text:
United Nations/Burma Programme for Drug Abuse Control
General background
The Government's response
United Nations/Burma Programme for Drug Abuse Control
Author: Philip ZEALEY
Pages: 1 to 26
Creation Date: 1981/01/01
United Nations/Burma Programme for Drug Abuse Control
The first phase: 1976 to 1981Philip ZEALEY Liaison Officer
The paper provides an outline of a wide-ranging drug abuse control programme undertaken by the Government of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma with support and assistance from the United Nations. The components included law enforcement, crop substitution, measures for treatment and rehabilitation and a nationwide programme for drug education. The overall effort was co-ordinated by the Ministry of Home and Religious Affairs, through a Central Committee for Drug Abuse Control on which the Deputy Ministers of the Ministries concerned were members. Liaison between the executing Burmese agencies and the United Nations assisting organizations was effected through a small United Nations office established in Rangoon. The promising result of the programme has led to a further Agreement between the Government and the United Nations for the continuation of the programme for a further five years from May 1981.
General background
The opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) has been known to man since the dawn of history. It was certainly known to the ancient Egyptians; pictures of its characteristic seed pods have been found on their stone inscriptions. It can be cultivated in many parts of the world but it seems to grow best in tropical regions at an elevation of between 1,000 and 2,000 metres. One such region is in South East Asia on the borders of Burma, Thailand and Laos. This area has become known as the "golden triangle", a popular catchphrase of journalists.
Like so many catchphrases it is not an accurate description. It is neither triangular in shape, nor has it brought gold, or even reasonable prosperity, to its inhabitants. The fabulous profits gained from the illegal marketing of the products of the opium poppy have not been of any great benefit to those who toil in the hillside fields. The cultivation of the poppy is a laborious business. As soon as the white flowers have fallen, shallow incisions are painstakingly made in the green seed pods. The exudations which ooze out from these incisions are collected on a kind of spatula. This is raw opium Papaver somniferum is an annual. In South East Asia the seed is usually sown at the end of the monsoon season - in November. The harvest is collected in February and March, before the advent of the hot season. A good crop is dependent on some winter rain in the hills, but rainfall is unreliable. An area of scrub jungle is cleared by physical labour with hand tools, aided by burning. After a few years the land becomes exhausted and unproductive. It is then abandoned and a fresh area is cleared and cultivation moves to this new location. Shifting cultivation, as it is called, has serious ecological and social disadvantages.
On the ecological front, the spent soil in the abandoned poppy fields tends to be washed down the hillsides by heavy rain, thus causing soil erosion. Where the slopes are steep, as is often the case in the poppy growing regions, the results can be quite serious. The social impact of shifting cultivation is also of significance. It introduces an element of nomadism among the hill tribe people whose villages are moved periodically in order to be nearer to the changing arable land. Unlike the settled farmers in the plains they do not have a sense of vested interest in a particular plot of land which needs to be "husbanded".
When the soil is exhausted the people move elsewhere, which may be far away in another unoccupied section of the hills which shows promise for development. Their immediate loyalty is to the village community and to their ethnic tribal group with whom they share a common language.
Many of these tribal groups, for example the Meo, Lahu, Lisu and Akka, can be found in isolated pockets in all three countries included in the so-called "golden triangle". Some are also to be found in the Yunnan Province of China. Their relationship to the sovereign States to which they belong has been somewhat tenuous and ambivalent, sometimes even hostile. In the past they have been often neglected and left to their own devices. At best they have been regarded as second class citizens. This is changing and the Governments concerned are now making considerable efforts to improve their lot by the introduction of health and education services and by rural development activities, whilst strongly discouraging the production of opium.
In Thailand these efforts have been outlined by I. M. G. Williams in his article in the Bulletin on Narcotics (vol. XXXI, No. 2, April-June 1979). Some of the work in Burma will be described in this paper, but mention must be made of the Academy of the Nationalities near Mandalay. Here, a selection of secondary school students from all the ethnic groups is brought together for a three-year residential course with the object of promoting a fuller sense of unity amongst the peoples of Burma. These students are expected to return to their home towns or villages as primary school teachers. In this and in other ways the Government is endeavouring to achieve a fuller sense of national citizenship amongst the hill tribe people and other ethnic groups.
The history of opium production in South East Asia is murky and complex, involving external commercial interests and eventually illegal international trafficking with heavy political overtones. Opium consumption started as a means of providing a cure-all medicine, but its addictive qualities and its capacity to induce temporary euphoric states led to its wholesale abuse. In Burma, this abuse of opium was, and still largely is, confined to the hill tribes and those living in the poppy growing areas. One has to remember that the isolated hill regions were devoid of medical services and that the people have been dependent on traditional cures based on local plants, of which the opium poppy was pre-eminent. These simple people can hardly be held responsible for the worldwide abuse of opium and its derivatives which has developed over the past 100 years or more. Understandably, the hill tribe opium growers responded to the increased demand and this has led to ever-increasing acreages of poppy being grown in this region. Only a small part of the opium produced has been retained for local consumption, the rest being sold to traders at a price which has always been only a small fraction of its real value in the illicit market abroad. The growers have been more the victims than the villains of the story.
It is to be noted that the settled valley-dwelling people of Burma, predominantly Buddhist by faith, have not become victims of opium abuse. Its recreational use was strongly frowned upon and professional medical care was more easily accessible. However, in the early 1970s heroin began to make its appearance and gave cause for serious concern. Until this time raw opium was illicitly traded out of Burma, mostly across the frontier into Thailand, and then hidden in ships bound for such places as Marseilles or Hong Kong where it was processed into heroin for wider distribution.
Partly due to the success of law enforcement agencies in locating clandestine laboratories based in these cities, and partly due to the fact that heroin is only one tenth of the weight and bulk of opium, the narcotic syndicates began to move their processing laboratories nearer to the source of supply. Thus makeshift heroin laboratories began to be established on the Burma and Thai border, hidden by bamboo thickets in steep valleys with a source of water from nearby streams. Although the heroin produced was intended for illicit export to the world markets in industrialized countries, some of it inevitably found its way into Rangoon and other urban centres. For the first time, Burma was faced with the menace of heroin addiction.
The Government's response
In 1974 the Government of Burma enacted legislation designed to prohibit the cultivation of the opium poppy (and the cannabis plant) on its territory, to prohibit the trafficking in narcotic drugs, and to require drug addicts to register with the authorities in order to undergo treatment. The penalties for infringement were severe, especially for trafficking and failure to register and undergo treatment. In practice, the penalty for continued cultivation of the opium poppy has been the destruction of the crop. In addition, the Government decided to promote two forms of preventive action. The first was a support scheme in crop substitution to assist and encourage the poppy growers to establish the cultivation of legal crops which would provide an alternative source of income. The second was a nationwide information and education programme to warn the populace, and particularly young people, of the dangers of drug abuse. This all-embracing effort to tackle the problem of drug abuse was given high priority in both planning and the allocation of resources for its execution.
The Government set up a new body - the Central Committee for Drug Abuse Control (CCDAC) - to co-ordinate the programme. Its Chairman was the Minister of Home and Religious Affairs, and its members included the Deputy Ministers of Agriculture, Health, Education, Information and Social Welfare.
Work began without delay. The CCDAC began discussions with the United Nations Division of Narcotic Drugs and with the United Nations Fund for Drug Abuse Control (UNFDAC) regarding possible United Nations assistance to the programme. Burma was extremely short of foreign exchange and it was envisaged that inputs from the United Nations could strengthen and accelerate the work by the provision of equipment, supplies, expertise and overseas training facilities. The Minister of Home and Religious Affairs made it clear that the Government was determined to fight the drug menace with all the means at its disposal, but that United Nations support would be welcome and could both strengthen and speed up the execution of its intentions.
An exploratory United Nations Mission was invited to visit Burma in November 1974 to discuss needs in detail with the various Ministries concerned. This visit led to the preparation of five-year work plans in all fields of operation and to an Agreement with the United Nations involving inputs to the value of over $6.5 million over the period 1976 to 1981. The Government of Norway agreed to contribute, through UNFDAC, approximately $5.5 million of this total.
United Nations/Burma Programme for Drug Abuse Control
The Agreement with the Government of Burma initiated the most wide-ranging programme of assistance by the United Nations in the field of drug abuse control.
