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WE HAVE had many books of documentary evidence against Nazi Germany, its leaders and its-led, books by refugees, investigators, journalists, pamphleteers and propagandists. They have been on the whole, searing indictments, indictments to rouse even the most indifferent to indignation. Only in the case of one of these, "Murder—Made in Germany," was there the least effort to give the anti-Nazi material a fictional formal form. It has remained for Germany's greatest living Jewish novelist, Lion Feuchtwanger, who had the great good luck to be out of Germany when the mailed fist struck, to give us the first great expression in fiction of what the impact of Hitlerism has meant, on a large scale as affecting the nation and on a small, intimate scale, as affecting a family group of German Jews. The book bears the title of "The Oppermanns."
There is passion in the book, but passion does not get the better of the novelist. Nothing so clearly indicates the measure of Herr Feuchtwanger's power as a novelist as the manner in which he has leashed his own sense of indignation. In fact, I believe that Herr Feuchtwanger did a little leaning backward so that it becomes somewhat inadvisable, against the burden of newspaper reports, for the Nazis to call him an atrocity-monger. But the drive of the book as a whole is not impaired by the evidences of self-restraint. There is not in the whole range of the book such a scene as that with which Heinz Liepmann opens his "Murder—Made in Germany," but nonetheless "The Oppermanns" will stay with us longer, as a work of art, as pure narrative, carrying, and more than able to carry, its full weight of propaganda value.
The Oppermann family, before the terror came, was entrenched, socially, in business and in the medical world. It was an intermarried family, with sons half-Gentile. It had none of the marks of the proletarian or nouveau riche. It was a Jewish family but it was entrenched in German soil and German culture. The book opens with Gustav Oppermann, eldest of the three brothers, celebrating his 50th birthday. Senior partner in the Oppermann Furniture Stores, he is rather philosopher and litterateur than business man. On the slightly younger brother, Martin, falls the responsibility of conducting the business, Edgar is the famous surgeon, a treasure of German medicine. Only Gustav is unmarried and he is at the begining more concerned about his Lessing biography than about the rising Nationalist movement.
Lion Feuchtwanger tells us what the Nazi revolution means by showing us how it affects these three brothers, their wives, their sisters and their sons; their employees and their club associates. Through young Berthold, Martin's son, we see eloquently stated the meaning of the Nazi invasion of the German school system, and what happens to such high-minded German Germans as Rector Francois, who holds firm to his ideals against the crude martinet who is Nationalizing, that is brutalizing, the minds of his charges. Through Marcus Wolfsohn, a salesman in the Oppermann Furniture Stores, we see what the Nazi revolution means to a German Jew of the middle class who has no Jewish consciousness, but would like to be left alone. M
Herr Feuchtwanger has done another thing in "The Oppermanns. He has given us the development of a mature soul under pressure. Gustav Oppermann is shown at the opening of the book as a dilettante, living the life of cultivated leisure, untouched by any of the vital currents of the day. In fact, he is rather child-like and childish. Then comes impact after impact. He sees what is happening. But it is not until he has reached refuge in a foreign land and evidences of the Nazi terror come to him, in document and verbal report, that he awakes to the true state of affairs, and then, to make amends to his murdered comrade, Professor Cohn, at whose anti-Nazi ardor he had once jibed, he returns on a forged passport to take upon his own shoulders the double burden of discovering the truth for himself and of suffering.
In brief, "The Oppermanns" is a fine novel and a deeply-moving work of art.


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Line 109: "magick" substituted for "mighty" as specified in the erratum notice.
Yet all this terrible reproach is only founded on an erratum!
The Emperor Nicholas wishes an erratum corrected in the next edition of our dictionaries.
"Wood" in all editions, though designated as an erratum by Pope in his small edition of 1736.
In this Project Gutenberg eText the erratum has been applied.
An erratum, ever to be regretted, is certainly quite unexpected, on a gravestone.
It must be confessed that this was an accident or misfortune—rather than an erratum!
Page 78: "Ackermann's" has been corrected in accordance with the erratum on page xviii.
