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U.S. gaming regulators can learn from recent online case in Europe
Officials who write and enforce rules for America's nascent online casino industry could learn important lessons from the handling of allegations of rigged software at two popular European gambling sites.
However, key participants disagree on whether the five-month investigation by the Gibraltar Regulatory Authority is something to emulate or avoid.
Gibraltar's gambling commissioner says it demonstrated a high level of openness necessary between regulators and casino operators, "something many other regulators have failed to achieve."
A gambling mathematician who questioned the fairness of two games says the probe opens the door to future abuses.
The case interests U.S. gamblers because legal online gambling sites are beginning to emerge in this country. Online poker rooms are operating in Nevada, while sites offering an array of casino games are on track to open in New Jersey and Delaware within a year. Several other states, including Pennsylvania, are considering legalizing in-state Internet gambling.
America's land-based casinos have flourished because strict government regulation give players confidence that luck and skill determine whether they win or lose — not loaded dice, a stacked deck or a rigged machine.
Online, unscrupulous operators can have games programmed to increase the house edge without players' knowledge. Adaptive software can recognize how a player bets and increase the chances of a loss.
That was the thrust of the complaint involving the European sites. In games called ReelDeal and HiLo, bettors wagered on the rank and suit color of a card pulled from a virtual deck. One player documented more than 19,000 hands in which the results were skewed beyond what random chance would allow, according to Eliot Jacobson of Santa Barbara, Calif., operator of Certified Fair Gambling, which audits Internet gambling software. He voluntarily examined the complaint.
Gibraltar Gambling Commissioner Phill Brear investigated after the case drew attention on www.casinomeister.com, which bills itself as an online casino watchdog. In a report posted there May 20, Brear acknowledges that dishonest operators or software producers can enter the online gaming industry, but "in Gibraltar, we proactively guard against this by a very restricted licensing policy."
He says he found no evidence of adaptive software or of dishonesty by casino operators. He says the complaining player violated casino rules by using multiple accounts and computer "bots." An email from Brear to Player's Advantage calls the player "the original cheat."
The email says casino regulators and operators must be open with each other.
"We will not be able to maintain that trust if the disclosure of minor errors results in disproportionate or unwarranted public embarrassment for the operators; but, if that trust is breached, the outcome may be fatal to a (licensee). For this reason, this episode warranted no more than the significant inconvenience the suppliers have been put through in dealing with my requests for material and explanations/meetings."
Jacobson says the authority botched a chance to explain what happened and determine remedies, including ordering repayments to affected players.
"(The report) exposes that the regulatory agencies for online gaming — at least the GRA, which is one of the biggest anywhere — are not only not regulating, but barely competent," Jacobson tells Player's Advantage.
As states devise rules governing Internet play, they must ensure regulators avoid getting cozy with those they oversee and that casinos have protection against cheats.
Most importantly, casinos online or on land must be required to adhere to the toughest standards for fair play.
Mark Gruetze is administrative editor for Trib Total Media. He can be reached at 412-320-7838 or email@example.com.
44th annual WSOP shuffles up and deals
The World Series of Poker officially started May 29 with a No-Limit Hold 'Em tournament for casino employees.
The 44th annual WSOP, the world's biggest and richest series of poker tournaments, will award gold bracelets in 62 events during its 50-day run at the Rio Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas. Last year's WSOP had 74,766 entrants overall, including 6,598 in the $10,000-per-seat Main Event. About 100 Western Pennsylvania players were among the contestants last year.
Money trail
Slots players lost $48.24 million at Pennsylvania's 11 casinos during the week ended May 26, the Gaming Control Board reports. That's up from the $47.76 million in the comparable week last year.
The state gets 55 percent of that gross slot revenue, or what's left of players' wagers after jackpots are paid.
Statewide, the slots payout rate is 89.92 percent since the fiscal year started July 1. For every $100 bet, the machines return an average of $89.92. Highest payout rate: 90.63 percent at Parx in Philadelphia; lowest: 89.37 percent at Harrah's Philadelphia and Hollywood Penn National near Harrisburg.
Figures for Western Pennsylvania casinos:
Rivers; weekly slots revenue of $5.62 million, up from $5.35 million last year
Meadows; weekly slots revenue of $4.58 million, down from $4.67 million last year
Presque Isle in Erie; weekly slots revenue of $2.67 million, down from $2.82 million last year
How come the column hasn't been appearing every week lately? (various calls and emails)
Unfortunately, I've been beset with eye problems worse than seeing a blackjack dealer draw a six-card 21 to beat your pat 20. That has kept me from reading or writing for several days at a time. I'm still on sick leave but will write as I'm able. I hope to return to work by the end of June.


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DIVISION one front-runners King William dropped their first points of the Ian's Cars of Barlby York Sunday Morning Football League season as they were held 2-2 by Station.
The leaders won their first seven games and, despite the share all, they still lead the table by four points from Wigginton Grasshoppers, who have played three games more.
Selby-based Station started the strongest and went in front after 20 minutes with a goal from Wayne Brook.
The visitors gradually got back in the game and were rewarded when top scorer Danny Gray the equaliser.
King William kept pressing and were awarded a penalty, which was converted by Gray before the interval.
The second period was another tight affair and, just when the leaders looked to be hanging on for the win, Gary Collier hit an unstoppable shot from outside the area in the 75th minute to give Station a share of the points.
Station are ten points behind King William with a game in hand, although they could overhaul Wigginton by winning their four games in hand on the second-placed team.
In division two, Albion Vaults beat local rivals Hambleton 2-1.
The villagers' lone strike came from Ian Huddlestone, with Dave Reasbeck and Chris Harkin netting Albion's goals.
Marcia Grey goal machine Carl Stewart took his personal goal tally to 17 in five games when he scored five in the division three leaders' 6-3 win over Tadcaster Magnets.
Magnets took an early lead but Marcia were soon level when Darren Smith scored with a bullet header at the far post.
Magnets restored their lead but prolific Northern Counties East League marksman Stewart struck twice as Marcia took a 3-2 half-time lead.
Stewart then scored two more after the break to make it 5-2 and he added the sixth after Magnets had hit back for 5-3.
In division four, Selby Olympia recorded their seventh win on the trot by seeing off Marcia Bishopthorpe 3-2.
Andy Porter scored the only goal of the first half to give Olympia the lead when he pounced on a poor clearance from the Marcia keeper to score from 20 yards.
In the second period, Olympia enjoyed the lion's share of the ball but the chances were evenly shared.
It was another defensive mistake from Marcia that led to Tommy Butterfield doubling Olympia's lead in the 60th minute when he poked the ball home from a few inches out.
Gradually Marcia got back in the game and halved the deficit from the penalty spot five minutes later.
A further five minutes had elapsed before they were level following an Olympia defensive mistake.
The game looked to be finishing all square but two minutes from time Natty Horner was played clear to lob the keeper from just inside the box to give Olympia a 3-2 win.

