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This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology can facilitate advances in productivity, safety and human quality of life through its applications in various industries. In particular, the application of WSN technology to the agricultural area, which is labor-intensive compared to other industries, and in addition is typically lacking in IT technology applications, adds value and can increase the agricultural productivity. This study attempts to establish a ubiquitous agricultural environment and improve the productivity of farms that grow paprika by suggesting a 'Ubiquitous Paprika Greenhouse Management System' using WSN technology. The proposed system can collect and monitor information related to the growth environment of crops outside and inside paprika greenhouses by installing WSN sensors and monitoring images captured by CCTV cameras. In addition, the system provides a paprika greenhouse environment control facility for manual and automatic control from a distance, improves the convenience and productivity of users, and facilitates an optimized environment to grow paprika based on the growth environment data acquired by operating the system.
The term wireless sensor networks (WSNs) refers to a widely used technology used for surveillance and control whereby sensor nodes equipped with computing and wireless communication capacity are placed in various application environments, forming a network that collects and distributes by radio information acquired from sensor nodes [
Agriculture in particular, is labor-intensive compared to other industries, and when WSN technology is applied to the agricultural area, which is generally lacking IT technology applications, added value and the productivity of agriculture can be increased [
Compared to more advanced nations in this field, Korea lacks research integrating agriculture and IT technologies as well as tools to collect growth environment information and analyze monitoring data, and its agricultural output costs are typically high but the output is low, because the level of technology optimized for environmental control is low compared to some of the more advanced nations [
In response to this problem this study designs and realizes a 'Ubiquitous Paprika Growth Management System' which makes it possible to monitor the environment used to grow paprika and manage and control this growing environment in real time using WSN technology, thus providing high quality paprika cultivation greenhouses with a precise growing environment.
The proposed system improves productivity by maintaining an optimized environment for growth and development through information about the environment in the paprika greenhouses and the growth and development of the crop, and it not only reduces production costs by optimizing management of the production components but also provides convenience to users through automatic wired-wireless remote control of the paprika growth environment.
The structure of this article is as follows; Section 2 explains related research, Section 3 describes the structure of the proposed ubiquitous paprika greenhouse management system structure and provided service processes, and Section 4 presents the results of our implementation of the proposed system. Finally, the conclusions that sum up the paper are presented in Section 5.
Liu and Ying have reported a greenhouse monitoring and control system using the Bluetooth technology. The system collected environmental data from a sensor network in a greenhouse and transmitted the data to a central control system [
The Rinnovando group is doing research work in a tomato greenhouse located in the South of Italy. They are using a wireless sensor network with Sensicast devices for the air temperature, relativity humidity and soil temperature measurements. They have also developed a Web-based plant monitoring application. A greenhouse grower can read the measurements over the Internet, and an alarm will be sent to his mobile phone by SMS or GPRS if some measurement variable changes rapidly. The Rinnovando group has installed a test bed in a 20 × 50 m tomato greenhouse, where six nodes are deployed into two rows 12.5 m apart from each other. One mesh node works as a repeater and improves the throughput of the communication. A bridge node gathers data from other sensor nodes, which transmit the measurements of temperature and relative humidity in one minute intervals [
The proposed ubiquitous paprika greenhouse management system is composed of three layers as shown in
The physical layer is comprised of sensors, CCTV cameras, and environmental control facilities. The application layer includes facilities for monitoring paprika growth and the greenhouse environment information and the interface supporting services for growth environment control, and the middle layer supports communication between the physical and application layers and maintains the optimized conditions for growth and development of crops through a database for the greenhouse information and by providing monitoring and control services.
The physical layer is composed of sensors collecting information about the external and internal environment of the paprika greenhouse and the growth of the paprika, the CCTV cameras collecting image information on the greenhouses, and environment control facilities to create an optimized environment for paprika growth.
Sensors are broadly divided into environment sensors collecting information from the internal and external environment and growth sensors collecting information on the growth of the plants. Environment sensors measure a variety of parameters which affect the growth of paprika such as intensity of illumination, temperature, humidity, wind direction, wind speed EC, pH, and CO2 levels,
The CCTV system is installed inside and outside of greenhouses. The internal CCTV is for collection of image information on the paprika and the external one for prevention of events such as burglary and fires.
Environment control facilities include ventilation and heating systems that can control the various greenhouse environment factors that affect the growth of crops such as illumination, temperature, EC, pH, and CO2, systems to retain heat for reduction of energy consumption, systems of controlling curtains to shade the light according to its intensity, circulating fan systems to control the circulation of air inside of facilities, systems to the control temperature of hot water and working fluids, and systems to control an artificial source of light according to the external light intensity, and each environment control facility is controlled by a PLC (Power Line Communication).
The middle layer is comprised of the sensor manager for management of environmental information collected by sensors, the image information manager for management of image information collected from the CCTV system, the facility control manager for management of the environment control facility, a database for storing paprika greenhouse information, and the paprika greenhouse management server for control of the paprika greenhouse monitoring and environment control facility.
The sensor manager processes formats in the form that information about the environment outside and inside greenhouses and about paprika growth, which are collected from the physical layer sensors, can be saved in the paprika greenhouse database, converts it into units which are suitable for the measurement elements and saves the processed data in the database using updating inquiries.
The facility control manager operates or the manages environmental control facility through PLC by receiving control signals from the paprika greenhouse management server, and conditions of such a environmental control facility, operation time and the number of controls are saved in the paprika greenhouse database.
The image information manager provides streaming data to the web by transferring images from the CCTV system to the paprika greenhouse management server, and saves it to the paprika greenhouse database after classifying it by greenhouse ID and camera number.
The paprika greenhouse database saves data in each table, including greenhouse environment data such as intensity of illumination, temperature, humidity, and CO2, which are collected from the sensors installed in the internal and external environments of the paprika greenhouse, the temperature of leaves and parts of stems, growth and development data such as weight of plant bodies, fruit temperature and volume, image data collected from the CCTV system, conditions, operation time, and number of controls of the environmental control facility, automatic control and standard values for condition notification.
The paprika greenhouse management server is located between the users and the paprika greenhouse database, and automatically controls all the environment control facilities and provides an alarm service through the web or SMS by informing users of greenhouse environment data and growth data saved in paprika greenhouse database over a certain period and comparing standard environment values saved in environment control facility control table and the condition alarm table.
The application layer is composed of application services supporting various platforms such as web, PDA, smart phone,
Paprika growth information and greenhouse environment monitoring services save paprika growth and development information such as information of internal and external environment of paprika. This service is broadly divided into crop growth information services, greenhouse internal and external weather information services, and rooting zone environment information services. Crop growth and development information services measure and analyze temperature of plants inside of paprika greenhouses, the temperature of the upper and lower parts of stems, temperature and volume of fruits, body weight of plants, plant heights, rates of increase of weight and height of the plants, the amount of water and light that crops absorb, yields,
Greenhouse internal and external weather information services measure and analyze external weather conditions such as temperature, humidity, wind direction and speed and internal weather such as temperature, relative humidity, the intensity of light for the upper and lower parts of crops, and the amount of light penetration. Rooting zone environment information services analyze and provide producers with information on measurements and change of conditions such as the amount of supplied liquid affecting the rooting zone of plants inside of greenhouses, EC and pH of supplied liquid, the amount, EC, and pH of waste liquor, rate of absorption and temperature within culture medium, and temperature of supplied water and waste liquor.
At this point, the sensor manger analyzes the delivered data, extracts and transforms each value of sensing, and saves in each table of the paprika greenhouse database. The paprika greenhouse management server then delivers this information about the greenhouse internal and external environment and growth and development of paprika saved in paprika greenhouse database, and through this the users can monitor information on the growth and development of the paprika plants and the greenhouse environment.
Image monitoring services for paprika greenhouses are to provide producers and consumers with images of greenhouses and crops through CCTV installed inside and outside of greenhouses.
Images collected from the CCTV system are sent to an image information manager that classifies this stream of data by greenhouse ID and camera number and saves it in the paprika greenhouse database, and transmits it to paprika greenhouse management server and manages matching between ID and image information, which enable users to check image information of greenhouse through web server.
Paprika growth and development environment control services can is controlled automatically by the paprika management server or manually by producers for creation of an optimized environment for growth and development of paprika based on information collected from sensors installed inside and outside of greenhouse and the CCTV system.
Automatic control services save information on the environment and growth and development of paprika collected from greenhouses, and the paprika greenhouse management server calls this information and compares the collected information with the standards saved in the paprika greenhouse database. After checking whether the environment control facilities saved in paprika greenhouse database match or not the values set in the standards, control signals are sent to the facility control manager and the facility control manager transmits the control signals with PLC to control each environment control facility.
When the environment control facility operates, information on the conditions, operation time, and number of control of environment control facility is saved in paprika greenhouse database through the facility control manager and users are informed through the GUI.
Manual control services save information about the environment and growth and development of paprika collected from greenhouses in the paprika greenhouse database and the paprika greenhouse management server transmits this information to users in real time. Users can check the information about the environment of the greenhouses and the growth and development of the paprika through the GUI, and when there is a need to use the environment control facility, a facility control order is given through the GUI, which receives facility control orders from users and transmits facility control signals to the paprika greenhouse management server, and paprika greenhouse management server that receives the control signals understands whether environment control facility is operating correctly or not from the paprika greenhouse database, and transmits appropriate control signals to the facility control manager and controls the environment control facilities through the PLC.
Paprika greenhouse situation alarm services serve are to prevent dangerous situations by informing users of changes in weather and greenhouses conditions and letting them take measures in advance. Environment sensors transmit the measured data to the sensor manager. The sensor manager extracts the measurement values from the transmitted data and saves it in paprika greenhouse database. The saved data is periodically monitored by the paprika greenhouse management server, and when the values are over or under the standards, or environment changes occur, the users are informed through the web or by SMS (
The sensor nodes used in this system receive with the greenhouse and leave temperature and humidity sensor data from the corresponding sensors via a MSP430 MCU and transmit it to relay nodes and the gateway using a CC2420 RF Chip [
The power for sensor nodes is provided by using a TEKCELL 5.6 V battery, and a TK71750 LDO is used for supplying stable power to the nodes [
As temperature and humidity sensor, the all-in-one style SHT71 is used. The operation power is 2.4 V–5.5 V, which is relatively low, and power consumption is as low as mean 28 μA. The inside of the sensor has offset memory, 14 bit A/D converter and digital 2-wire interface, and the temperature can be measured up to −40 to 120, with an accuracy of 0.5%. In addition, humidity is measured between 0 and 100% with an accuracy of 3.5% [
The sensor used for the temperature of leaves is a IRtec Rayomatic 10. This is a suitable sensor to measure the surface temperatures like that of the surface of leaves since it is a non-contact smart infrared light sensor that can measure a wide range of temperatures between 0 and 500 °C. The Rayomatic 10 sensor for leaf temperatures uses signals by amplifying them with a LM358 OP-AMP in order to gain the correct value of sensor, since the current change of current according to the temperature of leaves is as small as 4–20 mA [
As a leaf humidity sensor a Model 237 Leaf Wetness Sensor was used, which changes the values of internal resistance, which is Rs, in between 20 and 1,000 KΩ according to the wet or dry conditions of the surface of the sensor and can measure the humidity of the surface of leaves between 0 and 100%, according to the values of the internal resistance changes. Since the magnitude of signal change of the sensor according to the changes of internal resistance is minute, it is used together with a LM358 OP-AMP like the temperature of leaves sensor in order to determine an exact value [
The MSP430 is a 16 bit RISC MCU, whose operating voltage is between 1.8 V and 3.3 V. There are two external clocks and one internal clock can be generated by itself. A XIN-XOUT pin is a connection place with a low frequency clock, which is used to operate into low energy mood, and XT2IN-XT2OUT pin is a place of connecting with high frequency clock, which is for operation of high performance mood. In addition, the strength of MSP430 is that it has 12 bit built-in ADC with eight channels so it can use digital data by directly changing analogue signals entering from sensor to digital data without composing extra ADC. There are two types of timer; Timer A and Timer B. Timer A has three CC registers, and Timer B has seven registers. Practical timer has two registers, but because it has register, it can have effects of several timers. In addition, there are two UARTs with six 8 bit ports. Besides, it is MCU with built-in hardware multi-player and DMA controllers.
MSP430 receives 3.3 V voltage from the power supply, calculates sensor data by receiving signals from sensors for temperature, humidity, temperature and humidity of leaves, and sends it to CC2420 RF Chip. In order to use with low power mode, it connects the XIN-XOUT 32.768 Khz Crystal generator to the XIN-XOUT pin [
CC2420 is 2.4 GHz of ZigBee chip, which is suitable for low power and low cost sensor networks. It uses the O-QPSK modulation method by applying DSSS and Half Sine Pulse. The maximum transmission rate is 250 Kbps. In addition, it has four serial ports including SI, SO, SCLK, and CSn, as well as thirty-three 16 bit composition and condition registers, fifteen order saving registers, two 8-bit transmission and reception FIFO registers. The CC2420 connects through the MCU and 4-wire SPI interface and approaches 128 bytes of FIFO related to transmission and reception [
In order to prove the utility of the proposed ubiquitous paprika growth management system for growth and development of paprika, firstly, this study established a system representative of an actual paprika greenhouse after testing the systems by installing sensors, including sensors for soil, environment, temperature and leaf humidity in paprika greenhouse models.
Users can monitor the paprika greenhouse and control facility information via the "Control PC" installed in paprika greenhouse. The paprika greenhouse management server is composed of the paprika database, WEB server and APP server, so users can thus monitor and control the paprika greenhouse using various types of devices such as PCs, PDAs, smart phones,
In order to prove the feasibility of the system, paprika greenhouse models were produced, as seen in
In addition, in order to maintain an optimized environment for growth and development of crops, electric lights, fan heaters, ventilators, devices for overhead flooding, and ceilings, environment control facilities are installed in greenhouses, and in order to test system control and monitoring, the Web GUI of the ubiquitous management system for growth and development of paprika was realized, as seen in
The values which were measured by the soil and weather sensors in greenhouses are viewed in window (a) and from (c), we can control the greenhouses facility devices and check conditions. The paprika greenhouse management server compares the sensing values with those stored in the paprika greenhouse database. When the value of the conditions of an equipment device is 1, it appears as "Onm", and when it is 0, as "Off". Window (d) displays equipment conditions in (c) as graphics. Window (b) show the images collected through the CCTV cameras, and (e) is where the standard values for automatic control of the greenhouse are entered.
As a result of applying the proposed ubiquitous paprika growth management system to greenhouse models, the usefulness of system was confirmed, and systems were established to test its use in actual paprika greenhouses, as seen in
In order to gather information about the internal and external environment of the paprika greenhouse, sensors were installed inside and outside, and internal and external features such as temperature and humidity outside and inside the greenhouse, wind speed and direction and internal greenhouse parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, intensity of light in the upper and lower parts of crops, and the amount of penetration of light.
In addition, considering that paprika cultivation mainly uses nutrient solution culture, management of the rooting zone, which greatly affects absorption in nutrient solution culture, is very important, and factors such as the amount of nutrients, EC and pH of supplied liquids, the amount, EC, and pH of waste liquors, rate of absorption and temperature within the culture medium, and temperature of water supply and waste liquor, were measured by installing sensors to collect information about the rooting zone environment. In order to understand the growth and development of the crop, sensors were installed and the temperature of plants inside the paprika greenhouse, the temperature of the upper and lower parts of stems, temperature and volume of fruits, weight of plant bodies, plant body heights, the amount of water and light that crops absorb, yields, and rates of increase of plants body weight were measured.
In order to create an optimized paprika growth environment based on the crop growth information from the sensors installed inside and outside the greenhouse, weather condition information from inside and outside the greenhouse, and information about the rooting zone environment, environment control facilities were installed in the greenhouse, and in order to control these facilities, a PLC controller was installed.
In order to monitor and control the paprika greenhouse, as seen in the
In the manager GUI, the sensing values measured by the sensors installed inside and outside greenhouses appeared in (a), and (b) shows control of equipment in greenhouses and its conditions; (c) expresses the conditions of equipment in (b) as graphics; (f) is the part to control the CCTV system; (e) is the part to show images collected through the CCTV cameras, and (d) id the part to enter standard values for automatic greenhouse control.
As a result of applying the proposed system as mentioned above to actual paprika greenhouses, information about the environment and greenhouse images are collected through sensors and image supervision cameras, and the GUI, which is intuitive to users, can monitor and control greenhouse conditions.
The monitoring values related to greenhouse control and the control values in the graphs above show that there were no operation errors. In addition, in monitoring rooting zone environment and information about the plants, there is a need for the consistent research and supplementation data that the sensor monitoring system can provide.
This study proposes a ubiquitous paprika growth system for comprehensive management of paprika greenhouses that require precise management of the plant growth and development environment. The proposed system is composed of physical, middle and application layers, and components of each layer collect and manage information of environment for growth and development within paprika greenhouses. Not only is the information delivered to users by a variety of methods, but remote manual and automatic control of paprika greenhouses also improves users' convenience and productivity, and based on the data of environment for growth and development gained by operating the system, an optimized environment for growth and development of paprika can be created.
To test the proposed system, it was tested in paprika greenhouse models by installing sensors, including sensors for soils, environment, temperature and humidity of leaves and CCTV cameras and it was was established in actual paprika greenhouses. As a result of this testing, monitoring and control of the paprika growth and development environment could be conducted through a convenient GUI and the sensor monitoring showed there were no errors in the operation of the greenhouses.
This research was supported by the MKE (The Ministry of Knowledge Economy), Korea, under the ITRC (Information Technology Research Center) support program supervised by the NIPA (National IT Industry Promotion Agency) (NIPA-2010-(C1090-1021-0009)).
Paprika Growth Management System Structure.
Paprika Environment & Growth Information Monitoring Operations.
Paprika Image Monitoring Operations.
Paprika Facilities Automatic Control Services Operations.
Paprika Facilities Manual Control Services Operations.
Operation process of the Paprika Greenhouse Status Alarm Services [
Sensor Node.
Block Diagram of Proposed Ubiquitous Paprika Growth Management System.
Test-bed: greenhouse model and sensors.
Test-bed GUI.
Installation site of the Ubiquitous Paprika Growth Management System: paprika greenhouse in Sepung-ri, Gwangyang-eup, Kwangyang-si, Jeollanam-do, Korea.
Installed Sensors in the paprika greenhouse.
Environment Control Facilities and PLC.
Ubiquitous Paprika Growth Management System GUI.
Measured Environmental Data Graph (1 June 2010).


