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Would you like to save as your currency permanently or for this visit only?
Everthing inculding dinner. drinks and beer is free. Swimming pool and near beach are also good!
Everything was wonderful starting with food, entertainment, atmosphere, music and the hotel staff. It was an excellent experience and we spent a very nice holidays!
Pools were very cold. Food was average at best
Almost all of the staff were very nice [see below] Out of control, manic entertainment staff who felt obliged to fill every silence with noise and childish games. Also complete lack of any international brands of alcohol, and wine that was an insult to Turkey
THe fact that it was all inclusive and the beautifull setting
very good animation team, confort and food, nice activities for the kids. they are not really 5 stars services
We booked this hotel because it is first and foremost for kids. They have the freedom of grand buffets three times a day with alternatives for fixed menus at separate restaurants that one needs to book and alcohol is included everywhere. There are a lot of activities at the pools, waterslide and beach with other activities guided by super enthusiastic staff. The hotel is self-contained with few reasons to explore nearby other than to go to Ephesus. It's really like a summer camp and, again, only for families like ours, with young kids. The food was so excellent, particularly the breads, fresh-baked throughout the day, that it was surprising that the fish restaurant served three kinds of fake Japanese fish paste molded into fake crab, fake scallops etc. I suppose it fools some people, but it is a dip in standards. There are a lot of rules and timings that one needs to be aware of from the outset, or you can miss booking a place at a restaurant, changing your beach towels, or using some of the facilities. You need to check carefully and plan.
Was too noisy with the entertainment programs. Mostly suited for families with kids.
The staff were so helpful and friendly! The location was amazing. The food was very good, and there was lots to be had! Our rooms were comfortable, and we're surprised with chocolate covered strawberries upon arrival! The music was great! We would stay here again! There was some remodeling going on, so it was a bit loud. It would have been nice if they had not remodeled during the meal hours, since there was a lot of drilling going on. Also it was a bit dim inside. It felt like the lights could have been turned up a bit.
The food is amazing. Great quality, freshness and selection. The room was disgusting. The carpet had dozens of stains, it smelled like smoke, the bathtub leaked, the AC didn't work and the one blanket on the bed was scratchy like an old bath towel. Overall the property was old and dingy.
nice environment, relaxing atmosphere, nice activities and facilities slow room service staff, and room cleanng each day was not thatgood to match its star ratings
We were very pleasantly surprised at the excellent quality of the food. Your salad bar in particular was creative and very fresh. We were also very pleased with the responsiveness of the staff, who really did make an effort to solve any problems that came up, and they did it quickly and with little fuss. The "all you can drink" benefit does not match the family nature of the hotel. Also, the pools close very early. We did a lot of day tours and would have enjoyed a swim in the pool when we got back, but they were always closed.
Friendly staff, nice enviroment, big trees and squirrels everywhere, the food was average, special restaurants were better,all rooms are garden room.. There was a bad smell in the bathroom, they cleaned it again but the smell didn't change, that was very bad. the balcony door had to be repaired.
We lucked out playing computer roulette and got excellent end-of-season rates for this splendid all-inclusive resort. Particularly liked the idea of a quiet pool because other resorts have only the loud music pool. The variety of food and restaurants and views is superb. The staff goes out of its way to make you feel pampered and special. Stay away from the Turkish Bath. Rates high. I got chilled waiting for my soap massage and my wife was groped during her massage. But they're not officially connected with the hotel, so that experience shouldn't reflect on Kustur Klub itself.
design of the hotel's area, its restaurants and the behavior of its staff with travelers.


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|© MLB Advanced Media, L.P. All rights reserved.
Bucs' Lambo owns MiLB homer lead08/07/2013 9:32 PM ET
Minor League Baseball
ST. PETERSBURG, Fla. -- Indianapolis Indians outfielder Andrew Lambo hit two solo home runs last night to bring his season total to 31 and put him in the lead for the Joe Bauman Home Run Award, presented by Musco Sports Lighting.
The top home run hitter in the domestic-based Minor Leagues at the end of the regular season, which concludes in about three and a half weeks, wins the Joe Bauman Trophy and a check representing $200 for each one he hit.
The 24-year-old Lambo began the season with the Double-A® Altoona Curve and hit 14 homers with the club, before earning a promotion to Triple-A®.
He entered play last night tied with Hickory Crawdads second baseman Ryan Rua and Oklahoma City outfielder George Springer with 29 homers. Tennessee's Javier Baez, Buffalo's Mauro Gomez and Joey Gallo, who hit 26 home runs for Hickory before missing about a month with an injury and who is currently on a rehabilitation assignment with the Rangers in the Arizona League, each have 28.
Matt Fields (Northwest Arkansas), Ernesto Mejia (Gwinnett) and Miguel Sano (New Britain) are four behind Lambo with 27 apiece.
Classification leaders, provided they are not the overall winner, receive a $500 cash award. Gomez has a one homer lead over Mejia in Triple-A. Chris Colabello (Rochester) and Zach Walters (Syracuse) trail Gomez by four with 24 each. Danny Dorn (Toledo) and Brock Peterson of Memphis sit five back with 23.
Fields has a four homer cushion in Double-A over Xavier Scruggs of Springfield and Kiel Roling of Tulsa. Kyle Parker, Roling's teammate, is six behind Fields with 21.
Rua leads Gallo by three home runs in Class A®. Scott Schebler (Rancho Cucamonga) and Adam Brett Walker II (Cedar Rapids) each have 24.
Justin Chigbogu also homered twice last night to take the lead from Jacob Scavuzzo, his Ogden Raptors teammate, in the Short Season-A™/Rookie® classification. Chigbogu's 11 homers are one better than Scavuzzo and two more than Sam Bates (Burlington) and Taylor Brennan (Helena). Five players have eight and another nine each have seven. Chigbogu and Scavuzzo play in the Pioneer League, which will be the last circuit to end its regular season when it does so on Sept. 8.

subset: commoncrawl


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Jonathan Baker
Jonathan R. Baker earned his Bachelor's Degree in Mathematics Education from Northwestern University. He then went on to obtain both a Master's Degree in Statistics, and a Doctor of Philosophy in Mathematics Education from the Ohio State University.
Baker has been with Columbus State Community College ever since starting his professional career. He currently serves as the Chair of the Mathematics Department. Before taking on this leadership role, Baker taught as an Assistant Professor and Instructor in the department as well.
Baker has accomplished a great deal during his 16-year career at the College and the Columbus Community at large. He has helped to expand web-based instruction and tutoring services for the College and Regional Learning Centers, led the Mathematics department conversion of courses to a semester format, served on multiple College committees, and participated in the College's Male Access Network (MAN) Initiative in developing character and leadership skills of male students. In 2009 he was nominated by Columbus Business First as one of the "Forty Under 40", and in 2007 was named a "Who's Who in Black Columbus". He has been a Distinguished Teaching Award Finalist at CSCC, and awarded an Outstanding Teaching Award at the Ohio State University. He has also co-developed the Number & Data Analysis Module for the Ohio Department of Education, and co-leader of an initiative that improved the midterm evaluation process.
When not working, Baker spends his time volunteering for numerous activities for his church, and volunteers for Big Brothers Big Sisters. He is also an Assistant Coach for youth basketball and soccer teams, and active in Bexley City School organizations. He is also a proud member of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc.
In his spare time, Baker's hobbies and personal interests include the following: speaking Spanish, public speaking, landscaping, cycling, basketball, non-tackle football, and fitness exercising. He lives with his wife, Courtney, and three daughters Sophia, Lydia, and Naomi.


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- Doctors
- California
- San Diego
- Internists
- Dr. Bradley A. Patay
You may also like
Ratings for Dr. Bradley A. Patay
Chop.. Chop… chop…! - Rush, Rush, Rush! Poor record keeping, no focus at all. Completely disrespects the patient's opinion or requests about their medical needs. Obey or disappear! Loves the lipids and related diseases. Little medical knowledge but a HUGE EGO.
I have been going to Dr. Patey for almost 10 years now. And while judging a doctor's overall skill set or knowledge can be challenging for a lay person, I can say this: he has always been very professional, answers any questions I have, does not make me feel rushed, and will not hesitate to refer me to a specialist if needed. Generally speaking, I can get in to see him on fairly short notice, and my appointments are within 15 minutes of when scheduled, though you can tell that there are a lot of people in the cue. This facility is very highly rated in San Diego by Consumer Reports and others, so personally speaking, I would not hesitate to recommend Dr. Patey or the Scripps facility that he works out of.
If you like being treated worse than cattle this is the place for you!
he is very good, always on time, and fixes the problem.
I found Dr. Patay to be very professional. He let me know of test results very quickly. I didn't have to wait to find out.
He is confident yet wrong in many situations. His analysis of the data (blood tests, MRIs) is flawed by his faulty knowledge. Specifically he stated that if their are no visible lesions on an MRI than there is a 0% chance that one would have multiple sclerosis. On a separate occasion when he disagreed with my neurologist he refused to refer me to an endocrinologist (as requested by my neurologist). When confronted he essentially had a nervous breakdown, yelling, and then his secretary called me to say I had been referred, although at this point I want nothing to do with him or his associates. On several occasions I would later look-up 'knowledge' he would share with me regarding potential diagnoses, on many occasions his 'knowledge' was outright wrong.
Dr. Bradley A. Patay's Credentials
Facility Affiliations
Accepting New Patients
- University Of California, San Diego School Of Medicine (Grad. 1997)
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WASHINGTON (AP) — President Barack Obama says the U.S. Postal Service should be allowed to reduce mail delivery to five-days-a-week to cut its massive losses.
The Postal Service lost $8.5 billion last year. It's facing even more red ink this year as the Internet siphons off large amounts of first-class mail and the weak economy reduces advertising mail.
While the post office has cut more than 100,000 workers in the last few years it needs to cut more, close offices and find other ways to reduce costs to keep operating.
In his economic growth and debt reduction plan unveiled Monday, Obama endorsed the idea of dropping one day of mail delivery — it is expected to be Saturday — and urged other changes in postal operations


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French Kiss (movie)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
French Kiss is a 1995 American romantic comedy movie. Meg Ryan, Kevin Kline and Timothy Hutton are in the cast. The movie is about long-distance relationships. This movie was released in May 1995. The reviews were mixed to negative. The box office intakes was strong, however.