subset: commoncrawl


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Several weeks ago, I was fortunate enough to attend a meeting at the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) on a new mandatory payment model for joint replacement. I was the only resident physician among the more than 70 health professionals at the meeting. What I learned is that for most trainees in medical school and residency, little time is spent understanding the nuances of health care finance or practice management. Continue reading Left Behind: Why Excluding Residents from Delivery System Reform Hurts Us All
Category Archives: Health Care Innovation
Creating a Culture of High Value Care at Massachusetts General Hospital
Three in four physicians stated that unnecessary tests and procedures contribute to the high cost of health care in the United States, according to a survey conducted by PerryUndem Research/Communication. In recent years, medical societies and health care professionals alike have begun to speak out on the overutilization of tests and its harmful effects on health. Nilay Patel, MD, an internal medicine resident at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), understands that we must shift away from our "more is better" culture. That shift can start by equipping residents with the proper knowledge, skills, and tools to promote a culture of high-value care among their patients.
Cost-Value of Patient Care
Patel partnered with his faculty advisor, Ryan Thompson, MD, to investigate MGH residents' knowledge of the relationship between cost and value due to residency program curriculum, and their consideration of cost–value during daily patient activities. The results were startling: Only 35 percent of residents felt that the current curriculum prepared them to consider the cost–value of patient care during delivery; fewer than 50 percent of residents considered cost–value of procedures and tests on a daily basis.
"These results verified that there was a need for a new, innovative curriculum to train internal medicine residents at MGH in the delivery of high-value care," said Patel.
Continue reading Creating a Culture of High Value Care at Massachusetts General Hospital
Helping Babies Breathe: Resident Spotlight at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
Part two of a five part series on the 2014 AAMC Clinical Care Innovation Challenge Pilot Award Winners
Several years ago in Brazil, medical student Anatalia Labilloy witnessed a newborn die in the delivery room when the care team could not properly perform neonatal resuscitation. The experience left an indelible memory with her. She was early in her medical training and she was anxious about encountering other occasions to resuscitate babies knowing what could happen. Now as a resident at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Labilloy is practicing vital resuscitation skills to help babies breathe.
Continue reading Helping Babies Breathe: Resident Spotlight at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
Medicine and Video Games: A New Approach to Engaging Diabetic Patients
Part one of a five part series on the 2014 AAMC Clinical Care Innovation Challenge Pilot Award Winners
Imagine this video game scenario: a player explores a small town participating in everyday activities aimed to help them better understand and manage type 2 diabetes. The player wanders into the local town café, and is asked to pick out a snack that is suitable to their dietary needs.
Continue reading Medicine and Video Games: A New Approach to Engaging Diabetic Patients
At Stanford #MedX | ED, Breakthroughs and a Prescription for Change
By Jennifer J. Salopek
As editor of Wing of Zock for the past four years, I have had the honor of learning about hundreds, perhaps thousands, of innovative ideas to reimaging medical education. On the first day of the inaugural Stanford Medicine X | ED conference Wednesday, I got enough new ideas to fuel a year's worth of posts. A diverse lineup of presenters—educators, students, and patients—collectively created, through words, images, videos, and music, a vision of a possible future for medical education. They reported on promising innovations in medical education that aim to better prepare the doctors of tomorrow. Accompanied by colored lights, diffuse video backgrounds, and a varied soundtrack, the high-energy atmosphere that is the hallmark of Stanford Medicine X pervaded a conference on medical education. Continue reading At Stanford #MedX | ED, Breakthroughs and a Prescription for Change
What Academic Medical Centers Can Learn from Lippi
By James McDeavitt, MD
Originally posted July 7, 2015
What does this 15th century Renaissance painting have to do with a 21st century academic medical center?
Painted by Fra' Filippo Lippi (a monk of some questionable repute) in about 1465, I selected this image as an analogy for our two broad challenges in building a successful academic medical enterprise in the rapidly changing healthcare environment.
The first challenge is the need to innovate.
At first blush, Lippi's Madonna With Child and Two Angels may not scream innovation. However, in its time it included a number of groundbreaking techniques. Continue reading What Academic Medical Centers Can Learn from Lippi
Quick Hits: Innovation in Academic Medicine
Boston Children's Hospital Uses Social Media Data for Health Research
Social media pervades the U.S. today. Take Twitter, for example. By the end of 2014, approximately one in five U.S. adults were active Twitter users. While the network remains most popular with adults under 50 years old, the last year saw a jump in tweeters 65 and older.
Despite growing privacy concerns, users of Twitter and other networks routinely talk about their health on social media. This has created a large and growing body of data and presented an opportunity to capture 'digital phenotypes' that provide tremendous insight into both individual and population health. These phenotypes let us:
- Identify individual patients suffering from acute or chronic disease and analyze their behavior over-time
- Monitor the health of a population by tracking the prevalence of infectious diseases (e.g., influenza)… MORE
Duke Practical Playbook to Provide Technical Assistance to BUILD Health Challenge Awardees
The BUILD Health Challenge announced today that it awarded grants to 18 groundbreaking projects that aim to improve health in low-income communities.
The projects were recognized on the strengths of their bold, upstream, integrated, local and data-driven approaches to address the social and environmental factors that have the greatest impact on health.
The BUILD Health Challenge was founded by The Advisory Board Company, the de Beaumont Foundation, the Colorado Health Foundation, The Kresge Foundation, and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to encourage community partnerships among local non-profit organizations, hospitals and health systems, and health departments to improve the health and well-being of their residents… MORE
Stanford Medicine to Lead, Define Field of Precision Health
Precision health was the theme of the day at Stanford [two weeks ago], with Dean Lloyd Minor, MD, describing to a standing-room-only crowd at a Town Hall event how Stanford Medicine will continue to lead and excel in this area.
Minor, along with colleagues Amir Dan Rubin, president and CEO of Stanford Health Care, and Christopher Dawes, president and CEO of Stanford Children's Health, offered faculty, staff and students a glimpse of the future of precision health here… MORE
Developing Apps to Improve the Health of Patients at Mount Sinai
The Sinai AppLab, a pioneering digital initiative between the departments of Medicine and Information Technology, is creating technology platforms to address the needs of patients, health care providers, and researchers within the Mount Sinai Health System. Under the direction of Ashish Atreja, MD, MPH, Chief Technology Innovation and Engagement Officer in the Department of Medicine, the lab has developed five apps and an app platform that connect to Mount Sinai's Electronic Health Records (EHR)… MORE
A Conversation with Clay Johnston, Inaugural Dean of Dell Medical School
By Jennifer J. Salopek
S. Claiborne "Clay" Johnston, MD, was named inaugural dean of the Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin in January 2014. A practicing neurologist, he was formerly associate vice chancellor of research at the University of California, San Francisco. He spoke with Wing of Zock Editor Jennifer Salopek by telephone on May 13, 2015.
Salopek: What opportunities for innovation does being the dean of a new medical school bring?
Johnston: It's a huge opportunity. If you're ready to take on the challenge, you can take a look at all aspects of academic medicine—the way we train medical students, the way we train residents, the way we provide clinical care, the way we interact with the community. We really have an opportunity to rethink the whole academic enterprise.
Salopek: You've published an article called "10 Backward Things About Our Health Care System." Which of those problems can a new kind of medical school address? For example, many that you cite are payment issues. Continue reading A Conversation with Clay Johnston, Inaugural Dean of Dell Medical School


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Peter J. Casarella
Associate Professor of Theology
Director, Latin American/North American Church Concerns
(PhD, Yale University, 1992)
237 Malloy Hall
(574) 631-7811
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Geographic Focus: Latin America, Europe
Thematic interests: Systematic theology, Latino/a theology, Medieval Christian thought (especially Bonaventure, Nicholas of Cusa), and theological aesthetics
Current research: Teología del Pueblo and the Idea of God in Latino/a Experience and Theology
Selected publications:
Books and Edited Volumes
Diálogo, Journal of the DePaul Center for Latino Research, no. 16, guest editor for two issues on "Cosmic Liturgy: Latino/a Catholicism Today" (2013)
A World for All? Global Civil Society in Political Theory and Trinitarian Theology (with William F. Storrar and Paul Louis Metzger) (2011)
Cusanus: The Legacy of Learned Ignorance (2006)
Christian Spirituality and the Culture of Modernity: The Thought of Louis Dupré (with George P. Schner SJ) (1998)
El Cuerpo de Cristo: The Hispanic Presence in the U.S. Catholic Church (with Raúl Gómez SDS) (1998)
Book Chapters
"Secularismo: genealogia espiritual e diálogo intercultural," in Secularização: Novos Desafios, ed. Maria Clara Bingemer and Paulo Fernando Carneiro de Andrade (Rio de Janeiro: Editora de PUC-Rio, 2012)
"Dar Razón de Nuestra Esperanza: Teología Pública y el Desafío Actual del Diálogo Interamericano," in Dar Razón de Nuestra Esperanza. El anuncio del Evangelio en una sociedad plural, ed. Cecilia Inés Avenatti de Palumbo and Jorge Scampini, OP (Buenos Aires: Agape Libros, 2012)
"Thinking Out Loud about the Triune God: Problems and Prospects for a Trinitarian Social Ethic in a Procedural Republic," A World for All? Global Civil Society in Political Theory and Trinitarian Theology (2011)
"Trinity and Creation: David L. Schindler and the Catholic Tradition," Being Holy in the World: Theology and Culture in the Thought of David L. Schindler (2011)
"Modernity and Post-Modernity" (Part I: Catholic Histories, Chapter 6), Blackwell Companion to Catholicism (2010)
"Disciples in the Midst of the World: Collaboration of the Lay Faithful in the Sacred Ministry of Priests," Called to Holiness and Communion: Vatican II on the Church, ed. Rev. Stephen Boguslawski O.P. and Robert Fastiggi (University of Scranton Press, 2009)
"La productividad de la imagen en San Buenaventura y Nicolás de Cusa," in El problema del conocimiento en Nicolás de Cusa: genealogía y proyección, eds. Jorge M. Machetta and Claudia D'Amico (Buenos Aires: Editorial Biblos, 2005)
"Art and U.S. Latina and Latino Religious Experience," in Introduction to the U.S. Latina and Latino Religious Experience, ed. Hector Avalos (Brill Academic Publishers, 2004)
"Beauty and the Little Stories of Holiness: What Alejandro García-Rivera Taught Me," Diálogo 16, 2 (Fall 2013)
"Recognizing Diversity after Multiculturalism," New Theology Review (2008)
"Cusanus on Dionysius: The Turn to Speculative Theology," Modern Theology (2008)
"'The Great Task of the University': Reflections on the Regensburg Address of Pope Benedict XVI," Cultural Encounters—A Journal for the Theology of Culture (2008)
"Carmen Dei: Music and Creation in Three Theologians," Theology Today (2006)
"The Painted Word," The Journal of Hispanic/Latino Theology 6 (November 1998)


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Riverside Co. acquires retail training company Catalyst AwarenessComments Email Print
In a news release, the private equity firm said the acquisition "adds a new dimension" to Alchemy Systems, which specializes in similar training for food industry employees. Terms of the deal were not disclosed.
The combination with Texas-based Alchemy provides opportunities for each company to expand capabilities and customer bases, according to the release. Catalyst's clients include Fortune 500 companies, and it helps ensure employees follow companies' standard policies and procedures, many of which are governmentally mandated.
The company offers a content library covering 100 topics ranging from workplace safety and loss prevention to customer service.
"Catalyst delivers proven training that produces tangible bottom-line results," said Riverside managing partner Loren Schlachet. "This addition delivers a new customer vertical, but also proven techniques and capabilities that will benefit customers of both Alchemy and Catalyst."


