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Renault Repair Questions? Ask a Mechanic for Answers ASAP
Hello and Welccome to justanswer..
My name is XXXXX XXXXX I will help you with this -
Can you give me the vans Full reg number so that I can just check on the systems your one has....
Plus - have you had any plug in tests done at all / diagnostic tests ? and if so, with what results?
When you come back on line, type your reply here... When I receive it, I will get back to you asap thereafter - Kind Rgds, MIKE........................
the reg is YP55 WWN I've plugged in my scanner and it says "no faults stored in module!" BTW I also checked the level of the oil when the gauge strted flashing and it was fine. We drove back through really wet roads as well. Am just about to install a new fuel filter so will let you know how I get on.
Hi Mike - I have now changed the diesel filter - it took some time to bleed the system but now it seems ok. Still no sign of life from the engine! It turns over fine but won't fire. I've tried to test power to the injectors (there's definitely diesel there) with my multimeter but can't work out how to do it. I've checked all the fuses and they are fine. I pump up the hand primer until it is hard but after the engine turns over it goes flat again. After cranking the engine there is a crackling noise coming from what seems to be a pump of some description attached by a rubber grommet to the main fuse box in the engine compartment. Is that normal? What is this module? It has two rubber pipes running off the bottom of it. Have checked the trouble codes again but it says no codes are stored.
How do I check if a sensor has failed? Is there an easy way?
It has 110 k on the clock and the belt was done two years ago when I bought it at 96K or thereabouts.... It has run faultlessly since then!


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Orientation programs, held during the week before classes begin, serve as an introduction to the university for new tenure-line faculty and new term faculty. Both programs include an overview of the university and American University students as well as well as information on teaching and resources to help you get off to a successful start. The orientations are the first part of the year-long AU Entrée program for new full-time faculty.
We hope you will also consult the New Faculty Guide, which provides valuable information for your first year at AU.
Fall Semester Term Faculty Orientation will be on Tuesday, August 22, 2017. 9:30AM - 2:30PM | MGC 200
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Jesus can only Cure those who see their Sin Sickness
by Clifford Tate
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Matthew 9:12-13 When Jesus heard that, He said to them, �Those who are well have no need of a physician, but those who are sick. But go and learn what this means: �I desire mercy and not sacrifice.� For I did not come to call the righteous, but sinners, to repentance.� NKJV
We have only to turn on the news to here of some very terrifying cases of illnesses that people have contracted or are being diagnosed with at the very time of a breaking news story. Recently we heard of actress Valerie Harper (Co-Star of the �Mary Tyler Moore Show�) being diagnosed with a form of brain cancer that is very rare and also extremely life threatening. The story of ABC news personality Robin Roberts and her battle with cancer that required her to find a bone marrow donor in order that she might recover. Also we were witness to the long battle with some form of cancer that President Hugo Chavez of Venezuela endured until he just recently lost his battle with the disease.
These are just a few cases of people that are recognized by many because of what they do and for who they are, but these and other diagnoses of diseases that come upon people all over this world every day are likewise just as life threatening and fearful for the recipients of the news. The first step in being able to receive a cure for a physical disease is to accept the diagnoses of the Doctor or Doctors that one has the disease being described to them and to subscribe or submit to the course of treatment or medication that will be required. It is a sure prospect of defeat resulting in physical death for one to continually reject or resist the Doctors diagnosis and to refuse the treatment and medicine to cure the disease.
The examples of the above physical diseases are mere irritants in comparison to the greatest disease that infects all of humanity and that would be sin. The newspapers, TV news, and the internet all over the world are full of the results produced by the sin disease. The One who created man knows his deteriorating condition (He told Adam that in Genesis 2:17) and later gave Moses His Ten Commandments to show man his infection and secondly He has sent the only remedy or cure for the disease of sin and He is Jesus Christ the Righteous. The problem with humanity today and in every generation is the recognition of the sin sick condition. Business or Industry success in this life, power in this life such as Hugo Chavez had as President of a Country, or popularity as an entertainer, actress, sports star, etc. and even the so called regular or normal life does much to cloud the reality of man�s sin sickness.
Just like the human Doctor cannot cure the physical disease of any person unwilling to acknowledge the severity of their illness, our Lord Jesus Christ (the Great Physician) cannot provide His cleansing Blood to the soul sick with the disease of sin if the sinner never recognizes that he or she is a sinner. In this Chapter 9 of Matthew every person that comes to our Lord for physical or spiritual healing have come to the place of complete hopeless desperation willing to drop all other methods, procedures, or actions acknowledging Jesus Christ as Lord in order to be healed by Him. Today as then is no different because our Lord Jesus Christ is the same yesterday, today, and forever. The man or woman unwilling to humble themselves and acknowledge their sinful heart condition and the Lordship of Jesus Christ and His Blood as the only cure will remain sick with sin and will continue to act out that sinful heart in the outward things done in the body, i.e. pornography, masturbation, fornication, homosexuality, murder, rape, stealing, gossip, pride, greed, blasphemy, etc. and the list seems endless, see what the Apostle Paul says in Galatians 5:19-21.
The woman with issue of blood in this Chapter 9 of Matthew is the clear picture of the heart condition of every man or woman that comes to saving faith in Jesus Christ. This woman was desperate, in despair, and desiring above all else to come and touch the Lord Jesus so that she would be healed. She believed without waver of not only His ability, but also His willingness to heal her of this plague she dealt with for 12 years. Our Lord lives and breathes from Heaven now as He did on earth during His first coming to grant to those desperate for healing mercy they do not deserve. This was a woman who was sick physically and she tried every other avenue possible to be cured and none worked. Many will come to our Lord in this manner after trying Islam, the occult, Yoga, New Age, Mormonism, Jehovah Witness, Buddhism, and many other empty paths that claim enlightenment or satisfaction for the soul. You can only be healed when like this woman with the issue of blood you can say from your heart as the Psalmist and the Prophet Jeremiah speaks in the following passages and then you will hear our Lord as He spoke to the woman marred with her blood disease, �Be of good cheer, daughter; your faith has made you well.�
Psalms 6:2 Have mercy on me, O LORD, for I am weak; O LORD, heal me, for my bones are troubled. NKJV
Psalms 41:4 I said, �LORD, be merciful to me; Heal my soul, for I have sinned against You.� NKJV
Jeremiah 17:14 Heal me, O LORD, and I shall be healed; Save me, and I shall be saved, For You are my praise. NKJV
�Sin is more than an act or a series of acts; it is a man�s make-up.� A. W. Pink
�The recognition of sin is the beginning of salvation.� Martin Luther
�Original sin may be defined as the hereditary corruption and depravity of our nature. This reaches every part of the soul, makes us abhorrent to God�s wrath and produces in us what Scripture calls works of the flesh.� John Calvin
�You and your sins must separate or you and your God will never come together. No one sin may you keep; they must all be given up, they must be brought out like Canaanite kings from the cave and be hanged up in the sun.� �Let your tears fall because of sin; but, at the same time, let the eye of faith steadily behold the Son of Man lifted up, as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, that those who are bitten by the old serpent may look unto Jesus and live. Our sinnership is that emptiness into which the Lord pours His mercy.� Charles Spurgeon
�A man does not get grace till he comes down to the ground, till he sees he needs grace. When a man stoops to the dust and acknowledges that he needs mercy, then it is that the Lord will give him grace.� D. L. Moody
If you do not know the Lord Jesus Christ and His amazing healing power, pray this from your heart to the Lord Jesus Christ (you speaking directly to Him), Dear Lord Jesus, I confess to You that I am a sinner and I need Your forgiveness. I believe You shed Your Blood and died for my sins. I believe that You rose from the dead proving that You alone are God. I repent of my sins. I want to turn from my sins. I ask You Dear Lord Jesus to come into my heart and take control of my life. I want You to be my Lord, Savior, and my God. Amen...
Sincerely in Christ,
Clifford D. Tate, Sr.
Author of �Silent Assassins of the Soul - Are you Broken by Pornography and Masturbation? You can be Restored by the Lord Jesus Christ and brought into Deliverance, Freedom, and Victory! A Guide for Men and Women in the Enemy�s Crosshairs� e-book available now @ Amazon Kindle, @ Apple I Bookstore for IPod, Barnes and Noble for Nook, Reader Store for Sony Reader, Kobo, Copia, Gardners, Baker and Taylor, and eBookPie�
Read more articles by Clifford Tate or search for other articles by topic below.
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Archinect - News 2017-07-25T07:04:56-04:00 http://archinect.com/news/article/149943343/modular-cricket-pod-lets-you-create-an-urban-insect-farm Modular Cricket Pod Lets You Create An Urban Insect Farm Terreform 2016-05-02T18:40:00-04:00 >2016-05-06T00:29:12-04:00
Walking up to the Cricket Shelter—a new tent-like structure sitting on a dock at the Brooklyn Navy Yard—it might not immediately be obvious that it's full of bugs. But inside pods lining the walls, the prototype is raising 22,000 crickets. Why? To eat, of course.

