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Wondering how you can seriously boost your Pinterest strategy? I've asked some fantastic Pinterest users to share three things with me: a top tip, their favorite Pinterest board, and a few pinners that they love to follow. You'll learn some great tips to start your Pinterest strategy or boost what you are doing as well as get some insight into what works for them.
Melissa Taylor
Favorite Pinterest Tip Try your own performance testing to discover the best time of day to pin. I call this the pin-delete-pin strategy. Pin the same pin at strategic times throughout the day, delete, and try again. Watch how well it does over 4 hours. Record both the time and the repin activity. Delete and pin again, tracking it's performance several more times during the day. At the end of the day, you should have some decent information about when your followers are most active.
Favorite Pinterest Board I love inspiring ideas for encouraging kids to read and write so this is my favorite board: Writing, Learning and Literacy Ideas for Kids.
Favorite Pinners This is a hard one — there are so many and each for different topics!! I love Megan Sheakoski of Coffee Cups and Crayons for her kid-related variety and quality pins. For food, Damn Delicious and Foodie Crush . You said one. I'm stopping now. So hard . . . I could keep going all day.
Rebekah Radice
Favorite Pinterest Tip Take the time to make your Pinterest profile shine!
· Share details about who you are, what you do and what clients you serve. Be clear and concise. You never want to leave room for assumptions.
· Know the keywords and phrases used to locate your particular business or service.
· Use Pinterest as a platform for thought leadership by incorporating your message and mission into everything you pin.
Favorite Pinterest Board My favorite Pinterest board is "Social Media Infographics," which is chock-full of educational, creative, and strategic ways to use social media within your business.
Favorite Pinners This is a tough one! There are so many amazing people on Pinterest sharing incredible content. You are definitely one of those Peg! Two other pinners I would highly recommend are: Katherine Kotaw – Whether you follow her on Google+, Twitter or Pinterest, Katherine is fun, enthusiastic and a fantastic engager! Irene Becker – Irene's pins are full of valuable content. With over 20,000 pins, you will find everything from business and communication tips to social media and marketing ideas.
Paul Biedermann
Favorite Pinterest Tip I like to follow up with people who've repinned my custom pins by giving them a like, thanking them in the comments, or maybe repinning something of theirs as well. I think it's always good to reciprocate when you can and stimulate the social engagement aspect of Pinterest as you would on any other social network. I also recommend going down the rabbit hole of other recommendations that Pinterest provides after you've repinned something — that has led to all kinds of great discoveries (and late nights)!
Favorite Pinterest Board Typographic Design — The art of designing with type, fonts, letterforms and anything else alphabet-like. I think I've curated some pretty incredible examples from around the world and throughout design history — it's amazing to see what can be done with just words and letters. It is also incredibly difficult to do well. But what I really love most about typographic design is the economy of it all — the content IS the design!
Favorite Pinners There are so many experts in my industry that I follow from around the world, so it's tough to pick just one. But I did just recently come across Ricky Feynman who has some excellent collections of pins. I also enjoy following people I know and respect from the other social platforms, of course.
Megan Sheakoski
Favorite Pinterest Tip Once you find someone you like (AKA want to stalk) on Pinterest click on her pins–instead of just browsing her boards or following her in your stream make a point to stop by and see what she's been pinning lately. This is my favorite way to find new content! You can't keep up with everything being shared in Pinterest and sometimes the home feed can be overwhelming so this is a great way to see at a glance what you may have missed.
Favorite Pinterest Board I should totally say my Coffee Cups and Crayons board to promote myself, but my favorite one is Acts of Kindness for Kids {and You!} because it makes me so happy!
Favorite Pinners I am totally obsessed with Michael Wurm, Jr. right now!
Anna Bennett
Favorite Pinterest Tip My tip has to do with board titles:
- be direct and obvious
- include key words
- include an identifiable Pinterest category
These three elements will help to increase your odds of being found via the Pinterest search. These three points are important because pinners use plain and direct language in their searches just like they do on Google. If a pinner was looking for a tennis racquet they would use the actual words "tennis racquets" in their search they would not use "fun with strings". One term is direct and the other is obscure. Below is an example of an obscure board title: See attachment – "Need an emotional lift?" How many pinners will actually search that term? My guess is very few. Hence very few people will ever discover this board. A better way would be to include the word "Quote" because it is a Pinterest category and more directly related to what this board is about. A better title would be:
- Happy Quotes
- Quotes To Live By
- Inspirational Quotes
- Uplifting Quotes
Favorite Pinterest Board My favorite board is Pinterest Marketing Tips For Business + Pinterest Infographics group board because I love learning what matters most to Pinterest users.
Favorite Pinners I love following C. Vollmert because they share many of my interests and similar style tastes.
Jeff Sieh
Favorite Pinterest Tip My favorite Pinterest tips is to use secret boards to preload new content. If I'm want to start a new board, I create a secret board, load it up with some pins, then make it public. That way I'm not being spammy by flooding my stream with a bunch of pins on the same subject.
Favorite Pinterest Board The community board that I own called Google+ Hangouts Worth Watching. Some of the top G+ shows pin their content there and it's a great place for people to find great Hangouts to watch.
Favorite Pinners Big fans of Mike Allton, Peg Fitzpatrick, Rebekah Radice, Cynthia Sanchez and Anna Bennett.
My Pinterest
Favorite Pinterest Tip Collaborate with other Pinterest users and talk about what strategies are working for them. Learning from others who are using Pinterest can spark ideas of your own and they may have thought of things that you wouldn't have. Communicating on Pinterest isn't ideal but you can connect with other pinners through Google+, Twitter, and Facebook.
Favorite Pinterest Board I love my Board of Happiness. It's filled with things that make me happy.
Favorite Pinners Everyone who shared their tips, of course, as well as Kelly Lieberman, Kalebra Kelby, and Trey Ratcliff.
Thank you to everyone who shared a top and some insights into their Pinterest world! Let's hear it from you! Who are your favorite pinners to follow on Pinterest and what do you learn from them?
Photo credit: Big Stock Photos


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Potatoes Plus Recipe
- 4 medium red potatoes, cubed
- 1 medium onion, cubed
- 1 medium sweet red pepper, cubed
- 1/2 teaspoon seasoned salt
- 1/4 teaspoon garlic powder
- 1/4 teaspoon each dried basil, dill weed and parsley flakes
- 1/4 cup butter, cubed
- 1. Combine vegetables and seasonings; divide among four pieces of heavy-duty foil (about 12 in. square). Dot with butter. Fold foil around vegetables and seal tightly.
- 2. Grill, covered, over medium heat for 15 minutes on each side. Open foil carefully to allow steam to escape. Yield: 4 servings.
Nutritional Facts
1/2 cup: 206 calories, 12g fat (7g saturated fat), 31mg cholesterol, 315mg sodium, 24g carbohydrate (4g sugars, 3g fiber), 3g protein.
Reviews for Potatoes Plus
Average Rating
"These are wonderful with grilled meats! Husband fixed with grilled chicken and everyone loved them. I might add mushrooms next time."
"So much fun on the grill! I used a few layers of foil, and everything was roasted to perfection! Being a salt lover - I might use garlic salt instead of garlic powder, and possibly add some Worcestershire sauce to enhance the flavors even more!"
"Super good! An easy addition to throw on the grill."
"Excellent! We left the dill out, as my husband doesn't care for it. These are very good and we will make them again."
"Just made this for the 3rd time and wanted to rate it because it is such a nice recipe! It uses things we almost always have on hand, it's flexible for your tastes and when made as written it comes out GREAT every time! Tonight's selection was on the grill a bit long and got a little charred - but that made the peppers taste like Roasted red peppers! Yummy! Thanks for a great recipe. It is a go to for us in the summer."
"This was a great recipe it was easy to make and had great flavor. The only thing that I did change. My husband and I like a lot of spice so I added extra spice to it... it was great."
"The vegetables retain a lot of moisture and a little smokiness when cooked this way."
"Fabulous. Nothing's more needs to be said."
"We have made this several times. The vegetables vary at times. 5 stars. Simple and good."
"I have made this recipe for a lot of years now. I love to add frozen peas."
"Grilled these up last night. FANTASTIC! It never would have crossed my mind to add bell peppers to the potatoes. Thanks for sharing."
"Haven't made this yet, but just had to post a comment as the recipe poster is from my hometown. A rather small town in central Alberta I might add. Yea Leduc!"
