LossMore Americans than ever are losing their battles with weight loss as the number of obese men and women in America has doubled in the past 30 years. Nearly 60% of Americans are overweight or obese today. Listening to all the weight loss methods and messages out there can confuse you and make you forget about the very important basics to keeping your weight down. If you are one of the many struggling to keep your stomach from overlapping your belt, this information might well be exactly what you're looking for.
Causes For Weight Gain
It is very easy in this day and age to fall into a lot of habits that can contribute to that dreaded weight gain. Below are a few of the many reasons why so many Americans are becoming overweight:
Weight Gain Prevention
Physical activity is a big factor too. Approximately one third of Americans do not get enough physical exercise. Instead, we spend most of our time sitting at our computers, watching TV, driving instead of walking, taking the elevator instead of the stairs, or taking any other kind of short cut that allow us to work less. It is recommended that you get 30 minutes of moderate exercise per day such as a brisk walk or a bike ride.
By sticking with the basic guidelines profiled above, weight loss and maintenance can be achieved, and with only a few minor changes to your lifestyle! There are no quick fixes or magic methods. Losing weight and keeping the pounds off does not come easy for many people. The idea of eating less and moving more should be the common approach.
Recommended Weight Loss Products
If you are looking to lose weight with the help of weight loss products then here are a few that we recommend. Keeping in mind that there is no magic pill that will lose the weight for you, you should know that there is a great selection of products out there to help you on your way to a fitter you. These products are designed to curb your appetite, give you more energy, stabilize your hormones and boost your metabolism:
Click here to visit the eVitamins web site.


text: Hi all, i am trying to simulate RadioCountToLeds example in Tossim simulator using command *'make micaz sim' *It errors like: *No rule to make target "RadioCountToLeds .h " needed by RadioCountMsg.py" .stop* ...i guess there is something wrong in makefile. can anybody help me????????????????? -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: https://www.millennium.berkeley.edu/pipermail/tinyos-help/attachments/20090214/31773454/attachment.htm


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- 1 of 1 Photos | View More Photos
MILLERSBURG -- Stop if you've heard this one before -- the West Holmes girls are loaded with talent across the board and seem like the runaway favorite in the Ohio Cardinal Conference.
The soccer team reached the Div. II regional semifinal last fall, the basketball team won the Div. II state championship last month and now the track team seems poised to win its second consecutive OCC crown and send around a dozen athletes to the state meet in June. Last year, West Holmes sent 11 individuals to Columbus and 10 of them return this spring. The Knights' talented senior class seems primed to end another season with a deep postseason run.
West Holmes coach Rich Patterson, in his fourth year at the helm, said this is the most returning talent he's ever had and it's not even close.
"We're very fortunate," he said. "We've got great athletes and I have to give this senior group a lot of credit. They work really hard and the other kids feed off it."
Patterson's expectations are as high as they've ever been and rightfully so. Last year, the Knights won the OCC title for the first time in school history, tallying 140 points to finish ahead of runner-up Ashland (134.5). A few weeks later, West Holmes finished 10th as a team at state, with All-Ohio finishes in five different events -- the 4x100 relay (seventh, Carly Woodruff, Kennedy Smith, Elise Neville and Paiten Strother), the shot put (fourth, Laina Snyder), the 100 hurdles (Woodruff was fourth and Ciera Rose was seventh), the 4x800 relay (eighth, Emily Molnar, Alexis Kandel, Hannah Clark and Hannah Schlegel) and the discus (eighth, Natalie Abraham). All but Abraham, who graduated, return this spring.
Patterson said the success started with winning the OCC and the Knights rode a wave of momentum for the next three weeks.
"That was a goal the kids had all year," he said. "The girls have bought into the philosophy of our program. Plus, they're amazingly talented and that doesn't hurt either. When you've got talent that works hard, that's tough to beat."
"We knew we had a talented team," Woodruff said. "It won't be any easier this year, but it's exciting to see the new talent blend with the old talent."
By this point, the senior Molnar, who was the starting point guard during the basketball team's run to the state title as well as finishing as an All-Ohioan in cross country, is accustomed to ticking off a new achievement every season. However, even she didn't realize that last year's OCC crown was the first for WHHS. Molnar said there's a competitiveness that drives the senior class, which also includes Strother, Snyder, Woodruff, Smith and Kandel, but especially when a conference title's on the line.
"Our seniors expect to win every invitational," she said, "but there are definitely some bragging rights with the OCC."
Patterson said depth was crucial to winning the conference and that will again be the case this spring.
"The first couple get the headlines," he said, "but if you can double-place in every event, which we did last year, that's huge. Depth is what helps you win the meet."
In addition to his bevy of returners, Patterson is also counting on some newcomers, including Makenna Mulhall (jumps), Taylor Yerian (sprints) and Michelle Hostetler (distance), to provide that extra depth.
"We have a couple freshmen that have been helping out," he said. "If somebody gets hurt, we can put somebody else in and not lose a whole lot."
Patterson appears to have every event covered. Snyder will anchor the throws, while Woodruff, Smith and Strother represent a trio of talented sprinters. Strother is also a terrific long jumper, taking ninth at state last year, while the distance crew of Molnar, Clark and Kandel will score plenty as well, as will hurdlers Woodruff and Rose.
Molnar in particular has a chance to notch a lofty feat. Last year, she became the first athlete in school history to get to state in three sports. This year, she not only has a chance to match that, but could be an All-Ohioan in all three. She was 20th at the Div. II state cross country meet in November and was named a Div. II All-Ohio honorable mention in basketball. She can put an exclamation point on her career with another top-eight finish at state in the 4x8.
"I never thought that would happen," Molnar said. "I always wanted to win a state championship in basketball, but to be able to do it in track and cross country is surreal. I hope it shows kids in the age of one-sport athletes, you can succeed in multiple sports."
That seems to be the case for the entire Knights' roster and they seem ready to finish with a flourish this spring.
Andrew Vogel can be reached at 330-287-1624 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow him on Twitter at @andvogel.