The programme was national in scope and covered all aspects of the problem from law enforcement to the rehabilitation of drug abusers after detoxification. It involved assistance from four other specialized agencies, i.e. the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Labour Organisation (ILO), and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The United Nations Division of Narcotic Drugs was named as the overall executing agency. Under the Agreement the Government invited the Division to nominate a Liaison Officer to co-ordinate United Nations participation and to provide the link between the various Ministries and United Nations agencies involved. The United Nations set up a small office in Rangoon for the provision of the various services needed to ensure the smooth running of the programme.
United Nations participation provided for assistance in equipment and supplies to improve law enforcement by the People's Police Force (PPF), to enlarge the facilities for treatment through the Ministry of Health, to encourage efforts in crop substitution by giving support to the Agricultural Corporation and the Livestock Development and Marketing Corporation, to assist the Ministries of Education and Information in the implementation of a campaign to reduce the demand for drugs of abuse and finally, to support the Ministry of Social Welfare in its plans to establish a network of drug rehabilitation centres in the areas most affected by drug abuse. The strategy represented a fully co-ordinated plan to reduce the production of narcotic drugs by enforcement of the law prohibiting the growing of the opium poppy combined with support for the establishment of viable alternative crops.
It was further aimed at reducing demand through the provision of facilities for treatment and rehabilitation reinforced by educational and publicity campaigns with the objective of minimizing drug abuse in the future.
Law enforcement
The PPF had a dual task in this programme. It was responsible for the prevention of opium production, mainly by policing the areas concerned and destroying illicit crops before they could be harvested. It was also responsible for tracking down and apprehending drug traffickers and bringing the culprits before the courts. In support of these efforts the United Nations programme provided a fleet of four-wheel-drive vehicles and radio equipment to improve the already established communications network. An additional need to be met was the provision of scientific equipment and supplies for the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) laboratory, which included a unit for the identification and analysis of suspected narcotic substances for forensic purposes.
The PPF actively participated in the programme of seminars organized by the Central Training Unit of the Division of Narcotic Drugs. These international meetings, which brought together police officers from many countries, were held several times a year. Initially held in Geneva, they became regionalized and during the first phase of the programme, some 20 middle-level police officers from Burma attended such meetings held at Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur and New Delhi. The seminars became a most useful forum for the exchange of experience and ideas between field police officers directly concerned with the prevention of illicit drug trafficking.
Four laboratory technicians were invited to spend six months at the United Nations Narcotics Laboratory in Geneva (since moved to Vienna) to study the latest methods of drug identification and analysis. This included training in the use and maintenance of more sophisticated equipment being supplied to Burma under the programme. Furthermore, two radio specialists were sent to the
Vehicles, Toyota 3/4 ton pickups, for Law Enforcement Sector United Nations/Burma Programme for Drug Abuse Control
United States for one month's training in the factory of the firm supplying communications equipment for the law enforcement sector.
The major thrust for the destruction of poppy crops took place each year at the time of flowering in February and March. Very often the fields could only be located by aerial reconnaissance, followed up by operations on the ground. This involved arduous foot-slogging by units of the police which were sent into the growing areas. These units were sometimes reinforced by civilian volunteers recruited by the local township councils, including local branches of the Lanzin Youth, the youth wing of the ruling party. In recent years, in areas where the poppy has been grown under insurgent duress, the hill tribe people themselves have participated in the poppy destruction campaign.
The crops are destroyed by knocking down the plant heads with a bamboo stick. This is an arduous task calling for much manpower. However, for ecological reasons the Government has decided against aerial spraying with herbicides.
Over the past six years over 40,000 acres of opium poppy have been destroyed by these means (see table 1). This is no mean achievement and represents a significant reduction in the amount of opium which might otherwise have found its way on to the international market in the form of heroin.
A considerable number of marijuana plants have also been destroyed (see table 2). Table 3 indicates the total number of seizures and the amount of narcotics seized between 1974 and 1980.
Table I
Annual eradication of illegal poppy plantations a
Annual eradicated acreage
1974-75 b
1975- 76 b
1976- 77 b
1977- 78 b
1978- 79 b
1979- 80 b
1980- 81 b (until 4 January)
Shan State
Kachin State
Kaya State
Chin State
Sagaing Division
Mahwe Division
Mandalay Division
From: Government of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma 11 Phase project proposal for drug abuse control through law enforcement.
bRefers to the growing season of the two years.
Table 2
Annual eradication of cannabis 1975-1980 a
a From: Government of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma II Phase project proposal for drug abuse control through law enforcement.
Table 3
Total number of seizures and the amount of narcotics seized 1974- 1980 a
a From: Government of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma II Phase project proposal for drug abuse control through law enforcement.
Although not assisted under the United Nations programme, the Burmese army was also involved in these operations, particularly in the insurgent-held areas. The army was also involved in locating and capturing the clandestine heroin-making laboratories on the Burma and Thai border. It was successful in putting many of them out of business. This was a difficult task as the makeshift laboratories were well hidden in isolated terrain and protected by well-armed insurgent groups. The heroin-making equipment was somewhat primitive, but with the aid of chemicals and supplies smuggled into the country, plus highly skilled expatriate chemists, it was possible for them to produce heroin of high purity - the so-called "No. 4". Raw opium was brought to these morphine and heroin-making centres by pack animals, usually mules, through a labyrinth of jungle trails. Roads are virtually non-existent throughout the region. When under the threat of attack, the equipment can be quickly moved to another hidden location, and the manufactured heroin quickly smuggled across the border, out of reach of the attacking force. Operations against these clandestine border laboratories can only be mounted during the dry season and are always fraught with considerable danger and difficulties. These operations have not resulted in large hauls of illicit drugs but have yielded substantial quantities of acetic anhydride, other chemicals and assorted heroin-making equipment. Furthermore, the raids and Thai co-operation in prohibiting the movement of acetylizing agents in northern Thailand are now making the manufacture of heroin in the area more hazardous for those engaged in this nefarious business.
The final objective of eliminating the production of illicit opium and its derivatives is obviously of prime importance. This is the task of the law enforcement agencies.
Crop substitution
It has been stated, and it is widely agreed, that the hill tribe people who grow the opium poppy are not the real villains of the piece. In accepting this opinion there is a responsibility to assist them in the establishment of alternative sources of income. The Government of Burma has also accepted this view. The Ministry of Agriculture, through the Agricultural Corporation and the Livestock Development and Marketing Corporation, have embarked on an extensive programme with the aim of encouraging and supporting the hill people to develop the cultivation of different and legal forms of agriculture suitable to the soil and climate.
This presents considerable problems, not least those associated with transport and marketing. Cash crops can only reach the market on the backs of men or pack animals. This calls for products with high value and low weight and bulk or, alternatively, having the capacity to reach the market on their own, i. e. livestock. However, high value products may not be saleable locally and may call for some new form of marketing support geared to a national or export market. It is clear that the production of opium was a convenient source of income for those living in this remote and isolated region.
Donkeys, from the UNFDAC-assisted project in the Shan State, exhibited in the Mechanised Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Exhibition in Rangoon, 30 April to 5 May 1979
The strategy of the Government was first directed towards providing assistance for the expansion of consumption crops. The meeting of essential food requirements merited top priority. To achieve this objective there was extensive distribution of improved strains of hill rice seed, vegetable seeds and oil-bearing plants suitable for the upland areas. On a smaller scale, seedlings of various fruit trees were made available, as well as nuts and spices. Substitute crops were planted on 46,000 acres in the four years from 1976 to 1980, 8,500 baskets of seeds were distributed, and over half a million transplants were provided. Acreages of individual crops planted during 1979-1980 are shown in table 4. Modern beekeeping is also being introduced as a substitute for sugar, another essential consumption need.
The introduction of alternative cash crops and livestock raising has advanced more slowly. This is the second stage in the effort to transform local agriculture, and it requires careful preparation to ensure permanent success. The failure of newly introduced crops is not to be contemplated due to the resistance to change that such failure can set up in the minds of the cultivators. Some crops are grown already and are known to do well in the hill regions. In some places where the poppy was formerly cultivated, the growers have already turned to increased acreages of coffee, tea, cheroot leaves etc., without waiting for government assistance. There are limits, however, to the profitable expansion of tea and cheroot leaves, for example, as a substantial increase in acreage is
Table 4
Agriculture sector crop substitution 1979-1980 a
Annual crops
Perennial crops
Soya beans
Cheroot leaves
Ngapi fruit
Sweet lime
Green peas
Other pulses
aSource of data: Progress report No. 8.
One of 44 power tillers for crop substitution in Shan State