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SYRIAN government tanks have shelled the besieged city of Homs, less than a day after Damascus agreed to an Arab League plan to withdraw its armed vehicles and stop a violent crackdown against dissent.
Activists in Syria's third city claimed at least seven people were killed and several more injured in the shelling. One Homs resident said the violence had intensified overnight.
Another activist put the number of dead in the latest violence at 16, most of them killed in the Bab Amro district of the city.
On Wednesday, Damascus appeared to sign up to an Arab League plan that was hailed as a significant development in the seven-month uprising. There was no immediate reaction from the Arab League to the latest violence.
The peace deal required Syrian President Bashar al-Assad to hold talks with a nascent opposition group within two weeks and allow international monitors and foreign media to enter the country. It involved compromises Damascus had previously said it was unwilling to make, and speculation among opposition groups that the leadership has not changed its position is rife.
''They are buying time,'' one opposition figure in southern Turkey said. ''They don't like the Arab League and don't trust its intentions. But this is one of those times where they can't be seen to be defying it.''
The Arab League, which comprises 22 member states, has been increasingly vocal about the Syrian government's response to the sustained uprising, insisting that alternative voices in the country - which has been ruled under the totalitarian control of one family for more than four decades - must be heard.
Speaking after a meeting with Arab League chief Nabil al-Arabi, Samir Nashar, a member of the executive bureau of the opposition Syrian National Council, said dialogue with the government must be about Mr Assad stepping down and should be held in Cairo.
The council, an umbrella movement uniting several of Syria's opposition groups, was formed on October 2.
Two activists in Damascus said protests were being organised under a premise nothing had changed. ''Tomorrow we will see how serious they are,'' one said. ''I think they cannot afford to take the tanks from the streets just yet.''
Fridays - when Muslims gather for public prayer - have been the peak day for anti-regime demonstrations. More than 3000 citizens have been killed since the protests began, along with about 1000 members of the security forces.
Homs has the feel of a battle zone - defectors and citizens launch regular attacks against security forces. Protests occur regularly in other parts of the country, but largely involve unarmed civilians against armed troops or police officers.


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Dry Skin Care
Caring for Dry Skin
Dry skin care is needed for a number of reasons and the cause of dry skin can be one or a combination of many factors. A hot arid climate can cause this as can hormonal changes, trying out the wrong skin products and too much exfoliating. It can also be intrinsic in the make-up of your skin type. Whatever is causing your skin to be dry, it is very important that the treatment of it is carried out routinely.
Moisturize Dry Skin
Treatment of dry skin is not difficult and one of the primary concerns is to moisturize regularly. There are two types of moisturizer, the first is simple and cheap to buy and is a product which helps the skin to retain moisture e.g. petroleum jelly. This is easy to obtain as it is sold in many stores. The other type of moisturizer is one which extracts moisture from the air and draws it to your skin. This is an excellent method of moisturizing dry skin especially if you are somewhere with a damp atmosphere. This type of moisturizer is not greasy, so it is better for your skin.
How to Moisturize Dry Skin Properly
There is a correct way to go about your dry skin care routine and that is total skin care which includes correctly moisturizing as part of a regular, daily procedure. First you need to cleanse you face. Do not use soap as this can dry the skin out more. Instead use a cleanser which is specifically made for dry skin (it will tell you on the label.) Do not use toner as this will dry your face out even more. Whilst your skin is still lightly damp from cleansing or after a shower or bath, apply your moisturizer.
Care For Dry Skin
- When bathing or showering it is advisable not to have the water too hot. Hot water can have a drying effect, so try to keep to a moderate temperature.
- It is good to remove the dead skin by exfoliating but do not rub too hard or this will make the skin sore and could dry it out even more. If using an exfoliating scrubber, rub lightly or use a proprietarily produced exfoliating or cream which can be less abrasive.
- Always protect your skin from the effects of the sun. Use a high factor sun cream and a good after sun lotion. You should be able to buy these that are specifically for dry skin types. Cover up and wear a hat to shade your face. Whenever possible sit in the shade. Nothing dries your skin out more than the effects of the sun.
- Look for products that are specifically made for dry skin types and use them regularly.
The art of looking after dry skin is to treat it with care. Make sure that all products that you use on your skin are mild and also use mild soap rather than detergent for washing your clothes. After bathing do not rub with your towel but pat yourself dry, this has a much less harsh effect on your skin. Treat your skin with respect and use a dry skin care regime daily, your efforts will be reflected in your face.
Dry Skin Care
Published August 3, 2011
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The Paradox of Energy Efficiency
July 27, 2012
A thorough understanding of the so-called rebound effect is essential for the formulation of energy policy. The rebound effect occurs where increased energy efficiency is offset by increases in energy use due to a lower cost of consumption. The magnitude of energy rebound effects has important implications for strategies aimed at enacting energy conservation requirements, says Ronald Bailey, Reason Magazine's science correspondent.
A crucial example of the rebound effects exists in the automobile industry, where manufacturers have worked for decades to create more efficient vehicles with superior mileage.
- Fuel economy increased by 60 percent between 1980 and 2006.
- During that same time period, however, the average curb weight of vehicles increased 26 percent while horsepower rose 107 percent.
- Consequently, most of the gains in fuel economy have gone into compensating for weight and horsepower.
- A study from Massachusetts Institute of Technology economist Christopher Knittel found that average fuel economy has only risen from 23 miles per gallon to 27 miles per gallon since 1980.
Further, cars aren't the only place where greater efficiency has failed to translate to reduced consumption.
- Looking at even longer time scales, lighting efficiency has improved by more than many thousand-fold from sputtering candles to modern LEDs over the past three centuries.
- The result of this, however, is an increased consumption of lighting that, by some estimates, entirely erases the gains in efficiency that were realized over those centuries.
- A similar effect has been measured in household heating and cooling: while systems have become more efficient over time, their enhanced performance has been offset by the adoption of larger dwellings.
Informed minds disagree on exactly what the rebound effect is (what percentage of efficiency gains are erased by rational changes in consumption), but some estimates have placed the figure at above 100 percent. That is to say, efficiency gains, while enabling an improved quality of life, do little if anything to reduce mankind's impact on the world.
This understanding is essential for the creation of informed energy regulations because it demonstrates that their goals are often self-defeating. Governmental support for a blind rush to improve efficiency will likely prove counterproductive or, at the very least, yield results that are consistently disappointing.
Source: Ronald Bailey, "The Paradox of Energy Efficiency," Reason Magazine, July 17, 2012.
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1. Re: What exactly 'PAYLOAD' Means???Sudipto Desmukh Aug 1, 2012 7:00 PM (in response to user9330447)http://www.coderanch.com/t/221335/Web-Services/java/Payload
If you understand ADF BC this should help -
2. Re: What exactly 'PAYLOAD' Means???Ravi Jegga Aug 2, 2012 4:17 PM (in response to user9330447)Hi1 person found this helpful
I hope the earlier links from Sudipto should give you an idea. In simple terms, in context to a BPEL or BPM Process, I would treat Payload as the Input data that each user/service in that Process will Work On. Means they want enter or modify that data.
Simple Example: Vacation Request BPM Process. As an Employee, I want to go on Vacation and this has to be approved say by 4 people above me (I am the lowest last employee in the company). They can either Approve or Reject. Approve will go forward, and Reject will go in back direction.
Me Employee -> Team Lead -> Project Manager -> Manager -> Supervisor.
The payload is simply the data or the information that each user sees. In this case its a Vacation Request, so the data will be like
Vacation Start Date
Vacation End Date:
Reason For Vacation
Emergency Contact.
We do need final response back from the superiors after final approval. And that can be like Approved or Rejected with Reasons.
Since this is a process, everything is a XML. And the Payload will look like this: You will define a .XSD Schema that produces a xml like shown below.
If you take a Ordering system, it will have lot of XSD elements like above to show product detail, line items, discounts, shipping address, credit card details etc etc.
<vacation> <vacation_request> <st_date></st_date> --- of type Date <end_date></end_date> --- of type Date <reason></reason> --- of type String <contact_phone></contact_phone> --- of type number </vacation_request> <vacation_response> <outcome></outcome> --- of type string - Approve or Reject <reason></reason> --- of type string - Reason why vacation request is rejected like there is a production deployment next week etc etc. </vacation_response> </vacation>
I hope this should give you an idea.
Ravi Jegga
3. Re: What exactly 'PAYLOAD' Means???user9330447 Aug 2, 2012 4:30 PM (in response to Ravi Jegga)Hi Ravi,
Thank you very much for your explanation. That's is really helpful.
But, I need some more basic clarifications.
1) In a BPMN Process diagram. Let us consider I have some 4 activities in the process diagram. So the input and output to all these activities is XML Only or any other type also???
2) So, payload means only the input to the activities? can we call the output of activities also as payload?? can we call input payload/output payload???
3) Some where I read task payload and data payload. What is the difference between the two???
Please help me with some example like you had mentioned in last reply.
4. Re: What exactly 'PAYLOAD' Means???Ravi Jegga Aug 2, 2012 4:40 PM (in response to user9330447)Hi1 person found this helpful
Yes. Both the Inputs and the Outputs of each Task can be treated as payload. Like VacationRequest is input Payload and RequestOtucome (Approve or Reject with reason etc) is an Ouput Payload. For a complex ordering system, you can have n number of payloads with each payload xsd having sepecific elements. We can have one big .XSD file with all the elements in different sections. Or you can have multiple small .xsd elements. You can configure all these during your process creation.
Now coming to Task Payload and Data Payload I would give you a simple definition (from my understanding). Data Payload is literally specific to your application that is created by you like Vacation Payload, Order Entry Payload, etc. Where as Task Payload is the out of box Payload with same xml data that comes out of box and you do NOT create it. This Task Payload is again applicable for all the Tasks in your Process. Simple example of some elements are like TaskTitle, TaskNumber, TaskId, TaskStatus, Task Assignees, Task Created Date and there are lots of other SystemAttributes that you can use for Custom Views, Searches, Flex Fields etc. All these fields are common for any Process and hence they are out of box. You can refer, use and update this entire Task Payload from process or using Task Java APIs.
Create a simple process like HelloWorld. Deploy and create and submit a Task. Go to EM Console and inspect that task payload details. See your custom data payload stuff and out of box task payload stuff also.
Ravi Jegga
5. Re: What exactly 'PAYLOAD' Means???user9330447 Aug 2, 2012 4:54 PM (in response to Ravi Jegga)Once again Thanks Ravi for your reply. One question I forgot to mentioni n my previous message.
You are talking about the xsd's right. These xsd's are by default created by the BPM or do we need to create these.
Consider a scenario. where I created
1) BPM Project - contains BPM folder and SOA folder
2) will create a process
3) In this process will add a human task and followed by a service task and end event.
4) So when the Xsd's are created??? or the xml's?? and where that will avaialble?? as per my understanding these xsd's are called as payload??
As you suggested I will create a Hello wrold application also.
Is all the data in the BPM process is in XML form only.???
6. Re: What exactly 'PAYLOAD' Means???Ravi Jegga Aug 2, 2012 5:20 PM (in response to user9330447)Hi1 person found this helpful
XSD Elements are created even before you start designing your process in BPM or BPEL. Remember XSD is the one that defines the data that your process is going to use. So yes, first create your XSD and copy them to your bpmProcess/xsd folder or any location. Now create a bpm process, add a User Task. In User Task, you click on Implementation, thats when you refer to this XSD. I am not giving all the intermediate details. For that you refer to some samples on net. Basically once you define XSD, you create something called Data Object by going to BPM Project Navigation Tab. For this Data Object you create something called Process Data Object. And this processDataObject is what you use when you Implement any Task in Process. NOW when you create Data Objects, you can browse and choose your existing XSD or you can create simple payload elements on the fly of standard types like string, int, date etc. If you see HelloWorld online BPM Sample, thats what they do. There is nothing wrong. Its just ones personal choice. If I know my payload, I would prefer creating XSD first and use this to create Data Objects.
As mentioned, there is NO need to create any Task Payload and this is done automatically for your out of box. And is shown up for each Task.
Yes, all the data in the process is in the form of XML only. Even though you use EJB or Java Services or DB Adapter, internally they are converted to some complex xml data structure. You can refer code in your EJB, but the output from that EJB method is mapped to some elements in XML only.
New to BPM: How to get the tasks in the Workspace
Ravi Jegga
7. Re: What exactly 'PAYLOAD' Means???user9330447 Aug 2, 2012 5:59 PM (in response to Ravi Jegga)Oh Thats really helpful ravi.
One final question.
As I said consider a case where I have a start event, followed by human task, service task and end event.
here the service task takes input as some id, email address.
So, if i want to mention about the payloads for each of these activities (human task, service task) in some technical word document.
Can I mention the payload for service task directly as id, email address or do i need to specify that in xml format only???
I can see when i create a human task system is generating two xml file one related to payload.xml and second one is related to humantak.xsd
So but what will happen in case of a service task???
8. Re: What exactly 'PAYLOAD' Means???Ravi Jegga Aug 3, 2012 2:55 PM (in response to user9330447)Hi
1. You will not have a separate payload for each element in your entire process. There may be some extra additional attributues each task may need. If possible put all of them in one single payload .xsd file itself. Then make use of specific fields for specific task.
Putting them in word doc will not help except for your documentation. They all should go into .xsd file under your composite/xsd folder.
Even if you have script task, still you need to put any fields for that in xsd or xml format only.
When you generate human task, means you drag and drop a human task on a process. Then double click and go to iimplementation and click on + icon to add a new task and thats where you give you payload.
One friendly suggestion is, too much of theory will be confusing specially for soa/bpm applications. I would recommend with this understanding you have start practical like with Hello world or or simple examples from online. That way, we can understand both theory and see how this is actually implemented. I do not want to confuse you with more theory. So start with actual sample and if you have any quesions then we can take from there.
The sample will give pretty much all the details. I do not have any right right now. But google around you should find some.
Ravi Jegga
9. Re: What exactly 'PAYLOAD' Means???user9330447 Aug 3, 2012 4:18 PM (in response to Ravi Jegga)Hi Ravi,
Thank you very much for your suggestions and help. YOur explanation with examples are really very useful for a beginner.
COuld you please look into this issue also.
Sending an Email using Notification Task
Edited by: user9330447 on Aug 3, 2012 9:18 AM