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- Kick-of
- LocationValencia, Spain
- PositionDefender
- Squad Number3
Jose Enrique became the answer to our left-back conundrum when he joined the club in the summer of 2011.
The Spaniard arrived at Anfield from Newcastle United and settled in immediately with a series of confident displays, the like of which Kopites had not seen from a left-back for several years.
A successful sprinter as a youngster, Enrique started out his footballing journey at Levante before being signed by hometown club Valencia in the summer of 2005. However, Los Che opted to immediately send him out on loan so he could gain experience.
Having impressed during his season-long spell at Celta Vigo, Enrique secured a permanent transfer to Villarreal in 2006.
It was during his time at El Madrigal that the defender earned the nickname 'El Toro' (The Bull) due to his speed, physical prowess and eagerness to maraud forward to support attacks – and he was soon making his mark at international level as he stepped up to the Spanish U21 squad.
By the start of the 2007-08 campaign, Enrique was one of Europe's hottest properties. Newcastle won the race for his signature, capturing him on a five-year deal despite reported interest from Liverpool and Manchester City.
He made 28 appearances during his maiden term on Tyneside and though his star continued to rise in his second season, Enrique was unable to prevent Newcastle slipping down into the Championship.
Several Premier League teams circled for his signature, but Enrique rebuffed any interest and stated his desire to help bring top-flight football back to St James' Park.
He remained true to his word and not only did he help fire Newcastle to the top of the Championship table, he was also named as the club's Player of the Season for 2009-10.
In addition, Enrique clinched a place in the PFA Championship Team of the Year, alongside fellow future Red Andy Carroll.
The full-back continued to flourish upon Newcastle's return to the Premier League, prompting Liverpool to make their move.
Enrique departed Newcastle having notched 129 appearances and one goal, but his aim now was to compete for trophies at one of the world's biggest clubs.
And he didn't have to wait long to get his hands on a medal as he helped Liverpool to Carling Cup glory just seven months after switching to Anfield.
Afforded a licence to attack by Brendan Rodgers, the Spaniard thrived from full-back and occasionally the wing during 2012-13, although the season to follow would frustratingly prove to be one beset by injury.
Sadly 2014-15 has continued in much the same vein, but Rodgers will hope that the full-back can regain the form that made him one of Europe's most coveted defenders.