"
This is a great recipe to use when already grilling. I like to use minced garlic instead of garlic powder. You can also change this up using fresh mushrooms, zucchini, summer squash, tomatoes and other yellow, orange or green peppers. I've made it in varying combinations and my family always enjoys it.
"

subset: commoncrawl


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The Meet & Greet: Disney Star Sierra McCormick From 'A.N.T Farm'
We have been telling you all about Disney's new show A.N.T Farm, which airs Friday's at 8:30 pm on the Disney Channel, and it's time for you to get to know another one of the stars! Sierra McCormick plays Olive Doyle, an 11-year-old student in the Advanced Natural Talents program who has a photographic memory.
So tell us, how did you get the role?
Well I auditioned, of course, I auditioned because I worked with China on a previous pilot that never really got to see the light of day, called Jack and Janet Save the Planet. So they brought me in for this, because she had already been cast for Chyna. So I guess since I've played her best friend before it was easy to go through the process. We were already good friends so I guess the chemistry was already there so I got the part!
That's great! So what are some of the favorite things about your character?
I love how smart she is and I love all the fun stuff she knows- like all the fun random stuff.
Do you think you are like her?
In a way, I'd say my memory isn't like hers, but I'd say I have a pretty decent memory.
You already have an impressive acting resume! Where do you see yourself in ten years?
In ten years, lets see ill be 23, and I definitely see myself still acting, and probably in college as well.
Who are some of your idols in the industry?
Natalie Portman, Ellen Page- I love her as an actress, that's when it comes to acting ability. I also just love James Franco! Love him.
What sets you apart from Disney stars like Miley Cyrus and Selena Gomez who have come before you?
I think what sets me apart is that I am really happy to be here, I'm just so glad that I here because I think it's a really good opportunity for me and I'm just having so much fun.
What do you like to do for fun?
I like to hang out with my friends and family of course, and I also like to go shopping. I love to read- you know the usuals. Pretty Little Liars and The Hunger Games. I haven't read all of The Hunger Games series yet!
Be sure to check out A.N.T Farm tonight Celebuzz readers!


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People Magazine Celebrity News For Jan. 4, 2012
Is Jessica Simpson Challenged by Motherhood?
- What does Jessica Simpson think of motherhood?
- Anne Hathaway says falling fast for her husband was scary
- Which Victoria's Secret model nabbed the cover of this year's swimsuit catalogue?
- A flashback to Jennifer Lawrence as an unknown actress
- The secret behind Lena Dunham's "lovingly disheveled" Girl's wardrobe
Image Source: Getty


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 24, 1989
|Filing date
|Sep 20, 1988
|Priority date
|Mar 26, 1981
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Bernard D. Fulks, Steven P. Sawin, Collin D. Aikman, John M. Jenkins, III
|Original Assignee
|Union Carbide Chemicals And Plastics Company Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Non-Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (57), Classifications (26), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 730,958 filed May 6, 1985, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,792,592, and which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 650,571 filed Sept. 14, 1984, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,532,311, and which is a continuation of Ser. No. 247,990 filed Mar. 26, 1981 which is now abandoned.
Conventional low density polyethylene has been historically polymerized in heavy walled autoclaves or tubular reactors at pressures as high as 50,000 psi and temperatures up to 300� C. or higher. The molecular structure of high pressure, low density polyethylene (HP-LDPE) is highly complex. The permutations in the arrangement of their simple building blocks are essentially infinite. HP-LDPE's are characterized by an intricate long chain branched molecular architecture. These long chain branches have a dramatic effect on the melt rheology of these resins. HP-LDPE's also possess a spectrum of short chain branches, generally 1 to 6 carbon atoms in length. These short chain branches disrupt crystal formation and depress resin density.
More recently, technology has been provided whereby low density polyethylene can be produced by fluidized bed techniques at low pressures and temperatures by copolymerizing ethylene with various alpha olefins. These low pressure LDPE (LP-LDPE) resins generally possess little, if any, long chain branching and are sometimes referred to as linear LDPE resins. They are short chain branched with branch length and frequency controlled by the type and amount of comonomer used during polymerization.
As is well known to those skilled in the art, low pressure, high or low density polyethylenes can now be conventionally provided by a fluidized bed process utilizing several families of catalysts to produce a full range of low density and high density products. The appropriate selection of catalysts to be utilized depends in part upon the type of end product desired, i.e., high density, low density, extrusion grade, film grade resins and other criteria.
The various types of catalysts which may be used to produce polyethylenes in fluid bed reactors can generally be typed as follows:
Type I. The silyl chromate catalysts disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,324,101 to Baker and Carrick and U.S. Pat. No. 3,324,095 to Carrick, Karapinka and Turbet. The silyl chromate catalysts are characterized by the presence therein of a group of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R is a hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 14 carbon atoms. The preferred silyl chromate catalysts are the bis(triarylsilyl) chromates and more preferably bis(triphenysilyl) chromate.
This catalyst is used on a support such as silica, alumina, thoria, zirconia and the like, other supports such as carbon black, micro-crystalline cellulose, the non-sulfonated ion exchange resins and the like may be used.
Type II. The bis(cyclopentadienyl) chromium (II) compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,879,368. These bis(cyclopentadienyl) chromium (II) compounds have the following formula: ##STR2## wherein R' and R" may be the same or different C1 to C20, inclusive, hydrocarbon radicals, and n' and n" may be the same or different integers of 0 to 5, inclusive. The R' and R" hydrocarbon radicals may be saturated or unsaturated, and can include aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic radicals such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, allyl, phenyl and naphthyl radicals.
These catalysts are used on a support as heretofore described.
Type III. The catalysts as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,011,382. These catalysts contain chromium and titanium in the form of oxides and, optionally, fluorine and a support. The catalysts contain, based on the combined weight of the support and the chromium, titanium and fluorine, about 0.05 to 3.0, and preferably about 0.2 to 1.0, weight percent of chromium (calculated as Cr), about 1.5 to 9.0, and preferably about 4.0 to 7.0, weight percent of titanium (calculated as Ti), and 0.0 to about 2.5, and preferably about 0.1 to 1.0 weight percent of fluorine (calculated as F).
The chromium compounds which may be used for the Type III catalysts include CrO3, or any compound of chromium which is oxidizable to CrO3 under the activation conditions employed. At least a portion of the chromium in the supported, activated catalyst must be in the hexavalent state. Chromium compounds other than CrO3 which may be used are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,825,721 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,622,521 and include chromic acetyl acetonate, chromic nitrate, chromic acetate, chromic chloride, chromic sulfate, and ammonium chromate.
The titanium compounds which may be used include all those which are oxidizable to TiO2 under the activation conditions employed, and include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,622,521 and Netherlands Patent Application 72-10881.
The fluorine compounds which may be used include HF, or any compound of fluorine which will yield HF under the activation conditions employed. Fluorine compounds other than HF which may be used are disclosed in Netherlands Patent Application 72-10881.
The inorganic oxide materials which may be used as a support in the catalyst compositions are porous materials having a high surface area, that is, a surface area in the range of about 50 to about 1000 square meters per gram, and an average particle size of about 20 to 200 microns. The inorganic oxides which may be used include silica, alumina, thoria, zirconia and other comparable inorganic oxides, as well as mixtures of such oxides.
Type IV. The catalysts as described in U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 892,325, filed on Mar. 31, 1978, in the names of F. J. Karol et al, and entitled, "Preparation of Ethylene Copolymers in Fluid Bed Reactor" and assigned to the same assignee as the present application. These catalysts comprise at least one titanium compound, at least one magnesium compound, at least one electron donor compound, at least one activator compound and at least one inert carrier material.
The titanium compound has the structure
Ti(OR)a Xb
wherein R is a C1 to C14 aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical, or COR' where R' is a C1 to C14 aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical; X is Cl, Br, or I; a is 0 or 1; b is 2 to 4 inclusive; and a+b=3 or 4.
The titanium compounds can be used individually or in combination thereof, and would include TiCl3, TiCl4, Ti(OCH3)Cl3, Ti(OC6 H5)Cl3, Ti(OCOCH3)Cl3 and Ti(OCOC6 H5)Cl3.
The magnesium compound has the structure
wherein X is Cl, Br, or I. Such magnesium compounds can be used individually or in combination thereof and would include MgCl2, MgBr2 and MgI2. Anhydrous MgCl2 is the preferred magnesium compound.
The titanium compound and the magnesium compound are generally used in a form which will facilitate their dissolution in the electron donor compound.
