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Well, at this point he's the only named opponent you ever face (Eva Core doesn't precisely count since her "battle" is just shooting her with your pistol before she can get to melee range with you).
But other than that, no he's not really necessary to the story and just serves as probably the most annoying example of plot armor in the series. 6thLyranGuard
- It is possible to face Jack and Legion as well, but I think only idiots would have had to face them. Anish
- Morinth can also be found (and has to be fought) as a Banshee. LeoJo
Let's see. Yes, Kai Leng is an annoyance, but he's only annoying because he's just as strong as Shepard, just working for the enemy. He's TIM's right hand and carries out his will ever since ME: Retribution, so his presence in ME3 is more than justified. Yes, he has plot armor, worst one of the kind, but it only adds to the anger towards the character. Nobody would be so satisfied to finally kill him if all he'd do would be leading the assault on the Citadel and killing a few C-Sec officers. Land Raider
- Except he's not as strong as Shepard- he's given blatant cheats (temporary invulnerability being the biggest one) so that the battle follows a tight script regardless of your actions. Taking him down wasn't satisfying because the challenge he presented was entirely artificial- he wasn't a tough, powerful enemy that you had to be smart to overcome, he was an annoying pest who spent most of his time running away while trying to pretend he was better than you and only "won" one fight by the actions of an entirely different character during a cutscene. 6thLyranGuard
Kai Leng is valuable for ME3 is several separate ways. He represents an action-focused, fighter type human antagonist, which complements the intellectual type of Jack Harper. He also serves as a personalized focus for your hate of Cerberus, amplified by the feel of defeat you suffer from him several times. Kai Leng is portrayed as an extraordinarily capable operative, with an aura of strength surrounding him from the novels, which is necessary for the player to feel threatened by him, due to our due overconfidence in Shepard's ability. Additionally, since the series establish a human (Shepard) as the galaxy's best, the player would feel the most threat coming from a powerful human foe. In the world of aliens, it is almost like a mirror fight. All in all, I liked the inclusion of such character, regardless of his roots (I haven't read the novels), and feel it's been worthwhile for the narrative. And as a bonus, he is voiced by a supremely awesome voice actor. Mitranim
- I was thinking about an eloquent way to express my opinion and weigh in on the matter, but MIT read my mind and beat me to it. Byrdology
I actually like Kei Leng, even though he is kind of a jerk sometimes. I feel that if you have good enough skills to carry a sword into battle against futuristic technology, then you deserve to be a worthy foe. Also, he presents a singular focal point to direct aggressions against. You can't exactly walk up to the Illusive Man and shoot him, nor do you actually see him face to face. Also, what voice actor is Kai Leng? I thought BioWare blew their budget on good voice talents with the likes of Martin Sheen, Jennifer Hale, Seth Green, etc. Thunder
- He doesn't have enough lines in ME3 to gauge his performance, but he voiced Scoundrel in Diablo 3, who talks a lot, and I love listening to him. It's an absolute blast. One of the best VAs I've heard. Mitranim
- Kai Leng's voice actor is Troy Baker, also known for voicing Snow in Final Fantasy XIII and XIII-2.
IMO, No - I think Kai Leng wasn't necessary and his position could've been filled by any Cerberus Soldier. Also, I have the Art of the Mass Effect Universe (big version) and in it are concepts which would've made his image fit into the ME Universe better than what is currently in-game. His VA seems good, but it's like he could only do so much with the lines he was given. But like I said, my opinion only. - BBL96
Of course Kai Leng is necessary. I hate his guts when I'm playing, but I love having someone to hate in a game. Even my Paragon Shepards take the Renegade interrupt at Cerberus HQ. Beating him is very satisfying, as is Shepard's dialogue during the fight, when s/he taunts him about running away all the time. ME2 was sorely lacking this quality. Harbinger seemed borderline incompetent, getting beaten over and over again. Harbinger never really felt like a threat, and it never murdered one of Shepard's friends or managed to keep Shepard from any specific goal. Niquorebel Cousland
- Except in ME3, where it murders the entire Hammer force within seconds, kills two of your friends if your EMS is low and forces them to retreat and leave Shepard alone in the final confrontation. I'd say Harbinger made up for all his incompetence in ME2 in those five minutes, but that's barely relevant to the topic. Land Raider
- True enough, but Harbinger could have been just any other Reaper in ME3. Kai Leng had a face, a voice, and a superior attitude that he backed up with results, providing a focus for the player's aggression. Finishing him off felt pretty good. Niquorebel Cousland
- You're forgetting the part where Harbinger just sat there while the Normandy took a solid 60 seconds to land, evac Shepard's squard, and fly away at a snail's pace. RShepard227
I really like having an antagonist which really makes you wanna hate him/her for doing so many bad things to you, like ruining your mission or taking away loved ones from you. Look at GLaDOS from Portal for example, she was a well-crafted villain, she will do anything to kill you. Kai Leng has a similar agenda in which, he will do whatever it takes to defeat Shepard and further Cerberus'/The Illusive Man's cause. Kai Leng was mostly one step ahead of Shepard, like Shepard failing to save the Salarian Councilor (only if Kirrahe and Thane are not there). But even so, Kai Leng would have killed a friend of Shepard. And then, Kai Leng managed to steal the Prothean data cache from right under Shepard's nose. It just wants you to hate him so much that you will kill him without a thought. Orbrital
- The only reason Kai Leng succeeded in any of his tasks was because of cutscenes where Shepard became completely incompetent and Kai becoming invulnerable to damage when his shields dropped below a certain point when you were fighting him. Shepard could have easily shot Kai half a dozen times (or more, depending on which gun you were using) when Kai was fighting Thane instead of just standing there dumbly. On Thessia, at least on my playthroughs, Kai never actually touched me before I knocked his shields down and he ran away while calling in his inexplicably invulnerable gunship. We weren't given a "real" feeling confrontation with him at any point, we were given some artificially scripted events where the programmers had to blatantly cheat in order to bring him up to even close to Shepard's level. 6thLyranGuard
- Yet again, Plot Armour BS, I managed to drop Kai Leng's shields so many damn times. =/ Orbrital
Thought it was just me, but I too felt like Shepard suddenly became incompetent during several cutscenes. I mean I've got a Valkyrie slung over my shoulder, why do I pull a Predator and have a stand off with a guy carrying a sword when I can just double tap him in the skull. When he moves away from Thane after their first exchange of blows and before the second would be another great time to shoot him. Then in the police car shepard tries shooting through bullet proof glass? Instead of pulling the magic Shuriken that Shep had in ME2 he uses the pistol to shoot a few pot shots at Kai's shield before watching him cut the engine and walk off, I thought I trained you better than that one shield destruction Shepard.... As you can see I hate Kai Leng's plot armor and how he makes my Shepard's look like a green recruit all the time, but I do still feel he is necessary. He gives a face to the countless armored Cerberus forces and acts as an enemy you want to fight, where TIM is someone youre more likely to have a conversation with since he would probably be pathetic in a fight.KaedAemoh
And what would you have done instead, hm? Make him only show up once? That would've made him just another Cerberus soldier. Make him one of those characters who owns your ass all the time because he only ever fights you in cutscenes? You'd have complained about that too, no doubt. This isn't D&D: the writers can't improvise a new bad guy to adapt to whether or not you kill one of them sooner than they'd planned, and the only other thing they could've done is that annoying thing where he's one of those enemies where 0hp is just where he stops fighting rather than where he dies. It's a funny thing about video games: if the scripts demands that a character survives then there's no clean way of doing it. Shepard gets it too, you know? The script says he doesn't die yet, and so time turns back in order to allow him another chance. Every character whose death isn't meant to happen yet is prevented, even when it is most unlikely, there is no clean way to do it, it's a video game. The only games in existence where the script needs protect no-one from death and can instead rewrite itself around the unexpected death of a character are D&D and similar games, and unless someone invents a true AI to "DM" video games, that's not changing any time soon. The script needed him to survive. Granted, he is always very underhanded and only can't wriggle his way out in the last fight because he made the mistake of allowing himself to be cornered, but I think they wanted to bring attention to that difference between Leng and Shepard.
Is he necessary for the story? No. Is he a good villain? I'd say yes, because you REALLY get to hate his guts. And the sign of a good character is that you have a strong emotion for him, no matter if positive or negative. The scene alone where you finally kill him, and Shepard says "That was for Than you son of a bitch" is worth his inclusion, that was SOOO much satisfying. IIRC that's pretty much the only instance where Shepard really curses, showing how much he too hates him. ~~Aether
I have never encountered in my entire life a more out of place villain than Kai Leng was in ME3. His whole presence was a direct failure because he was designed for one specific purpose: to be the opposite of Shepard. Now the first though can be that this is actually pretty interesting but the problem is that there is an opposite of Shepard: The Illusive Man! TIM isn't just a renegade version of Shepard, no matter how you play Shepard, paragon or renegade, you are against controlling the Reapers and sacrificing millions of human life to achieve this goal. Therefore it would have make much more sense to battle TIM on Cronos station instead of Kai Leng and after getting the Reaper implants it was actually possible for him to fight. That being said let's look at the so called character Kai Leng. I say "so called" because he is arguably not even a real character. He absolutely has no personality. He is just military arm of TIM and that's it. The only purpose of him is to pop out of nowhere and than frustrate the hell out of the player. Is it a good characteristic for a villain that you hate him? It can be. Is it good if it is his only characteristic? Absolutely not. And if your personal definition of a good villain is that you can hate him and that's it than he's probably necessary for you and a he than truly is a good villain. But for me that's not the case. I remember Mass Effect 1. There the non-reaper villain was Saren and he was nothing but perfect because he was absolutely not a one dimensional villain. He actually was a pretty tragic figure since his purpose was not seizing control over the galaxy or destroying it, quite the opposite: he wanted to save life and could therefore at the end of the game even persuaded into stepping back of being a villain.
This all being said, I have to say that I did read Mass Effect Retribution and I liked the character of Kai Leng. There he (and Cerberus) wasn't really a villain because he actually tried to do what's best for the galaxy. Back in the book he actually did have a personality and even quite an interesting one albeit not the most fleshed-out, maybe this could have been maintained if you at least had the possibility of talking to him instead we got a cheap attempt to establish nonsensical space-ninjas in a world where guns do fire so fast bullets that they literally blow your head or limbs off without protection. Zero7
He's neither necessary to the plot nor a good villain. To anyone who neglected to read the novels, he has no backstory. No depth. He's this suddenly relevant and competent foe who appears to have absolutely no motive for what he does, except for loyalty to TIM. Motiveless villains are poorly written villains, and nearly every other villain in the series either has a motive or is a mindless robot. Looks at Saren: he wanted to save lives. TIM? Wanted power for humanity. The Collectors were mindless robots for the Reapers, whose motive was too deep for organics to understand (or something like that, whatevs). Plus, Leng's plot armor makes him even more unbelievable, and that stupid player-controlled fight on Thessia makes him even worse. I realize that they had to put a wrench in Shepard's progress somehow, but by putting in a depthless cretin who is apparently invincible they seemed like they used the boring, easy way out. Perhaps TIM could have reanimated the squadmate who was killed on Virmire as a cold, ruthless killer? That would have been a heart-wrenching battle. More so than Leng. Or on Thessia, what about the fact that there was a freaking reaper above their heads or a short distance away? I realize they had to begin the Cerberus assault somehow, but still. Either way, Kai Leng is a terrible villain in ME3. Maybe he was alright in the novels, but by not giving him any of that backstory in the game, they made him shallow and pathetic.
- This. "Motiveless villains are poorly written villains" That's all what there is to say about Kai Leng. Zero7
- Mass Effect series have always been about knowing what happened before the current game, no matter how much EAWare tried to convince us that you can just jump into ME3 without playing ME1/2 first and having as much fun as the old players (well, they kind of achieved that goal by lowering the overall quality of the game, but that's beside the point), but it's not true. On the other side, I do agree that people who never read the books would have no idea about KL's motivation. I read Retribution and Kai Leng makes a lot of sense to me. I wouldn't complain about bringing in another character who was in the game media before. And by the way, prior to ME3 release everyone wanted him in game. Now people complain... Land Raider
I fall squarely in the "Kai Leng is crap" field. I find it amusing how many people apparently had a strong emotional response to him, none of what he said or did really mattered to me except for killing Thane, and since it was done in such a terribad cutscene (if I was controlling Shepard then I would have burned through a full clip and whatever powers I had on hand as soon as Thane knocked him down the first time) that didn't make me hate him as much as it made me disappointed at the writers who failed so hard. His difficulty was purely artificial so he wasn't an organic threat or a satisfying boss, he was a minor impediment with plot armor. My joy at the renegade interrupt on Cronos station was purely borne of the fact that I knew I wouldn't have to dominate him over and over only to have him turn invincible and regenerate his health yet again.
- That's just it. The game not letting you kill him makes it even more irritating. However, I don't see why people don't complain about, for example, Tela Vasir, whose barriers and armor were plain ridiculous. I'm quite used to games not giving me a chance to kill someone - it's not like Shepard charging KL over and over again is realistic either, you know. Land Raider
- Vasir was a minor enemy who you only fought one time (and killed her) and only appeared in DLC content in the first place, so we killed her and that was it. There was never the hamfisted attempt by the game to bludgeon her into the spotlight as the OMG Ubervillain that Kai Leng received, which helped keep her from being as much of a Scrappy Villain. 6thLyranGuard
- Parent poster here: Tela Vasir was an organic threat, she didnt' have blatant plot armor, she was merely very strong, and rightfully so since she's a Spectre. In fact I would argue that there should be MORE like her.
- So a Council Spectre is a minor enemy? Hell, she was the toughest enemy in the whole game (health-wise, not difficulty-wise - just like Kai Leng). You're saying that she's "rightfully strong" just because she's a Spectre? That's simply not true. She's tough because of her experience. Spectre is just a title, that's all. Kai Leng is one of the most experienced assassins in the galaxy, he's augmented with Reaper Phantom-pattern implants and he's an N7 graduate, so technically he's an evil counterpart to Shepard (who's one of the most experienced soldiers, is augmented with cybernetic implants and is an N7 graduate as well). I'd say that qualifies him for being "rightfully strong". Land Raider
- I never said he shouldn't be, he just isn't. He isn't strong, he's plot armored. Without the terribad cutscene on the Citadel he'd be Swiss cheese, without the gunship on Thessia he would have been dead in seconds, without his magical shield of invulnerability on Cronos he would have died in the first wave. Plot armor != strength. Kai Leng SHOULD have been challenging due to his strength, instead he's challening due to bolt-on plot armor.
- Ah, that's understandable. BioWare had that going ever since NWN:HotU, annoying nemeses with plot armor instead of actual skill (Sabal, for example). Last enemy who was challenging due to its nature was probably resurrected Saren. Land Raider
- Hah, Tela Vasir! Now that's some fun memories of modding the coalesced to allow powers through armor and shields, then throwing her around like a doll. 1 well placed push and she rag dolls over the side of Azure only to jump back to the roof for more fun. I think my most hate filled fight with Kai Leng was on my Vanguard.... I was literally standing over his rag dolled body with a Claymore to his face and half barrier left for another Nova and couldn't kill him. They could have easily given him a huge health bar, strong shields, and made the fight difficult, but still winable. If you kill him you still go to TIM and Cronos station to follow up and take them out of the fight before the reaper assault. Moving the citadel can be explained either through TIM's actions or Harbinger being smart and using their pre established plan to control the relay's using Citadel and acquire information on the current cycle. I wrote their plot for them and I'm not even a writer, Im sure there were better ways to handle Kai Leng but it can all probably be blamed on EA's handling the project.KaedAemoh
- What would have been nice is if it was obvious that Kai Leng had a power like Defense Matrix, visual effect and all, and players could see that it was active in the battle. Once his shields went down, he'd detonate the armor and climb up to a platform, destroying the ladder or other path he used to get there. Then he'd hide behind heavy cover that couldn't be charged through until his Defense Matrix-like power recharged. Once it did, he'd jump back down and rejoin the battle, further justifying Shepard's taunts about how he's always running. Then he wouldn't seem to have temporary invincibility, he'd just be beyond Shepard's reach while his power recharged. Since Defense Matrix is capable of making Shepard all but invincible when used correctly on anything but the hardest difficulty, Kai Leng's plot armor would at least have a known game-play mechanic to justify it. After Thessia, EDI could inform Shepard that she may be able to find a way to counter Leng's shield technology if she is allowed access to battle data from Shepard's omni-tool, or that she is analyzing the data she collected herself if she was present in the battle. Before Horizon, she could tell Shepard that her analysis is complete, and having discovered a similarity to the abilities found in her new body, she had run various trials and now believed she could temporarily disable Leng's defenses. EDI would then program Shepard's omni-tool to hack Kai Leng's 'plot-armor.' Seeing him in the vids on Horizon would build the player's anticipation for a fight that would now be weighted in Shepard's favor. Once the battle actually occurred at Cerberus HQ, EDI could attempt the hack, and find that his abilities had been recently upgraded, requiring additional time to account for the changes. Shepard and the other squadmate must survive and distract Leng from downing EDI while she re-worked her method for disabling his defenses, allowing the battle to last for more than a few seconds. Niquorebel Cousland
- Monica, I would very much like to have you as a game writer. This would be a very nice explanation to plot armours and so. :D Orbrital
- I appreciate the compliment, Orby. =D Much of of the writing in ME3 felt like it could have used a bit more outside analysis before the game reached alpha build status. I'm sure the writers could have come up with something even better if EA had given them enough time. Niquorebel Cousland
- Agreed, I can't believe EA turned BioWare into their cash-cow, and I swear, if they mess up Dead Space 3, I bet a lot of fans are going to freak out and flame EA. This is the reality of the internet today though. Orbrital
It looks like different people are focusing on different aspects of the character. Some appreciate his inclusion, his place in the story, impact on the narrative. Others seem to be focused on how his battles were handled, the fight on Thessia in particular, measuring the character by the amount of health and shields he was given for that fight. It boils down to the ability of game developers to properly handle the recurring enemy, and the willingness of the players to close their eyes on some tropes and narrative devices. Unwinnable boss battles are nothing new; think of it as an interactive cutscene. Mitranim
- It's not that it was an unwinnable boss battle that makes it annoying, it's that it was set up as an unwinnable battle even if you're blatantly kicking Leng's ass from one end of the battlefield to the other while he's unable to get a single counter in, yet he still "wins" despite the utter curbstomp he's taking. 6thLyranGuard