likely to lead to lower prices. The market is limited to Burmese consumption for such crops. Coffee, in spite of considerable fluctuations in price, has an export market potential, and cultivation on a wider scale is being encouraged. The United Nations programme has provided quantities of high-yield seeds of rust-free arabica coffee varieties. Seedlings are being produced on a number of base farms in Shan State, preparatory to distribution as a permanent crop in former poppy fields.
However, it will be a number of years before commercial harvests can be gathered, and this stresses the importance of the priority being given to the production of subsistence crops for local consumption.
With United Nations support and assistance extensive trials were undertaken on a wide variety of spices, essential oils and medicinal plants, all of which meet the criterion of high value for low weight. Nearly all of them have the potential for providing the grower with a higher income per acre than the poppy. However, large acreages of any one crop cannot be contemplated due to market limitations. The production of pure strain vegetable and flower seeds offers a further possibility which is being explored. This calls for close professional contact between the grower and the seed merchants, a requirement not easily met at present in Shan State.
The development of pig and cattle raising shows promise but progress in the first phase has been slow. The establishment of permanent pastures on steeply inclined former poppy fields will help to prevent soil erosion and to maintain fertility. There is a profitable national market for meat, and as indicated earlier, the possibility of driving cattle and pigs to the market along the jungle trails.
The programme has assisted in the establishment of a special livestock farm at Heho in the centre of Shah State, and has provided equipment and has imported an airfreight load of pure-bred Friesian cattle and large white pigs for breeding with local stock. The progeny are to be made available to former poppy growers who opt for livestock farming. The Heho farm is also equipped to raise upgraded chickens to improve the quality of local varieties, and facilities are available for the hill farmers for residential training courses in animal husbandry.
The resources at the disposal of the agricultural authorities have been severely stretched in their attempt to carry out the necessary extension work in a large and isolated area, equipped as it is with poor communications. Little short of an agricultural revolution is involved in promoting the necessary changes in cultivation practices. Commendable progress has been made in view of the many difficulties, only a few of which have been touched upon. So far; no farmers have reverted to poppy growing as a result of failure in newly introduced crops.
A change in emphasis is planned in the next phase whereby crop substitution efforts will be concentrated in selected areas where poppy growing has been extensive and where help in the promotion of alternative crops is most urgently needed. With this factor in mind, four multi-purpose demonstration farms are in the process of development. They will have facilities for short-term training in agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry. These sites will also be centres for the treatment and rehabilitation of local drug abusers (mostly opium) as well as educational activities. In essence these farms will be comprehensive drug abuse control centres on a local scale at the source of the problem.
Treatment and rehabilitation
Treatment and rehabilitation are the responsibilities of different Ministries, but they are essentially two aspects of a single problem - the removal of an urge to abuse narcotic drugs. There is a need to treat both the physical compulsion and the psychological attraction. Doctors have readily agreed that it is usually quite simple to treat the former successfully, but that complete rehabilitation is a much more difficult and complex task.
As in other countries with drug problems, the relapse rate in Burma is high and is estimated at between 70 per cent and 80 per cent. The treatment and detoxification centres continually have to deal with patients returning for the second, third and fourth times and this imposes a considerable strain on the medical resources of a comparatively poor country. While the "cold turkey" approach is sometimes used, the major form of treatment is the provision of medicine to alleviate the initial symptoms of withdrawal. This appears to work quite well in Burma and detoxification is usually completed within four weeks. Patients are in complete confinement for the first two weeks, and this is followed by a further two weeks in semi-confinement when games and physical exercise are encouraged. After release, patients are legally obliged to report regularly for urine tests. They are not de-registered until the medical staff are satisfied that they have been completely drug-free for a period of several months. Drug abusers who fail to register and to undergo treatment are liable to arrest and imprisonment.
The main thrust of United Nations assistance has been towards improving the physical facilities for treatment in the worse affected areas, i.e. at Rangoon and in the major towns. Funds were made available for restoration work which was urgently needed; at Rangoon, two old buildings in the psychiatric hospital were walled off to provide a separate compound for a new administrative and research unit. Equipment was provided as well as regular medical supplies. Support was also given to the drug analysis unit of the National Health Laboratory (NHL) for repair work and for the supply of modern scientific equipment. The NHL and the CID laboratory are the only ones authorized by the courts to undertake forensic work, and both are now able to undertake the full analysis of drugs in body fluids.
The programme was scheduled to assist in the provision of a drug treatment centre in Taunggyi, the capital of Shan State. However, the hospital authorities were approached by a group of parents of young drug abusers who undertook to raise funds among themselves for such a centre in the grounds of the hospital.
CID Laboratory, Rangoon, Unit for Drug Analysis
This effort was successful and resulted in a model purpose-built treatment facility without the need for either government or United Nations help.
The major role of the Social Welfare Department has been to provide a relapse-prevention and rehabilitation service for detoxified drug abusers following discharge from the residential treatment centres. It soon became apparent that social welfare officers, who worked with ex-addicts, were also in a good position to identify and persuade other drug abusers to come forward and to register in conformity with legal requirements thus lessening the number of those liable to arrest and punitive treatment. This added a second task which is showing promising results.
As indicated, the full rehabilitation of drug abusers is extremely difficult and fraught with problems. Detoxified patients, free from the purely physical urge to abuse drugs, still face acute, if not chronic, difficulties in their efforts to overcome their psychological dependence and to adapt to a drug-free life.
A strong will and motivation towards this purpose are essential, but these are usually not enough. Much depends on influences at work and in the social environment. The prognosis for young Burmese ex-heroin abusers is more promising when appropriate job opportunities are immediately available and when a change of residence can be made. Many relapses appear to occur when the persons concerned are unemployed and return, after treatment, to associate with former "drug scene" friends.
Broadly speaking, heroin addicts in Burma fall into two categories: (a) college or university male students (female addicts are rare) from well-established and orthodox Buddhist families, (b) grown-up sons of traders and merchants, often with "black market" connections. In the first case there is an element of revolt against orthodoxy combined with frustration over the lack of appropriate job opportunities. In the second, a possible connection with the world of semi-legal and illegal trading where access to heroin is not difficult.
Over the past five years the programme has supported the Social Welfare Ministry in the recruitment and training of 60 social workers who have been assigned to the major towns most affected by the drug menace. A growing network of rehabilitation centres is appearing with differing emphases in their programmes of activities. They are somewhat experimental in nature. For example, the first centre in Kengtung is a vocational training establishment designed to train former addicts with a local skill in great demand. Two others have been established in rural areas where the teaching of agricultural skills has been included in the training programme. Others concentrate on social support either through residential facilities, or as "drop-in" centres with sport and recreational activities. Some detoxified drug abusers are assigned to live in houses for delinquent children, for orphans or for the physically disabled.
In Burma, the approach to drug rehabilitation is at an experimental stage and a variety of methods is being tried. It is too early to pass judgement on the effectiveness of one form of treatment compared with another but it seems likely that a number of alternative therapeutic programmes will continue to be needed, depending on the particular requirements of different individuals. The Social Welfare authorities are continuously reviewing progress and in this process they have the support and guidance of a visiting consultant from the rehabilitation unit of ILO.
Preventive measures
While Burma is determinedly combating the production and illegal trafficking in heroin etc., and is taking steps to cure those afflicted by drug addiction, there is a need to take all the necessary steps to minimize, if not to eradicate, the disease itself. This need has not been overlooked, and preventive measures form an integral part of the total programme, which is supported by the United Nations.
The Ministry of Information controls the mass media in Burma: newspapers, magazines, films, radio and television. The Ministry is in a unique position to publicize the dangers of drug abuse and to provide information on the Government's campaign. Nearly every day there is some reference to illicit drugs in newspapers, and editorials and news articles regularly appear. Major events involving drug abuse are broadcast on the radio, as well as regular talks on the problem. The country enjoys a high degree of literacy and reading is popular. A considerable variety of magazines enjoy wide circulation, particularly in the towns. The cinema is by far the most popular form of entertainment, and it is widely used to get the drug message across with the aid of documentary films. Over the past few years a series of short films have been produced which are shown on the same programme as the regular feature films. The United Nations contributed a modern movie camera and a press for printing leaflets and booklets, backed up with appropriate supplies and supplementary equipment.
A national education programme to deter children from experimenting with drugs has been directed towards the secondary schools. This campaign is based on scare tactics but has involved the children in competitive projects in an imaginative way.
