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This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Mitochondria are complex organelles that play critical roles in diverse aspects of cellular function. Heart disease and a number of other pathologies are associated with perturbations in the molecular machinery of the mitochondria. Therefore, comprehensive, unbiased examination of the mitochondrial proteome represents a powerful approach toward system-level insights into disease mechanisms. A crucial aspect in proteomics studies is design of bioanalytical strategies that maximize coverage of the complex repertoire of mitochondrial proteins. In this study, we evaluated the performance of gel-based and gel-free multidimensional platforms for profiling of the proteome in subsarcolemmal mitochondria harvested from rat heart. We compared three different multidimensional proteome fractionation platforms: polymeric reversed-phase liquid chromatography at high pH (PLRP), sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and isoelectric focusing (IEF) separations combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and bioinformatics for protein identification. Across all three platforms, a total of 1043 proteins were identified. Among the three bioanalytical strategies, SDS-PAGE followed by LC-MS/MS provided the best coverage of the mitochondrial proteome. With this platform, 890 proteins with diverse physicochemical characteristics were identified; the mitochondrial protein panel encompassed proteins with various functional roles including bioenergetics, protein import, and mitochondrial fusion. Taken together, results of this study provide a large-scale view of the proteome in subsarcolemmal mitochondria from the rat heart, and aid in the selection of optimal bioanalytical platforms for differential protein expression profiling of mitochondria in health and disease.
Mitochondria are multifunctional organelles that play critical functional roles in eukaryotic cells, and impaired mitochondrial function has been implicated in a variety of diseases [
Because of the multifaceted, highly interconnected nature of mitochondrial perturbations, there is a critical need to develop an integrated mechanistic understanding of cardiomyocyte mitochondrial dysfunction, as it relates to heart failure. In the absence of such comprehensive, systems-level information, our mechanistic knowledge will be fragmented and, consequently, design of improved treatment strategies will remain challenging. It is therefore fundamental to be able to interrogate the cardiomyocyte mitochondrial proteome at the deepest level possible.
Currently, no single analytical platform exists that is capable of obtaining the complete proteome map of an entire tissue, cell or even an organelle of a eukaryotic cell. Instead, multiple analytical approaches are required. Multi-dimensional chromatography and/or electrophoretic techniques are the most widely used analytical methods to pre-fractionate highly complex proteomes, thus reducing their complexity before liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. An almost infinite combination of upstream fractionation methods is possible, and selection of the analytical platform depends on the desired outcome, the number of samples to be analyzed, and resources and time available to complete the analyses [
In recent years, to obtain in-depth characterization of complex proteomics samples while preserving the link between peptides and intact proteins features, we have used a strategy that relies on the simplicity and separation power of in-gel isoelectric focusing (IEF) for upstream protein fractionation [
In the study reported here, three different multidimensional bioanalytical platforms were used to analyze the proteome in subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM) isolated from rat cardiomyocytes. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the capabilities of these platforms in terms of extent and depth of proteome coverage. The three platforms incorporated different first-dimension separation methods—PLRP, in-gel IEF and SDS-PAGE—in combination with down-stream RP LC-MS/MS. Our investigation showed the superior performance of the SDS-PAGE-based platform. Survey of the SSM proteome with this platform provided access to the highest number of mitochondrial proteins over a wide range of abundance levels. The SSM proteome profile that was obtained encompasses proteins with diverse functional characteristics. Thus, among the configurations evaluated, the SDS-PAGE-based platform is indicated as the best choice as a multidimensional bioanalytical strategy for qualitative and quantitative mitochondrial proteome profiling.
We conducted a systematic, comparative evaluation of three multidimensional analytical platforms for the characterization of the proteome in subsarcolemmal mitochondria isolated from rat cardiomyocytes. Prior to proteome analyses, the purity of the rat subsarcolemmal mitochondria preparations was assessed by flow cytometry and mitochondria-specific dye, as previously described [
The overall experimental scheme is shown in
As outlined in
Experimental scheme for the comparative evaluation of three bioanalytical platforms for mitochondrial proteome profiling. Mitochondrial protein mixtures were separated at the protein level by in-gel isoelectric focusing (IEF) (
The performance of the different analytical platforms for mapping of the SSM proteome varied considerably. As shown in
Summary of the performance of three gel-based and gel-free bioanalytical platforms for mitochondrial proteome mapping.
|Performance Characteristic
|Number of proteins—replicate 1
|Number of proteins—replicate 2
|Number of proteins—replicate 3
|Average ± STD
|710 ± 15
|488 ± 28
|335 ± 23
|Total number of proteins (all runs)
|Total number of peptides (all runs)
|Proteome coverage overlap
|Total number of proteins (all platforms)
|Proteome coverage overlap (all platforms)
Abbreviations: SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; IEF, isoelectric focusing; PLRP, polymeric reversed-phase liquid chromatography at high pH; C.V., coefficient of variation.
Venn diagrams showing distribution of unique proteins identified by each platform. (
We analyzed the intrinsic chemical properties of the identified proteins: grand average of hydropathy (GRAVY) score, molecular weight (
Distribution of intrinsic properties of the mitochondrial proteins identified with each platform. (
To provide information about the dynamic range of protein coverage afforded by each platform, relative protein abundance was assessed using normalized spectral abundance factors (NSAF) [
Relative abundance of mitochondrial proteins sampled with each platform.
To map the amino acid sequence motif distribution of the identified proteins we analyzed all proteins for
Distribution of proteins according to the presence of
Gene ontology categorization of the identified proteins according to biological process.
The mitochondrial proteome panel identified in the study includes proteins from various functional modules of the mitochondria. Information on proteins identified in selected functional clusters is presented in
We searched the mitochondrial proteome datasets obtained in our study for the presence of post-translational modifications. Specifically, we focused on survey of acetylation of lysine residues in the mitochondrial proteins. It should be noted that enrichment steps to preferentially isolate modified proteins/peptides are commonly included in bioanalytical platforms used in studies of protein modifications. In this study, we have not included any enrichment steps, since the main focus was on proteome coverage (
Characterization of protein acetylation in the mitochondrial proteome. The Venn diagram indicates the number of acetylated peptides characterized with each platform.
Examination of protein expression due to environmental, genetic or pharmacological perturbations on a global scale represents one of the most challenging tasks for the 21st century protein scientist. The introduction of ever improving analytical instrumentations and bioinformatics tools have allowed an unprecedented explosion of in-depth knowledge of complex biological systems. The study of the mitochondrion represents one of the most promising fields of biochemical investigation, which might bring new insight in the mechanisms of natural processes such as aging, pathophysiological mechanisms in diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and heart failure, and health impacts caused by environmental stressors such as alcohol and cigarette smoking [
In our research on the pathophysiological mechanisms that characterize the failing heart, we use a rat model of heart failure to investigate the mitochondrial proteome perturbations associated with the applied experimental conditions [
Experimental procedures for the use of animals were approved by our Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (11-038.0, 24 January 2012). Mitochondria were obtained from 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats (
Prior to proteome analyses, individual purified mitochondrial preparations were pooled and proteins were extracted with the aid of sonication. After extraction, total protein was quantified with the 2D-Quant protein assay kit (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ, USA). The whole protein extract was divided into three equal portions, and stored at −80 °C until further processing. A total of 400 µg of mitochondrial protein was used for analyses with each bioanalytical platform; from this amount, 130 µg were used in each technical replicate (
IEF was performed with the Multiphor II unit (GE Healthcare) as previously described [
For SDS-PAGE,
Four hundred micrograms of mitochondrial protein was digested and divided into three equal aliquots for PLRP separations at the peptide level. In brief, the proteins were digested with sequencing grade modified trypsin (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate buffer (ABC) at a ratio of protease-to-substrate of 1:50, for 18 h at 37 °C. After digestion, the solution was acidified with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), and the peptides were desalted by solid-phase extraction (SPE) with a home-made spin minicolumn filled with
Proteins in IEF strip sections and SDS-PAGE gel sections were in-gel digested with trypsin. Prior to digestion, the proteins were reduced with DTT (50 mM in 200 mM ABC) and alkylated with iodoacetamide (110 mM in 200 mM ABC). The gel pieces were dehydrated with acetonitrile and dried in a vacuum centrifuge. The dried gels were rehydrated with a digestion solution containing sequencing-grade trypsin (Promega) in 50 mM ABC; the protease-to-protein ratio was
The purified peptide solution volume was reduced to
The analyses were performed with an LTQ ion trap mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) interfaced with a Famos/Ultimate nano LC system (Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Two microliters of peptide digests were manually injected onto a nano injector (Idex, Oak Harbor, WA, USA). Peptides were separated on a home-packed capillary column (100 mm × 75 µm I.D.) (New Objective, Woburn, MA, USA) packed with Magic C18 (5 µm, 200 Å, Michrom Bioresources, Auburn, CA, USA). The peptides were eluted at a flow rate of 300 nL/min with a 95 min linear gradient from solvent A ((H2O:CH3OH:HCOOH), (97.9:2:0.1),
The raw data were input into Proteome Discoverer version 1.4 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and searched with Sequest HT against a rat database (Swiss-Prot; number of protein sequences 28,885; version 06/27/2013)
The GRAVY peptide and protein scores were calculated based on the hydrophobicity amino acid parameters as described by Kyte and Doolittle [
Gene Ontology (GO) annotations were analyzed with the PANTHER Protein Classification System [
Comparison of three different gel-based and gel-free platforms demonstrated that protein separation by SDS-PAGE in combination with LC-MS/MS is the most powerful bioanalytical strategy for mitochondrial proteome profiling. The SDS-PAGE-based platform allowed an in-depth characterization of the rat subsarcolemmal mitochondrial proteome. A total of 890 proteins were identified, most with very high sequence coverage, including proteins relevant to mitochondrial bioenergetics, protein import, mitochondrial fusion and other critical functional aspects. This study generated one of the largest inventories of rat cardiomyocyte mitochondrial proteins, which can be used as foundation for the design of quantification studies to characterize perturbations of the mitochondrial proteome in the context of heart failure and other diseases.
Supplementary Materials (ZIP, 1080 KB)
The authors would like to thank Fahed al Darazi for isolation and validation of the mitochondrial preparations used in this study. This project was funded by the University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy Seed Grant (to S.B.G.), and by NIH grants R01-HL73043 and R01-HL90867 (to K.T.W.) Contents of this work are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH. Funds for the LTQ mass spectrometer were provided by the NIH Shared Instrumentation Grant S10RR16679, and by the UTHSC College of Pharmacy.
S.B.G. and F.G. designed the study. K.T.W. provided validated mitochondrial preparations. S.B.G., D.K. and F.G. performed protein electrophoresis and processing. D.K. and F.G. carried out LC-MS/MS analyses and database searches. F.G. and S.B.G. analyzed and interpreted search results and performed additional bioinformatics analyses. F.G. and S.B.G. wrote the manuscript.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.