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About Me
Live a fulfilling 20s
I'm living in San Francisco working for a Scandinavian design firm. The most interesting place that I've lived was on an island off the coast of Maine where I worked as a project manager doing offshore lighthouse restoration. Everything about it was as incredible as it sounds, including taking a boat to work everyday. That summer I taught a summer class on sustainability, ecology, and green technology in Bar Harbor, Maine.
I'm in the home stretch of getting my Master's (graduating in December). I graduated with my bachelor's from the College of Charleston and studied Historic Preservation and Art History. I'm a poly-sci junkie, greenie, an avid Archer enthusiast, and I'm a freak for boating and being out on the water.
I'm an Irish citizen and one of 6 siblings. Almost all of my family lives in Ireland, but the one's that live over on this side live in Canada and New York.
I have this page because I thoroughly enjoy meeting new people and exchanging experiences and stories. I've have had great experiences with CS in the past. I'm usually up to host people on a couch or a spare bed at my place, but also want to opportunity to find some new couches anywhere I find myself wanting to go next.
I'm an open, easy going, adventurous, spontaneous, not hard-to-please guy, and I'm always up to show people where I'm from.
Live every day like it's your last. Because one day, it will be.
Why I'm on Couchsurfing
I surf and also host surfers.
visited 24 states (10.6%)Create your own visited map of The World or website vertaling duits?
iSurf and iHost.
All watersports but particularly wakeboarding. Rock climbing, laying out at the beach, cycling, watching a good movie, mountain biking, coffee, traveling, meeting new people, politics and economics, history, exchanging stories and ideas. And of course architecture.
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Movies: Django Unchained, The Conjuring, Life of Pi, Argo, Archer, American Horror Story, Boondock Saints, The Last Samurai, Anchorman, Drive, Crash, 21, The Shawshank Redemption, Slumdog Millionaire, Fight Club, The Breakfast Club
Music: Foster the People, Lifehouse, Mat Kearney, Theory of a Deadman, Muse, the Killers, Matchbox Twenty, anything 90s and anything country
Books: The End of the Suburbs, The Devil in the White City, The Hunger Games, The Geography of Nowhere
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Swam in the Atlantic and the Pacific in the same day without getting on a plane. And without any help from Superman.
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I've been a lobsterman for 11 years as a summer job off the coast of Maine;
I've volunteered across China;
I've worked on lighthouses off the coast in Maine
I use to be a kayak instructor and have had my boating license since I was 12. I've had more jobs that relate to boats than not.
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Gospel star Marvin Sapp fears he will never fully come to terms with the death of his wife, insisting he will mourn her loss for the rest of his life.
Marvin Sapp was left devastated in September when his spouse of 20 years, MaLinda, lost her battle with colon cancer and he admits every day is an emotional rollercoaster as he struggles to accept her passing.
In an interview with the Associated Press, the father-of-three says, "Every day is a new day. There are days when I get up and I cry, thinking of her. There are days thinking of her and I smile. There are days when I'm angry. Days that I'm not... We miss her."
But Marvin Sapp doubts he will ever truly overcome his grief.
He adds, "She was a wife that I planned on having for life. It's still a process. It'll probably be a life-long process. No matter what happens in my future. Some things you just don't get over."