The electron donor compound is an organic compound which is liquid at 25� C. and in which the titanium compound and the magnesium compound are partially or completely soluble. The electron donor compounds are known as such or as Lewis bases.
The electron donor compounds would include such compounds as alkyl esters of aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids, aliphatic ethers, cyclic ethers and aliphatic ketones.
The catalyst may be modified with a boron halide compound having the structure
BRc X'3-c
R is an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical containing from 1 to 14 carbon atoms or OR', wherein R' is also an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical containing from 1 to 14 carbon atoms,
X' is selected from the group consisting of Cl and Br, or mixtures thereof, and
c is 0 or 1 when R is an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon and 0, 1 or 2 when R is OR'.
The boron halide compounds can be used individually or in combination thereof, and would include BCl3, BBr3, B(C2 H5)Cl2, B(OC2 H5)Cl2, B(OC2 H5)2 Cl, B(C6 H5)Cl2, B(OC6 H5)Cl2, B(C6 H13)Cl2, B(OC6 H13)Cl2, and B(OC6 H5)2 Cl. Boron trichloride is the particularly preferred boron compound.
The activator compound has the structure
Al(R")c X'd He
wherein X' is Cl or OR1 ; R1 and R" are the same or different and are C1 to C14 saturated hydrocarbon radicals, d is 0 to 1.5, e is 1 or 0, and c+d+e=3.
Such activator compounds can be used individually or in combinations thereof.
The carrier materials are solid, particulate materials and would include inorganic materials such as oxides of silicon and aluminum and molecular sieves, and organic materials such as olefin polymers, e.g., polyethylene.
In general, the above catalysts are introduced together with the polymerizable materials, into a reactor having an expanded section above a straight-sided section. Cycle gas enters the bottom of the reactor and passes upward through a gas distributor plate into a fluidized bed located in the straight-sided section of the vessel. The gas distributor plate serves to ensure proper gas distribution and to support the resin bed when gas flow is stopped.
Gas leaving the fluidized bed entrains resin particles. Most of these particles are disengaged as the gas passes through the expanded section where its velocity is reduced.
The operating difficulties associated with the utilization of catalyst types I through III in the above described reactors have been substantially eliminated, resulting in the economic and efficient production of low pressure, low or high density polyethylene resins which have a wide variety of uses.
In order to satisfy certain end use applications or ethylene resins, such as for film, injection molding and roto molding applications, catalyst type IV has been used. However, attempts to produce certain ethylene resins utilizing the type IV catalysts supported on a porous silica substrate in certain fluid bed reactors, have not been entirely satisfactory from a practical commercial standpoint. This is primarily due to the formation of "sheets" in the reactor after a brief period of operation. The "sheets" can be characterized as constituting a fused polymeric material.
The sheets vary widely in size, but are similar in most respects. They are usually about 1/4 to 1/2 inch thick and are from about one to five feet long, with a few specimens even longer. They have a width of about 3 inches to more than 18 inches. The sheets have a core composed of fused polymer which is oriented in the long direction of the sheets and their surfaces are covered with granular resin which has fused to the core. The edges of the sheets have a hairy appearance from strands of fused polymer.
After a relatively short period of time during polymerization, sheets begin to appear in the reactor, and these sheets plug product discharge systems forcing shutdown of the reactor.
Accordingly, it will be seen that there presently exists a need to improve the polymerization techniques necessary for the production of polyolefin products utilizing titanium based catalysts in fluidized bed reactors.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a process to substantially reduce or eliminate the amount of sheeting which occurs during the low pressure fluidized bed polymerization of alpha olefins utilizing titanium based compounds as catalyst.
Another object is to provide a process for treating fluidized bed reactors utilized for the production of polyolefin resins utilizing titanium based catalyst or other catalysts which result in similar sheeting phenomena.
These and other objects will become readily apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing which generally indicates a typical gas phase fluidized bed polymerization process for producing high density and low density polyolefins.
The sole FIGURE of the drawing illustrates a conventional fluidized bed reaction system for polymerizing alpha-olefins.
Broadly contemplated, the present invention provides an improvement in the method for polymerization of alpha olefins in a fluid bed reactor utilizing titanium based catalysts or other catalysts prone to cause sheeting during said polymerization, the improvement comprising maintaining the static electric charge in said reactor at the site of possible sheet formation below static voltage levels which would otherwise cause sheet formation.
The critical static voltage level for sheet formation is a complex function of resin sintering temperature, operating temperature, drag forces in the fluid bed, resin particle size distribution and recycle gas composition. The static voltage can be reduced by a variety of techniques such as by treating the reactor surface to reduce static electric generation, by injection of an antistatic agent to increase particle surface electrical conductivity thus promoting particle discharging; by installation of appropriate devices connected to the reactor walls which are designed to promote electrical discharging by creating areas of high localized field strength, and by neutralization of charges by the injection or creation of ion pairs, ions or charged particles of the opposite polarity from the resin bed.
A particularly preferred technique generally involves treating the reactor vessel prior to polymerization by introducing a chromium containing compound into the reaction vessel in a non-reacting atmosphere.
Referring particularly to the sole FIGURE of the drawing, a conventional fluidized bed reaction system for polymerizing alpha-olefins includes a reactor 10 which consists of a reaction zone 12 and a velocity reduction zone 14.
The reaction zone 12 includes a bed of growing polymer particles, formed polymer particles and a minor amount of catalyst particles fluidized by the continuous flow of polymerizable and modifying gaseous components in the form of make-up feed and recycle gas through the reaction zone. To maintain a viable fluidized bed, the mass gas flow rate through the bed is normally maintained above the minimum flow required for fluidization, and preferably from about 1.5 to about 10 times Gmf and more preferably from about 3 to about 6 times Gmf. Gmf is used in the accepted form as the abbreviation for the minimum gas flow required to achieve fluidization, C. Y. Wen and Y. H. Yu, "Mechanics of Fluidization", Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Series, Vol. 62, p. 100-111 (1966).
It is highly desirable that the bed always contains particles to prevent the formation of localized "hot spots" and to entrap and distribute the particulate catalyst throughout the reaction zone. On start up, the reactor is usually charged with a base of particulate polymer particles before gas flow is initiated. Such particles may be identical in nature to the polymer to be formed or different therefrom. When different, they are withdrawn with the desired formed polymer particles as the first product. Eventually, a fluidized bed of the desired polymer particles supplants the start-up bed.
The appropriate catalyst used in the fluidized bed is preferably stored for service in a reservoir 16 under a blanket of a gas which is inert to the stored material, such as nitrogen or argon.
Fluidization is achieved by a high rate of gas recycle to and through the bed, typically in the order of about 50 times the rate of feed of make-up gas. The fluidized bed has the general appearance of a dense mass of viable particles in possible free-vortex flow as created by the percolation of gas through the bed. The pressure drop through the bed is equal to or slightly greater than the mass of the bed divided by the cross-sectional area. It is thus dependent on the geometry of the reactor.
Make-up gas is fed to the bed at a rate equal to the rate at which particulate polymer product is withdrawn. The composition of the make-up gas is determined by a gas analyzer 18 positioned above the bed. The gas analyzer determines the composition of the gas being recycled and the composition of the make-up gas is adjusted accordingly to maintain an essentially steady state gaseous composition within the reaction zone.
To insure complete fluidization, the recycle gas and, where desired, part or all of the make-up gas are returned to the reactor at base 20 below the bed. Gas distribution plate 22 positioned above the point of return ensures proper gas distribution and also supports the resin bed when gas flow is stopped.
The portion of the gas stream which does not react in the bed constitutes the recycle gas which is removed from the polymerization zone, preferably by passing it into velocity reduction zone 14 above the bed where entrained particles are given an opportunity to drop back into the bed.
The recycle gas is then compressed in a compressor 24 and thereafter passed through a heat exchanger 26 wherein it is stripped of heat of reaction before it is returned to the bed. By constantly removing heat of reaction, no noticeable temperature gradient appears to exist within the upper portion of the bed. A temperature gradient will exist in the bottom of the bed in a layer of about 6 to 12 inches, between the temperature of the inlet gas and the temperature of the remainder of the bed. Thus, it has been observed that the bed acts to almost immediately adjust the temperature of the recycle gas above this bottom layer of the bed zone to make it conform to the temperature of the remainder of the bed thereby maintaining itself at an essentially constant temperature under steady conditions. The recycle is then returned to the reactor at its base 20 and to the fluidized bed through distribution plate 22. The compressor 24 can also be placed downstream of heat exchanger 26.