subset: commoncrawl


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Training in martial arts and the extent of the benefits gained through this training depends on the individual. This is because how much you train and how seriously you dedicated yourself is depends all on you. Everyone knows that in order to be serious, you need to attend classes regularly but an often disregarded aspect of training is the importance of selecting a good training partner.
Randomly choosing choosing a person to be your partner during the technical portions of the class is a bad idea.. You need to find someone who has the same seriousness and fitness as you. At my Columbia Martial Arts training center, my coach always says that to successfully progress through a martial art like Brazilian jiu jitsu you need to get at least 10,000 repetitions of a move in for it to be perfect. If you select an unmotivated goofball as your training partner, you are not likely to get good reps in during that class. You want to select someone who also wants to progress and someone who has the same kind of goals in mind. You should want to help your training partner reach their goals, sometimes putting theirs before yours, so you need to find someone who can do the same for you.
Make sure to consider the size of your partner.. For example, if you are male, six feet tall, and 200 pounds, your training partner should not be female, five feet tall, and 120 pounds – no matter how cute she is. You should select someone who has a similar body size to your own. You will be able to get in quality reps of the moves you learn in class. You will not be able to get the most of your training session if you are holding back because you are afraid of hurting your partner or you are afraid of getting injured yourself..
It is also a good idea to try and work with the same partner on a regular basis. You develop a rapport with this person and you understand each other. As previously mentioned, it's a good thing to try and help others reach their goals, even if it means sometimes putting theirs before your own. A good training partner will return the favor.. If you understand what your partner is working on, you can offer assistance and vice-versa.. At my Columbia Brazilian Jiu Jitsu school, we have a group of girls who are all close friends and train regularly so we always have someone to train with and offer moral support. Never forget that the most important person in the training regiment is YOU, but the second is your training partner!.
Related Martial Arts Blogs
- Anybody know which Martial Arts practice uses the sword?Is it Jui Jitsu?
- Gray Bed Sheets and my Room Mate! « www.fivefeetflat.com
- Debate on the Future of Higher Ed | Differences & Repetitions
- Increase Your Training Intensity – Forced Repetitions | Healthcare
- Ryan Reynolds — a Goofball During His Younger Years! | Showbiz Spy – celebrity news, rumors & gossip