Prizes are offered annually for the best posters, cartoons, essays, songs and poems on the theme of drugs. These are judged at the school, township, divisional and finally at the national level. The best from throughout the country are exhibited in Rangoon, and the best entries are subsequently used as illustrative material in magazines etc.
Burma is well known for its festivals and fairs, nearly all of which now feature an anti-narcotic stall where a selection of children's work is on display. Occasionally the United Nations Information Centre organizes exhibitions in Rangoon and elsewhere to celebrate United Nations Day and such events include a display at which this youthful talent finds an additional outlet. Some of
A woman with her children working in the potato field
the prize-winning posters with a particularly penetrating message were printed and were made available for wider distribution in schools, colleges and public places.
The authorities agree that the concentration of effort at the secondary-school level is the most effective. Drug education in colleges and universities and among the youth organizations is less obtrusive.
A further approach was the expansion of facilities for out-of-school activities. This includes sports and games, music, and pursuits such as carpentry and gardening. Priority has been given to schools in areas where illicit drug taking is known to be prevalent. The United Nations has supported this aspect of the programme with the provision of basic equipment.
The subject of drug education is one of continuous debate. Some critics believe the use of scare tactics and intensive campaigns are self-defeating. However, the approach is culture-related and only the Burmese people can decide what is the most appropriate method. It is recognized that an early assessment cannot be given, except that as a result of the campaign there are few Burmese schoolchildren who are not aware of the dangers of drug abuse. This extensive educational effort is strongly reinforced by their parents, as drug abuse is far from accepted or tolerated in Burmese Buddhist society.
The use of opium as a cure-all medicine among the isolated hill tribe people in the poppy growing areas is likely to continue; this will give rise to addiction until primary health care centres are more extensively introduced. Plans for such centres will be put into execution during the second phase of the programme.
It is impossible to give accurate statistical evidence of the progress made in the control of illicit narcotic drugs over the past five years. Acreages of poppy fields destroyed, the weight of narcotic substances seized and the number of registered addicts are known, but benchmark figures are missing. However, information from various sources indicate that the poppy acreage and the production of opium have been halved. One has to bear in mind, however, that the yield per acre varies greatly from year to year. In the circumstances the progress is indicative of the energy devoted to the problem by the law enforcement authorities.
Progress in crop substitution is also not easy to determine. More assistance has been given to the distribution of seeds etc. for subsistence crops than to the permanent establishment of alternative market products. Nevertheless, it is known that many hill tribe farmers have changed over from poppy growing to other plants without recourse to government services. Only minor research has been done on the changing patterns of agriculture in the regions concerned and it would appear that no significant increase in agricultural products on the market has been noted. In some cases it is known that farmers with a valley holding have merely stopped growing poppy as an "extra" in small hillside jungle clearings. The destruction policy is a strong disincentive to the continuance of such a practice. The family income may be reduced temporarily but can usually be restored by more intensive cultivation of the legitimate agricultural holding.
Agricultural assistance from the Government is urgently required by the hill tribe people who have relied, in the past, on the cultivation of the poppy and for whom crop destruction is a devastating economic blow. The culture of these people is based on a semi-nomadic life in the forest-clad hills and they have no desire to move to a lower altitude. Attempts in other countries to enforce migration into more populated valleys have been unsuccessful and the Government wisely recognizes this. However, as indicated, it is not an easy task to bring about major changes in patterns of cultivation. The continuing development of demonstration centres combined with extension work should be helpful, and it is recommended that this should be combined with further field studies in pilot areas to guide the planning of crop substitution in an acceptable form
Experience of work with rural communities in many parts of the world has demonstrated that when agricultural changes are to be promoted, attention must also be given to all other aspects of community life. Changes in cropping lead to a disturbance of day-to-day living patterns. The consequences of this are changes in both internal and external community relationships and to the barter economy, where it exists. The situation can usually be ameliorated by the introduction of basic health services and the establishment of primary schools. The elimination of poppy growing is a legal requirement, but the resulting social changes are best guided by common consent if they are to be achieved without rancour and resistance.
The main task of preventing the production of opium cannot be satisfactorily completed by law enforcement alone. Skilled advisory work by agricultural and other agencies is essential. A sound beginning was made during the first phase; further comprehensive work along the lines indicated will be undertaken during the period which lies ahead.
A considerable attempt to reduce demand through the treatment and rehabilitation of drug abusers, especially of heroin addicts, has been made during the period under review. The epidemic of heroin abuse, which came to light in 1974, has been contained, if not reduced. The legal obligation to register and to undergo treatment is now widely recognized and understood. The supportive role of social workers in identifying drug abusers and encouraging them to come forward has been praiseworthy and effective. Facilities for treatment in the worst-affected urban areas have been substantially increased. Treatment methodology has to a large extent been standardized, and both doctors and nurses have received specialist training. A considerable measure of co-ordination with those responsible for rehabilitation has been achieved. Joint seminars have been organized to study common problems which arise in combating the high relapse rate among heroin abusers.
The Social Welfare Department has been successful in building up an excellent team of young rehabilitation workers who have steadily improved their skills. However, progress in the establishment of residential and day centres for detoxified drug abusers has been rather slow, due to the lack of suitable buildings which could be adapted and renovated for this purpose. It is thus too early to assess the value of their impact. The first such centre, entirely devoted to drug rehabilitation work, was not opened until early 1981. This is a vocational training institute in Kengtung, Eastern Shan State. Three others which opened later, with different characteristics, are now in operation. Earlier, detoxified drug abusers in urgent need of residential accommodation were assigned, under the charge of the Social Welfare Department, to homes for orphans, the disabled or young delinquents. Provided the total number is small, their inclusion in these homes works quite well. In fact, there are indications that living with such persons has a marked therapeutic effect. These approaches to rehabilitation are experimental in nature and the results over a period of time will be carefully observed.
The preventive measures taken through the educational and information services have already been discussed. The disease now appears to be stabilized, if not retreating. It remains to be seen what the long-term impact will be. There are obviously other forces at work within the society which have an influence on drug abuse. These include the decreasing availability of locally produced narcotics and a possible increase in the smuggled importation of manufactured psychotropic drugs. Increasing urbanization, industrial development and rising standards of living may also have an impact on drug abuse. However, it is expected that the wholehearted and energetic attack on the problem by the Government and people of Burma will continue to show beneficial results.
Abreu, J. C. From opium to bread. Ceres(Rome), May-June 1978, pp. 4-5.
Anti-narcotics campaign progress reported. Working people's daily(Rangoon), 29 August 1977.
Anti-narcotic drugs week to be observed, 2-9 January 1979. Working people's daily(Rangoon), 31 December 1978.
Burma's efforts in the fight against narcotic drugs; observing the fifth commandment. Burmese Ministry of Information, 6 July 1981.
Council of State replies to members' discussions, Working people's daily(Rangoon), 31 August 1977.
Gibson, R. M. Hill tribes of the golden triangle. Drug enforcement(Washington, D.C.), 6:1:27-37, 1979.
Gilman, B. A. Financial support for the United Nations fund for drug abuse. House of representatives, Congressional record (Washington, D.C.), 125:7, 25 January 1979.
Lamour C. and M. R. Lambarti. The second opium war. London, Allen Lang (Penguin Books Ltd.), 1974.
Let us join hands and guard against the dangers of heroin. A translation from the booklet Bein-Byu undrai su-paung kar-kwe gya-soh. Burmese Ministry of Information.
McCoy, A. W., C. B. Read and L. P. Adams II. The politics of heroin in Southeast Asia. New York, Harper and Row (Harper Colophon Books), 1972.
Nepote, J. In the golden triangle with a handful of dollars. Bulletin on narcotics (United Nations publication), 28:1:1-8, 1976.
Nordal, A. S. Final report covering study and possible exploitation of pharmaceutical raw material available in Burma. Rangoon, 1959.
Operation Aung Moe Hein sets world record in drug seizure. Working people's daily (Rangoon), 25 August 1977.
Quasi-medical use of opium. Bulletin on narcotics (United Nations publication), 5:3:19-23, 1953.
The road to Hong Kong. Drug enforcement (Washington, D.C.), 1:5:32-33, 1974.
Solomon, R. The Burmese opiate trade and the struggle for political power in the golden triangle. Journal of psychedelic drugs (Madison, Wisconsin), 18:2:89-98, 1978.
United Nations, Division of Narcotic Drugs. The United Nations and drug abuse control. New York, 1976.
United Nations/Burma programme for drug abuse control. Semi-annual progress reports, Nos. 1-9.
United Nations/Burma programme. Information letter, nar/inf.lett./1979/12.
United Nations/Burma programme. Information letter, nar/inf. lett./1981/3.
Zealey, P. C. Burma's long-range goal: a permanent restructuring of the hill tribe economy. Ceres (Rome), July-August 1980, pp. 33-35.