Terreform ONE has been working on combining food and shelter to solve the United Nations challenge on world hunger.

 http://archinect.com/news/article/100112144/rooftop-farms-combine-the-rural-and-urban-in-future-cities Rooftop farms combine the rural and urban in future cities Amelia Taylor-Hochberg 2014-05-20T13:43:00-04:00 >2014-05-28T20:56:12-04:00
As fossil fuels become more expensive and the number of urban dwellers continues to rise, urban farming will help feed the population without increasing the cost and pollution of food transport. [...] The rise in rooftop farming isn't limited to commercial operations. "Rooftop farming and gardening has become extremely diverse, and in that sense a more 'normal' presence in cities"

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <meta> http://archinect.com/news/article/65760131/mvrdv-completes-the-glass-farm MVRDV Completes the Glass Farm Alexander Walter 2013-01-18T14:42:00-05:00 >2013-01-21T10:20:06-05:00
MVRDV just completed the Glass Farm, a multi-purpose building in the village square of Schijndel, the Netherlands. The exterior is printed glass with a collage of typical local farms; a monument to the past but 1.6 times larger than life. The architects see this concept as a possible contemporary response to retro-architecture whilst respecting the public's wish for vernacular authenticity.

 http://archinect.com/news/article/52653116/abandoned-farm-house-turned-into-life-size-dollhouse Abandoned Farm House Turned Into Life-Size Dollhouse Archinect 2012-06-29T12:07:00-04:00 >2012-06-30T14:22:27-04:00
This is an abandoned farm house that artist Heather Benning turned into a human-sized dollhouse (provided a human-sized dollhouse is just a regular house with no wall on one side).

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <meta> http://archinect.com/news/article/9540881/the-decorated-shed-a-farm-goes-from-crops-to-candelabras The Decorated Shed - A Farm Goes From Crops to Candelabras Paul Petrunia 2011-06-11T10:36:10-04:00 >2011-06-11T10:37:01-04:00
AT the Farm, iron chairs wear mink coats, candelabras sprout from picnic tables and crystals hang from the trees. Despite these bedazzlements, the property — 150 rolling acres 15 minutes from downtown Pittsburgh — is not exactly Pennsylvania's version of the Petit Hameau.

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Nedjeljka Žagar
Welcome to my homepage!
I am a postdoctoral fellow within the Advanced Study Program (ASP) at the National Center for Atmospheric Research .
I received my BSc and MSc in physics/atmospheric physics from the Faculty of Sciences at the University of Zagreb and my PhD from the Department of Meteorology at the Stockholm University . The title of my doctoral dissertation was "Dynamical aspects of atmospheric data assimilation in the tropics" (pdf).
My research interests range from modelling the mid-latitude mesoscale weather to large-scale variability.
My main research topic at present is data assimilation. I am interested in (im)balances which (do not) exist at large scales in the tropics and their manifestation in data assimilation. The goal is to improve understanding of the mass-wind couplings in the tropics and understanding of the flow-dependency of background-error covariances and thereby to improve the data assimilation procedures and to reduce uncertainties in the tropical analysis fields.
Ongoing publications:
Žagar, N., E. Andersson, M. Fisher and A. Untch, 2007: Influence of the quasi-biennial oscillation on the ECMWF model short-range forecast errors in the tropical stratosphere. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 133, 1843-1853. Also available as the ECMWF Tech. Memo 534.
Žagar, N., A. Stoffelen, G.-J. Marseille, C. Accadia and P. Schluessel, 2007: Impact assessment of simulated Doppler wind lidars with a multivariate variational assimilation in the tropics. In print in Mon. Wea. Rev. more info
Vilibic, I., G. Beg Paklar, N. Zagar, H. Mihanovic, N. Supic, M. Zagar, N. Domijan, M. Pasaric, 2007: Summer breakout of trapped bottom dense water from the northern Adriatic. Submitted to JGR Oceans.
Beg Paklar, G., N. Zagar, M. Zagar, R. Vellore, D. Koracin, P.-M. Poulain, M. Orlic, I. Vilibic, V. Dadic, 2007: Modeling the trajectories of satellite-tracked drifters in the Adriatic Sea during a summertime bora event. Submitted to JGR Oceans.
|Few links: NCAR || ASP || CGD || MMM || IMAGE/DART || ScienceWorld || AMS Journals || AGU Journals || RMS Journals || ECMWF ||


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Large diameter "Class A - All Fuel" chimneys for masonry Rumford fireplaces
"Twice the expense and half the value of real masonry chimneys"
"Decorative Shrouds"
"Decorative Shrouds" for metal chimneys must now be UL listed. Due to recent fires and resultant code changes that prevent non-listed "decorative shrouds" on any metal chimney - even though the problem is only with air-cooled UL 127 chimneys - you need a UL listed chimney top or shroud if you use a UL 103 metal chimney to vent a Rumford fireplace. Read the code and our proposed code change..
The Rumford Store
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Subject: Re: [htdig] passing a string through to htsearch results
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On Thu, 31 Aug 2000, Malcolm Austen wrote:
> The "restrict" field gets passed through to the search results without any
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text: October 26, 2006 | Black Twig Pickers, Jack Rose, Mikel Dimmick Spiral Joy Band, and PeltBlack Twigs shows are routinely topping four hours -- last week's outing in Charlottesville had to be five hours or so, didn't it? Another old-time lost-time episode. Newest developments (besides the re-hairing of Mike's bow after it's spontaneous and total shed late night in Charlottesville): Nathan's virtuoso washboarding and amazingly solid washtubbing. Kazoogle, ho! Spiral Joy Band's "Floating Seer" cdr is almost done. And Spiral Joy with John Fail "Pores in the Porch and Puddles Beneath" cdr should be out soon courtesy of the Soopa Crew in Porto, Portugal. Watch this space for availability of both. (Or hey, come catch the Joys in Philadelphia next month) Jack Rose is heading out soon for another monster trek. And Pelt seems likely to end the year with a show or shows in Virginia.