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IMPORTANT Illinois CCW Notice!
Mike Madigan, stooge for the ****cago machine will be introducing his own
CCW bill please read the follow and please call your state representatives
and state senators.
I am a bit confused over the rush to pass a bill allowing concealed carry by those on the gunowners' side. Because of the two court rulings, those that believe the "right to keep and bear arms" by individuals is both important and sacrosanct, now have the upper hand over the Chicago Democrats who have ignored both the rights and the will of those who have sought concealed carry for years.
If legislators do nothing other than oppose bills regarding concealed carry and keep them from passing we will have concealed carry by default in less than 3 months. That is truly a powerful tool to get exactly what is reasonable without any compromise with those who would steal our rights, and frankly, I have no pity for them. They have opposed every reasonable effort in the past to put citizens of the State of Illinois on a parity with citizens of other states and have made many legislators spend hours in turmoil trying to find a compromise they would accept, while dealing with your angry and frustrated constituents. They deserve what they might get.
On the other hand, I also understand why some legislators are uneasy with allowing gun owners the same rights that the citizens of Vermont, Arizona, Alaska, Montana, Texas, and Wyoming already have in constitutional carry and that Indiana, Iowa, Ohio, Rhode Island, Utah, Virginia, Wisconsin have legislation pending on. Illinois citizens are evidently inferior in some way to citizens in those other states, at least in the eyes of our elected officials.
In looking at H.B. 0997, I am puzzled by some things. The constitution, and the court ruling, refer to bearing arms and not just handguns, yet the bill limits concealed carry of weapons to handguns rather than arms. My question is, "Why"? If I am considered qualified to carry a handgun with a very strong potential of lethality, then why am I not qualified to carry a collapsible baton, or a blackjack for the same reasons that police officers carry them – as a less lethal option than drawing and firing a handgun. The same could be said of stun guns and Tasers, which many (especially women) would like to have as an option. Personally, I would much prefer the option of stunning someone with a baton or blackjack to shooting them, yet apparently, if this bill passes, a handgun will be my only option if I feel myself in potentially mortal danger.
Much of what is contained in H.B. 0997 was from an earlier compromise bill attempt. We no longer need to compromise. Before this bill moves too far ahead, please consider the fact that we do not need to please Chicago Democrats to achieve what we want. If they are to get anything, they need to please you and the gun owners of this state. Why are we squandering what the Courts have handed us?
I agree with chance ^^^^ to some degree, but if no law is crafted, wont that give the libtards an opportunity to pass an even more restrictive law?
They would use the old "OMG we're letting any old whacko carry a gun?" argument.
Don't expect to ever get CCW freedoms if you do not understand the Bill Of Rights regarding the 2nd. A. The 2nd A. was not intended to protect the rights of the people to carry "Clubs". The 2nd is there to allow the citizens to stand and deliver in the face of armed forces.:)
wackos are owning guns anyway. Here in Illinois you have to have a
FOID to own a gun. If we get constitutional CC here you still have to
have a FOID. So if no law is passed and we get Constitution Carry, and they
wackos own guns now anyway?!?
The very fact that Illinois is getting a chance at having a CCW is a very positive move for all American gun owners. This says Hey! Obama we do have rights.
The antigun propaganda gets lots of press but this ruling does not. The courts rule for gun owners and it is ignored. Biden tells his wife to blast the back yard with a shotgun and its news. WTF?:eek:
First Paragraph, second sentence.
I stand corrected. I guess I was in violation of the law a few years ago when I accidentally let my FOID card expire for a few months. Didn't mean to but at the time I wasn't into guns like I am now.
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FAST exhibition 2017
Thursday 11th May 2017
The National Motorcycle Museum, National Conference Centre, Solihull, West Midlands
Why you should attend
You can't beat face-to-face discussions to solve a design engineering, production engineering or supply problem, and this is an opportunity to meet with the true experts in fastening and bonding. Your time here won't just save project or production time and money – it can also open up new and rewarding opportunities that you may not otherwise have considered!
Every exhibitor is UK based so all their specialist application advice is as readily available to you as their products are when you do business with them. And their expert advice is free! It is common to see some of the UK's best design engineers and production professionals bring samples or drawings with them for expert appraisal and discussion at the FAST Exhibition and according to on-going visitor research, more than 90% of all visitors have achieved the objectives of their visit.
The unique 'Roadshow' style of the event has been designed to provide answers for busy people who want to get in, get round, get fastening solutions and get back to work with the minimum of time and fuss.
Entry to the event at the National Motorcycle Museum is by pre-registration ONLY. Pre-register in advance for a VIP visitor badge and claim free exhibition entry, free parking, and a free bacon roll and brew on arrival. The exhibition opens for business at 08:30 especially for those wishing to make an early start.
New for 2017, the Spring FAST Exhibition is now co-located with an all-new event supported by sister magazine Engineering Materials: The Engineering Materials LIVE! Exhibition. The exhibitor portfolio will include some of the UK's leading suppliers in plastics, plastics moulding, materials forming, advanced composites, lightweighting and rapid prototyping.
The co-location of the FAST Exhibition and Engineering Materials Live will allow so much more to be achieved in a single visit! Click here to register for your free VIP visitor badge.
The National Motorcycle Museum, National Conference Centre, Solihull, West Midlands
The Fastening & Assembly Solutions and Technology Exhibition will be held at The National Motorcycle Museum, National Motorcycle Museum, Solihull.
The Opening Hours are from 8:30 until 14:30 on Thursday 11th May 2017
Parking is free to all pre-registered FAST visitors and exhibitors.


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WASHINGTON – A comet that grabbed attention worldwide for being likened to a massive snowball in space did not survive its brush with the Sun last week, NASA confirmed Tuesday.
"Though the exact time of ISON's death is uncertain it does appear to be no more. All that is left is a cloud of debris without a nucleus," C. Alex Young of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center said in an email.
Dubbed the "Christmas Comet," the icy giant described as a massive, dirty snowball skimmed past the sun at a distance of just 1.17 million km Thursday. Most astronomers had predicted the comet, with an estimated diameter of some 1.2 km, would not survive the flyby.


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Member since 8/3/2012
- 4 total posts
- 3 comments
- 1 question
Questions from migratingsmile
Botox Migration? I Now Have Troughs from the Inner Corners of Eyes Running Diagonally Across Cheek? (photo)
This is only when i smile, but it makes me look much older... i had this happen mildly the only time i had my crows feet injected, so i never did that again. but this time i... READ MORE
Recent comments from migratingsmile
This same thing happened to me too. i had had a very small amount of juvederm put under each eye after my first botox injection for crows feet created strange creases running from the inner corners of my eyes down across my cheeks,... READ COMMENT


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Pull up a pew (literally) and guzzle a pint of real ale or sup a glass of whisky. Be prepared for crowds, this former Edinburgh church manse is very popular at the weekend.
Traverse Theatre
Dubbed 'Scotland's new writing theatre' this is where you can catch a glimpse of all those young hopefuls from all over the world before everyone else cottons on.
Star Bar
Star Bar, Edinburgh is an intriguing sort of a place. It has a good beer garden and plenty of games to keep you occupied, but whatever you do, don't ask about the allegedly bewitched skull in the cellar.
An elegantly saucy little Edinburgh night spot where if you're not in the mood when you arrive, you definitely will be when you leave.
Pivo Caffe
For a superb range of eastern European beers. Warning: the seats are extra comfy so don't think you'll be out of here in a hurry.
Is like a lovable old rogue of a venue, oozing downbeat, slightly faded charm, and folk music events that are very easy on the ear.Buy tickets