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Brooklyn Nets' head coach Jason Kidd was in court early this morning to plead guilty to a charge of driving under the influence stemming from an incident last July. After a night out Kidd drove home and crashed his black Cadillac Escalade into a telephone pole near his home in the Hamptons.
Kidd stood before Judge Andrea Schiavoni at the Southampton Town Justice Court this morning. Judge Schiavoni let Kidd hear it, saying "You could have killed yourself that night. You could have killed someone else." The rookie head coach did agree to a plea deal which will knock his misdemeanor DWI charge down to a violation of Driving While Ability Impaired. As part of the plea deal Kidd will speak at two Suffolk County High Schools talking to kids that will soon be receiving their licenses about the dangers of driving under the influence. Also Kidd will pay $8,100 in restitution to the people that lost power due to the crash.
Kidd refused to take a breathalyzer after the accident and could have fought the case and had a good chance to win. However, he decided to plead guilty and begin to make amends for his wrongdoings and move past this whole incident.
Suffolk County District Attorney, Thomas Spota, was very pleased that the Nets' head coach agreed to the plea deal so he can influence the youth of Long Island. Spota said "Because of his status as a professional athlete Mr. Kidd is the perfect person to reinforce the important message we've been trying to send, which is don't drink and drive."
If Kidd is able to complete these stipulations of the deal by September 30th and they are deemed acceptable by the court then his charges will be dropped to a violation. Now that the court troubles seem to be behind him, Kidd will be waiting for a decision by the NBA's league office about a possible suspension. In recent history, players and coaches that have plead guilty to DWI's have received two game suspensions by the NBA and it is expected Kidd will receive the same punishment. The league should hand down a punishment in the coming weeks meaning that Kidd will likely not be on the sideline for the, much anticipated, opening night of the new look Nets season. Assistant Head Coach Lawrence Frank will likely assume the head coaching duties if Kidd is suspended.Tags: Basketball, Brooklyn, Brooklyn Nets, DWI, Jason Kidd, Lawrence Frank, NBA, Southampton, Suffolk County

subset: commoncrawl


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Less is always more, right? Well, when it comes to Bon Jovi, apparently not. A whopping 12 tracks from the New Jersey stadium rockers are heading to Rock Band 3.
The Bon Jovi Greatest Hits pack will be available on 9th November and includes:
- Bad Medicine
- Blaze of Glory
- Have a Nice Day
- I�ll Be There For You
- It�s My Life
- Lay Your Hands On Me
- Livin� on a Prayer
- Runaway
- Wanted Dead or Alive
- We Weren�t Born to Follow
- Who Says You Can�t Go Home
- You Give Love a Bad Name
Of those 12, Livin� on a Prayer, Wanted Dead or Alive and You Give Love a Bad Name have been updated for Rock Band 3 gameplay to include Pro Keys, Keys, Pro Drums and harmonies.
Runaway adds Pro Guitar and Bass modes as well, though you'll have to shell out an additional �0.59 / �0.75 / 80 MS Points / 100 Wii Points for the privilege.
If Bon Jovi doesn't float your boat, fear not. Three more tracks join the poodle-rockin' motherload:
- Deftones � My Own Summer (Shove It)
- New Order � Blue Monday
- Talking Heads � Burning Down the House
All three tracks are available with Pro Guitar and Bass tracks, again for an additional �0.59 / �0.75 / 80 MS Points / 100 Wii Points.
The Bon Jovi pack will set you back �9.99 / �14.99 / 1,600 MS Points / 2,000 Wii Points. Individual tracks can be picked up for �0.99 / �1.49 / 160 MS Points / 200 Wii Points.
Rock Band 3 launched on DS, PlayStation 3, Wii and Xbox 360 last month. Eurogamer's Johnny Minkley judged it to be really, really good.


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Come Join Us
Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) is a non-profit, non-political volunteer women's service organization dedicated to promoting patriotism, preserving American history, and securing America's future through better education for children. The ladies of the General Smallwood Chapter invite you to come to one of their meetings, which are held on the second Wednesday of the month from October through May.
General Smallwood Chapter has been active for over 100 years. On the centennial of the National Society Daughters of the American Revolution (NSDAR), the chapter dedicated a historical marker to Smallwood's Retreat in Marbury, Maryland (pictured above with plaque on bench).
We would love to talk to you about becoming
a member of the Society.
If you would like more information about the General Smallwood Chapter DAR, that has been around since 1907,
please email our chapter contact person.


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This contest has been closed. Thank you to everyone who entered, and a big congrats to Danielle, winner of a $500 Viator gift certificate! Check out her winning board.
The holiday season is here and everyone is ready to cross things off their shopping lists, to-do lists, and wishlists.
We at Viator always have travel on our minds, and our holiday travel wishlists seem to get longer each year. Snorkeling in Hawaii? Yes, please! Wine tasting in Tuscany? Why not!
We know each of you probably has a travel wishlist of your own, so this holiday season we're giving away a $500 Viator gift certificate to help one Pinterest follower knock something off their list.
Read on to find out how to enter to win a $500 Viator.com gift certificate in our Holiday Travel Wishlist Pinterest contest!
How to enter
1. Follow Viator on Pinterest
2. Create your own Pinterest board titled Holiday Travel Wishlist
3. Pin at least one photo from Viator.com onto your board, plus any other photos that fit into your travel wishlist
4. Tag @ViatorTravel on any of the pins in your board
5. Submit your email address and Pinterest information on our Facebook page.
6. We'll repin our favorite photos onto our own Holiday Travel Wishlist board and pick one winner on December 16. The winner will be notified via email, so make sure to send us your info on our Facebook tab.
Contest ends December 16, 2013. Happy pinning!
– Viator Travel Team


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First New U.S. Nuclear Facility In 30 Years Could Open In 2009
"A Kentucky facility owned by the Energy Department and operated by a privatized federal corporation is currently the only source of enriched uranium for commercial U.S. nuclear power plants."
"Sen. Pete Domenici, R-N.M., a longtime supporter of nuclear power, said the license was important not only for Louisiana Energy Services, a consortium of nuclear companies, 'but for what this facility will mean for the renaissance of nuclear energy in this country.'"
"Jim Ferland, president of Louisiana Energy Services, said the nuclear power industry watched the plant's licensing process closely, viewing it as a bellwether for them to consider applying for licenses for new nuclear power plants."
"Critics argued that disposal costs could leave New Mexico stuck with the project's nuclear waste. But the Atomic Safety and Licensing Board ruled May 31 that uncertainties over waste disposal costs are irrelevant; the agreement with New Mexico calls for hundreds of millions of dollars to be set aside for waste disposal.
The plant would generate a form of waste that no U.S. disposal site can handle, and no U.S. processing facility exists that can convert the waste into lower-level radioactive material. The plant could run at full capacity for eight to 10 years before running out of onsite space for the material."