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Does e-Waste Die? Peter Little on Lifecycles and Makerspaces in an "Electronics Graveyard"
Peter Little is an anthropologist and assistant professor at Rhode Island College, and author of Toxic Town: IBM, Pollution, and Industrial Risks (NYU Press 2014). I asked him a few questions about his new project on electronic waste recycling in Ghana. His answers touch on the politics of electronics waste and pollution, surprising links between first and second projects, and the challenge of doing fieldwork in a place that everyone's talking about. Our conversation below has been edited for length and clarity. Emily Brooks: What was the genesis of your second project? How did you move from Endicott [the field site for Toxic Town] to Ghana? Peter Little: The original project was on a high tech production site, a birthplace of electronics. That led me in to thinking more about the lifecycle of electronics, from production to discard. When we think of electronic waste, China pops up, of course, but more and (more...)


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Ob-Gyn questions? Ask a gynecologist online.
am reviewing your question
so, to sum it up..
it looks like your period was a bit lighter than normal, but on time
yes but why would my breast be sore after my period ended and now am bleeding again a week and half later?
and you are having symptoms of sore breasts.
ok..so this 3 day bleed was mid cycle..right?
the 3 day bleed was my normal cycle time. just didn't last longer than 3 days. then had sore breast after that for about a week and a half and today started bleeding again but blood is red and brown
got it. thanks
so there are a couple of things to consider.
first...it could be ovulatory bleeding
it could be related to pregnancy..even though I did read about your success for the last 9 years
it could be that you did not ovulate and are suffering from a hormonal imbalance. This usually manifests itself as an ovarian cyst...causing increased estrogen levels, breast tenderness and spotting.
it could be polyps/fibroids.
does not sound like an infection or anything along that line.
ok yes my friend was just saying to me that she thought that it could be from ovulatory. As far as hormonal imbalance, I am one hormonal lady, like bad! Well thank you for your help, and I will definitely get in to my gyno's office tomorrow.
ok..you're welcome.
I think what you can expect is a blood pregnancy test (just to be sure), a pelvic exam and ultrasound..
ok Dr. thank you again
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sure thing


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But with modern medical technology, a person can be kept alive almost indefinitely with no hope of recovery. And doctors will continue to maintain that life unless they're instructed otherwise.
That's why it's so important to put your final wishes into writing. Wednesday has been designated National Health Care Decisions Day, to encourage people to fill out an advance directive.
"The first advance directive was the living will," said Rhonda Rogers, social services coordinator for the Hospice of Northeast Georgia Medical Center. "Then there was the durable power of attorney for health care. As of 2008, we have a new document in Georgia that is much more simplified."
The new advance directive can be downloaded off the Internet for free. It does not require the services of a lawyer and does not even have to be notarized, yet it is legally binding as long as it is signed by two witnesses.
The Hospice of Northeast Georgia Medical Center is one of the many organizations that are trying to make the public aware of this document. All week, the hospice will answer phone calls to help people with advance care planning.
In addition, the hospice has advance directive forms available, and can help people fill them out.
Similar services are also offered at Legacy Link, the Area Agency on Aging in Gainesville.
Rogers said everyone, not just the elderly or terminally ill, should have this information written down.
"It's a misconception that only old people need an advance directive," she said.
The truth is that a person can be perfectly healthy one minute and near death a few seconds later. Rogers said young men, who comprise the demographic most likely to suffer a sudden catastrophic injury, are also the least likely to seek an advance directive because they don't believe anything will ever happen to them.
When something tragic does occur and the person never expressed their wishes, the resulting uncertainty can tear a family apart. That was made clear in the case of Terry Schiavo, a Florida woman who suffered a cardiac arrest when she was in her 20s.
Oxygen deprivation left Schiavo in a "persistent vegetative state" from which she could not recover. Her husband wanted her feeding tube withdrawn; her parents insisted she could get better. The two parties fought a lengthy, highly publicized legal battle right up until Schiavo's death in March 2005 at age 41.
The courts consistently sided with the husband, who contended that Schiavo once told him she would not want to be kept alive under such conditions. But the case never would have gone through the legal system at all if Schiavo had written an advance directive.
"If you don't have one, the decision-making defaults to your family," said Dianne Currans, health programs manager for Legacy Link. "If you have this document, it's all there in black and white, and the family can't argue over it."
The Georgia Advance Directive has four sections. Part One allows you to designate a "health care agent," a person who will make health care decisions for you if you are unable to do so.
Part Two spells out your treatment preferences if you are incurably ill. You can choose to be kept alive by any means possible or to have no intervention at all. You can also choose to have certain types of support but not others (for example, feeding tube, fluids, ventilator, CPR).
Part Three lets you appoint a guardian, who will handle all of your affairs, not just health care, if you are incapacitated.
Part Four requires signatures from you and two witnesses. A witness cannot be anyone directly involved in your health care, nor anyone who might benefit financially from your death.
Rogers said as long as the form is signed, it is legally valid even if only part of it is filled out.
"There's nothing that binds you to having to fill in every blank," she said. "These are very complex decisions."
Rogers said some people worry that if they fill out this form, no one will attempt to save their life in an emergency situation. But the document is only applicable once the person is in the hospital and is diagnosed with a permanent, irreversible condition.
"If you're in an accident, emergency personnel will always treat you at the scene, regardless of your advance directive," Rogers said.
Currans said it does no good to have an advance directive if no one is aware of its existence.
"Give your doctor a copy, give your family a copy, take a copy with you when you travel," she said.
Rogers said the advance directive is the only way to make sure your final wishes are carried out, and it can also ease the burden on your family.
"The written document provides the (health care) agent with guidance," she said. "There's no potential guilt about whether they made the right decision."


text:
TESOL Curriculum 1 (EDMT5622)
Thirty five percent of students in NSW come from bilingual/ bicultural backgrounds and many need support in the development of English. This unit gives a background in teaching English to young people and adults. It explores the diversity of learners: refugee, migrant and international students; and covers issues in language development, teaching and learning. The focus is on building skills and understandings in teaching spoken language and reading. There is also a focus on building participants' own understanding of the systems of English.
Our courses that offer this unit of study
Further unit of study information
1x3-hr seminar/wk for 12 wks
reflective report and lesson plan (20%) and portfolio of resources for teaching (50%) and take home grammar test (30%)
Faculty/department permission required?
Study this unit outside a degree
Non-award/non-degree study
If you wish to undertake one or more units of study (subjects) for your own interest but not towards a degree, you may enrol in single units as a non-award student.
Cross-institutional study
If you are from another Australian tertiary institution you may be permitted to underake cross-institutional study in one or more units of study at the University of Sydney.


text: I have a 60 inch exmark lazer z with a ultra vac bagging system. I have no complaints at all with the mower and vac when I am mowing in dry conditions or even when the grass is on the long side. I works great. But early in the morning especially in the spring when you have dew on the grass the vac clogs up on a consistant basis. I go much slower to in wet conditions but 9 times out of 10 it clogs on me. I like the mower but is there a mower with a vac system out there that works better in wet conditions. Or something I might try to make mowing wet grass easier. Thanks.