The erratum noted after the list of illustrations has been fixed.
Thus was the first deleatur of pricking conscience duly heeded by Franklin, the Printer; the first erratum revised.
"list of corrections attached to a printed book," 1580s, from Latin erratum (plural errata), neuter past participle of errare (see err).

subset: commoncrawl


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Irrigation for Fruit and Vegetable Production
Precipitation in Pennsylvania averages about 37 inches each year. About 13 inches of this precipitation runs off land into streams, while 24 inches infiltrates into the soil, where it can be used by crops.
Uneven precipitation can cause plant stress during critical growth periods, which will affect both crop productivity and produce quality. Most horticultural crops require irrigation to minimize plant stress. Proper timing of water applications during appropriate periods can increase the yield and quality of most horticultural crops in Pennsylvania in most years. The critical periods for the irrigation of various vegetables, tree fruits, and small fruits are listed below.
Critical periods for irrigation of vegetables, tree fruits, and small fruits
|Critical period(s)
|spear growth, fern growth
|transplanting, flower bud production
|transplanting, head development
|root enlargement
|transplanting, curd development
|pollination, fruit enlargement
|transplanting, flowering, and fruit development
|throughout growth
|Lima bean
|blossom and pod development
|pollination and fruit enlargement
|transplanting and bulb enlargement
|pod development
|fruit development
|tuber development
|petiole formation for harvest
|Snap bean
|blossoming and enlargement
|throughout growth
|Sweet corn
|silking and tasseling ear development
|Sweet potato
|when slips are set in the field
|transplanting, early flowering, fruit set and enlargement
|root enlargement
|pollination and fruit enlargement
|Tree Fruits
|Early fruit set, during flower formation, and during final fruit swell
|Tree Fruits
|Early fruit set, during flower formation, and during final fruit swell
|Tree Fruits
|Early fruit set, during flower formation, and during final fruit swell
|Tree Fruits
|Early fruit set, during flower formation, and during final fruit swell
|Tree Fruits
|Early fruit set, during flower formation, and during final fruit swell
|Tree Fruits
|Early fruit set, during flower formation, and during final fruit swell
|Small Fruits
|berry swell to end of harvest and at bud formation for next year's crop (late July and August)
|Small Fruits
|bloom and as berries are sizing before first picking
|Small Fruits
|bloom and as berries are sizing before first picking
|Small Fruits
|at planting, during runner formation, during flowerbud formation before harvest begins, and at renovation
Water Sources and Their Effect on Irrigation Costs
Water used for irrigation can come from one source or from a combination of sources. In Pennsylvania, most irrigation systems use untreated surface water or groundwater. In a few special cases, it is possible to irrigate cropland using a municipal water-supply system.
Surface water
Surface water runoff from local watersheds can be collected, stored in a pond, and used for irrigation during periods of lower than normal precipitation and for critical growth periods. In Pennsylvania, 2 acres of watershed tributary provide approximately 1 acre-foot of water annually. (An acre-foot is the volume that would cover 1 acre to a depth of 1 foot.) Much of this water (about 40 to 60 percent) is lost to seepage through the pond bottom and to evaporation on the pond surface. Therefore, you will need about 4 acres of watershed to supply 1 acre-foot of irrigation water per year.
If the area to be irrigated is located near a stream fed by a large watershed, it may be possible to draw water from the stream without building a storage pond. Water withdrawn from streams usually is free when used for irrigation. If stream flow in the Susquehanna and Delaware River basins drops below a prescribed level, however, irrigation may be legally restricted. Generally, drought emergency conditions occur toward the end of the growing season and should not be a serious limitation. Costs associated with using surface water for irrigation are determined by the size of the pump and power plant required to lift the water from the source (stream or pond) to the field where the water will be used.
Groundwater in Pennsylvania is generally of good quality and frequently is used to supply homes and farmsteads. It also can be a good source of irrigation water. However, locating and drilling a well that will provide adequate, high-quality water is a difficult and expensive task that may not always be successful. Because groundwater is stored in soil and rock below the soil surface where it cannot be seen, there is no guarantee that sufficient groundwater is available to meet irrigation needs.
