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Python Web Applications With Flask - Part III
Please note: This is a collaboration piece between Michael Herman, from Real Python, and Sean Vieira, a Python developer from De Deo Designs.
Articles in this series:
- Part I: Application setup
- Part II: Setup user accounts, Templates, Static files
- Part III: Testing (unit and integration), Debugging, and Error handling <— CURRENT ARTICLE
Welcome back to the Flask-Tracking development series! For those of you who are just joining us, we are implementing a web analytics application that conforms to this napkin specification. For all those of you following along at home, you may check out today's code with-
-or you may download it from the releases page on Github. Those of you who are just joining us may wish to read a note on the repository structure as well.
In the previous segment we added user accounts to our application. This week we'll work on implementing a testing framework, talk a bit about why testing is important and then write some tests for our application. After, we'll talk a bit about debugging errors in our application and logging.
Why Testing
Before we actually write any of our tests lets talk about why testing is important. If you remember the Zen of Python from Part 1, you may have noticed that "Simple is better than complex" is right above "Complex is better than complicated". Simple is the ideal, complex is often a reality. Web applications, in particular, have many moving parts, and can very quickly move from simple to complex.
As the complexity of our application grows we want to ensure that the various moving parts we create continue to work together in a harmonious fashion. We don't want to change the signature of a utility function that breaks a seemingly unrelated feature in production. Moreover, we want to ensure that our changes still preserve correct (not simply valid) functionality. A method that always returns the same
datetime instance is valid and correct twice a day, but valid and incorrect all the rest of the time.
Tests are a great debugging aid. Writing a test that produces the invalid behavior we are seeing helps us look at our code from a different perspective. In addition, once we have the test passing we have ensured that we will not re-introduce this bug again (at least in that particular way).
Tests are also an excellent source of documentation. Since they have to deal with expected inputs and outputs reading a test suite will clarify what the code under test is expected to do. This will illuminate unclear segments of the documentation that we have written (or in simple cases, even substitute for it).
Finally, tests can be a wonderful exploratory aid – sketching out how we want to interact with our code before we write it reveals simpler APIs, and helps us paper over the internal complexity of a domain. "Test Driven Development" is the ultimate commitment to this process. In TDD we first write tests to cover our code's functionality and only then do we write that code.
Tests will make it obvious:
- When code isn't working,
- What code is broken, and
- Why we wrote this code in the first place.
Every time we go to add a feature to our application, fix a bug or change some code we should make sure our code is adequately covered by tests and that the tests all pass after we're done.
- Add tests to cover the basic functionality of your code.
- Add tests to cover as many corner/edge cases of your code that you can think of.
- Add tests to cover the corner/edge cases you didn't think of after you go back and fix them.
- Remind your coding peers to adequately test their code.
- Bug people about code that doesn't pass tests.
Do Not:
- Commit code without tests.
- Commit code that doesn't pass or breaks tests.
- Change your tests so your code passes without fixing the problem.
Now that we've worked out why testing is so important lets start writing some tests for our application.
Setting up
Each chunk of functionality needs to have tests. To do this in a neat and concise way each package will get a
tests.py module in it. This way we know where the tests for each package are and that they're contained in the package if we ever need to break it out of our application.
We'll use
Flask-Testing extension because it has a bunch of useful testing features that we'd be setting up anyways. Go ahead and add
Flask-Testing==0.4 to the bottom of
requirements.txt then run
pip install -r requirements.txt.
Flask-Testing eliminates almost all of the boilerplate of setting up Flask for unit testing. The little bit that remains we will place in a new module
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This test case doesn't do anything spectacular – it just configures the application with our test configuration, creates all of our tables at the start of every test and deletes all of our tables at the end of every test. This way every test case starts out with a clean slate and we can spend more time writing tests and less time debugging our test cases. Since every test case will inherit from our new
BaseTestCase() class we will avoid copying and pasting this configuration into every package we create for our application.
One additional thing we have done is modularize our configurations. The original
config.py module supported only one configuration – we can update that to allow for differences between environments. As a reminder, this is what
config.py looked like in Part 2:
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It looks almost the same now – we simply created a class that holds all of these configuration values:
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which we can then inherit from:
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This way settings that are common to all environments can be easily shared, and we can easily override what we need to in our environment specific configurations. (This pattern comes directly from Flask's excellent documentation.)
We are using an in-memory SQLite database for our tests to ensure that our tests execute as quickly as possible. We want to enjoy running our tests, and we can only do that if they execute in a reasonable amount of time. If we really need access to the result of the test run we can override the
:memory: setting with the calculated path to
tests.db. (That's the commented out
+ join(_cwd, 'testing.db') in our
We have also added a
HASH_ROUNDS key to our configuration to control how many times a user's password should be hashed before it is stored. We can change
_hash_password method to use this key:
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This ensures that our unit tests will run quickly – otherwise, every time we need to create or log in a user we will have to wait for 100,000 rounds of sha512 to complete before we can continue our test.
Finally, we will need to update our
app.from_object call in
flask_tracking/__init__.py. Before, we were loading the config using
app.from_object('config'). Now that we have two configurations in our config module we will want to change that to
Now we are ready to test our application.
The Tests
We'll start with the
users package.
From last time we know that the
users package is responsible for:
- Registration,
- Logging in, and
- Logging out.
So we need to write tests that cover users signing up, users logging in and then users logging out. Let's start with a simple case – an existing user attempting to log in:
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Since every test case starts out with a completely clean database we have to create an existing user first. We can then submit the same request that our user (Joe) would submit if he were trying to log in. We want to ensure that if Joe logs in successfully, he will be redirected back to the home page.
We can run our tests with the
unittest test runner, which comes built-in with Python. Run the following command from the root of the project:
That results in the following output:
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Hurray! We now have a passing test! Let's also test that our integration with Flask-Login is working.
current_user should be Joe, so we should be able to do the following:
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However, if we were to try this we would get the following error:
current_user needs to be accessed within the context of a request (it is a thread-local object, just like
flask.request). When
self.client.post completes the request and every thread-local object is torn down. We need to preserve the request context so we can test our integration with Flask-Login. Fortunately,
test_client is a context manager, which means that we can use it in a
with statement and it will keep the context around as long as we need it:
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Now, when we run our test again, we pass!
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Let's ensure that when Joe is logged in, he can log out:
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Once again, we create Joe (remember, the database is reset at the end of every test). Then we log him in (which we know works because our first test is passing). Finally, we log him out by requesting the logout page via
self.client.get(url_for("users.logout")) and ensure that the user we have is once again anonymous. Run the tests again and bask in the satisfaction of having two passing tests.
A couple of other things that we will want to check:
- Can a user register and then log into the application?
- When a user logs out, do they get redirected back to the index page?
These tests are available in the
flask-tracking repository, should you want to review them. Since they are similar to what we have already written, we will skip them here.
Mocks and Integration Tests
There is one part of our application though, which is a little different from the rest – our
add_visit endpoint in the
tracking package not only interacts with the database and the user – it also interacts with the third-party service Free GeoIP. As this is a potential source of breakage, we will want to test it thoroughly. Since Free GeoIP is a third party service (which we might not always have access to) it also gives us a good opportunity to talk about the difference between unit and integration tests.
Unit vs. Integration Tests
Everything that we have written so far has fallen under the heading of a unit test. A unit test is a test of the smallest possible piece of functionality of our code – a test of an indivisible section of code (generally a function or method).
Integration tests, on the other hand, test our application at its boundaries – does our application interact correctly with this other application (which may well be something we have written)? Testing that our application properly calls and interacts with Free GeoIP is an integration test. These sorts of tests are very important, as they let us know that the features that we are depending on still work the way we expect them to. (Yes, that doesn't help us if Free GeoIP changes its contract (API), or goes down completely, while we are running our application in production but that is what logging is for – which we will cover a little later on.)
However, the issue with integration tests is that they are often more than an order of magnitude slower than unit tests. A large number of integration tests can slow down our test suite to the point where it takes more than a minute to run – once it crosses that boundary, our test suite starts to be a hindrance rather than an assistant. Taking the time to run our tests now breaks our flow of concentration, rather than simply verifying that we are on the right track. Also, in the case of distributed services like Free GeoIP, it means we cannot actually run our test suite if we are offline or if Free GeoIP is down.
This leaves us in a fine quandary – on the one hand, integration tests are very important, and on the other hand, running integration tests is likely to break our work flow.
The solution is simple – we can create a bare-bones local implementation of the service we are calling (which is called a mock in testing parlance) and run our unit tests using this mock. We can separate out our integration tests into a separate file and run those before we commit changes to our code. That way, we get the speed of good unit tests and retain the certainty that integration tests provide.
Mocking Free GeoIP
If you remember from Part 2 we added a
geodata module to our
tracking package which implemented a single function
get_geodata. We use this function in our
tracking.add_visit view:
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What we want to do in our unit test is ensure that when
get_geodata works as expected we will properly record the visit in the database. However, we don't want to call Free GeoIP (otherwise, our test will be slow in comparison to our other tests and we will not be able to run the tests when offline.) We need to replace
get_geodata with another function (a mock).
First, let's install a mocking library to make this easier. Add
mock==1.0.1 to requirements.txt and
pip install -r requirements.txt again. (If you are using Python 3.3 or greater, you already have mock installed as
Now we can write our unit test:
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Don't worry – the pain of testing these sorts of integrations is mitigated by the fact that you generally have fewer of them in your application than you have units of code. Let's walk through this code section by section and break it down into digestible chunks.
Set up the test data and mocks
First, we set up a user and a site since the database is empty at the start of every test:
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Then, we create a mock function, and specify that it should return a dictionary containing the coordinates for Los Angeles every time it is called (we could have simply created a simple function that always returned the dictionary, but mock also provides the
patch.* context managers, which are extremely useful, so we'll go the whole nine yards with the library):
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Finally, we set up the URL that we are going to visit and the parts of the WSGI environment that we need for
tracking.add_visit to work (which, in this case is just the IP address of our fake end user's visitor and the URL they supposedly came from):
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Patch the mock into our tracking module
We explicitly imported the
flask_tracking.tracking.views module into our
tests module with:
Now we patch that module's
get_views name to point to our
mock_geodata object rather than the
flask_tracking.tracking.geodata.get_geodata function:
By using
patch.object as a context manager, we ensure that after we exit this
with block
flask_tracking.tracking.views.get_geodata will once again point to
flask_tracking.tracking.geodata.get_geodata. We could also have used
patch.object as a decorator:
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or even a class decorator:
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The only difference is the scope of the patch. The function decorator version ensures that as long as we are inside the
test_visitors_location_is_derived_from_ip function
get_geodata points at our mock, while the class decorator version ensures that every function that starts with
test inside of
TrackingViewsTests will see the mocked version of
Personally, I prefer to keep the scope of my mocks as limited as possible. It helps ensure that I keep my testing scope in mind, and saves me from surprises where I was expecting to have access to the real object and have to de-patch it.
Run the test
Having set up everything we need we can now make our request:
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We provide our controller with the viewer's IP address through the
wsgi_environment dictionary we created (
wsgi_environment = {'REMOTE_ADDR': '188.8.131.52'}). Flask's test client is an instance of Werkzeug's test client – which supports all of the arguments that you can pass to
Assert that everything worked
Finally, we fetch all of the visits from the
tracking_visit table:
and verify that:
- We used the user's IP address to lookup his geodata:
- The request only generated one visit:
- The location data was properly persisted:
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When we run
python -m unittest discover we get the following output:
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Ah, a failure! Apparently, we are not mapping location properly, as the
Visit's location is not being persisted in the database. Checking our view code reveals that we are indeed setting
location when we construct our
VisitForm … but that we do not actually have a
location field set up for our
VisitForm! Good thing we caught that before we went live! (This duplication of fields causes problems, and should suggest something to you all – when it does I suggest you take a look at
Once we add
latitude, and
longitude fields to our
VisitForm we should be able to run our tests and get:
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And that completes our first test with mocks.
Our unit tests are very useful – but what happens when we try to test something and the test code does not do what we expect it to do? Or even worse, when a user calls us up and complains that he has encountered an error? If it is a system-wide problem, running our unit tests might reveal the issue … but that could only happen if we checked in and deployed code without running our tests (and we would never do that, now would we?)
Assume that we always run our tests before committing and deploying, then our unit tests cannot help us when something breaks in production. Instead, we will need to ask the user to provided us with a complete example, so that we can debug it locally.
Let's say that we engaged in a little bit of refactoring of our login form-
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-and when we push it to production our first user sends us an email to let us know that he mis-typed his password and was still logged into the system. We verify that this is the case on our live site. Woah, Nelly, that is not at all acceptable! So we quickly take down the login page and replace it with a message saying we are down for maintenance and we'll be back as soon as possible (Rule #0 of SaaS – always treat your customers the way you would want to be treated).
Looking at it locally, we don't see any reason that users should be able to log in without a password. However, we haven't written any tests to test that a mis-typed password is rejected with an error message, so we can't be 100% sure that this isn't an error in our code. So let's write a test case and see what happens:
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Running the tests results in a failure:
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Okay, so we can reproduce it locally. And we have a test case to yell at us until we fix the problem. Good. We're on our way!
There are several ways we could debug the problem:
- We could scatter
- We could generate intentional errors in our code and look at the existing environment using Flask's built-in debugger.
- We could step through the code using a debugger.
We'll use all three techniques. First, let's add a simple
app.users.models.LoginForm#validate_login method:
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When we run our tests again we do not see the "Validating login" message at all. That tells us that our method is not being called. Let's add an intentional error to our view and make use of Flask's internal debugger to verify the state of the world. First, we'll create a new configuration for debugging:
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Then we will update
flask_tracking.__init__ to use the new debug configuration:
And finally, we will add a Arithmetic error to our
login_view method:
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Now, if we run:
And navigate to the login page we will see a nice traceback. Clicking on the shell icon on the right of the last line of the traceback (
1 / 0) will get us an interactive REPL that we can use to test our function:
This results in:
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So now we know that our validation function works – it simply is not being called. Let's remove that division by zero error from our login view and replace it with a call to the Python debugger
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Now, when we run our tests again we get a debugger:
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We can step into the
validate_on_submit method by typing "s" for "step", and step over calls we are not interested in with "n" for "next" (a full introduction to PDB is beyond the scope of this tutorial – for more information on PDB see it's documentation or type "h" while inside of
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I won't walk you through the whole debugging session, but needless to say, the issue was with our code. WTForms allows for inline validators in the form
validate_[fieldname]. Our
validate_login method is never called because we don't have a field named
login in our form. Let's remove the
set_trace call from our controller and rename our
flask_tracking.users.forms.LoginForm.validate_login method back to
LoginForm.validate_password so that WTForms will pick it up as an inline validator for our
password field. This ensures that it only gets called after both the name and password fields have been validated to contain user-supplied data.
Now, when we run our unit tests again, they should pass. Testing locally reveals that we did indeed fix the issue. We can now safely deploy and take down our maintenance message.
Error Handling
As we have discovered, a test suite does not guarantee that we will have no bugs in our application. It is possible for users to still come across errors in production. For example, if we simply blindly accessed
request.args['some_optional_key'] in one of our controllers and we only wrote tests with that optional key set in the request, the end user would get a
400 Bad Request response from Flask by default. We want to show a helpful error message to the user in such cases. We also want to avoid showing the users unbranded or out-of-date pages without much help on where to go, or what to do next.
We can register error handlers with Flask to explicitly handle these sorts of issues. Let's register one for the most common error – a mis-typed or no-longer existing link:
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We may want to explicitly handle other kinds of errors as well, such as the 400 Bad Request errors that Flask generates for missing keys and the 500 Internal Server errors that are generated for uncaught exceptions:
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In addition to the HTTP errors that we might have to deal with, Flask also allows us to display different error pages when an uncaught exception bubbles up to its level. For now, let's just register a generic error handler for all uncaught exceptions (but later we may want to register specific ones for more-common error conditions that we cannot do anything about):
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Now all the most common cases of errors should be handled gracefully by our application.
However, we can do even better – let's ensure that every error is nicely styled we could register the same error handler for every possible error condition:
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This ensures that all the HTTP error conditions that Flask knows how to handle (4XX and 5XX level errors) have the
error_handler function registered as their handler. Coupled with a
app.register_error_handler(Exception, error_handler), this will cover almost every error that our application might throw. (There are a few exceptions, such as
SystemExit that will not be caught this way and C-level segfaults or OS-level events will obviously not be caught and handled in this way, but those sorts of catastrophic events should be act-of-God occasions, not something that our application needs to be prepared to handle on a semi-regular basis).
Finally, let's talk about logging. Users will not always have enough time to reach out to us with a fully fleshed-out bug report (not to mention, bad actors will be actively looking for ways to take advantage of us.) We need a way to ensure that we can look back in time and see what happened and when.
Fortunately, both Python and Flask have logging capabilities, so we do not need to re-invent the wheel here either. A standard Python
logging logger is available on the Flask object at
The first place where we could use some logging is in our error handlers. We don't need to log 404s as the proxy server will do that for us if we set it up right, but we will want to log the reasons for our other exceptions (400, 500 and Exception). Let's go ahead and add some more detailed logging to those handlers. Since we are doing using the same handler for all our errors, this is easy:
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Python's documentation on the logging module has a good breakdown of the various available logging levels and what they are most appropriate for.
For those times when we don't have access to the
app (say, inside of our
view modules) we can use the thread-local
current_app in the exact same way as we would use
app. For an example, let's also add a bit of logging to our login and logout handlers:
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This code nicely demonstrates an issue we can run into with logging – having too much of it can be as bad as having too little. In this case, we have as much debugging code as we have application code, and it is difficult to follow the flow of the code any more. We'll go ahead and remove this particular logging code, as it doesn't add anything above and beyond what we would see in our proxy server's access logs.
If we needed to log the entry and exit of each controller, we could add handlers for
app.before_request and
app.teardown_request. Just for fun, here's how we might log every access to our application:
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If we run our application in debug mode and access our home page then we will see:
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As was said above, in production logging this sort of information would be duplicating the logs that our proxy server (Apache with mod_wsgi, ngnix with uwsgi, etc.) will be generating. We should only do this if we are generating a unique value for each request that we absolutely need to keep track of.
Adding context and formatting to our logs
However, it would be nice to have the context from our
log_entry handler (above) in our exception handlers. Let's go ahead and add a
Filter instance to the logger to provide the url, method, IP address, and user id to all loggers that are interested in them (this is called "contextual logging":
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This filter doesn't actually filter any of our messages – instead, it provides some additional information that we can make use of in our logs. Here's an example of how we might use this filter:
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And here's what a log message might look like:
One thing to note is that the message we pass to
app.logger.[LOGLEVEL] is not expanded with the values in the context. So if we had kept our
before_request log call and changed our before request log call to just be-
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-the format strings will be passed through unaltered. But since we have them in our
Formatter, we can remove them from our individual message, leaving just:
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This is the advantage of contextual logging – we can include important information in all our log entries without needing to collect it manually at the site of every log call.
Directing logs to different places
Most of the information we will be logging is not immediately actionable. However, there are certain kinds of errors we want to know about immediately. A rash of 500 errors probably means that something is broken with our application, for example. We cannot stay glued to our logs 24/7 so we need to have severe errors shipped to us.
Fortunately, adding new handlers to our application logger is easy – and since each handler can filter log entries down to only the ones it finds interesting, we can avoid getting deluged by logs, but still get alerts when something breaks horribly.
By way of an example, let's add another handler that will log ERROR and CRITICAL log messages to a special file. This will not give us the alerting we want, but email or SMS setup depends on your host (we'll do such a setup in a later article for Heroku). To whet your appetite see the example of how to log to email in Flask's documentation on logging or these recipes:
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If we use this setup ERROR and CRITICAL log messages will appear both on the console and in the file specified in our configuration.
Wrapping Up
We have covered a great deal in this article.
- Starting out with unit testing, we covered what testing is and why we need it.
- We moved on to writing tests, both with and without mocks.
- We briefly covered three methods of debugging errors locally (
- We covered error handling and ensured that our end users should only see styled error pages.
- Finally, we went over logging setups.
In Part IV we'll do some Test Driven Development to enable our application to accept payments and display simple reports.
In Part V we will write a RESTful JSON API for others to consume.
In Part VI we will cover automating deployments (on Heroku) with Fabric and basic A/B Feature Testing.
Finally, in Part VII we will cover preserving your application for the future with documentation, code coverage and quality metric tools.
As always, the code is available from the repository. Looking forward to continuing this journey with you.