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Table Of Contents
Managed Metro Ethernet Services Overview for Small, Midsized, and Large Enterprises
Metro Ethernet connectivity models
Dedicated SONET Ring Solution Uses Cisco Technology to Support Rutgers' Educational and Business Goals
Out-Tasking End-User Overview
Managed Metro Ethernet Services Overview for Small, Midsized, and Large Enterprises
Executive Summary
The amount of data being transported across internal and external business networks has grown exponentially. New Web-enabled business applications, multimedia, distributed computing, and storage-area networking are driving enterprise demand for wide-area network (WAN) bandwidth. While businesses are responding to these requirements by upgrading their local-area networks (LANs) to Gigabit Ethernet, WAN bandwidth has not kept pace and is increasingly seen as the bottleneck. Ethernet benefits in the LAN are well understood; now this technology is rapidly evolving to provide the same benefits in the WAN.
Metro Ethernet provides a flexible, scalable, and cost-effective alternative to private lines, frame relay, and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) connectivity solutions for WAN. Globally, service providers have started to offer Metro Ethernet Services, which use ubiquitous Ethernet technology to deliver converged voice, video, and data networking. Where traditional time-division multiplexed (TDM) access is rigid, complex, and costly to provision, Metro Ethernet Services provide scalable bandwidth in flexible increments, simplified management, and faster and lower-cost provisioning. Metro Ethernet provides a data-optimized connectivity solution for the Metropolitan-area network (MAN)/WAN based on technology which is widely deployed within the enterprise LAN.
Service Provider Metro Ethernet offerings include connectivity services, as well as Ethernet access services such as high-speed Internet access and IP virtual private networks (VPNs). Depending on the architecture and implementation, Metro Ethernet services can meet enterprise service-level agreement (SLA) requirements to support mission-critical data, voice, video, and storage networking. As the service supports interworking, businesses can continue to use their existing Frame Relay/ATM service where appropriate, and selectively deploy Ethernet where high-bandwidth, flexible connectivity is required.
Ethernet in the WAN delivers a number of benefits to IT organizations:
•High bandwidth wide-area networking enables consolidation of servers and storage resources, which results in improved asset utilization and lower overall cost.
•Scalable WAN bandwidth and "any-to-any" connectivity also enables IT to implement advanced business applications by converging voice, video, and data transport over a single network.
•Finally, with Metro Ethernet services, it is easier to implement initiatives like business continuity, storage virtualization, and grid computing that require scalable connectivity between data centers.
Metro Ethernet is one of the newer WAN alternatives and usage is steadily growing for intra-metro and inter-metro application. IDC forecast a 42 percent compound annual growth rate (CAGR) and expects the worldwide market for Metro Ethernet Service to grow from US$1.1 billion in revenue in 2003 to US$6.3 billion in 2008. The technology is maturing fast and standards are in place to accelerate service adoption. Businesses are taking advantage of the flexibility of Metro Ethernet services to address their current WAN challenges, while providing a scalable and flexible network foundation for future demands.
Today, a number of service providers offer metro Ethernet services with different SLA options for management, class of service (CoS), and availability. Finding the right Metro Ethernet solution for your organization begins with assessing and prioritizing your unique requirements, as well as becoming informed about your alternatives and some of the key decision points. This overview provides a starting place. More in-depth information is available on:
or by speaking with a Cisco® representative or Cisco Powered Network® (CPN) designated service provider.
Business Drivers
Businesses in all sectors of the economy are becoming dependent on networked information, communications, and transactions. Network usage and complexity has escalated, at the same time that bandwidth-intensive applications have become more widespread.
Many business find their existing WAN becoming a bottleneck. Traditionally businesses have built their LANs using Ethernet; while depending on services such as Private Line, Frame, and ATM for WAN. In the LAN, bandwidth has increased from 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps and beyond, while in the WAN the speeds are much lower—typically 64 Kbps to 2 Mbps (T1/E1). Existing WAN technologies offer limited scalability, and provisioning additional bandwidth is costly and complex. Due to expensive WAN bandwidth, enterprises have been forced to distribute their IT resources and co-locate them with users. This has resulted in proliferation of applications, servers, and storage across multiple locations, increasing cost and complexity.
There are a number of factors driving WAN bandwidth demand, including distributed business processes, new business applications, recent industry regulations, increased consolidation of IT resources, and an on-demand computing model. A recent survey by Sage research cites cost-effective high-bandwidth as the main challenge for an enterprise WAN. However, it is not just large businesses that are seeing increased demand for WAN bandwidth. Even small and medium-size businesses are looking for ways to increase productivity, scale operations, and reduce communications costs by leveraging the benefits of Internet and managed broadband services.
While network usage has continued to grow, IT budgets have not. In order to enhance productivity and maintain a competitive position in their industry, businesses are seeking cost-effective ways to increase their WAN bandwidth and support sophisticated applications. Businesses are keeping pace with evolving e-business models by turning to Metro Ethernet, which supplies high-bandwidth to both the LAN and WAN.
Business Benefits
Metro Ethernet delivers a compelling value proposition for business networking. Metro Ethernet services provide an efficient data-optimized solution for WAN/MAN. Ethernet-based access and connectivity services deliver the following benefits to businesses:
Ethernet is a proven technology with unmatched scalability. Compared to alternatives like PL/Frame/ATM. Ethernet can scale from 10 Mbps to 1000 Mbps, often without a change in technology or Customer Premise Equipment (CPE). With support for rate limiting available in Ethernet switches, service providers can offer a wide range of granular bandwidth increments using the same CPE.
Cost Effective
Ethernet economics are proven in the LAN. This technology now delivers the same advantage to the WAN. The cost per Mbps of bandwidth is lower for Ethernet services in comparison to other alternatives. Additionally, per-port cost for Ethernet CPE is lower than those for ATM/SONET/SDH and there is no need to oversubscribe bandwidth. Businesses can purchase only the bandwidth they need, when they need it, which reduces their operating expenses. Ongoing operational costs are also lower for Ethernet, because the knowledge base for this technology is widely available within the enterprise. Finally, Ethernet also facilitates initiatives like server and storage consolidation that lead to lower overall IT cost.
Metro Ethernet provides a flexible WAN solution for business networking. The service can be used for connectivity as well as an access mechanism. Metro Ethernet can also be used as a local loop alternative for high-speed access to Layer 3 services such as Internet and IP VPN, eliminating any first-mile bottleneck. Existing Frame/ATM services can interwork with Ethernet, enabling smooth migration to this service. Finally as Metro Ethernet offerings support multiple CoS, businesses can converge their voice, video, and data applications over a single WAN infrastructure.
Most enterprise customers have standardized on Ethernet for their LAN. Now with Ethernet-based services for the WAN, the network architecture is greatly simplified. Metro Ethernet delivers a plug and play connectivity solution for the WAN. This is particularly attractive for certain MAN applications like distributed computing, data replication, and business continuity. As this is a L2 service, end users continue to maintain control over their IP domain. Finally, Metro Ethernet allows end users to provision additional bandwidth quickly when needed, with some providers even offering on-demand capabilities.
Services Description
Based on this framework, Service Providers today offer a variety of essential services.
Type of Service Connectivity Type End User Service Example
Ethernet LAN Service (E-LAN)
Fully meshed (any-to-any) Multipoint connection
Transparent LAN Service
Ethernet Line Service (E-Line)
Point-to-Point connection
Ethernet Private Line
Metro Ethernet connectivity models
Transparent LAN Service
Transparent LAN Service (TLS) offerings support different types of Service Level Agreements, in addition to supporting bandwidth profiles similar to those available for Frame Relay. Some providers also offer multiple CoS for best effort, delay-sensitive, packet-loss-sensitive traffic. With TLS service, businesses can implement converged networking and support mission-critical data and real-time applications such as voice and video over Metro Ethernet.
Vertical markets benefiting from TLS include government, education, healthcare and finance, which require large bandwidth to enable applications such as imaging, eLearning, videoconferencing, business continuity, and distributed computing.
Ethernet Private Ring
Ethernet Private Ring services deliver dedicated bandwidth and highly reliable connectivity. They provide enterprises with the reliability of optical transport, as well as the flexibility and simplicity of Ethernet. This is a premium service, used primarily for intra-metro applications requiring high reliability for dedicated bandwidth and security. Applications include a dedicated campus ring, data center/storage connectivity, and business continuity.
Enterprise verticals such as finance, utility, healthcare manufacturing, high-technology, and transportation should consider this service for mission-critical applications requiring high bandwidth intra-Metro connectivity.
Ethernet Relay Services
Ethernet Relay Services (ERS) is similar to Frame Relay, enabling businesses to implement a hub and spoke network (such as those often used for branch connectivity). This service enables an enterprise to access the Internet, Intranet, and extranet over a single physical connection to the Service Provider network.
ERS is well suited for applications requiring aggregation of a large number of remote branch connections. The service supports SLAs similar to those available for TLS.
Ethernet Wire Service
Ethernet Wire Service (EWS) provides point-to-point L2 Ethernet connectivity. The service can be used for applications like LAN extension to a remote location or storage back-up/archiving applications which are not time-sensitive (for example, TLM back-up). EWS can also be used within a metro area to access other hosted services or co-location sites. One of the main applications of this service is that of a local loop alternative, to provide Ethernet services such as Internet and IP VPNs.
Dedicated Internet Access
One of the fast growing Ethernet services is dedicated Internet access. Most providers offer Ethernet access to Internet. These offerings are usually tiered and tariffed based on bandwidth. Providers offer a range of Bandwidth from as low as 10 Mbps to 1000 Mbps.
Dedicated Internet access is attractive for customers in verticals such as high-technology, media, education, retail, as well as any Web-based businesses that require large bandwidth to the Internet for hosting or co-location application.
Ethernet Access to IP VPNs
Service providers worldwide are delivering advanced, scalable network-based IP VPN services with Ethernet access. IP VPNs allow enterprises to out-task services such as network-based firewalls, hosting, content, and IP telephony.
Enterprises should consider Ethernet access to IP VPNs for locations requiring large bandwidth such as corporate office or data centers.
Business Requirements
Metro Ethernet delivers a flexible, scalable solution for MAN/WAN business requirements. As this service is now available from most providers, businesses will find it attractive to buy managed Metro Ethernet services instead of building their own Metro Ethernet network. When considering Metro Ethernet services, the enterprise needs to evaluate a provider's offerings against the key requirements below.
Multiple Classes of Service
Implementing a truly converged Metro Ethernet network requires multiple CoS to support mission-critical data, voice, video, and storage traffic.
Service Uptime
This is an important element of a Metro Ethernet service level agreement. Providers today offer different tiers of service uptime. These tiers include high uptime and high resiliency, as well as fully redundant premium service options with 24x7 availability. For mission-critical applications, an enterprise should consider premium Metro Ethernet offerings.
Ethernet is a plug and play technology, making security ramifications particularly critical. Providers should address security risks, such as Denial of Service (DoS) attack and MAC attacks.
Additional Requirements
Other key business requirements include support for multicast traffic, tools for customer network management, real-time bandwidth provisioning, and protocol handling.
Case Study
Dedicated SONET Ring Solution Uses Cisco Technology to Support Rutgers' Educational and Business Goals
Business Challenge
Rutgers wanted to run its business operations like a Fortune 500 company to be able to provide the highest quality education, increase research support, and continue its commitment to public service through education. The university's point-to-point T-1 and OC3 network architecture lacked flexibility, redundancy for disaster recovery, and the ability to cost-effectively scale to support high-bandwidth applications and future growth (made possible by Ethernet Interfaces).
Rutgers turned to a long-term CPN partner to provide a managed, secure, reliable, and survivable backbone for all of its business operations. The need for a high bandwidth and quickly scalable network pointed to a next-generation SONET solution. This dedicated SONET ring (DSR) provides gigabit Ethernet interfaces and scalability to an OC-192 ring. The service provider's premium Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) service provided Rutgers with a solution based on the Cisco ONS 15454 Multiservice Provisioning Platform (MSPP). The Cisco ONS 15454 platform combines the ability to provide current, traditional SONET interfaces and circuits (both electrical and optical) with the ability to provide next-generation SONET interfaces such as Ethernet, all protected by the self-healing SONET architecture. The premium DSR service addresses the increasing demand for data-optimized dedicated SONET service. The service draws on the Cisco ONS 15454 MSPP features to provide customers with a reliable,
cost-effective, flexible, and efficient multiservice solution using a single platform—greatly simplifying the network.
This next-generation OC-48 ring will resolve Rutgers' current network constraints and lay a flexible foundation to address future service/technology requirements. When this dedicated SONET ring is installed, Rutgers will be able to alleviate single points of failure and provide protection in the event of a disaster. Adding bandwidth on the Cisco ONS 15454 platform will be faster and possible at a much lower cost than adding more point-to-point lines, enabling the university to keep pace with ever-increasing bandwidth demands for information access, research, and collaboration. This will enable Rutgers to continue attracting top caliber students and faculty.
Decision Tree
Regardless of business size, you can begin evaluating your organization's Metro Ethernet Access requirements, by considering desired bandwidth, applications, and quality of service.
In addition, enterprises will want to consider the following:
•Ethernet-based server consolidation for business continuity and secure management
•Networked storage offers automation of storage management, economic consolidation of resources, enhanced resilience of improved data back-up and recovery
The material presented here can provide a starting place for discussion on your unique business needs with a managed service provider.
Financial Analysis
It is becoming clearer to enterprise customers that Metro Ethernet can save them hundreds of thousands of dollars. To illustrate this point the Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) conducted a business case that analyzed the potential savings over a three-year period realized by Metro Ethernet Private Line Data services over today's traditional options. For this study, MEF assumed a metro area consisting of one large site with 500+ employees and four Medium sites with between 100-499 employees. It was assumed that these sites required connectivity for two Metro data applications: Dedicated Internet Access and Private Line over a three-year period. The bandwidth requirements were from 3 Mbps to 36 Mbps. Results showed that the Ethernet model generated a 70 percent increase in savings to the enterprise over both the traditional Private Line and Frame Relay models. The actual savings in dollars amounted to a US$1.7M savings over Frame Relay and a US$2.13M savings over Private Line. The percentage of total savings are greater at larger sites where bandwidth requirements are higher; so savings actually increases as bandwidth increases. These savings do not account for the additional savings generated by a reduction in hardware capitalization, installation, and engineering and operational support costs.
CPN Program
Cisco is the leader in enterprise networking, and medium and large businesses can enjoy the same reliability, scalability, and flexibility of network services by looking for the CPN designation when they choose to out-task these capabilities. An increasing number of business customers are able to access managed business voice services based on Cisco solutions that include scalable, flexible architectures supporting operations and mandatory regulatory voice features.
Businesses are looking to service providers with the CPN designation to supply reliable, industry-leading, out-tasked services that enable advanced applications based on Cisco end-to-end network equipment and technology, including:
•Compliance with stringent requirements and standards
•Confidence that out-tasking partners are using industry standard technology
•Optimized deployment of security services in a timely manner
•Lower infrastructure investment
Over 500 of the most successful service providers around the world are members of the CPN program. Situated in more than 56 countries, these program members offer a wide range of services—over networks built with Cisco products and solutions—for small and large businesses alike.
Service providers with the CPN designation are committed to using end-to-end Cisco equipment in their networks, and meet high standards of operational excellence and customer service and support.
For More Information
To learn more about Cisco-based managed metro Ethernet services visit:
Look for Cisco overviews on other managed services including:
•Security Services
•Virtual Private Network Services
•Business Voice Services