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text: Hi everybody, I'm arriving early in Minneapolis and was wondering if some of you might already be in town or are also arriving early. It might be nice to meet a couple of people informally beforehand, maybe to have a drink or to go see a site together. I'm arriving in Minneapolis this Thursday, Oct. 4, so there's quite some time to meet up :) From October 4-8 I'm staying at: Day's Inn, 2407 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, 612-623-3999. (This is just a couple of blocks from the campus) If I'm in, you can probably reach me there (I don't have a roomnumber just yet) if not, leave a message. From October 8-15 I'm staying at the conference hotel: Radisson Hotel Metrodome, 615 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, 612-379-8888. A quick question for the organizers: would it be possible to make use of the computer facilities of the university? And if so, is there anyone on campus I could contact to get access? I just need a browser and internet access to check my mail once in a while :) See you soon, Frank Schaap. -- The Cyberculture, Identity and Gender Resources ==> http://fragment.nl/resources/


text:
WIMOVAC Soil Processes
Soil-Plant Water Relations
Models of water uptake by plant roots generally have one of two purposes. Either they produce estimates of transpirational water loss for water budget models or they provide estimates for predicting plant water stress {Campbell, 1991 #1958}. Wimovac uses a simple computer algorithm to simulate multiple layer soil water flow, plant water uptake and plant-water relations for a given soil-plant-atmosphere system. This is based upon the analytical plant water uptake models derived by Campbell (1991) but modified here to use wimovacs own soil evaporation and canopy transpiration routines in preference to the simpler formulations proposed by Campbell. Detailed reviews and analyses of plant water uptake have been published {Molz, 1981 #1996; Hillel, 1980 #1995} and form the background of this model module.
In the development of a theory to describe plant water uptake and loss, it has been useful to employ electrical analogs of the system {Gardner, 1960 #1994; Cowan, 1965 #1992; Van den Honert, 1948 #1993}. Figure 33 shows the electrical analog used by Cowan (1965) of a plant withdrawing water from a uniformly rooted soil layer (only resistances in the liquid phase are shown).
Potentials and resistances in the soil-plant system. E is the transpiration rate, yL is the leaf water potential, yxL is the xylem/leaf water potential , yxr is the xylem/root water potential, yr root water potential, ys is the soil water potential, RL is the leaf resistance, Rx is the xylem resistance, Rr is the root resistance, RI is the root interfacial resistance and Rs is the soil resistance. Adapted from Campbell (1991)
Cowan (1965) assumes that transpiration rate (E) is regulated mainly by vapour phase driving forces and resistances. Plant water potentials are therefore primarily the result of an imposed rate of transpiration, from the leaf/canopy transpiration module, and stomatal conductance rather than the converse situation in which plant water potentials are the direct determinant of E. The major resistances in Cowans model are outlined in Figure 33 and consist of resistances due to the soil (Rs), soil interface (RI), root endodermis (Rr), stem xylem (Rx) and leaf (RL). For most species grown in well watered, medium textured soil, the important resistances are due to the root endodermis (Rr) and the leaf (RL). In rough numbers a representative mid-day transpiration rate (E) of 2.3.10-4 Kg m-2 s-1, in a mature plant, produces leaf water potentials of about -1500 kPa in exposed leaves and -1000 kPa in darkened leaves and from this observation Cowan was able to parameterise Figure 33 such that when ys=0, yL=-1500 kPa and yxL=-1000 kPa. Cowan (1965) then assumed that the xylem and soil resistances were negligible and could calculate Rr and RL using Ohms law. Axial resistance in the root, where important was assumed to be included in the Rr value. The root resistance calculated in this manner is the total resistance of the root system. If the length of root is known the resistance per unit length can be calculated and typical values of around 2.5.1010 m3 kg-1 s-1 per unit length have observed {Bristow, 1984 #1997}.
Following the analysis of Cowan (1965) it is then possible to write a differential equation for the uptake of water by a single root as:
where qw is the flux of water (kg s-1 ), k is the soil hydraulic conductivity (kg s m-3), y is the matrix potential (k Pa) and r is the radial distance from the root axis (m). The area for water flow is Aw=2prl where l is the length of root. Hydraulic conductivity can then be related to water potential using the term
where ks is saturated conductivity (kg s m-3), ye is the air entry potential (J kg-1) and n is a constant that depends on soil texture and ranges typically from 2 to 3.5 {Campbell, 1974 #1998}. It is then possible to combine and integrate Equation 132 and Equation 133 from the bulk soil at rs, where water potential is ys, to the root surface (rr) where the potential is yr, to give an expression (Equation 134) that may be related to measurable values.
where L is the rooting density and Dz is rooting depth. Using this and the expression of Gardner (1960) {Gardner, 1960 #1994}for rs it is possible to calculate the soil resistance term as:
Since B depends on root depth and root density, soil resistance in this model is therefore a function of these variables. It will also vary with soil water potential and to some degree with transpiration rate (E).
Few natural rooting systems would fit Cowans initial assumption of a uniform rooting density and this model in itself would be of little use. However Campbell (1991) has been able to extend this simple model to include variable rooting density conditions in which the soil profile is assumed to be made up of a series of zones or layers each of which has a characteristic root density, soil water potential and associated resistances and it is this model that has been incorporated into wimovac.
In Campbells (1991) model water is assumed to move from the soil, through the plant, to the evaporating surfaces in the sub-stomatal cavities in response to gradients in water potential. Only matric and gravitational potential are explicitly accounted for in the derivation, and resistances to flow in the liquid phase are assumed to be mainly in the soil, the root endodermis and the leaf. These resistances are assumed constant and known during the period of a single simulation time step (15 minutes). Interfacial and xylem resistance could have been included but have been assumed to be negligible for the purpose of simplification in the model.
The water uptake from each soil zone in Campbells model is described by the equations previously used by Cowan (1965) to describe a single layer since the rooting density within a single zone can be assumed to be constant. The total uptake of water from the soil is the sum of the uptake from each zone (Equation 136) where ysi is the soil matric potential of zone i, g is the gravitational constant (9.8 m s-2), zi is the depth of layer i, yx is the xylem water potential, Rsi is the soil resistance in zone i and Rri is the root resistance calculated from Equation 137 in which Li is the rooting density of soil zone i. Equation 137 expresses the underlying assumption of the Campbell model that Rri is directly proportional to the total root resistance and inversely proportional to the fraction of the root system that is in that layer. It is possible to then calculate the crown water potential of the plant (yx) using Equation 138 and to use this to calculate the leaf water potential yL using Equation 139. yL must then be solved simultaneously with another equation that expresses the effect of yL on E through stomatal conductance (Equation 43, Equation 44) and this is achieved using an iterative process.
Figure 34 shows typical diurnal output from the soil-plant water potential model for a an initially well watered clay-loam soil during a 10 day dry down period and the values generated for both leaf and soil layer water potentials are in keeping with a number of field observations {Turner, 1983 #2000; Campbell, 1976 #1999}. The diurnal patterns of leaf and soil-water potential variation are important because they drive the stomatal closure model (Equation 43) which in turn strongly influences canopy transpiration (E), assimilation (A) and energy budget. The short time step that the model operates with (between 15 minutes and 2 hours) allows this model to express midday stress on stomatal conductance with the consequent depression in midday transpiration and assimilation typically observed in field trials {Campbell, 1976 #1999}.
Figure 34iii shows that the weighted mean soil-water potential for all soil layers is strongly influenced by the densely rooted layers at the top of the soil profile. The fact that mean water content (Figure 34iv) increases during the night means that the water potential in these layers increases overnight as well. Campbells model does not artificially restrict movement of water from the roots to the soil and assumes that that resistance to water flow is the same for water flowing out of roots as it is for water flowing in. This assumption is supported by work by Baker and van Bavel (1986){Baker, 1986 #2001}.
Soil-plant-water relations. i) Predicted decline in average leaf water potential during a 10 day dry down period (British, mid-summer) starting from a well watered condition. Fcanopy=3. ii) Increased stomatal closure resulting from lowered leaf water potential iii) Decline in soil water potential of 5 uppermost soil layers (total soil depth represented by layers 1m). iv) Decline in volumetric water content of the 5 uppermost soil layers. All parameter values as stated in Campbell (1976) unless otherwise stated in appendices I & II.
In addition to the relatively complex soil-plant model of Campbell (1976) wimovac also contains a much simpler model of volumetric soil water content dynamics as proposed by Johnson (1993). {Johnson, 1993 #1919}
In his approach Johnson (1993) assumes a simple 1 layer soil system in which there is no evaporation from the soil, runoff or drainage. The basis of the model is to calculate the potential daily transpiration rate (the transpiration rate that occurs when there is no resistance to water vapour transfer between the soil and the atmosphere) using either the Penman-Monteith or the Priestly-Taylor formulations (Equation 146 and Equation 147 respectively) and then to assume that the actual daily transpiration is related to soil water content (qsoil). For values of qsoil greater than a particular critical value, q1, (which you can define), transpiration occurs at the potential rate, and for values of qsoil less than another critical value, q2 (the wilting point), there is no transpiration. Intermediate values of qsoil lead to transpiration rates linearly distributed between zero and the potential rate. Any soil type can therefore be described in this model using three simple parameters, i). the field capacity (q*). ii). the critical value (q1). iii). and the wilting point (q2). The default values for these parameters are included in wimovac in the form of a small soil database that includes entries for clay, clay-loam, sandy loam and user defined soil types. The daily soil water balance is given by Equation 141 where the subscripts i and i+1 refer to days i and i+1, rw is the density of water and ds is the soil depth. Simplicity of parameterisation and design are the main advantages to this approach but the direct, albeit empirical, manner in which the rate of soil water loss is linked to soil water content provides a reasonable simulation of the observed reduction in water loss rate associated with soil dry down evident in a number of field observations (Campbell, 1976).
Equations from Campbell (1974) and Cowan (1965){Campbell, 1974 #1998;Cowan, 1965 #1992}.
The evaporation of water directly from the soil is often an important component of effective water loss for the canopy, but is strongly dependent on soil wetness and on plant cover {Jones, 1992 #1954}. Several reports indicate that, even with wet soil, soil evaporation is only about 5% of the total when the leaf area index reaches 4 or more, for crops as diverse as wheat and Pinus radiata {Brun, 1972 #1894; Denmead, 1969 #1893}{Denmead, 1969 #1893}{Brun, 1972 #1894}. When the leaf area index is 2 or less, however, wet soil evaporation can be as much as half the total. Ritchie (1972){Ritchie, 1972 #1990} has suggested that after rain about 10mm of soil evaporation can occur at a high rate (i.e. the soil surface resistance is close to zero). As the soil dries, the surface resistance increases and soil evaporation decreases significantly. With a dry soil surface, soil evaporation is relatively unimportant, and evaporation is solely transpiration from plant leaves and this is approximately proportional to leaf area index {Jones, 1992 #1954}.
Wimovac incorporates two alternative models of soil evaporation. i). The first is commonly called the Priestly/Taylor approach and calculates a potential evaporation rate by assuming that there is no resistance to water flux from the soil surface. This is equivalent to the Penman-Monteith equation for potential transpiration if the diffusion term is 26% of the radiation value. There appears to be little theoretical basis for this simplification, but it is widely used by many modellers and is included here for comparison. ii). The alternative soil evaporation model is based upon the Penman-Monteith formulation which is similar in structure to that used for the calculation of canopy transpiration described previously. This formulation is generally considered more realistic and uses a soil boundary layer conductance term to give actual evaporation rather than the potential evaporation produced by the Priestly/Taylor method.
Both of the soil evaporation models calculate the total incident solar radiation on the soil surface and use this to calculate the net radiation balance (F N,soil) of the soil by subtracting the longwave radiation re-emitted, from the soil, from the total incident radiation (Equation 145). For the sunlit/shaded leaf canopy model, total incident solar radiation for the soil is assumed to be equal to the leaf area weighted average light intensity incident on sunlit and shaded leaves, and for the multiple layer canopy it is assumed to be equal to the leaf area weighted average light intensity of sunlit and shaded leaves in the bottom canopy layer. The radiation energy loss due to re-emission from the soil is assumed to be given by Stefans law reworked for an emitter and air at a similar temperature (Equation 143). The soil boundary layer conductance ga,soil is calculated using an empirical expression (Equation 142) containing a term for the boundary layer thickness () where (usoil) is the wind speed at the soil surface and (Ssize) is the average soil particle size and a diffusion component .
Both soil evaporation models show the expected reduction in soil evaporation rate associated with larger canopy leaf areas but neither adequately takes into account the increase in effective soil resistance that occurs during top layer soil drying. Consequently both models may be prone to overestimate soil evaporation under dry soil conditions. The Penman-Monteith boundary layer conductance (Equation 142) term could be modified to include a soil resistance factor produced by the soil water potential module but this is beyond the scope of current work and may represent an unnecessary complication.
Equations from Johnson (1993).{Johnson, 1993 #1919}.
Models of soil heat flux and associated temperature estimates typically make two major contributions to soil and crop models. Firstly they describes energy partitioning at the soil surface which directly and indirectly affects plant growth and development, and secondly they describe the soil temperature distribution which affects many of the biological and physical processes associated with the soil.