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Assessment |
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Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Cognitive Psychology: Attention · Decision making · Learning · Judgement · Memory · Motivation · Perception · Reasoning · Thinking - Cognitive processes Cognition - Outline Index
The director of Yale Psychology laboratory Ph.D. E. W. Scripture published The New Psychology in 1897 (The Walter Scott Ltd, London), which described the basic principles of subliminal messages.[1]
In 1900, Knight Dunlap, an American professor of psychology, flashed an "imperceptible shadow" to subjects while showing them a Müller-Lyer illusion containing two lines with pointed arrows at both ends which create an illusion of different lengths. Dunlap claimed that the shadow influenced his subjects subliminally in their judgment of the lengths of the lines.
Although these results were not verified in a scientific study, American psychologist Harry Levi Hollingworth reported in an advertising textbook that such subliminal messages could be used by advertisers.[2]
During World War II, the tachistoscope, an instrument which projects pictures for an extremely brief period, was used to train soldiers to recognize enemy airplanes.[1] Today the tachistoscope is used to increase reading speed or to test sight.[3]
In 1957, market researcher James Vicary claimed that quickly flashing messages on a movie screen, in Fort Lee, New Jersey, had influenced people to purchase more food and drinks. Vicary coined the term subliminal advertising and formed the Subliminal Projection Company based on a six-week test. Vicary claimed that during the presentation of the movie Picnic he used a tachistoscope to project the words "Drink Coca-Cola" and "Hungry? Eat popcorn" for 1/3000 of a second at five-second intervals. Vicary asserted that during the test, sales of popcorn and Coke in that New Jersey theater increased 57.8 percent and 18.1 percent respectively.[1][4]
However, in 1962 Vicary admitted to lying about the experiment and falsifying the results, the story itself being a marketing ploy.[5][6] An identical experiment conducted by Dr. Henry Link showed no increase in cola or popcorn sales.[4] A trip to Fort Lee, where the first experiment was alleged to have taken place, would have shown straight away that the small cinema there couldn't possibly have had 45,699 visitors through its doors in the space of 6 weeks. This has led people to believe that Vicary actually did not conduct his experiment at all.[4]
However, before Vicary's confession, his claims were promoted in Vance Packard's book The Hidden Persuaders,[7] and led to a public outcry, and to many conspiracy theories of governments and cults using the technique to their advantage.[8] The practice of subliminal advertising was subsequently banned in the United Kingdom and Australia,[2] and by American networks and the National Association of Broadcasters in 1958.[4]
But in 1958, Vicary conducted a television test in which he flashed the message "telephone now" hundreds of times during a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation program, and found no noticeable increase in telephone calls.[1]
In 1973, commercials in the United States and Canada for the game Hūsker Dū? flashed the message "Get it".[7] During the same year, Wilson Bryan Key's book Subliminal Seduction claimed that subliminal techniques were widely used in advertising.[4] Public concern was sufficient to cause the FCC to hold hearings in 1974. The hearings resulted in an FCC policy statement stating that subliminal advertising was "contrary to the public interest" and "intended to be deceptive".[4] Subliminal advertising was also banned in Canada following the broadcasting of Hūsker Dū? ads there.[1]
The December 16, 1973 episode of Columbo titled "Double Exposure", is based on subliminal messaging: it is used by the murderer, Dr. Bart Keppler, a motivational research specialist, played by Robert Culp, to lure his victim out of his seat during the viewing of a promotional film and by Lt. Columbo to bring Keppler back to the crime scene and incriminate him. Lt. Columbo is shown how subliminal cuts work in a scene mirroring James Vicary's experiment.[9][10]
In 1978, Wichita, Kansas TV station KAKE-TV received special permission from the police to place a subliminal message in a report on the BTK Killer (Bind, Torture, Kill) in an effort to get him to turn himself in. The subliminal message included the text "Now call the chief," as well as a pair of glasses. The glasses were included because when BTK murdered Nancy Fox, there was a pair of glasses lying upside down on her dresser; police felt that seeing the glasses might stir up remorse in the killer. The attempt was unsuccessful, and police reported no increased volume of calls afterward.[11]
A study conducted by the United Nations concluded that "the cultural implications of subliminal indoctrination is a major threat to human rights throughout the world."[12]
Campaigners have suggested subliminal messages appear in music. In 1985, two young men, James Vance and Raymond Belknap, attempted suicide. At the time of the shootings, Belknap died instantly. Vance was severely injured and survived. Their families were convinced it was because of a British rock band, Judas Priest. The families claimed subliminal messages told listeners to "do it" in the song "Better by You, Better Than Me". The case was taken to court and the families sought more than US$6 million in damages. The judge, Jerry Carr Whitehead said that freedom of speech protections would not apply to subliminal messages. He said he was not convinced the hidden messages actually existed on the album, but left the argument to attorneys.[13] The suit was eventually dismissed. In turn, he ruled it probably would not have been perceived without the "power of suggestion" or the young men would not have done it unless they really intended to.[14]
In 1985, Dr. Joe Stuessy testified to the United States Senate at the Parents Music Resource Center hearings that:
|The message of a piece of heavy metal music may also be covert or subliminal. Sometimes subaudible tracks are mixed in underneath other, louder tracks. These are heard by the subconscious but not the conscious mind. Sometimes the messages are audible but are backwards, called backmasking. There is disagreement among experts regarding the effectiveness of subliminals. We need more research on that.[15]
Stuessy's written testimony stated that:
|Some messages are presented to the listener backwards. While listening to a normal forward message (usually nonsensical), one is simultaneously being treated to a back-wards message. Some experts believe that while the conscious mind is trying to absorb the forward lyric, the subconscious is working overtime to decipher the backwards message.[16]
A few months after Judas Priest's acquittal, Michael Waller, the son of a Georgia minister, shot himself in the head while supposedly listening to Ozzy Osbourne's song Suicide Solution (despite the fact that the song Suicide Solution was not on the record [Ozzy Osbourne's Speak Of The Devil] found playing in his room when his suicide was discovered). His parents claimed that subliminal messages may have influenced his actions. The judge in that trial granted the summary judgment because the plaintiffs could not show that there was any subliminal material on the record. He noted, however, that if the plaintiffs had shown that subliminal content was present, the messages would not have received protection under the First Amendment because subliminal messages are, in principle, false, misleading or extremely limited in their social value (Waller v. Osbourne 1991). Justice Whitehead's ruling in the Judas Priest trial was cited to support his position.[17]
During the 2000 U.S. presidential campaign, a television ad campaigning for Republican candidate George W. Bush showed words (and parts thereof) scaling from the foreground to the background on a television screen. When the word BUREAUCRATS flashed on the screen, one frame showed only the last part, RATS.[18][19] The FCC looked into the matter,[20] but no penalties were ever assessed in the case.[citation needed]
A McDonald's logo appeared for one frame during the Food Network's Iron Chef America series on 2007-01-27, leading to claims that this was an instance of subliminal advertising. The Food Network replied that it was simply a glitch.[21]
On November 7, 2007, Network Ten Australia's broadcast of the ARIA Awards was called out for using subliminal advertising in an exposé by the Media Watch program on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation).[22]
In February 2007, it was discovered that 87 Konami slot machines in Ontario (OLG) casinos displayed a brief winning hand image before the game would begin. Government officials worried that the image subliminally persuaded gamblers to continue gambling; the company claimed that the image was a coding error. The machines were removed pending a fix by Konami.[23]
In 2007, to mark the 50th anniversary of James Vicary's original experiment, it was recreated at the International Brand Marketing Conference MARKA 2007. As part of the "Hypnosis, subconscious triggers and branding" presentation 1,400 delegates watched part the opening credits of the film PICNIC that was used in the original experiment. They were exposed to 30 subliminal cuts over a 90 second period. When asked to choose one of two fictions brands, Delta and Theta, 81% of the delegates picked the brand suggested by the subliminal cuts, Delta.[24]
See alsoEdit
References Edit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 The Straight Dope: Does subliminal advertising work?, The Straight Dope, http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a1_187.html, retrieved on 2006-08-11
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Pratkanis, Anthony R. (Spring 1992), The Cargo-Cult Science of Subliminal Persuasion, Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, pp. 260-272, http://www.csicop.org/si/9204/subliminal-persuasion.html, retrieved on 2006-08-11
- ↑ tachistoscope - Definitions from Dictionary.com
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Urban Legends Reference Pages: Business (Subliminal Advertising), The Urban Legends Reference Pages, http://www.snopes.com/business/hidden/popcorn.asp, retrieved on 2006-08-11
- ↑ Boese, Alex (2002). The Museum of Hoaxes: A Collection of Pranks, Stunts, Deceptions, and Other Wonderful Stories Contrived for the Public from the Middle Ages to the New Millennium, E. P. Dutton, ISBN 0-525-94678-0. pages. 137-38.
- ↑ The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry: The Cargo-Cult Science of Subliminal Persuasion by Anthony R. Pratkanis
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lantos, Geoffrey P. (PDF), The Absolute Threshold Level and Subliminal Messages, Stonehill College, http://faculty.stonehill.edu/glantos/Lantos1/PDF_Folder/BA344_PDF/Exercise%2046.pdf, retrieved on 2007-03-01
- ↑ Subliminal messages in movies and media, http://www.chokingonpopcorn.com/popcorn/?p=391, retrieved on 2008-05-21 [citation needed]
- ↑ Error - - New York Times
- ↑ Re: [AMIA-L] Reply: "Sherlock Jr."
- ↑ BTK Back
- ↑ Hammarskjol, Dag (1974), 31st Session, 7 October 1974, E/Cn.4/1142/Add 2., United Nations Human Rights Commission
- ↑ http://www.totse.com/en/ego/can_you_dance_to_it/jud-prst.html
- ↑ Vance, J., et al. v. Judas Priest et al., No. 86-5844, 2nd Dist. Ct. Nev. (August 24, 1990)
- ↑ U.S. Senate, page 118.
- ↑ U.S. Senate, page 125.
- ↑ http://www.csicop.org/si/9611/judas_priest.html
- ↑ Crowley, Candy. "Bush says 'RATS' ad not meant as subliminal message" CNN.com, 2000-9-12. Retrieved on December 16, 2006
- ↑ Smoking Pistols: George "Rat Ad" Bush and the Subliminal Kid
- ↑ 9/19/00 Speech by Commissioner Harold Furchtgott-Roth: The FCC's Investigation of "Subliminal Techniques:"
- ↑ It was a glitch, not a subliminal ad, for McDonald's on Food Network, Canadian Press, 2007-01-25, http://www.cbc.ca/cp/media/070125/X01259AU.html, retrieved on 2007-03-11
- ↑ Subliminal advertising. - ninemsn Video
- ↑ Agency asks slot-machine maker to halt subliminal messages
- ↑ bizcovering.com: Hypnosis in Advertising
Further readingEdit
- Dixon, N. F. (1971). Subliminal Perception: The nature of a controversy, McGraw-Hill, New York.
- Merikle, P. M., and M. Daneman (1998). Psychological Investigations of Unconscious Perception, Journal of Consciousness Studies.