Hydrogen may be used as a chain transfer agent for conventional polymerization reactions of the types contemplated herein. In the case where ethylene is used as a monomer the ratio of hydrogen/ethylene employed will vary between about 0 to about 2.0 moles of hydrogen per mole of the monomer in the gas stream.
Any gas inert to the catalyst and reactants can also be present in the gas stream. The cocatalyst is added to the gas recycle stream upstream of its connection with the reactor as from dispenser 28 through line 30.
As is well known, it is essential to operate the fluid bed reactor at a temperature below the sintering temperature of the polymer particles. Thus to insure that sintering will not occur, operating temperatures below sintering temperature are desired. For the production of ethylene polymers an operating temperature of from about 90� to 100� C. is preferably used to prepare products having a density of about 0.94 to 0.97 while a temperature of about 75� to 95� C. is preferred for products having a density of about 0.91 to 0.94.
Normally the fluid bed reactor is operated at pressures of up to about 1000 psi, and is preferably operated at a pressure of from about 150 to 350 psi, with operation at the higher pressures in such ranges favoring heat transfer since an increase in pressure increases the unit volume heat capacity of the gas.
The catalyst is injected into the bed at a rate equal to its consumption at a point 32 which is above the distribution plate 22. A gas which is inert to the catalyst such as nitrogen or argon is used to carry the catalyst into the bed. Injecting the catalyst at a point above distribution plate 22 is an important feature. Since the catalysts normally used are highly active, injection into the area below the distribution plate may cause polymerization to begin there and eventually cause plugging of the distribution plate. Injection into the viable bed, instead, aids in distributing the catalyst throughout the bed and tends to preclude the formation of localized spots of high catalyst concentration which may result in the formation of "hot spots".
Under a given set of operating conditions, the fluidized bed is maintained at essentially a constant height by withdrawing a portion of the bed as product at a rate equal to the rate of formation of the particulate polymer product. Since the rate of heat generation is directly related to product formation, a measurement of the temperature rise of the gas across the reactor (the difference between inlet gas temperature and exit gas temperature) is determinative of the rate of particulate polymer formation at a constant gas velocity.
The particulate polymer product is preferably withdrawn at a point 34 at or close to distribution plate 22. The particulate polymer product is conveniently and preferably withdrawn through the sequential operation of a pair of timed valves 36 and 38 defining a segregation zone 40. While valve 38 is closed, valve 36 is opened to emit a plug of gas and product to the zone 40 between it and valve 36 which is then closed. Valve 38 is then opened to deliver the product to an external recovery zone and after delivery, valve 38 is then closed to await the next product recovery operation.
Finally, the fluidized bed reactor is equipped with an adequate venting system to allow venting the bed during the start up and shut down. The reactor does not require the use of stirring means and/or wall scraping means.
The reactor vessel is normally constructed of carbon steel and is designed for the operating conditions stated above.
In order to better illustrate the problems incident to the utilization of the type IV catalysts, reference is again made to the drawing. The titanium based catalyst (type IV) is introduced into the reactor 10 at point 32. Under conventional operations on certain resins, after a brief period of time, i.e. in the order of about 36 to 72 hours, sheets being to form in reactor 10, at a site in the reactor proximate the wall of the reactor and located about a distance of one-half the reactor diameter up from the base of the fluid bed. The sheets of fused resin begin to appear in segregation zone 40, rapidly plugging the system, causing the reactor to be shut down. More characteristically the sheeting begins after production equivalent to 6 to 10 times the weight of the bed of resin in reactor 10.
Many possible causes were investigated in attempting to discover and eliminate the sheeting. In the course of the investigation, thermocouples were installed just inside the reactor walls at elevations of 1/4 and 1/2 reactor diameter above the gas distributor plate. Under conventional operations, "skin" thermocouples indicate temperatures equal to the temperature of the fluidized bed. When sheeting occurs, these thermocouples indicate temperature excursions of up to 20� C. above the temperature of the fluidized bed thus providing reliable indication of the occurrence of sheeting. In addition, an electrostatic voltmeter was used to measure voltage on a 1/2 inch spherical electrode located in the fluid bed 1 inch radially from the reactor wall and 1/2 reactor diameter above the gas distributor plate. The location was selected because sheet formation was observed to initiate in a band ranging from 1/4 to 3/4 reactor diameter in elevation above the base of the fluid bed. As is well known for deep fluidized beds, this corresponds to the region of least mixing intensity near the wall, i.e. a null zone where particle motion near the wall changes from generally upward to generally downward. The possible causes investigated included factors affecting mixing in the fluidized bed, reactor operating conditions, catalyst and resin particle size, particle size distribution, and others. A correlation was found between sheeting and buildup of static electric charge on the resin particles proximate the reactor walls. When the static voltage level of resin particles at particular sites proximate the reactor wall in a fluidized bed reactor is low, the reactor runs normally and no sheets are formed. When the static voltage level exceeds a critical level at those sites, uncontrolled sheeting occurs and the reactor must be shut down.
Surprisingly sheeting had not occurred to any significant degree on any resin utilizing the type IV catalysts in reactors which had previously utilized type II catalysts or in reactors that had utilized type I through III catalysts.
It was further discovered that sheeting could be substantially reduced and in some cases entirely eliminated by controlling static voltage in the fluidized bed at a site proximate the reactor walls below the critical level for sheet formation. This critical level for sheet formation is not a fixed value, but is a complex function dependent on variables including resin sintering temperature, operating temperature, drag forces in the fluid bed, resin particle size distribution and recycle gas composition.
The critical voltage level Vc for sheeting of ethylene homopolymers and ethylene-butene copolymers is primarily a function of the resin sintering temperature, the reactor bed temperature and the concentration of hydrogen in the recycle gas. The relationship can be expressed as:
Vc=-8000-50 Ts+90[H2 ]+150To
Vc=voltage below which sheeting will not occur, volts;
Ts=sintering temperature of resin under reactor operating conditions, in �C.;
To=temperature of reactor, in �C. and
[H2 ]=mole percent hydrogen in recycle gas
The sintering temperature of the resin under reactor operating conditions is the temperature at which a settled bed of resin in contact with a gas having the same composition as the reactor recycle gas used in producing the resin will sinter and form aggolomerates when refluidization is attempted after allowing the bed to remain settled for fifteen minutes. The sintering temperature is decreased by decreasing the resin density, by increasing the melt index and by increasing the amount of dissolved monomers.
The constants in the equation were determined from data collected during reactor operation when the reactor just began to exhibit sheeting symptoms through skin thermocouple temperature excursions above the bed temperature. The voltage indicated on the voltage probe described earlier varies with time due to the random nature of a fluidized bed. Thus the critical voltage, Vc, is expressed as a time averaged voltage. Voltage measurements are difficult to interpret because additional static electric charge is generated when a sheet, formed because of a static charge, separates from the reactor wall. In addition, the sheeting phenomena can start as a very local phenomenon and spread further clouding interpretation of voltage readings.
Although the sheeting mechanism is not fully understood, it is believed that static electricity generated in the fluid bed charges resin particles. When the charge on the particles reaches the level where the electrostatic forces trying to hold the charged particle near the reactor wall exceed the drag forces in the bed trying to move the particle away from the wall, a layer of catalyst containing, polymerizing resin particles forms a non-fluidized layer near the reactor wall. Heat removal from this layer is not sufficient to remove the heat of polymerization because the non-fluidized layer near the wall has less contact with the fluidizing gas than do particles in the fluidized portion of the bed. The heat of polymerization increases the temperature of the nonfluidized layer near the reactor wall until the particles melt and fuse. At this point other particles from the fluidized bed will stick to the fused layer and it will grow in size until it comes loose from the reactor wall. The separation of a dielectric from a conductor (the sheet from the reactor wall) is known to generate additional static electricity thus accelerating subsequent sheet formation.