text:
St James-Roberts, Ian and Alvarez, M and Csipke, Emese and Abramsky, Tanya and Goodwin, Jennifer and Sorgenfrei, Esther (2006) Infant Crying and Sleeping in London, Copenhagen and When Parents Adopt a Proximal Approach to Infant Care. Pediatrics, 117 (6). e1146-e1155. ISSN 0031-4005. DOI UNSPECIFIEDFull text not available from this repository.
|Not from UCL IOE?
|Item Type:
|Additional Information:
|a. child development b. comparative cross-cultural empirical study c. provides new evidence about the contribution of alternative forms of parenting to infant crying and sleeping behaviour and problems, together with information which health professionals can use to guide parents in making evidence-based choices about babycare. d. The research was featured by the press and media in the UK, North America and Australia. e. It is published in the leading international journal in this area, which rejects 80% of submitted papers. f. peer review by journal g Study director and lead author.
|Controlled Keywords:
|0 - 4 babies and infants, Child development, Parenting
|IOE Departments > Departments > Thomas Coram Research Unit
|Depositing User:
|IOE Repository Editor (2)
|Date Deposited:
|16 Apr 2010 10:11
|Last Modified:
|29 Jan 2015 08:17


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 27, 1996
|Filing date
|Aug 29, 1994
|Priority date
|Jan 24, 1994
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Norbert B. Elsner, Saeid Ghamaty
|Original Assignee
|Hi-Z Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Non-Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (65), Classifications (16), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 08/185,562 filed Jan. 24, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,467.
This invention relates to thermoelectric devices and in particular to materials for such devices.
Thermoelectric devices for cooling and heating and the generation of electricity have been known for many years; however, their use has not been cost competitive except for limited applications because of the lack of thermoelectric materials having the needed thermoelectric properties.
A good thermoelectric material is measured by its "figure of merit" or Z, defined as
Z=S2 /ρK
where S is the Seebeck coefficient, ρ is the electrical resistivity, and K is the thermal conductivity. The Seebeck coefficient is further defined as the ratio of the open-circuit voltage to the temperature difference between the hot and cold junctions of a circuit exhibiting the Seebeck effect, or
S=V/(Th -Tc).
Therefore, in searching for a good thermoelectric material, we look for materials with large values of S, and low values of ρ and K.
Thermoelectric materials currently in use today include the materials listed below with their figures of merit shown:
______________________________________ThermoelectricMaterial Peak Zeta, Z (at temperature shown) ZT______________________________________Lead telluride 0.9 � 10-3 /�K. at 500� K. 0.9Bismuth telluride 3.2 � 10-3 /�K. at 300� K. 1.0Silicon germanium 0.8 � 10-3 /�K. at 1100� K. 0.9______________________________________
Workers in the thermoelectric field have been attempting to improve the figure of merit for the past 20-30 years with not much success. Most of the effort has been directed to reducing the lattice thermal conductivity (K) without adversely affecting the electrical conductivity.
Experiments with superlattice quantum well materials have been underway for several years. These materials were discussed in an paper by Gottfried H. Dohler which was published in the November 1983 issue of Scientific American. This article presents an excellent discussion of the theory of enhanced electric conduction in superlattices. These superlattices contain alternating conducting and barrier layers. These superlattice quantum well materials are crystals grown by depositing semiconductors in layers whose thicknesses is in the range of a few to up to about 100 angstroms. Thus, the layers can be as thin as only a few atoms thick. There has been speculation that these materials might be useful as thermoelectric materials. (See articles by Hicks, et al and Harman published in the Proceedings of 1992 1st National Thermoelectric Cooler Conference Center for Night Vision & Electro Optics, U.S. Army, Fort Belvoir, Va. FIG. 1 has been extracted from the Hicks paper and is included herein as prior art. It projects theoretically very high ZT values as the layers are made progressively thinner.) The idea being that these materials might provide very great increases in electric conductivity without adversely affecting the Seebeck coefficient or the thermal conductivity. Harmon of Lincoln Labs, operated by MIT has claimed that he is close to producing a superlattice of layers of (Bi,Sb) and Pb(Te,Se), but to the best of Applicants' knowledge, he has not been successful in producing quantum wells. He claims that his preliminary measurements suggests ZTs of 3 to 4 are possibly feasible. Most of the thermoelectric efforts to date with superlattices have involved alloys such as BeTe which are known to be good thermoelectric materials for cooling, many of which are difficult to manufacture as superlattices because the stoichiometry of the alloys have to be very carefully controlled which is very difficult in vapor deposition techniques. Bulk SiGe is not a good thermoelectric material at low temperatures. Superlattices tend to diffuse at high temperatures and lose their superlattice qualities.
Researchers investigating opto-electronic properties of multilayer quantum well structures have considered the effects of strain in the layers. These researchers (e.g., Abstrater, et al., Phy. Lett. S4, 2441 (1985)) report increased electron mobility due to the strain effect.
What is needed are thermoelectric materials with improved ZT values which permit a simplified manufacturing process.
The present invention provides thermoelectric elements having a very large number of alternating layers of semiconductor material, the alternating layers all having the same crystalline structure. This makes the vapor deposition process easy because the exact ratio of the materials in the layers is not critical. The inventors have demonstrated that materials produced in accordance with this invention provide figures of merit more than six times that of prior art thermoelectric materials. A preferred embodiment is a superlattice of Si, as a barrier material, and SiGe, as a conducting material, both of which have the same cubic structure. Another preferred embodiment is a superlattice of B--C alloys, the layers of which would be different stoichiometric forms of B--C but in all cases the crystalline structure would be alpha rhombohedral. In a preferred embodiment the layers are grown under conditions as to cause them to be strained at their operating temperature range in order to improve the thermoelectric properties.
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the theoretical thermoelectric properties of superlattice materials.
FIG. 2 is simple drawing showing an apparatus for making superlattice materials.
FIG. 3 shows a thermoelectric eggcrate arrangement.
FIG. 4 shows how the thermoelectric elements are cut from the substrate on which grown.
FIG. 5 shows a portion of a thermoelectric device to show current flow through the elements.
The present inventors have demonstrated a revolutionary thermoelectric material, with ZT values in excess of 6. This material is comprised of very thin layers of silicon and a solid solution of silicon and germanium. These very thin layers may be forming quantum wells which are know to greatly increase electron mobility which in turn increase electrical conductivity. The principal advantage of the inventors' material over many others that have been suggested is that Si and Ge both have the same crystalline structure so that when the layers Si and SiGe (solid solution) are grown the atoms fit together to form the well ordered lattices.
Si.sub..8 Ge.sub..2 /Si layers were grown on (100) Si substrates by codeposition from two electron beam evaporation sources in a molecular beam epitaxy. The fluxes from the Si and Ge electron beam sources were separated, sensed and controlled to yield a total deposition rate of 5 A/sec. Prior to deposition, substrates were chemically cleaned, then argon sputtered in situ and annealed at 800�-850� C. Above 500� C., annealing and growth temperatures were measured directly by infrared pyrometry. Then the layers could be alternatively deposited on top of each other to make Si.sub..8 Ge.sub..2 /Si superlattices with each layer being about 50 A thick.
The actual deposition configuration is illustrated schematically in FIG. 1. Five substrates 2 are mounted on the bottom of platen 4 which rotates at a rate of 1 revolution per second. The platen is 50 cm in diameter and the substrate wafers are each 125 mm in diameter. Two deposition sources 6 and 8 are mounted on a source flange 7 such that their deposition charges are about 20 cm from the axis 5. Deposition source 6 is pure silicon and deposition source 8 is germanium doped to ˜1016 carriers per cc. The rotating platen is positioned 23 cm above the sources. An Airco Temescal electron beam is used for evaporation. We use one 150 cc source of pure silicon and a 40 cc source of germanium. We alternate the beams so layers of silicon only and silicon and germanium are deposited. Dopants may be mixed with the germanium.
The apparatus is computer controlled to evaporate the sources alternatively at intervals appropriate to achieve the desired thicknesses while the platen rotates above. Layer thicknesses are monitored by two electroluminescent deposition meters 9 at the side of platen 4. Layers will continue to build on the substrates until we have a wafer with about 250,000 layers and a thickness of about 0.254 cm. which is the thickness needed for a preferred thermoelectric device. The wafer is then diced into chips as indicated in FIG. 2.
We make the p-type material exactly as discussed above except we use a p-type dopants for the SiGe layers. These layers are boron doped for p-type material and antimony doped for n-type material.
Molecular beam epitaxy equipment for making the n-type and p-type layered material is commercially available from several suppliers such as Instruments SA Inc., Riber Div. with offices in Edison, N.J. The material can also be prepared using sputtering techniques. Sputtering equipment adequate for making these materials is also commercial available from suppliers such as Kurt J. Lesker Co. with offices in Clairton, Pa.
Sputtering is done in a manner similar to the techniques used for the fabrication of X-ray optics. Vacuum is established and maintained by a two-stage mechanical roughing pump and a high-capacity cryogenic pump. The system usually achieves base pressures of approximately 10-9 torr after bake-out and before sputtering. Substrates are mounted on a rotating carousel driven by a precision stepper motor.
Substrates can be heated or cooled by the carousel during sputtering. Heating of the substrate during deposition and subsequent annealing is used as a means of controlling the structure and orientation of individual crystalline layers, as well as means of reducing the number of defects in the films. (We can also control the temperature in order to enhance strain within the layers as a function of temperature as discussed later.) One of the essential conditions for epitaxial film growth is a high mobility of condensed atoms and molecules on the surface of the substrate. Two 1 kW magnetrons, each having a 2-5-inch diameter target and a 1 kW power supply, are used to deposit films. The sputter sources are operated at an argon pressure between 0.001 and 0.1 torr. Argon is admitted to the system by a precision flow controller. All functions of the system, including movement of the carousel, rates of heating and cooling, magnetron power, and argon pressure, are computer controlled.