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Sylvester Stallone
News about Sylvester Stallone, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times.
Highlights From the Archive
Movie Review | 'Rambo'
Just When You Thought It Was Safe to Go Back in the Jungle
"Rambo," directed by and starring Sylvester Stallone, has its own kind of blockheaded poetry.January 25, 2008 moviesReview
'Saturday Night Fever' at 40: You Should Still Be Dancing
On its anniversary, the gritty John Travolta disco classic gets a director's cut, with 15 extra minutes....
May 26, 2017, Friday
MORE ON SYLVESTER STALLONE AND: Movies , Travolta, John , Saturday Night Fever (Movie) , Badham, John , Staying Alive (Movie) , Stallone, Sylvester , Tony Manero (Movie) , Larrain, Pablo
Introducing the Stallone Sisters
Sylvester's daughters, Sophia, Sistine and Scarlet, will collectively serve as this year's Miss Golden Globe at the awards ceremony on Jan. 8....
December 30, 2016, Friday
MORE ON SYLVESTER STALLONE AND: Golden Globes (Awards) , Social Media , Stallone, Sylvester , Stallone, Sophia Rose , Stallone, Sistine Rose , Stallone, Scarlet Rose
Sylvester Stallone Suggests He Would Decline Trump Arts Role
Republican allies of President-elect Donald J. Trump made overtures to Mr. Stallone last week about an arts-related job, two Trump advisers said on Friday....
December 19, 2016, Monday
MORE ON SYLVESTER STALLONE AND: Stallone, Sylvester , National Endowment for the Arts , Trump, Donald J , United States Politics and Government , Appointments and Executive Changes
Bruni and Douthat Agree: #OscarsSoPolitical
The Moviegoers pick who should and who will win at the Academy Awards — and pick apart Hollywood's diversity problem....
February 26, 2016, Friday
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Sylvester Stallone on the Weakest Link in 'Creed': Himself
The supporting-actor nominee says his career wasn't "in free fall — it was caught in a cave somewhere."...
February 23, 2016, Tuesday
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How Sylvester Stallone Faced His Fears for 'Creed'
The actor, who has been nominated for an Oscar for his performance, speaks about his work on the film and his career....
February 14, 2016, Sunday
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Coaching Stars to Avoid a 'Racist Against Whites' Moment
Last year, the biggest things Oscar nominees had to worry about were questions about fashion; this year, diversity is the hot topic....
February 11, 2016, Thursday
MORE ON SYLVESTER STALLONE AND: Academy Awards (Oscars) , Public Relations and Publicity , Blacks , Movies , Race and Ethnicity , Rampling, Charlotte , Stallone, Sylvester , Discrimination , Celebrities , Women and Girls
Older Actors Are Having an Awards Season Moment
Ingenues aren't quite out. But actors in their 70s and 80s are unexpectedly strong contenders in this year's races....
December 17, 2015, Thursday
MORE ON SYLVESTER STALLONE AND: Movies , Rampling, Charlotte , Stallone, Sylvester , Smith, Maggie , Elliott, Sam , Mirren, Helen , Danner, Blythe , I'll See You in My Dreams (Movie) , Grandma (Movie) , 45 Years (Movie) , Creed (Movie) , Academy Awards (Oscars) , The Lady in the Van (Movie) , Mr. Holmes (Movie) , Trumbo (Movie) , Woman in Gold (Movie) , Baby Boomers , Age, Chronological , Actors and Actresses , Caine, Michael , Sorrentino, Paolo , Youth (Movie) , Keitel, Harvey , Fonda, Jane
Ryan Coogler Narrates a Scene From 'Creed'
The director discuses a sequence featuring Michael B. Jordan and Sylvester Stallone....
December 4, 2015, Friday
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Holiday Crowds Turn Out for 'Creed,' 'The Good Dinosaur' and 'Mockingjay Part 2'
Two new releases, "The Good Dinosaur" and "Creed," bolstered ticket sales, but they could not best Katniss Everdeen and her crew....
November 29, 2015, Sunday
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Lithium_Picnic says: "I hope you enjoy this new Lalo set as much as we enjoyed shooting it."
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you guys never disappoint!!!!! Keep up the amazing work and keep those standards high! :)Shuttermeshort
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the inclusion of the photographer's perspective is a great intensifier.Dyaphanye
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'Bittersweet' recognition for Ray Charles
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Six months after his death, Ray Charles is having a career year.
He's the subject of the critically acclaimed biopic Ray, his posthumous album, Genius Loves Company, has become a best seller, and today, it received seven Grammy nominations - more than any other album by the musical icon.
The compilation of duets with the likes of Norah Jones, Elton John and Willie Nelson, is up for album of the year and best pop vocal album. Here We Go Again, which he sang with Jones, was nominated for record of the year. And duets with John, Gladys Knight and BB King are also up for awards.
"To see this kind of recognition for him is so gratifying," said John Burk, who produced the album. "It is a bittersweet thing because now he's not here to see it happen."
Charles died of acute liver disease on June 10 at age 73; Genius was released two months later and has become the best-selling album of his career, selling 1.2 million copies so far.
Charles worked on the album even as his health started to falter. His duet with John, Sorry Seems To Be The Hardest Word, was the last song recorded for the album.
"Certainly Elton and I knew he was fragile," said producer Phil Ramone, who worked with Charles on a couple of the recordings on Genius.
"That performance is probably one of the most heartfelt readings I can remember," Ramone said. "It certainly brought tears to Elton and the rest of us."
Over his six-decade career, Charles earned 12 Grammys, including best vocal performance for the song, Georgia On My Mind, in 1960. He won four of the five awards for which he was nominated that year.
He was also no stranger to award-winning duets. In 1990 he won a Grammy for I'll Be Good To You, a duet with Chaka Khan.
Still, Charles initially had doubts about recording a full album's worth of duets, Ramone recalled.
"In the beginning he was a little bit worried about doing something that might be perceived as corny, doing duets and stuff," Ramone said.
But Charles became energised by the project when he began to sit in with the other performers.
One of Charles' collaborations on Genius was singing Somewhere Over The Rainbow with Johnny Mathis. The track was recorded about a month before Charles' death.
"He was joyous in the studio, he was happy to be doing it," Mathis said. "It was another time for him to express himself. I'm sure he knew he was gong to die pretty soon."
Mathis said it's regrettable Charles is not around to see the recognition that his work is getting.
"But Ray, fortunately, got a chance to enjoy his life, probably more than people can imagine," Mathis said. "He lived music. Absolutely lived it."
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Funky High Heel Boot Holiday Stocking
Fun and fresh and funky Christmas stocking - diva cute!
a vintage feel with a modern twist. i love the unexpected color combination
what a funky graphic!
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a simply designed boot that has clean lines and a classic style
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The outlook for Gryphon Minerals' flagship Banfora gold project in Burkina Faso is rapidly improving, with another satellite exploration target showing that it may be able to be developed into an open-pit mine.
Gryphon released encouraging drilling results from the Samavogo prospect on Wednesday, including intercepts of 10 metres grading 6.2 grams per tonne of gold and 5 metres grading 11.2 grams per tonne of gold.
The company expects to release a maiden resource for the deposit, which would add to the existing 1.5 million ounce resource at Banfora, shortly.
Samavogo is located 20 kilometres to the north-east of the Nogbele deposit, which provides the bulk of the Banfora resource. It is likely to be within trucking distance of any processing facility built for the project.
Deutsche Bank gold analyst Brendan Fitzpatrick upgraded his share-price target on Gryphon from $1.90 to $2.10 in response to the news on Samavogo. He has a "buy" recommendation on the stock.
"Like the Nogbele and Fourkoura deposits that form the core of the Banfora gold project, Samavogo is shallow, with good grades and probably free-milling based on the associated geology," he said.
"We have already taken the view that a 10-year, 200,000 ounce per annum operation is committed to this year, built through 2012 and commissioned in 2013."
Mr Fitzpatrick also increased the value he attributed to Gryphon's exploration assets by $20 million to $70 million.
He said this recognised the potential of Samavogo at depth and the broader potential of the 20 satellite targets within trucking distance of Banfora.
The Australian Financial Review


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An Israeli air strike killed the Palestinian leader of an al Qaida-affiliated group in the Gaza Strip on Saturday, Hamas and medical sources said.
Gaza Medics said a second militant was also killed in the strike. The after-dark attack targeted the two men who were riding a motorcycle in the northern town of Jabaliya.
The interior ministry of Hamas, the Islamist group that controls Gaza, said one of the men killed was Hisham Saedni, also known as Abu Al-Waleed Al-Maqdissi, believed to head the Jihadist Salafi group Tawhid and Jihad (One God and Holy War).
Sources from Tawhid and Jihad could not be reached to confirm that Saedni was killed.
The group, rival to Hamas, has an Islamist ideology shared by al Qaida and sources have said that Saedni joined al Qaida in Iraq at the beginning of the U.S.-led invasion in 2003.
In March 2011 Hamas detained Saedni for 17 months and had freed him in August.
Last year members identifying themselves with Tawhid and Jihad kidnapped and killed a pro-Palestinian Italian activist, Vittorio Arrigoni, in an apparent attempt to secure the release of Saedni.
An Israeli military spokesman could not confirm Saedni was the target of the air strike. A written military statement said the two men targeted were "terror operatives of the Shora Council of the Mujahideen, a Gaza-based Global Jihad affiliate."
Israeli airstrike kills leader of al Qaida-affiliated group in the Gaza - Israel News | Haaretz Daily Newspaper
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by Staff Writers
London, UK (SPX) Mar 11, 2013
The human brain can learn to treat relevant prosthetics as a substitute for a non-working body part, according to research published March 6 in the open access journal PLOS ONE by Mariella Pazzaglia and colleagues from Sapienza University and IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia of Rome in Italy, supported by the International Foundation for Research in Paraplegie.
The researchers found that wheelchair-bound study participants with spinal cord injuries perceived their body's edges as being plastic and flexible to include the wheelchair, independent of time since their injury or experience with using a wheelchair.
Patients with lower spinal cord injuries who retained upper body movement showed a stronger association of the wheelchair with their body than those who had spinal cord impairments in the entire body.
According to the authors, this suggests that rather than being thought of only as an extension of the immobile limbs, the wheelchairs had become tangible, functional substitutes for the affected body part.
As Pazzaglia explains, "The corporeal awareness of the tool emerges not merely as an extension of the body but as a substitute for, and part of, the functional self."
Previous studies have shown that people with prosthetic devices that extend or restore movement may make such tools part of their physical identity, but whether this integration was due to prolonged use or a result of altered sensory input was unclear.
Based on the results of this study, the authors suggest that it may be the latter, as the brain appears to continuously update bodily signals to incorporate these tools into a sense of the body. The study concludes that this ability may have applications in rehabilitation of physically impaired people.
Pazzaglia M, Galli G, Scivoletto G, Molinari M (2013) A Functionally Relevant Tool for the Body following Spinal Cord Injury. PLOS ONE 8(3): e58312.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058312
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Forbes recognizes conservative talkers' power
Conservative talk-radio hosts are well-represented in the new edition of Forbes' World's Most Powerful Celebrities list, which was released on Tuesday.
Glenn Beck landed at No. 39, between "Happy" singer Pharell Williams and Denver Broncos quarterback Peyton Manning.
Beck is the eighth-wealthiest celebrity on the list, with 2013 earnings of $90 million.
Rush Limbaugh came in at No. 66, behind celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay but ahead of Jon Stewartof "The Daily Show."
Limbaugh earned $66 million last year.
Sean Hannity, who hosts a cable-TV talk show on Fox News, finished at No. 86, between Chinese tennis player Li Na and producer-director Seth McFarlane.
Hannity made $30 million in 2013.
And though the celebrity deemed most powerful on the Forbes list doesn't host a talk show, she can be heard frequently on the radio: Beyonce Knowles,whose earnings in 2013 totaled $115 million.
RICK MIXING POPCORN, PEWS. Coming this fall to a theater or house of worship near you: the Hobby Lobby story!
EchoLight Studios, the family-friendly movie production company headed by Rick Santorum, former U.S. senator of Pennsylvania and Republican presidential wannabe, plans a September release for "One Generation Away: The Erosion of Religious Liberty."
Among the topics the movie will address is last week's U.S. Supreme Court ruling that declared some corporations can refuse, on the basis of religion, to provide employee health insurance that includes coverage for some forms of birth control. The ruling gave closely held private businesses that leeway, even though the Affordable Care Act requires such coverage.
EchoLight plans to screen the movie in churches before it opens in theaters. Be sure to check your weekly church bulletin for showtimes.
A WAGNER ERA ENDS. A seismic political shake-up occurred in Pittsburgh's southern communities on Monday when Pete Wagner declined to seek another term as 19th Ward Democratic Committee chairman.
Wagner, who had been chairman of the ward committee for nearly three decades, stepped aside when it became apparent he couldn't muster enough votes for re-election.
Anthony Coghill, Wagner's political foe and a former Pittsburgh City Council candidate, easily was elected chairman without Wagner on the ballot.
Pete Wagner is the brother of former state Auditor General Jack Wagner and the father of Allegheny County Controller Chelsa Wagner.
— compiled by Trib Total Media staff