text:
Welcome! You are browsing as a guestWould you like to see 30 projects made from this yarn and much more? create a free account What am I missing?
yarns Morning Bright Organic Merino DK
© Becky Foster
© Becky Foster
This yarn has been replaced with Morning Bright Farm Holistic Merino DK - from the same mill, from humanely raised sheep, and with the same yardage - but even softer!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler. Washington : Government Printing Office, 1941.
|Chap. 126
|Joseph Gayton. Payment to rightful heir of.
|Chap. 126
|Provisos. Credit of deposit.
|Chap. 126
|Attorney's fees.
|Chap. 126
|Credit to estate, if heir not alive.
Page 454
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Represenutatives 1 of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the Secretary of the Treasury be, and he is hereby, authorized and directed to pay, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to Jean Marcella Mentz Gayton (now Wicks), the rightful heir of Joseph Gayton, deceased Sioux allottee numbered 1724 of the Standing Rock Agency in North Dakota, as determined by the Secretary of the Interior pursuant to existing law, the sum of not to exceed $4,400.25: Provided, That the Secretary of the Interior may deposit the said sum to the credit of the said heir and handle it in the same manner as other individual Indian moneys: Provided further, That not to exceed 5 per centum of this amount shall be paid to any attorney or attorneys, for services rendered in this case: And provided further, That should the person herein named be not living upon the date of the passage of this Act the said sum shall be credited to and become a part of her estate.
Approved, May 15, 1935.