Special procedures, such as the fracture-trace technique, have been developed to locate wells where they will penetrate into zones of fractured rock beneath the surface. Wells located in such fractured rock zones will produce larger quantities of water than wells drilled into zone where the rock is not fractured. Finding the fractured rock zones or, better yet, finding the intersection of two fractured rock zones can be a time-consuming and expensive procedure. If you plan to develop a groundwater supply, you should consult a hydrogeologist. Local well drillers also can be a source of information on well yields in your area.
The costs associated with using groundwater for irrigation are determined by the cost of drilling the well and the cost of the well casing, the pump, and the power plant. Pumping costs are a function of elevation differences between the source and the field and, to a small degree, the distance between the source and the field.
Municipal water
Depending on your location, you may be able to purchase water from a municipal water supplier. Municipal water is of high quality and usually is delivered at a minimum pressure of 40 pounds per square inch (psi). However, municipal water suppliers may place limits on how much water can be used and when. These limits are established to protect the other users of the system. Generally, it is very costly to use municipal water to irrigate agricultural crops.
Laws Affecting Irrigation Water Use
You must verify whether you have the legal right to withdraw water for irrigation. Water-use rights in the eastern United States are called riparian or landowner's rights because landowners are entitled to the reasonable use of water flowing through or adjacent to their lands. In some western states, water is available only to owners with specific rights. In some areas, permits are required before surface water or groundwater can be withdrawn for irrigation.
When you use water in Pennsylvania, you may be depriving others of the right to use the same water. Consumptive uses of water within the Susquehanna and Delaware watersheds are carefully regulated. Consumptive use includes withdrawing water from surface water or groundwater sources and consuming it through the processes of evaporation and transpiration in irrigated crop production. If you plan to withdraw water from either surface water or groundwater for consumptive use, you should contact your watershed commission and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection before spending any money on plans or equipment. Agencies and commissions that you might need to contact are listed at the end of the publication.
The Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission also may be interested in your use of surface water. If your water withdrawal reduces stream flow rates to the point that the health of sport fish is endangered, you can be held responsible. Contact your local office of the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission if you have any questions.
Water Requirements
The irrigation water source must be large enough to provide sufficient water when it is needed. Because irrigation is not totally efficient, the water supply rate must exceed the rate of crop use. Water requirements depend on your climate, crop, and the amount of available soil moisture. Water use changes during the growing season and is difficult to predict. Therefore, water supply systems generally are evaluated using two criteria—seasonal water demands and daily water demands. The water supply must be sufficient to satisfy the requirements of the irrigation system and supply enough water to meet crop needs. Because stream flow and shallow groundwater sources are strongly influenced by climate, they might not provide enough water during the dry part of the year, when irrigation is needed most.
Choosing an Irrigation System for Vegetables and Small Fruits
Farmers who are considering the purchase of an irrigation system for their vegetables or small fruits must consider many factors. These may include issues relating to:
- field considerations such as soil type, drainage, erosion potential, location of power sources, topography (including pumping lifts), and distance from water supplies,
- water considerations such as availability, quantity, quality, costs to develop a water supply, and annual crop water requirements,
- crop considerations such as yield potential, frost protection requirements, and cultural practices relating to planting, pest management, and harvesting
- system considerations such as the type of power supply, labor requirements and availability, and initial capital and annual operating costs
Growers use basically six types of irrigation systems: hand-moved sprinklers, solid-set sprinklers, hand-moved big guns, traveling big guns, center pivots, and trickle/drip. Each irrigation system type has its own advantages and disadvantages for a given application. Once a particular type of irrigation system is chosen, it will need to be customized for the particular field and crop application. This should be done in consultation with an irrigation equipment dealer or a qualified agricultural engineer.