The p-type and the n-type chips are formed into an egg crate configuration in a manner standard in the industry. Metal contacts are applied then all n and p legs are electrically shorted. The n and p couples are electrically isolated by lapping the surface until the insulating egg crate is visible and a series circuit of n and p elements is produced. In FIG. 3 elements shown are n-type thermoelectric elements 10, p-type thermoelectric elements 12, aluminum electrical connectors 14, eggcrate electrical barrier 16 and molybdenum diffusion barrier 18. FIG. 4 shows how the chips are cut from the silicon substrate. FIG. 5 is another view showing how the n elements 10 and p elements 12 are connected to produce electric power from hot and cold sources. Arrows 30 show current flow. Insulators are shown as 22 and electrical conductors are shown as 14.
Materials produced in accordance with the teachings of this invention have been tested by the inventors. The tested thermoelectric properties of both n-type and p-type samples of Si.sub..8 Ge.sub..2 /Si are compared in Table I with the properties of bulk material with the same ratios of Si and Ge:
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________ Electrical Seebeck Carrier Power Figure of Resistivity Coef. Conc. Factor Merit Z(Abs Temp)Sample ρ α n α2/ρ Z (T = 300� K.)Si.sub..8 Ge.sub..2 /Si (mΩ-cm) (μV/oC) (1/cm) ((/1000) (1/K) ZT__________________________________________________________________________Sample 1 N 0.52 -260 1016 120 1.6 � 10-3 0.5Sample 2 N 4 -1250 1019 391 5.1 � 10-3 1.5Sample 3 P 1.44 +850 1015 293 3.8 � 10-3 1.2Sample 4 P 1.94 +850 1019 218 2.9 � 10-3 0.9Sample 5 P 1.74 +850 1020 243 3.2 � 10-3 1.0Sample 6 P 1.4 +850 5 � 1020 302 4.0 � 10-3 1.2Bulk Si.sub..8 Ge.sub..2 P 1 +130 1020 17 .3 � 10-3 0.1Bulk Si.sub..8 Ge.sub..2 N 2 -200 1020 20 .33 � 10-3 0.1__________________________________________________________________________
The data reported in Table 1 was obtained with thin samples of about 10 alternating layers deposited on a silicon substrate. All measured values were corrected for the effect of the silicon substrate for a total thickness of about 1,000 A. These Z values in the range of 1.6�10-3 /K to 5.1�10-3 /K are amazingly high, approximately an order of magnitude higher than Si.8 Ge.2. These results are also amazing in view of a prediction in 1991 that the maximum possible Z for SiGe was about 1.7�10-3 for p-type elements and about 1.9�10-3 /K for n-type elements. (See Slack and Hussain, "The maximum possible conversion efficiency of silicon-germanium thermoelectric generators", J. Appl. Phys. 70 (5), 1 Sep. 1991.)
Applicant's have concluded that strain in the layers can have a very beneficial effect on the thermoelectric properties of the multi-layer elements. In-plane stresses cause tensile strains in the Si layers and compressive strains in the SiGe layers, with opposite strains in the direction normal to the layer plane. The strain induce splittings and shifts of the conduction-band minima. This helps assure that the conduction band of the wider-gap material, Si, is lower in energy than that of the conduction band material, SiGe. The net effect is that the electron mobility in the multi-layer element is enhanced. These types of strain would have a temperature dependency of T3. Because of the positive contribution of strain to electron mobility, we prefer to tailor our fabrication process to assure that at the planned operating temperature of the elements the layers are under strain as indicated above. One method of assuring that this is the case is to fabricate the multi-layer elements at a temperature at least 200 C. above the planned operating temperature. Other methods for creating this strain will be apparent to persons skilled at molecular beam epitaxy and sputtering techniques.
The Si/SiGe superlattice is not stable at very high temperatures for very long periods (i.e., above about 500� C.); therefore, there is a need for a similar superlattice which can be operated at these high temperatures. Boron and Boron-Carbon alloys are also expected to perform as excellent p-type thin-layer (possibly quantum well) materials. The same alpha rhombohedral crystal structure exists over a wide range of composition from B4 C to B11 C. As the B content is increased in going from B4 C to B11 C the B atoms substitute for C atoms. As a result of this progressive change in composition without a change in structure it should be possible to grow epitaxial layers of various B--C compositions on one another. From data generated on bulk B--C alloys one should be able to fabricate a device by using compositions close to B11 C as the insulating layer and compositions close to B4 C as the more conducting layer. Also pure alpha boron which is rhombohedral could be used as the insulating layer. The B--C alloys are of further interest because these alloys exhibit extremely low diffusion rates at temperatures at which they would be used as thermoelectric materials. For example, the B--C alloys of interest melt at temperatures in excess of 2400� C. yet they will only be operated up to about 1100� C. By using materials such as B--C alloys the thin layers will remain intact at elevated temperatures and not be subject to degradation by adjacent layers diffusing together with time. This annihilation of the two adjacent layers via diffusion is of serious concern with the lower melting alloys such as Si/SiGe, PbTe based alloys, and (Bi,Sb)2 (Se,Te)3 based alloys and limits their usefulness in high temperature applications.
While the above description contains many specificities, the reader should not construe these as limitations on the scope of the invention, but merely as exemplifications of preferred embodiments thereof. For example, the SiGe ratio could be any composition between about 5 percent Ge to about 95 percent Ge; however, the preferred composition is between about 10 percent Ge and about 40 percent Ge. Those skilled in the art will envision many other possible variations are within its scope. Persons skilled in the thermoelectric art are aware of many different dopants other than the ones discussed above which would produce similar effects. Examples of n-type dopants include phosphorus and arsenic. Examples of p-type dopants in addition to boron are aluminum and antimony. Persons skilled in the art will recognize that is is possible to produce quantum layers having the same crystalline structures from materials having different crystal structures. For example, epitaxial layers of GeTe and PbTe could be fabricated even though PbTe and GeTe differ slightly in crystalline structure. Accordingly the reader is requested to determine the scope of the invention by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, and not by the examples which have been given.
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|Jan 29, 2003
|Jul 29, 2004
|Mckinnell James C.
|Micro-fabricated device with thermoelectric device and method of making
|Feb 7, 2003
|Aug 12, 2004
|Vladimir Abramov
|Peltier cooler integrated with electronic device(s)
|Apr 4, 2002
|Aug 18, 2005
|Vreeke Mark S.
|Miniature/micro-scale power generation system
|Mar 16, 2005
|Sep 22, 2005
|The Regents Of The University Of California
|Energy harvesting using a thermoelectric material
|Aug 3, 2004
|Feb 9, 2006
|Harris Corporation
|Fuel flexible thermoelectric micro-generator
|Aug 3, 2004
|Feb 9, 2006
|Harris Corporation
|Fuel flexible thermoelectric micro-generator with micro-turbine
|Aug 3, 2004
|Feb 9, 2006
|Harris Corporation
|Fuel flexible thermoelectric generator with battery charger
|Dec 22, 2005
|May 25, 2006
|Abramov Vladimir S
|Peltier cooling systems with high aspect ratio
|Oct 14, 2005
|Apr 19, 2007
|Biprodas Dutta
|Method for producing practical thermoelectric devices using quantum confinement in nanostructures
|Oct 14, 2005
|Apr 19, 2007
|Biprodas Dutta
|Thermoelectric device produced by quantum confinement in nanostructures
|Apr 11, 2006
|May 10, 2007
|Pham Hung M
|Refrigeration system including thermoelectric module
|Dec 9, 2005
|Jun 14, 2007
|Biprodas Dutta
|Methods of drawing high density nanowire arrays in a glassy matrix
|Dec 9, 2005
|Jun 14, 2007
|Biprodas Dutta
|High density nanowire arrays in glassy matrix
|Mar 13, 2007
|Jul 5, 2007
|Mckinnell James C
|Micro-fabricated device with thermoelectric device and method of making
|Jul 21, 2006
|Jan 24, 2008
|Caterpillar Inc.
|Thermoelectric device
|Aug 10, 2007
|Jul 17, 2008
|Biprodas Dutta
|Nanowire electronic devices and method for producing the same
|Mar 12, 2008
|Oct 23, 2008
|Hi-Z Corporation
|Miniature quantum well thermoelectric device
|Jul 2, 2008
|Jan 8, 2009
|Acol Technologies Sa
|Peltier Cooling Systems with High Aspect Ratio
|Jun 12, 2009
|Apr 8, 2010
|Zt3 Technologies, Inc.
|Methods of drawing wire arrays
|Jul 17, 2009
|Oct 28, 2010
|Fred Leavitt
|Low-cost quantum well thermoelectric egg-crate module
|Jun 10, 2010
|Oct 28, 2010
|Zt3 Technologies, Inc.
|Nanowire electronic devices and method for producing the same
|Aug 25, 2009
|Mar 3, 2011
|General Atomics
|Methods of manufacturing quantum well materials
|Jun 10, 2010
|May 26, 2011
|Masao Akei
|Vapor Compression Circuit and Method Including A Thermoelectric Device
|May 21, 2009
|Jun 16, 2011
|Geoffrey Alan Edwards
|Thermoelectric Element
|Mar 2, 2011
|Jul 7, 2011
|Zt3 Technologies, Inc.
|Nanowire electronic devices and method for producing the same
|Aug 17, 2012
|Dec 6, 2012
|Tdk Corporation
|Thermoelectric element
|Mar 4, 2015
|Sep 10, 2015
|Tdk Corporation
|Thermoelectric device
|Feb 8, 2016
|Aug 18, 2016
|Tdk Corporation
|Thermoelectric device
|Oct 7, 2011
|Sep 5, 2013
|Ud Holdings, Llc
|Feb 26, 1999
|Sep 2, 1999
|Hi-Z Technology, Inc.
|Thermoelectric generator for natural gas well head
|Nov 12, 1999
|May 25, 2000
|Hi-Z Technology, Inc.
|Quantum well thermoelectric material on very thin substrate
|Aug 1, 2005
|Feb 16, 2006
|Harris Corporation
|Fuel flexible thermoelectric micro-generator with micro-turbine
|May 21, 2009
|Nov 26, 2009
|Nano-Nouvelle Pty Ltd
|Thermoelectric element
|Dec 9, 2009
|Jun 24, 2010
|Hi-Z Technology, Inc.
|High temperature, high efficiency thermoelectric module
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 29, 1994
Owner name: HI Z TECHNOLOGY, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ELSNER, NORBERT B.;GHAMATY, SAEID;REEL/FRAME:007138/0373
Effective date: 19940829
|Feb 25, 2000
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 25, 2004
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 3, 2008
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Aug 27, 2008
|Surcharge for late payment
Year of fee payment: 11
|Aug 27, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
the private sectornoun [ S ]uk /ˈpraɪ.vət ˌsek.tər/ us /ˈpraɪ.vət ˌsek.tɚ/
› businesses and industries that are not owned or controlled by the government:
Thesaurus: synonyms and related words
(Definition of "the private sector" from the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)
(Definition of "private sector" from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)
(Definition of "private-sector" from the Cambridge Business English Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)
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friendly and pleasant to be with