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The "Imported From Detroit" ad from last year's Super Bowl XLV proved quite successful for Chrysler. This year, the now Italian-owned automaker has taken a slightly different tack with its latest ad: it's only halftime, and it – and the U.S. – still has plenty of time to get back on its feet.
The new ad is narrated by Clint Eastwood, who delivers a raspy monologue on how Detroit — and America — still has plenty of time to get back on its feet for recovery. Eastwood says "this country can't be knocked out with one punch; we get right back up again. And when we do, the world is going to hear the roar of our engines." He goes on to tell us that the country should look to Detroit as an example of how to get back after taking a hit.
It's not actually until halfway through the two-minute, two-second-long commercial that any of Chrysler vehicles are shown. What we see are hard-working Americans – a dad in a Dodge Challenger dropping his son at school, a mother driving her daughter in a Jeep Wrangler, and construction workers loading up a Ram pickup. As the footage pans across a line of freshly-made Jeep Grand Cherokees at their factory, Eastwood says, "Detroit's showing us it can be done. And, what's true about them is true about all of us."
What do you think? Do you think that the latest Chrysler Super Bowl commercial is as memorable as last year's spot? Or is it simply a poignant reminder that America is still working its way out of the recession? Let us know is the comments section, and check out the full commercial below.
Source: Chrysler


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Product Reference: 52810
Provides excellent protection against scuffs and light impact damage
Featuring a cushioned inner lining and a durable woollen exterior, the Encase Wool Felt Pouch provides superior protection for your Galaxy S6 or S6 Edge against the rigours of everyday use whilst maintaining the compact size and slim profile of the phone.
Vertical loading allows for easy removal
The simple vertical opening of Encase pouches allows you to insert and remove your Galaxy S6 / S6 Edge quicker and easier than from a zipped case.
The Woollen Felt used in Olixar pouches is 100% pure wool - no added synthetics or plastics. This makes it soft to the touch, as well as strong and non-fraying - perfect for your sleeve. It is sustainable and extremely durable. Measuring at approximately 3mm thick the case will provide superb protection from knocks and light impacts of daily use.
Tailored specifically for the Galaxy S6 / S6 Edge
Designed and manufactured for the S6 / S6 Edge, the Encase Wool Felt Pouch provides a perfect fit for your phone. The size ensures that it is tight enough to prevent movement inside the case but also easily the Galaxy Note 2 to be easily removed.
Samsung: Galaxy S6, Galaxy S6 Edge


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|Home > Technology > IT News > Article
Telstra managing director of corporate and human resources Bill Scales said the company did not have any plans to further increase the call costs.
"The answer is unequivocal, we have no current plans," he told a Senate estimates committee.
Asked if that commitment extended to call costs under its other rental plans, Mr Scales said: "I have no knowledge of any desire within the company to make any changes in pricing in that area.
"We don't have any current plans."
Mr Scales defended the price hikes, which the government approved in April.
He said the objective of the Homeline Budget plan had been to structure a system suitable for people who made relatively few calls but needed to have access to a telephone line.
"This wasn't done in isolation from those people who have a concern about low-income earners," Mr Scales said.
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Boxing the genome code
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Bill for fixing cable joints could run to $110m
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Telecom NZ says customers can get better coverage in Aust
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Blogging comes of age in US online politics
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text: Just went to see the rifle in question, and it does have Springfield 1841 stamped on the metal plate. It was converted from a flint lock to a cap and ball, but the owner does not know where that took place. As mentioned earlier, the weapon was sent to Lincoln University from Harper's Ferry in 1918, but that could have meant that HF was storing these weapons. Final thoughts, anyone? Regards, Tom