text:
I had a hankering for something saucy BBQ yesterday. When I spied these country style pork strips at the market, good old memories came back to me. I knew these meaty beasts were my ticket to satisfaction.
This cookout was one of them low and slows, and I do mean low and slow-- all day at 225 degrees. 250 only when I reached the foiling phase. I got my heat from the ground chipotle powder I rubbed onto them prior to cookin'. Mopped them a few times with cider vinegar during the smoke, with hickory. Here they go--
At this point it was time to foil for an hour, followed by a generous saucing of KC Masterpiece. Plated them up with good ole mac & cheese, green beans, and BBQ tater chips for that extra punch. I was one happy camper.
Here is a cross sectional analysis. Now if I could only get dino-spares this meaty!


text:
On Fri, Jul 16, 2010 at 5:56 PM, Steve Yates <steve at teamits dot com> wrote:
> OK, will try then when we get things settled. We weren't using NAT at all before (other
than the LAN interface having an IP but not being connected) so thought it was just a simple reboot
to upgrade. In fact the docs say it's not necessary:
> "Therefore, if you are using public IP addresses on any of the interfaces behind your m0n0wall
(with the exception of bridged interfaces) you need to change m0n0wall's default NAT behavior by
enabling advanced outbound NAT."
It doesn't say that anymore. ;) That used to be true, isn't anymore. I
just updated it.


text:
|Read Dmitri Nabokov's impressions of Pia Pera's Lo's Diary
Read Phil Martin on last year's film-version of Lolita
From Chapter 11
A good chance to put on lipstick. I choose the color myself I certainly don't go and ask what his favorite is. Dear Hummie, which color seems most exciting to you? That's what the attentive hen would have said, and he would have responded: Dear Isabel, I am past the age where the color of lipstick can arouse me, I am an old scholar of French literature and what little ardor remains to me is devoted to prewar France that's more or less his line of defense when he scents danger.
When Mom paints her lips, she draws an outline with a pencil first, very carefully puts on the lipstick, and then starts wandering around the house: her lips look like they were cut out of cardboard, like they're detached from the rest of her body, and it's like what she's doing is impersonating "the lady with painted lips" which usually goes along with "the lady with painted nails," waving her hands in the air so the polish will dry, and also "the lady with her hair in curlers," who with her freshly polished nails and her painted lips stuck out like a fish goes around the house like a kind of walking prayer: want me, want me, want me.
I do it all the opposite: I put on the lipstick almost carefully, I say almost, and not completely, on purpose, because the guy's eyes should be hooked by uncertainty: was it put on well or badly? Does it need touching up or not? So his thoughts go around in circles until he forgets the original reason for his curiosity and is simply lost in contemplation of the mouth, the blinding-white teeth, the pink tongue darting between the teeth, redder than the lipstick, until without meaning to he gets closer and closer, and suddenly he's stunned by the blood-hot breath, and doesn't have the strength to pull back . . . That's how it's done. What possible interest can Mom's lips, so precisely painted they look like plywood, ever have had?
My lips are almost impeccably painted: they're like a piece stripped off me, a tiny lip muscle bared, red blood just veiled by skin too fine to hide the flesh, so in reality two pairs of lips can be seen, superimposed, almost superimposed . . . a dizzying out-of-focus effect. But lipstick by itself isn't enough: the attack has to come from several directions, otherwise the defense can concentrate on a single point. So a red apple, red plus red, two red spheres in perpetual motion. The principle of hypnosis. Anyway, the apple is essential. How come these hens don't get it? They go to church year after year, they read the Bible, or at least they keep it on their bedside table, and then they forget how the first seduction of the first man occurred? With an apple, that's how. No man can resist a woman who has an apple in her hand, it's theological. A woman with an apple in her hand is the first woman, the only woman in the world, and he's the first man he stumbles on love and he can't shake it, never ever ever. This isn't in Nora's book; the truth is, a lot of stuff isn't in it. I'll write a new one someday. Anyway, armed with my two red patches, lips and apple, and wearing my dress with dark and light pink checks, I go and sit on the sofa next to Hummie, who, poor guy, tries not to notice me for a while. And I seem to be there for reasons of my own, having nothing to do with him. Then I get tired, and start throwing the apple up in the air and catching it, concentrating so it's like I'm not even aware of Hummie sitting there next to me. The apple flies in the air, and I catch it with a thud, skin against peel. Finally he grabs it out of my hand, and I yell at him to give it back. Give it back right now, I yell, hurling myself at him. The action begins! Battle! I grab the apple, I am more alert than he is, stronger and a hundred times more agile. I bite it, and it's like breaking a jar containing a love potion the air is pierced with fragrance. Acidic apple and blood-sweet mouth warmth. But since I can't give him time to be aware of the main frontal attack I take his hand off the magazine (diversionary tactic), and while I'm looking around for something or other for him to look at to see better I stretch across him the smell of me stuns him completely. I find a dumb but funny photograph of a naked lady, in marble, so then Hummie, who seems stupid yet very happy to stay in the game, throws the magazine aside. With new protests, I fling myself away to get it back, but he holds on to me, trying to think up something, anything, just to keep my sunburned legs from escaping. It's obvious with every move of the struggle that he's trying to position them against him, and on his lap, under the silk bathrobe that's as if it weren't there, he's all on edge. His cheeks are fiery, he mutters a pile of nonsense so that I'll stay, he wants me there, whatever the cost. He'd have a heart attack if I were to give in right now. He even starts humming my favorite song, without ever getting to the end all this so he can keep rubbing against my legs. I feel it swelling, like a trunk. He goes on singing, endlessly, now slow, now fast, very fast, then he turns red and, fighting for breath, mangles the words. It's a waste of time to try and correct him by singing along by now he's out of time, in the sense that he's all mine. He looks at me as if he hoped to keep me there forever, comes closer and closer but doesn't dare. Then, so he can touch me right at the edge of my underpants, he remembers the bruise I got when I stumbled against the chest of drawers: another hypocritical trick, like the day he stuck his tongue in my eye. But what can you do except put up with these cowards who want to act refined. I just wish I could get him to be a little less dishonest. So he hunts for the bruise, making tremendous faces so that I won't guess how excited he is, while he goes on rubbing my knees against him. I'm all hot inside, I'd like to hug him and kiss him without all these pretenses, but I'm going to put it off; for now I pretend nothing's happening, and go on biting my apple. With every bite I get under his nose the smell of acid apple is stronger and stronger, and at every crunch he rocks more quickly, throwing his head back as if he's on a swing, and then tries to act normal so I can't tell how excited he is. Finally only the core is left. I feel sorry for him, for not being able to just take what he so desperately wants to hold me tight against him, crush me so I throw the core in the fireplace and end up right on top of him, against that hard little stick, and then I start humming along with him again. We're hand in hand, our arms coming close and then moving apart; I fling my head back, and for a second feel his mouth on my throat. I press against him, until he holds me still, interrupts the nursery rhyme, and, all trembling, forgets to keep pretending. I feel weird, too, I relax, and something goes by without me really seeing it, a whir of soft wings, it disappears in an instant and we sit there looking at each other, all red, not knowing what to do. I'd like to curl up and wrap myself in his arms. It would be nice but he's scared; I'll put off the courage lesson till another time you can't insist on everything right away. Luckily the telephone rings, and I run away to answer it. He takes advantage of this to get up and go to the bathroom and when he finally comes out I'm in the garden. He looks around confused and satisfied, maybe he hasn't yet realized what happened to him: that I seduced him. That now he's mine.
This excerpt from Lo's Diary was brought to you in conjunction with Foxrock Press. For more from Lo's Diary, as well
as articles relating to the publication of the original Lolita,
check out the Evergreen Review.