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Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 6/2/2013 (1627 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
Enjoyed the enthusiasm of Winter Festival
Our very sincere thanks to the cultural groups that hosted their respective pavilions during this year's Lieutenant Governor's Winter Festival. You shared your respective traditions, but more importantly, you were most generous in sharing your energy, your enthusiasm and your love for life in all its dimensions. Would that we, as attendees, come away from this festival with joy in our hearts and a resolution to honour the diversity and the commonality among all the cultures that make up Westman.
How can a drunk driver be no-fault?
Just read of a Winnipeg father left with two young children following the death of the mother by a drunken driver. They are not qualified for full insurance as the mother was a stay-at-home mom. Come on, give me a break — she had the most valuable job in the world and no money can replace her! MPI should be paying for those children to be looked after as long as they need it — the father works 12-hour shifts. Bless him after such a tragic accident! If that is what no-fault insurance does, let's get rid of it and put in something sensible. This is just cruel! Get those drunken drivers off the road, MPI, and make them pay up!
Thank you, kind sir
I was shopping the other day in a big store and when I went to pay for my purchases, I discovered my wallet had slipped out of my overcoat. In shock, and rather embarrassed, I took a chance and went over to customer service to inquire as to if anyone had turned in my brown wallet. And surely enough, there it was. After being asked a couple of questions only I would know about inside contents for security reasons, I had my precious wallet back (cash intact). I was told a young man turned it in. He must have been raised well. My sincere thank you.
Remove the piles
There is a difference between snow plowing and snow removal. Our city appears to prefer storing the snow from streets on boulevards and sidewalks. This isn't the best solution. But it's likely much more cost efficient than plowing the snow into a line in the street and having it removed via snow blowing machine and dump trucks. If the snow piles are removed, it makes for easier sightlines for motorists and a drier spring inside city limits. Look at the huge mountain of snow that Winnipeg collects in its southwest yard each year. That's from snow removal. I would like to know how much it would cost to do such a full removal versus the current plan.
Respect for Idle No More
I was completely impressed with the sincerity shown by the BU Aboriginal Student Council, which took the time to register to appear as a delegation at the Feb. 4 regular meeting of Brandon City Council. The group's purpose was to inform council about the Idle No More movement. It was also to "(address) how our round dance/ protest was about more than this movement but about awareness and bringing the community together. We would like to find ways to work with the city to find unity in our cultures and work towards a better Brandon." The round dance/protest at 18th and Victoria a couple of weeks ago caused no harm, but did show that Brandon isn't exempt from the issues facing the native community. Thank you for printing this as I wouldn't feel comfortable with my name in the paper given the position I hold.
Save up your energy for shopping
To the person complaining that the city bus does not go into the Corral Centre — the bus does not go into Shoppers Mall either! My advice, go shopping when you have a ton of energy. The Corral Centre does not rank special treatment!


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Barbara Jakiela, senior social welfare examiner
May 19, 1948 – Feb. 28, 2014
Barbara Jakiela, of East Aurora, a longtime Erie County social services employee, died Friday. She was 65.
Born Barbara Anguish in Buffalo, she graduated from Empire State College in 1993 with a bachelor's degree in business administration.
She received supplemental training and certificates in basic personal computing, and drug- and alcohol-related issues.
She worked for the county for more than 35 years, starting as a clerk-typist in 1972.
In 1990, she became a senior social services team worker, supervising 20 other employees. And in 1995, she became a social welfare examiner, in which she successfully maintained a caseload of more than 200 clients.
From 2001 to 2005, Mrs. Jakiela worked as a senior social welfare examiner, with a specialized caseload of 100 clients with such challenging issues as drug and alcohol use, and mental health disorders. She retired in 2005.
She also was a volunteer at St. Valentine's Church, where she directed bingo for 35 years.
Other volunteer work included the Ten Lives Club, a cat adoption group, for which she helped care for more than 40 feral cats.
Mrs. Jakiela enjoyed playing bingo, reading, and knitting and crocheting.
Survivors include three daughters, Nancy Morgan, Suzanne Victor and Patricia Tanyi; five grandchildren; and a great-grandchild.
A Mass of Christian Burial will be offered at 9:30 a.m. Wednesday in Our Lady of Charity Parish, 65 Ridgewood Road.


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Rent Fundamentals of Algebraic Specification 1 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Hartmut Ehrig. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Springer.
Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our Computer-Science tutors now.


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Proposed Bill Would Allow Drug Czar to Spend Taxpayer Dollars on Partisan Ads
House Committee Likely to Vote This Week
A House Subcommittee approved legislation last week that contains a provision allowing the White House to spend taxpayer money on television ads to influence voters to reject drug policy reforms. If enacted, the White House could launch an unprecedented advertising campaign to influence voters with their own money, including running government-sponsored ads against state and local voter-led ballot measures. The provision is so broad it could allow the White House to use almost $1 billion in taxpayer money for partisan political purposes, which may even include government-sponsored attack ads against a candidate who takes a stand in favor of drug policy reform. The House Government Reform Committee is likely to consider the legislation this Thurs. May 22.
"Using public money to tell people how to think and feel about policy is the definition of propaganda," said Bill Piper, associate director of national affairs at the Drug Policy Alliance. "This would be like the I.R.S. running ads against tax cut proposals and the candidates that support them."
The House Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy and Human Resources approved the controversial provision as part of HR 2086, the Office of National Drug Control Policy Reauthorization Act of 2003. As written, the provision would allow partisan radio, print and television ads if the purpose were to oppose the legalization of drug use. Since the drug czar's office believes that even modest drug policy reforms -- such as diverting substance abusers to treatment, reforming harsh sentences, and making marijuana available to AIDS and cancer patients - promote the "legalization" of drug use, any candidate or party promoting such reforms could face a government-sponsored advertising campaign against them. The provision could also allow the drug czar to use taxpayer money to oppose local and state ballot measures that the drug czar doesn't like, as well as influence voter opinion on drug policy issues.
"In the last decade, voters across the country have passed numerous laws favoring treatment instead of jail for non-violent offenders, and medical marijuana for AIDS, cancer and other patients," said Piper. "If this provision passes, the federal government could interfere with such elections and prohibit voters from having a voice in their own state."
The Drug Policy Alliance is urging Members of Congress to cancel the costly ad campaign and spend the money instead on drug prevention, treatment and after-school programs.