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Carve a special message, or an unspecial one, into this wooden postcard and send it along. It is a novelty idea and a fun keepsake for whomever receives it. Plus, carving stuff is fun.
Angelica's is one of my many favorite restaurants in NYC. This is where you go for vegan food done RIGHT! Here's a recipe book covering some of there amazing dishes.Added 8 Years Ago from Amazon.com

subset: commoncrawl


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Definition of overworking
p. pr. & vb. n. - of Overwork 2
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2000 Elite Travel Trailer/5th Wheel Prices and Specs
Recreational vehicle maker Elite was founded in 1984 initially as a builder of Class A motorhomes. Creating motorhomes between lengths from 30 to 40 feet, Elite would also add park model and travel trailers to their product array through the 1980s. Elite would disappear from the recreational vehicle marketplace after the 1992 but briefly returned in the 2000 model year.Read more Read less
Select a Year and Model
(2000 - 1984)


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The following provides a list of upcoming and recent events at FIAS, including lectures, special talks, and conferences. You may also choose a specific event category from the sub-items on the left or right of this page.
Some of the events below will be offered in German only, others in English only. Please refer to the information provided for a specific event.


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Archive for the 'Local' Category
Zoning Hearing Board Public Meeting
The East Norriton Township Zoning Hearing Board will hold a public meeting to consider any business that may come before the Board and a Public Hearing at the Teamsters Local 384 Union Hall, 2910 Hannah Avenue, East Norriton, PA on Monday, November 9, 2015 commencing at 6:00 pm to consider the following Application/Appeal for relief under the East Norriton Township Zoning Ordinance of 2008, as amended, Chapter 205 of the Code of the Township of East Norriton:
Case #2015-7, 3000 Keenwood Road – Application/Appeal filed by Amee S. Farrell, Esq. on behalf of Laurel House for a property located in the IN – Institutional Zoning District at 3000 Keenwood Road (Parcel Number: 33-00-04765-00-8) for the following relief:
A variance under §205-56 to permit a domestic abuse shelter in the IN-Institutional District.
A special exception under §205-103 to permit shared parking between Parcel A and Parcel B.
A determination that the addition to the former convent is a permitted extension of an existing nonconforming dimensional encroachment into the front yard setback, or in the alternative, a variance from §205-59.D to permit the addition to encroach into the front yard setback. The encroachment is approximately 11′, substantially less than the existing 48.8′ encroachment.
Note from Pius A. Nark – Candidate for Constable of East Norriton Township
The election on November 3rd could be more important to you than next year's presidential election. This election will impact directly on you and your family. You will be voting for your local leaders who determine how much of your money goes to state, county and local governments to cover taxes, fees and services. You need to have a say on who is elected in order to have a say on the distribution of your money.
My name is Pius A. Nark and I am running for the position of Constable in East Norriton Township. As a Constable I would work for the local district courts and collect fees and fines which generate income for the local municipalities. I take the position of Constable seriously. I always have and always will work full time! This is who I am.
Please consider voting for me on November 3rd and push button D38 – the last button on the bottom right.
Zoning Notice
The Zoning Board fully intends to make their decision at the meeting on September 30th which will convene at 6 pm and run until the appropriate decision can be made. At the previous Township Meeting Mr. Bortnnichak suggested that anyone who had an opinion on the subject should send a letter to him. If you are a resident of East Norriton, letters of opposition or support can be addressed to: Mr. Bryan Bortnichak, Zoning Officer, 2501 Stanbridge Street, East Norriton PA 19401.
Meeting Location: Teamsters Local Union 384 Union Hall, 2910 Hannah Avenue, East Norriton
Zoning Board Meeting – Laurel House Testimony and Public Comments
Reminder to all residents concerning Laurel House at Saint Titus property.
Tuesday August 18th
East Norriton Middle School
Please come out and speak up at the meeting; public comments will be heard after the testimony.
Petition to Allow Laurel House to "move in"
On behalf of the East Norriton residents who are excited about the opportunity
to help women and children right here in our community, please share:
Petitioning East Norriton Community
Allow Laurel House to "move in"
Misconceptions about EastNorriton.org
Recently several articles have appeared in the Times Herald and other local rags (mostly through syndication) suggesting that this website is the driving force behind opposition to Laurel House. I am not going to assume what led to that misconception.
EastNorriton.org has always been about East Norriton. Anyone who lives, works, or even shops in East Norriton has always been welcome to submit any content to this website. I have no responsibility to share who that might be, nor is it relevant.
When the residents of Keenwood Road contacted me about publishing the letter, I naturally published it. They have the same access to this website that any individual resident or business has had in the past. If someone chooses to put up signs directing people to this website in order to access information that is relevant to them, that is an indication to me that this site is working.
The purpose of this website is to share information about East Norriton to residents and businesses. No opinions regarding East Norriton have ever been rejected nor will they be. Comments are moderated but they are not regulated by any personal opinion. I continue to invite all interested parties to use this website to communicate ideas about your community.
Once again if you would like to publish something on this website or request a Featured Business listing please use the contact us form. It does work! (Fancy submission forms do not a website make.) http://eastnorriton.org/?page_id=59
Letter Received – Laurel House / Saint Titus Zoning
Dear Fellow East Norriton Resident,
- The purpose of this letter is to inform you of a potentially real and serious threat to all of our property values in the center of East Norriton Township. Laurel House is planning to erect a group shelter on the wooded property of 3006 Keenwood Road which is currently owned by the Archdiocese of Philadelphia. This group shelter will disrupt the safety, calm, and quietness of our neighborhood and unfortunately define our area forever. Laurel House will also begin planning to construct another building on this site once funding is secured to transfer all of their keys facilities to this location. For this to occur, Laurel House is applying for three zoning variances or changes, including the most important of which is allowing a group shelter to be built on the current property. Please not this shelter will not replace St. Titus Church but only be an addition to it.
Please attend an important zoning meeting on Tuesday July 14th 2015 at 7 PM in East Norriton Township Building 2501 Stanbridge Street, to voice your displeasure with this proposed shelter based on the following reasons.
- The group shelter will destroy many East Norriton property values. You did not purchase your home with a group shelter nearby and will obviously find it more difficult to sell it with one, granting this variance will also open up the possibility of converting St. Titus school or any other part of the property into a shelter.
- The group shelter will jeopardize the safety of many East Norriton residents. Abusers would once again find their victims and put everyone in the neighborhood at risk.
- The group shelter will wreck the natural quietness of our community by dramatically increasing traffic flow. Group home workers and residents will be shuttling back and forth to their jobs and schools throughout the day and evening.
- The group shelters representative best described by East Norriton residents who attended the planning commission hearing on June 17th as evasive, not forthcoming and oblivious to their concerns.
If you can't attend the meeting please at least contact a zoning board officer or township supervisor. Their names may be found on the East Norriton Township website. Your help is needed. If something is not done now, we will be dealing with the ramifications of this group shelter for the rest of our time spent in East Norriton.
Note from Editor: Residents who received this letter may have noticed that the original date for the zoning meeting was May 14th which was incorrect. The correct date has and time is Tuesday July 14th 2015 at 7 PM which is reflected in the corrected version above.
Pius A. Nark Wins Republican Primary
Our formal Constable of 32 years has decided to come out of retirement. He has resided at the same location in East Norriton since 1980. He is asking the residents of East Norriton to re-elect him as Constable and put East Norriton back to where it was before he was replaced.
Occupy Norristown
I've located some details on the organization of an "Occupy Norristown" event. I do my best to keep tabs on the locale, mostly for my own well being.
After sifting through keyword reports and running some search queries of my own, I stumbled upon 2 Facebook pages affiliated with the soon to be occupation of Norristown. The first is a fanpage and is simply called "Occupy Norristown"
I noticed that although the page has less than the required 25 likes for a vanity url, it already had one. But then I realized it was categorized as an NGO (Non-Governmental Organization). And since I've never set one of those up, perhaps Facebook offers some leeway with that.
The second page was an event page, and it was titled; "Occupy Norristown Planning Meeting"
There you'll discover that a planning meeting is scheduled for the end of October at Steppy's in East Norriton. Unfortunately I have no review yet for Steppy's, so I apologize for the lack of visual aids.
At first I was surprised that the meeting date was so far out. But for all I know, they could plan, and start all in the same day maybe? Another thing that came to mind was the 11/11/11 date. And I assume they're planning to start as close to that date as possible. Especially if any of them are familiar with the political system here in Montgomery County (draw your own conclusions).
Which brings me to my next observation. Steppy's is a peculiar old school type of "establishment". Let's just say virtually anyone might overhear what they're planning. (again draw your own conclusions).
eastnorriton.org is not affiliated with the Occupy movement, nor any local governing body
Regional storm grinds rush hour traffic
The storm this evening that hit the Norristown and surrounding areas slowed rush hour traffic in East Norriton to a virtual standstill. There was mild flooding on Swede and into Norristown where it becomes DeKalb. The storm seemed to be hovering right above the intersection of Germantown and Swede for almost an hour.
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Making the transition from television to theater, Darren Criss was spotted performing onstage in his Broadway debut of "How To Succeed in Business Without Really Trying" last night (January 3).
The handsome actor was amazing at the Al Hirschfeld Theatre alongside costars Rose Hemingway and Beau Bridges.
His career is definitely on the up and up, and Darren Criss will make his debut as the lead in Broadway's "How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying" later tonight (January 3).
The "Glee" actor will be succeeding "Harry Potter" star Daniel Radcliffe as the play's character J. Pierrepont Finch.
Taking the stage for a deserving cause, Darren Criss performed during the Sing Out, Raise Hope benefit concert in New York City on Saturday (December 17).
With the event taking place at Alice Tully Hall in Lincoln Center, the "Glee" star entertained audience members while helping raise funds for The Trevor Project and the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation.
Awards show season is always exciting, and last night (December 8) Stacy "Fergie" Ferguson and Olivia Munn were looking fine at the Hollywood Foreign Press Association and InStyle's "A Night of Firsts" and the New Miss Golden Globe 2012 event.
It's one of the most highly anticipated films of the year, and a plethora of our favorite stars were on hand for the Hollywood, CA premiere of "New Year's Eve" on Monday night (December 5).
Drawing out quite the illustrious lineup of star power, The Hollywood Palladium in Los Angeles, California was the place to be on Sunday evening (December 4).
They've handled some of the biggest hits from decades past to today, and the cast of "Glee" taped their 300th musical performance at Paramount Studios in Los Angeles yesterday (October 26).
Paying tribute to good deeds done by the young stars of Hollywood, Variety's 5th Annual Power of Youth event was held in Hollywood, California on Saturday (October 22).


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Get an overview of this hotelHotel in Vancouver with free breakfast and indoor pool
Popular property highlights
Located in the heart of Vancouver, this hotel is within 9 mi (15 km) of Fort Vancouver National Historic Site, Portland International Raceway, and Portland Meadows Racetrack. Esther Short Park and Vancouver Farmers Market are also within 9 mi (15 km).
Hotel Features
This hotel features an indoor pool, a spa tub, and coffee/tea in a common area. Free continental breakfast, free WiFi in public areas, and free self parking are also provided. Additionally, laundry facilities, a 24-hour front desk, and a computer station are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 63 rooms offer free WiFi, coffee makers, and TVs with cable channels. Free local calls, hair dryers, and showers are among the other amenities that guests will find.
Guest Highlights
- Good location
- Proximity to shopping
- Breakfast
- Overall value of stay
- Helpful staff
- Clean guestrooms
- Overall room comfort
Howard Johnson Inn and Suites by Vancouver Mall
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Howard Johnson Inn and Suites by Vancouver Mall features an indoor pool and a spa tub. A computer station is located on site and wireless Internet access is complimentary. A complimentary breakfast is offered each morning. This business-friendly hotel also offers coffee/tea in a common area, laundry facilities, and an elevator (lift). Limited complimentary onsite parking is available on a first-come, first-served basis.
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- 24-hour front desk
- Total number of rooms - 63
- Free breakfast
- Coffee/tea in common areas
- Elevator/lift
- Computer station
- Laundry facilities
- Number of floors - 3
- Parking (limited spaces)
- Free self parking
- Spa tub
- Indoor pool
- Free WiFi
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Indoor pool
- Free Wi-Fi
- Laundry facilities
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking, Parking (limited spaces)
Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Phone
- Coffee/tea maker
- Free toiletries
- Television
- Free local calls
- Hair dryer
- Iron/ironing board
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Cable TV service
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Shower only
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
- In-room climate control (heating)
- Desk
- Free WiFi
Where to Eat
A complimentary continental breakfast is served each morning between 6 AM and 9 AM.
Nearby Things to Do
An indoor pool and a spa tub are on site.
If you have requests for specific accessibility needs, please note them at check-out when you book your room.
- Accessible bathroom
- Roll-in shower
Hotel Policies
Check-in time ends at midnight
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Minimum check-in age is 21
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Kids stay free! Up to 2 children 12 years old and younger stay free when using existing bedding.
- Rollaway/extra beds are available for USD 10.00 per night.
- Free cribs (infant beds)!
- Pets allowed for an extra charge of USD 25 per pet (varies based on length of stay)
- Dogs only
- 1 per room (up to 10 lb)
- Restrictions apply
- For more information contact the property at the number on the booking confirmation
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- The name on the credit card used at check-in to pay for incidentals must be the primary name on the guestroom reservation.
Cash Deposit Required
- Cash deposit: USD 150.00 per stay
Optional extras
- Pet fee: USD 25 per pet (varies based on length of stay)
- Early check-in fee: USD 25.00
- Late check-out fee: USD 25.00
- Rollaway bed fee: USD 10.00 per night
Hotel Name
- Howard Johnson Inn Vancouver Mall
- Howard Johnson Vancouver Mall
We should mention
Up to 2 children 12 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding. The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation. Guests can arrange to bring pets by contacting the property directly, using the contact information on the booking confirmation (surcharges apply and can be found in the Fees section).