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Family Day at Montebello!
I am very excited to say that I am going on a vacation! And by vacation, I mean one day and one night at Le Chateau Montebello in Quebec, but I'll take it.
My husband is not much of a traveler. The only trip we've ever taken together was a few days on a road trip to Boston (but I came home with an engagement ring, so no complaints!). My sister-in-law, Cath, however, is from England and loves to travel and go on family vacations. Jon's brother Jay is much more willing to get on a plane than Jon – he found his English wife in Australia of all places. So, when they suggested we all have a little mini-getaway together, I jumped at the chance. And, surprisingly, so did Jon. My notorious homebody even started excitedly telling his friends about our plans.
Once we were on board, it didn't take much to convince my in-laws to join us and their four grandchildren. I am looking forward to having some good old fashioned fun and spending some extended time with my nieces and nephew.
But on the other hand, I am a little afraid. I know of folks that took their babies to Jamaica and across Canada on planes, so one would think I wouldn't be too nervous about an overnight one province over with a child that is relatively well-behaved, but I am. What happens if Mary has a meltdown at dinner? What happens if she won't sleep at night? Will I actually have a good time with a toddler in tow or is this going to derail into Griswold family vacation territory?
But with our rooms booked, and vacation time requested, there's no turning back now and I wouldn't want to. No matter what happens, there will be some memories made.
Have you ever taken any vacations with extended family? Any tips and tricks to keep a toddler happy outside her normal routine?
Category: Babies & Toddlers, Dads, Family, Living, Moms, Travel
About the Author (Author Profile)Samantha lives in Stittsville with her husband, Jon, and their daughter, Mary. Samantha works full-time for the federal government and also enjoys writing part-time, including as a writer for Ottawa Parenting Times Magazine. Feel free to check out her website – samanthaball.ca and follow her on Twitter @I_Tell_Stories Author's website.
Comments (11)
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I wish we could take more little family getaways. There are so many incredible places to see that are local or only a few hours away! We spent a fancy-shmancy day at Chateau Montebello once for a summer family event from my husband's old job. It was great and I would love to do it again!
Be prepared with lots of distractions! Before traveling, we hide some toys for awhile so they seem more novel when they show up while we're traveling, or hit up the dollar store for some small new toys.
Have fun! 🙂
* stopping by from SITS
I so want my little to see the snow, we are going on vacation next month and I hope they have a little snow for him to play with.
What a fun mini-getaway! I have no tips to share, but I am sure everything will go well!
We are going next week for a family day/night at Montebello! So looking forward to it!
I would love to bring my family to montebello. Maybe for Easter. I love that they have planned activities.
Hope it you have a great giveaway! We don't get to travel as much as we would like since we never seem to have the extra money in the budget, so staycations are big for us!
Hi Everyone,
Thanks for your comments 🙂
I did bring a few things for Mary to play with at Montebello, but she was having so much fun running off with her cousins, she didn't really need me to entertain her.
One thing I found really interesting was that they have a children's play area near the arcade downstairs that was free. Mary loved it.
Between playing in their free playroom, free skating and swimming and playing in the park outside, we didn't even need to pay for any activities.
I was really happy with our trip to Montebello – it was very family friendly and the staff were very helpful. They even brought me a small toddler sized robe for Mary who went several times to the pool.
For dinner – the price in the pub was right. We ate "fancy pub" style food for regular restaurant prices. About 18$ for my meal. They had a kids buffet that Mary and all the cousins (ages 7-11) loved. At about $15, I thought it was a bit expensive, but the kids liked going back for more and more. So they were happy.
Judy – This was our first "trip" in a long time. We didn't get a deal on our room, but for a real feeling of a vacation, I didn't mind spending about $250 total. We arrived at Montebello in the AM on Sunday and although we left Monday AM, they stayed on and did more activities.
We saved in costs by packing food for lunch, breakfast, snacks. Our only expenses were the room cost and dinner. I do know that Montebello has specials on at different times.
I'll definitely be going back 🙂
So happy to hear that your trip was a success. My husband and I hope to spend the night in downtown Ottawa soon and see the city from different eyes. Only minus the kids 🙂
Besos, Sarah
Blogger at Journeys of The Zoo
Awe,its so nice to get tat little get-away brings you back refreshed
I hope your mini getaway was great.My husband is like yours he won't go away for anything. So I've always traveled with my mother and I wouldn't have it any other way because we always have a great time.


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Would you like to save as your currency permanently or for this visit only?
The comfortable leather chairs, the beds, the decor and the bathroom. The size was spacious and three of us could have coffee at the table nearest the window. There was a microwave but not a sink. It was a nuisance sluicing crockery in the bathroom for re-use and culturally inappropriate. I couldn't get wireless broadband there and hadn't thought to bring a cable as I've never needed to do that before.
Location, helpful and friendly staff, modern rooms with good sound proofing. There is a train track pretty close which may annoy some. And I do prefer showers which are not open. i.e. They have a door to keep water more contained.
Friendliness of staff - cleanliness and comfort of rooms. Overall, was a great place to stay overnight on our journey. Close to all the places we wanted to go. Would stay again. Basically the enclosed bathroom was the only thing that could do with some improving, Needs a window.
Good facilities, close to city.
Comfortable, natural light and beautiful pine interior. The Riverside Studio room is at the back, backing onto greenery, and quiet. It backs onto the railway line but we only heard one train at about 11pm.
Warm welcome abd great accommodation
The wifi didn't work at all. The room was outdated.Doesn't worth the price.
Location No wifi, barking dog, stained sheets, poor shower drainage, disconnected fire alarm, wires everywhere, appeared to be a fire hazard. Poor heating system. Carpet from circa 1970. Very disappointed. We would of left but had no other place to go.


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Dear Friends,
Since the very first Earth Day back in 1970, we have marked April 22nd as a day to celebrate the importance of our natural environment, and to rededicate ourselves to ensuring clean air and water, open spaces, and green, healthy communities.Similarly, Arbor Day, which falls on Friday April 25th, was established in 1872 as a way to encourage farmers and homesteaders to plant trees that would provide shade, shelter, food, fuel and beauty to the nation's open spaces. In 1907, former New York Governor and U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt issued an "An Arbor Day Proclamation to the School Children of the United States" highlighting the importance of forestry and trees to our nation's well-being.And I am pleased to report that both Earth Day 2014 and Arbor Day 2014 come just a few weeks after the enactment of a new State Budget that reflects my strong commitment to protecting and enhancing New York's natural resources. The new 2014-15 State Budget makes major new investments in important environmental initiatives that will benefit communities throughout the entire State. For example:
- It includes $162 million for New York's vital Environmental Protection Fund (EPF), a major increase of $9 million. This EPF funding will be used to support a wide array of essential projects that help protect open spaces and ensure clean air and water for millions of New Yorkers.
- It delivers an additional $92.5 million in critical funding for improvements to parks and historic sites — helping to improve the quality of life in communities across the State.
- It also includes $40 million in "NY Works" funding for additional environmental infrastructure improvements in areas such as flood control, clean-ups and restoration projects.
Healthy families and healthy communities depend on clean air, clean water and the quality of our natural environment, and these major new investments are an important step in the right direction.
On Earth day, Arbor Day, and every day, let's keep making our environment a top priority.
Senator Mark Grisanti