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This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
In this paper a new concept for control and performance assessment of compressed air energy storage (CAES) systems in a hybrid energy system is introduced. The proposed criterion, based on the concept of energy harvest index (HEI), measures the capability of a storage system to capture renewable energy. The overall efficiency of the CAES system and optimum control and design from the technical and economic point of view is presented. A possible application of this idea is an isolated community with significant wind energy resource. A case study reveals the usefulness of the proposed criterion in design, control and implementation of a small CAES system in a hybrid power system (HPM) for an isolated community. Energy harvested index and its effectiveness in increasing the wind penetration rate in the total energy production is discussed.
Based on global policy on control and reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions peak by 2020, numerous studies have suggested the implementation of renewable energy sources (RES) in future electrical power systems. These comprehensive multidisciplinary studies cover the science and technologies of energy harvesting devices and details of delivering the demand energy [
The main focus of current studies in this area is to provide an effective alternative for non-renewable energy systems by addressing the major drawbacks of renewable energy based electrical power systems. Economic attraction is one of the key features for any power system because of its capability to obtain reasonable financial support in the energy industry. As a result, numerous studies [
Grid integration and energy storage are the two commonly used solutions, which can enhance the RES based power system performance. These technologies are responsible for extracting energy from the available renewable energy resource and injecting high quality energy to the grid [
Different types of storage techniques are theoretically and operationally available to remedy the RES fluctuations and to match an application. A variety of parameters can be used to develop a control scheme or compare the storage system characteristics with other alternative storage systems [
Compressed air energy storage systems utilize the excess energy in a power system to store air in a high pressure container [
In this paper after presenting a brief overview of energy storage system and current comparison methods, the anatomy of a wind based hybrid power system is explained. Following this, a new criterion based on the limited storage capacity of storage systems is developed. This concept is then used for the control and performance assessment of a small-scale wind-based hybrid power system (HPS) for possible application in a remote community.
There are different types of energy storage systems, based on various physical principles, and each of these technologies is well suited for a specific power or energy range [
Two main comparison approaches can be considered in the choice of a storage system for a given application. In the first approach, the storage system may be selected based on its capability to provide energy for a long or short time. Such a comparison is shown in
The second approach is based on the efficiency and life cycle comparison of energy storage systems. This approach is suitable for economic evaluation of the possible options, special application with limited available energy source and a high number of cycling requirement. Such a comparison is shown in
Considering the storage capacity of different storage systems shown in
The energy storage capacity of each storage system can be calculated using a steady state representative of the energy conversion procedure. Based on their energy conversion process, four main categories for energy storage systems can be considered for the following technologies: Batteries, Flywheels, Pumped Hydro, and CAES. These energy storage technologies have been chosen in this paper in order to develop the novel comparison criterion based on their energy harvesting capacity. In order to compare their energy storage capability, the required equations to describe the storage behavior of each energy storage system will be provided in the next part of this overview.
Energy storage systems with different storage capacity [
Energy storage comparison, based on efficiency and life cycle.
The energy capacity of a battery is usually defined based on the cell voltage product to its nominal discharge current rate known as ampere-hours (Ahr), which is provided by the manufacturer. The charge and discharge characteristics of a battery can be examined utilizing a mathematical model. A comprehensive model of a typical battery comprises three sub-models: a thermal sub-model to represent the electrolyte temperature based on the thermal properties of the material and battery losses; the charge and capacity model to depict the state of the charge (SOC) and depth of discharge current (DOC); and an equivalent circuit to simulate the dynamic performance of the battery [
The battery capacity can be considered steady during the discharge hours by neglecting discharge effect on temperature and output voltage characteristics.
In a flywheel energy storage system, the excess energy is stored in a rotating mass in kinetic energy form. This system, based on its fast energy conversion mechanism, is appropriate in applications that require high power capability. In such a system, the total kinetic energy stored within a flywheel can be calculated using the following equation [
The pumped hydro energy storage system is the oldest energy storage technology in the world. This system includes a pump-turbine, a higher reservoir and a lower reservoir. During low demand periods, the excess energy is applied to pump water to a higher reservoir. The stored water will be released to a lower reservoir while the stored energy is delivered to the customers utilizing the turbine. Based on required infrastructures in such an energy storage system, pumped hydro storage is more suitable for utility scale energy storage systems. The mass power output of a pumped hydro energy storage system can be determined by the stored potential power in its reservoir using the following equation [
In a CAES system, energy can be stored as high pressure air in a high pressure reservoir by applying work to the compressor. The energy storage procedure in this technology follows the thermodynamic law of energy conversion for air. The stored energy depends on reservoir volume, pressure, temperature, and its energy conversion process, which can be isothermal, adiabatic, or isentropic. The amount of work, in a polytropic process, is expressed as [
These energy equations assemble all the limiting parameters in each energy storage capacity. Considering the energy capacity representative of each energy storage technology, it can be concluded that each storage system has physical limitations on the maximum storage capacity. For example, the volume of the reservoir in a pumped hydro system or the rotational speed and mass of a flywheel is limited. This maximum capacity can be considered as a criterion for storage capability assessment of energy storage technologies, which is critical in a wind based energy system. Consequently, this constraint on energy storage capacity is the core focus of this paper in the evaluation of the performance of the selected energy storage technologies.
In a wind-based energy system, the general design of the system is focused on increasing the wind energy share in energy production in a cost effective manner. The random nature of the wind speed highlights the necessity of an energy storage system to solve the wind integration issues. While a storage system can smooth the energy output characteristics of a wind farm, the wind penetration rate can only be increased by storing a large quantity of wind energy during overproduction periods and restoring it during underproduction regimes. The wind penetration is directly related to the amount of the stored energy, and as a result, energy storage systems with higher storage capacity have higher impact on the wind penetration in a wind-based HPS. In addition, the storage system capability in storing energy is limited by its energy conversion rating. In order to have a reliable energy source with maximum RES share, overdesign of the storage system can increase the wind penetration in electricity generation; however, this might not be a proper approach. In addition, having a huge storage capacity does not guarantee that the storage system can harvest the available excess energy in a limited duration of time due to its limited converted energy transfer capacity.
When a storage system is charged to its nominal capacity, it is not possible to store more available excess energy from a wind farm. In this study, rejected energy is considered to be the amount of energy that a storage system cannot harvest from an RES due to its limited capacity. In a fixed blade wind turbine, this extra energy is usually applied to a dump load to maintain the power system stability. In a fully controlled wind farm the wind turbine blades are controlled in such a way that the energy production is limited to the load demand and power system stabilizer capacity. In other words, sometimes the energy system cannot extract the full capacity of available wind energy. This condition can be more significant when a large amount of energy is available in a short time duration as a result of high wind speed, and the storage system is not able to capture this energy due to either its limited storage capacity or low power rating. This phenomenon is more important when the frequency of wind speed fluctuation at the desired location is significant, and the high wind speed periods occurs in a short period of the time. As a result, the storage system cannot extract the available excess energy and the total rejected energy becomes considerable.
Based on this logic, a performance index is proposed in this study to assess the capability of a storage system in exploiting as much of the available wind energy as possible in a given time period. This index is referred to as the Harvested Energy Index (HEI) and is expressed as the ratio of the total stored energy in a typical energy storage system to the total available excess wind energy during specific time scale:
Incorporating RES in electrical generation by connecting them to existing power systems, results in a HPS. Although, a HPS can be either a grid-connected or isolated power system, this study focuses on an isolated community. Utilizing a backup energy source is essential for isolated application in order to increase the reliability of the wind-based energy system.
In a grid-connected energy system, wind energy fluctuation can be compensated by the power system. On the other hand, remote communities, which are not connected to the electrical power grid, are generally dependent on diesel generators as their backup energy source, a polluting and relatively expensive electricity production option. In northern, isolated communities, additional transportation difficulties for supplying fuel during winter months make electricity production by diesel generators unreliable (e.g., the required fuel cannot be delivered on time and the stored fuel is not sufficient). In recent years, attention to wind energy has increased as an important RES in such communities with good wind resource. Incorporating an effective energy storage system could improve the smoothness of the wind farm energy output, make the system less dependent on weather prediction, and result in a desirable less uncertain energy source.
The main objective is to develop a reliable and efficient source of electricity with proper control strategy that can harvest the maximum amount of available wind energy in order to provide continuous service to customers connected to an isolated grid. In the system proposed in this paper, when the output energy of a wind turbine is greater than the energy demand, the excess energy is converted into another energy form and stored. In the case that the wind turbine cannot deliver the required energy, the stored energy is converted to electrical energy. A general schematic of a hybrid wind based energy system for an isolated application is shown in
Schematic of the proposed hybrid system.
To ensure a continuous and reliable supply of electricity to the isolated community, it is assumed that the existing diesel generators can be utilized for backup purposes. The main purpose of using the diesel generator as a backup is to support the unreliable wind based power system and guarantee the reliable operation of the HPS. The diesel generator operates when the total output power of wind turbine and storage system is not sufficient to meet the power demand. On the other hand, in order to retain the stability of the power system in high wind regimes when the storage system is fully charged, a dump load will be connected to the wind turbine output. Consequently, the proposed hybrid system includes the existing diesel generators, wind turbines, an energy storage system, dump loads, and a control unit for dynamic energy management. The objective of such an implementation is to reduce the diesel generator's total fuel consumption. Two different mode of operation can be considered for the diesel generators in a wind based HPS: Standby and On-Off mode of operation. In an On-Off mode of operation, an energy storage system eliminates the no load operation of the diesel generator and results in more economical operation of the diesel generator. On the other hand, the standby mode of operation requires more fuel consumption as a result of no load fuel consumption.
The proposed system is used in this study to assess the performance of the design and control strategy development of a CAES systems based on its energy storage capacity.
The available wind power output on the rotor of a wind turbine can be approximated as [
The Gaussian Equation parameters for
The calculated
The calculated power curve V.S the manufacturer datasheet.
The obtained power Equation (7) for the wind turbine can be utilized to calculate the wind farm power output. The available wind power during a day can be calculated using the average hourly wind speed data. The wind speed data for our object location was available based on one sample per hour measurement frequency. Therefore, the wind speed was assumed to be constant hourly, which is acceptable in this analysis considering its steady state nature. More detailed measurements, based on a higher frequency data logging system, might have better resolution than the present study. In addition, the wind speed measurement data in this study was recorded at a 10 m height and its value has been modified based on the required Bergey Excel-S 10 kW wind turbine tower.
The wind power and demand power curve in minute time scale.
A comparative study, based on efficiency, life cycle, cost (including initial and operational costs), and energy/power rating, as well as simplicity of implementation and its expandability [
A typical CAES plant includes the following components: power system including expander(s), compressor(s) and generator; control equipment including supervisory control unit, switchgear, cooling and heating system; and high pressure reservoir with airflow piping. Considering Equation (5), the stored energy in a fixed volume is related to the pressure ratio, and by increasing the pressure ratio both the stored energy and energy density of a CAES system can be increased. The energy density of the storage system is a critical parameter. The energy storage density (
Energy density variation as function of number compression stages and pressure.
The efficiency of CAES systems has been considered as the main drawback in many studies [
Change in efficiency with different compression stages.
To show the effect of the proposed performance index on the overall design of a wind based hybrid energy system, the Harvested Energy Index (HEI) for different energy storage systems and different capacities is calculated. The analysis of the proposed HEI in performance assessment of an energy storage system can be done through a case study. The challenges in this analysis are to design a storage system with proper sizing. In addition, an optimum control strategy should be developed in order to harvest the maximum energy from the available wind source. Using Equation (6), the harvested energy indices for different energy storage capacities are calculated and shown in
Harvested Energy index for different energy storage capacity.
According to Equation (6), when the storage system reaches its nominal capacity it cannot store more energy and the numerator of the Equation (6) will be a constant. Assuming that excess energy availability continues for say, two more hours, the denominator of Equation (6) will increase during these two hours while its numerator is constant. This accumulation on the denominator leads to a reduction in the HEI and shows the limitation of the storage system to gain more excess energy. This limitation is shown in
As can be concluded from
In order to investigate the effect of the HEI on the overall performance of a hybrid system installed at Ramea Island in Newfoundland is considered. The wind speed at the wind farm during a day is applied to the modeled Bergey Excel-S 10 kW wind turbine and the load profile (
The required power of compressors can be calculated by derivation of the work equation with respect to time. All the working parameters of a compressor, except flow rate (
The change of the compressed air stored in the reservoir can be calculated and it depends on the available power for the high pressure compressor. The change in stored energy is formulated using presented equations (5) and (7 to 12). The available wind power output defines the working condition of the other components of the hybrid power system. Based on this value, the following scenarios was considered for the HPS:
The charging cycle: This condition happens when the output power of the wind turbine is more than the load, and the storage system has available storage capacity. In this condition, the excess power is applied to the compressor and the output flow rate of the compressor is calculated using Equation (10). The total air mass entered to the high pressure tank can be obtained using Equation (12) and the tank pressure can be obtained using Equation (11). The tank pressure will continue to increase as long as the excess power is available and the tank pressure is lower than its nominal value. The rejection cycle: In this cycle, the energy storage is charged to its maximum capacity and any additional power cannot be stored. Considering the fixed blade configuration for the wind turbine, this rejected power will be consumed by the dump load in order to maintain the system stability. The discharge cycle: The storage system starts to deliver power to the load, when the output power of the wind turbine is not sufficient to meet the demand. This cycle will be terminated when the storage system is fully discharged or the wind speed increases and the wind turbine output power is sufficient for the load. The shortage cycle: Diesel generator will operate in this mode in order to compensate the wind turbine output power. In this situation, the total power of the wind turbine and storage system is less than the required power for the load. The fuel consumption of the diesel can be calculated by using its power-fuel consumption equation.
The charging cycle: This condition happens when the output power of the wind turbine is more than the load, and the storage system has available storage capacity. In this condition, the excess power is applied to the compressor and the output flow rate of the compressor is calculated using Equation (10). The total air mass entered to the high pressure tank can be obtained using Equation (12) and the tank pressure can be obtained using Equation (11). The tank pressure will continue to increase as long as the excess power is available and the tank pressure is lower than its nominal value.
The rejection cycle: In this cycle, the energy storage is charged to its maximum capacity and any additional power cannot be stored. Considering the fixed blade configuration for the wind turbine, this rejected power will be consumed by the dump load in order to maintain the system stability.
The discharge cycle: The storage system starts to deliver power to the load, when the output power of the wind turbine is not sufficient to meet the demand. This cycle will be terminated when the storage system is fully discharged or the wind speed increases and the wind turbine output power is sufficient for the load.
The shortage cycle: Diesel generator will operate in this mode in order to compensate the wind turbine output power. In this situation, the total power of the wind turbine and storage system is less than the required power for the load. The fuel consumption of the diesel can be calculated by using its power-fuel consumption equation.
In this study, a four-stroke Yanmar Powered 6.5 kW diesel generator was chosen and its power-fuel consumption curve was approximated by the following equation, based on its manufacturer datasheet.
The tank volume was considered 6.06 m3 in order to store 5 kWhr in 16 bar working pressure. This value was chosen, based on the obtained HEI for different energy storage capacities shown in
In order to show the importance of considering the HEI concept in an energy storage system design and control strategy development, and based on the presented procedure, in each time step (one minute in this study) excess energy, stored energy, the change in the tank pressure, rejected energy, delivered energy, and the shortage energy is calculated. The excess energy and the stored energy are used in Equation (6) to calculate the HEI value for each time step. The shortage power is provided by the diesel generator and its value in each time step determines the diesel fuel consumption as shown in Equation (13).
The calculated harvested energy index in different working pressures.
As seen from
An average value for HEI can include the HEI variation in required time duration. In this study, the average daily HEI for different working pressures can be calculated by integrating their stored energy during a day and dividing by the total available excess energy at the same day, which is identical to area under their HEI curve in
Change in average HEI in a day time scale considering only constant working pressure for compressor.
An optimum control strategy based on tracking the maximum HEI can be developed to increase the amount of stored wind energy. This maximum point track is shown in
Using this index, a hybrid energy storage system and control approach will ensure an increase in the electrical generation capability of installed equipment, and add to financial benefits from specific amount of investment for a hybrid system. Considering the results obtained from HEI calculation, a possible configuration of the CAES system is proposed as shown in
At the beginning of the storage cycle, the compressors can work in parallel mode with small pressure ratios to increase the storage speed and flow rate into the reservoir. Based on the pressure increment in the tank, the compressors can be switched to a series-parallel combination to increase the compression ratios. The working pressure of the compressor will change when the reservoir is fully charged to the optimum pressure based on the maximum HEI. This adjustable configuration of the multistage compressors enables the storage cycle to operate in variable capacity condition to increase the HEI. Compressing a certain amount of air to a high pressure can be done using gradually increasing working pressure to achieve an efficient energy conversion process. It takes less energy and time to compress air at low pressures compared to high pressures. Based on this, it is suggested to store energy in reservoirs at low pressure and gradually increase the working pressure of the compressors.
A four-stage design of the CAES system based on harvested energy index.
In order to show the effectiveness of the proposed control method, the utilization impact of such a control strategy on the fuel consumption of the diesel generator is investigated. In this assessment, systems with different set of constant working pressures are compared to two systems with controllable working pressures based on the HEI concept. At the first control strategy and based on the proposed maximum HEI tracking control strategy, the working pressure of the compressor is increased in 25 steps of 2 bar to the final working pressure of 50 bar. Although this control strategy increases the accuracy of the maximum HEI tracking, its complexity and cost might result in an impractical option for the control strategy. Therefore, a four stages compression unit with controllable valve is considered a practical option for the HEI implementation. The second system has a four-stage configuration with compression ratio of 3 for each stage. Each compression stage will become online after connecting to the previous compressor, when each stage reaches the maximum working pressure (in this case 3, 9, 27, and 81).
As seen in
The tank pressure variation in different compression control strategies.
The diesel generator (DG) fuel consumption in its backup mode can be calculated by applying the provided power by DG to Equation (13). Two scenarios were assumed for the diesel generator operation modes. At the first scenario, the DG operates in On-Off mode and it will starts only in shortage mode. On the other hand, second scenario assumes a standby mode of operation, and the diesel will be online during the shortage cycles and will work in no-load mode in the rest. The total fuel consumption of diesel generator in the standby and On-Off mode is compared in
The DG fuel consumption in Standby and On-Off mode of operations.
As shown in
Using proposed control strategy in the presented case study, the DG operates in less time duration as it is shown in
The total shortage duration in different compression control strategies.
|Control method
|Fixed 10 bar
|Fixed 26 bar
|HEI in 25 stages
|HEI in 4 stages
|Shortage Duration
|326 [min]
|225 [min]
|163 [min]
|192 [min]
The total fuel consumption of the HPS based on the proposed control strategies are compared in
The DG fuel consumption comparison in different compression control strategies.
As shown in
A criterion for energy storage performance assessment was introduced in this paper, based on the ability to harvest and store the excess energy produced by a wind farm. The proposed index reveals the limitation on the storage capacity of various energy storage technologies, which is critical in RES-based power systems. Considering the proposed criterion in conjunction with other criteria for energy storage performance assessment such as total cost, environmental impacts, efficiency, energy density, and other parameters, results in a more accurate investigation of the technologies for the future development and implementation.
A hybrid power system based on a wind farm is developed for possible application in an isolated electrical power grid to fulfill the demands of a remote community. Using a case study, the harvest energy indices for different energy storage capacities were calculated, and a variable working pressure control algorithm was proposed for the compression cycle. In addition to showing the unique characteristics of CAES systems in capturing wind energy, this index was calculated for different fixed working pressure. Based on the results, a practical four-stage configuration of the CAES system was proposed, and the impact of the proposed control strategy on the total fuel consumption was shown. Considering the scalability of the CAES system as a result of change in working pressure, it is an attractive nonpolluting energy storage system for a wind-based energy system for remote communities with significant wind potential.
This work was supported by the NSERC Wind Energy Strategic Network (WESNet) and Memorial University of Newfoundland.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.