Hand-Moved Sprinklers
This system involves the setup of aluminum pipe to distribute water from the source to the field. A 4- to 6-inchmainline is often used, which is connected to a header pipe (with lateral valves) that stretches across the top of the field. For each irrigation set, one or more 2- to 4-inch lateral pipes are run the length of the field. After water is applied to one section of the field, the lateral pipes are moved down the header pipe (usually 40 to 60 feet) and the next section is irrigated. Relatively small sprinklers, ranging from 3 to 30 gallons per minute (gpm) each, are spaced every 40 to 60 feet down the entire length of each lateral. Sprinkler pressures usually range from 50 to 70 pounds per square inch (psi). Small capacity pumps up to 600 gpm are used with this system.
The major advantage of this system is that total system capital cost is relatively inexpensive. The primary drawback is that it is a very labor-intensive irrigation system. This type of system is suitable for strawberries and vegetables. The capital costs are relatively low when compared to other types of sprinkler systems. A system set up to irrigate one acre (mainline and header pipe, one lateral with 12 sprinklers, and a 10 horse power (hp) gasoline pump) could cost as little as $2,000 to $3,000. Additional acreage could be added fairly inexpensively because only additional header pipe would be required. Because the lateral pipes must be moved to get water to the entire crop, labor costs to operate the system are relatively high.
Solid-Set Sprinklers
With this system, the entire field is covered with laterals that are set in the field for the entire growing season. A 4- to 8-inch mainline and header pipe is commonly used to deliver water to the laterals. Enough 2- to 4-inch lateral pipes to cover the entire field are used, spaced 40 to 90 feet apart depending on sprinkler size and system operating pressure. Relatively small sprinklers, ranging from 4.5 to 45 gpm each, are spaced every 40 to 90 feet down the length of each lateral. Sprinkler pressures usually range from 50 to 70 psi. Medium capacity pumps, up to 1,000 gpm or larger, are required.
The major advantages of this type of system are its suitability for frost protection, its ease of operation (because pipes are not moved once they are set in the field and individual lateral lines can be controlled by the header valves), and its adaptability to fertigation. The major disadvantages are that it is a very capital-intensive system, and the presence of the pipes can impede certain field operations such as spraying, cultivation, and harvest. This system is typically used on strawberries and vegetables. Capital costs are approximately $3,500 per acre. Labor requirements are relatively low compared to hand-moved sprinklers, because the pipes are not moved to irrigate. Labor is usually only required for setting up the system at the start of the season and removing it at the end of the year.
Hand-Moved Big Guns
This system is similar to the hand-moved sprinkler system, except that a dozen or more small, low-volume sprinklers are replaced with one or two high-volume big gun sprinklers. Many farmers who previously used hand-moved laterals with small sprinklers switched over to hand-moved big guns because they could cover more ground with less labor.
A 6-inch mainline and header are typically used with this system. Lateral pipes (commonly 4 inches) are connected to the header pipe at the lateral valves spaced from 150 to 240 feet apart. The big guns (ranging from 100 to 500 gpm each) are spaced 150 to 240 feet along the lateral lines. Big gun nozzle pressures generally range from 70 to 100 psi. Pumps up to 500 gpm are needed to operate each big gun.
The principal advantage of this system is that large areas can be irrigated fairly quickly compared to hand-moved small sprinkler systems. The primary disadvantages are that it is labor intensive to set up and operate, produces a large droplet size that may injure tender crops, and causes adverse wind effects on water distribution patterns due to its high-stream trajectory. This system is typically used on crops grown on large acreages like potatoes, onions, sweet corn, and pumpkins. Capital costs can range from $5,000 to $15,000 for two guns, some mainline, laterals, and a PTO-powered pump. Labor costs are less than with a hand-moved sprinkler system, but are still relatively high compared to other systems.
Traveling Big Gun Sprinklers
A traveling big gun system consists of a big gun sprinkler mounted on a wheeled cart connected to a hard plastic hose on a mechanical reel. These systems are used by growers to irrigate large acreages with relatively little hand labor. The pump, with 6-inch mainline and header, are set in the field. After the reel is set up beside the header, the big gun cart and hose are pulled to the end of the field with a tractor. The reel uses the extended hose to slowly pull the big gun cart across the field, irrigating a strip as the hose is retracted. After the strip is irrigated, the reel is moved 150 to 240 feet farther down the header and the process is repeated. Hose diameters range from 2 to 5 inches and hose lengths are up to 1,250 feet. The big gun can have a capacity ranging from 100 to 500 gpm operating at 70 to 100 psi.