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Essential Items No Guitarist Should Leave Home Without
Ever been to a club with a live band, and halfway through the first set something breaks down on the guitarist or bass player's rig – sometimes something as simple as a string breaking – sending the player into a tailspin? I once saw a show on the Sunset Strip (think "pay to play") where the guitar player didn't bring a backup anything, and upon breaking a string during the first song he spent three quarters of the remainder of their pricey 30-minute set trying to get his guitar re-strung and back in tune. It was painful – and he was paying for it, in more ways than one! Needless to say after that night I never saw that band (or guitarist) anywhere, ever again. Even worse if something like that happened at a gig where you were getting paid to play during a predetermined time-frame. Club owners, event organizers, promoters and the like tend to get really offended when they're paying you to play but you're working on your gear instead!
But aside from a backup instrument, there are a small but essential list of items you should always have on hand to make sure you're equipped to handle on a moment's notice those little mishaps that can tank a less-prepared player's evening and possibly the entire gig.
I've been accused of showing up "over-prepared" for gigs, but in my experience there's really no such thing. Some of these items are commons sense IMO, but amazingly I've seen more than one player at a club that showed up unprepared, and catastrophe usually ensues. Don't be that guy! Here's the bare essentials for getting through a 3 or 4 set gig:
- Extra sets of strings – this one – like a lot of them – is a no-brainer, but people forget all the time. Even if you (as I do) change your strings prior to every gig, accidents can happen. Bring spares. Lots of them. Of course, this means you'll also need to have –
- Peg winders, wire cutters, and a tuner, so you can dial things back in quickly. In addition to the tuner pedal on my board, lately I've been carrying a Peterson SC-1 strobo-clip.
- Wrenches and screwdrivers – I've been to gigs where the guitar player has a Floyd Rose and doesn't remember to bring at minimum his 3mm wrench. String stretches beyond the range of the fine-tuners or breaks, he stands there helpless and looking like a dummy…epic fail. Again, don't be that guy! Screwdrivers are invaluable in case some part loosens mid-gig, like your guitar's volume knob.
- A flashlight – club stages are usually darkened for "ambiance". Ever try to find a small bit of black hardware on a darkened stage without a flashlight? I don't know about you, but personally I don't want to have to!
- Spare cabling – Even high-end instrument cables occasionally short out. Carry spares for your pedals, at least one longer instrument cable, and a spare speaker cable if you use cabinets with your amp. Speaking of pedals, if you're not using a dedicated power supply, be SURE you have…
- Spare batteries! 9 volt, AAA, watch-size (if that's what your tuner takes) – a back up for anything that could fail mid-gig is the rule. Change them prior to the gig if possible.
You obviously can't prepare for every contingency – I used to carry a soldering iron, solder and a wiring kit too but I can only think of one time I had to use it in so many years, so that may be overkill. But the better equipped you are for the little bumps in the road the smoother everything will go in the long run. You'll look more like a pro in the event something does go wrong too, and club owners will see how well prepared you were to deal with it quickly. They probably won't be anything less than impressed at your professionalism. And at the very least they will know for future reference you're reliable if nothing else, which may get you a repeat booking. Repeat bookings = regular gigs. which is never a bad thing!
I used to carry an Anvil-style briefcase filled with these items to every tech or cover gig, but recently manufacturers like Cruz Tools have come out with portable tool kits (for both guitarists and bassists) that are far smaller and more lightweight. They even have extra pouches for strings and picks, too coo. The compact yet fully stocked packaging totally reduces the space requirements a collection of tools like this takes up in what you have to lug to the gig, making a musician/tech's life way easier. Lately I've taken to carrying this kit, a Tremolo Spring Installer/Puller (which fits in with the mini-ruler compartment), a couple of extra mini-screwdrivers (that also fit in the pouch) and my clip-on tuner instead of the briefcase, and I love it. Way less to carry, and yet you're still nearly fully prepared for any little goof-ups that may occur.
That's the great thing – these days one can absolutely pull off 90% of your average gig duties with one of those small but well-stocked kits, spare strings, a clip-on tuner like the Peterson or a Snark tuner just for a couple of examples. Your cables and backup batteries (if needed) can go in the pouch in your guitar's gig bag or case. Don't like gig bags? Get a gym bag or backpack to carry along, whatever you're into. You're still probably not going to be able to rebuild your amp on the spot, but you'll be well-prepared for the average run-of-the-mill gig mishap. What more would you need to pull off a flawless gig?


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Double Bookshelf Wall Mount Pot Rack - Wall Pot Racks
This pot rack has a huge storage capacity! It is almost 3 Feet Wide! Step aside, cabinets... we've discovered a new way to create great storage in the kitchen! Mount the Double Bookshelf Pot Rack on the wall and use space you never knew you had. This pot rack has a grid on each shelf for maximum hanging possibilities and a 10 inch space between the two shelves providing plenty of room for small accessories. This rack comes in several color combinations, with one finish for the rack and another for the hooks and grid. For example, if you choose White with Brass, you will receive a white pot rack with brass hooks and grid. This pot rack comes complete with six eye hooks, two grid hooks, two grids and complete hanging instructions. Hammered Steel with Chrome Features is shown above.


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Using the above card and aireplay-ng -p0841 command in backtrack 4 final does not increase my packet data. I am doing it clientless and in backtrack 3 final using same command and card works great (also clientless), data packets increase atleast 500pps!!
So my question is can anybody get the aireplay-ng -p0841 command working in BT4 final? and why does it work in BT3 but not BT4?
Has anyone got another way to do this clientless on WEP? Just strange why it works on BT3 final But not on BT4 using same technique and card etc.


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This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
In our previous study, 8-hydroxydaidzein (8-OHDe) was demonstrated to be a potent and unique suicide substrate of mushroom tyrosinase. In this study, the compound was evaluated for
Mammalian skin color is mainly determined by the content of the pigment melanin, which is produced in unique organelles of the neurocrest-derived melanocyte in skin [
Although melanin has mainly a photoprotective function in human skin, the accumulation of an abnormal amount of melanin in different specific parts of the skin resulting in more pigmented patches may become an esthetic problem. The phenomenon has encouraged researchers to seek new potent tyrosinase inhibitors, which inhibit tyrosinase activity and then reduce melanogenesis, for use as the main ingredient in skin-whitening cosmetics. Until now, many tyrosinase inhibitors from natural and synthetic sources have been discovered and reviewed [
In contrast to the huge number of reversible tyrosinase inhibitors that has been identified, irreversible inhibitors of tyrosinase have rarely been found until now [
In our continuing search for new tyrosinase inhibitors, some have been found [
Before the
In addition, the effective concentration of 8-OHDe on inhibition of melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells was not cytotoxic to the cells. This result suggested that the inhibitory effect of 8-OHDe on melanin biosynthesis is not due to its cytotoxicity. To investigate the inhibitory mechanism by 8-OHDe in reducing melanin contents in B16 melanoma cells, we examined the effect of the compound on activity of the key melanogenic enzyme, tyrosinase. We found that the cellular tyrosinase activity in B16 cells was strongly inhibited by 8-OHDe, and only 20.1% residual tyrosinase activity was retained in the treatment of 10 μM (
To evaluate the skin-whitening activity of 8-OHDe in advance, we applied the compound on human skin in an
8-OHDe was purified from soy germ koji fermented with
Mouse B16 melanoma cells (4A5) were obtained from BCRC. The cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum, at 37 °C in a humidified, CO2-controlled (5%) incubator. The cells were seeded at an appropriate cell density in a 6-well plate. After 24 h of incubation, cells were treated with various concentrations of the sample for 48 h in the experiments of cell viability and for 72 h in melanin content and cellular tyrosinase activity assays.
MTT assay was performed to examine the viability of cells. At the end of the drug treatment, the cells were incubated with MTT solution for 4 h, and the optical density of each well was read at 540 nm by a spectrophotometer.
The B16 cells were washed with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) at the end of the drug treatment and dissolved in 1 N NaOH containing 10% DMSO for 1 h at 60 °C. The absorbance at 490 nm was measured, and melanin content was measured using the authentic standard of synthetic melanin (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA).
To measure the tyrosinase activity of the cells, the B16 cells were lysed by incubation at 4 °C for 30 min in lysis buffer (20 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.8, 1% Triton X-100, 1 mM PMSF, 1 mM EDTA) containing protease inhibitors cocktail (Abcam, Cambridge, UK). The lysates were centrifuged at 15,000× g for 10 min to obtain the supernatant as the source of tyrosinase. The reaction mixture contained 20 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6.8, 1.25 mM
The Chromameter CR-200 (Minolta, Osaka, Japan) is a colorimetric instrument containing a Xenon lamp as a light source. In this study, it was used to assess the skin-whitening index of the volunteers. The light reflected perpendicular to the skin is collected by photodetectors with colored filters for a tristimulus color analysis at 450, 560, and 600 nm, using the L*a*b* system, according to the CIE color systems [
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science. Thirty-five female volunteers, aged between 22 and 49 years with normal healthy skin, were included in the study. They were divided into four groups with treatments of placebo (five volunteers), 2% AA2G (five volunteers), 2% 8-OHDe (10 volunteers), and 4% 8-OHDe (15 volunteers). The investigation was performed in a double-blind and randomized fashion. All measurements were carried out in a climatized room under controlled ambient conditions (room temperature 25 ± 2 °C and relative humidity 45 ± 5%). An acclimatization period of at least 20 min was respected before the start of every measurement session. As an objective measurement of the color of skin, one type of tristimulus reflectance instrument, Chromameter CR-200, was used at each clinical visit. The initial skin-whitening index L*-value was taken from the cheek of each subject before application of the tested substances. The tested substances were then applied twice daily on the outer surface of the skin area of each volunteer. The application continued for 8 weeks, and the skin-whitening index was measured at the same skin area every week. During the measurement, the photoreceivers were placed perpendicularly on the skin with minimal pressure. Each spot was measured three times, and the average of the three measured values was calculated. All the experimental data were expressed as means ± S.D.
8-OHDe strongly inhibits tyrosinase with a unique suicide-inactivating mode. Until now, no tyrosinase suicide substrate has been confirmed to exhibit depigmenting activity either in cell cultures or in human skin. In the present study, 8-OHDe was demonstrated to exert potent inhibition in both melanogenesis and cellular tyrosinase activities in mouse B16 melanoma cells, where the IC50 values of the inhibitions by the compound are 10.54 and 6.17 μM, respectively. The depigmenting activity of 8-OHDe was more than 10-fold higher than a skin-whitening standard, kojic acid, in the cell-culture system. In addition, when a cream containing 4% 8-OHDe was applied on human skin, significant increases in the δL*-values were observed after three weeks. Moreover, the increase in the δL*-values after 8-week treatment with 4% 8-OHDe (from −0.57 to 1.94) is stronger than those of 2% 8-OHDe treatment (from 0.26 to 0.94) and 2% AA2G treatment (from 0.07 to 1.54). From the results of the study, it was concluded that 8-OHDe has depigmenting activities in both mouse melanoma cells and in human volunteers. Thus, the compound is a potential candidate for use in cosmetics as a skin-whitening ingredient.
Chemical structure of 8-OHDe.
Effects of 8-OHDe on cell viability, melanin content, and cellular tyrosinase activity of mouse B16 melanoma cells. The cells were cultured in 6-well plates and incubated with tested agents for 3 d. Cell viability, cellular tyrosinase activity, and melanin content were assayed as described in the Experimental section. Bars represent the means ± S.D. of three independent experiments. Significant differences were determined by Student's
Time course versus δL*-values of different drug treatments. The δL*-value of a drug treatment was calculated from the difference between the mean L*-value of drug-treated volunteers and that of placebo-treated volunteers every week. Bars represent means ± S.D. of data from the total number of volunteers in the tested concentration. Significant differences were determined by Student's