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The Individual, Communication, and Society: Essays in Memory of Gregory Bateson (Studies in Emotion and Social Interaction)
This collection of original essays on communication is written by leading scholars in honor of the work of the late Gregory Bateson. The volume is equally an effort to advance the study of diverse problems involving communication across conventional disciplinary boundaries that engaged Bateson in his lifetime. Bateson, who began his career as a zoologist at Cambridge University, became one of the most provocative social scientists of the twentieth century. His major contribution was a theory of communication that integrated biological, psychological, and social phenomena. The theory had an important impact on the thinking of a number of influential anthropologists, psychologists, zoologists, and psychiatrists, who found Bateson's ideas not only relevant in their own research settings, but productive for the practical insights they offered into the nature of broader cultural systems. This volume will benefit psychologists, psychiatrists, anthropologists, and sociologists interested in the analysis of communication, as well as advanced graduate students in all of these areas.
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Relationship between the nature of the search task types and query reformulation behaviour
Kinley, Khamsum, Tjondronegoro, Dian W., Partridge, Helen L., & Edwards, Sylvia L. (2012) Relationship between the nature of the search task types and query reformulation behaviour. In ADCS 2012 Proceedings of the 7th Australasian Document Computing Symposium, ACM Digital Library, Dunedin, New Zealand, pp. 39-46.
Accepted Version
(PDF 779kB)
Success of query reformulation and relevant information retrieval depends on many factors, such as users' prior knowledge, age, gender, and cognitive styles. One of the important factors that affect a user's query reformulation behaviour is that of the nature of the search tasks. Limited studies have examined the impact of the search task types on query reformulation behaviour while performing Web searches. This paper examines how the nature of the search tasks affects users' query reformulation behaviour during information searching. The paper reports empirical results from a user study in which 50 participants performed a set of three Web search tasks – exploratory, factorial and abstract. Users' interactions with search engines were logged by using a monitoring program. 872 unique search queries were classified into five query types – New, Add, Remove, Replace and Repeat. Users submitted fewer queries for the factual task, which accounted for 26%. They completed a higher number of queries (40% of the total queries) while carrying out the exploratory task. A one-way MANOVA test indicated a significant effect of search task types on users' query reformulation behaviour. In particular, the search task types influenced the manner in which users reformulated the New and Repeat queries.
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Press Release: Aviation and Marine Transportation Offer Big Potential Emissions Reductions
Press Release
December 22, 2009
Contact: Tom Steinfeldt, (703) 516-4146
Report Finds Extensive Options Currently Available
WASHINGTON, D.C. – The potential for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from global aviation and marine transportation is considerable — reductions of more than 50 percent below business-as-usual (BAU) levels by 2050 are possible, according to a new report from the Pew Center on Global Climate Change.
The report, Aviation and Marine Transportation: GHG Mitigation Potential and Challenges, examines growth projections for emissions from both aviation and marine transportation and options to reduce those emissions. Aviation and marine transportation combined are responsible for approximately 5 percent of total GHG emissions in the United States and 3 percent globally and are among the fastest growing modes in the transportation sector. Under business-as-usual forecasts, CO2 emissions from global aviation are estimated to grow 3.1 percent per year over the next 40 years, resulting in a 300 percent increase in emissions by 2050.International marine transportation emissions are estimated to grow by 1 to 2 percent per year, increasing by at least 50 percent over 2007 levels by 2050. Controlling the growth in aviation and marine transportation GHG emissions will be an important part of reducing emissions from the transportation sector.
A range of near-, medium- and long-term mitigation options are available to slow the growth of energy consumption and GHG emissions from aviation and marine shipping. These options include improvements in operational efficiency, improvements in the energy efficiency of engines and the design of air and marine vessels, and transitioning to less carbon-intensive fuels and transportation modes. Implementation of these options could result in reductions of more than 50 percent below BAU levels by 2050 from global aviation and more than 60 percent for global marine shipping. For these reductions to be realized, however, international and domestic policy intervention is required. Developing an effective path forward that facilitates the adoption of meaningful policies remains both a challenge and an opportunity.
"Aviation and marine shipping are two of the fastest growing modes of transportation," said Eileen Claussen, President of the Pew Center on Global Climate Change. "Their greenhouse gas emissions are growing rapidly as well. To protect the climate, we need to reduce emissions across the entire economy. Aviation and marine shipping are part of the climate problem, and this report shows that they can be part of the solution."
Aviation and Marine Transportation: GHG Mitigation Potential and Challenges also examines policy options for achieving reductions in GHG emissions from these transportation modes. The paper, authored by David McCollum and Gregory Gould of the University of California at Davis and David Greene from Oak Ridge National Laboratory, explains the challenges, examines policy efforts to date, and explores both domestic and international policy options for addressing emissions from aviation and marine transportation.
Key sections of the paper include:
- An introduction to aviation and marine transportation and a discussion of the determinants of their GHG emissions;
- An overview of current emissions trends and growth projections;
- An explanation of the technological mitigation options and potential GHG emission reductions; and
- Policy options at both the domestic and international level to achieve deep and durable reductions in emissions.
For more information about global climate change and the activities of the Pew Center, visit www.c2es.org.
The Pew Center was established in May 1998 as a non-profit, non-partisan, and independent organization dedicated to providing credible information, straight answers, and innovative solutions in the effort to address global climate change. The Pew Center is led by Eileen Claussen, the former U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs.
Black Carbon and Climate
Today, the Obama Administration has formally recognized the importance of black carbon as a component of broader policies to address climate change. At the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, Nancy Sutley, the Chair of the Council on Environmental Quality, announced an initiative aimed at reducing emissions of black carbon. The United States is committing $5 million towards international cooperation to reduce black carbon emissions in and around the Arctic. According to Chair Sutley, the new initiative will include investments to study the effects of black carbon, demonstrate options for reducing emissions, and begin to quantify both the climate and public health benefits of reducing emissions. The initiative will focus on diesel engines (both on-road and non-road, including those used for port operations), older district heating and industrial facilities, and agricultural and forest fires.
We just released a new white paper highlighting the climate impacts of black carbon (Black Carbon: A Science/Policy Primer). Over the last decade, a growing body of evidence indicates that soot and smoke are major contributors to climate change. Black carbon, a component of soot, warms the air by absorbing sunlight in the atmosphere, changes rainfall patterns and, when deposited on snow and ice, accelerates melting. Black carbon is produced by both natural processes and human activity from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass. Primary sources include diesel engines, small industrial sources, residential coal and solid biofuels for cooking and heating, and agricultural and forest fires.
The new paper summarizes current knowledge on the climate effects of soot components (black carbon and organic particles) and identifies emission sources and technologies to mitigate their impacts. It also presents perspectives on the potential role of soot mitigation approaches in developing more comprehensive climate strategies.
Black carbon remains in the atmosphere for only days to weeks, meaning it has strong regional climate effects. Recent studies suggest that black carbon may be responsible for 30-50 percent of recent warming in the Arctic, contributing to the acceleration of Arctic sea ice melting. Loss of Arctic sea ice is one potential "tipping point" that could lead to rapid warming and irreversible climate change. Black carbon is also driving increased melting of the glaciers in the Himalayan Plateau, upon which some 40 percent of the world's population depends for fresh water. Reductions in black carbon would help address these issues and also would have many co-benefits, particularly in public health and especially in the developing world.
Controlling emissions of CO2 and long-lived greenhouse gases must remain the centerpiece of policies to address climate change, since they ultimately drive the Earth's temperature in the long term. However, reducing black carbon emissions represents a win-win scenario: it would have an immediate cooling effect on the Earth's climate, potentially delaying temperature increases in the short run and helping reduce the risk of irreversible tipping points in the climate system, and it would reduce air pollution, significantly improving public health.
Jeremy Richardson is Senior Fellow for Science Policy
Black Carbon: A Science/Policy Primer
December 2009
Prepared for the Pew Center on Global Climate Change
by John Bachmann, Vision Air Consulting, LLC
Over the last decade, a growing body of evidence indicates that soot and smoke from incomplete combustion are major contributors to climate change. Black carbon, a soot component, is a potent climate driver that absorbs sunlight in the atmosphere, changes rainfall patterns, and when deposited on snow and ice, accelerates melting. In addition, soot can cause direct effects on health and agriculture. Climate and other effects of soot are magnified in broad regions where the strongest source emissions occur, but transported soot is also a major concern in the Arctic. The short atmospheric lifetime of soot particles also means that emissions reductions produce nearly immediate results, in contrast to most greenhouse gases (GHGs).
The principal source categories include diesel engines, small industrial sources, residential coal and solid biofuels for heating and cooking, and open biomass burning for agriculture and forestry. Control and mitigation approaches exist, but the small size and wide dispersion of these sources present significant challenges. The available evidence suggests that appropriately targeted soot controls have the potential to accelerate and enhance climate and air quality related public health benefits when used as a complement to overall climate strategies centered on greenhouse gases. Consideration of such controls is, however, subject to a number of scientific and technical uncertainties and complexities regarding emissions, controls, and the net effect of addressing some soot sources on both global and regional scales. This paper summarizes current knowledge on the effects of soot components—black carbon and organic particles—on climate, and identifies sources and technologies to mitigate their impacts. It also presents perspectives on the potential role of soot mitigation approaches in developing more comprehensive climate strategies.
This Thanksgiving, I'm thankful we base policy decisions on peer-reviewed science instead of emails!
The kerfuffle over email correspondence hacked from a server at the University of East Anglia's Climatic Research Unit is making climate change deniers giddy. But just like all the other non-smoking guns they've waived around over the years, this "mushroom cloud" will soon blow away. Nothing has come to light that undermines scientific assessments of the climate system, which are firmly anchored in peer-reviewed scientific publications, not emails.
Some of the past "smoking guns" that were supposed to put the theory of human-induced climate change in an early grave are among the hot topics flying around in the hacked emails. One was a paper by Soon and Baliunas published in a peer-reviewed journal called Climate Research in 2003. That paper was supposed to put to rest the conclusion of the 2001 IPCC report that the late 20th century was warmer than any previous period in the past millennium, but it was quickly and thoroughly refuted in the peer-reviewed literature (not in emails). Another was a 2005 paper by McIntyre and McKitrick in an often-not-peer-reviewed journal called Energy & Environment. This paper had the same goal as the first one, but it too was rebutted in the peer-reviewed literature and in a report by the National Academy of Sciences (not in emails). In the emails, climate scientists complained about these papers and expressed frustration that they were published in spite of serious flaws. However, policymakers did not use these emails to help them determine America's policy actions on climate change.
Much of the bickering in the emails boils down to scientists' irritation over serious breaches of the normal peer review system to get denialist papers published (see here, here and here). The publisher of Climate Research (CR) admitted that the major conclusions of the paper by Soon and Baliunas "cannot be concluded convincingly from the evidence provided in the paper. CR should have requested appropriate revisions of the manuscript prior to publication." The paper was so bad that three editors resigned in protest over its publication. The paper by McIntyre and McKitrick (2005) wasn't peer reviewed at all and the editor of Energy & Environment openly stated, "I'm following my political agenda – a bit, anyway. But isn't that the right of the editor?" Scientists value the peer review process and they find it unfair and objectionable when they subject their own work to potential rejection while others circumvent this critical step in the scientific process to force low-quality research into the debate.
Luckily, none of this matters since the scientific assessments produced to inform policymakers about the science of climate change are based on peer-reviewed science publications, not on the opinions of individuals expressed in email correspondence. As happens in the normal scientific process, when the occasional bad paper slips through the peer review cracks it gets refuted through subsequent scrutiny in the peer-review literature. In the end, what may be said in emails doesn't matter; the scientific peer-review process will prevail.
Jay Gulledge is Senior Scientist and Program Manager for Science & Impacts
Assuring America Can Ably Adapt
This morning, the House Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming held a hearing titled "Building US Resilience to Global Warming Impacts." The hearing took place just as the Government Accountability Office released a new report finding that US reaction to climate change is happening on an ad hoc basis and is not coordinated among Federal, state, and local agencies.
Given the absence of a coordinated Federal adaptation strategy, we've been looking at what the options might be to fill that void. As the Pew Center's Steve Seidel stated in his testimony to the Committee, an improved Federal mechanism would begin with each agency developing an adaptation strategic plan to build greater resilience to climate change into its programs and mission. He pointed to a recent announcement by the Dept. of Interior as an example. A National Climate Service that can develop and communicate credible and actionable climate scenarios and projections for use in adaptation planning by Federal, state and local governments and the private sector is also needed.
Executive office leadership is critical. After reviewing other climate-related interagency programs in existence, it's clear that a national adaptation program needs to be established and chaired or co-chaired by CEQ or the Office of Science and Technology Policy. To ensure that adaptation is truly "mainstreamed" by the federal government, CEQ should also update NEPA regulations to require the consideration of adaption needs in all major federal actions.
Michael Tubman is a Congressional Affairs Fellow
Congressional Testimony of Stephen Seidel - The Federal Government's Role in Building Resilience to Climate Change
Testimony of
Stephen Seidel, Vice President for Policy Analysis
Pew Center on Global Climate Change
Submitted to
Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming
U.S. House of Representatives
October 22, 2009
Mr. Chairman, Mr. Sensenbrenner, members of the Select Committee, thank you for the opportunity to testify on the topic of what the federal government should be doing to adapt to climate change. My name is Stephen Seidel and I am Vice-President for Policy Analysis at the Pew Center on Global Climate Change.
Responding to the risks of climate change represents one of the major challenges facing our nation and the global community. Most of the attention to date has appropriately been placed on actions to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. This is obviously the first and best line of defense against the risks associated with global warming. But as our scientific understanding of climate change has improved, we also have come to realize that our past emissions have already begun to affect our current climate. Climate change isn't some distant concern that will impact our children or grandchildren. There is clear and convincing evidence that we have already experienced the following changes:
- U.S. temperatures have increased by more than 2 degrees F. over the past 50 years.
- Average global sea level has risen by 8 inches over the last century.
- The amount of rain falling in the heaviest downpours (the heaviest 1%) has increased by 20 percent over the last century.
- Arctic sea ice is declining dramatically – end of summer ice losses have averaged 11% per decade over the past three decades.
The changes we've experienced to date are likely to increase dramatically over time. In fact, one of the unfortunate aspects of our climate system (due to built-in lags such as absorption of heat by the oceans) is that even if we could wave a magic wand and totally stop emissions of greenhouse gases immediately, global average temperatures would increase by another 1 degree F. If we continue on our current path and global greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase, temperatures would further rise, for a total increase on the order of 7-11 degrees F. by 2100.
To reduce the damages associated with changes of this magnitude, two imperatives must be addressed:
- We must take action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to limit both the rate of climate change and the ultimate magnitude of that change.
- We must take actions to minimize the costs associated with the unavoidable climate change that is already underway and will continue for many decades.1
The second point is the focus of this hearing and of a study that the Pew Center2 undertook to explore what the federal government should do to provide leadership to our nation in its effort to more effectively adapt to climate change.
Climate is something we generally take for granted until it does something unexpected. Many key aspects of our economy are based on the critical assumption that our future climate will be similar to what we have experienced in the past. For example,
- Agriculture – what, where, and when we plant depends on temperature, length of growing season and water availability.
- Community development – what we build and where we locate structures and development depend on such factors as the availability of water, temperatures, risks of wildfires and coastal impacts.
- Energy development – many sources of electricity require large amounts of water for cooling, and different types of renewable energy depend critically on the availability of stream flows, sunlight or wind.
- Public health systems – are designed to anticipate and treat different types of diseases whose geographic ranges and seasonal occurrence may be influenced by climatic conditions.
- Emergency response systems – are designed around the likelihood and magnitude of extreme weather events (e.g., storms, floods, drought, and heat waves).
- National security – growing recognition among security experts that climate change, such as extreme weather events, scarcity of food, coastal flooding, etc. can contribute to increased tensions.
- Natural resources – the habitat for plants and animals, the viability of forests and the health of wetlands are all affected by temperature and the availability of water.It should be clear that the impacts of changing our climate cut across a broad swath of our economy from food to energy production, to where and in what we live and how we travel, to the wellbeing of our natural resources and even to our national security. And that critical assumption – that future climatic conditions will be similar to the past – moves further and further away from reality with each ton of carbon dioxide we add to the atmosphere.
Damages from climate change are often discussed in terms of the impact that an average change in temperature or precipitation could cause. Yet we know from real life experience that the occurrence of extreme events (such as heat waves, floods, and intense storms) is what drives economic losses. We also know that one of the insidious aspects of climate change is that the number of extreme events is expected to increase dramatically. For example, under a scenario where emissions continue to grow uncontrolled, the number of days over 90 degrees in the Southern United States would increase from 60 per year to 150 per year by the end of the century.3 With a one-half meter rise in sea level, the maximum level of flooding that New York City used to experience once every one hundred years would occur once every 25 years.
Role of the Federal Government
It is sometimes said that "all adaptation is local." This expression makes good sense in that climate impacts occur at a particular time and place and therefore are indeed local. Nonetheless, we believe that for our nation to build an economy more resilient to climate change, the federal government's role is critical for the following reasons:
1. Federally owned assets are at risk
The federal government owns 29% of all lands in the country. It owns 476,000 public structures including bridges, tunnels, and flood control structures that are valued at $723 billion. The Department of Defense alone has vast holdings many of which are in coastal areas. Naval bases are of course at sea level, but so are many Air Force bases and training bases such as Camps Pendleton in southern California and LeJeune in coastal North Carolina. Many of our prized national parks are also vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and key features of some such as the Everglades and Glacier National Park could mostly disappear or be substantially changed. To properly manage these assets it is critical that the federal government understand the risks posed by climate change and the opportunities to adapt in a timely and cost-effective manner.
2. Federal guidelines, standards, and regulations are used across the economy
The federal government influences many decisions made by state and local governments and the private sector. The federal government is involved, directly or indirectly, in setting air and water pollution control regulations, in transportation and water infrastructure planning and design, and in design and siting of hydroelectric and other energy facilities. Other federal programs, such as the national flood and crop insurance programs, also play a major role in decisions that are affected by climate change.
3. Federal technical support is critical
The federal government provides critical information and technical support in areas related to climate and its impact. Weather information and hazardous conditions advisories are part of the daily fabric of our lives. The federal government's technical expertise is also made widely available through such mechanisms as the National Climatic Data Center, the Agricultural Cooperative Extension Service, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, federal land and forestry managers, and the Public Health Service.
Federal leadership in each of these areas is critical. If properly directed these and similar resources across the federal government can become important cogs in a national effort to adapt to climate change. Moreover, these same resources could play a significant role in both assisting state and local governments and the private sector in their adaptation activities.
We recommend a comprehensive review of federal activities aimed first at identifying assets, programs and activities most at risk from climate change and then making the necessary changes to enhance resiliency. Above all, we recommend that recognition of our changing climate be "mainstreamed" across all relevant federal programs. Nowhere should the federal government continue to assume that our future climate will be the same as the past.
Mainstreaming Adaptation
In analyzing how to structure a federal adaptation program it quickly became clear that one frequently used approach would not work. Adaptation is not the type of new issue where it would make sense to set up a new office or department and charge it with tackling the problem. It must be integrated into the everyday decisions of program managers across a wide spectrum of climate-related activities. Coastal zone managers must begin taking sea level rise into account when planning new development or shoreline protection. Agricultural agents must begin thinking about changes in growing seasons, temperatures, and water availability when deciding on seed selection or crop rotations. Land managers must consider fire risk changes resulting from shifts in precipitation, or damage to forests due to pest infestations (such as bark beetle infestations). Transportation planners must consider flood hazards when designing and locating new roads or bridges. None of these are new decisions, but each must be viewed with a new perspective – that future climate will be altered. Only by "mainstreaming" adaptation considerations across all relevant programs will our nation be in a position to meet the challenges of unavoidable climate change.
Based on a review of adaptation programs initiated by other countries and by state and local governments in the United States, we have developed the following recommendations.
1. Federal Agency Strategic Plans
We believe that a critical starting point is that each agency should develop its own strategic plan for what it needs to do to build greater resilience to climate change into its programs and mission. Agencies should begin by looking at their own programs because these will be the easiest to address and will also help them identify areas that need to be coordinated with other agencies or entities. Each agency's strategic plan should include the following:
- Identify and assess climate-sensitive assets, programs, policies, regulations and projects;
- Engage key stakeholders as part of the planning process;
- Identify barriers to incorporating climate change into agency decision-making and resource needs for implementation;
- Identify and develop priorities among the most vulnerable areas and response actions;
- Establish plans to monitor and evaluate implementation;
- Define areas requiring coordination with other agencies and partners; and
- Identify future research needs.
The good news is that several agencies have taken the first step down this path. In January 2009, the Secretary of Interior issued an order requiring bureaus and offices to "consider and analyze potential climate change impacts when undertaking long-range planning exercises, setting priorities for scientific research and investigations, developing multiyear management plans, and making major decisions regarding potential use of resources under the Department's purview." The order goes on to require that offices identify legal barriers, resource needs and recommended actions to respond to potential climatic impacts. In September 2009, this order was supplemented by the creation of Climate Change Response Councils and regional response centers to facilitate information sharing and response strategies across the Department. Within the Department of Interior, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service released its climate change strategy and five-year action plan in September of 2009. EPA's Office of Water has also has issued a strategic plan to address the impacts of climate change on its programs.
The White House, working through its Council on Environmental Quality, could play an important role in advancing the development of an effective federal program for adaptation. It took an important step in that direction recently as part of its Executive Order on "Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy and Economic Performance." (October 5, 2009) This order requires each agency to develop an Agency Strategic Sustainability Performance Plan. As part of that plan each agency is required to
"(i) evaluate agency climate-change risks and vulnerabilities to manage the effects of climate change on the agency's operations and mission in both the short and long term;"
This requirement could serve as a lynchpin for initiating an effective strategic planning process within agencies. Even before the executive order was issued, CEQ had been working with an interagency group identifying actions that could be taken to begin developing both agency and sector-specific strategic plans. These are encouraging initial signs of executive office leadership, but follow-up will be critical to ensure that agencies are committed to pursuing the internal engagement required for an effective planning and implementation process.
We fully recognize that in developing their strategic plans, agencies are likely to identify a number of key areas where program responsibility is shared with other agencies and with state and local entities. We believe that an important next step in the planning process is to identify areas where sector-specific plans are required. Such areas as water resources, land management, human health, ecosystem protection, and coastal protection are examples where multiagency efforts with strong stakeholder participation will be required. Finally, we believe that over time it would be useful and possible to combine agency and sector plans as key building blocks in the development of a national strategic plan. The national plan can help provide strategic direction, set priorities, and identify key milestones. This can best be done based on the content of more detailed plans (bottom-up) rather than be developed first (top down).
2. Creating a National Climate Service
A key requirement for adapting to climate change is the availability of information detailing what those changes are likely to be. In addition, technical support in how to use such information in decision making on adaptation will be critical. A national climate service would be the entity responsible for developing and communicating credible and actionable climate scenarios and projections for use in adaptation planning purposes. In every case study we examined, one of the first questions asked was what temperature change, sea level increase, or change in precipitation should we assume as the basis for our adaptation planning. Given the local scale at which these questions are being asked and the uncertainty about important aspects of predicting future climate change, particularly at that scale, providing useful information is not a trivial matter. Many state and local entities have turned to nearby university experts as a source for climate scenarios. This has worked well in many cases, but the idea of making useful and consistent climate information widely available on a national basis has attracted attention for many years.
The leading proponent of a national climate service has been the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). As a lead federal agency in developing climate observing systems, data analysis and predictions, NOAA has the scientific foundation upon which a national climate services could be constructed. It has undertaken an extensive process examining different ways to structure such an entity and has begun moving forward in its development.
In our review of how a climate services might be structured we divided the function into two key parts: the development and provision of the climate data and the support required by the user community (such as coastal managers, water planners, agricultural agents, and transportation planners) to effectively identify their needs and use the information provided. We found that NOAA could most effectively lead the first element but not necessarily the outreach and user community engagement.
To effectively engage the critical and diverse user communities, we believe a national climate services should involve other key federal agencies as sector working group leads. Figure 1 shows the proposed organizational structure. For example, the Department of Agriculture could lead a sector working group for the farm community and the Department of Interior could lead a sector working group on natural resources. The sector working groups would be responsible for fully engaging state and local entities, the private sector and other stakeholders in identifying the needs for information and decision support tools specific to their sector, in setting priorities and in communicating information to the sector.
|Figure 1: Proposed National Climate Service Sector Working Group Structure
3. Structuring a Federal Adaptation Program
Our analysis focused on how to integrate an adaptation program into other climate related program activities across the federal government. We examined the two programs that currently exist – the Global Change Research Program (GCRP) and the Climate Change Technology Program (CCTP). Both are established by statute and we would recommend that a national adaptation program also be established by legislation. Because of the desirability of executive office leadership, we recommend that the national adaptation program be chaired or co-chaired by CEQ or the Office of Science and Technology Policy. The program should be managed by a coordinating committee that is made up of senior policy officials from each of the relevant agencies. We also recommend the creation of a small program office (along the lines of the office created under GCRP) to coordinate the agency and sector strategic planning activities.
4. Mandating Adaptation Considerations under the National Environment Policy Act (NEPA)
To ensure that adaptation is considered in all major federal actions, we recommend issuing clarifying regulations under NEPA. These regulations would make it clear that climate change needs to be considered in the planning stage of any major federal action. CEQ is responsible for NEPA's implementation, while EPA's Office of Federal Activities reviews environmental impact statements. We suggest establishing an interagency working group to prepare the proposed regulatory changes and to develop guidance for agencies in preparing EISs.
Adaptation Provisions in the American Clean Energy and Security Act (H.R. 2454)
The American Clean Energy and Security (ACES) Act passed by the House of Representatives in June of this year contains several provisions to address the issue of domestic climate change adaptation. While we we were pleased to see an adaptation section in the bill, we believe there are at least two important improvements that should be considered. First, the development of adaptation strategic plans for all relevant federal agencies is a key component of improving our nation's resiliency to climate change. As currently written, the ACES Act only contains provisions for natural resource agency adaptation plans and a public health strategic plan. Second, although the ACES Act does contain provisions establishing a national climate service within NOAA, we would recommend a structure similar to the one outlined above that both provides for a central role for NOAA, but also more effectively engages other key agencies as sector working group leads.
In conclusion, I would like to thank the Chairman, Mr. Sensenbrenner, and the members of the Select Committee for their time and attention to the important matter of furthering the U.S. government's efforts to address climate change adaptation.
1. Global Change Impacts in the United States, Thomas Karl, Jerry M. Melillo, and Thomas C. Pederson, (eds.) Cambridge University Press, 2009.
2. The Pew Center on Global Climate Change will be issuing a report before the end of the year detailing its analysis of the federal role in adaptation. Supporting the Pew Center in this research has been Stratus Consulting and Terri Cruce, an independent contractor.
3. Karl, Melillo, and Pederson (eds.), Climate Change Impacts in the United States, pg. 34.
Scientists Unite! 18 Scientific Groups Reaffirm Climate Science in Letter to Senators
Scientists to Congress: You can argue about the politics all you want, but if you decide not to act on climate change, it won't be because the science wasn't strong enough.
In a letter sent today, a slew of scientific organizations, including the American Meteorological Society, American Geophysical Union, Crop Science Society of America, and American Chemical Society, informed the U.S. Senate that there is a strong scientific consensus that manmade greenhouse gases are changing the climate and that claims to the contrary are scientifically indefensible:
"Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver. These conclusions are based on multiple independent lines of evidence, and contrary assertions are inconsistent with an objective assessment of the vast body of peer-reviewed science."
And they go further: "there is strong evidence that ongoing climate change will have broad impacts on society, including the global economy and on the environment." They also say the United States will experience significant impacts; climate change isn't just a problem for poor or developing countries:
Georgia's Climate Rollercoaster Illustrates Consequences of Global Warming
It's been difficult for average citizens to imagine what global warming means for them. After all, a few degrees of increase in the global mean temperature doesn't seem too bad. But one consequence that has already been documented is an increase in intense downpours with longer dry periods in between. A recent report from the U.S. Global Change Research Program said,
"Changes in the geographical distribution of droughts and flooding have been complex. In some regions, there have been increases in the occurrences of both droughts and floods." (p. 18) "The widespread trend toward more heavy downpours is expected to continue, with precipitation becoming less frequent but more intense." (p. 24)
The historic drought that gripped the Southeast for the better part of two years and the severe flooding that hit the same region last week illustrate this pattern all too graphically.
Too Much of a Good Thing
The sheer amount of misinformation on the science of climate change is stunning. It's no wonder that the public is confused (see our FAQ for some clarity). The latest argument is easily dismissible, or at least it would be if it weren't being repeated so much in the press (like this story in last Friday's Washington Post, along with a series of ads for a new group pushing the idea). You may have heard a politician or two talking about the "benefits" of carbon dioxide—it goes something like this: plants breathe in CO2, so more of it is good for them. Nothing to worry about, they say, let's go on burning fossil fuels as we always have. A group even has a new website dedicated to spreading the lie that more CO2 is good for the planet.
Most science journalists have finally gotten beyond the "he-said, she-said" articles that falsely portray a balance of views where no controversy exists among experts. Simply put, no experts in climate change are arguing that because plants use CO2, it's ok for us to emit as much as we want. That's because they understand that humanity has released so much CO2 into the atmosphere that it's beginning to affect the planet. Without aggressive reductions in emissions, we are facing (among other impacts) rising sea levels, an increase in extreme weather, changes in precipitation patterns, and ocean acidification—oceans absorb CO2, threatening fisheries and marine ecosystems. The world's scientific community has assessed the science of climate change and concluded that "warming is unequivocal and primarily human-induced." (See this report by the U.S. Global Change Research Program or the comprehensive assessment by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.)
Welcome To Our Blog
Welcome to our new blog. This blog presents ideas and insights from the Center and its experts on topics critical to the climate conversation. These topics include domestic and international policy, climate science, low-carbon technology, economics, corporate strategies to address climate change, and communicating these issues to policymakers and the public. Our bloggers include policy analysts, scientists, economists, and communication specialists – all of whom are working to advance solutions to our climate and energy challenge.
Thank you for visiting our blog, and check back often for more timely posts.
Tom Steinfeldt is Communications Manager