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Father: FIELDEN LEVISTY HACKLER b: 25 DEC 1853 in CHILHOWEE, JOHNSON, MO
Mother: VINA JANE BURNS b: 4 OCT 1854 in TX
Marriage 1 CLARA BELLE MYRICK b: 19 FEB 1877
Marriage 2 WILNA MAE GUNTER b: 11 SEP 1885 in NAVARRO, TX
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ACEEE Int. J. on Communications, Vol. 03, No. 02, Nov 2012
Direction of Arrival Estimation using a Sparse Linear Antenna Array Yerriswamy T.1 and S. N. Jagadeesha2 1
Proudhadevaraya Institute of Technology /Department of Info. Sc. and Engg., Hospet, India Email: firstname.lastname@example.com 2 Jawaharlal Nehru National College of Engineering /Department of Comp. Sc. and Engg., Shivamogga, India Email: email@example.com stand the perturbations in the data. Subspace methods for DOA estimation searches for the steering vector associated with the directions of the signals of interest that are orthogonal to the noise subspace and are contained in the signal subspace. Once the signal subspace is extracted the DOAs are estimated. The decomposition is performed using the Eigen Value Decomposition (EVD) of the estimated received signal correlation matrix. The MUSIC and ESPRIT are the popular subspace based DOA estimation algorithms. MUSIC algorithm is a spectral search algorithm and requires the knowledge of the array manifold for stringent array calibration requirement. This is normally an expensive and time consuming task. Furthermore, the spectral based methods require exhaustive search through the steering vector to find the location of the power spectral peaks and estimate the DOAs. ESPRIT overcomes these problems by exploiting the shift invariance property of the array. The algorithm reduces computational and the storage requirement. Unlike MUSIC, ESPRIT does not require the knowledge of the array manifold for stringent array calibration. There are number of variants and modification of ESPRIT algorithm. ESPRIT algorithm is also extended for sparse linear antenna arrays or non-linear antenna arrays. For nonlinear arrays the aperture extension and disambiguation is achieved by configuring the array geometry as dual size spatial invariance array geometry [9] or by representing the array as Virtual ULA, and using the Expectation-Maximization algorithm [10]. However, the subspace algorithms are heavily dependent on the structure of the correlation matrix and are unsuitable to handle sensor failures. In this paper, we extend the conventional ESPRIT to estimate the DOAs using the SLA. The basic idea of any subspace based approach is; decomposing the received corrupted signal space in to pure signal subspace and noise subspace. This is generally achieved using the Eigenvalue decomposition. However, the sparse data output from the SLA cannot be directly decomposed, because it deteriorates the performance of the subspace based approaches. We here, use the Krylov subspace based methods [11] to decompose the received corrupted sparse signal space and later use ESPRIT to estimate the DOAs. The resulting algorithm is called as IFKSA-ESPRIT DOA estimation algorithm. There are number of Krylov subspace based techniques. The iterative methods like Lanczos algorithm, Arnoldi algorithm and Jacobi-Davidson algorithm are very
Abstract—This paper presents the use of Inverse Free Krylov Subspace Algorithm (IFKSA) with Estimation of Signal Parameter via Rotational Invariance Technique (ESPRIT), for Direction-of-Arrival (DOA) estimation using a Sparse Linear Array (SLA) of antenna elements. The use of SLA reduces the hardware requirements and the production cost. The SLA generates the sparse data, the pure signal subspace is first decomposed from the received corrupted signal space using IFKSA and later, ESPRIT is used to estimate the DOAs. Computer simulations are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. Index Terms—Krylov subspace, ESPRIT, DOA, Sparse linear array
I. INTRODUCTION Estimating the Direction-of-Arrival (DOA) of the far-field narrowband signals has been of research interest in array signal processing literature [1]. The applications of the DOA estimation is found in RADAR, SONAR and other Wireless communication systems in the areas like localization, tracking, navigation and surveillance. There are number of DOA estimation algorithms like Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) [2], Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Technique (ESPRIT) [3] and their derivatives [4][5][6]. These algorithms rely on the uniform structure of the data, which is obtained from the underlying Uniform Linear Array (ULA) of antennas (sensors). ULA consists of a number of elements with inter-element spacing equal to half the wavelength of the impinging signal source. The size of the ULA increases the hardware requirement. The same performance with slight modification in the Mean Square Error (MSE) can also be obtained by using the Sparse Linear Array (SLA) of antennas or the Nonuniform Linear Array (NULA) of antennas[7][8]. In the SLAs, the inter-element spacing need not be maintained and the reduced number of elements further reduces the hardware requirement and the production cost. Moreover, the SLA gives the same performance as the ULA, with reduced number of elements. Furthermore, failure of a few elements at random locations will also result in SLA. Among the various high resolution methods for DOA estimation, subspace based methods are most popular and powerful. The popularity is due to its strong mathematical model to illustrate the underlying data model and it can with © 2012 ACEEE DOI: 01.IJCOM.3.2. 1057
ACEEE Int. J. on Communications, Vol. 03, No. 02, Nov 2012 popular among them [12]. The methods are very sensitive to perturbations and are shift-and-invert procedures leading to increased computational complexity. Inverse Free Krylov Subspace algorithm proposed by Golub and Ye [13], is an attractive eigenvalue computation algorithm. IFKSA iteratively improves the approximate eigen pair, using either Lanczos or the Arnoldi iterations at each step through Rayleigh-Ritz projection procedure [11]. The algorithm is a very attractive due to the following reasons; first, the technique can be used to find any number of smallest eigenvalues (Largest can also be calculated), and second, the algorithm is less sensitive to perturbations. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated for various sparse antenna array geometries. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In the following section the signal model is discussed. In section III, the proposed DOA estimation algorithm is presented. Section IV, discusses the simulation results and finally, conclusions are drawn in section V.
Figure. 1. Example of a SLA. Elements at Location 3, 7 and 10 are Missing.
and the remaining elements are feeding the output.The output of a SLA will be represented as a sparse data given as
Where, is the sparse data generated by SLA of elements, is the steering matrix of the SLA, and is the noise. The estimated correlation matrix of (4) of the sparse represented data is written as
II. SIGNAL MODEL In this section signal model is discussed, beginning with the ULA and later we discuss for the SLA. The DOA estimation problem is to estimate the directions of plane wave incident on the antenna array. The problem can be looked as parameter estimation. We here mainly introduce the model of a DOA estimator. Consider an M - element uniformly spaced linear array. The array elements are equally spaced by a distance d, and a plane wave arrives at the array from a direction off the array broadside. The angle is called the direction-ofarrival (DOA) or angle-of-arrival (AOA) of the received signal, and is measured clockwise from the broadside of the array. Let N narrowband signals all centered around a known frequency, impinging on the array with a DOA . The received signal at the array is a superposition of all the impinging signal and noise. Therefore, the input data vector may be expressed as
Therefore, the problem is to decompose the correlation matrix in (5) to obtain the signal subspace, which is further processed using the ESPRIT, to estimate the DOAs. III. IFKSA-ESPRIT ALGORITHM The IFKSA-ESPRIT algorithm for estimating the DOAs from a faulty ULA is given in Table I. It consists of two steps. Step 1, is decomposing the correlation matrix given in (5) using the IFKSA technique. In the second step, the conventional ESPRIT algorithm is applied to estimate the DOAs.The IFKSA algorithm for finding the approximate N largest eigenvalues and the eigenvectors of the correlation matrix given in (5) is described as follows. The IFKSA algorithm computes the smallest eigenvalues of . To compute the largest eigenvalues replace by and - R compute its smallest eigenvalues and reverse the sign to obtain the largest eigenvalues of [13]. Given an initial approximation, the goal is to improve the initial approximation through the Rayleigh-Ritz orthogonal projection on a certain subspace, i.e., by minimizing the Rayleigh quotient on that subspace.
, is the steering vector of the array in the direction . To further simplify the notation, we write (2) as
Where , X is the array output matrix of size , A is the complete steering matrix of size function of the DOA vector , is signal vector of size and is the noise vector of size M X K . Here, K is the number of snapshots. Here, (3) represents the most commonly used narrowband input data model. We are primarily interested in a SLA, where, some elements at some locations are missing. An example of a SLA is shown in Fig. 1, where elements at locations 10, 7 and 3 are missing, Š 2012 ACEEE DOI: 01.IJCOM.3.2. 1057
The IFKSA is a technique for computing the new approximate eigenvectors .The technique starts with an approximate eigenvectors and constructs a new
ACEEE Int. J. on Communications, Vol. 03, No. 02, Nov 2012 vectors are done in further steps shown in Table II. The steps of the IFKSA are repeated until convergence. Once the signal subspace is computed from the N eigenvectors , the DOAs are estimated using
Input R: Output: The estimated DOAs Step 1: Compute the Eigen decomposition of the array covariance matrix using the Inverse Free preconditioned Krylov subspace (IFKS) algorithm IFKS Algorithm ( ):
Figure2: Implementation of the IFKSA-ESPRIT Algorithm.
approximate by Rayleigh-Ritz projection of Krylov subspace.
on to the
where n is the fixed parameter, generally taken between 00 [15]. The projection is carried out by constructing a matrix of basis vector then forming and solving the projection problem for . The process is repeated for the required number of eigenpairs. This iteration forms the outer iterations. In the outer iterations, using is formed. And the eigenpairs for is computed. Then the new approximate of the eigenvector is
and correspondingly, the Rayleigh-Ritz quotient is a new approximate eigenvalue. Now, to construct the orthonormal basis vector the Lanczos algorithm [11] is used as inner iteration, the algorithm is given in Table 2. The Lanczos algorithm starts with an initial vector . One matrix vector multiplication is performed in every iteration, where is the residual. To make sure that is orthogonal to
Figure 3: Flowchart of the Proposed Algorithm
conventional ESPRIT method. The implementation of the proposed algorithm is illustrated in Fig. 2. The flowchart of the proposed IFKSA-ESPRIT algorithm is shown in
and extra orthogonalisation against these two
ACEEE Int. J. on Communications, Vol. 03, No. 02, Nov 2012 Fig. 3. The flowchart starts with initializing the maximum number of iterations, for every iteration the estimated correlation matrix of the sparse represented data for K number of snapshots is computed. From the computed estimated correlation matrix, the large N eigenvectors are calculated from the IFKSA algorithm. Using these N
where, and are signal power and noise power respectively. In the first example, the performance of the proposed IFKSA-ESPRIT algorithm is compared with the ESPRIT algorithm and Cramer Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) [14]. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the estimated DOAs are calculated and plotted with respect to various Signal-toNoise Ratio (SNR). The RMSE is calculated using the equation,
From Fig. 4, it can be seen that for the case of ULA the IFKSA-ESPRIT is showing improved performance when compared with the ESPRIT algorithm and is close to CRLB at low SNR. In the next example, the performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated for SLA. Various SLA geometries assumed for the simulation is listed in Table. IV. The numbers in the table gives the information on the position of the elements feeding the output and the missing numbers means the corresponding element is missing. The estimated DOAs are also plotted on histogram with respect to number of trails. The histogram plots give the information on the accuracy of the estimator to estimate the DOAs. From the RMSE vs. SNR plot for all the four cases is shown in Fig. 5, it can be observed that except for case 2, in all other cases the algorithm is able to estimate the DOAs. It can be observed from Table. IV, for second case the number of elements are very less, resulting in performance degradation. The histogram for all the three cases (See Fig. 6 - Fig. 9) show that for the second case of SLA the accuracy is poor, see Fig. 7.
larger eigenvectors the conventional ESPRIT is executed to estimate the required DOAs. The results are computed and stored for each iteration for evaluation, until the maximum number of iterations. The summary of the algorithm with the computational complexity is presented in Table III.
IV SIMULATION RESULTS In this section, we examine the performance of the proposed IFKSA-ESPRIT algorithm. The signal model consists of two equal magnitude complex analytical signal
impinging on a 20 element ULA from direction
The interelement spacing in ULA is equal to half the wavelength of the signal. The received signal is noncoherent and corrupted due to Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). All examples assume 200 snapshots and 100 simulation trails are conducted. The simulations are performed using Matlab 7, on a Intel core 2 Duo processor installed with Windows Xp SP2 operating system. The signal is assumed as a complex exponential sequences, given by Where between as
Figure 4: RMSE vs. SNR plot of IFKSA-ESPRIT, ESPRIT and CRLB
is the uniform random number distributed to . The Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is defined
Figure 9:Histogram of the estimated DOAs fro case 4. Assumed DOAs of two signals are
. SNR = 10 dB
ACEEE Int. J. on Communications, Vol. 03, No. 02, Nov 2012
Figure. 5. RMSE vs. SNR plot of estimated DOAs for all the four cases of SLA. Assumed DOAs of two signals are
Figure. 9. Histogram of the estimated DOAs fro case 4. Assumed DOAs of two signals are SNR = 10 dB
V. CONCLUSION In this paper, we proposed IFKSA-ESPRIT DOA estimation algorithm which uses the Sparse Liner Array of antenna. The sparse data generated by SLA is first decomposed using IFKSA technique to obtain the signal subspace and later, the ESPRIT is applied to estimate the DOAs. Simulation results revealed that, for the ULA when compare to ESPRIT the proposed method performs better. The proposed method is evaluated for various SLA geometries and the algorithm succeeds in estimating the DOAs for all the cases. However, further investigation has to be made to handle the coherent signal sources.
Figure. 6. Histogram of the estimated DOAs fro case 1. Assumed DOAs of two signals are SNR = 10 dB
REFERENCES [1] Lal C. Godara, "Application of Antenna Array to Mobile Communications-Part II: Beamforming and Direction-ofArrival consideration", IEEE Proc., Vol. 85 No. 8, pp. 11951239, 1997. [2] R. O. Schmidt, "Multiple Emitter Location and Signal Parameter Estimation," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation., Vol. AP 34, pp 276-280, 1986. [3] R. Roy and T. Kailath, "ESPRIT - Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques", IEEE Trans. ASSP, Vol. 37, pp- 984–995, 1989. [4] Satish Chandran, " Advances in Direction of Arrival Estimation", Artech House, Norwood MA, 2005. [5] Z. Chen, Gopal G. and Y. Yu, "Introduction to Direction-ofArrival Estimation", Artech House, Norwood MA, 2010. [6] F. Gao and Alex B. Gershman., "A Generalized ESPRIT Approach to Direction-of-Arrival Estimation", IEEE Signal Processing Letters, Vol. 12, No. 3, 2005 [7] A. J. Weiss and Willsky A. S. and B. Levy "Nonuniform Array Processing via the polynomial approach", IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 4855, 1989. [8] Carine El Kassis and Jose Picheral and Chafic Mokbel, "Advantages of Nonuniform Arrays using Root MUSIC", "EURASIP, Signal Processing", Vol. 90, No. 2, pp. = 689 695, 2010. [9] K. T. Wong and M. D. Zoltowski, "Sparse Array Aperture Extension with Dual-Size Spatial Invariance's for ESPRIT Based Direction Finding, IEEE Proc. Vol. 4, pp-691-694, 1997.
Figure. 7. Histogram of the estimated DOAs fro case 2. Assumed DOAs of two signals are SNR = 10 dB
Figure. 8. Histogram of the estimated DOAs fro case 3. Assumed DOAs of two signals are SNR = 10 dB.
ACEEE Int. J. on Communications, Vol. 03, No. 02, Nov 2012 [10] C. El Kassis, J. Picheral, and C. Mokbel, "EM-ESPRIT algorithm for direction finding with nonuniform arrays", Proc. 14th Workshop on SSP Madison, WI, August 26–29, pp. 453– 457, 2007. [11] Yousef Saad, "Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems", 2nd Edition, SIAM, 2000. [12] Bai, Z., Demmel, J., Dongarra, J., Ruhe, A., and Van Der Vorst, H. "Templates for the Solution of Algebraic Eigenvalue Problems: A Practical Guide", SIAM, Philadelphia, 2000. [13] Golub G. and Ye, Q., "An Inverse Free Preconditioned Krylov
Subspace Methods for Symmetric Generalized Eigenvalue Problems", SIAM Journal of Scientific Computation, Vol. 24 , pp. 312–334, 2002. [14] D. N. Swingler, "Simple approximations to the Cramer Rao Lower Bound on Directions of Arrival for Closely Separated Sources," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 1668–1672, 1993. [15] David S. Watkins, "The Matrix Eigenvalue Problem: GR and Krylov Subspace Methods", Ed. 1 st, Society for Industrial Mathmatics, 2007.
Published on Jan 9, 2013
This paper presents the use of Inverse Free Krylov Subspace Algorithm (IFKSA) with Estimation of Signal Parameter via Rotational Invariance...