text:
AAU wrestlers bring home state medals
By Jay Davis
Eight young grapplers earned trips to the medal stand at the South Dakota State AAU Wrestling Tournament in Brookings over the weekend.
Ethan Black Fox led the Mobridge contingent with a second-place finish at Novice Hwt. Black Fox picked up pins over Ethan Blasius of Kimball and Alex Pulling of Whitewood before falling to Nash Hutmacher of Chamberlain in the title match.
Brookelynn Vogel placed second in girls' Novice 80. She defeated Kennedi Landis of Colman/Egan before falling to Morgan Schmiedt of Woonsocket.
Dalton Martian took third at Schoolboy 160. Martian opened with wins over Derek Mack of Watertown and Brody Surrell of Vermillion. He lost to eventual state champion Nate Guthmiller of Madison, but rallied to beat Alex Blackford of Tri-Valley and Aidyn Feldhaus of Howard.
Braden Goehring fought for fifth at Novice 60. His only losses were to state champion Riley Hollingshead of Beresford and third place Jarek Glenn of Westside. On the way he beat Everett Paul of Union Center, Tucker Bahm of Yankton, Canyon Lowman of Dell Rapids and Michael Huscher of Sioux Falls.
Will Redmond earned sixth place at Midgets 85. Redmonds lost to Elijah Isais of Canton before beating Tysan Deigen of Mitchell, Dustin Honomichl Jr. of Wagner and Lincoln Thorpe of Warner/Northwestern. He was beaten by third-place finisher Alex Voegele of Aberdeen before beating Cole Pranger of Mt. Vernon.
Bryston Goehring took seventh place at Novice 70 with wins over Beau Beavers of Sioux Falls, Parker Phillips of Mitchell and Cole Skadsen of Garreston. His losses came to second-place Ty Althoff of Waterown and fifth-place Riley Weger of Parkston.
Isaac Olson snared seventh place at Schoolboy 110. Olson lost to Ty Haneke of Beresford and then rallied to beat Jarred Hodges of Madison and Hunter Wright of Redfield. He lost to Jared Fitzgerald of Garretson before beating Briggs Havlik of Mitchell. Fitzgerald went on to beat Haneke for fifth.
Stone Jensen took eighth place at Schoolboy 140. Jensen was defeated by Cole Soulek of Wagner. After a bye he beat Keaten Wagner of Garretson, but was defeated by Jacob Sigler of Rapid City and Noah Spartz of Watertown.
Wrestlers who earned a trip to state but did not place were: Taylon Carmody, Bantam 60; Jaden Madison, Cadet 126; Brady Bauer, Midgets 60; Carter Lenz, Midgets 65; Kalvin Netterville, Midgets Hwt; Britton Vogel, Novice 75; Caden Lenz, Novice 85; Tucker Holzer, Novice 95; Mason Schoenhard, Novice 95; Kyler Pearman, Novice 120; Dakota Nickels, Schoolboy 125; and Nathan Bauer, Schoolboy 125.
Brookelynn Vogel, Girls Novice 80: Second Place: defeated Kennedi Landis, Colman/Egan, 5-3; was defeated by Morgan Schmiedt, Woonsocket, 6-0.
Will Redmond, Midgets 85: Sixth Place: was defeated by Elijah Isais, Canton, 7-3; defeated Tysan Diegen, Mitchell, 7-3; pinned Dustin Honomichl Jr., Wagner, :57; defeated Lincoln Thorpe, Warner/Northwestern, 6-3; was pinned by Alex Voegele, Aberdeen, 1:07; was pinned by Cole Pranger, Mt. Vernon, 4:09.
Braden Goehring, Novice 60: Fifth place: pinned Everett Paul, Union Center, 2:41; was pinned by Riley Hollingshead, Beresford, 1:20; defeated Tucker Bahm, Yankton, 6-2; defeated Canyon Lowman, Dell Rapids, 12-8; was pinned by Jarek Glenn, Westside, :36; defeated Michael Huscher, Sioux Falls, 7-4.
Bryston Goehring, Novice 70: Seventh Place: pinned Beau Beavers, Sioux Falls, 3:57; was pinned by Ty Althoff, Watertown, :29; pinned Parker Phillips, Mitchell, 1:08; was pinned by Riley Weber, Parkston, 1:18; won by forfeit over Cole Skadsen, Garretson.
Ethan Black Fox, Novice Hwt: Second Place: pinned Ethan Blasius, Kimball, 1:00; pinned Alex Pulling, Whitewood, 2:09; was pinned by Nash Hutmacher, Chamberlain, 1:00.
Isaac Olson, Schoolboy 110: Seventh Place: was pinned by Ty Haneke, Beresford, 4:07; pinned Jarred Hodges, Madison, 3:27; defeated Hunter Wright, Redfield, 11-3; was defeated by Jared Fitzgerald, Garretson, 11-1; defeated Briggs Havlik, Mitchell, 7-3.
Stone Jensen, Schoolboy 140: Eighth Place: was pinned by Cole Soulek, Wagner, :56; bye; defeated Keaten Wagner, Garretson, 4-1; was defeated by Jacbo Sigler, Rapid City, 11-2; was pinned by Noah Spartz, Watertown, 1:12.
Dalton Martian, Schoolboy 160: Third Place: pinned Derek Mack, Watertown, 1:52; pinned Brody Surrell, Vermillion, :38; was pinned by Nate Guthmiller, Madison, 3:55; pinned Alec Blackford, Tri-Valley, :40; defeated Aidyn Feldhaus, Howard, 15-0 technical fall.


text:
Les Miserables. Canberra Philharmonic
Erindale Theatre until March 16.
Reviewer: Alanna Maclean
Canberra Philharmonic has returned to the huge canvas of Les Miserables (previously staged in 2006) and shown once again why this is such a favourite with musical companies.
It's got a compelling base in Victor Hugo's novel about the thief (Jean Valjean, played by Dave Smith) who reforms and the police officer (Javert - Adrian Flor) who nevertheless pursues him with such unrelenting and unforgiving logic.
It's got comedy, tragic lives, early deaths and unrequited love. It's got a doomed attempt at revolution in 1832 Paris. It's got eminently singable (if repetitive) music. In fact there is hardly a spoken line in it, which means it has to go with a swing.
Mostly this production does so. Under Jim McMullen's capable direction a large lively cast peoples Paris and its surrounds with the poor, the workers, the prisoners, the prostitutes, the ne'er do wells, the soldiers and police and the doomed revolutionary students. Out of this arises the central tussle with morality.
Smith's stoic and beautifully sung Valjean, out of prison but outcast because he is a ticket-of-leave man, encounters kindness and a second chance from a saintly bishop (Greg Sollis) that puts him in position to start a new life.
Flor's Javert, unforgiving and with no understanding of mercy, has a lean and hungry clarity as he continues his pursuit to its terrible end.
Kelly Roberts is forceful and moving as the naive Fantine, left pregnant by her lover and working in a factory to support her daughter Cosette. The central love triangle is well served by Laura Dawson's excellent Cosette, beautifully sung and well focused.
Mat Chardon O'Dea's Marius catches the idealism and charm and lyrical singing of her young lover. Vanessa de Jaeger, battling some costume choices that are too pale for her fair looks and for the character, makes an intense Eponine.
Opportunities for younger performers were well seized on opening night by Kaitlin Nihill (young Eponine), Amos Walker as a cheeky Gavroche and Kate Gordon (young Cosette), especially affecting in her solo, Castle on a Cloud.
Ian Croker and Kate Tricks have a ball relishing the total lack of morality that underpins the Thenardiers, whose pursuit of Valjean is purely venal. And the lovely ensemble of the students and their friends who take to the streets with red flags and barricades and ideals in the cause of the poor and downtrodden ''les miserables'' is led in great voice by Grant Pegg as Enjolras.
On opening night the lighting suffered from a few problems that meant it was very hard to see some performers at key moments.
Cross fading rather than blackouts would better preserve the mood of the atmospheric set during the many changes. And a better balance between amplification and projection of the voices needs to be found at times.
However, this is a rousing production with some excellent singing and acting and a fabulously detailed barricade. It's a show you can happily get lost in.