Wimovac uses a one dimensional multiple layer model of soil temperature and heat fluxes identical in structure to that used for the soil water potential calculation module. There are four methods of generating soil temperature and heat flux information included in wimovac and these may be selected by using the appropriate switch in the soil microclimate-temperature section of the model parameter database. These options reflect a series of trade offs between ease of parameterisation and mechanistic detail. i). The first option simply sets all soil layers to a given fixed temperature which may be specified at the start of the simulation run in the model parameter database. ii). The second option allows each soil layer to have a different temperature fixed at the beginning of the simulation. iii). The third option sets all soil layer temperatures equal to the ambient air temperature which changes dynamically with time of day and day of year. There is little theoretical or experimental justification for any of these options but they represent simple methods of specifying soil temperature and are useful for debugging other complex model components which require an input of soil properties. iv). The final option is by far the most mechanistically rich approach and attempts to use the physically correct model proposed by Horton and Chung (1991).
Soil is represented in this model as a complex 3 phase system in which there are solid particulates, a liquid phase water based flux and an associated vapour flux arising from various physical and biological processes. Each type of soil represents a potentially different balance of these components and a successful model of soil heat flux and temperature must take these into account. The model proposed by Horton and Chung (1991), and used in wimovac, assumes that {Horton, 1991 #1959} there are three mechanisms, radiation, convection, and conduction responsible, simultaneously, for the transfer of heat in soil. Radiative energy transfer includes incoming direct and diffuse shortwave solar radiation, longwave sky radiation to the soil surface, and longwave radiation re-emitted outward from the soil surface. Convective energy transfer in a porous media such as soil is associated with a net flux of fluids. A number of authors {Jackson, 1960 #2003; Wierenga, 1969 #2004} have studied the convective energy transfer in soils associated with vapour and liquid fluxes in the soil and although convection may be a major portion of heat flow during periods of large moisture flux, such as during rainfall or irrigation, the mechanism most responsible for subsurface heat transfer is conduction {Horton, 1991 #1959}.
Philip and De Vries (1957) {Philip, 1957 #2008}presented a theory to describe coupled water and heat flow in soil. Van Bavel and Hillel (1975, 1976){Van Bavel, 1976 #2010}{Van Bavel, 1975 #2009}, Milly (1982) {Milly, 1982 #2011} and Bristow et al., (1986) {Bristow, 1986 #2012}expanded and/or used this theory to calculate heat and water flows in soil and were able to derive a description (Equation 148) for conductive heat transfer for a vertical one dimensional soil system.
where Csoil is the volumetric heat capacity (J � C-1 m-3), Ta is the temperature (� C), t is the time(s), z is the depth (positive downward, m), and lsoil is the thermal conductivity (W m-1 � C-1). In the presence of a temperature gradient in a moist soil, heat transfer takes place by convection, in addition to conductance, but by making lsoil the apparent rather than the real thermal conductivity Horton and Chung (1991) avoid having to include this term explicitly. In a moist soil lsoil depends on the soil water content which can vary with both depth and time.
The movement of water in the one dimensional soil profile is described by Equation 149.
where F is the specific water capacity, , and where qsoil is the volumetric soil water content, hsoil is the soil water pressure head, Ksoil is the hydraulic conductivity, S is the source or sink term and zsoil is the vertical distance downward from the soil surface.
Horton and Chung (1991) showed that Equation 148 and Equation 149 can then be solved simultaneously provided that the initial and boundary conditions are known.
The initial conditions in the wimovac version of this model are specified in the model parameter database and consist of initial soil layer temperature information and various soil physical properties (see appendix II). Boundary conditions are calculated on the basis of an energy balance method at the soil surface which is used to determine thermal and hydraulic upper boundary properties. Soil evaporation is calculated in the soil surface evaporation module (Equation 142 to Equation 147) and is used in conjunction with incident and re-emitted solar radiation in order to calculate the latent and sensible heat fluxes at the surface. Soil surface evaporative flux and soil surface temperature are not independent quantities and so are estimated in the model in an iterative fashion. The humidity at the soil surface is calculated from Equation 150, where HOsoil is the saturated humidity at the soil surface (kg m-3) and hsoil is the soil water pressure head.
The saturated humidity, HOsoil, at the soil surface is calculated using Equation 151 derived by Murray (1967) {Murray, 1967 #1879} and the soil heat flux density, Gsoil, at the soil surface may then be described by Equation 152 where lsoil is the thermal conductivity of the soil surface (W m-1 �C-1). Net radiation, soil evaporation, soil surface humidity and Gsoil are all functions of the unknown soil surface temperature and before the surface temperature can be calculated an approximation for Gsoil must be used (Equation 153) , this is provided by Chung and Horton (1987){Chung, 1987 #2013} in which Ts is the surface temperature for the present time step, T1 is the surface temperature from the previous time step, T2 is the soil temperature from the previous time step for the node at vertical position 2, Dz is the vertical spatial increment, C is the volumetric heat capacity for the soil surface layer and Dt is the time step increment.
Equation 153 approximates the soil heat flux density by adding a term that estimates soil heat flux at a depth of and a term that estimates the change in heat stored in the soil above . The value of Ts is solved numerically for each time step using a bisector root-finding algorithm {James, 1977 #2014}. The predicted soil surface temperature, Ts from the energy balance partitioning is used as the upper-boundary condition. The model algorithm then uses an implicit, finite difference method (Equation 154) to solve the soil heat and water flow equations.
Soil temperature profiles. i). Predicted soil temperature profile for Jday=190 at 0400hr and 1600hr indicating the change in temperature in the upper layers. Note that the upper levels are more directly connected to air temperature compared to lower layers which are relatively more stable. ii).Predicted soil temperature surface for Jday=100 to Jday=101. Total depth of soil profile=0.5m, Fcanopy=3. Parameters values as stated in Horton and Chung (1991) unless otherwise specified in appendices I & II.
Soil parameters required by the model as inputs include soil surface emissivity, initial soil surface albedo, soil thermal conductivity, soil volumetric heat capacity, soil water capacity, and hydraulic conductivity, all as functions of water content, roughness length, and the soil-water characteristic curve. A few general inputs are also required to run the module and these are obtained from the appropriate routines in the macroclimate module and include the time of solar noon, day length, length of simulation, D z, and D l and various weather inputs such as rainfall. Soil water characteristics, hydraulic conductivity and specific water capacity are described by empirical equations presented by Van Genuchten (1980) as given by Equation 155 in which Ks is the saturated hydraulic conductivity, h is the absolute value of the pressure head and a 1 and n are non linear regression parameters describing the shape of the soil water characteristic curve. Soil surface emissivity, e , (Equation 157) follows that used by Van Bavel and Hillel (1976).{Van Bavel, 1975 #2009} The soil volumetric heat capacity (J �C-1 m3) is determined following De Vries (1963) {De Vries, 1963 #2015}and is given by Equation 158, where q s is the input saturated volumetric water content of a specified soil. Soil thermal conductivity is assumed to be related to water content by the empirical expression (Equation 159). Soil surface albedo (asoil) may be obtained as a fixed value from the model parameter database or determined according to Van Bavel and Hillel (1976) as indicated in Equation 160.
Equations from Horton and Chung (1991), {Horton, 1991 #1959}
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text:
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Scoring for 1-26 Association sanctioned events provided by
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At the end of January the 1-26 Association was in 14th place in the whole USA. The Blairstown Boys fixed that. On February 21st, 4 1-26s flew a long way and lifted the 1-26 Association into 7th place.
Since there were 4 1-26s flying out of Blairstown that day we'll award the first 4 places.
What a day! That's a total of 1642.91km and with our handicap 2635 points for the 1-26 Association. Great going!
For February we had 9 flights by 6 pilots. Every bit helps. Ron had 3 flights, Daniel Sazhin had 2, and Mike Havener had 1, besides the flights above.
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We have a double header. Joe K McKay of Huntsville, Alabama and Ken Ekman of Norfolk, Virginia have both been awarded a 1-26 Association Certificate of Achievement for completing the requirements of a Silver Badge. Ken flew #160 out of Bermuda High Soaring, SC in 2007. Joe finished up his Silver last October in #021. Congratulations to both of you.
Ron Schwartz
1-26 Assn Record Keeper
CONGRATULATIONS to GARRY DICKSON who won the H. MARSHALL CLAYBOURN MEMORIAL AWARD for 2011. Garry flew 352.55 miles for the longest straight out flight of the year.
This award was established in 1970 in honor of H. Marshall Claybourn and is awarded annually
Bob Spielman
Jo and Charles Shaw have created a great 1-26 Association Milestones arcticle that chronicles the history and highlights of the Association and our favorite sailplane. When I started reading it, I couldn't stop. A lot of time and energy went into this labor of love and you can see the passion both Jo and Charles share for the Association.
This ought to be required reading for all 1-26 Association Members!
The 1-26 Association has announced the winner of the 2011 HANGMAN AWARD:
Ron flew a 489 statue mile flight.
This award was established in 2009 in honor of Doug "Hangman" Levy and is awarded for the longest 1-26 flight of the year
with turnpoints allowed. Ron won this award in 2009 and will receive another very nice plaque soon.
Congratulations from the 1-26 Association, Ron.
I just confirmed the weekend after Mother's Day as a "Good to Go" date for Harry Smith. Let's plan on May 18,19, and 20 as the date to get as many 1-26s as possible to Aguila.
Rumor has it that the Burro Inn has done some remodeling. I will check it out. Otherwise Wickenburg is recommended as the place to go. I liked being downtown at the Best Western, but the Super 8 where most of the Skid Row has stayed is also good. Camping on the field is an excellent choice. No dump site but there are toilet facilities. Work out your own bathing routine.
Bob Hurni
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1-26 Glider Races
"One Design" Fun Meet Wurtsboro 2012
Wurtsboro Gliderport, Wurtsboro NY
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Contact: Warren Cramer 845-888-2791
Dont forget upcoming events:
Region 2 North June 22 ~ June 29
Fun meet for all gliders: dates TBA
Wurtsboro is a beautiful soaring facility with breathtaking scenery and excellent soaring conditions.
Come join the fun!
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The World Class and 13.5m National Contest are also going to be hosted by TAS durring the same time period.
13.5 Meter Nationals are available to all ships 13.5 M or less. The 13.5M Class is handicapped. Most gliders already have a handicap, if not, one will be created.
1-26 competitors can enter the 13.5 Meter Nationals and fly the course July 10, 2012 instead of using it as a practice day. Thereafter, flight logs are applied to both contests.
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Click Here for more information.
The Association is formed for the purpose of stimulating interest in, and promoting
the sport of soaring in the Schweizer 1-26 sailplane; to establish standards for
competition in the 1-26; to establish categories for record flights made in the
1-26; to disseminate information relating to the 1-26 and flights made in the 1-26,
and to give recognition to its membership for accomplishments related to soaring in
the 1-26.
The Association's goal is to foster the helpfulness, the camaraderie, and the
opportunity for head-to-head competition that is found in One Design groups
in sailing. It is an organization of people who share the common ideal that
soaring should be fun, not frantic - people who include pilots, families, crews
and others who are interested. Membership is open to everyone. Owning a 1-26 or
being a pilot is not required.
The Association has evolved a whole range of challenges and rewards to fit the
ambitions of pilots at all levels of experience and skill. It has, for example,
special recognition for those who complete FAI badge legs in a
1-26 with a very special Roll Of Honor
for those who complete all three Diamonds in a 1-26.
The Sweepstakes is an all-year X-C
competition that lets you fly at the time and place of your choosing against
pilots of comparable experience levels. It provides an opportunity to pit your
skills against the best in your division - on your own home turf.
The Association maintains and publishes Regional (including
Canada) 1-26 records which, are essentially the same as the SSA
State Records. Categories and classes include speed triangles, distance tasks,
absolute altitude and altitude gained for each class (Open, Senior, Feminine
and Junior).
A multitude of local, regional and other trophies and awards
are available to honor the best accomplishments of all our"achievers". The
longest straight-line flight of the year is especially honored with the
H. Marshall Claybourn Memorial Award.
The 1-26 Championships is the high point of the
year for many pilots. Open to any 1-26 pilot in the world, the winner is indeed
the 1-26 World Champion. Since
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Champion Team. Numerous local and regional competitions
throughout the year give pilots and crews a chance to break into competition in
a low-key environment before going for The Big One
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Association. Annual dues for individuals are $15.00 and family members at the
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figlio scopa padrefigli e amanti ebookfigli della rivoluzione itafigli del caosfiglia miamcts selfpaced training kit exam 70450 contact the Secretary / Treasurer.
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text:
Plan A:
1: Somehow get to my friend's house
2: Load car with nonperishable food and drinks.
3: Get in car w/pistol and 50 bullets
4: Raid Wal-Mart and Gun Shop in Beaverton
5: When fuel runs out, switch cars
6: Travel the wortld, raiding gun shops and stores while riding seperate cars
Plan B:
1: Ditto
2: Raid Wal-Mart and Gun Stores
3: Return, fortify house
4: Use car to travel to other stores and raid them for supplies for rest of time.
Plan C:
1: Ditto
2: Ditto
3: Make large group of as many as possible
4: Ditto
5: Become nation during aftermath
Plan D (If I'm in Medford, OR)
1: Break into Gun Safe
2: Raid truck
3: Find people to make group
4: Rest is same as Plan A
Plan E
1: Ditto as A
2: Load car with weaponry and refreshments
3; Barricade utility shed at skyridge middle school
4: Raid all walmarts and gun shops in area as time goes on