Compared to hand-moved big guns, this system has several advantages including:
- lower labor requirements to set up and operate
- improved water distribution uniformity
- ability to irrigate larger acreages with less labor
- adaptability to almost any shape, size, and contour of field
Disadvantages of traveling big guns include
- a high relative capital cost
- high operating costs due to the high operating pressure required (200 psi) and pressure losses in the system
- the unsuitability for frost protection
- a large droplet size that may injure tender crops
- the adverse effect of wind on the water distribution pattern
- the potential for water runoff and soil erosion if not operated properly
These systems are used on crops grown on large acreages such as potatoes, onions, sweet corn, and pumpkins. Depending on size, new travelling big gun sprinklers cost $25,000 to $35,000 each. A system including the reel, big gun cart, mainline, header, and PTO pump often costs $40,000 to $50,000. Compared to hand-moved systems, labor costs are relatively low because as much as 8 acres can be irrigated at one time before resetting the system.
Center Pivots
Center pivots are a moving irrigation pipeline, where water is distributed along the length of the pipe, which pivots around a central, fixed water supply. Center pivots are most suited for fields in which a single crop is being grown. Sprinklers on the pivot spans, mounted on wheeled towers, apply water as the unit turns around the pivot base. Depending on the pivot's speed of rotation, 1⁄4 to 1 inch of water is applied in a single pass.
Center pivots can be as short as a single span of 130 to 210 feet or much longer to irrigate very large fields. The size of the mainline (which can either be portable or buried) and pivot pipe are usually either 6 or 8 inches. A typical operating pressure for center pivot sprinklers is 50 psi. Mid-size pumps of 400 to 1,600 gpm are used to operate the pivot. End guns are often added to irrigate the cornersof fields.
Some of the advantages of center pivots are:
- after initial set up very little labor is required to operate the system
- medium operating pressures that save energy
- easy to apply small amounts of water frequently
- excellent water application uniformity, even in windy conditions
- an ability to cover large areas
- its adaptability to fertigation
Although center pivots can have a relatively low capital cost per acre when compared to other permanent irrigation systems like solid-set small sprinklers, the total capital cost to set up the system is high. The capital cost to set up a center pivot depends on the length of the system and the distance from the irrigation water supply. The cost per acre for irrigating a small field with a center pivot can be several times the cost of a large field. For example, a small center pivot system set up to irrigate only 10 acres may cost as much as $50,000 (or $5,000 per acre). For a larger system (like those used for irrigating a quarter section of agronomic crops), the cost is about $75,000 (or $500 to $700 per acre). The labor cost to operate the system is relatively low with usually only one person required to start and oversee the operation of the system.
In recent years many center pivots have been modified by removing the medium to high-pressure sprinklers and replacing them with low-energy precision application (LEPA) nozzles, which go a good job of uniformly applying the water, but at pressures of only 10 to 20 psi. LEPA conversions greatly reduce the energy required to run a center pivot irrigation system.
Trickle/Drip Irrigation
Trickle irrigation, also referred to as drip irrigation, applies water to only the soil. With row crops such as vegetables or strawberries, this type of irrigation most often is delivered via a tube that runs the length of the row. With larger crops, individual emitters (water delivery devices) located at intervals along the tube are often employed to avoid watering between plants.
Trickle systems are more efficient than sprinkler systems because water is applied directly to the soil, so less water is lost to evaporation. Under typical operating conditions, trickle systems are about 95 percent efficient, while sprinkler systems are only about 70 percent efficient. Water application efficiency is an important factor when considering irrigation systems, and probably will become more important as access to water becomes more limited.