text:
"Unless you were underground for most of last summer, you'll know that the British dominated the track cycling at the Beijing Olympics, snapping up 7 of a possible 10 golds. There's no denying the British cycling team is at the top right now."
Unless you were underground for most of last summer, you'll know that the British dominated the track cycling at the Beijing Olympics, snapping up 7 of a possible 10 golds. There's no denying the British cycling team is at the top right now. Handily enough, the place credited with nurturing such athletes is also open to the general public, who are positively encouraged to get on their bikes.
From the Ashes
Having been ravaged by the demise of industry in the city, east Manchester was one of the most deprived areas in the country during the 1990s, with 52 per cent of households on benefits and worryingly high crime figures. The area was in dire need of redevelopment when plans for a velodrome came about, thanks to the city's attempt to secure the 2000 Olympics.
The bid failed, but only after £9.5m had been spent on the velodrome's construction. It opened in September 1994 and was quickly denounced by many as a white elephant. At a time when the area was crying out for more jobs and better living conditions, people struggled to understand the need for a cycling track.
Jarl Walsh, general manager of the Manchester Velodrome, knew that the investment would pay off. 'Before the Manchester Velodrome, the UK was making up the numbers in cycling - bar a few exceptions,' he explains. 'Athletes were part-time and had to travel abroad to train during the winter, meaning they rarely became strong contenders.
'The velodrome gave them a world-class facility all year round and has produced world-class athletes such as Victoria Pendleton and Ed Clancy, who attribute their success, in part, to the Manchester Velodrome.'
It wasn't until the 2000 Sydney Olympics - ironically, those that Manchester had hoped to host - that the impact the velodrome had made became clear. Jason Queally, who started his track career in Manchester, won the one-kilometre time trial, and 10 of the 11-strong British team returned with a medal.
Veteran Classes
The track is not just the preserve of professional athletes; it is also open to the public. No one is left out. Veteran classes offer a steady pace for the older cyclists, while children's groups are run frequently and prove extremely popular. 'Twelve-year-olds finish their session while Olympic medallists wait their turn,' explains Jarl. 'It's incredible for kids to be allowed to use the same training facilities as international athletes. At the same time, we have 80-year-olds who use the track.'
With the City of Manchester Stadium and the Sportcity projects, the velodrome has been part of a dramatic change in the east Manchester area, which is set to develop further over the next 15 years with the help of a projected £2 billion of funding. This will lead to new business parks, housing and retail developments, which are expected to create up to 10,000 jobs.
'The city's sporting pedigree attracts thousands of visitors to the region every year,' explains Paul Simpson, managing director of Visit Manchester. 'Football was always seen as our strength but Beijing has put the velodrome firmly on the map.'
The future looks bright. 'The velodrome has been instrumental in our success,' says Peter King, British Cycling's CEO. 'With the introduction of BMX racing as an Olympic discipline, we have plans to build an indoor BMX track linked to the velodrome to confirm the track as the most important venue for British cycling.'
For more information:
Manchester Velodrome, Tel: 0161 223 2244
British Cycling, Tel: 0161 274 2000
The Revolution Cycling Series, www.cyclingrevolution.com


text:
Pachmarhi Overview
You can reach Pachmarhi from Bhopal by road in about using a cab upon driving using a cab.
a beautiful hill station, pachmari is also the only hill station in the state. commonly known as the satpura ki rani, the town is situated at a height of 1100 m in the valley of satpura range. the town is connected via road with frequent buses plying from bhopal and chhindwara. a number of movies have been shot in the city too including ashoka and chakravyuh. the best time to visit the destination is during the summer or if one wants to avoid the tourist influx then early winters.. Book cabs in Pachmarhi


text:
-Installed xbmc from ppa, Built on Sep 28 2011
dpkg --get-selections
xbmc install
xbmc-bin install
I wanted to be able to use xbmc-send to interact via the command line.
$ sudo apt-get install xbmc-eventclients-xbmc-send
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
mesa-utils python-bluez libhal-storage1 libmicrohttpd5 libsdl-mixer1.2 libpcrecpp0 python-qt3 python-sip libhal1 libmikmod2 xbmc-bin libyajl1
libqt3-mt libsmpeg0
Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them.
The following extra packages will be installed:
The following packages will be REMOVED:
The following NEW packages will be installed:
xbmc-eventclients-common xbmc-eventclients-xbmc-send
0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 0 B/91.8 kB of archives.
After this operation, 35.9 MB disk space will be freed.
Do you want to continue [Y/n]? n
Why does it want to remove xbmc?


text:
WASHINGTON (Aug. 22)
The Senate Judiciary Committee today brushed aside objections by the Budget Bureau and endorsed the House version of the Heirless Property Bill which provides for a bulk settlement of $500,000 of claims on Nazi persecution victims. The settlement was negotiated between the Jewish Restitution Successor Organization and the Office of Alien Property of the Department of Justice.
The money will come from confiscated properties. The settlement was agreed upon as an estimation of Jewish assets which were not claimed because their owners and their heirs are no longer alive. The Budget Bureau suggested that the sum be cut in half, after which the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee reported the bill out "without recommendation"; the full committee has now restored the original sum.
The Senate committee also acted today on other war claims legislation which, however, does not recognize claims of Americans who became U.S. citizens after the war. A number of bills amending the Trading With the Enemy Act–involving assets of subjects of the Axis Powers which were confiscated by the U.S. Government in World War II–were reported out today by the Senate Judiciary Committee. They have been passed by the House and it is hoped that the Senate will act on them before adjourning.
Senator Kenneth Keating of New York announced that he will offer amendments to the War Claims Bill to include the "later citizens" and to restore the provisions for payment of compensation. The New York Republican filed a minority report on the bill after the committee voted down his motion to include these amendments in its recommendations.
The War Claims Bill applies to injury, death or property losses suffered by Americans in certain areas as a result of military action in World War II. It does not include as beneficiaries Americans who became citizens after the war. This omission was called by Senator Keating "an unjustified discrimination." It is doubtful, however, whether any amendment can be pushed through at this session, since even the House did not include the new citizens in its version of the bill.


text:
Digital Research Library - News
subscribe to news updates with our rss feed
Mar 03, 2008
DRL Releases Audubon's Birds of America website
The Digital Research Library (DRL) has digitized and mounted online the University of Pittsburgh's rare and complete set of John James Audubons Birds of America. Each of the 435 plates link to their respective narrative within Audubons companion publication, his Ornithological Biography, also digitized as part of this project. No other complete set of the double elephant folio edition of the Birds of America is publicly available online in such high detail. Both of these sets were scanned as part of our larger efforts to digitize and make accessible contents from the Darlington Memorial Library. Read the press release.


text:
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Wellington - Rugby union world champions New Zealand will play minnows the United States for only the fourth time in their history on November 1 it was announced on Tuesday.
The All Blacks, who share the same sponsor as the 'Eagles', will play the Americans in the historic home of the Chicago Bears NFL franchise the 61 000-capacity Soldier Field Stadium.
This will mark the first match between the two sides on American soil since 1980 and just the third official Test in front of what is expected to be a record crowd for a rugby match in the United States.
"We are very excited to be taking the All Blacks to a part of the world we know is incredibly keen on all sports and where we believe there is a real thirst to see the style of rugby we are famous for," said New Zealand Rugby Chief Executive Steve Tew, whose side will play there on their way to their tour of Europe.
His USA counterpart, former England scrumhalf Nigel Melville was equally effusive over the Test which will be screened live by American broadcaster NBC.
"Rugby is growing rapidly in America and to have the best team in the world and wonderful ambassadors for the game playing on our home soil for the first time in 34 years will be great for the game here," said Melville.
New Zealand last took on the USA at the 1991 Rugby World Cup in England and played an exhibition match in San Diego, California, in 1980.
The teams also played each other 101 years ago in Berkeley, California.
All Blacks captain Richie McCaw said he hoped by playing there they could help increase interest in the game and thereby get more young people playing the sport.
"You look at the calibre of athletes you see playing basketball and NFL and if they put some real energy into rugby, there would be a fairly big pool to choose from," said McCaw.
"A lot of people don't know about the All Blacks in the US so it will be great to play a game there and show what rugby is all about."
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text:
Belligerence Not Helping Our Kids
Children's Spokesperson
Development Spokesperson
11 April 2013 MEDIA STATEMENT
Belligerence Not Helping Our Kids
Paula Bennett's excuses around why the Government will not set targets to reduce child poverty have gone from the ridiculous to the belligerent, Labour's Social Development and Children's spokesperson Jacinda Ardern.
"In the past Ms Bennett has dismissed using internationally standard measures to monitor child poverty because she claimed having 'children move in and out of poverty on a daily basis' made doing so pointless.
"Today, in the House, Ms Bennett argued the Government had a plan to reduce child poverty, completely contradicting the Children's Commissioner Russell Wills statement this morning that there was 'still no overall commitment to protect the youngest and poorest'.
"Asked how well her 'plan' was working, Ms Bennett replied that it 'depends on which measure one uses'.
"That would be all well in good, but when pushed on which measure she was using, she laughed off the question, saying the Government didn't have one."
"Paula Bennett might think running circular arguments in question time is hilarious. She would be the only one.
"New Zealand's lack of child poverty measures was also raised by this week's UNICEF report. It reveals that 29 other OECD countries have managed to do what Paula Bennett belligerently claims shouldn't be done, and - in the case of Great Britain – rates of child poverty have fallen as a result.
"It would appear Ms Bennett is afraid of being held to account, and of having the success – or otherwise – of her policies compared with those of other countries.
"While the governments of other OECD nations are using the UNICEF report to inform policies, ours refuses to even accept there is a problem.
"Ms Bennett's belligerence is hurting our most vulnerable kids. It's time the excuses stopped."