text:
Howdy, I've attached a new patch with the latest revisions of for the citext contrib module patch. The changes include: * Using strlen() to pass string lengths to the comparison function, since lowercasing the value can change the length. Per Tom Lane. * Made citextcmp consistently return int32, per Tom Lane. * Made the hash index function return the proper value, per Tom Lane. * Removed the COMMENTs and GRANTs from citext.sql.in. * Added a cast function from bpchar to citext, as suggested by Tom Lane. * Set the storage type for CITEXT to "extended", to ensure that it will be toastable. Per Tom Lane. * Fixed the COMMUTATOR of <=. * Changed the cast from citext to bpchar from implicit to assignment. This eliminates ambiguous function resolutions. * Eliminated superflous functions, per Tom Lane. * Removed unnecessary `OPERATOR()` calls in NEGATORs and the like. * Added binary in/out functions. Per Tom Lane * Added an explicit shell type to make the output a bit quieter. * Converted tests to pure SQL and omitted multibyte tests (though a few remain commented-out). * Reorganized and expanded the documentation a bit. This version is far better than I started with, and I'm very grateful for the feedback. Now, I have a few remaining questions to ask, mostly just to get your opinions: * The README for citext 1.0 on pgFoundry says: > I had to make a decision on casting between types for regular > expressions and > decided that if any parameter is of citext type then case > insensitive applies. > For example applying regular expressions with a varchar and a citext > will > produce a case-insensitive result. > > Having thought about this afterwards I realised that since we have > the option > to use case-insensitive results with regular expressions I should > have left the > behaviour exactly as text and then you have the best of both > worlds... oh well > not hard to change for any of you perfectionists! I followed the original and made all the regex and LIKE comparisons case-insensitive. But maybe I should not have? Especially since the regular expression functions (e.g., regexp_replace()) and a few non- regex functions (e.g., replace()) still don't behave case-insensitively? * If the answer is "no", how can I make those functions behave case- insensitively? (See the "TODO" tests.) * Should there be any other casts? To and from name, perhaps? Thanks! David
Next: From: cinu Date: 2008-07-16 06:10:50 Subject: postmaster.pid not visible Previous: From: David Fetter Date: 2008-07-16 05:22:57 Subject: Re: [PATCHES] WITH RECURSIVE updated to CVS TIP