text:
The National Institutes of Health has awarded a $2.43 million grant to Princeton engineer Michael McAlpine, to investigate new ways to interweave electronic and biological materials to ultimately produce bionic organs for a range of scientific and biomedical applications.
Five members of the Engineering School faculty received the University's highest honors for their accomplishments in teaching and mentoring students.
Using 3-D printing tools, scientists at Princeton University have created a functional ear that can "hear" radio frequencies far beyond the range of normal human capability.
Using silk strands pulled from cocoons and gold wires thinner than a spider's web, researchers at Princeton University have created a removable tattoo that adheres to dental enamel and could eventually monitor a patient's health with unprecedented sensitivity.
Princeton engineers have developed a sensor that may revolutionize how drugs and medical devices are tested for contamination, and in the process help ensure the survival of two species of threatened animals.
Two Princeton engineering faculty have been named to Technology Review Magazine's list of the top 35 young innovators for 2010.
The school of engineering honored three junior faculty members with the E. Lawrence Keyes, Jr./Emerson Electric Co. Faculty Advancement Award on May 10. The award recognizes young faculty members who have established vibrant teaching and research programs early in their careers at Princeton.
Power-generating rubber films developed by Princeton University engineers could harness natural body movements such as breathing and walking to power pacemakers, mobile phones and other electronic devices.
Young faculty members who are pioneering new areas of communications networks, environmental sensing and other fields have received numerous awards for outstanding contributions early in their careers. Mung Chiang, associate professor of electrical engineering, received a Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers from the White House. He was one of only sixty-seven scientists who received the prestigious awards at a ceremony held at the White House last December. Chiang was
New faculty for the Fall of 2008.


text:
22 July, 2013 11:48 by Simon S
In the time between this post and the last post, a pair of African elephants could have conceived and given birth to a calf. She'd be a month or so old now, trailing behind her mother on the Savanna. I call her Kimba.
Although the blog has been quieter than a field devoid of crickets, we have been busy, as have some other people with the Field Guide code. Over the past 704 days
What happens from here? Well, the iOS Field Guide code on GitHub has been updated so that it works with iOS 6 and has a placeholder image for iPhone 5. Github will be the place for all future updates.
For the Inspiring Australia project, we'll be using the Genera code base rather than the Field Guide code base. Why have we done that? Well, the idea behind the Genera project is to produce a platform that can be used to produce guides that involve things other than animals. We wrote a paper about it and the code is also up on GitHub .
The other big news is that three independent developers have published three new apps, using our Field Guide code. They are:
So the field guide code is now being used in three countries – only 201 to go. Personally, I'm looking forward to seeing a picture of Kimba when someone produces a field guide to Kenya.
Comments (8)
19 August, 2011 09:30 by Simon O
Part Four: HTML Layouts
This is the final and perhaps the juiciest part in the series because it's where the design meets the code in a harmonious display of passion.
Alright, enough flowery language, let's have a look at how the 'species' page of the app works. This is the destination page your users will land on once they've selected an animal/item. On the iPad version of the Field Guide it's a single page that consists of all the details. On the iPhone/iPod app, these sections are split into individual tabs.
Once you've downloaded the code, you'll notice that we've chosen to lay out the details with HTML.
The detail view area consists of HTML (in a UIWebView container).
Image: Simon O'Shea
Source: MV
This allows you to easily change presentation, links and styling, but above all, it allows you to transfer an existing design to an iOS app if you already have a web-based version of your field guide. Vice versa, with a bit of tweaking and testing, it also allows you to transfer these layouts to the web or other mobile platforms.
So let's see what makes up a Species/Item page…
The Files
The Markup
If you're familiar with HTML, these layout template files should be pretty straightforward. For the iPad template, the page is divided into two main
s, with class names leftcolumn and rightcolumn. I've labelled these for identification practicality over formal semantics, so feel free to change the names if you're partial to the latter school of thought. These are set to float left in the stylesheet, next to one another.
The leftcolumn holds the  of each animal/item, containing the common and scientific names. This is followed by the main details, each of which has a heading (
), followed by a custom tag that tells the app where to insert specific animal data. The custom tag takes the form <%propertyname%>. For example, to display Distinctive Markings as a paragraph, you would insert the custom tag <%distinctive%> between paragraph tags.
eg:
<%distinctive%>