Compared to sprinkler nozzle sizes, trickle system emitters have very small openings, normally about the size of a pinhole. Various emitters have different internal flow characteristics that determine how sensitive they are to pressure changes and quality of the irrigation water. A 150-to-200-mesh screen or a sand filter is usually required for water filtration. Emitters are either self-cleaning or are taken apart for cleaning. Periodic chlorine injections are used to keep the system free of algae and bacterial slime. Acid injections, along with periodic system flushes, help remove mineral buildup in some systems. Backflow prevention devices should be used to keep the water supply from becoming contaminated.
Most emitters normally operate at pressures of 5 to 20 psi, with flow rates of 0.5 to 2.0 gallons per hour. Emitter spacing depends on the discharge rate and soil type because most of the water will be distributed through the soil. The low pressure requirements of emitters result in a greater sensitivity to pressure losses along a lateral line or an elevation gradient. Pressure-compensating emitters may be necessary to achieve uniform water application on rolling terrain. Because the pressure and discharge requirements for emitters are usually not as great as for sprinklers, the annual operating costs of these systems tend to be lower.
Small plastic mainlines and header pipes, ranging in size from 1 to 4 inches are common. These pipes are often buried on permanent crop types. Trickle emitter lines are run down the rows to provide water to the plant roots. Often fields are broken into zones to minimize the pump and mainline sizes. Typically, small electric pumps of less than 100 gpm are used. The pump, filter, mainline, headers, and trickle lines are laid in the field annually, or the system may be permanently installed for perennial crops. Typically, the system is run for 1 to 4 hours each day, to provide the amount of water required during the growing season. These systems are quite easy to automate and are often controlled by a timer.
Many advantages of using trickle/drip irrigation include:
- more efficient water usage than sprinkler systems
- adaptability for fertigation
- reduced disease problem because leaves are not wetted
- low energy requirement because of the low pump pressures required
- low labor requirements and high degree of automation
Some disadvantages are blocked emitters and broken lines and connectors caused by machinery operations or freezes. Trickle and drip systems are not suitable for frost protection. These systems can be used on most any horticultural crop including row crops, small fruits, and tree fruits. Capital costs range widely from as little as $200 to $300 to as much as $2,500 per acre, depending on the amount and quality of dripper line required and the number and types of emitters used. Other cost factors include type of water source and distance from field, power supply, pumps, level of automation, and method of installation. Labor costs to operate the system can be quite low, depending on the level of automation.
Choosing a Tree Fruit Irrigation System
Tree fruit growers use two types of irrigation systems: solid set sprinklers and drip. Both irrigation systems have their own advantages and disadvantages for a given application. Once a particular type of irrigation system is chosen, an irrigation equipment dealer or a qualified agricultural engineer can help you customize it for the particular orchard block and fruit crop.
Solid Set Sprinklers
With this system, laterals are buried in the tree rows with a riser and impact sprinkler exposed above ground. These systems are full coverage systems that apply water to the entire tree and orchard floor. They are well suited to applications where frost protection is needed. The initial investment cost of this system is high because of the cost of trenching and placement of the PVC laterals and sprinkler heads. Annual operating costs are high because of pumping costs.
Drip Irrigation
Drip irrigation uses polyethylene laterals with emitters to deliver water directly to individual trees. In practice, only about 40–50% of the orchard floor will be wetted. With drip irrigation the PVC submain and main water supply are usually buried to facilitate machinery operations. These systems are easily adapted to chemigation and because they do not wet the entire tree, they facilitate conventional pesticide applications. Drip systems are not suitable for frost protection.
Scheduling Irrigation
Once you have acquired an irrigation system, you must decide when to irrigate, how much water to apply, and how you will use and maintain the equipment. Irrigation systems must be designed to ensure that both the water supply and the irrigation system can meet peak demand.
Pennsylvania infiltrated rain and estimated time amounts.
Plant root depth, canopy development, growth habits, and nutrient requirements in a given climate largely determine the irrigation schedule. Soil-infiltration characteristics determine maximum water application rates. Actual water use will vary daily throughout the season, so growers must develop a method for ensuring that the crop has a sufficient amount of water available.