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Hello there, new guy here! I'm here in America, where I was born and raised, and my native language is English. I've tried to learn many languages on my own, but almost everytime end up giving up due to self-esteem issues. Because of this, I know a few phrases in Miskito, Cherokee, Japanese, and Kannada. I can understand Spanish and Old English, but I can't write or speak either of them, because I'm out of practice.
However, I've been studying Hawaiian for quite a while, and have never given up or taken time off from it. I'd say I'm more than halfway to fluency!
Anywho, I'm really interested in the art of language for many reasons, too many to write about here without getting off-track.
Thank you for reading
Nice to meet ya!
The place to introduce yourselves.
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Flower Print Rug
Hayden Tufted Wool Rug by Company C
Customer Rating:0.0/5
A twist on traditional damask, this hand-tufted rug mixes a classic botanical motif with bright, modern hues to make a bold statement that is rich in color and detail. * By Company C * Hand-tufted using soft wool * Cotton backing * Imported Please allow 2-3 weeks for shipping. This item cannot be shipped to a PO Box or an APO address. It must ship to a street address within the continental United S...
Price: $395.00 - $1995.00


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|Add nine courses as electives to the Minor in Classical Studies
|Submitting Dean
|Submitting College
|Arts & Sciences -- Annabelle Foos x7937
|Departments Generating the Proposal
|Objection Deadline
|May 06, 2008
|Proposal Status
|Final Approval Granted
|Proposal Last Updated
|July 01, 2008 by Karen Greene
|Effective Date
|Fall 2008
|Brief Summary of Proposal
|Experience with the Minor in Classical Studies has shown that a series of courses belong among the electives. No changes are proposed to the required courses or the number of credit hours required for the Minor.
|Type of Proposal
|Program changes
|Graduate School Endorsement Status
|Not required
|Graduate School Endorsement Updated
|April 11, 2008 by GS Heather Blake
|Institutional Research Status
|IR Status Updated
|April 11, 2008 by IR Diane Maffei
|Library Status
|Not required
|Library Status Updated
|April 11, 2008 by UL Diana Chlebek
|Distance Learning Review Committee Status
|Not required
|DLRC Status Updated
|General Education Advisory Committee Status
|Not required
|GEAC Status Updated
|April 03, 2008 by PR Rex Ramsier
|Resource Requirements
|No additional resources
|Resource Requirements Updated
|April 04, 2008 by AS dean's ofc Cathy Moore
CPS Menu


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On the trail, both candidates have moved to thematic closing arguments rather than launching new broadsides.
Can you be a trailblazer when no one has followed your trail?
Blonde, pretty, and all smiles on the trail, she beat a right-wing incumbent in a three-way battle.
This personal-political linkage is likely to serve Bachmann well on the trail.
Plus, people are still allowed to hike and ride horseback on this part of the trail.
On every road and trail leading from the city, Marine hunted Cacos.
You told us yesterday that your ancestors not only made the trail but also the law of the trail.
We never thought of following the trail of the Indians to recover our horses.
Pen interrupted nervously: "A couple of men are coming up the trail."
She would find it and catch one last glimpse of Job on the trail.
c.1300, "to hang down loosely and flow behind," from Old French trailler "to tow," ultimately from Vulgar Latin *tragulare "to drag," from Latin tragula "dragnet," probably related to trahere "to pull" (see tract (n.1)). The meaning "follow the trail of" (an animal, etc.) is first recorded late 14c. Related: Trailed; trailing.
early 14c., "trailing part of a robe, gown, etc.," from the source of trail (v.). The meaning "track or smell left by a person or animal" is also from 1580s. Meaning "path or track worn in wilderness" is attested from 1807.


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Return to Main Page for Mark Kantor
Recent dispute resolution engagements include serving as chair in an intellectual property dispute related to fracking technology, as chair in a dispute over control of second arbitration, as co-arbitrator in dispute related to licensing agreement for blood testing products and technology, as co-arbitrator in a dispute over payments with respect to acquisition of coal company, as sole arbitrator in claim for compensation under political risk guarantee, as sole arbitrator in dispute over fertilizer products, as co-arbitrator in dispute over clothing manufacture contract, as sole arbitrator in a dispute over technology for a consumer electronics product, as chair in a dispute relating to Eurobonds, as party-appointed arbitrator in a DR-CAFTA investor-state arbitration related to an electricity concession in Dominican Republic, as party appointed arbitrator in a DR-CAFTA investor-state arbitration related to ownership and use of land in Costa Rica, as institutionally-appointed arbitrator in a claim for breach of contract under a telecommunications concession, as an institutionally-appointed arbitrator and as a party-appointed arbitrator in several hotel management disputes, as chair in a franchise dispute, as party-appointed arbitrator in a dispute over delivery of mobile telecommunications equipment, as institutionally-appointed arbitrator in a dispute involving a long-term semiconductor strategic alliance agreement, as institutionally-appointed arbitrator in a multi-billion dollar dispute between investors over a telecommunications joint venture, as an institutionally-appointed arbitrator and as a party-appointed arbitrator in several satellite-related disputes, as institutionally-appointed arbitrator in a dispute between sellers and buyer under an acquisition agreement, as institutionally-appointed arbitrator in a dispute over water rights for a cattle ranch, as institutionally-appointed arbitrator in an international construction contract dispute, as sole arbitrator in a dispute over switched voice services, as sole arbitrator in a dispute over estate landscaping services, as party-appointed arbitrator in a matter involving claims under a political risk insurance policy with respect to an Asian power project, as "billing expert" in a non-binding expert determination with respect to payments under a power supply agreement, as chairman in an arbitration over performance of an IT consulting contract to develop finance systems for a commercial bank, as institutionally-appointed arbitrator in a case involving claims by a broker-dealer that certain departing brokers had breached provisions of their employment agreements, as a party-appointed arbitrator in connection with disputes between two investors in a merchant power project involving issues of project financing, allocation of development costs and compliance with construction obligations, as sole arbitrator in a dispute over the resale of long-distance telecommunications services, as chairman in a dispute involving a calling card arrangement, as sole arbitrator in disputes involving credit card obligations, as a mediator in a dispute over ownership rights in an oil concession, as mediator in a securities dispute between a broker-dealer and a customer, as mediator in an employment dispute between a manager and a securities firm and as expert in ICANN determination of several objections to applications to operate generic top-level domain names.
Interested parties should not rely on this website as a complete or updated source of disclosure information about Mark Kantor. Mr. Kantor does not maintain a current or complete list of engagements, publications, memberships or associations, whether on this website or otherwise. Mr. Kantor is a member of or teaches at a number of organizations. He is or may become a member of a board of editors of other periodicals. Advertising, sponsorship or other support by such a periodical or its affiliates for conferences and similar events is a matter within the authority of the publishers of those periodicals, not the editors. Mr. Kantor is a member of the Board of Directors of the American Arbitration Association. He also attends numerous conferences and events related to inter alia mediation, judging, arbitration and litigation, business transactions, law and administrative, intellectual property, commercial, investment and finance law and participates on social networks such as Facebook and Linkedin. Mr. Kantor does not maintain records of fellow members, speakers, advertisers, sponsors, organizers, faculty, students, "friends", authors, participants, committee members, employees or attendees of such organizations, periodicals or events, as that is not by itself a "known … relationship which might reasonably affect impartiality or independence in the eyes of any of the parties." Canon II, Code of Ethics for Arbitrators in Commercial Disputes, American Bar Association (2004); General Standard 2, International Bar Association Guidelines for Conflicts of Interest in Commercial Arbitration (2004). Mr. Kantor requests any party in an arbitration for which he is proposed as an arbitrator to promptly disclose any facts or circumstances leading that party to question his impartiality or independence as soon as that information is reasonably available to the party and, for that purpose, to undertake a reasonable continuing search of publicly available information promptly after learning of his prospective appointment as arbitrator. He makes a statement substantially similar to this paragraph in disclosure statements for all arbitrations for which he is nominated as an arbitrator.
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Pacific Rim (2013)
Directed by: Guillermo del Toro
Starring: Charlie Day, Charlie Hunnam, Idris Elba, Rinko Kikuchi, Ron Perlman
Vote on more movies at The Big Fat List
Plot hole: The Kaiju's EMP fries all electrical circuits next to him, and affects the base as well. If that's true, how did the helicopters carrying Gypsy survive the blast without having their electronics fried? EMP pulses induce current in all electronics regardless of whether they're powered on or not.
Factual error: The coastal wall in Sydney is shown as being inside the Sydney Harbour (right next to the Opera House). But Sydney Harbour is not on the Pacific coast but a part of the Parramatta river, several kilometres from the ocean (where the wall should have been). So the wall is either not shielding the northern part of Australia or (more likely) the producers decided that the audience cannot tell that it is Sydney unless we see the Opera House.
Factual error: Gipsy Danger's fist bumps into an office table as it screeches to a halt. The Newton's cradle on the table has an impossible reaction. All of the balls would simply sway in parallel, and not the 'classic' reaction displayed in the movie.
More mistakes in Pacific Rim
Trivia: Crimson Typhoon was originally planned to have four arms and be piloted by female quadruplets. However, the producers couldn't find any.
Trivia: Although they play father and son, Max Martini is only fourteen years older than Robert Kazinsky.
More trivia for Pacific Rim
Stacker Pentecost: Today at the edge of our hope, at the end of our time. We have chosen to believe in each other. Today we face the monsters that are at our door, today we are cancelling the apocalypse!