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AnTiki video interview
Anthony is interviewed on Eleuthera by Tourism Today
Click HERE.
Smith, an explorer and writer, set out from the Canary Islands on his raft constructed of water pipes. The raft, known as the An-Tiki, travelled 2,600 miles in 66 days. He ended up in St. Maarten in the Caribbean then continued for another 24 days until to reach Eleuthera, a place he dreamed of visiting since his early years.
The voyage was inspired by the historic tale of the 1940's Jolly Boat, a small lifeboat that landed in Eleuthera after sailing for 70 days across the Atlantic Ocean. The boat was launched after its British merchant vessel, the SS Anglo Saxon, was sunk by a German ship.
"That whole story fascinated me, got under my skin, as they say," Mr. Smith said shortly after his arrival on Eleuthera. "When I was young, I thought of doing it but I had no money. When I was older, I was doing other things, working for a living for example. Then when I got very much older, then it suddenly seemed a raft was an ideal form of transport. You can't walk very far. You don't have to do much. The wind and the current take you."
The result of Mr. Smith's voyage was much better than the sailors aboard the Jolly Boat. By the time the boat arrived on land only two of the seven survivors were alive. Their fate did not discourage Mr. Smith however. Many sailors told him not to do it due to the danger of the open ocean. Although they discouraged him, he felt vindicated by the end of his journey.
"I am so delighted that we were successful. We pulled it off. And all those Jeremiahs, as I call them, were wrong," said Mr. Smith.
Good friends opted not to go with Mr. Smith. He got four random people to join. The crew consisted of two men and two women from ages 50 to 62: Husband and wife Leigh and Nigel Gallagher, from Boston; Ali Porteous from Uganda and Bruno Sellmer from Brazil. His five children were also not "totally cooperative".
"Other people use that, word, mad all the time," he said. "This is bonkers. But I was determined. They are going to say that whatever I do. So I just went ahead and did it."
Mr. Smith and his crew landed in beautiful Eleuthera on April 29, 2012, concluding the adventure of a lifetime.
When asked what adventure was next for him, he simply replied, "I have no idea. The question is, after you climb up a mountain, what do you do? You come down. But I don't want to come down just yet. I am on a high."