The art teaches various processes whereby static voltage can be reduced or eliminated. These comprise (1) reducing the rate of charge generation, (2) increasing the rate of discharge of electrical charge, and (3) neutralization of electrical charge. Some processes suited for use in a fluidized bed comprise (1) use of an additive to increase the conductivity of the particles thus providing a path for discharging, (2) installation of grounding devices in a fluidized bed to provide additional area for discharging electrostatic charges to ground, (3) ionization of gas or particles by electrical discharge to generate ions to neutralize electrostatic charges on the particles, and (4) the use of radioactive sources to produce radiation that will create ions to neutralize electrostatic charges on the particles. The application of these techniques to a commercial scale, fluidized bed, polymerization reactor may not be feasible or practical. Any additive used must not act as a poison to the polymerization catalyst and must not adversely affect the quality of the product. Thus water, the most widely used additive to reduce static on particles, cannot be used since it is a severe catalyst poison. The installation of grounding devices may actually generate additional electrostatic charge since the friction of resin particles on metal surfaces creates electrostatic charges on the resin particles. The use of ion generators and radiation sources pose severe problems of scale. The ions generated by electric discharge or radiation will be attracted to the reactor walls and other grounded objects and will travel only a limited distance before contacting a grounded object. Thus the ions may not travel far enough from the site of ion generation to discharge the region of the bed where sheeting occurs. Generation of ions within the fluid bed is severely limited by the quenching effect of the cloud of charged particles which form around an ion generator. Thus the number of ion generation sources required may be high adding to the complexity and danger of radiation sources or electrical discharge generators in or near a pressurized, hydrocarbon containing reactor. In the course of the investigation, it was discovered that an effective process for treating the walls of the reactor vessel to reduce static charge generation comprises operation of the reactor for a short, i.e. two week, period utilizing a chromium containing catalyst (type I through III) where the chromium is in the 2 or 3 valence state during at least part of its residence time in the reactor.
Surprisingly, however, it was also discovered that if the walls of the reactor vessel are treated prior to the commencement of polymerization with a chromium containing compound wherein the chromium is present in the reactor at a valence of 2 or 3, then the formation of sheeting during polymerization is substantially reduced and in some cases entirely eliminated.
The chromium containing compounds contemplated for use in the present invention are as explained previously those in which the chromium is present in the reactor at a valence of 2 or 3. Merely as illustrative the following compounds would be suitable for the present invention:
The bis(cyclopentadienyl) chromium (II) compounds having the following formula: ##STR3## wherein R' and R" may be the same or different C1 to C20, inclusive, hydrocarbon radicals, and n' and n" may be the same or different integers of 0 to 5, inclusive. The R' and R" hydrocarbon radicals can be saturated or unsaturated, and can include aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic radicals such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, allyl, phenyl and naphthyl radicals. Other specific compounds which are suitable include chromic acetyl acetonate, chromic nitrate, chromous or chromic acetate, chromous or chromic chloride, chromous or chromic bromide, chromous or chromic fluoride, chromous or chromic sulfate, and polymerization catalysts produced from chromium compounds where the chrome is in the plus 2 or 3 valence state.
Bis(cyclopentadienyl) chromium(chromocene) is the preferred chromium containing compound because of the excellent results achieved.
In general, the chromium containing compound is introduced into the reactor prior to polymerization and can be introduced in any manner such that the surface of the walls of the reactor is contacted with the chromium compound.
In a preferred technique, the chromium compound is dissolved in a suitable solvent and is introduced into the reactor in an inert or non-reactive atmosphere. A resin bed may be employed to help disperse the chromium compound through the reactor.
Suitable solvents for this purpose include but are not limited to benzene, toluene, isopentane, hexane and water. The choice and use of a solvent is dependent on the form of the chrome containing compound and the method of application selected. The function of the solvent is to carry and aid in the dispersion of the chrome containing compound. Suitable inert or nonreactive gases include but are not limited to nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ethane and air.
The amount of chromium compound utilized in the process should be sufficient to effect the desired result, and the amount can be generally determined by one skilled in the art. In general, however, an amount of at least 3.5�10-7 pound moles chromium per square foot of surface to be treated, preferably 1.0�10-6 to about 5�10-5 pound moles per square foot of surface to be treated is preferred.
The polymers to which the present invention is primarily directed and which cause the sheeting problems above referred to in the presence of titanium catalysts are linear homopolymers of ethylene or linear copolymers of a major mol percent (≧90%) of ethylene, and a minor mol percent (≦10%) of one or more C3 to C8 alpha olefins. The C3 to C8 alpha olefins should not contain any branching on any of their carbon atoms which is closer than the fourth carbon atom. The preferred C3 to C8 alpha olefins are propylene, butene-1, pentene-1, hexene-1, 4-methylpentene-1, heptene-1 and octene-1. This description is not intended to exclude the use of this invention with alpha olefin homopolymer and copolymer resins in which ethylene is not a monomer.
The homopolymers and copolymers have a density ranging from about 0.97 to 0.91. The density of the copolymer, at a given melt index level is primarily regulated by the amount of the C3 to C8 comonomer which is copolymerized with the ethylene. Thus, the addition of progressively larger amounts of the comonomers to the copolymers results in a progressive lowering of the density of the copolymer. The amount of each of the various C3 to C8 comonomers needed to achieve the same result will vary from monomer to monomer, under the same reaction conditions. In the absence of the comonomer, the ethylene would homopolymerize.
The melt index of a homopolymer or copolymer is a reflection of its molecular weight. Polymers having a relatively high molecular weight, have relatively high viscosities and low melt index.
In a typical mode of utilizing the subject invention to reduce sheeting, a reactor vessel such as shown in FIG. 1 and which is susceptible to sheeting problems by the polymerization of the above described materials utilizing type IV catalysts is partially filled with granular polyethylene resin which is purged with a non-reactive gas such as nitrogen and is fluidized by circulating said non-reacting gas through the reactor at a velocity above the minimum fluidizing velocity (Gmf) of the granular polyethylene and preferably at 3 to 5 Gmf. It is to be understood that the use of a fluidized bed of resin is a convenience in said process and is not essential to the process. While the non-reactive gas is being circulated, a chromium-containing compound such as chromocene either neat or preferably dissolved in an inert solvent such as toluene is introduced into the reactor. The concentration of the chromium-containing chemical in the inert solvent is not critical to the process but can be selected by one skilled in the art so as to assure that the chromium-containing chemical is completely dissolved in the solvent. For the preferred case, a solution containing 6 to 8 percent by weight of chromocene in toluene is typical. Approximately 4.0�10-5 pound moles of the chromium-containing chemical is injected into the reactor for every square foot of surface to be treated. The non-reacting gas is circulated to bring the chromium-containing chemical in contact with the metal surfaces in the system. The treatment is carried out for sufficient time to achieve the desired result, typically several hours to several days. In other modes of treatment, the chemical solution could be applied to the metal surfaces by painting, spraying, or other application methods familiar to one skilled in the art. After treatment the reactor is now ready to begin polymerization in the usual manner.
Having set forth the general nature of the invention, the following examples illustrate some specific embodiments of the invention. It is to be understood, however, that this invention is not limited to the examples, since the invention may be practiced by the use of various modifications.
Examples 1-8 were conducted in a fluidized bed reactor as described in FIG. 1. The catalyst used was a Ziegler type, titanium based catalyst supported on porous silica produced as described earlier as type IV. The cocatalyst used was triethyl aluminum. The products made in the examples were copolymers of ethylene and 1-butene. Hydrogen was used as a chain transfer agent to control the melt index of the polymer. The reactors of Example 1 and 2, had not been used to produce polyethylene with any catalyst except those of the type described earlier as type IV.
A fluidized bed reactor was started up at operating conditions designed to produce a film grade low density ethylene copolymer product having a density of 0.918, a melt index of 1.0, and a sticking temperature of 104� C. The reaction was started by feeding catalyst to a reactor precharged with a bed of granular resin similar to the product to be made. The catalyst was a mixture of 5.5 parts titanium tetrachloride, 8.5 parts magnesium chloride and 14 parts tetrahydrofuran deposited on 100 parts Davison grade 952 silica which had been dehydrated at 800� C. and treated with four parts triethylaluminum prior to deposition and was activated with thirty five parts tri-n-hexyl aluminum subsequent to deposition. Prior to starting catalyst feed, the reactor and resin bed were brought up to the operating temperature of 85� C., were purged of impurities by circulating nitrogen through the resin bed. Ethylene, butene and hydrogen concentrations were established at 53, 24, and 11% respectively. Cocatalyst was fed at a rate of 0.3 parts triethylamunimum per part of catalyst.
Reactor start-up was normal. After producing product for 29 hours and equivalent to 61/2 times the weight of the fluidized bed, temperature excursions of 1� to 2 C. above bed temperature were observed using thermocouples located just inside the reactor wall at an elevation of 1/2 reactor diameter above the gas distributor plate. Prior experience had shown that such temperature excursions are a positive indication that sheets of resin are being formed in the fluidized bed. Concurrently, bed voltage (measured using an electrostatic voltmeter connected to a 1/2 inch diameter spherical electrode located one inch from the reactor wall at an elevation of 1/2 reactor diameter above the gas distributor plate) increased from a reading of approximately +1500 to +2000 volts to a reading of over +5000 volts and then dropped back to +2000 volts over a 3 minute period. Temperature and voltage excursions continued for approximately 12 hours and increased in frequency and magnitude. During this period, sheets of fused polyethylene resin began to show up in the resin product. Evidence of sheeting became more severe, i.e. temperature excursions increased to as high as 20� C. above bed temperature and stayed high for extended periods of time and voltage excursions also became more frequent. The reactor was shut down because of the extent of sheeting.