The taxonomic data of the animal is displayed as tabular data using a
 element.
You may notice that the map  tag is repeated in the back div of #distribution, seemingly printing two map images within the widget. This is to give consistent height to the Distribution widget when it is 'flipped' and with the styling included it also gives the effect of translucency, showing the reversed map when reading the back pane of the widget.
Detail View of the iPad App. Mouse-over to see HTML elements and classes.
Image: Simon O'Shea
Source: MV
The Styles
The styles for the Species page templates are contained within the linked files style.css and style-iphone.css. I've written a number of properties assigned to HTML elements, classes (.) and IDs (#).
Please note that because this is an app for iOS and it's using the latest Safari rendering engine, there are many CSS properties that may not display when testing in your standard desktop web browser. In particular I've used CSS3 properties such as gradients, transformations and animated transitions as well as –webkit specific properties that may not yet be standardised CSS. These fancy styles allow you to push the boundaries of HTML and iOS and can significantly save load time and file size. However, it is worth noting that in order to view them on your computer, you'll need to test them in a recent version of Apple's Safari or Google Chrome and to get the best results you should test their compatibility on various versions of iOS.
The Images
Another advantage of using HTML and CSS is that you can save on the amount of images you use. For example each icon used on the Endangered Status widget is an 88px x 88px image. Simply setting a width and height of half the dimensions (44px x 44px) in your CSS means that the icon will render crisply for both the Retina Display and regular displays using just the one image file.
Another example of cutting back on images is using CSS entirely to create graphics. The Endangered Status 'tracks' and 'bars' are made entirely of CSS gradients and rounded corners. This means that they require no image files and are resolution independent, looking great no matter how far the user zooms in.
By now you're probably exhausted, so I think that's enough! If you have any questions, comments or suggestions, please don't hesitate. We look forward to seeing what you can build on top of our Field Guide. Good luck with your app!
17 August, 2011 16:42 by Simon O
Part Three: Interface Icons
The key to making your field guide app accessible and user-friendly for your audience lies in the design of the interface. In addition to this is the behaviour of the app. But for this blog post, we're going to concentrate on the 'look and feel' and what you can do to make your app shiny and fresh on the inside.
In the previous post we scratched the surface of giving your app an identity by creating a splash screen and an icon. For this post, we're going to look at some of the visual elements within the interface of the app.
The interface is comprised of the layout of the app, icons et al. And in the case of iOS, a lot of the hard work is done for us. With the Museum's Field Guide, we based our layout for the iPad app on interface recommendations specified in the Apple Human Interface Guideline (HIG) documentation. There were a few reasons for this, which above all was that we wanted the interface to be familiar to iPhone/iPad users and new users alike as well as preventing the interface from getting in the way – letting the content be the feature. In addition we added specific icons and elements tailored to the Museum's fauna content. For example, each animal species page has an image gallery, audio browser and 'widgets' that we created to display distribution information and the endangered status.
Let's begin by taking a look through each of the visual elements that make up the Field Guide app. First and foremost is the main menu that contains access to the animals. This is the 'Animals by Group' home screen menu on the iPhone and iPod Touch or the menu on the left of the iPad app, which can be accessed by tapping 'Animals' when in portrait mode. Each top-level navigation item displays a silhouette icon of the animal group and once tapped displays a secondary navigation containing a square thumbnail photo of the specific animal. So let's have a look at these closer and get a bit technical…
Animal Type Icons (top level navigation)
Each of these has a silhouette icon with two instances or 'states' – a default state in which a light grey icon is displayed and then a white icon in its active state (when the user taps on it). Of course you can make these any colour you like, however it's best to always have the active state white, so that when tapped it 'reverses' out from the active blue highlight that surrounds each item in the list, matching the white text of the item.
Active state of an animal group, in this case, Butterflies.
Image: Simon O'Shea
Source: MV
It is also best to create your icons as a vector or line-based image rather than a pixel-based image. This means you can increase or decrease the dimensions of the image in future, without losing any quality of the original image. Vector images can be drawn with a software package such as Adobe Illustrator, Corel Draw or Inkscape.
Vector icons.
Image: Simon O'Shea
Source: MV
Once you have the look of each icon, you need to determine the size and file type for export. It might be an idea to transfer your vector files to a pixel-based editor for the export process. An application like Adobe Photoshop, Fireworks, GIMP or Paint.net is best. You need to create two versions of each icon, one with default dimensions for iPad screens and iPhone and iPod Touch screens which are earlier than 4th generation. You also need to export versions of these for the Retina Display, which need to be double the dimensions. These versions should be exported as 72ppi 24-bit or 32-bit PNG files with transparency. In the Field Guide the icons need to fit within a width and height of approximately 60 pixels (120px for hi-res Retina). I've made our animal icons 56px × 43px each and 112px × 86px for the hi-res Retina Display. Therefore for each icon we need four files in total – one default state, one active state, one hi-res default state and one hi-res active state.
Comments (0)
16 August, 2011 15:59 by Simon S
Here's a little known fact: There are actually 77 days in June. Seriously, who are you going to believe, me or some nursery rhyme? Is "hath" even a real word? Earlier in the year, I said that the source code for the field guide project would be released by the end of June. Well, today the source code for the field guide project is available to download. Welcome to the 77th of June.
The project is being hosted on Google Code, and has been released under an MIT license. This is a pretty broad license, allowing you to use the code as is, or mix and mash it to your hearts content. You can sell your app, or give it away for free.
We'd just ask you to do a couple of things. First up, if you build an app using the source code let us know! If it's published in the app store, send us a link. If it's only an internal app, send us a description of how you're using it and some screen shots. Releasing the source code is an experiment, and we want to build up a picture of how the source code is being used.
Secondly, we'd appreciate it if you mention that your app is built on the field guide project source in your app's about page. Include a link to either the field guide home page at MV, or to the field guide project home page on Google Code and you'll have our thanks. We've helpfully included an example in the default about page for the project.
Thirdly, let us know if there are bugs or if there's better ways to do things in the code. This is my first Objective-C app, and no doubt there's plenty of room for improvement in the construction of the code. Releasing the code like this feels a little like performing on the trapeze without a net, scary and exciting. Everyone who's watching can see if you make a mistake. On the other hand, the more people that are watching, the more likely it is that someone will catch you if you fall.
So what happens next? Well, you may notice that we've called this version 0.9. That's just to give us room to tweak the code and fix any issues based on your feedback. We won't be adding any new features before we call it 1.0 though.
We've still got a couple of blog posts to come on how to customise design elements within the app, and no doubt there will be a couple of posts based on questions and feedback about the code. There's also a post coming up for those of you who'd like to produce a field guide that's not about animals.
So grab the code, make cool stuff and enjoy this last day of June. :-)
Comments (4)
16 August, 2011 12:57 by Simon S
In my last post I described how to build the file that contains the initial load data for your field guide. At the same time, I sent the code off to an external beta tester. He came back with the question: How do I change the data once its been loaded by the app? When we were testing of the field guide, if we needed to change the data, I just reset the simulator or deleted the app from the testing device.
Not something you can really do once you've released your app to production.
So, with a couple of changes to code, we have two new properties. One in the animalData.plist file called versionID and another in CustomSettings.plist called currentDataVersion. The value of these two properties should always be identical. The first time the app is run on a device, the database is set up and the value for versonID is stored in the database. On subsequent start-ups, the app compares the value of versionID stored in the database against the value of currentDataVersion from CustomSettings.plist. If they're different, the app clears the database and reloads it from animalData.plist.
Why are we storing the same value in two different plist files? If you've got a lot of species in the app, the animalData file will contain a lot of information. It is overkill to parse this file every time the app starts just to find a short string. Since CustomSetting.plist is already loaded every time the app runs, it's the perfect place to put the check value.
Adding versionID as a property to animalData.plist has resulted in a change to the structure of that file. It was an array of arrays, like this
(array of taxon data),
(array of animal data),
The code determined the content by an element's position in the array. The file is now structured as a dictionary, like so:
taxonList=(array of taxon data);
animaldata=(array of animal data);
versionID = 1.0;
It's a small change, but it means that any future additions to the list will be easy to incorporate. Here's a new example animalData.plist file and a CustomSettings.plist file for your perusal.
Comments (1)
9 August, 2011 16:02 by Simon S
Were going to take a break from the talk about design for this post, and talk about how you get your data into the app. All the animal data is stored in a property list file called animalData.plist (imaginative, I know). The first time the app is run on a device, it creates a database and loads all the data that file.
The file doesn't just contain the animal data, it also contains the information for the taxon menu. Since thats a bit simpler than the animal data, I'll start with that. Each taxon type has three properties: taxonName, highlightedImage and standardImage. A single taxon entry appears like this
highlightedImage = "email@example.com";
standardImage = "firstname.lastname@example.com";
taxonName = "Crawly Things with 6 legs";
Each line is a key value pair. On the first line, highlightedImage is the key, and email@example.com is the value. Note that each line ends with a semi-colon (;).
The property standardImage is the filename of the image displayed next to the taxon name (in this case a grey silhouette of a winged insect). highlightedImage is the filename of the image displayed next to the taxon name when the row is selected. In this case, a white silhouette of a winged insect stands out better than the grey against the blue background.
Within the plist file, the taxon types for your app are contained in an array. So, if you only had invertebrates in your app, your taxon array would look something like this.
highlightedImage = "email@example.com";
standardImage = "firstname.lastname@example.com";
taxonName = "Freshwater Invertebrates";
highlightedImage = "email@example.com";
standardImage = "firstname.lastname@example.com";
taxonName = Spiders;
highlightedImage = "firstname.lastname@example.com";
standardImage = "email@example.com";
taxonName = "Terrestrial Invertebrates";
highlightedImage = "firstname.lastname@example.com";
standardImage = "firstname.lastname@example.com";
taxonName = "Marine Invertebrates";
The brackets ( and ) mark the start and end of the array. It's important to note that the order of the taxon entries in the document is irrelevant; they are listed alphabetically in the menu.
The data for each animal is also listed as key value pairs. The following properties are simple key value pairs (e.g. species = sapiens)
The remaining properties: commonNames, audioFiles, profileImages, mapImage and squareCropImage require a little more structure.
An animal can have many names, so the value for commonName is always an array, even if there's only one entry. The first entry in the commonName array becomes the display name of the animal. So for Turdus merula, the key value pair is
commonNames = (Common Blackbird, Eurasian Blackbird,);
and the name displayed in listings is Common Blackbird.
The audioFiles, profileImages, mapImage and squareCropImage are also arrays, even though youll only have one mapImage and one squareCropImage. Each file reference has two properties, filename and credit. You can leave out the caption in the file references for mapImage and squareCropImage.
profileImages = (
caption=Great Photographer;
mapImage = (
When you put it all together, you get a document like this. This has been a fairly technical post, if there's anything that needs clarification, let me know in the comments.
We've released the source code for MV's Field Guide Project under a MIT style license. This blog will help you identify all the material you need to collect so that you can publish a field guide of your own.
MV's Open Sourced Code on Github
View all Museum Victoria's apps
Simon S is the programmer behind the field guide app.
Simon O is the designer behind the field guide app.
The harmonic telegraph receiver and centennial phone used to be on display at the Melbourne Museum, but I haven't seen them in years. Where are they now?
To read the latest tweets from @museumsvictoria
Follow Museums Victoria on
Hi there Arno,
We also sailed from Bremerhafen, left in October 59, fremantle, Melbourne to Bonagila. Alfred and Edelgard Dostal and 3 Children Bernhard, Lotha...