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Corporate Governance in a Public Sector Context. A study of governance processes in jointly owned municipal companies
According to agency theory owners need to exert control over their companies in order to secure that their interests are protected. The results presented in this paper contradicts agency theory and instead shows how too much control can be contra productive. The purpose of the paper is to study the governance process in jointly owned municipal companies in order to analyse how divergent interests are managed. To accomplish that, two case studied of jointly owned municipal companies in Sweden have been conducted. The analysis of the cases shows how the various interests of the owners complicate not only the governance process, but also the situation for the managing director. Based on the two cases studied factors influencing the governance process have been identified and a discussion is made in regards to how the owners, the board of directors and the managing director can act in order to reduce the complexity. Here trust and communication has been identified as being two important factors when it comes to reduce the complexity and enable the managing director to respond to the needs of all owners.
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copper beechnoun [ C ]uk /ˌkɒp.ə ˈbiːtʃ/ us /ˌkɑː.pɚ ˈbiːtʃ/
Thesaurus: synonyms and related words
Examples from literature
- Every once in a while one came across a huge copper beech, and gloomy close-clipped hedges of yew divided the garden proper from the adjacent park.
- For under a great copper beech on the grass in front of her a man was standing.
- The bright berries of the ash, the brilliant foliage of the sugar maple, the blossoms of the tulip tree, the bark of the white birch, and the leaves of the copper beech—all these are beauty points to consider.
- There were the tall elms and the copper beech and all the proud company of spreading giants—what were five years to them?
- Two fine houses, white-shuttered and having the usual vacant appearance, stand on steep slopes surrounded by great cedars of Lebanon and a copper beech.


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Four graduates from the BBC Tackling Skills project will be reporting on all the games throughout the week-long tournament, which will see 32 countries and over 250 people taking part.
Here, co-founder of the event Mel Young answers questions from Adam Hassan.
Do you feel this tournament has changed the public's perspective on homeless people?
I do, I think it just changes everybody. The homeless people involved
change because they find inspiration, self-respect and self-esteem from the crowd applauding them. The public also change as they usually have a stereotypical view of what a homeless person is e.g. lives on the street, is dangerous etc.
How did you manage to gather twenty-seven countries to participate in this year's HWC?
With a lot of difficulty (laughs). It's been a big logistical challenge.
It is based on the INSP network we have. They will organise their teams to come for their country, and once they arrive here we pay for their expenses (accommodation, food). We also provide a bursary for the less fortunate countries e.g. Namibia, Brazil where we pay for their flights and give support in obtaining their visas.
Will you be going out to South Africa for next year's World Cup?
Yes I will as we're part of the essential organising of the whole cup.
We will be working with the South Africa organisers here and I'll be going over in September to start talking [about] how we're going to structure the event. I think South Africa is going to be brilliant with even more coming to watch. This will be a new challenge for us.
Did you have any influence over Edinburgh getting this year's HWC?
It was supposed to take place in New York and they raised a lot of money for it. However, there was a big problem with visas. They not only refused the African countries but also many of the European ones. We then had the option of either cancelling the whole event altogether or finding an alternative venue quickly. I thought it was better to have the HWC somewhere rather than nowhere. I came up with Edinburgh because I live here, I know my way around and it's an events' city. So as an emergency I took six months of my life to organise it in Edinburgh.
What do you think are the benefits of uniting homeless people?
I think it's fantastic because what we've got is an understanding between all participants and they can connect on this level with people from all around the world. They also get to know other people with many friendships that have built up here. For example, last year the Namibians are very close with the Switzerland team and they have kept in touch with each other. The whole Swiss' perspective changed when they learned of the Namibians' situation back home and they realised they are not the worst off.
When you came up with the concept of the HWC? What were your
expectations and were these met in any way?
When we came up with the idea in Austria our expectations were exceeded from day one. We never actually imagined we would stage more than one HWC. We never expected the significant change in the players' lives. That was phenomenal. The media were all over the event. I guess the greatest achievement for me is the positive impact we've had in the players' futures.
How do you feel to be involved in one the world's most socially inclusive event?
It's just fantastic. It's not just me and I'm one of the co-founders with
Harold. There's a fantastic team around us. We determine to do even more but I'm just very proud to be associated with such an event. If this just makes one less person not homeless, I'm very pleased.
Do you feel a certain passion for supporting underprivileged/homeless
I always have been someone who's quite political. One of the things I hate is unfairness in the world. So when I was at University I got involved on the anti-apartheid movement. I just couldn't believe people were treated second-class just because they were black. My thinking was really influenced by Nelson Mandela. I was watching this country (Scotland) falling to bits. There were people lying in the streets, high unemployment etc. But what motivated me was seeing the Big Issue in London, which encouraged me to start this campaign in Scotland. Going through this changed me personally and Ive met fantastic people, mainly from the homeless community.
What do you think the solution to homelessness is?
I think it differs from country to country, but I think one of the biggest
things wrong in the world is the economic system; the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. There is a divide that has been created. We have to make a fair system e.g. fair trade. I think that can really help, along with projects like this going on (HWC). You need to involve and consult homeless people themselves.


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Calling all book worms and aspiring home librarians. This weekend, Tucson is hosting the sixth annual Tucson Festival of Books (TFOB) on the University of Arizona Mall.
The festival, held March 15 and 16 in Tucson, Ariz., has more than doubled since its debut in 2009 from 50,000 visitors to more than 100,000 visitors in 2013, making it one of the top book festivals in the U.S.
This year's festival will host nearly 450 authors and presenters including some of the biggest names in adult, teen and children's literature. Authors, illustrators, literary agents and scientists will present from every type of genre including nonfiction, science fiction, biography, graphic novel and even paranormal romance. There will also be book signings at the Author's Pavilion throughout the weekend.
Some exciting events at this year's festival include two children's events: Children's Storytime Character Breakfast and Tea Time with An American Girl Author. Some noted authors include former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, best-selling writer Scott Turow and Pulitzer Prize-winner Richard Russo. Many Arizona authors also will be in attendance for readings and presentations such as Arizona's and Tucson's poet laureates, Alberto Rios and Rebecca Seiferle, fifth-generation Arizonan and journalist Tom Zoellner, who wrote about the Gabrielle Giffords shooting in Tucson, and J. A. Jance, an award-winning mystery author.
This year, TFOB is also providing an author grid, which lists locations, times, topics and presenters/authors. Visitors can create personalized agendas by starring their favorite events and make their ideal schedule. Holly Schaffer from the University of Arizona Press explains that in previous years many panels were so full that they had to turn people away; however, with the author grid this year, visitors will be able to see alternative panels and create back-up plans so they do not miss a minute of the action.
This year will also be the second year that TFOB sponsored a writing competition. Submissions were received from all over the world and increased significantly from the 310 entries in 2013 to 552 entries in 2014. Steering Committee Chairman, John Humenik, states, "Like the book festival itself, the writing competition has obviously caught on in a big way. To see the number of entries, and the quality of submissions, is pretty amazing."
Along with the more literary aspects of the Festival, the University of Arizona's College of Science and BIO5 Institute are partnering with the Arizona SciTech Festival to host Science City, which will be sponsored by Helios Education Foundation. Science City will include hands-on activities, lab tours, science talks, demonstrations and performances. Schaffer states, "Science City is like a world within a world. They are taking it outside of the science books to hands-on activities that are interesting to all ages. It has grown a lot and they really stepped it up a notch this year."
TFOB also focuses on Arizona topics, businesses, and exhibitions. There will be mariachi bands and a showcase of local youth groups as well as an exhibition of low-riders, local organizations such as Friends of Western Art, Southern Arizona Arts and Cultural Alliance and the local news and media outlets. There will also be panels about the borderlands and social justice issues.
To round off this exciting event, TFOB also supports literacy services in Tucson and southern Arizona. The Festival has donated $900,000 since its launch in 2009 to literacy programs such as Literacy Connects, Reading Seed Children's Literacy Program and the University of Arizona. Co-founder and President of TFOB, Bill Viner, states, "Giving back to promote literacy is the real success of the festival. Literacy is the foundation of building a strong, vibrant community, and the Tucson Festival of Books is proud to play a role in ensuring vital literacy programs are available.