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BA (Hons), LLB (Hons) (ANU), LLM, PhD (Cantab); Solicitor (New South Wales,
contact details:
Tel: +44 (0)20 7679 1546 | internal: x21546
Email: email@example.com
Douglas joined the Faculty of Laws in September 2007, after submitting his doctoral dissertation "Shipping Interdiction and the Law of the Sea" at the University of Cambridge. During his graduate studies Douglas held a British Council Chevening Scholarship and a Gates Cambridge Trust Scholarship.
Douglas had previously worked as a judge's associate in the Federal Court of Australia and as associate to the President of the Australian Administrative Appeals Tribunal. He has also worked as a litigation solicitor in Sydney.
Douglas regularly gives talks on and speaks to the media about law of the sea issues, especially matters relating to high-seas piracy, continental shelf claims and the use of force at sea. He has prepared reports for NGOs and government clients on law of the sea matters, and was appointed in 2009 to prepare a report on treaty-based jurisdiction over pirates for the legal issues working group of the Contact Group on Piracy off Somalia (a grouping of over 100 government and industry lawyers). He remains involved in that working group, and recently acted as Specialist Advisor to the House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee inquiry into Somali piracy.
His articles on the law of piracy for International and Comparative Law Quarterly are among that journal's most downloaded. He has also published on the law of stopping and searching ships at sea, migrant smuggling, theories of liability in international criminal law and the law of naval warfare.
Personal website
Douglas maintains a personal website at: http://ucl.academia.edu/DouglasGuilfoyle/about; a number of his introductory screencasts on public international law and legal writing topics can be viewed at: http://www.youtube.com/djaguilfoyle.
Douglas's main research interests include
the law of the sea;
the international law of jurisdiction;
international and transnational criminal law; and
international law and migrant labour.
the law of the sea;
the international law of jurisdiction;
international and transnational criminal law; and
international law and migrant labour.
Shipping Interdiction and the Law of the Sea (Cambridge University Press, 2009), lv + 374 pp.
Shipping Interdiction and the Law of the Sea (Cambridge University Press, 2009), lv + 374 pp.
Refereed Journals
Chapters in books
Case notes and book reviews
Current Teaching (on leave in 2012-13)
Public Law
Public International Law
Graduate (on leave in 2012-13)
International Criminal Law (course convenor)
International Law of the Sea (course convenor)
PhD Supervision
Douglas Guilfoyle welcomes approaches from prospective doctoral students.
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<23 January, 2014 by
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By Mason W. Canales
Killeen Daily Herald
NOLANVILLE – The City Council picked a new insurance plan for employees Thursday after Scott & White Health System canceled the city's old plan.
The council selected another Scott & White insurance plan that offers all the same benefits as its original plan and added an increased eye-care package for a minimal cost increase to the city, Mayor Carolyn Sterling said.
"We are not taking any of the benefits away for almost the same amount of money," Vicki Brown, city treasurer, told the council.
Sterling and Brown explained to the City Council that Scott & White Insurance stopped offering its previous insurance plan that the city offers to its employees.
"We tried to give them the best package we could," Sterling said as she gave a list of fees that employees may see when they go for a medical visit.
Office visits and preventive visits will be $40, Sterling said. There will be no co-pay for X-ray and lab fees, while emergency room visits will cost $100 and urgent care will cost $75.
The maximum out of pocket that employees will pay under the new plan will be $3,000.
Brown and Sterling wanted to make the medical plan as close to the cost of the city's previous insurance plan, so the city would not have to make large changes to its budget later in the year, they said.
The city also chose a plan in which there was no cost deducted from the employees' paychecks and no yearly deductible.
"Right now the employees most everywhere pay some of their medical themselves," Sterling said. With this plan they will not pay any of their medical insurance premiums, just the co-pays.
"This is a benefit for the employee," Brown said.
The City Council also decided to allow the Texas Department of Transportation to continue to maintain the state roads in Nolanville, such as the Farm-to-Market 439 spur.
Contact Mason W. Canales at firstname.lastname@example.com or call (254) 501-7554


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A fully ducted air conditioning system not only cools and heats your home or business but is also an investment that will add value to your property.
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Copyright © 2014 Breeze (QLD)


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Dropping the outer jib and mainsail, he jogged slowly before the wind under the jumbo, or inner jib.
Then, rushing forward, I laid out on the jib-boom and cast loose the inner jib, which Fonseca and José at once proceeded to hoist.
The sea-breeze has caught our craft; let them run up the inner jib, and see that she does not foul her anchor.'
In cutters, the fifth or sixth size: the inner jib of square-rigged ships.
Then come the "outer jib" and the "inner jib" and the "foretopmast staysail."
We took in the foresail, mainsail, and inner jib, and had now only the topsail and a storm-trysail left.


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Abortion = 1 dead, two wounded. That's even more true, by the way, if the wounded think they are fine.
Post Abortion Walk tells the story…
September 25, 2012 by Mark Shea Leave a Comment
Filed Under: Uncategorized Tagged With: Abortion and related horrors, Doings on Other Blogs Leave a Comment


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Local golf notebook: Statler still at it after all these years
When Marty Statler and his father opened a par-3 golf course more than 60 years ago, it cost 50 cents to play nine holes.
The course is long gone, and the business that is now Statler's Fun Center features miniature golf and a go-kart track.
One thing hasn't changed after all of these years when it comes to Statler. The man affectionately known as "Pappy" can still make his way around a golf course.
Statler recorded his eighth career hole in one recently, and the ace allowed him to shoot his age (81) at Totteridge Golf Club in Greensburg.
Statler has shot his age every year since he turned 68, and that is not his only distinction when it comes to golf.
Statler was a pupil of Deacon Palmer, and the latter helped him earn his PGA teaching professional card not long after Statler's Golf Course first opened. Statler also goes way back with Arnold Palmer, Deacon's son.
"I've known him all of my life," Statler said of Palmer, who won seven majors and did more than any other player to make golf popular. "He's quite a gentleman. He has been all of his life."
Statler plays golf twice a week, and he would get out more if his body permitted. He also stays close to the game by giving lessons at his house, which is near the business that has remained in the family and is still off Route 30 in Greensburg.
Statler is not allowed to get any strokes when he plays golf because of his status as a teaching professional. That can make it difficult when he is out with his son and grandson as they hit short irons into greens that Statler has to reach with a long iron or fairway wood.
"It gets tougher every year," Statler said, "but I still make a few quarters."
Locals look to advance
Rick Stimmel and Oakmont Country Club head professional Bob Ford are among the 69 players who are scheduled to play in a U.S. Open local qualifier Tuesday at Grove City Country Club.
The golfers will try to advance to sectional qualifying, and the top two or three finishers will move within a step of playing in the U.S. Open.
The Open will be played June 13-16 at Merion Golf Club outside of Philadelphia.
Stimmel, a Pittsburgh resident, qualified for the 2000 U.S. Open at Pebble Beach.
Dan Obremski, Dan Konieczny and Kevin Shields advanced from the local qualifier last Thursday at Westmoreland Country Club.
One step from U.S. Women's Open
Rachel Rohanna will try to return to the U.S. Women's Open when she tees it up Wednesday at Butler Country Club.
Rohanna, who played in the 2011 U.S. Women's Open, is among the 40 players who are scheduled to play in a sectional qualifier.
The Waynesburg graduate played at Ohio State and turned professional earlier this year. Fox Chapel graduates Nadia and Katerina Luttner also will play in the 36-hole event at Butler.
Nadia Luttner is on Coastal Carolina's women's golf team. Katerina plays for Ole Miss.
The U.S. Women's Open will be June 27-30 at Sebonack Golf Club in Southampton, N.Y.
Chip shots
Greensburg native Rocco Mediate will be featured on the Golf Channel on Monday night. Mediate will reflect on his life and career on "Feherty," which is hosted by David Feherty. The show starts at 10 p.m. ... Butler Golf Course will start its junior summer golf program June 24. The week-long teaching programs run through July. The cost is $100 for ages 5-8 and $150 for ages 9-16. For information call 412-751-9121.