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LEEP provides inclusive education, recreation and healthy living opportunities for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. One thing which is often lacking in the lives of people with disabilities is the opportunity for appropriate leisure and recreation. Recreation provides many benefits such as socialization, personal growth, a feeling of being valued and an overall enriched quality of life. By participating in recreational activities, a person learns new skills, increases self-esteem, relieves stress, becomes involved with the community and has fun. Recreation should be available for everyone of all abilities.
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In ThIs Issue:
VOLUME LXXiV, NUMBER 4, WiNtER 2012
Minding Brains • Mending Retinas • Pumping Blood
2 www.caltech.edu
Stay connected to campus, wherever you are.
3 From the President
4 Random Walk
Scintillating Neutrinos • Sporulating Membranes • Selenocentric Spacecraft
• And More!
14 Different Minds
by Lori oLiwenstein
the word autism covers what is really a spectrum of disorders, but they all
appear to result from nonstandard connections between various parts of
the brain.
20 Connecting the Dots
by Katie neith
implantable electronics can reconnect parts of the nervous system that
have been damaged by disease or disability.
26 Programming Molecular Apps
by Marcus y. woo
the future of programming may lie with DNA—but the vision behind
In ThIs Issue: VOLUME LXXiV, NUMBER 4, WiNtE
2 www.caltech.edu Stay connected to ca
VOLUME LXXiV, NUMBER 4, WiNtER 2012
www.caltech.edu Stay connected no matter where yo
You might not think of Caltech when you think
Random This image is a glimpse into the depths
Walk thingS that caught our eye . . .
random walk
Flip it and ReveRse it A team of Caltech res
MoonwaRd Bound GRAiL, NASA's Gravity Recovery and
winter 2012 ENGINEERING & SCIENCE 9
10 ENGINEERING & SCIENCE winter 2012
Jackie BaRton wins national Medal oF science Chem
the aRt oF science Caltech's third annual Art of
FiRsT-PRiZE winnER (left) aRTisT: Floris Van Breu
Different if there's one thing Ralph Adolphs want
MinDs By Lori Oliwenstein
Patterson observed the same neuro- pathology
thing from eye-tracking, to reasoning, to complex
nizes itself functionally during develop- ment, s
A multidisciplinary approach to building implanta
Like the fiber-optic network beneath a teeming me
back of the brain. Despite the lengthy explanatio
from the lab's research. With such an implant, a
keeping an electrical eye on the future Just ups
roBotS in diSguiSe Joel Burdick likes to call hi
PROGRAMMING MOLECULAR APPS By Marcus Y. Woo
To the left: This map of north and south america,
woo and Rothemund, nature chemistry, vol. 3, pp.
c* b* b
a single strand of Rna can fold onto itself to fo
To the right: a "smart drug" might one day consis
Process of Elimination, by ann Erpino (http://www
Naturally Inspired By Kimm Fesenmaier
an unlikely muse: The embryonic zebrafish heart i
Right: in these frames from a video, water drople
Super-hydro-phoBic- lotuS-acting- nano-tuBuleS Z
By Kathy Svitil
At any given moment, more than 100,000 people in
JULiA KORNFiELD Ophir, who
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We asked CalteCh alums to tell us their favorite
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Just alerting Utah State fans for the chance to see two future Aggies play each other tomorrow with a shot in the state final on the line.
Sky View and Bountiful will meet Friday at 7:30 p.m. in the semis, fresh off hard-fought wins. That means the Aggies' 2013 wing signee Jalen Moore and 2014 commit guard Sam Merrill will go head-to-head at the Dee Events Center, giving fans an exhibition of Utah State's future talent. They've each played two games in the bracket already, but this is one-stop shopping for those who want to get an eye on new recruits.
Merrill helped bring Bountiful's win streak to 20 straight, scoring 13 points. Chris Kamrani was on hand:
"Pere is a guy that's willing to take a challenge, and he did an awesome job tonight," said junior Sam Merrill, who finished with 13 points.
As did Merrill, who, alongside sophomore forward Zac Seljaas, spearheaded a fourth-quarter comeback after surrendering the lead for the first time in the game with 6 minutes, 21 seconds left.
Merrill followed by drilling a jumper, then he found Seljaas for a wide-open layup and hit three free throws during a fourth quarter where the Braves outscored the Royals 14-9.
"That's the way Sam is," Maxwell said. "He just does what it takes."
Moore scored 16 in the Bobcats' win over Olympus, a state finalist last year. He scored 8 of those points in the final quarter. But, as Tony Jones reports, Sky View's supporting cast helped carry the team:
Moore scored 10 of his 16 points in the second half. He scored eight in the final quarter and added five rebounds and four assists.
But for Sky View, Thursday may be marked by the contributions from Moore's supporting cast. Shooting guard Ty Nielsen scored a game-high 26 points and added five rebounds. Matt Dewey, a 6-5 senior forward, went 5 for 5 from the field on his way to 11 points.
With the game tied at 52-52, it was Dewey who corkscrewed his way into the lane for the layup for a Bobcats lead. The score sparked a 6-0 run, supplying the Bobcats with a 58-52 lead they never would relinquish.
The state tournament is very much a gauntlet for stars to prove themselves. Tomorrow, Merrill and Moore will try to outshine each other, because one team is going home. The winner? Aggies fans.
Kyle Goon
Twitter: @kylegoon