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Beaver Village Condo 1114 Rental
Newly renovated gorgeous four bedroom three bathroom condominium, one of the largest on our complex at Beaver Village Condominiums located in downtown Winter Park. Large living area includes full living room, dining room and open kitchen. Extra bedding can be found in two of the bedrooms with captain bunk beds! Amenities include a clubhouse pool, hot tubs and sauna. Minutes from Winter Park Resort and downtown Winter Park. This condominium is perfect for a small group or family. Radiant in floor heat completes this vacation rental and can be found in the kitchen and master bath, just perfect for cool mornings or evenings.
- Bedrooms 4
- Bathrooms 3
- Sleeps 14
- Nearby City N/A
- Nearby Water N/A
- Open Dates All Year
Nearest Airports
- Rocky Mountain Metropolitan Airport (BJC) / 35.4 miles
- Centennial Airport (APA) / 55.1 miles
- Buckley Air Force Base (BFK) / 56.8 miles
* Not all airports listed here may be open to public use, or service commercial flights
Additional Information
- Sauna
- Cross Country Skiing
- Downhill Skiing/Snowboarding
- Freshwater Fishing
- Hiking
- Wildlife & Nature
Room Amenities
- Balcony
- Coffee Maker
- Deck
- Hot Tub
- Shopping
- Sightseeing
Languages Spoken
- English
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When it comes to running, New Balance is about as classic as it gets. The Boston-based company has over a century of experience under its belt and — in addition to a strong performance division — continues to thrill sneakerheads and runners with reissues of its most iconic silhouettes. As the lines between performance and lifestyle sneakers continue to blur, we decided to sit down with New Balance's Jen Lynch for her thoughts on the intersection of fashion and performance, the brand's rich heritage and the creation of "timeless classics." Read on for the interview in its entirety and let us know your thoughts in the comments section below.
Introduction & favorite or most well-received projects…
Can you introduce yourself and your role at New Balance?
My name is Jen Lynch and I'm the Sr. Product Manager for New Balance Lifestyle and Classics.
What are some of your favorite or most well-received projects of the past?
There are so many that I love, but probably the best are the original bring-back styles that are Made in the USA. It's really wonderful being able to reintroduce a style respecting its original design and materialization 30 years after it first debuted. Knowing the history of these styles and the significance it had on the company makes the project that much more special.
How New Balance's rich running tradition translates into lifestyle & about the huge resurgence of New Balance lifestyle…
How does New Balance's rich running innovation translate into lifestyle side and vice-versa?
Working on Classics, it's interesting to take a look at styles created in the past that were truly innovative for that time and yet timeless. While we certainly recreate and rematerialize styles from the past, the fact that we can draw upon our past and current running innovations to create styles to become Classics in the future is great. At the core of who we are, we are a running company and the fact that technical product can become timeless classics is a great product range to work on.
We've seen a huge resurgence of New Balance on the lifestyle tip recently, what would you equate that to?
I think the fact that we make timeless classics that are as relevant today as they were when they were first introduced has enabled the resurgence of New Balance Lifestyle and Classic products. That coupled with the fact that we partner with great collaborators and maintain a high level of craftsmanship further assists the resurgence of New Balance.
"There are so many that I love, but probably the best are the original bring-back styles that are Made in the USA. It's really wonderful being able to reintroduce a style respecting its original design and materialization 30 years after it first debuted."
Jen Lynch speaks about his favorite project of the past
How having their own factories domestically helps with his job, exciting trends/developments & about the greater intersection of performance and lifestyle…
Being one of the few footwear brands that have their own respective factories domestically, how does this help with your job?
There is nothing greater than working with your design and development team from the beginning with all of the passion that goes into designing and developing the styles and sharing that passion with the people making the shoes at your factory. When we go to Skowhegan, Maine and meet with the team up there working on a particular style, they are as excited and passionate about that shoe as we are. They have a pride in what they do and feel responsibility for every shoe they make, which translates into a high-quality, crafted shoe.
What are the most exciting trends/developments you see now in running?
Personally I love the new materializations and constructions being done on performance product. I also like the fact that sneakers are no longer for the gym but are a true fashion accessory. The fact that high fashion brands are making sophisticated sneakers that can be worn not just with denim and casual wear is an exciting trend.
How do you perceive the increasingly greater intersection of performance and lifestyle/fashion?
For a long time performance sneakers were meant just for the gym or working out and it was very taboo to wear them casually. Now with the intersection of performance and fashion, you're seeing really great innovation in terms of material executions, unique color combinations, and a sophistication not really seen before in the market place.
"There is nothing greater than working with your design and development team from the beginning with all of the passion that goes into designing and developing the styles and sharing that passion with the people making the shoes at your factory."
Jen Lynch speaks about the benefits of having their own factories domestically
About the New Balance archive, what kind of mark does he want New Balance to make in the realm of footwear & how he would describe the NB family…
How much of the New Balance archive would you say is untapped?
As a company with over 100 years of history, there are so many eras of untapped archival product. I'm really looking forward to more archival product for years to come!
What sort of mark do you want to make on New Balance and the realm of footwear?
These are pretty lofty, but I would love to leave New Balance with the reputation of being able to bring back original product respecting the design and materialization of the original, while being able to turn Classics on their heads so to speak and reinvent what New Balance Classics can mean both from a brand and market standpoint. Also, I would love to build such a strong line of Made in USA Classics that New Balance could open even more factories in the US to continue the strong traditional of footwear craftsmanship that is a rarity these days.
With over a decade spent with New Balance, how would you describe the NB family?
What has been the coolest thing to see change over the last 12 years? I think the best thing about my experience at New Balance and the New Balance family is how cohesive we are and how everyone is truly in it together to make the brand stronger every day. The people that work at New Balance do so because they love the brand, what the brand represents, and the products we make. It truly makes a difference working with a group of people that share a passion for the brand and are truly invested in making the brand better. This focus on brand versus self means that whenever there is help needed someone is always there to help you achieve your goals. Believe me, it matters knowing that you have a team of people who will always support you through your endeavors.
Any last words about the concept of New Balance and the concept of "made in the USA?"
One out of every 4 pairs of shoes we sell in the USA is made or assembled here. Where the domestic value is at least 70%, we label our shoes "Made in the USA."
"As a company with over 100 years of history, there are so many eras of untapped archival product. I'm really looking forward to more archival product for years to come!"
Jen Lynch speaks about how much of the New Balance archive is untapped


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LAS VEGAS – Once you've built the mighty SuperNAP, what do you do for an encore? If you're data center provider Switch, you build a better SuperNAP right next door.
The debut of the SuperNAP data center in 2009 put Switch on the map in a big way. At more than 400,000 square feet, the SuperNAP offered unprecedented scale and the ability to support extreme power density. The facility hosts servers and storage for many of the world's leading technology companies, including more than 40 cloud computing companies and a dense concentration of network carriers.
The company's newest creation, known as SuperNAP 8, builds on that foundation with a number of innovations in cooling and reliability. The building has just become the first multi-tenant data center to earn Tier IV Constructed Facility certification, the highest rating possible under The Uptime Institute's ratings for mission-critical reliability.
For Switch founder and CEO Rob Roy, SuperNAP 8 is the culmination of a decade-long effort to rethink the data center. The design for SuperNAP 8 can operate effectively in any climate, providing an ultra-efficient template for global growth. Switch is finalizing plans for an international expansion, with details to be announced later this year.
"We've really been focused on creating the world's best data center," said Roy, who has patented many of the design innovations at Switch. "SuperNAP 8 is the end game of that effort. I've wanted to see if we could create one global standard for our data centers."
First Tier IV Colocation Facility
The effort has made an impression on The Uptime Institute, which has evaluated data centers around the world for its Tier certification program. Only four finished data centers in the U.S. have ever earned Tier IV for a finished facility, the highest certification level, and until now all have been single-tenant financial services data centers.
"The first Tier IV Facility Certification in the colocation sector speaks for itself: another world-class accomplishment," said Ed Rafter, Vice President of Technology for The Uptime Institute. "Switch SuperNAP 8 has incorporated a number of well-planned and innovative solutions for their facilities infrastructure requirements."
SuperNAP 8 is the next step in Roy's vision for a massive technology ecosystem in Las Vegas. Switch now has more than 1,000 customers and 315 employees, and its projects keep 1,000 construction workers employed. The 300,000 square foot SuperNAP 8 facility is built several hundred yards from the original SuperNAP (now known as SuperNAP 7).
SuperNAP 8 was built using pre-fabricated modular components manufactured by Switch. The major building block is known as a MacroMOD, and includes two data halls. Switch is installing customers in the first two data halls, which represent half of the building's total capacity.
So what's different about SuperNAP 8? Data Center Knowledge recently had a tour of the new facility, which features the same combination of density and efficiency seen at SuperNAP 7, which operates at a full-year Power Usage Efficiency (PUE) of 1.18. That puts its efficiency nearly on par with Google, which has a full-year PUE of 1.12 for its fleet of data centers.
This level of efficiency is unusual for a multi-tenant facility, which has less flexibility in pushing the boundaries of server inlet temperature. Switch operates the SuperNAPs' server halls at 69 degrees and 40 percent humidity, while hyperscale players like Google and Facebook can push temperatures closer to 80 degrees.
A high-level change in the new design is how the data center is organized. At SuperNAP 7, a massive power spine runs down the center of the building, with data halls and power rooms on each side. At SuperNAP 8, all the power rooms are together along the perimeter of one side of the building, with the power spine alongside.
The data halls are now together in the remainder of the interior space, with the exterior cooling units lining the far side of the building. This diagram provides a cross-section of the facility, showing the placement of (from left to right) the generators, power rooms, power spine, data halls, and cooling units.
Separating the power equipment from the servers and the cooling units provides additional reliability, limiting the potential for problems should the electrical gear.
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This event is in the past.
October 20, 2014 | 6:00 p.m. - 7:30 p.m.
Category: College Fair
Location: Trenton High School Gymnasium
2601 Charlton Rd
Trenton, MI 48183
Trenton, MI 48183
Cost: Free
Calendars: Salesforce, Recruitment Schedule, Main Events Calendar, Admissions
Audience: Prospective Students
Vanessa Reynolds, WSU Admissions Counselor, will attend the College Fair at Trenton High School. The College Fair will provide an opportunity for prospective students to speak with an Admissions Counselor, find out about admission requirements and learn more about Wayne State University.
For more information about this event, please contact Vanessa Reynolds at 313-577-3577.