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Family Law
Family Law Questions? Ask a Family Lawyer Online.
My husband is the primary conservator for his daughter but shares custody with his ex-wife. My step-daughter's primary residence is with my husband and me.
We are still trying to determine the exact nature of the communications that happened between my ex-boyfriend's wife and my step-daughter. From what we have been able to determine so far, it appears that she was attempting to poke around for information that could be used against me if they decided to request a custody modification with my son, but I don't know that it could be proved as a fact. What we have found so far appear to be more subtle manipulations to get a hormonal teenage girl to complain about her life... if that makes any sense.
Hi Alex,
No, I don't have any follow-up questions, thank you. I have been attempting to release payment and rate your response; however, both I and customer support have had trouble doing so because of an apparent glitch in my account. I have been assured the issue has been escalated and should be completed by a Supervisor within 24 hours. I apologize for the delay - I promise I've been trying to complete the transaction.
I hope you had a great weekend.


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Best Of :: People & Places
Just when you thought the ride was over indeed, just when the ride should have been over the Arizona Diamondbacks once again provided Valley sports fans with a pleasant surprise: the overachieving, hard-charging "Baby-Backs."
When they should have been losing with a stable of injured veterans, they once again found ways to win, this time with a stable of greenhorn minor leaguers who still look more likely bound for Williamsport than Cooperstown.
If you've noticed, the D-Backs are the only pro franchise in the Valley capable of pleasant surprises. While the Cardinals and Coyotes turn star prospects into jerkwad flameouts with felony records, the Diamondbacks turn no-name minor leaguers into lovable superstars.
Now, if we could just see that sort of personality and performance out of the rest of the Valley's pro teams, we might someday be a legitimate four-sport town.
Until then, it'll just continue to be the D-Backs and the occasional burst of Suns-shine.
Readers' Choice: Arizona Diamondbacks
With fresh white walls, great lighting and a dramatically high ceiling, this cavernous warehouse turned gallery space not only does justice to the intriguing art on display, but also to the downtown pretty things who turn up in droves on First Fridays to check out the work as well as each other. Any given month, monOrchid might also be hosting a hip local band or DJ, a fashion show, or even film screenings, giving the whole place a kind of dynamic vibe that you would imagine came out of Andy Warhol's Factory -- if only it had cropped up in the middle of the desert, not downtown Manhattan.
Aside from the experimental, no-budget "microcinema" events that have popped up in downtown art spaces, the best chance Valley cinema lovers have of seeing the edgiest indie films is at this jewel box of a theater, tucked in the shadow of Scottsdale Fashion Square. While some competition has cropped up recently, it's mostly from within the Harkins chain. (In particular, the Harkins Valley Art comes in a close second, with some decidedly non-mainstream features.) And as far as international titles are concerned, Camelview is frequently the only destination in the Valley to showcase the latest flicks from foreign shores.
Readers' Choice for Best Movie Theater: Harkins Ciné Capri
Craig's List is a free Internet bulletin board system where you can buy, sell and trade just about everything, as well as cruise personal ads, find a job, or enter into one of many community discussion forums. Created in San Francisco in 1995, Craig's List came to Phoenix in May 2003 and has steadily built up its listings. Although still relatively sparse when compared to those cities in which Craig's List is better established, it is an easy, anonymous, free way to post bulletin board listings. Users reply through the Craig's List's anonymous e-mail system to postings, and the poster can choose to make contact or not. There are no ads, and no charge for most ads (the exception being employers who pay a small fee to post job listings).
And sometimes it's funny, such as this ad from July: "Now hiring 6-10 smaller carny types to drive/ride in modified tiny' Volkswagen beetle for grand finale of traveling road show. Experience necessary: Ability to manipulate small handles under duress. Resistance to fire is a plus. Similar roadshows are now igniting finale performers. Ability to dodge potentially dangerous projectiles. Must get along with others and pack animals. Excellent communication skills. Benefits: Travel and experience the West Valley!"
There's also an active singles area, including a kinky "casual encounters" board and "missed connections" in which you can post a note to that handsome stranger you wish you had spoken to at the bar last weekend.
Noted baseball architects Ellerbe Beckett designed this beautiful facility that serves as home to the Milwaukee Brewers. Built in 1998, and originally planned to house two spring training teams, the Maryvale park is not Bank One Ballpark, and that's why we love it. Sure, you can't see regular-season major league play, but when a game is on in this no-frills park, you'll see why we love it. There's no fancy-schmancy country club seating, or waiters to bring you drinks. This is the kind of park where people come to watch baseball, not talk on their cell phones and network. The stadium has more than enough seats to handle the volume of patrons it gets, without feeling like its cavernous sisters in Peoria and Mesa. Its partial roof offers shade to a large part of the stands, which provides comfort without ruining the "outdoor" feel of watching the game. The grounds are impeccable, there is ample parking, and its bright blue seats are actually pretty comfortable for molded plastic. The concession areas are well-placed, offering a variety of standard fare at different locations so that not a lot of walking is necessary to get your hot dog and beer, and smaller vendors set up booths of more unique items at the end of the walkways, out of the way of traffic patterns. The lawn seats in the outfield are set up on a steep incline, allowing even those in the cheap seats a great view.
The British-born Binder threw the state Legislature into a tizzy last spring when she elected to take her long-planned vacation during the final days of a contentious debate on the budget. Binder already had balked at draconian cuts urged by Republican leadership, and her departure forced the Rs to compromise with Governor Janet Napolitano's proposal.
We love her for that. And we love her because she is one of the few legislators who isn't afraid to depart from party line and do what she believes is in the best interest of her constituents. Her independence has triggered absurd reactions from other Republican leaders like pinhead House majority leader Eddie Farnsworth, who refused to move any of Binder's bills to the House floor for a vote.
A fiscal conservative with a social conscience, Binder has been one of the few voices in the state pressing for reforms to stop the coerced underage polygamous marriages practiced by a fundamentalist Mormon cult in Colorado City. Her courage and high principles are matched by her polite demeanor that seems to have more weight with that classy British accent.
Readers' Choice: Janet Napolitano


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What if you were never taught limitations as a child, what would your life be like now? Would it be different? What if you grew up knowing whatever you wanted to accomplish in life would just happen? Simply by putting the intention out into the Universe it would manifest itself into your life. Would you be in a different career? Would you be happier? Sounds almost too good to be true doesn't it? I would like to introduce you to Soul DNA. Built into your Soul DNA is the knowledge of how to bring into your life everything that you desire. In your natural state of existence it is common knowledge.
When you read Soul DNA it will open your mind, helping you to understand endless possibilities.
"Limits are not understood by your Soul DNA, the Universe and Spirit does not understand limitations... PEOPLE invented limitations!" ~ Jennifer O'Neill
This book starts at the beginning of your creation, explaining to you the essence of who you are as well as what your Soul DNA is. Soul DNA will explain to you more about your journey here on earth, happiness, free will, soul chemistry and what happens when you release your physical body.
Copyright © 2011 Estoile Solutions, Inc. All rights reserved.