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Deb Erickson and her husband Rocky live in Princeton, where Deb is manager of the photo department at Coborn's. Deb is originally from Oregon, and Rocky from Princeton. He owns and operates a business that manufactures and sells snowmobile accessories.
Deb enjoys photography, cooking, gardening, reading, bicycling and other outdoor recreation. Deb and Rocky have a retreat property in northern Wisconsin, where one of Deb's favorite pastimes is bicycling on a country road named Bakely Circle.
1 1/4 lb. hamburger
15 oz. can kidney beans
15 oz. can chili beans
2 cans (6 oz. ea.) tomato paste
28 oz. can crushed tomatoes
8 oz. can tomato sauce
1.25 oz. packet chili seasoning
1 tsp. salt
1 tsp. pepper
1/3 cup sugar
1/3 cup brown sugar
Brown the hamburger and drain. Add the crushed tomatoes and chili seasoning and stir well. Drain the beans and add those along with the rest of the ingredients. Simmer in covered pot on low heat for 30 minutes, stirring often. Add water if chili is too thick.
Optional ingredients – onions, green peppers, sausage.


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(Editor's Note: The following is the 36th of 100 stories regarding government regulation from the book Shattered Dreams, written by the National Center for Public Policy Research. CNSNews.com will publish an additional story each day.)
Matthew Edgar could die from allergic reactions related to foods such as soy, yeast, corn, starch, chicken, fruits, fermented foods and certain vegetables. Unfortunately, the government outlaws the one treatment that could possibly cure his potentially deadly allergies.
Edgar first experienced the full effects of his allergies at 13 years of age. One day, Edgar suddenly could not walk because of severe vertigo. Around the same time, he was hit with pneumonia that evolved into bronchitis and severely restricted his breathing. A doctor concluded that allergies related to certain foods and various environmental factors were the cause. His doctor prescribed a severe diet change for Edgar and altered his living conditions to help Edgar avoid future catastrophic allergic reactions.
Within weeks of eliminating these allergens from his diet, Edgar was walking again and had returned to a semi-normal life. But his life would be forever changed. Since his doctor was fearful of reactions to certain foods, Edgar could not eat a wide variety of foods people typically take for granted. Edgar's allergies also forced his family to rip out the carpet in his room and install tile because light mold was growing in the carpet. In short, life for Edgar was better - but still rough - because of his severe allergies. Enzyme Potentiated Desensitization (EPD) could relieve Edgar's allergy problems.
EPD is administered via skin injection and can alleviate problems associated with allergies. It has been available in New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Canada and Mexico for approximately 30 years and was available in the United States for approximately the last decade. EPD was initially allowed in the United States on a trial basis, falling under the category of an Investigational Review Board (IRB). The IRB study involved more than 10,000 patients, none of whom suffered severe reactions or deaths associated with the drug used in the treatment. The success rate of people helped by the treatment was over 75 percent, and it worked for Edgar until the government disallowed its use in the United States.
When EPD's initial five-year IRB permit expired in 1998, the British manufacturer neglected to submit to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) an application for an Investigational New Drug trial. This oversight prevented the extension of U.S. government permission for the treatment. In April 2000, the FDA ruled that no new patients were allowed into the American EPD program. In April 2001, the FDA announced that no patients could receive the treatment at all. Edgar criticizes the FDA for preventing this potentially life-altering treatment based solely on bureaucratic red tape instead of factors such as safety and succ ess. Edgar said: "The doctor knows what is right for a patient - the FDA does not."
Sources: Matthew Edgar, Nickie Dumke
Copyright 2003, National Center for Public Policy Research