Several methods are used to determine when to irrigate, and some of these methods are more reliable than others. By the time plants show signs of water deficiency, such as wilting, plants have been stressed and their growth slowed. Irrigation at this point may save the crop, but production already has been limited.
The appearance of the soil after being squeezed by hand can be used to estimate water content. With experience, this method can be quite reliable, and charts are available to describe how different soils with different moisture content should look and feel. A common mistake is to feel the soil on the surface rather than around the root tips, where most moisture is taken up. You can avoid this problem by using a soil probe to sample soil in the crop root zone.
Plant water demand also can be estimated daily (based on crop development and climate conditions) and then compared to the soil's water-holding capacity. Irrigation should begin when the stored soil moisture approaches 50 percent of the available capacity or the plants will become stressed. Moisture content should be measured periodically to verify water use and moisture depletion estimates. With experience, this water budget method can be quite reliable and can be used to predict when irrigation should begin. Computer software programs using this method are available and can be adapted to particular site conditions. These programs also can be used to automate irrigation practices.
Another method to schedule irrigation for most crops in the northern United States assumes that 1.0 to 1.5 inches of water are required weekly (the pan evaporation amount). The irrigation schedule can account for average weekly precipitation and can help you plan irrigation to apply the difference. However, rainfall amounts are unpredictable, so this method can lead to deficits or excesses that can limit crop performance. For small-fruit crops, growers may wish to raise the water demand to 2 inches per week during fruit development, especially on well-drained soils.
Equipment Use and Maintenance
Appropriate use and maintenance of irrigation equipment, both during the irrigation season and while in storage, will increase its life span and reduce operating and maintenance costs. Irrigation equipment dealers can provide you with guidelines for operating and caring for your equipment.
The pumping unit and control head will require the most maintenance in terms of lubrication, cleaning, and protection from dirt, moisture, freezing, and animals. Leaking pump seals and pipe gaskets should be replaced when necessary. Sprinkler nozzles that have worn more than 1⁄16 inch larger than specified or emitters that are clogged should be replaced. Mains and laterals, particularly in trickle systems, should be flushed periodically to remove buildup of precipitates and sediment. Equipment used in freezing weather must be properly lubricated and should be self-draining. Careful use and continued maintenance of irrigation equipment will help ensure many years of trouble-free performance.
For More Information
Selected Web sites
- Basics of Vegetable Crop Irrigation, Alabama Cooperative Extension System
- Irrigation in Ohio: Eight Major Factors, Ohio State University Extension
- Irrigation Scheduling Methods, University of Georgia
- Plasticulture for Commercial Vegetable Production, North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service
- Selecting a Sprinkler Irrigation System, North Dakota State University Extension Service
- Using Soil Moisture Sensors for Making Irrigation Management Decisions in Virginia, Virginia Cooperative Extension
Governmental Agencies
Pennsylvania Organization for Watersheds and Rivers
PO Box 765
25 North Front Street
Harrisburg, PA 17108-0765
Susquehanna River Basin Commission
1721 North Front Street
Harrisburg, PA 17102
Delaware River Basin Commission
PO Box 7360
West Trenton, NJ 08628
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection
Office of Water Management
16th Floor, Rachel Carson State Office Building
PO Box 2063
Harrisburg, PA 17105-2063
Prepared by William J. Lamont Jr., associate professor of vegetable crops, Jayson K. Harper, professor of agricultural economics, Albert R. Jarrett, professor of agricultural engineering, Michael D. Orzolek, professor of vegetable crops, Robert M. Crassweller, professor of tree fruit, Kathleen Demchak, research support technologist III in horticulture, and George L. Greaser, senior research associate in agricultural economics.
This publication was developed by the Small-scale and Part-time Farming Project at Penn State with support from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Extension Service.
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Article Details
TitleIrrigation for Fruit and Vegetable Production
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Contact Information
- Professor of Vegetable Crops
- Professor of Agricultural Economics


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Show off your Virgo style in the most extravagant and cute way possible with this amazing enamel and diamond Hello Kitty pendant by Kimora Lee Simmons. Sterling silver with 18K accent. Other zodiac signs available as well. Buy it at sanrio.com for only $850.