The fluidized bed reactor used in Example 1 was started up and operated to produce a linear low density ethylene copolymer suitable for extrusion or rotational molding and having a density of 0.934, a melt index of 5 and a sticking temperature of 118� C. The reaction was started by feeding catalyst similar to the catalyst in Example 1 except activated with 28 parts tri-n-hexylaluminum, to the reactor precharged with a bed of granular resin similar to the prroduct to be made. Prior to starting catalyst feed the reactor and resin bed were brought up to the operating temperature of 85� C. and were purged of impurities with nitrogen. The concentrations of ethylene (52%), butene (14%), hydrogen (21%) were introduced into the reactor. Cocatalyst triethylaluminum was fed at 0.3 parts per part of catalyst. The reactor was operated continuously for 48 hours and during that period produced resin equivalent to 9 times the amount of resin contained in the bed. After this 48 hour period of smooth operation, sheets of fused resin began to come out of the reactor with the normal, granular product. At this time voltages measured 1/2 reactor diameter above the distributor plate averaged +2000 volts and ranged from 0 to +10,000 volts, while the skin thermocouples at the same elevation indicated excursions of >15� C. above the bed temperature. Two hours after the first sheets were noted in the product from the reactor, it was necessary to stop feeding catalyst and cocatalyst to the reactor to reduce the resin production rate because sheets were plugging the resin discharge system. One hour later, catalyst and cocatalyst feeds were restarted. The production of sheets continued and after two hours catalyst and cocatalyst feed were again stopped and the reaction was terminated by injecting carbon monoxide. The voltagee at this time was >+12,000 volts and the thermocouple excursions continued until the poison was injected. In total, the reactor was operated for 53 hours and produced 101/2 bed volumes of resin before the reaction was stopped due to sheeting.
The reactor of Examples 1 and 2 was treated as follows: The treatment comprised charging a bed of granular resin and purging and drying the bed with high purity nitrogen to a vapor water concentration of less than 10 ppmv. The bed was thereafter fluidized by circulating nitrogen. Chromocene [bis(cyclopentadienyl)chromium] in toluene solution was injected into the bed. 4.3�10-5 pound moles of chromocene were added for each square foot of steel surface in the system. The bed was heated to 92� C. and nitrogen was circulated for 24 hours. After the treatment was completed, the bed was cooled to 40� C. and 20 standard cubic feet of air was injected for each pound of chromocene in the system to oxidize the chromocene before removing the resin from the reactor.
The treated reactor was then charged with a bed of resin similar to that described in Example 1. The bed was brought up to 85� C., purged, and the ethylene, butene, hydrogen, and cocatalyst concentrations were established at the same concentrations of Example 1, prior to injection of the same catalyst as Example 1. The reactor started up at operating conditions designed to produce a film grade low density polyethylene copolymer product having a density of 0.918, a melt index of 1.0, and a sintering temperature of 104� C. as in Example 1. The reactor ran for 90 hours, producing approximately 3 times as much product as in Example 1, after which it was shut down for routine inspection and maintenance. No temperature excursions were noted and no resin sheets were formed. At the end of the run, the voltage measured near the wall at an elevation 1/2 reactor diameter above the gas distributor plate had stabilized at about -100 volts and no major voltage excursions were observed at any time during the run.
The reactor utilized for Example 3 was subsequently charged with a bed of resin similar to that described in Example 2. The bed was heated to 90� C., purged and the ethylene (51%), butene (13%) and hydrogen (18%) and cocatalyst (0.3 parts per part of catalyst) were established prior to injection of catalyst. The reaction started smoothly and produced linear low-density polyethylene resin with a density of 0.934, a melt index of 5, and a sintering temperature of 118� C.
The reactor operated continuously for 80 hours and produced resin equivalent to twenty times the weight of the resin bed before it was transitioned to another product grade. The thermocouples located near the surface of the reactor wall 1/4 and 1/2 the reactor diameter above the distributor showed a few brief (1 minutes) temperature excursions. Voltage measured near the wall at an elevation of 1/2 reactor diameter above the gas distributor plate averaged +1200 volts and showed voltage oscillation from 0 to as high as +8,000 volts. Some pieces of resin typically 1/4 by 1 by 1 inch with the appearance of sintered fine particles appeared in the product discharged tank and constituted ≦0.01 percent of the resin produced. These did not reduce the production rate of the reaction system nor did they harm the quality of the resin produced.
As will be seen from the above, the following data corresponds to the Vc formula expressed previously:
______________________________________Vc = -8000 - 50 (sintering temp.) + 90 (hydrogen concentration) + 150 (operating temperature)= -8000 - .50(118� C.) + 90(18%) + 150(90� C.)= + 1220 volts______________________________________
Four runs were made utilizing the reactor and procedure of Examples 1 and 2 to determine critical voltage. Various ethylene, butene-1 copolymers and/or ethylene homopolymers were used for each run as shown in Table I.
The critical voltages, Vc, were the voltage level measured near the reactor wall (one half the reactor diameter above the distributor plate) when the reactor showed symptons of initiation of sheeting (normally small skin thermocouple excursions above bed temperature). The sticking temperatures were estimated from tests in which a reaction was terminated, the bed allowed to settle for 15 minutes and then refluidized.
The results are indicated in Table I below.
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________ Ethylene Butene Catalyst ResinM2 Concentra- Concentra- of Melt Resin Sintering Operating VcExampleMole % tion Mole % tion Mole % Example Index Density Temp. �C. Temp. �C. Volts__________________________________________________________________________5 11 53 24 1 1.0 .918 104 85 +200 to +10006 14 51 23 1 2.0 .918 102 85 +200 to +10007 30 50 7 2 12. .926 108 85 +21008 21 65 0 2 7.5 .965 125+ 110 +4100__________________________________________________________________________As will be noted from Table I, for Example 5, sheeting begins to occurover +1000 volts. Moreover, from the above Table I it will be seen thatthe critical voltage is dependent on the resin sintering temperature, theoperating temperature and the hydrogen concentration in the recycle gas.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 12, 1993
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 24, 1997
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Apr 23, 2001
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Food poisoning
Food poisoning
Food poisoning occurs when food contaminated with organisms is ingested. The bacteria Staphylococcus aureus can commonly be found on people, butwhen allowed to grow in food this bacteria can produce a toxin that causes illness such as vomiting and diarrhea. Proper hygiene and handwashing can prevent this bacteria fromentering food that will be eaten.The major source of Escherichia is from the feces of infected animals. It can alsobe found in untreated water. Cooking at the right temperature is important in eliminating this bacteria when it has contaminated food.
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Fast forward 4 years... I have 4 kids (1 year old twins, a 2 year old, a 4 year old) and 1 on the way. I am exhausted, and my body is wrecked!!! I have stretch marks all over the place, my boobs are look deflated and like they are in the wrong location (lol seriously....) and I'm 20 lbs heavier than when I first got married (I'm not including current pregnancy weight).
wearing "sexy" lingerie just makes me feel disgusting & embarrassing, I'm too tired to shave my legs or anything else on a regular basis. Well I mean I shave but not every single day or as often as I would like.
Besides all of that, I just feel like it is one more thing I have to do for someone else!! I would rather go to bed 20 minutes earlier, or spend that time getting dinner started, or heaven forbid he wake me up early on a saturday morning!
I know how selfish I sound and I promise I don't mean to, I'm posting this for help and encouragement! I love being on the receiving end, if you know what I mean, and I enjoy giving- so there is no actual problem with sex itself, it is just getting myself motivated enough to get started.
Plus, when I was younger I kind of had that mindset of acting like ppl in movies so I put a lot of work into it (haha that sounds so stupid) but now the idea of uhm... I'm not sure how to put it... Just feeling like I have to make a lot of noise, or switch positions a ton of times, or breath really heavy just makes me tired, I'd rather just lay there :(
Anyway, this is a super long post and way more than anyone wants to know about me, but I just want to know I'm not alone and that other young mommy's feel similar to me. Please I would love some advice or support!