text:
Toll Free: (888) 223-2545
Customer ServicePress 3
Hardware SpecialistPress 2
Hours:9:00 am - 8:30 pmM-F Eastern Time
The graceful curves and Victorian-inspired details of the Chesapeake collection bring elegant style and long-lasting performance to your decor. Constructed of solid brass, this bar faucet comes in your choice of four tarnish and corrosion-resistant finishes. It features a two-hole application, a 1/4 turn on-and-off mechanism for controlling water flow, and a durable washer less cartridge. Easy-grip American levers complete this handsome ensemble. Dimensions: 9" H x 6 3/8" W x 2 3/8" D. Centerset: 4". Spout: 6" H x 4 3/4" reach. Handle base: 3" H. Handles: 2 7/8" L. IPS inlet: 1/2". Flow rate: 2.2 GPM (8.3 LPM) Max at 60 psi. Max deck thickness: 1 1/4".
Dimensions, specifications and detailed product info
How to install this product in a typical situation.
All Site Contents ©2015, House of Antique Hardware, Inc. Antique-By-Hand® is a registered trademark of House of Antique Hardware, Inc.


text:
Yellow Jacket 38069 Utility Fluorescent Lamp With 25 ft 18/2 AWG SJT Cord, 15 W, 120 V, T8
4.5 out of 5 rating is our rating for PlumbersStock, we got that rating because we have lots of experience and great people with expertise in plumbing. BUT WE WANT YOUR HELP. This product doesn't have any reviews yet, and we don't want to write our own reviews. It is more valuable to us that the customers get to share their experience with our products. Please, if you have any experience with this product, take a moment to share and help someone else who is trying to make a decision. Thank you!