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Articles are the fun house and bric-a-brac store of arcspace. This is where we try out new formats and store everything that does not fit into the existing menu structure.
November 23, 2016 /
News Round Up November 2016
It's been a big month for architecture news in November and it's been tough to narrow it down to our top five! There's a real focus on the future with BIG unveiling the latest in transportation technology and MoMA PS1 announcing the finalists for their Young Architect Program. It's also a big month for prizes with the World Architecture Festival awarding their building of the year and the 2017 Moriyama Prize has opened for submission. ...
November 17, 2016 /
What's New On The Bookshelf? November 2016 Edition
This month, we'll take you on a journey through the striking architecture of the Arab Emirates - and there are news for those dazzled about Scandinavian design! Furthermore, one of the most distinguished personalities within architectural theory presents a personal essay collection reflecting on his architectural voyage. And speaking of theory, the work of Robert Venturi and his theoretical approach is re-evaluated as is the case with Surrealism and its influence on architecture. ...
November 09, 2016 /
Liam Young's Future City Fiction
Fiction and reality seamlessly overlap in the work of speculative architect and technology storyteller Liam Young, as he uses hints of the future, hidden all over the present world, to imagine the possible futures of the urban environment. Megacities and vast landscapes that he designs are not meant to be built: they are projected on screens, become sites for various narratives to unfold and act as transmitters of his visionary ideas to a diverse audience. ...
November 02, 2016 /
What's On? Architectural Exhibitions and Events, November 2016
November is characterized by a broad spectrum regarding events within the field of architecture. First and foremost, a well-reputed international exhibition closes whilst a leading architectural studio presents a long row of projects responding to the extreme environments around the world. Furthermore, a group of prospective European architects are reflecting on the theme of Hospitality during an annual gathering in Denmark. In New York, on the other hand, The Met is hosting a multi-disciplinary debate on contemporary architectural designs that features a dozen of professionals within the creative industry counting architects, filmmakers and photographers amongst others. ...
October 26, 2016 /
Monthly News Round Up - October 2016 edition
October has been the month of awards with both RIBA's Stirling Prize and the Mies Crown Hall Americas Prize being announced. Chinese Firm, MAD Architects have released visualizations of their new Beijing Philharmonic Concert Hall while ground has broken on the world's tallest tower in Dubai. We've also included a prototype of what might revolutionise the building industry and change our idea of stairs forever. ...
October 20, 2016 /
Irreligious Conversions
Faced with shrinking congregations and forced to adapt their buildings, the church as an institution is far from being too permissive about the new function of their old buildings. How can we preserve and adapt them to our current needs and values without disrespecting the church as an institution, the church as a building (with its architectural values) and the church as a gathering place for the community? ...
October 18, 2016 /
Dan Stubbergaard interview
Arcspace recently caught up with COBE founder and artistic director, Dan Stubbergaard, to find out more about their recently opened exhibition 'Our Urban Living Room' at the Danish Architecture Centre. ...
October 11, 2016 /
Fanatik Architecture Interview
Fanatik is one of the most successful architecture and design businesses in Second Life, an online virtual world based on 3D user-generated content, where users can interact with one another, explore the world, build, create, shop and trade virtual property and services. ...


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Toll Free: (888) 223-2545
Customer ServicePress 3
Hardware SpecialistPress 2
Hours:9:00 am - 8:30 pmM-F Eastern Time
The Annette Collection captures traditional elegance in its subtle design. This bath sconce features a geometric base, cast scrolled ends, and an etched opal-glass shade. It can be installed facing up or down.Dimensions: 7 3/4" H x 24" W. Projection: 6 3/4". Backplate: 7" H x 4 1/2" W. The HCWO measurement, which is the distance from the highest point of the fixture to the center of the outlet box, is 5 1/2". Fixture has 3 medium base sockets rated for 100W each and may be installed up or down. CUL Damp Rated.
How to install this product in a typical situation.
All Site Contents ©2015, House of Antique Hardware, Inc. Antique-By-Hand® is a registered trademark of House of Antique Hardware, Inc.


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6 Recommendations
loft3's recommendation
Regardless of the time of year, I have a soft spot for orange and silver. BlissLivingHome keeps bringing it every time. Their yummy pillow with a persimmon orange birdie screams cute, in such a modern way though. 18"x18", silk satin, down filled insert
My Collections:
LOve it. bought it.
- cathifah
mwilemon's recommendation
Playful, different and modern Pillow for any room of the house.
My Collections:
espy's recommendation
I love the way the contrasting orange makes this bird fly off the pillow even though he's securely perched. The grey fabric has a luscious shine. Designers are managing to make modern a range of animal forms that were once relegated to less minimal genres- it's great to see things go a little wild.
lillianb's recommendation
To go with those fuzzy soft pillow in gray and orange, there is this smooth pillow. Smooth and creamy satin has a bright persimmon bird on it's front. A perfect thing for fall.
Snowflake's recommendation
This adorable animal-inspired pillow makes a great addition to any couch or bed.
madathol's recommendation
Orange bird.


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Is Star Wars filming in Forest of Dean?
Excitement is mounting in the West Country as tourist attractions in the surrounding area are hoping that the new Star Wars film will be shot nearby.
BBC Reporter Steve Knibbs went to Puzzlewood in the Forest of Dean where film crews appear to be assembling although nobody would confirm or deny these rumours.
Filming for all six previous films in the franchise has been done in the UK.
07 Jul 2014
- From the section Entertainment & Arts