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Subscribe for ad free access & additional features for teachers. Authors: 267, Books: 3,607, Poems & Short Stories: 4,435, Forum Members: 71,154, Forum Posts: 1,238,602, Quizzes: 344
French had made a portrait of the new American ambassador to the Court of St. James and it was shown at the spring exhibition of the Royal Academy. The ambassador and his wife wished to see how it had been hung, but they did not wish to be seen. So they chose an early hour of a chill, rainy May morning to drive in a hansom from their place in Park Lane to Burlington House.
They found the portrait in Room VI, on the line, in a corner, but where it had the benefit of such light as there was. When they entered no one was there; but, as they were standing close to the picture, admiring the energy and simplicity of the strokes of the master's brush, a crowd swept in and enclosed them.
"Let us go," Howard said in a low tone.
Just then a man, almost at his shoulder because of the pressure of those behind, said: "Wonderful, isn't it? I've never seen a better example of his work. He had a subject that suited him perfectly."
"No, let us stay," Marian whispered in reply to her husband. "They can't see our faces and I'd like to hear."
"Yes, it is superb," came the answer to the man behind them in a voice unmistakably American. "Now, tell me, Saverhill, what sort of a person would you say the ambassador is from that picture? You don't know him?"
"Never heard of him until I read of his appointment," replied the first voice.
"I've heard of him often enough," came in the American voice. "But I've never seen him."
"You know him now," resumed the Englishman, "inside as well as out. French always paints what he sees and always sees what he's painting."
"Well, what is it?"
"Let us go," whispered Marian. But Howard did not heed her.
"I see--a fallen man. He was evidently a real man once; but he sold himself."
"Yes? Where does it show?"
"He's got a good mind, this fellow-countryman of yours. There are the eyes of a thinker and a doer. Nothing could have kept him down. His face is almost as relentless as Kitchener's and fully as aggressive, except that it shows intellect, and Kitchener's doesn't. Now note the corners of his eyes, Marshall, and his mouth and nostrils and chin, and you'll see why he sold himself, and the--the consequences."
Howard and Marian, fascinated, compelled, looked where the unknown requested.
"I think I see what you mean," came in Marshall's voice, laughingly. "But go on."
"Ah, there it all is--hypocrisy, vanity, lack of principle, and, plainest of all, weakness. It's a common enough type among your successful men. The man himself is the fixed market price for a certain kind of success. But, according to French, this ambassador of yours seems to know what he has paid; and the knowledge doesn't make him more content with his bargain. He has more brains than vanity; therefore he's an unhappy hypocrite instead of a happy self-deceiver."
Howard and Marian shrunk together with their heads close in the effort to make sure of concealing their faces. She was suffering for herself, but more acutely for him. She knew, as if she were looking into his mind, his frightful humiliation. "Hereafter," she thought, "whenever any one looks at him he will feel the thought behind the look."
"How nearly did I come to him?" asked Saverhill.
Howard started and Marian caught the rail for support.
"A centre-shot," replied Marshall, "if the people who know him and have talked to me about him tell the truth."
"Oh, they're 'on to' him, as you say, over there, are they?"
"No, not everybody. Only his friends and the few who are on the inside. There's an ugly story going about privately as to how he got the ambassadorship. They say he was bought with it. But--he's admired and envied even by a good many who know or suspect that he's only an article of commerce. He's got the cash and he's got position; and his paper gives him tremendous power. Then too, as you say, all about him there are men like himself. The only punishment he's likely to get is the penalty of having to live with himself."
"A good, round price if French is not mistaken," replied Saverhill.
The two men passed on. Howard and Marian looked guiltily about, then slipped away in the opposite direction. He helped her into the waiting hansom. As they were driven homeward she cast a stealthy side-glance at him.
"Yes," she thought, "the portrait is a portrait of his face; and his face is a portrait of himself."
He caught her glance in the little mirror in the side of the hansom--caught it and read it. And he began to hate her, this instrument to his punishment, this constant remembrancer of his downfall.
* * * * * * * * * * * *
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Get the Recipe
Kuchen is the German word for cake and depending on where you're from and what recipe your grandma handed down, kuchen can take the form of a crumb-topped coffee cake or a custard-filled, pie-like cake with a yeast raised crust. It can be round. It can be square. It can even be rectangular. Whatever form takes, it's darn delicious and as the official state dessert of South Dakota it deserves mention among the American Classics.
Alas, I don't have a German grandmother to share her recipe, but in some sense that offered me the freedom to come up with a recipe that embodied my own ideal kuchen. I'm a crumb-topped coffee cake addict from childhood, so this kuchen combines a rich yeast cake with a spring-inspired fresh strawberry rhubarb puree and yes, plenty of spiced crumbs on top. Pair that with a frosty glass of milk and you have the makings for an ideal breakfast (or midnight snack!).
Get the Recipe
About the author: Alexandra Penfold is mild-mannered literary agent by day, food ninja by night. Never one to skip dessert she's the Brownie half of Blondie & Brownie, a Midtown Lunch contributor, and co-author of New York à la Cart: Recipes and Stories from the Big Apple's Best Food Trucks. You can follow her on Twitter at @blondiebrownie.


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The Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) is coordinating the massive appeal on behalf of several UK charities.
Aid agencies say there has been an incredible response from the public who have donated more than £5m.
Dimbleby and McDonald broadcast appeals on BBC One and ITV yesterday evening, and it's now possible to make donations online, by post or telephone.
On today's Breakfast, Barnie Choudhury spoke to the International Buddhist Relief Organisation in Birmingham
If you want to make a donation to the IBRO, you can contact them on 0121 382 7108
The British Red Cross has set up an emergency reception centre to provide help for people returning from the area who are injured, need clothing. The organisation is also providing psychological support.
Listed below are some phone numbers you may find helpful.
Getting fresh water to the region will be one of the priorities for the aid agencies, who will also be helping provide food and shelter, but the area is likely to need long term help.
The sheer number of countries affected, which include Sri Lanka, India, Indonesia and Thailand will make the aid effort much harder.
The first plane from the UK carrying relief supplies and equipment, which was organised by Oxfam, left East Midlands Airport on Wednesday, bound for Sri Lanka and Indonesia.
Other ways to donate
It is hoped that by the end of this week, people in the UK will be able to make donations at banks and post offices.
The Royal Mail has set up a special PO Box number which will make sure that donations to the Disasters Emergency Committee arrive speedily:
DEC Tsunami Earthquake Appeal PO Box 999 London EC3A 3AA
Make cheques payable to: DEC tsunami earthquake appeal
Meanwhile, Oxfam will be collecting donations in its shops, and is appealing for unwanted Christmas presents to be given to the shops which can in turn be sold to raise more money for the aid effort.
The appeal will be repeated on all BBC local radio stations at around 0900 today, this time is provisional.
And if you want to post appeals for information about a missing relative or friend, BBC News Online has set up a special page:


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Located someone who meets your criteria? Send an email to them or just a wink and take it from there. With a little luck you'll be on your way to discovering the love of your life.
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Federated Farmers and quad bike safety
Media Statement
7 January 2014
Federated Farmers and quad bike safety
Given the tragic death of a child in Southland, Federated Farmers asks the media to respect the family's privacy as they grieve.
The Federation is an active member of the Agricultural Health and Safety Council and is working to improve New Zealand's on-farm safety record across the board. This has seen some success over the Christmas/New Year holiday period.
In terms of relative numbers, there are an estimated 100,000 quad bikes on New Zealand's farms compared to 63,167 road-going motorcycles and 23,298 mopeds (see the grey shaded box in the table at the bottom of page 62).
Solutions to improve quad bike can be complex and if there was an obvious solution that made quad bikes much safer, then we would certainly support it.
The Federation has advocated for safety aids to alert riders if their bike is in gear. This, along with an emphasis on training and the use of age-appropriate bikes, as well as helmet use, is having a positive benefit for safety.
The November 2013 Coronial Investigation by Coroner Shortland recognised the practical realities of using quad bikes in a farm setting. Indeed, many of the recommendations are current industry practice and that is a good thing.
The fact is that quad bike users need to be trained in active riding techniques, which are required to operate quad bikes safely across rural terrain.
In the case of conventional roll bars, the manufacturers and other researchers have looked at the risks and benefits of fitting these to quad bikes but the outcomes were mixed.
Quad bikes, just like any other piece of farm machinery and vehicles can be very dangerous and must be treated with respect by anyone operating them.