text:
Stan Smith admits he's neglected his Orange County criminal defense practice of late, but he can't help it. He's too busy building a nonprofit based on a nutrient-rich peanut butter paste.
The Laguna Niguel resident started PB+J Foods (the "J" stands for Jesus) in March 2012 as a strategy to combat severe malnutrition and malaria in the Nkhoma Valley in central Malawi. Malawi is wedged between Mozambique, Zambia and Tanzania in southeastern Africa.
Seventeen months later, the organization is still small – five people volunteer their time to operate it, and the official headquarters is Smith's tidy third-floor law office in the glass Brakke Schafnitz building in Laguna Niguel.
"A lot of people don't view a criminal defense attorney as being a humanitarian," Smith jokes. "It just doesn't fit with them."
But his team apparently does. The group, all of them close church friends, distributed their sticky calorie- and nutrient-dense product to 1,176 young children in the Nkhoma area identified as severely malnourished.
The organization has big goals for the coming year, including trying to reach as many as 11,000 children in more remote regions of Malawi with the paste, which is now produced locally and delivered in small jars.
Smith has traveled to Malawi 17 times since 2007. He's led church trips for 240 people over the years, he says, where they have dug water wells, built schools and "spread the Gospel."
It's helped him develop a deep relationship with the people of the Nkhoma Valley. They trust him, he said, which has helped to make PB+J's rollout smooth.
"The more you're there, the more they want you there," he said of the Malawian people. "They want a relationship to form."
But for all the trips and time spent, Smith said the biggest problem in the Nkhoma Valley and across Malawi still loomed: Young children were dying from malaria, and it was often because of malnutrition.
They didn't have the energy or immune systems to fend off the mosquito-borne infectious disease, Smith said.
More recent efforts, praying and mosquito nets only went so far.
"Children were still dying," Smith said. "If kids are strong enough and healthy enough, they can fight a bout of malaria. And they can survive."
So, the question shifted: How could he help get these kids strong enough?
In discussions with local doctors, the Malawian health agency and other community leaders, the idea of using a peanut butter paste to treat severe acute malnutrition (SAM) came up.
It had been done before. Plumpy'nut is a similar nutrient and calorie-packed nut butter, made by Nutriset, a French company, and it had been used successfully to lower mortality rates during famines in Africa.
"They said, 'Well, we already use that,'" Smith said. "But they were getting three boxes every three months. Well, three boxes will save one kid's life. And I said, that's not going to cut it."
He immediately realized it was too expensive to buy more of the Plumpy'nut. A doctor at the meeting had the idea of making it themselves locally.
Smith said he used his law background to overcome some of the patent issues that came up when they created the PB+J idea.
The goal for PB+J is to turn over the production entirely to Malawians.
But it is still crucial to have a strong connection to international aid bodies, Smith said, who can help with distribution and buying surplus product to make it a self-sustaining endeavor.
A United Nations Children's Fund partnership is the next big step for the nonprofit, Smith said. A thick UNICEF application sits on his desk, and he's been working his way through it. He hopes to hear back by the end of the year.
He's also working on getting equipment to start putting the paste in packets, which is the global standard, instead of jars.
"The need is out there. We're producing the product. We're putting it in hospitals, we're putting it in outlying clinics already," Smith said. "(But) right now it's being funded by private donations, and in order to make it self-sustaining we need to get in a sales mode."
There's also the Christian part of the effort for the group, which includes Brian Hunsaker, Haley Hunsaker, Donna Wertz and Heather Premac.
"If we couldn't spread the Gospel, we'd still be doing this project," Smith said.
The core groups of donors have come from Coast Hills Community Church in Aliso Viejo, where Smith and others attend.
On Monday afternoon, Smith showed off just a few of the thousands of pictures he's taken in Malawi. He pauses several times, perhaps recalling moments from some of his numerous trips to the small, underdeveloped nation.
Just as fast, the practicality, the planner – the lawyer – emerges once again.
"You know what we need is, we don't have a Land Cruiser," Smith said. "We're having to rent one, or we're having to beg and borrow one. Different things like that we need."
If you would like to donate to the PB+J Foods organization, visit their website at pbjfoods.org.
Contact the writer: 949-492-0401 or firstname.lastname@example.com Twitter: @lramseth


text:
You'll need to be careful, as bootp doesn't have the concept of
leasing an IP. It will blithely assume that the IP it gets is its for
What I would do for a printer would be to assign a static address, and
put the MAC address in the dhcp server for that address. This way you
don't get a client machine getting the printer's IP when the printer
is off some time. Also, clients tend to like the printer IP address
not to change, and this way you would know exactly what IP it has (the
one you assigned).
I really wouldn't consider this a bug considering how isc dhcpd and
bootp interact.
On Tue, 26 Oct 2004 09:59:24 +0200, Daniel Haglund <daniel at haglunds dot org> wrote:
> Hi.
> I just hooked up an old HP LaserJet printer to my network where I use m0n0wall
> as a DHCP-server.
> The old LaserJet does not support DHCP but it does support BOOTP. Since DHCP
> is usually backwards compatible if figured I'd give it a try. It turns out
> the LaserJet got an IP just fine but it does not show in the DHCP leases
> page. I had to execute "cat /var/db/dhcpd.leases" from the exec.php page to
> find what IP the LaserJet was given.
> While this is not a big problem I figured it should probably be an easy fix
> anyway so I thought I'd let you know.
> Best regards,
> Daniel Haglund
> ---------------------------------------------------------------------
> To unsubscribe, e-mail: m0n0wall dash unsubscribe at lists dot m0n0 dot ch
> For additional commands, e-mail: m0n0wall dash help at lists dot m0n0 dot ch


text:
On February 5, 2004, five entomologists from four Midwestern states (Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin) delivered an educational program on soybean aphids via the Latitude Bridge to more than 60 locations in these four states. The Latitude Bridge at the University of Illinois delivers distance education programs via the World Wide Web. The sites in each state were hosted by Extension personnel. Approximately 800 people listened to the program while PowerPoint slides were projected over the Internet or from CD-ROM onto which the PowerPoint slides had been copied.
These soybean aphid presentations can now be accessed here [1]. The front page provides a bit of an explanation about the workshop, and by clicking on Click here in the next-to-last paragraph, you gain access to all presentations.
The various PowerPoint presentations provide information on soybean aphid biology, research, the soybean aphid situation in 2003, and thresholds and guidelines for making treatment decisions in 2004.
This article originally appeared on page 11 of the IC-492 (2) -- February 23, 2004 issue.