text:
round-trip light time (RLT)
The time taken for an electromagnetic signal to travel from Earth to a spacecraft or another body in the Solar System and back again. It is roughly equal to twice the one-way light time.
Related category• SPACECRAFT COMMUNICATIONS AND TRACKING
Home • About • Copyright © The Worlds of David Darling • Encyclopedia of Alternative Energy • Contact


text:
Submersible LED Floralytes in Fuchsia 12 Pack 1-1/8" Wide x 1" Tall
DetailsMake your event shine with these beautiful fuchsia pink LED Floralytes that are totally submersible. Use in floral vases to illuminate designs. Creatively placed throughout the table setting, colored lights will "WOW" your guests and make your event most memorable.
- 12 LED Lights per Box - Up to 24 hours of light
- Batteries Included
- Twist Base On / Off
- Open and remove paper slip on battery to activate
- Each light measures 1-1/8" Wide x 1" Tall
Shipping & Returns
- Economy Shipping: 5-10 business days
- Ground Shipping: 1-5 business days
- Expedited, International, and SmartPost options available at checkout.
- More Shipping Information »
Return this item within 30 days for a full product refund. Return Policy »


text:
Why Test
• Testing clay bodies provides you with information that you can observe, touch and feel first hand in your own environment.
• While a catalog photo shows what a clay may look like fired at one or several cones, it may not tell you what it will do at the cone you're firing to.
• Basic clay bar tests give you information more specific to your needs, and a 25-pound sample is usually enough to complete all the tests you need.
Download a printer-friendly version of this assignment here:
What to Test
Tests should be done at multiple temperatures to yield the widest range of information on the clay body. You need to understand the same general characteristics at every temperature you fire to, and even at temperatures you may want to fire to in the future. I test at every potential cone I may fire to and keep records of all the results.
• The three important general characteristics to take note of are shrinkage, absorption and warping/slumping.
• Other important qualities to note are color, texture, plasticity and hardness.
• Some results are determined with visual and touch tests while others require simple formulas. All require consistency of procedure so the results you achieve are created under the same conditions.
Firing Box and Stilts
When firing above a recommended temperature—either on purpose or by mistake—clay bodies start to melt and fuse or stick to the shelves.
• To test clay bars, you'll need a shallow firing box to protect your kiln shelves and to make handling and transportation easier.
• Using a high-fire clay, make a simple slab-built clay box that's 8–10 inches square with a 1-inch tall wall. Make several boxes at the same time so you can test multiple bodies in the same firings or just have them on hand for future use (figure 1).
• You'll also need clay stilts for the warping test. Make triangle stilts about the thickness of your pinky and long enough to span the width of the clay bar (figure 2). All stilts must be the same height.
Clay Bars
• You'll need three clay bars for each body you're testing.
• For consistency and accuracy of results, use the same dimensions for all your clay bars. While some tests yield correct results regardless of the bar dimensions, you can always rule out size and dimension as variables that could cause any irregularities.
• Make ¼-inch-thick bars measuring 2 inches wide by 6 inches long. If your work is thicker, make bars to match, but don't exceed ½ inches in thickness.
• After cutting the bars to size, draw a 10-cm-long line on one of them with a hash mark at each end. This will be used for a shrinkage test later (figure 3).
• For the tests here, I've selected four bodies to test: two white bodies from Standard (#257 Grolleg Porcelain Cone 8–10 and #181 White Stoneware Cone 6–10) and two from Amaco (#29 Brown Stone Earthenware Cone 06–04 and #77 Terra Cotta Clay Cone 5). All four bodies have different characteristics at the temperatures to which I'm interested in firing them, and testing several bodies at the same time takes better advantage of each firing. Remember to write the clay number on the back of each tile.
• Once all bars are cut and firing boxes are built, let them dry to bone dry. The boxes and bars can be stacked with newspaper layered in between and a board on top for a little weight to keep them from warping. It's important that the firing boxes and clay bars stay flat while drying to assure accurate test results (figure 4).
Before the Bisque
• At the bone dry stage, visually examine the bars for a color change if any. Use a ruler to measure in centimeters the shrinkage line to see if it has changed from its original 10 cm length. Record the results.
• For each firing, place the bars side by side in the firing box, and place one of them on the triangle stilts. The stilts should be placed about ¼- to ½-inch in from the ends of the bar. If the stilts are too close, the bar may not warp or slump to its fullest potential.
• The shrinkage bar and the other regular bar are simply placed in the bottom of the box.
• While the test firing can be done in any kiln, the results are most applicable if done in the same kiln used for your work.
• Indicate in your notebook or worksheet if it's an electric or gas kiln, oxidation or reduction firing, salt, wood, soda, etc.
• For best results, start firings at the lowest cone temperature and then progressively refire the bars at higher cones until the highest desired cone is reached.
• A sample for progressive test firings for a cone 10 clay body would be cone 06, cone 01, cone 6 then finally cone 10.
Clay Bar Tests
The following traditional tests give a good range of basic information that helps you to better understand your clay body. Keep good records in your notebook so you'll have the results for future reference. If there are other specific qualities, such as glaze fit or color effect, test for these also.
• Warping/Slumping
Visually examine for any warping or sagging movement in the center. Remove the bar from the stilts, turn it over and place it on a flat surface so the gap (if any) can be measured (figure 6). This test informs you at what temperature the walls may start to warp or deform or a plate may begin to slump. The information can be applied to the sculptural or structural applications of the clay body. An exact percentage for this is not as important as just knowing when the clay body starts to move.
• Shrinkage Test
Measure the length of the line in centimeters on the shrinkage bar (figure 7), and subtract it from 10 (based on the original 10 cm line). For example, 10 cm – 8.5 cm = 1.5 cm. An easy way to convert this result to a percentage is to move the decimal to the right one place, so 1.5 cm means 15% shrinkage. Knowing the shrinkage rate helps in determining which glazes will fit the body and even which two bodies can be used together.
• Absorption Test
There are two types of tests that can determine the absorption of a clay body. One is a simple visual test and the other is a weight calculation. For the visual test, place a few drops of a liquid (like ink) on the surface of the bar to create a stain. Let it soak in for an hour then wash off the surface with water. The darker the stain, the more absorbent the clay. This is not an exact test, but it gives a quick and useful general result.
The weight calculation test is more specific. Weigh the fired bar on a gram scale and record the result (figure 8). Soak the bar in water for 24 hours, pat dry, then weigh again and record the result. Subtract the first weight (dry bar) from the second weight (water soaked bar) to get the weight of the absorbed water. Divide the weight of the absorbed water by the original dry weight and move the decimal two places to the right to find the absorption rate.
Example: Original bar weight of 4.2 grams is subtracted from soaked bar weight of 4.6 grams giving you an absorbed water weight of .4 grams. Divide .4 by 4.2 which equals .095 making absorption 9.5%.
• Color Test
Visually examine a bar to see if there has been a color change (figure 9). The color change can sometimes be dramatic depending on the cone it was fired and is important for aesthetic purposes. It can also help you determine the best glazes to work visually on the surface.
• Surface/Texture
Visually examine the bar to determine if the surface has changed. Run your fingers across the bar to see if it's the same, smoother or coarser. This information is important aesthetically and helps you determine if it meets your visual and tactile needs.
• Hardness
Using a nail, see if you can scratch the surface to see how hard or soft it is at the fired temperature. This test helps determine the surface durability at different temperatures.


text:
Looking at getting a new board.Thinking about glassed in fins.What's everyones feelings or experience on them?
Results 1 to 10 of 22
Thread: Glassed in fins
Hybrid View
Jun 30, 2013, 02:56 PM #1
Glassed in fins
that's all we had back in the old days. great solid craft feel...but if there's any problems with the ride or humming, you're stuck. Lot of pros still insist on them (andy irons only used glass-ons)
main reason I prefer removable fins is travel and storage...the option to change fin models isn't a big deal with me (I usually just use the fins that came with the board anyhow)
Last edited by waterbaby; Jun 30, 2013 at 03:05 PM.
Jun 30, 2013, 03:35 PM #3
If you know what fins you like on that particular board, go for it. The performance can't be beat, IMO.
Jun 30, 2013, 04:01 PM #4Senior Member
- Join Date
- Jun 2013
- Location
- Singer Island
- Posts
- 4,302
Future fins have no gap between the fin and the board, just like glassed on fins, but you can change fins for different conditions. They wont pop out of your board like a FCS set up can do in heavy situations. Glassed on fins are really cool, but if you ding one its a problem fixing it, where a fin system you can replace it. One time I remember having these hi tech carbon future fins in my backpack, and I was too lazy to change them out with the plastic ones the board came with. One session it was firing, and my board wasn't making sections, and the fins were humming, so I finally changed fins. Lo and behold, I was flying around sections, getting into pockets and shredding and going really fast, and I laughed my ass off at my own ignorance. Do not be tricked into thinking you have the right fins for your board until you try a few combos. On big days, I have a 6'6" Orion swallowtail that is too loose for a big drop when I use the G 3s or even G 5s. So I plug in my old Sunny Garcias and it holds big bottom turns. When it gets smaller, like waist to chest, I can put a small trailer fin in the back and throw tail. so keep you options open and get a removable fin system. I recommend Future shapes cause they are almost like glass ons, but more fun.
Jun 30, 2013, 06:02 PM #5
Jun 30, 2013, 07:50 PM #6
Jul 1, 2013, 02:38 AM #7
what kind of bonzer are you thinking about getting? pm me if you don't want to go off-topic; i'm kind of a bonzer nerd.
Jul 1, 2013, 03:42 AM #8Senior Member
- Join Date
- Jan 2012
- Posts
- 489
Replacing a fin is pretty much the same as replacing a fin box... shops might tell you otherwise, but in my own experience not much of a difference. If I hit a rock the whole box goes... not just the fin. Just my two pennies.
Jun 30, 2013, 04:36 PM #9
I don't think it's worth it. You might feel a little difference, but the convenience of switching fins and removing for travel outweighs the performance... If that becomes your "go to" board it will be a pain in the ass when you want to travel with it.
I had a board made with glass ons of the fins I prefer and I feel no difference between that board and the one I have with FCS.
Jun 30, 2013, 04:48 PM #10Senior Member
- Join Date
- Nov 2008
- Location
- Manasquan
- Posts
- 286
Glass-on fins have the stiffest base possible (they're part of the board) and transfer force most efficiently. Some finbox systems have stiffer bases than others but chances are you wouldn't feel the difference between any fin system vs. glass-ons
Shape Your Surfing Experience


text:
A DEPUTY manager of a care home in Williton headed to London to attend the Great British Care Home Awards finals.
Ross Isbell, deputy manager of Croft House attended the ceremony after being shortlisted for the Frontline Leaders Award.
He was joined by Croft House manager Madeleine Flanagan and operations manager Sue Steeds.
Although Ross wasn't announced as the overall winner on the night, his colleagues, family and friends said they were so proud of him.
Ms Flanagan said: "Everyone at Croft House is so proud of Ross, representing the company and his local area at a national awards final in London is such an achievement.
"Not everyone can say that they have achieved so much recognition and success at such a young age.
"Ross is an inspiration to staff at Somerset Care and potential staff looking to join the care sector.
"He may not have been announced as the winner at the ceremony but he's definitely a winner to us."