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Some say it's the battle of the quarterbacks tonight, I say it's the battle of relevancy as the San Francisco 49ers face-off against the Washington Redskins for tonight's Monday Night Football game.
MUST READ: Detroit Lions Commit Five Turnovers As They Lose to Tampa Bay [Opinion]
Going into this game both teams are looking to remain relevant in the NFC but only one team can come out with a victory. When it comes to the 49ers they are currently sitting third in the NFC West with a record of 6-4 and while the chances of them winning the division is out, they are still competing for a wild card spot. So they can't afford any losses, especially being one-game behind the Arizona Cardinals and the regular season coming to an end. As for the Redskins, it's a whole different matter, while their playoff hopes are just about diminished, that doesn't mean they have given up. They have nothing to lose at this point and I'm sure they would love to ruin someone else's season which makes them a threat.
Now there is no doubt that both teams have had their struggles this season but that doesn't change the fact that both teams are still capable of winning this game but only if they follow certain keys to victory.
49ers Keys to Victory
If the 49ers plan on having any success it all starts with the offense getting back on track and that starts with quarterback Colin Kaepernick. Going into this game, Kaepernick must improve his on-field awareness and take what the defense gives him. If he does, the 49ers will have better success not only moving down the field but also in the red-zone which continue to be a problem for the 49ers this season. Kaepernick also needs the assistance of his receiving core, whether it be Mario Manningham, Vance McDonald, Vernon Davis or Anquan Boldin.
However, for the passing game to succeed, the 49ers will need help in others areas as well. Starting with the play calling by offensive coordinator Greg Roman. He must stop abandoning the run and putting all the pressure on Kaepernick to make plays through the air. The 49ers run game is one of the best in the NFL averaging 141 rushing yards a game. If Roman stops abandoning the run, the offense will probably have better success. Running the ball helps to keep the offense balance, keep the defense on their toes, move the chains and open up passing opportunities. It also helps to put the 49ers in better third down situations something they have had a problem with this season. So the 49ers must run the ball early and often. Lastly the 49ers must consistently execute in the red-zone and take advantage of every scoring opportunity because while the Redskins offense is known for the slow starts they are also known for their comeback wins.
Defensively, it all starts with creating consistent pressure and getting to quarterback Robert Griffin III. The Redskin offensive line hasn't done the best job of protecting him and Griffin hasn't done the best job of staying poise under pressure. So I look for the defensive line to control the line of scrimmage and create pressure on Griffin. However, they will also need to control the line of scrimmage to help contain the run game which won't easy since the Redskins are ranked 1st in the NFL in rushing yards. If the defensive line is able to control the line of scrimmage, it should open up opportunities for the linebackers Patrick Willis and Aldon Smith to make plays in the backfield.
Which leads me to the pass defense who must be prepared for fight. Despite Griffin's short comings this season at quarterback, he can still beat you. However, if the secondary plays their part, they should be able to pull off a win. First they must bracket and contain wide receiver Pierre Garcon which won't be easy because of his speed and good hands but it's a must if they want to win. I think their best bet is to bracket him and force Griffin to beat them with his other weapons. However, if the 49ers choose this option the rest of the secondary must handle their own, specifically they must step up and limit Griffin's other options and limit the big plays. However, for them to succeed the 49ers must wrap up and finish tackles, both in the backfield and open field.
Redskins Keys to Victory
I talked earlier about Kaepernick's struggles this season and now it's time to talk about Griffin's struggles because the Redskins will need him if they plan to have any form of success in this game. Going into this game, the offensive line needs to give Griffin time in the pocket, the 49ers pass rush is not elite so they should be able to pull it off. When it comes to Griffin I want him to be aggressive but smart, I think he will have some opportunities to take some deep shots down the field but he should only take those shots if they are open because he can't afford any turnovers. He must also do a better job of making the right reads and spreading the ball around using his various receivers, if he does that they should have some success offensively in this game. I know he hasn't done it much this season but I would also like to see Griffin use his elite ability to get out of the pocket and make plays happen with his legs at times in this game as well.
Which leads me to the next key which is the run game of the Redskins which has been great this season and it must continue in this game. Despite the fact that I want to see Griffin run more, I still want to see the Redskins attack the 49ers defense with running back Alfred Morris. Running the ball allows the Redskins to control time of possession and keep the 49ers offense off the field but it also keeps them balance and helps them to move the chains. So if the Redskins should learn anything from the 49ers, it's to not abandon the run game when it clearly is working for them.
Defensively, it gets more complicated for the Redskins but that doesn't mean they don't have a chance to win this game. If anything, their goal should be to bend but not break, the 49ers haven't been extremely efficient this season in the red-zone which is good news for the Redskins. So if the Redskins are able to force a few three and outs and make them settle for a couple of fields goals instead of touchdowns, the Redskins defense will have done their job. However, I would like to see this defense try to create some turnovers, the 49ers haven't done the best job of taking care of the ball, so it's time for Redskins to capitalize on it. If the Redskins are able to create pressure on Kaepernick with Brian Orakpo and Ryan Kerrigan, that should open up some turnover opportunities in the secondary for DeAngelo Hall who loves to make prime-time plays and receive prime-time attention.
Finals Thoughts
Overall it should be a great game and it could very well go down to the wire considering both teams current records and struggles this season. While some fans feel most of the Monday Night Football games this season have been predictable, this game is anything but predictable. So I guess you will have to just tune in to find out who wins this one or you can be lazy and just check the score on your Sportcenter app, your choice.
Written by LBeasley, Sports Contributor for Radio One Detroit
Listen to LBeasley's Radio Show, "Sports Talk with L-Beasley" every Mon, Wed & Fri from 6-8pm (ET) on LBeasley.com


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I'm from LA. Major film editor and music score producer. On my page you will see some of my work as a photgrapher. I like to travel when my schedule permits . I don't go to clubs, not my crowd. I'm not the flashy type but I do enjoy nice things in my home and for my kids. I'm not arrogant or conceited, nor do I walk around with my nose in the air. I mentor and I'm out here giving back to my people. If your superficial we might not get along. In a nut shell im too positive to be negative. I love to laugh, I help the homeless, I help ppl. I remeber when I didnt have nothing. So I just thank God for my blessings and never forget where I cane from.
Food: (No pork) Seafood and vegetables.


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Organization of American States (OAS) Relevant Resolutions 2001
Declarations and Resolutions Adopted by the OAS General Assembly at Its 31st Regular Session 2001
AG/RES. 1789 (XXXI-O/01): Support for the Work of the Inter-American Committee Against Terrorism
06/05/01 AG/RES. 1792 (XXXI-O/01): Support for Action Against Antipersonnel Mines in Peru and Ecuador
06/05/01 AG/RES. 1793 (XXXI-O/01): Support for the Program of Integral Action Against Antipersonnel Mines in Central America
06/05/01 AG/RES. 1794 (XXXI-O/01): The Western Hemisphere as an Antipersonnel-Land-Mine-Free Zone
06/05/01 AG/RES. 1795 (XXXI-O/01): Preparations for the Summit-Mandated Special Conference on Security
06/05/01 AG/RES. 1796 (XXXI-O/01): Support for the United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects
06/05/01 AG/RES. 1797 (XXXI-O/01): Proliferation of and Illicit Trafficking in Small Arms and Light Weapons
06/05/01 AG/RES. 1799 (XXXI-O/01): Inter-American Convention on Transparency in Conventional Weapons Acquisitions
06/05/01 AG/RES. 1800 (XXXI-O/01): Inter-American Convention Against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Ammunition, Explosives, and Other Related Materials
06/05/01 AG/RES. 1801 (XXXI-O/01): Organization of American States CSBM Resolution
06/05/01 AG/RES. 1802 (XXXI-O/01): Special Security Concerns of Small Island States


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Overnight Potty Training: What Can I Do To Help?
16 Feb
"Our son is 4 years old and has been dry in the daytime since he turned 3. His pull-up is soaked every morning. I know this can be normal but I wonder if there are some things I can be...
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