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According to popular belief, a woman reaches her second stage of labor at a definable moment, and she is told that is now time to push.
In reality, few women experience such a clear-cut transition to the second stage of labor. Technically speaking, the second stage begins when the cervix is fully dilated at 10 centimeters. The transition into the second stage, however, begins somewhere between 8 and 10 centimeters of dilation.
Transition into the Second Stage
For many women, transition is marked by a sudden intensity of contractions that begin to follow each other quite rapidly. The contractions may become erratic and don't seem to follow the neater wave pattern they had before. Other signs of transition might include:
- Discouragement, feeling as though you just can't manage labor anymore
- Disorientation or dizziness
- Shaking and shivering—some women find their legs shake
- Prickly skin
- Hot and cold flashes
- Nausea or even vomiting
- Hiccups
- Sleepiness in between contractions
- Feeling like you are going to have a bowel movement, or that there is pressure on your anus
This is the time when you will need support most of all. Some women are tempted to ask for medication at this point, even when they have managed without it up to this point—yet, the pain is almost past.
If you are feeling fear or anger, or feeling overwhelmed, ask your birth attendant about these aids:
- Chamomilla is a homeopathic remedy that can help with unproductive labor pains, irritability, and an inability to relax. Aconitum napellus can also soothe a fearful woman who is hot and restless.
- Gelsemium is another homeopathic remedy good for fear, especially for women whose symptoms include trembling and chattering teeth.
- Rescue Remedy is a blend of five Bach flower essences. Add a few drops to a glass of water and sip as needed. This is good for labor attendants too!
- Try some essential oils in a diffuser or on a warm compress for your forehead. Lavender is always a good choice.
Sliding the Baby Out
The trend in labor and delivery in recent years is to begin pushing the moment a woman is fully dilated, whether or not she feels a particular urge to do so. Women are directed to bear down with all their might, holding their breath for as much as ten to thirty seconds and straining until each contraction is over. Some women actually break blood vessels around their eyes and cheeks from straining.
In fact, there is no evidence that pushing right from the very start is particularly effective in speeding labor along. It may actually have the opposite effect, or might put the baby into transverse arrest, where he gets stuck.
There is also evidence that holding the breath and sustained bearing-down may seriously reduce the amount of oxygen the baby receives, or affect maternal blood pressure.
Birthing doesn't have to be so rough and tough. In one study, women were allowed to bear down spontaneously during the second stage and were given no directions on how or when to do so. The women tended to hold their breath for no more than six seconds at a time and bore down briefly only two or three times during each contraction. The average length of second-stage labor was only 45 minutes for these women, and none of them went longer than 95 minutes.
Many women will not feel an instant urge to push once they are fully dilated. Some may experience a kind of holding pattern at the beginning of the second stage, taking a bit of a break before they are ready to push the baby down the birth canal. Some women, especially second-time moms, may not ever feel a strong pushing urge during their whole labor. All of these scenarios are normal.
Occasionally, a woman will feel a strong urge to push before her cervix is fully dilated. Bearing down before full dilation can bruise or tear the cervix. It can help to pant softly to avoid bearing down. You can also get on your hands and knees or lie down on your left side for a moment to slow things down a bit.
Here are a few tips to help you through the second stage of labor and get you to the moment when your baby will slide out and be placed into your arms:
- As you begin to reach the second stage, think of your body as opening up like a flower.
- Think of relaxing your pelvic floor, as you would when doing a Kegel exercise, and just allow the release to continue. Sitting on the toilet for a few minutes can help create this feeling.
- Your position is most important at this stage. Squatting, kneeling, or standing are the ideal positions for pushing and delivery. Follow your body's cues.
- Push at will. You don't need to bear down at every contraction. Take a rest if you feel like it.
- Hold your breath if it feels appropriate. Try not to do so for longer than three to six seconds. Think of slowly releasing air as you bear down. Many women find it helpful to grunt the air out.
- Make other noises, such as moaning or singing if you feel like it.
- Take a couple of deep cleansing breaths between contractions.
An episiotomy is a surgical enlargement of the vagina by means of an incision in the perineum, which is the skin and muscles between the rectum and the vagina. An episiotomy is done with either scissors or a scalpel. There are two types: midline (straight) or mediolateral (diagonal). A pressure episiotomy is an episiotomy done at the last minute, as the baby's head is crowning.
Although episiotomies are not done with anywhere near as much frequency as they once were, many experts still think they are overused. The World Health Organization (WHO) advises against the routine use of this procedure, noting that alternative methods of perineal protection should become the norm. The WHO claims that the evidence only supports episiotomy rates of between 5 and 20 percent.
Episiotomies are not risk free:
- Recovering from an episiotomy is painful. Some women report the pain to be so strong that they feel they need pain medication to deal with it.
- As many as 25 percent of women experience some infection at the site, and a few develop abscesses.
- Some women will experience excessive blood loss with an episiotomy.
- Vaginal swelling is common.
- Some women experience problems with sex for months to come.
- Having an episiotomy can actually increase your chances of tearing further.
- Some women feel mutilated by this routine procedure—and many others feel betrayed or violated by doctors who did not ask permission before performing episiotomy.
There are times, of course, when an episiotomy is absolutely necessary. If there is fetal distress or cord compression during the second stage of labor, or the presence of meconium (fecal matter from the baby's intestines) in the amniotic fluid has been observed, then an episiotomy is appropriate. If the second stage of labor proceeds very rapidly, it may not have been possible to allow for gradual stretching. Other appropriate times include: premature birth (although even then it is not normally necessary), certain breech births, true cephalopelvic disproportion, before a necessary forceps or vacuum, extraction delivery, or if there are signs that tears are occurring near the woman's urethra.
How to Avoid an Episiotomy:
- Statistics show that episiotomy rates are related to who assists in a birth and where it is done. In some countries, episiotomy rates are a third of those in the United States.
- Choose your health care practitioner carefully, and ask what percentage of patients actually receives an episiotomy.
- Find out how your health care provider feels about epidurals. Having an epidural increases your chances of having an episiotomy, since it may inhibit your ability to push your baby out.
- Practice good nutrition during your pregnancy to keep your tissues supple. It is especially important to get enough vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids.
- Get plenty of exercise. Being in good shape increases your body's ability to perform well during labor. Be especially vigilant about doing Kegel exercises.
- Practice perineal massage during your pregnancy, especially in the last six weeks. First, wash your hands. Then lubricate your fingers with oil. Insert both of your thumbs into the vagina and gradually stretch the perineum downward and out. Stretch only until you feel a slight tingling, and then hold the stretch until the sensation subsides.
- Massage and oil the perineum during delivery. Have a brand-new bottle of oil set aside for labor to help cut down on the possibility of spreading bacteria around.
- Apply hot compresses during the second stage to help soften the tissues.
- Ask your midwife or doctor to perform perineal support when they notice the perineum turning white from stretching. This means that your practitioner will apply light pressure with the fingers on the perineum. This is when he or she may also suggest you slow down and refrain from bearing down for a bit.
- Use a variety of birth positions, emphasizing those that take advantage of gravity.
Tears do sometimes happen during normal birth, no matter how careful you and your practitioner are. Many care providers have observed that small, naturally occurring tears heal more quickly than the straight cuts of an episiotomy.
As Birth Approaches
When the second stage begins, optimize the environment in your birthing room in preparation for the baby's arrival. This is a good time to dim the lights, or light any special candles you've saved for this moment, and you might want to use some fragrant essential oils.
This is also the time to make sure you are surrounded only by people who you are comfortable with. Hospitals, particularly, are notorious for having a constant flow of personnel in and out of patients' rooms. Do not hesitate to ask people to step outside for a time, whether you are in a hospital or at home. Your partner and other birth attendants can handle this for you.


text:
Brussels (AP) -
EU Justice Commissioner Viviane Reding expressed regret over an outburst Tuesday in which she compared
"Madame Reding ... made unacceptable statements about French policy, in particular certain comparisons with the Second World War," French Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner said.
French President Nicolas Sarkozy, who has led
Yet Reding stood by her overall rebuke of
France's deportations of over 1,000 Roma, primarily to Romania, and its dismantling of over 100 Roma camps have revived uncomfortable memories of historic hostilities in Europe that the 27-nation bloc was designed to overcome, and highlighted persistent divisions between richer, older EU members and poorer, newer ones.
The dispute threatens to undermine the EU's efforts to present a unified foreign and economic policy -- the main thrust of Thursday's summit. Instead of constructively building on joint EU foreign policies in
"When we promote free trade, climate change and human rights around the world, we need to have our own backyard in order," said Finland Foreign Minister Alexander Stubb. "And, of course, anything that looks a little bit different, perhaps suspicious or complicated in
German Chancellor Angela Merkel joined the criticism of Reding's comments, even though both
"I found the tone and especially the historical comparisons unsuitable," she said. "And I hope we can find a better way."
In the face of the fierce criticism, Reding acknowledged through her office that "there should not be a parallel with World War II."
EU Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso said France and the EU should use the summit as "a moment for dialogue."
EU President Herman van Rompuy called Thursday's summit to discuss how the bloc communicates and what its strategic goals are with key countries such as the
Van Rompuy says the bloc, which accounts for 22 percent of the world's economy, is "punching below its weight" and wants leaders to discuss how they can build a common foreign policy message and "deliver it effectively."
The EU has key summits in coming weeks with Asian nations including growing economic powerhouses
The EU suffered a setback Wednesday when the United Nations voted down its bid to have Van Rompuy and foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton speak on the EU's behalf, starting at the 65th General Assembly session opening next week.
Ashton played down the vote, calling it a "procedural issue," but it underscored the trouble
Foreign ministers at Thursday's summit are expected to consider a proposal for EU members to waive World Trade Organization tariffs on
Extremely heavy monsoon rains unleashed floods in northwest
In one of its first actions, the summit approved a multibillion dollar free trade deal between the EU and


text:
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Generally, financial aid eligibility is based on the previous year's income information. If your financial situation has changed substantially during the year or since completing the FAFSA, you can contact the SFAO to request a reevaluation of your financial aid need. Circumstances that can be considered include the following:
Dependent student, parents not married: If the parents of a dependent student are not married and do not reside together, the student is to apply with the parent they lived more in the 12 months prior to filing the FAFSA. If the parents live in the same home, include both parents' financial information.
Dependent student living with someone other than parent: Federal regulations do not allow for a student to file the FAFSA with anyone other than biological or adoptive parent(s). In such a situation, the student may meet one of the criteria to be considered an independent student, or it may be a situation where an independent appeal could be considered. If a student is not sure which direction to take, it may be best to contact the SFAO to discuss the situation.
Independent appeal: If a student does not meet any of the criteria to be considered independent, but feels that he or she has a special or unusual circumstance, he or she may appeal to be considered an independent student. Contact the SFAO to discuss your situation and determine if an independent appeal could be considered.
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