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Compounding Opportunity : Hispanic Banks - California's Santa Ana Business Bank
Content provided by Hispanic Business Magazine
Written by Hildy Medina
George Pla, co-founder of California's Santa Ana Business Bank.
When Los Angeles businessman Al Rodriguez learned some financiers were planning on opening a bank - a business bank - aimed at Hispanic entrepreneurs, he not only committed to bringing them his business but jumped on board as an investor.
The Cuban-born founder of Bella Cosmetics says he knows firsthand the need for a bank that understands the Hispanic entrepreneur and his or her customers.
"With Hispanic [companies], a lot of times the bulk of our business is focused on the Hispanic consumer," he explains. "My frustration was that when I talked to many of the other banks, they gave you all the lip service about wanting to support businesses that catered to the needs of the Hispanic consumer, but they didn't understand it.
"There's finally a bank that's absolutely focused on the need of the Hispanic business owner - and not just an appendage to a big business plan by a big bank that wants to service the world and not service the Hispanic community."
It's a lucrative market, as the rest of America is now discovering. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, there were 1.6 million Hispanic-owned firms generating revenues of $222 billion in 2002, the most recent year with full data available.
"When we submitted our application to the regulators, they said to us, 'We were wondering when you all were coming in,'" says George Pla, co-founder of California's Santa Ana Business Bank.
Banks run by or for Hispanics are by no means new, but they are unusual. The finance sector of the Hispanic Business 500, for example, is the smallest grouping in the directory, with 17 companies and only a few of those are banks. The biggest is the 235-branch International Bancshares Corp., founded by Tony Sanchez Sr. in 1966 to serve the small businesses of Laredo, Texas. It has morphed into a regional financial-services powerhouse beyond its "business bank" roots.
Small-business banks in South Florida have been catering to Hispanics very successfully for several years. For example, since U.S. Century Bank opened its first branch in Miami in October 2002, it has grown from $22 million in startup capital to more than $1.1 billion in assets and 16 branches.
Recent Hispanic startups include Security One Bank in the Washington D.C. area, AztecaAmerica Bank in Chicago, and the nascent Solera National Bank in Denver.
Other areas without a large Hispanic population also are seeing startups. Last year, Seattle saw the debut of Plaza Bank, the brainchild of fund manager Mike Sotelo and financial consultant Cristobal Guillen. It quickly attracted startup capital from athletes, business people, and even the former CEO of United Airlines. And almost a senior citizen in the group, Atlanta's United Americas Bank, one of the first Hispanic-owned banks in Georgia, was founded in 1999.
Until recently, the Southern California business banking market was a different story. The few Hispanic banks that opened in the 1960s and early '70s didn't make it. The lone survivor is Pan American, founded in East Los Angeles in 1964, which still operates three branches.
But in the last year, three new banks have sprung up in Los Angeles and Orange counties, including Americas United Bank in Glendale, Promerica Bank in downtown Los Angeles, and Santa Ana Business Bank in Santa Ana.
With worries about the housing market and hedge-fund gyrations sopping up extra liquidity, is now a good time to open a bank that caters to the Hispanic small-business owner?
Industry observers say it's a great time to open a Hispanic bank - if you look beyond the headlines to some underlying trends. "Our investment portfolio is completely clean, it has nothing to do with subprime mortgages," says Gilbert Dalmau, president and CEO of Americas United Bank. "We're full of liquidity."
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SINGAPORE – Singapore police have questioned nearly 4,000 foreign workers in a widening crackdown following the city-state's first riot in more than 40 years, officials confirmed Wednesday.
Three more Indian nationals were charged in court Wednesday with rioting, in addition to 24 compatriots charged a day earlier with the same offense, which is punishable by up to seven years in prison and caning.
A police spokeswoman said that so far, 176 men, including those placed under arrest, had been taken to a police complex to have their statements recorded. Around 3,700 foreign workers living in dormitories have been interviewed on site as well, she said.