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Skip the lines and purchase tickets online, and use code "SOCIALBOGO" at checkout to get your second ticket for FREE!
LookSeeDo brings the Cincinnati Art Museum to your classroom! Teachers can choose from a selection of workshops based on their students' grade level and curricular goals. Works of art from the museum's permanent collection are used as points of departure for exploring various subjects and making interdisciplinary connections. Each workshop includes looking at and discussing works of art, in addition to a hands-on art project.
Each program runs for approximately one hour. There is a limit of 30 students per session. Please allow ten minutes before and after each program for set up and clean up. Programs are available for schools within the I-275 loop.
The teacher or other school personnel is required to remain in the classroom throughout the entire LookSeeDo program to handle general classroom management. If the teacher or school personnel does not remain in the classroom during the entire program, the program will not take place and payment will still be expected.
At this time we are not accepting reservations for LookSeeDo until October 2016. We apologize for the inconvenience. To be put on a waiting list, please email [email protected]
LookSeeDo is $100 per program and $50 for each additional session on the same day. A maximum of three sessions per day can be scheduled. Please schedule at least one month in advance by calling the Tour Coordinator at (513) 639-2975.
Through a Child's Eyes: Down on the Farm
Students talk about life on a farm as they look closely at the Cincinnati Art Museum's Marc Chagall's Red Rooster. A hands-on art project, inspired by Chagall's work of art, allows students to create their own "feathery friend" collage.
Grades: Pre-K – Kindergarten
To learn more about the Through a Child's Eyes early childhood curricula, visit http://www.art-throughachildseye.org/.
Cultural Celebrations
Looking closely at works of art from the Cincinnati Art Museum's collection, students gain a better understanding of celebrations within Native American cultures. Students also examine Native American symbols and demonstrate their understanding of symbolism as they create their own pendant necklaces.
Grades: 1st – 4th
Math, Mosaics, and More
Students explore connections between math and art as they discuss shapes and patterns in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional works of art from the Cincinnati Art Museum's collection. They learn about the technique of mosaic making followed by the opportunity to make their own cut-paper mosaic.
Grades: 1st – 3rd
The Geometry of Origami Sculptures
Students explore how shapes and angles factor into works of art and discover how artists incorporate geometry into their compositions as they examine works from the Cincinnati Art Museum's collection. Using origami techniques, students then try their hand at creating three-dimensional paper collages.
Grades: 4th – 6th
Capturing The Natural World
The natural world has long been a source of inspiration for artists. Students look closely at works of art from the Cincinnati Art Museum's collection, including landscapes and Audubon illustrations, to better understand the connection between art and nature. They then learn how to make stamps to create their own landscape print.
Grades: 1st – 3rd
Finding the Narrative in Visual Arts
In this LookSeeDo, language arts merge with the visual arts as students use their observation and analytical skills to determine the stories being told in works of art from the Cincinnati Art Museum's collection. They then create their own diorama, which becomes the stage for their own narrative.
Grades: 4th – 6th
The Fine Art of Charley Harper
Find inspiration from famed Cincinnati artist, Charley Harper. By looking at the artist's minimal depictions of nature and wildlife, students take note of his unique style and technique. They then make garland inspired by Harper's bird prints that will add a touch of color and whimsy to the space.
Grades: 1st – 3rd
For questions regarding program content or scheduling, please call the Tour Coordinator at (513) 639-2975.


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The Capac Nam in Cajamarca
Tour Details
|Tour Length:
|5 days / 4 nights
|Activities :
|Places to visit:
|Observation of Birds, Ecology, Observation of the Nature, Culture and Tradition, Long walk, stroll in boat, fishes, stroll to horse, thermal swimming pool
|Minimun Number of Pax:
|02 pax
|Tour Price
|From US$ 485
Tour Itinerary
This program demands of us a greater physical level since we will make greater amount of activities. The valley of Cajamarca offers many peculiar routes to the lovers of the nature and the Andean footpaths the program includes a route by the Route Combayo - Sangal where we will know the habitat the picaflor Ventrigris Comet, bird classified in danger of extinction by the Union the International for the Conservation of Naturaleza (UICN) and BirdLife International. In the passage we will be able to appreciate the cajamarquina countryside and its colorful Andean traditional sembríos and to cross an ancestral way that in some sections still conserves rest of which outside the more important road network of the empire of the Incas and that unites historical the Baths of the Inca with the town of the Gerge.
Giant rock Cumbemayo, imposing forest, with presence of ceremonial altars, and the sanctuary, in addition to an impressive aqueduct, will be visited by us to receive its energy and to feel the magic of its nature.
With the pleasure to cross on foot the ancestral ways of the Caxamarca town, soon used by the Incas as it leaves from the Qhapaq Ñan or Gran Way Inca we will make trekking who conjugates the scenic beauty of the valley of Cajamarca and the lagoon San Nicholas, a long walk of little effort, with smooth slopes, crossing lateral and depressions whom old dried lagoons conformed now, finished in the colorful town of Namora.
We will visit Porcon, Agrarian Cooperative whose experience of reforestation is recognized world-wide level. We will have the opportunity to cross its forests and to know the style life of its inhabitants.
Day 1: Cajamarca
Arrival to the city of Cajamarca and transfer to the Hotel.
Immediately to the installation, exit in bus from the hotel towards the beginning point of the circuit in the small village of Combayo, located to 1,30hrs of the city of Cajamarca.
We initiated our route on foot by a conserved affluent branch of an old pre-Hispanic way, which still conserves part of the original pavement constructed by the Incas. In spite of finding us on the 3000 msnm, the climate is pleasant, the landscape is dominated by different tones from green granted by shrubs and trees like eucalyptuses, alders, queñuales, the lands are covered by cultures with Pope, wheat, barley, ocas, grass. Surely we will see some agriculturist preparing its land to usanza ancestral with one yunta of oxen and a wood plow.
At few minutes to leave the town of Combayo we arrived at a great esplanade in which we will be able to appreciate the walls of old constructions of the Caxamarca town. A little advanced more is the Necrópolis de Combayo, set of tombs carved on volcanic rock that they indicate that here existed a ceremonial and religious center of great importance. When descending between native eucalyptuses and shrubs, we will be able to find a great variety of colorful and graceful birds like finches, zorzales, turriches, sparrows, colibríes, cargachas, etc. Inclusively, with something of luck we will be able to see some Variable Hawk or an Eagle of Black Chest.
Our long walk continues between cautivantes natural landscapes following the channel of the Grande river until entering the small village of Laurel of the Valley. Here the community will receive to us and we will be able to learn more on the daily life of these people, we will know millenarian techniques of culture like the terraces that help the conservation of grounds; perhaps in addition, we have the opportunity to fish some trouts in the Azufre river. Before leaving our friends of the Laurel of the Valley we will take a rest in the Three zone of Tingos, spectacular union of three rivers (Great, Azufre and Paccha) that forms the great Chonta river, which runs towards the valley of Cajamarca. Here we can take advantage of the time to take light refrigerio and to enjoy the wonderful landscape that offers Three cliffs of Tingos.
The last section of our long walk by the Way Inca, will take us small village Low to the Sangal, to borders of the Chonta river, where we will be able to visit a deposit of trouts and, for which they wish it, to take a refrescante chapuzón in waters from the river. The vehicle will more ahead wait for meters to us, which we will approach after also crossing the spectacular Tube of the Chicche, fascinating not only by its formation rocky but by the wealth of native flora and fauna that lodges. Between these we have colorful orquídeas and different varieties from bells, queñuales, alders, great diversity of birds, between the most important colibrí Ventrigrís Comet.
Return to the Hotel Dry Lagoon, has supper and spends the night
Day 2: Cumbemayo
Very early we will leave to Cumbemayo, located architectonic complex to 17Km of the city of Cajamarca. We will be able to make a route between gigantic rocks worked by winds through million years with graceful and particular forms that the imagination animated by the invitation of the guides can be able to appreciate between varied profiles. We will also cross the hydraulic engineer installation which they constructed the old inhabitants of Cajamarca, the Channel of Cumbemayo. In some place of the passage we will have a high one to enjoy ours box lunch. Finally we will visit the sanctuary, located in a capricious rocky form where old inhabitants made religious ceremonies and rites.
Return to the Hotel Dry Lagoon, late of thermal swimming pool, has supper and spends the night
Day 3: San Nicholas
Very early, soon of the breakfast, exit in bus from the hotel towards the beginning point of the circuit in km 11,5 of the Cajamarca highway San Marcos. We initiated route of trekking by the ancestral way that unites Cajamarca with San Nicholas (formerly Coyor call), Arriving at the Lagoon San Nicholas, will visit the community of San Nicholas. In the wild passage we will appreciate the flora varied one and birds, we will enjoy the human heat of its inhabitants and will be able to participate in the tasks of pejerrey fishing and to walk in boat in the lagoon San Nicholas, Opcionalm being we could visit of the strength of Coyor, last place of resistance of the Caxa town before the invasion of the empire Inca. In some place of the route we will be able to rest and to enjoy box lunch (the ascent to the hill requires of certain physical effort). When beginning afternoon we will reinitiate trekking by the ancestral way that unites San Nicholas and the town of Namora.. When arriving at the locality of Namora, it is possible to be visited the manufacturing craftsmen of guitars, those that are known in all the country by their high acoustic quality. Namora is a typical town of the Peruvian mountain range, with its houses of it marinates and ceilings of roofing tile to two waters. The main commercial activity of the town is made the days Sunday, when the surrounding people of Namora and other towns and small villages meet in the market and the bordering streets to commercialize basic products of her harvests, crafts and other products that come from the city of Cajamarca.
Beginning the return and arrival to Hotel Dry Lagoon
When finalizing the Day and to obtain the waited for rest, a session of relajante massage in the Spa of Hotel Dry Lagoon.
Supper and spends the night.
Day 4: Porcon
We will take breakfast and leave to the Porcon Farm, in the passage we will be able to make a shutdown to observe the work that the craftsmen of Huambocancha make on marmolina, a delicate work that offers a variety of figurillas from tiniest to great works like sinks or banks.
Following the route we arrived at the town of low Porcon, from this place we appreciated the variation of the own vegetation of the place, with queñuales that are protecting the small houses of the population disperses and little by little are entering which constitutes the greater experience of reforestation of our country. In the Porcon Farm we will find diverse factories (textile, of carpentry, etc). We will know on its organization and productivity. One of its attractiveness is small zoological that lodges and the vicunas that journey freely by their forests.
In the evening, a different stroll will be made. To horse we will cross the creeks of the river chonta and will arrive at Llacanora, to be possible we will be able to approach us the waterfalls of this district.
When finalizing the Day will receive a repairing massage in the Spa of Hotel Dry Lagoon and will be ready to rest and to start off on the following Day like new.
Day 5: Cajamarca
Breakfast and transfer to the Airport.
Tour Rates
Prices per person in US$
|02 pax
Tour Notices: Above rates are subject to change without notice eg. Holy Week,Labour Day, Christmas, New Years, etc.
Tour Inclusions
- 4 nights of lodging in the Hotel Dry Lagoon and drink of welcome.
- Breakfasts.
- Necessary transport according to Tour Itinerary.
- Box Lunch for the Trekking.
- Specialized bilingual guide.
- Basic equipment for the effort level (it includes medicine kit).
- Suppers.
- Basket of Fruits.
- A relajante massage in the exclusive Spa of Hotel Dry Lagoon.
Not Included:
- Domestic and International Flights
- Airport taxes ($28 for international flights and $5 for domestic flights).
- Baggage excess.
- Alcoholic drinks, soda or bottled mineral water.
- Personal expenses.
- Tips.
- International or National personal telephone calls
- Recommendable for people between 14 and 40 years
- To bring nonskid shoes, blocking lot, repelente, camera, suitable clothes to walk.
- Altitude average: 2850 msnm
Adventure Tours Links: 1 - 2 -3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14