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Please enter your delivery pin code:
Spawake Natural Glow Cream has a sea mineral moisture formula with a delightfully lightweight texture. It spreads smoothly over skin for an instant burst of fresh moisture. A unique BB Cream with SPF 25/PA++ that corrects your skin tone.
• Natural glow shade • Covers blemishes & flaws • Gives a tone lighter shade with clear complexion • Moisturizes up to 8 hours • Smoothes skin texture
Required information not available. Please refer actual product packaging for more information.
For external use only. Keep out of reach of children.
Brand: Spawake. Quantity: 15GM.
Laminaria Japonica Extract, Maris Sal (Sea Salt).
Built by Solveda


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Gold dropped to a 2.5-week low on Monday, extending losses from the previous session, as stop-loss selling more than offset support from China inflation data suggesting there was more room to ease monetary policy.
Gold staged its biggest daily loss in more than two months on Friday, after data showed US consumer sentiment rose to a five-year high, adding to concern that the Federal Reserve's latest round of quantitative easing (QE3), aimed to improve job market and supporting growth, may be trimmed.
China's annual consumer price inflation ticked down to 1.9 per cent in September from August's 2.0 per cent, leaving plenty of room for further policy easing to shore up growth, which would help support gold's role as a hedge.
But momentum in gold remained depressed after the data release, as the slide from Friday's intra-day high above $US1770 triggered stop-selling that was still pushing prices lower, traders said.
"We traded through lots of stops this morning," said a Singapore-based trader, "The China inflation story is outweighed by such selling."
Spot gold fell to a 2.5-week low of $US1741.24 an ounce before paring some losses to $US1743.39 by 3.23am GMT (2.23pm AEDT), down 0.6 per cent from the previous close. US gold lost 0.8 per cent to $US1745.30. Technical analysis suggested that spot gold could extend losses to $US1717 an ounce after it broke below the support at $US1747, said Reuters market analyst Wang Tao.
The upbeat US data, together with the lingering uncertainty over the euro zone debt crisis, helped the dollar to snap three days of losses, putting pressure on dollar-priced commodities.
"After QE3 there were a lot of longs in gold," said Peter Fung, head of dealing at Wing Fung Precious Metals in Hong Kong. "Since $US1780-$US1790 seemed heavy, some funds sold positions to take profit and now the long positions are getting squeezed."
Net length rose to 198,194 contracts in the week ended Oct. 9, the highest level in nearly 14 months, the latest position data on US gold futures and options shows.
Attention will be on a string of data from China, including a third-quarter gross domestic product number likely to show that economic growth slowed for a seventh straight quarter to its weakest since the depth of the global financial crisis.
Holdings of gold-backed exchange-traded funds slipped for the second session straight to 74.979 million ounces on October 11, but were close to the record of 75.03 million ounces hit earlier last week.
Among other metals, spot silver dropped to a one-month low of $US32.02, spot platinum fell to a 2-1/2-week low of $US1627.49, and spot palladium slid to $US627.22, its lowest in two weeks.


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FLORENCE – Lynn Kostoff, Nellie Cooke Sparrow Writer in Residence and Professor of English, and Dr. LeRoy Peterson, Jr., professor of chemistry, will be named Francis Marion University Board of Trustees' Research Scholars for 2011.
"I am very proud to appoint these two distinguished colleagues as Trustees' Research Scholars. Pete and Lynn are two of our most prolific researchers as well as being two of our most inspiring teachers," said FMU President Fred Carter. "The entire university community joins me in recognizing their accomplishments and applauding their success."
Kostoff is the author of three novels - A Choice of Nightmares (1991), The Long Fall (2003), and Late Rain (2010)—and is working on two new novels, The Work of Hands, and The Length of Days.
Kostoff earned the B.F.A. and M.F.A. degrees in creative writing from Bowling Green State University. Before joining the FMU faculty in 1985, the Hartford, Ohio native taught at Indiana State University and the University of Alabama. He has received numerous awards and honors during his tenure at FMU and has served on a host of committees.
In the community, Kostoff consults with local schoolteachers on creative writing projects on a regular basis and makes visits to the schools to talk to the students. He hosts Advanced Placement high school students, teaching them creative writing. In addition, he assists students entering the Governor's School of the Arts with preparing their portfolios.
A native of Florence, Peterson earned a bachelor's degree at FMU in 1984 and received his Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of South Carolina where he was an undergraduate laboratory-teaching assistant. He joined the faculty of FMU in 1990.
An active researcher, Peterson has received grants from the National Science Foundation, the South Carolina EPSCoR/Brin Collaborative Research Program, and the South Carolina Commission on Higher Education. He is the author or co-author of numerous publications and presentations. He received the FMU Faculty Service Award for 2001-2002.
He is a member of the American Chemical Society, the Pee Dee Math and Science Hub, the Science South project and the S.C. Academy of Science. He is president of North Vista PTA, serves on the board of Florence Boys and Girls Club and coaches in youth basketball leagues. He is faculty advisor for Omega Psi Phi and Kappa Alpha Psi fraternities and Zeta Phi Beta sorority and is active in the university's African-American Faculty and Staff Coalition. He is also a member of the FMU Institutional Effectiveness Committee.
The Research Scholar appointments are for three-year terms and are renewable. The two new appointees join John Britton, Jeff Camper, Fred David, Bill Fox, Scott Kaufman, Jeff Lee, Larry McCumber, Lorraine de Montluzin, Jeff Pompe, Bill Ramsey, Jon Tuttle and Benjamin Woods.
The Research Scholar designation signifies outstanding scholarly achievements and the promise of continued scholarly activity in the future.


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John, the newest 4400 Fan of the Week, wants the ability to stop time, which has endless possibilities. Here is his entry:
John D.
First let me start off by saying the show is great, absolutely great. It's really hard to find a show these days that continues to captivate and intrigue you episode after episode. I cannot wait for season 4!
If I were a 4400, my special ability would have to the ability to stop time. The possibilities of such a feat, whether they be used for good or evil, are endless. Whether I was saving lives, or taking lives (should the NOVA group recruit me), I would be unstoppable. There would be no situation where I couldn't simply stop time and walk away.
The government would have countless uses for me. On the other hand, they would probably try to control, contain, or even eliminate my power, knowing the ramifications should I decide to make my own rules.
Think you deserve the honor of "The 4400 Fan of the Week"?
Email email@example.com your credentials and tell us what ability you'd want if you were a 4400. Include your name and a photo of yourself, and we may feature you right here on the official site!


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by Staff Writers
Thessaloniki, Greece (AFP) Nov 09, 2013
More than 5,000 people took to the streets of Greece's second-largest city on Saturday, police said, to protest against a controversial gold mine that has frayed relations in a northern village.
Protesters carried a banner reading "Toxic dust doesn't have boundaries. No to gold mines" in Thessaloniki, while in Athens, 500 more gathered to shout slogans denouncing police brutality they allege was directed at those who have taken action against the mine.
Opponents of the venture in Ierissos, a village on the tourist-friendly Halkidiki peninsula, believe it could poison groundwater supplies in the area.
Violent resistance has broken out repeatedly since government permission to break ground on the project was granted in 2011 to Hellenic Gold, a Greek subsidiary of Canadian mining firm Eldorado Gold.
In February militants threw Molotov cocktails at the site, wounding a guard and damaging equipment.
This was followed two months later by the ransacking of the local police station in retaliation for what inhabitants saw as excessive force used in the arrest of two suspects connected with the previous attack.
More than 200 people in the region around the mine are due in court on criminal charges connected with the demonstrations, leading to accusations that the authorities have criminalised the protest movement.
Anti-mine activists claim it will poison local water supplies with mercury, lead and arsenic, but the government says the venture could create hundreds of jobs in a country with an unemployment rate of 27 percent.
Related Links
Our Polluted World and Cleaning It Up
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