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plan Archives
EPA rule puts Arizona plants on track to upgrade
November 16, 2012 by in Business News | Economy
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency had outlined a final plan for upgrades at three Arizona coal-fired power plants. The agency on Friday followed through with a proposal to partially reject Arizona's air quality plan. It came up with one of its own to control nitrogen oxide emissions that impair visibility at 18 national parks and… Read More →


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Home > Eyeglasses > Brendel > BL 902163 (70)
New Releases
Size and availability
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30-day money-back guarantee
Low prices
Free outbound and return shipping
30-day money-back guarantee
Low prices
BL 902163/70 Eyewear
The term "visual aid" is unsuitable for BL 902163. This is an accessory that ushers in a new you, emphasizing your clear view on fashion. The BL 902163 is available in the Edel-Optics online shop in other styles from Brendel collections 2016 and 2017.
This frame was specially designed for genuine power women. Graceful design and expressiveness are interspersed with classical chic. Wearing full rim eyewear, you make it unmistakably clear that you are going the whole hog. The colour blue is fresh and modern. Having the courage to choose such an exciting colour offers a new approach.
Moreover, we can also provide you with the correct prescription lenses at an incredibly low price. The only thing you need to provide us with are your current dioptre values determined by your ophthalmologist. Together with our digital dispensing optician, you can choose between reasonably priced brand lenses from Germany or premium brands such as Seiko, Hoya and Rodenstock. Edel-Optics' plastic lenses have many features such as anti-reflection coating, lotus effect, cleaning coating, antistatic and hard coating at no extra charge.
Even if this Brendel is presently not in stock, it is worth ordering now, because the current price can't be beaten. If you buy at Edel-Optics you get the best price, because "in the sale" is our standard.
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Reims French Oak 3 By 3 Drawer Chest
Unfortunately this item has been discontinued
The Reims French Oak 3 By 3 Drawer Chest is a great example of the Reims French Oak Furniture Range. This chest of drawers comes assembled.
- Low Rate Credit (19.5% APR) Available
- 12 Monthly Payments36.54
- Cash Price443.00
- Deposit to Pay44.30 (10%)
- Amount of Credit398.70
- Total Amount Payable482.81
- Duration of Agreement12 months
- Rate of Interest (Fixed)19.5% per annum
- 19.5% APR Representative
- Furniture Style Online acts as a credit intermediary and offer credit products provided only by Close Brothers Retail Finance. Close Brothers Retail Finance is a trading name of Close Brothers Limited. Close Brothers Limited is authorised by the Prudential Regulation Authority and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority and Prudential Regulation Authority. For more information please visit www.closeretailfinance.co.uk. Finance is only available to UK residents over 18, subject to status, terms and conditions apply.


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Without further adieu, I present the Honey Hill Farm Christmastide Home Tour of 2012...
Happy belated Christmas. I was so hoping you would share photos of your home all decked out for Christmas. Charming, just charming!! Clarice
Your home is truly beautiful Shan!
How wonderful your home looks! I envision the two of us, drinking tea at the table and taking in the surroundings...You've outdone yourself as usual, Dear Sister! Thank you for sharing your many talents and love of Christmastide. Happy New Year, knowing I am thinking of you and yours.
Your Little Sis
Though Victorian is not at all my style, I am loving your beautiful home. Very cozy and warm.


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Miley Cyrus' Revealing Dress: Yay or Nay? (PHOTOS)
Miley Cyrus showed off some serious cleavage when she walked the red carpet at the Grammy Awards' Salute to Icons gala on Saturday, February 12.In case you missed it amongst all the Grammys hysteria:
Miley, 18, wore a beige Herve Leger dress with a mesh panel that exposed her assets for everyone to see. The "Can't Be Tamed" singer completed her look with Christian Louboutin heels and a sparkly Loree Rodkin bracelet.
Was Miley's pre-Grammys look too much? Check out more photos and share your thoughts in the comments.


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Smith is only gubernatorial candidate to schedule traditional town hall meetings
MANCHESTER – Today, Kevin Smith, Republican candidate for governor of New Hampshire, announced an aggressive statewide schedule of town hall meetings covering all ten counties in New Hampshire. Smith is the first candidate to plan town hall meetings.
"I'm running a campaign based on substance and specific ideas for making New Hampshire a better to live and do business. As part of this effort, I want to provide voters with an opportunity to engage me on the issues, and also give me the chance to hear directly from them about their ideas for making our state stronger." Smith added, "This is part of a vigorous, grassroots campaign that I'm running, which is exactly what voters expect and want to see from their candidates."
Smith's campaign has scheduled fourteen town hall meetings in the months of May and June, with more to be added soon. The tour will take him to all ten counties in the state and include stops in Berlin, Bow, Colebrook, Conway, Dover, Hampton, Hudson, Keene, Kingston, Laconia, Littleton, Merrimack, Newport, and Plymouth. Smith is the only candidate for governor thus far to commit to holding traditional town hall meetings where voters are invited to ask questions and hear answers from the candidate.
Smith said he would use the town hall meetings as an opportunity to promote his "New Hampshire's Future Is Now" plan for rebuilding the state's economy and generating new jobs. The meetings will resemble the style and format usually seen in presidential campaigns throughout New Hampshire, and will be open to the press.
Smith remains the only candidate for governor to propose a specific plan to improve New Hampshire's economic climate, create real and sustainable job growth, and to make state government more efficient and effective, reducing its costs on businesses and taxpayers.
The schedule for Smith's town hall meetings:
May 7 – Seacoast Charter School, Kingston at 6:00pm
May 15 – American Legion, Hudson at 6:00pm
May 21 – Dover Public Library, Dover at 6:00pm
May 23 – Laconia Public Library, Laconia at 6:00pm
May 29 – Pease Public Library, Plymouth at 6:00pm
May 31 – Richards Free Library, Newport at 6:00pm
June 5 – Conway Public Library, Conway at 2:00pm
June 5 – White Mountains Community College, Berlin at 6:00pm
June 11 – Colony Mill, Keene at 6:00pm
June 12 – Lane Memorial Library, Hampton at 6:00pm
Week of June 18 – TBD, Bow
June 21 – Town Hall, Merrimack at 6:00pm
June 28 – Colebrook Country Club, Colebrook at 2:00pm
June 28 – Community Center, Littleton at 6:00pm


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Changing Hair Color
Have you ever felt like coming up with yet another new outfit (or spending money on one for that matter) doesn't provide you with quite as much ooomph as you're craving? Why not take it one well-heeled step further and shake up your hair color? There are so many great affordable options these days that a trip to the salon is most certainly not necessary. Make sure to take your skin and eye color into account when picking your perfect shade and if you're not sure which direction you want to go – lighter, darker, fiery red – then bring a friend along with you for moral support and a second opinion. You know what they say about two heads, right?


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Friday, July 27, 2012
'The View' debates the Chick-Fil-A Drama
2 comments:
- K. Clark said...
Interesting discussion. And Whoopi is just giving us "Lucky Star" era Madge isn't she?
- July 27, 2012 at 3:22 PM
- truthspew said...
KFC used to be owned by Pepsico, now I believe it's now Yum Brands. They got into a little hot water over a Taco Bell incident in TX where a gay employee was mad miserable by employees and management.
I don't see anything in their corporate policy though.
- July 27, 2012 at 3:53 PM
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My dentist discovers that I still have a baby tooth and a permanent tooth above it in my gums. He suggests that I get the baby tooth removed and wear braces to pull down the permanent tooth. I do not want braces for two years just to pull down a tooth that looks exactly like the baby tooth I am having removed. I was wondering, what other options do I have and what are the complications of just pulling both teeth and getting a fake?
Options Besides Tooth Extraction and Braces?
Doctor Answers 1
Look at the big picture
While your thoughts are valid, there ARE drawbacks. If you pull both teeth, there would be a defect in the bone (so no bone to put the implant in). You could fill the defect and let it heal and do the implant then, but the time involved would approach a year.
You could leave it alone, but statistically, retained baby teeth come out for a variety of reasons at ages 35-40 (but not always). At that point you would be right where you are now.
Usually, the best choice IS to remove the baby tooth and orthodontically bring the other tooth in alignment.
Learn more: http://www.bestseattledentist.com
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


text: To get from Albenga to Viareggio by train you can catch one of the 10 trains that everyday travel between these two cities. The first train to Viareggio leaves from Albenga at 07:38 and the last train departs at 18:17. If you choose a local train the trip lasts on average 03:01 hours. For your trip from Albenga to Viareggio by train you can choose to leave from one of Albenga main stations: Albenga On Wanderio you can compare all schedules, fares and railway companies to Viareggio and book the best itinerary starting from Albenga.