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A RUSSIAN spacecraft blasted off into a clear Central Asian sky overnight, carrying a three-man crew on their way to the International Space Station.
The Soyuz TMA-06M lifted off from the rolling steppes of Kazakhstan as scheduled to deliver NASA astronaut Kevin Ford and Russians Oleg Novitsky and Yevgeny Tarelkin to the orbiting station.
"I spoke with the astronauts after they reached orbit," Russian Space Agency chief Vladimir Popovkin said. "They feel well. Everything went fine despite the windy conditions."
After a two-day journey, the astronauts will join US astronaut Sunita Williams, Russia's Yuri Malenchenko and Aki Hoshide of Japan's JAXA agency.
Of the three who blasted off overnight, only Ford has flown in space before. He spent two weeks in space as pilot of the space shuttle Discovery in 2009 on a mission to transport scientific equipment to the station.
For the first time since 1984, the manned launch took place from the Russian-leased Baikonur cosmodrome's launch pad 31. The pad that is normally used, from which Yury Gagarin began his landmark space mission in 1961, is undergoing modernisation.
The Soyuz craft is the only means for astronauts to reach the space station since the decommissioning of the US shuttle fleet in 2011.
Originally published as Russia blasts off for space station


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Auto Meter 4301 Ultra-Lite Mechanical Boost/Vacuum Gauge, 2-1/16 Inch
Click image to enlarge
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- Ground Shipping Only - Can't Ship Air.
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- Includes gauge mounting hardware and installation instructions


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Brian Rosen to head Australia's Film Finance Corp.
It is believed that the Federal Cabinet today approved the appointment of producer Brian Rosen as chief executive of Australia's biggest film investor, the Film Finance Corporation (FFC). He will return to Australia from Los Angeles to take up the highly influential job.
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This is the real Italian way, mostly vegetables. The pasta and beans are more of an Americanization in our Minestrone.
Serves: 2-4
1 cup of your favorite organic Italian red sauce
2 cups purified Water with 2 Tblsps. Braggs Aminos or organic Chicken Soup stock
½ cup fresh or frozen organic String Beans
¼ cup organic Onion, chopped
1 medium organic Carrot, sliced
2 large leaves of organic Swiss Chard, cut in small pieces
1 stalk organic Celery, sliced
½ medium organic Zucchini, quartered and sliced
½ tsp. organic Fennel Seed, crushed
1 tsp. organic Oregano
1 tsp. organic Thyme
1 tsp. organic Basil
¼ cup organic extra virgin, cold-pressed Olive Oil


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14 Horatio StreetApt. 5A
Between Greenwich Avenue and Eighth Avenue West Village
This home has been sold
We have no similar homes for sale.
Subway Lines
Nearby Subway Stations
- Price$190,000
- TypeCo-op
- Bathroom1
- Rooms2
- Approx. Sq. Ft.425
- Exposure South & East
Key Features
- Studio
- Doorman
- Elevator
- Pet friendly
- Excellent light
- Parquet floors
Fabulous West Village studio apartment conveniently located in the crossroads of the Village and Chelsea. Close to all transportation. Building features 24 hour doorman and roofdeck too! Italian Marble Tyle in bath. Newly renovated apartment.
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firstname.lastname@example.com Email Me See my 11 other sale listings
West Village
Downtown West, Houston Street to 14th Street, Seventh Avenue to the Hudson River.
The West Village (the extension of Greenwich Village west of Seventh Avenue) certainly follows its own jazzy rhythms. Spend a day browsing the West Village's bookstores, cozy cafes, and antique shops with all kinds of bric-a-brac for sale reminiscent of Paris. The apartments tend to have historic charm too, many with fireplaces and hidden gardens. Often the older buildings have been renovated, so behind many a landmark façade is a Bulthaup kitchen with a six-burner stove!
14 Horatio Street
8th Ave - 14th St7 mins
8th Ave - 14th St7 mins
8th Ave - 14th St7 mins
8th Ave - 14th St7 mins
7th Ave - 12th St7 mins
7th Ave - 12th St7 mins
7th Ave - 12th St7 mins
7th Ave - 12th St7 mins
7th Ave - 12th St7 mins
6th Ave - Waverly Pl7 mins
6th Ave - Waverly Pl7 mins
The Van Gogh is an 18-story, red-brick co-operative building located in the highly desirable West Village across from the lovely Jackson Square Park. Built in 1960, it is one of the few buildings in the city with a curved facade. The co-op has a full-time doorman, common laundry room, and a live-in superintendent. The roof-deck is one-of-a-kind with incredible views of the Hudson and over the West Village all the way to the Financial District, gorgeous plantings, a lush herb garden and a hammock. The buidling is adjacent to the the new Whitney Museum, Meatpacking District, The High Line, The Standard Hotel, transportation and all of the excellent restaurants and shops in the immediate area.
Additional features of this building include: Bike Room, Laundry in the Basement, Private Storage in Basement (waiting list).
- Postwar
- Built in 1960
- 17 floors
- 160 units
- Elevator
- Pet friendly
- Doorman
- Central laundry room
- Common courtyard
- Common garden
- Common roof deck
- Common storage
- Common terrace
- Private storage


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UFO Sighting!
Was inside of my house on the Computer at approximately 1:45pm on May 17 2012. I heard the sound of a low level Jet. I like taking pictures of low flying planes over my house. So I grabbed my camera fast and went outside. Facing South West from My yard in North Manchester, I noticed an A-10 flying to the west from the east. I took a quick picture with my camera and put the camera down..Then I noticed 3 white balls going the same direction as the plane. They didnt really didnt look like they were following the plane..but it was the same direction..East to West. The balls were at an angle. After seeing this very quickly..I went to switch my Camera to video..looked back up…and didnt see the A-10 or white balls. The whole experience lasted maybe 3 or 4 seconds. Weather was clear and Temp. was 77 degrees. Im not sure if these were UFO's or maybe something the A-10 had done..but thought I would report it. I did get lucky and caught the balls on my digital camera.
To view a map of the location where this report was made and for more details, click here ..


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Press Release
Release Date: October 12, 2008
For immediate release
The Federal Reserve Board on Sunday announced its approval of the application and notice under sections 3 and 4 of the Bank Holding Company Act by Wells Fargo & Company, San Francisco, California, to acquire Wachovia Corporation and its subsidiary banks, Wachovia Bank, National Association, both of Charlotte, North Carolina, and Wachovia Bank Delaware, National Association, Wilmington, Delaware, and the nonbanking subsidiaries of Wachovia Corporation.
Attached is the Board's Order relating to this action.
Last update: October 12, 2008