text:
Being consistant is good
I don't know which is correct, but...
Aberforth Dumbledore
Aberforth Dumbledore was Ariana's older and favourite brother.
Albus Dumbledore
Albus Dumbledore was Ariana's eldest brother.
So... they're older than each other? Heh, the things that magic can accomplish... A F K When Needed 21:25, 8 July 2009 (UTC)
- I'm not quite sure what you're getting at, but both passages are correct. Aberforth was older than Ariana, and Albus was the eldest of the three siblings. Nick O'Demus 21:38, 8 July 2009 (UTC)
- Yes, learn your comparative and superlative forms. "Older" compares two (in this case Aberforth and Ariana) and "eldest" compares more than two (in this case, the three Dumbledore siblings). Kriuteon 23:52, April 19, 2010 (UTC)
"...violently assaulted her..."
We don't know anything for sure. J.K. purposely left out what they did to her (personally, I think it was rape, which would explain why she left it out) but still, I won't put that because it was not told what actually happened. We don't know they violently assaulted her, for all we know, they could have called her names. This is all that is said about what happened: "They forced their way through the hedge, and when she couldn't show them the trick, they got a bit carried away trying to stop the little freak doing it." I suggest we rewrite this part. Othatzsokewl 18:40, March 13, 2010 (UTC)
- Well first, why would they rape her? They were only boys about Ariana's age (at least that is what JKR leads us to believe). They probably just beat her up really bad.--L.V.K.T.V.J.(Send an owl!) 18:45, March 13, 2010 (UTC)
Firstly, it was strongly intimated that it was rape that unbalanced Ariana so severely, and the fact that the particulars were NOT discussed pretty much proves it. And children do things like that too,,, yes, they do. Sad but true.
But, what brought me here to edit was that it states Ariana is a 'half-blood' witch. Percival and Kendra were wizard and witch respectively, so how can it be that their daughter Ariana, younger sister to Aberforth and Albus, both wizards, could possibly be a half-blood? Bad screw up here folks,,, fix it.
Lets get something straight here. 1 pureblood + 1 pureblood = pureblood children 1 pureblood(Percival Dumbledore) + 1 muggleborn (Kendra Dumbledore; check page 155 of the Deathly Hallows) = 1 HALF BLOOD
This is the same equation we use when realizing Harry is a halfblood.
If you could create an entire population of purebloods by mating with muggleborns, there would be no general class issue, would there?
Get your facts together. Alexadavis21 (talk) 18:54, October 18, 2014 (UTC)alexadavis21
22.214.171.124 06:03, April 11, 2010 (UTC)blv
Arian was not a half-blood witch, she was full blooded (pure blood) if you will keeping it contextual. Her father Percival was a wizard, her mother Kendra was a witch, both her brothers, Albus and Alberforth were wizards. She was NOT a hal-blood witch.
- First, the Kendra Dumbledore was Muggle-Born making all of her children half-bloods. See: Blood purity. Second, it is not suggested that she was raped. She was nine or ten at the time, and if her muggle attackers were trying to force her to recreate the magic she was doing, how would raping her accomplish that. It is most likely that she was physically beaten, but to read any more than that into it is not kosher. --JKoch(Owl Me!) 10:18, April 11, 2010 (UTC)
- I think that they started with maybe physical beating. "...got a bit carried away trying to stop the little freak doing it." I think that they started just beating her to make her stop, and then raped her. It doesn't say what age the boy were, they could have been seventeen or eighteen for all we know, and it seems likely that Alberforth would call anyone that age boy. Also, judging from Ron and Hermione's reactions, I think it was rape. (Ariana was also a half blood)188.8.131.52 10:40, May 22, 2012 (UTC)
I (reluctantly) agree that she was likely raped. We do never learn the age of the boys, and even at 13 or 14 they would be physically capable of performing the act. Compounded on that is her symptoms: a beating alone would not produce the results that are described. Why would Percival Dumbeldore's use (speculation alert) the Cruciatus Curse on them if they just beat her? Her refusal to use magic indicates that she suffers from PTSD, and after the event, she associated using magic with the trauma of the event, which I cant imagine happening if she was only beaten. Her symptoms do somewhat match Umbridge's, who we "know" was raped by the centaurs. Dr. Galenos (talk) 15:50, November 21, 2013 (UTC)
DH film
A photo of Ariana can be seen on the left at 5:46:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jAwqxsi47w. Not only does this provide a proper picture of her, now we know for sure that Hebe is the one playing her. - Mr. Mortimer, 23:04, November 28, 2010
Here's a high-res photo of Ariana from the film:http://www.homeofthenutty.com/movies/screencaps/displayimage.php?album=160&pid=161157#top_display_media - Greater good, 20:47, 5 April, 2011
Age Problems
Hi, I saw this picture: and then the dates of birth and death of Ariana and Kendra. That irritates me. On the tombstone is written for Ariana's death date: 21 May 1900 (Aged 13 years). In the Portrait Individual Infobox is given as death date: Late summer (1899) (aged 14). It is impossible that Ariana died in the late summer of 1899, because on the tombstone is given as Kendra Dumbledore's death date: 18 November 1899. It is proven that Kendra died before Ariana. That would be impossible when Kendra died at 18 November 1899 and Ariana died in the late summer of 1899. So the date on the tombstone with the year 1900 must be the right date. In the book Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows was written - if I remember correct - that she was 14 years old, so in this point the tombstone must be incorrect. But when she died in 1900 at age 14, she must have been born in 1886. I think here were dates mixed up. What do you think? Harry granger 21:47, December 21, 2010 (UTC)
- On Kendra's info box it says she died early summer of 1899, which makes sense because we know that Dumbledore graduated '99 and that his mother died while he had been making preparations to go abroad with Elphias, so if he had been out of school for longer (if Kendra died nov 18), I would imagine he would have already left with Elphias as their plans were to leave shortly after school ended. --BachLynn(Accio!) 21:58, December 21, 2010 (UTC)
That is a good point. I forgot that that was written in the book. That can only mean that the filmmakers made another mistake, when they put the death date as November 1899. Not their first and only mistake !!! Harry granger 22:04, December 21, 2010 (UTC)
Mirror of Erised
Where does it say what Albus sees in the Mirror of Erised?????? XxMissJacobBlackxx 16:48, April 16, 2012 (UTC)XxMissJacobBlackxx
Jo Rowling said so in one of her interviews. Harry granger Talk contribs 12:33, April 17, 2012 (UTC)


text:
Microsoft has posted a video giving you a walkthrough of its new SmartGlass app for the Xbox 360 gaming/entertainment console. Several sites (here, here, and here) are reporting that the app will launch on Oct. 26 alongside Windows 8 and the Surface tablet.
The app lets you view content across multiple devices - for example, you can start watching a movie on your smartphone, then stream it to your Xbox (connected to a TV), with additional content appearing on the smartphone or tablet. The video explains this and additional features available with the app:
Before you get too excited, though - the "works on every device" line isn't completely accurate. While initially the app will work with Windows 8 PCs, Surface tablets and Windows Phone 8 devices, this article says that iOS devices and Android devices won't be able to use it for at least six months. Far be it from me to think that Microsoft would be altruistic in allowing other devices to connect to its app instead of forcing users to buy Microsoft-only devices, but hey, that's business, right?
See you in six months, Microsoft!
Keith Shaw rounds up the best in geek video in his ITworld.tv blog. Follow Keith on Twitter at @shawkeith. For the latest IT news, analysis and how-tos, follow ITworld on Twitter, Facebook, and Google+.
Watch some more cool videos: Science Monday #1: Why it's dark at night BBC gives Doctor Who fans an Amy/Rory postscript The best remote-control car chase ever Science Monday: Origins of Quantum Mechanics in under 5 minutes Motion-copy robot can mimic painting brush strokes


text:
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Best Actress Oscar winner Jennifer Lawrence in full princess mode on the red carpet, followed by a slinky little number at the Vanity Fair party.
Hilary Swank hasn't been in anything for ages, but she hasn't lost her touch.
Amanda Seyfried - in ice pink on the red carpet and in fire-engine red at the Vanity Fair party.
What a difference a dye makes. Yes, that elegant brunette is Britney Spears, on her way to an Oscars bash.
Anne Hathaway in the now-famous Les Nipperables number at the Oscars ceremony - and in a somewhat more serious number at the Vanity Fair Oscars party.
Naomi Watts - at the Oscars - and afterwards. Which dress do you like best?
Kim, left, and Kourtney Kardashian work it at an Oscars bash.
Kourtney Kardashian, Kim Kardashian, Kelly Osbourne and Miley Cyrus... look like they're having fun, don't they?
Miranda Kerr and Orlando Bloom doing what they do best - posing for the cameras - en route to the Vanity Fair Oscars bash.