text:
Australian shares fell today as cautious investors were looking for stronger evidence of global growth, with weak metal prices and China growth concerns weighing on mining stocks.
The S&P/ASX200 index shed 10.1 points, or 0.2 per cent, to 4263, while the broader All Ords fell 9.9 points, or 0.2 per cent, to 4354.2.
Miners led the market's fall, with the materials sub-index dropping 0.8 per cent. Energy stocks fell 0.6 per cent, while financials edged up 0.1 per cent.
Investor sentiment has been improving over the past couple of months as major central banks around the world showed their determination to flood the financial system with ample funds to avoid a crisis triggered by a credit crunch, allowing money to flow broadly into assets.
While recent US data pointing to a recovery has prompted investors to shift their focus towards economic fundamentals and away from long-running troubles in the euro zone, they remain watchful of developments in the debt crisis and a slowdown in China, Australia's top trade partner.
China aims to grow its economy by about 7.5 per cent in 2012 and sees inflation running at around 4 per cent for the year, Premier Wen Jiabao said today. That is below assumptions for 8 per cent growth in China by miners such as Rio Tinto.
"China just tweaked back its growth expectation. That just serves as a reminder that reliance on exports for growth in the short-term will be difficult," Ric Spooner, strategist at CMC Markets, said.
All eyes on RBA
Traders said investors would observe the tone of comments by the Reserve Bank tomorrow after it releases its monthly rate decision, and wait to see how debt problems in Europe unfold.
The central bank is widely expected to keep interest rates at 4.25 per cent. Last month, the bank indicated that inflation was subdued enough to allow an easing but only if the economy slowed materially.
Shares in surfwear retailer Billabong fell 2.7 per cent to $2.92. The shares have been under pressure since the company rejected a takeover approach at $3.30 a share by buyout firm TPG late last month.
Shares in Gloucester Coal rose 3.2 per cent. Media reports indicated the firm's independent board of directors were set to approve a merger with Yancoal, a unit of Yanzhou Coal.
Companies going ex-dividend
Another contributor to the market's weakness was that several companies going ex-dividend. They included QBE Insurance, which fell 3.3 per cent to $11.85, Brambles lost 1.4 per cent to $7.11, Worley Parsons shed 2.2 per cent to $28.73 and Iluka gave up 2.42 per cent to $16.97.
The best performers included health-care stocks, which were up 0.6 per cent, and utilities, which gained 0.9 per cent.
Electricity provider AGL lifted 10 cents to $13.94.
Making news, Optus's parent company Singapore Telecommunications (SingTel) said it would restructure the business into three separate units from April 1, 2012.
Optus chief executive Paul O'Sullivan would lead one of those units, the Group Consumer business, SingTel said. SingTel, which is listed in both Australia and Singapore, was steady at $2.33 in local trade.
Qantas pilots are challenging a ban that prevents them from taking industrial action. Fair Work Australia (FWA) imposed the ban last year after a long-running spell of industrial action by Qantas pilots, engineers and ground staff that led to the airline's entire fleet being grounded in October. Qantas shares were flat at $1.74.
A $200 million-plus class action against the Centro group began, accusing the company of misleading and deceptive conduct for not disclosing in 2007 that it had at least $3 billion of interest-bearing debt due. Centro shares closed up 2.5 cents at $1.92.
BusinessDay, with Reuters and AAP


text:
Henry James was the first of the major writers of fiction, indeed probably the first writer of any description, to provide a detailed critical introduction to their own work. From his second published piece, aged twenty-one, he had reviewed fiction as well as written it and, in making a 'definitive' collected edition of his novels and tales, he determined, in effect, to review his own work by writing prefaces which would revisit the genesis of the works, highlight difficulties, both those successfully overcome and those leaving traces in the finished fictions, and explain his selection and grouping in the edition. The resulting eighteen essays, taken together, form a conspectus of the fiction writer's art and, given the relative scarcity and cost of the New York edition, as it became, cried out to be republished as a book; a need James foresaw, as he wrote the W. D. Howells on 1908-08-17, shortly after completing them : 'They ought, collected together, none the less, to form a sort of comprehensive manual or vade mecum for aspirants in our arduous profession. Still, it will be long before I shall want to collect them together for that purpose and furnish them with a final Preface.' That job was finally accomplished some twenty-five years later by Richard P. Blackmur in The art of the novel, which has provided the easier source for scholars and students ever since. I'm pleased to be able to present an edition of them here for scholars in the electronic age.
The following list of the prefaces shows the New York edition volume number and title of each, linked to the appropriate text. If you need to know what other tales are in an 'etc.' volume, the partial contents lists are available in the 'sources' section of my index to reprints of tales. Alternatively, to find any particular title, you can use the summary list of all James's works referred to, which is alphabetical and appears below the volume list, with links to load the appropriate text here, positioned at the relevant place.
In the following table, the chapter number in The art of the novel (AN) is given in the right-hand column as a cross-reference. Note that major novels each occupy two volumes of the edition, the second of which of course did not include a preface: hence the gaps in the New York edition volume numbering.
|AN ch.
|1 :
|Roderick Hudson
|2 :
|The American
|3 :
|The portrait of a lady
|5 :
|The Princess Casamassima
|7 :
|The tragic muse
|9 :
|The awkward age
|10 :
|The spoils of Poynton; A London life; The chaperon
|11 :
|What Maisie knew; In the cage; The pupil
|12 :
|The Aspern papers; The turn of the screw; The liar; The two faces
|13 :
|The Reverberator; Madame de Mauves; A passionate pilgrim; etc.
|14 :
|Lady Barbarina; The siege of London; An international episode; etc.
|15 :
|The lesson of the master; The death of the lion; etc.
|16 :
|The author of Beltraffio; The middle years; etc.
|17 :
|The altar of the dead; The beast in the jungle; The birthplace; etc.
|18 :
|Daisy Miller; Pandora; The marriages; etc.
|19 :
|The wings of the dove
|21 :
|The ambassadors
|23 :
|The golden bowl
The abasement of the Northmores
The altar of the dead
The ambassadors
The American
The Aspern papers
The author of Beltraffio
The awkward age
The beast in the jungle
The Beldonald Holbein
The birthplace
Broken wings
A bundle of letters
The chaperon (category)
The chaperon (writing of)
The Coxon fund
Daisy Miller
The death of the lion
The figure in the carpet
Fordham Castle
The golden bowl
The great good place
Greville Fane
In the cage
An international episode
The jolly corner
Julia Bride
Lady Barbarina
The lesson of the master
The liar
A London life
Louisa Pallant
Madame de Mauves
The madonna of the future
The marriages
The middle years
Mrs Medwin
The next time
Owen Wingrave
A passionate pilgrim
The Pension Beaurepas
The point of view
The portrait of a lady
The Princess Casamassima
The private life
The pupil
The real right thing
The Reverberator
Roderick Hudson
The siege of London
Sir Edmund Orme
The spoils of Poynton
The story in it
The tragic muse
The tree of knowledge
The turn of the screw
The two faces
The way it came
What Maisie knew
The wings of the dove
For details of the text sources and subsequent critical discussion see the bibliography. You may be interested in details of any problems I encountered while editing the source text for its presentation here, which can be found on a separate page, otherwise just pick a volume or start reading at the beginning (each has links to its neighbours, for continuous perusal).
this menu and introduction
© 2009
part of an edition of the prefaces to the New York edition
on the Ladder : a Henry James website


text:
A Justice Site
California State University, Dominguez Hills
University of Wisconsin, Parkside
Created: March 28, 2001
Latest update: March 28, 2001
- The Imprint/Image of the Oppressor in All of Us
by Patricia Acone, CSUDH Staff.
The Imprint/Image of the Oppressor in All of Us
On Wednesday, March 28, 2001, Patricia Acone wrote:In the 70's, when I first became acquainted with Paulo Freire, and then again in 1986 when I re-read Paulo, I was impressed with his admonition that after the revolution the workers should make certain that we do not change poles and become the oppressor. It wasn't till I read Martha Minow's Not Only for Myself that I truly understood what the implications of this admonition meant for the oppressed--that within all of us there is an imprint/image of the oppressor.
Minow is good! I am also reading Ain't I a Woman, by bell hooks. In her book she addresses the issue of how some Black males devalue females. In Not Only for Myself, page 53, Minow articulates this so succinctly:"Research suggests that some African American males develop an exaggerated conception of male power and devalue females, apparently as a coping response to racial and economic disadvantage. Here is a place where the errors of essentialism, the insights of intersectionality, and the basic incoherence of group identities run up against the ease of adopting categories that were never designed to help those assigned to them." More later . . .
On Wednesday, March 28, jeanne responded:Both Susan and I agree. Minow is good. That's one reason we use her books in our classes.