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NEW MyCIBSE launched 26th July 2016. Please Register to verify your email and re-set password if logging in for the first time since the launch
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It never rains but it pours...SoPHE plans to support research into resilience of buildings to extreme weather events.
Would you like to support a collaborative research project between CIBSE and the University of West London?
SoPHE have a great opportunity for you to provide advisory support to the researcher as part of a 3 year project (commenced in September 2015) which aims to study the effect of extreme weather events on the resilience of buildings. More specifically this research will look into the impact of extreme hot, extreme cold, strong winds and heavy rainfall on a variety of building types. Their vulnerability to each of the extreme events will be assessed and analysed, the purpose of the study is to identify and present solutions towards increasing the resilience of buildings to those extreme weather events with the impact on public health engineering of prime significance and importance.
SoPHE are looking for a suitable society member to provide a liaison and support role to the researcher during the remaining 30 month period. The successful candidate should be a good communicator with at least 5 years public health engineering design experience and willing to provide voluntary support for approximately 2-4 hours per month. The initial appointment will be for a 12 month period starting from December 2015 and will be reviewed thereafter with a view to extending for a further 18 months.
Much of the liaison work can be undertaken remotely therefore limited travel to the University of West London or CIBSE HQ is necessary. The opportunity will not only provide valued support to the research being carried out but also a great experience for the successful candidate.
The closing date for applications is 31st October 2015. We will acknowledge all applications and the successful candidate will be notified no later than 15th November 2015.
For further details relating to the research project please email firstname.lastname@example.com The position is open to SoPHE Associate members or above with at least 5 years design experience within public health engineering. If you would like to assist in this much needed and valued project please send your CV and a covering letter explaining in no more than 300 words why you will be suitable for the role to email@example.com
Good luck!
Steve Vaughan
CIBSE SoPHE Chair
This 3 year project is a collaboration between CIBSE and the University of West London, it aims to study the effect of extreme weather events on the resilience of buildings. More specifically this research will look into the impact of extreme hot, extreme cold, strong winds and heavy rainfall on a variety of building types. Their vulnerability to each of the extreme events will be assessed and analysed. The purpose of the study is to identify and present solutions towards increasing the resilience of buildings to those extreme weather events.
Our climate is changing and current research suggests we can expect to experience warmer and wetter winters, hotter and drier summers, rising sea levels and more extreme weather events. The impacts of those changes are already visible. According to the Met Office the two month period of December 2013 to January 2014 was for England and Wales one of, if not the most, exceptional periods of winter rainfall in at least 248 years. The changes of the climate will affect the performance of new and existing buildings. In order to estimate the effect of heavy rainfall suitable weather data will be generated and will be used to perform software simulations. Based on the simulation results, this research will aim to provide optimum drainage systems and water supply solutions for each of the examined cases. Furthermore it will explore water conservation possibilities which can be linked to extreme weather events, such as rainwater harvesting, which can reduce the wholesome water demand and reliance on the services infrastructure.
SoPHE is supporting this project by providing assistance to the researcher relating to the considerations that should be given to public health and fire protection services which will significantly help this research achieve its goals. SoPHE will provide suggestions on the methods and specific areas of study to ensure the applicability of the research outputs.
By Athanasios Lykartsis