text:
Many players in A.J. Johnson's situation would already have one foot out the door. He's got a bright future set as a college football linebacker — with the University of Florida and Tennessee as his two clear favorites — and the vast majority of his Gainesville High teammates that he played with for a state title in 2009 already graduated from the program.
But then again, Johnson, a senior, has never been one to do things halfway. Red Elephants coach Bruce Miller just chalks that up to the competitive nature that made Johnson a starter early in his freshman season and a staple in the lineup ever since.
"A.J. has never been about A.J.," Miller said. "He loves to play the game, he's highly competitive and it's just his nature to go 100 percent."
Last Friday, Johnson showed his diversity on the field and explosiveness when he took on the role of running back and rushed for 76 yards and a touchdown on nine carries out of the wildcat formation. In addition to that, he had 15 tackles on defense and recovered a fumble and returned it for a touchdown against White County. For his efforts, Johnson is The Times Football Player of the Week.
Johnson went to Miller recently about getting involved on offense. Miller didn't push back too much about the idea, thinking that Johnson, his leader middle linebacker, could be pretty tough to tackle. It was successful right away and helped Gainesville secure a 31-22 win over the Warriors.
"When I first asked coach Miller about playing on offense, he said 'sure,'" Johnson said.
Johnson is clearly focused on the success of Gainesville's football team this season. He added he's willing to play any position on the field if it will help the team win.
"The game is never about him, and in today's society that probably makes him unique," Miller said. "He'd probably be able to play all 48 minutes in a game and maybe would just be a little bit tired."
Johnson says he was ready to take the wraps off his career as a running back in Week 1 against Buford, but Miller opted to keep it in the bag for the element of surprise. Once Johnson got in the backfield against the Warriors, he was able to run inside with his 6-foot-3, 230 pound frame, but also able to kick it outside with his speed to the perimeter.
Miller still remembers the first time Johnson carried the football in practice. All he could see was a pack of defenders moving backward.
"We had half the scout team trying to tackle him and the other half trying to get out of the way," Miller said.
Even though Johnson, rated the eighth best linebacker prospect in the country according to Rivals.com, has found success running the football, he knows it is just a one-year experiment. Once he moves on to the college game, Johnson is going to make his living going after the ball carrier.
"I know I have to be a vocal leader on our football team," Johnson said. "Coach can put me anywhere on the field and I believe I can be successful."
Once football season is complete, Miller says Johnson will apply the same work ethic into playing basketball, and then compete at the same level during track and field season in the spring.
"You talk to any coach he plays for at Gainesville, and they'll tell you that A.J. gives it all he's got," Miller said.


text:
Intel has leaked plans for its new Ivy Bridge processors all over the internet and we're hoping the improved, power-saving chips will be turning up in ultrabooks at CES come January. For now though, we'll have to be content with details of what Intel has up its sleeves for its next desktop processor line-up.
New features for the Ivy Bridge update include a next-gen GPU, four virtual cores to bring the chip's cores up to eight, built-in USB 3.0 support and Turbo Boost tech to slow down or speed up individual cores. This should mean faster overall performance and greater power efficiency – which should come in handy when Ivy Bridge chips make their way to next year's ultrabooks.
In terms of hard and fast numbers, some of Intel's Core i5s and Core i7s are in for a treat, with the Ivy Bridge improvements set to be clocked at between 100MHz and 300 MHz higher than the Sandy Bridge chips.
Head over to CPU World to take a look at the full line-up in all its quad-core glory and see how the improvements stack up against Sandy Bridge
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Nov. 8, 2011
|Game Information
|Maryland Terrapins
|Friday, November 11, 2011
|7 p.m.
|College Park, Md. | Comcast Center
|Getting There
|Online Media
|Audio|Live Stats|Video
|Game Notes
|Game Notes
Game Info
- The Loyola University Maryland women's basketball team opens the season against the No. 11/10 Maryland Terrapins on Friday, Nov. 11, 2011 at the Comcast Center in College Park, Md., at 7 p.m.
- The Greyhounds are 17-22 all-time in season openers and 3-3 under head coach Joe Logan.
- Loyola lost its 2010-11 season opener at West Virginia, 80-49.
- The Greyhounds are coming off one of their best seasons in program history, finishing 21-13 overall and 15-3 in the MAAC. The squad won its first postseason game in program history, beating Old Dominion in the first round of the WNIT.
Scouting the Terrapins
- The Terrapins earned their 19th NCAA Tournament appearance in 2010-11, finishing the season 24-8 overall and 9-5 in the ACC.
- Forward Alyssa Thomas was named ACC Rookie of the Year in 2010-11 after averaging 15.7 ppg and 8.4 rpg.
- The Terps were picked to finish third in the ACC this season and begin the year ranked No. 10 by the AP and No. 11 by the ESPN/USA Today.
The Series
- This marks the 21st meeting between the Greyhounds and the Terrapins, with Maryland holding a 17-3 advantage. The Greyhounds' last win came on Nov. 17, 1998 in Baltimore.
Loyola vs. the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC)
- Loyola is 3-27 all-time vs. ACC opponents, with the team's last win coming on November 17, 1998 against Maryland in Baltimore.
- All three of the team's victories have come against Maryland.
- The Greyhounds have won just one game on the road against an ACC team; a 57-50 decision at UMD on November 19, 1997.
Current Greyhounds vs. Maryland
- Seven current Greyhounds have appeared in games against the Terrapins over the last three seasons.
- Miriam McKenzie leads the Greyhounds, averaging 8.0 points and 5.0 rebounds per game against the Terps in three games.
- Katie Sheahin is averaging 7.0 points and 4.5 rebounds per game against Maryland.
- Alyssa Sutherland scored 10 points and had three rebounds when the team's matched up last season.
Loyola-Maryland Connections
- Current Greyhound assistant coach Keith Booth was an assistant for Maryland's men's team the past seven season under former head coach Gary Williams.
Up Next
- The Greyhounds play their home opener on Sunday against Navy at 5 p.m.
- Loyola is 3-11 all-time against the Midshipmen after winning last year's game, 57-54, in Annapolis.
- Loyola will raise its 2011 Women's National Invitation Tournament banner in a pregame ceremony.
'Hounds Picked Second in MAAC Preseason Poll
- Loyola was picked to finish second in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Preseason Coaches' Poll.
- The Greyhounds received 84 points with Marist being chosen as the unanimous preseason favorite.
- The second-place ranking is the highest under head coach Joe Logan and is the best for the program since it was selected to win the league in 2004.
McKenzie, Sheahin Earn Preseason Accolades
- Miriam McKenzie and Katie Sheahin were both named to the Preseason All-MAAC First Team team as voted on by the league's head coaches.
- McKenzie was an All-MAAC First Team selection in 2010-11, while Sheahin made the Second Team.
2010-11: A Year to Remember
- The Greyhounds are coming off one of their most successful seasons in program history, finishing 21-13 with a 15-3 mark in MAAC play.
- The 21 wins tied a program record set in 1998-99, while the 15 MAAC wins were the most in school history.
- The team also had its first postseason victory, defeating Old Dominion in the first round of the WNIT before losing to Virginia in the second round.
- Loyola made a run to the finals of the MAAC Tournament before losing in the finals to Marist.
- From January 26 until February 25, the Greyhounds tied the longest winning streak in program history by rattling off nine-straight victories.
Stealing the Show
- Katie Sheahin had a breakout season in 2010-11, finishing the year ranked second in the NCAA in steals per game (3.5) and setting the single-season record at Loyola for steals in a season (118).
- Sheahin also had the second-most assists in program history in a single season with 134. She tied the single-game record for assists with 11 on December 11, 2010 against Mount St. Mary's.
Streaking into a New Year
- Katie Sheahin has reached double figures in 14-straight contests entering the 2011-12 season.
- Sheahin also has started 35-straight games coming into the season.
Not Your Average Joe
- Head coach Joe Logan enters the season with 96 career victories, needing just five more to become the all-time wins leader in Loyola history
- Logan has led Loyola to two 20-plus win seasons in his tenure, including tying a program record with 21 wins last season.
Booth, Williamson Join Coaching Staff
- The Greyhounds welcome assistant coach Keith Booth and Director of Basketball Operations Erica Williamson to the sideline this season.
- Booth, a Baltimore native, comes to Loyola after spending the past seven seasons as an assistant coach under former head coach Gary Williams with the Maryland men's program.
- Booth played four years at Maryland where he finished among the Terrapins' all-time leaders in scoring (9th with 1,776 points), rebounding (6th with 916 points) and steals (5th with 193). He is one of 15 players to have his jersey honored above Maryland's home court at the Comcast Center.
- Booth also was a member of the 1998 NBA World Champion Chicago Bulls.
- Williamson was a four-year standout at the University of Notre Dame where she helped the Irish to two trips to the NCAA Sweet Sixteen in 2008 and 2010.
- She ranks eighth in Notre Dame history with 125 career blocks.
- Williamson played overseas in Germany where she was the starting center for the SV Halle Lions before having reconstructive ankle surgery that ended her playing career.
- Williamson was the President of the Student-Athlete Advisory Council as a senior at Notre Dame.


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Re: question (for Mathematica 6!)
The issue was that UnitStep was being used sometimes as a piecewise function and sometimes as a distribution. HeavisideTheta was introduced to take on the distribution role, so that UnitStep is now just a piecewise function. Also, UnitStep[0] returns 1, whereas HeavisideTheta[0] returns unevaluated.
Wolfram Research


text:
BAGHDAD, Iraq President Saddam Hussein urged the Iraqi people on today to support the new U.N. arms
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