Quad bike safety: ACC Guide


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Wildcats Break for the Holiday
Dec. 23, 2008
LEXINGTON, Ky. – The Kentucky football team practiced Tuesday morning in the Nutter Field House before taking off for the holiday break.
"I'm happy with the energy that we've demonstrated," Coach Rich Brooks said of the 11 post-season practices his team has had to this point. "I'm happy with the progress of a lot of our young players. I'm very encouraged going into next year, but we have a big job on January 2nd.
"I want very much for this senior class to go out on a positive note. They've worked very hard in helping turn around Kentucky football and I'd like for them to do something special in their last game. For the returning players, we just need to get continued improvement and get back on track."
The team will gather in Memphis, Tenn., on Dec. 27 and have five more practices prior to the AutoZone Liberty Bowl, which will be played on Jan. 2.
Masthay to be Featured on Fox During Sugar Bowl: Kentucky punter/kicker Tim Masthay will be featured during halftime of the Allstate Sugar Bowl on Jan. 2.
Masthay will be part of a story on the Allstate Good Works Team, the national honor for players who are extremely active in community service. Masthay was one of 11 players named to the Good Works Team from among the 119 schools in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision.
The Allstate Sugar Bowl will be televised by the Fox Network on Jan. 2 at 8 p.m. The halftime feature is compiled by the Intersport production company.
Masthay has been involved in countless service activities during his time at UK. Among his participation was a 17-day service/educational trip to Ghana in May, an excursion that helped confirm his post-UK goal of joining the Peace Corps and serving in Africa.
In addition to being named to the national Good Works Team, Masthay is a first-team Academic All-American. He also was a finalist, semifinalist or current nominee for several other honors, including the NCAA Top VIII Award, Danny Wuerffel Trophy, Draddy Award, Bobby Bowden FCA Award, Lowe's Senior CLASS Award and the John Wooden Citizenship Cup, all of which honor a combination of athletics, academics and community service.
On the field, Masthay was the first-team All-Southeastern Conference punter this season. He leads the SEC and ranks fifth in the nation with a 45.3-yard average per punt. He also handles kickoffs and is second in the SEC in kickoff touchbacks with 20. Masthay's kicking is a crucial factor in Kentucky leading the SEC in field position differential at +6 yards per possession. (Kentucky's average starting yardline this season is its own 35; opponents have started, on average, at their own 29, hence the +6 yards per possession.)
Kentucky has a long history of player commitment to community service. Masthay is the 10th player in school history who has been named to the Good Works Team. Nationally, Kentucky is tied for second place all-time in the number of players named to the team.


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Blackened Shrimp
READY IN: 30mins
Recipe by Millereg
I guarantee that this will wake up every single one of your heat-loving taste buds!
Top Review by Yogi8
Super delicious! We were all licking our fingers. I used much less cayenne, and they were still pretty spicy. Everyone started coughing while this was frying...guess the spices were overwhelming us...ha! ha!
See Discussion:15 Reviews 3 Tweaks
Ingredients Nutrition
- 32 raw peeled large shrimp
- 1⁄4 lb unsalted butter
- mushroom (optional)
- tomatoes (optional)
- onion (optional)
- bell pepper, sliced (optional)
Blackening Spice Ingredients
- 1 teaspoon ground basil
- 1 teaspoon ground thyme
- 1 teaspoon garlic
- 1 teaspoon white pepper
- 1 teaspoon black pepper
- 1 teaspoon salt (sea salt is best)
- 1 teaspoon onion powder
- 2 teaspoons cayenne pepper
- 1 teaspoon sweet paprika
Directions See How It's Made
- Mix spice ingredients thoroughly in a small bowl (make a double or triple batch and store the remainder for later use!) Dredge shrimp through the mixture.
- Place a large skillet over a very high heat, and melt the butter.
- Place the shrimp in the skillet and turn heat down to medium.
- Cook on both sides for approximately 7 minutes (maybe less) each- pay attention to the shrimp as they cook quickly; when the shrimp curl, they are done.
- Optional sprinkle the vegetables with the spice mix and sauté in the butter in the same skillet.
- Serve with lots of garlic bread and ice-cold beer or chilled white wine.


text:
He heard the different voices—adsum, adsum—the roll was being called!
"adsum," Frank answered, softly, and Katrine flashed a smile of appreciation back at him.
Once more it was France's good fortune to be able to answer, adsum.
There he passed the remainder of his days, and there he said "adsum" when his name was called for the last time in this world.
The one crucial call had come for him, and he could not answer "adsum."
Instead of answering "Here" or "adsum," in the usual way, the boy whose name was called stood in his place and held up his hand.
adsum amicis, venio in senatum frequens ultroque affero res multum et diu cogitatas easque tueor animi, non corporis viribus.


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> Monday, Nov. 21, 2011
NCAA Division I Men's Tournament
by Soccer America
[DATEBOOK] The Creighton-USF quarterfinal match will be played on Sunday instead of Saturday due to snow in Omaha, Neb. Sunday's other game between Connecticut and Charlotte in Storrs, Conn., is already a sellout. For all the action ...
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Cardinals' effort pays off with thrilling overtime win
by Paul Kennedy
[LOUISVILLE-BRADLEY] A rainy Sunday night could not dissuade a crowd of more than 7,000 fans from showing up at Cardinal Park for Louisville's second-round game in the NCAA Men's Tournament, and they were treated to a thriller as the Cardinals beat Bradley, 3-2, in overtime.
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Lobos remain unbeaten with overtime win
by Soccer America
[NEW MEXICO-DUKE] Top-ranked New Mexico remained unbeaten with a 2-1 overtime victory over Duke before 6,200 fans in Albuquerque thanks to a golden-goal header by Carson Baldinger in the 98th minute.
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NCAA Division II Men's Tournament
by Soccer America
[SCOREBOARD] Fort Lewis and Franklin Pierce joined shootout winners Millersville and Lynn as the four semifinalists in the NCAA Division II Men's Tournament. The championship will be held Dec. 1-3 in Pensacola, Fla. For all the results ...
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NCAA Division III Men's Tournament
by Soccer America
[SCOREBOARD] Montclair State, Ohio Wesleyan, Texas-Tyler and Oneonta State advanced to the final four at the NCAA Division III Men's Tournament, which will be held Dec. 2-3 in San Antonio, Texas. For all the results ...
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NAIA Men's Tournament
by Soccer America
[SCOREBOARD] Science & Arts of Oklahoma, which defeated No. 2 Simon Fraser in last year's opening round, upended No. 9 Missouri Valley, 2-0, on Saturday for the biggest upset in this year's first round in the NAIA men's championship. Huston-Tillotson was the only one of seven teams appearing in its ...
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Spaniard leads Cloud County to first title
by Soccer America
[NJCAA DIVISION I MEN] Spaniard German Barreiro scored two goals -- his 30th and 31st goals of the season -- and added an assist to give Cloud County (Kan.) Community College a 4-1 win over Monroe College (N.Y.) in the final of the NJCAA Division I Men's Tournament in Phoenix.
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text: >-----Original Message----- >From: Serguei DACHIAN <email@example.com> >To: firstname.lastname@example.com <email@example.com> >Date: Sunday, December 06, 1998 10:17 PM >Subject: Disabling guitting the program ??? >Hi everybody. > >I'm using V at Win98 box with CygWinB20 compiler. I am writig some program >which must not be closed during certain computations (I must not to allow >interrupting the computations). The computations are heavy and long, so >while computing I do periodically "CheckEvents", in order to allow the >window to be moved/resized/etc during the computation, but I have do disable >closing!!! It is easily acheeved for "Exit" entry in "File" menu and for >"Exit" button that I have in my ToolBar/CommandPane, by setting their >Sensetive to 0. But one can still close the application by doubleclicking >the upperleft corner, or simpleclicking the upperright corner of the window >(don't forget I am under Win98). So the question is: can I disable this >buttons too, or not??? Or mayby this is a question about CygWinB20 >compiler, rather than about V??? I guess it's about some virtual functions of vApp and vWindow You can override vWindow::CloseWin() in a way: // I guess it will be done in command window void my_cmd_win::CloseWin() { if (disable) { note("cannot close window ..."); return; } vCmdWindow::CloseWin(); } That will lock the wimdow. And the application call Exit() method to initiate normal program termination, which can be override in a similar way. This method is usually called (in command window by WindowCommand()) when File/Exit is selected and with other "legal" exit methodds, like Alt+F4 or "x" in right upper corner. Best regards, Nikolay


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