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Developing 7-Million Sustainable Tourism Jobs For Member Countries
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Audiovox XMCK-10AP - Xpress
XM Plug-n-Play Satellite Radio with 5-Line Display
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- XM Plug N Play Satellite Radio
- High-contrast 5 line display lets you easily view channel, artist, song title and info extras
- Xpress tune: navigate quickly through XM channels with simple tune and press encoder knob
- Includes vehicle kit
- Personalized stock ticker: tracks up to 20 of your favorite stocks
- Info extras: allows you to keep track of your favorite sports and scores
- Tune Select: helps you find your favorite artists and songs on any XM channel
- Number keys allow users to set up to 30 favorites channels and enter channels directly
- 1-year SonicElectronix.com warranty
- Car Kit
- Docking Station
- Antenna
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- 5-Volt Power Adapter
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Satellite Radio Specifications
This is the intended use of the radio.
Car: This means that the radio is for use in a vehicle. These radios usually come with mounting and installation accessories for vehicles. Please verify with the product's description for more detailed information.
Marine: This means that the radio is intended for use on the boat or for marine applications. This means that he radio itself is typically treated for marine environments and includes marine accessories. Please see the product description for more information.
Portable: These radios are intended for use on the go and can be carried in your hand. Some portable radios can be used in other applications, such as on a boat or in a car.
Dot-Matrix Text Display: A simple display which uses dots in specific illuminated color(s) to light up and form letters or numbers that are displayed on the receiver.
Graphic or Motion Display: Typically found in mid to high-end receivers and give your text information and receiver more life by adding motion, backgrounds, or multiple colors to your display. There are types of graphic displays such as 3D Graphic, Motion, and OEL (Organic Electroluminescent) displays. They can range from one color to full color displays and typically allow you to select from one of many built-in animations, background images, screensavers or other graphics to enhance your experience and add an extra bit of personality to your system. Some units also come with software that allow you to load your own customizable pictures or animations.
LCD Monitor Display: Can be as small as 2" or as large as 10". Some LCD displays are motorized for angle adjustment. LCD monitors display full motion video playback as well as your standard text such as track status, radio station information and more depending on the receiver's features.
Multi-Color: When more than one color is on the display, for example one part of the text is white, while the other part is blue.
Variable-Color: The display colors can be changed by the user. If the default color of text/display is blue for example, the user can change the settings to where the color turns to red. Variable color displays are typically described in detail in the item's description.
TFT-LCD Display: In-dash receivers with a video screen that display multiple colors and often times video such as DVD, navigation or other video sources.
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Warning: The image depicted shows the resistance change when wiring multiple subwoofer terminals. Please refer to your subwoofer's owner's manual for the proper wiring of its terminals. Sonic Electronix, Inc. is not responsible for damage caused to your audio system or vehicle due to improper installation. Please call tech support at 1-877-289-7664 if you require additional assistance.


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In 2007, Father Bill Terry, the rector at St. Anna's Episcopal Church, began listing the names of murdered New Orleans citizens on a board outside the church. Last year, 215 names were printed on the board. So far in 2008, there are over 160 names on the board.
Father Terry and his diverse congregants are committed to living out their spiritual beliefs on the streets of New Orleans. Clearly, something needed to be done to curb the violence plaguing our city. From this concern, and with an orientation grounded in social justice, Horns for Guns was born.
Horns for Guns is a gun buy-back program which, for every gun turned in — no questions asked — offers a child a horn, along with the musical education enabling her or him to use that horn. But Horns for Guns does much more. It offers each child and his or her family a host of services — mental, physical, and spiritual health supports, along with mentoring and vocational training. (If a child is more interested in photography than music, he or she can go into a photography program instead.) Even more importantly, Horns for Guns offers individuals an opportunity to symbolically shift directions — away from violence, and towards more positive life goals.
"The driving force is to begin to address the issues of urban violence at its roots, and its roots are kids," says Father Terry. "If we can help a kid make a different life pattern and offer him an alternative to street culture, and if we can embrace that kid for the vulnerable years of 9 to 17, then we are accomplishing a lot for our community."
Participants in Horns for Guns wishing to pursue a program in music will attend The Roots of Music, an after-school and summer program started by Derek Tabb of the Rebirth Brass Band. In this story, you'll hear children currently in school at The Roots of Music in the reed class led by Allen Dejan (Jesse McBride & the Next Generation) and in the lower brass class led by Edward Lee (The Soul Rebels.)
Also heard in this Street Talk piece is "Didn't He Ramble," recorded by Tuba Fats, along with Frederick Sheppard, Walter Payton, Bob French, John Richardson, Mark Braud, and Craig Klein. Tuba Fats is one of the many musicians Derek Tabb grew up listening to in the Tremé, where he began his music education.The Horns for Guns kick-off event will be held at two locations — the Tremé Community Center, at 1600 St. Phillip St., and the Progressive Baptist Church, at 1214 S. Robertson St. in Central City. The event will be held from 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. on November 1, All Saint's Day.