Opulence meets cute with this luxurious and unique Hello Kitty diamond watch. Stainless steel with mother of pearl face and pink sapphire bloom. Silver metallic calfskin.Tags: fashion, accessories, luxe, watches, jewelry, silver, diamonds, hello kitty, luxuryAdded 10 Years Ago from Sanrio


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Hotel Cortina offers four-star accommodation in Corso Italia, a bustling pedestrian quarter of Cortina. Erected in 1870, this historic Cortina ski vacation hotel features charming antique wrought-iron and wood finishes. Elegance and gorgeous mountain views create an outstanding ambiance. Unit configurations include single and double standard rooms, junior suites and deluxe superior rooms.
Hotel Cortina's new restaurant serves international and traditional Italian fare, as well as an extensive selection of wines and house desserts. A magical spot for après-ski, the bar terrace is nestled along a street brimming with boutiques. Each morning, an extensive continental breakfast buffet is laid out for guests.
Guests enjoy relaxing and refreshing in Hotel Cortina's beautiful onsite spa, which offers holistic treatments such as reflexology and color therapy. Afterward, unwind in the soothing hot tub or at the Turkish bath. Other conveniences include currency exchange, ski storage, Internet and concierge make it a pleasure to stay at Hotel Cortina. Plus, pets are welcome!
Located in the center of Cortina, only 100 meters from the pedestrian and shopping area with a ski bus stop right in front of the hotel. New renovations completed in 2009 created a modern Italian luxury feel with a gourmet restaurant offering a traditional Savoyard menu. There are 3 different bars on site along with a Spa and wellness center with a pool, Jacuzzi, sauna, steam bath, and massage and body treatments available.
Cristallo Hotel Spa & Golf is located in Cortina d Ampezzo in the heart of the Dolomites. The Cristallo Hotel Spa & Golf offers superior hospitality along with fine dining and luxurious amenities all in an extremely breathtaking setting.
This historic hotel is situated in the heart of the Queen of the Dolomites close to the pedestrian area of Corso Italia. This 4 star hotel has 20 rooms and 46 Suites, all decorated in the typical Cortina d'Ampezzo style and finished with warm period parquet flooring and precious paneling. The hotel provides all sorts of comforts, including a Spa and a Fitness room equipped with avant-garde Technogym machines. Mixing perfectly simple but flavored ingredients, the Restaurant offers a traditional Venetian an international cuisine. The free shuttle bus to the lifts stops 150 meters away.
Europa Hotel is located in Cortina d'Ampezzo and is an ideal place for vacations. During leisure, you can discover the city and its attractions. The hotel has comfortable guest rooms that are very welcoming and well-furnished to give you a pleasant feeling of home.The Hotel restauranto Cervo d'Oro, bar with fireplace and piano bar disco, serves delicious cuisine in an elegant setting. The in-house bar is the perfect place to relish your favorite drink or to meet friends.


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Submit News
Quick Note: Range-Topping Tesla Model S Signature Performance EV Already Sold Out
Brandon Hill
June 4, 2012 1:47 PM
Recipient E-mail
Sender E-mail
Tesla Model S Signature starts at $105k
As if successfully completing the
first commercial mission to the International Space Station
and back wasn't enough, Elon Musk is also finding quite a bit of success with his electric venture: Tesla Motors.
Inside Line
is reporting today that the Model S Signature Performance, the top-of-the-line trim level, is already sold out and Tesla Motors is no longer accepting pre-orders. Customers now wanting to purchase the Model S Signature Performance will have to be put on a waiting list.
Interestingly, the standard model is still available for pre-order and has a base price of "only"
$57,400 before a $7,500 federal tax credit
(President Obama wants to see that federal tax credit
increased to $10,000
). The Signature Performance, however, has a base price of $105,400.
The standard Model S comes with a 40 kWh lithium-ion battery pack (8-year, 100,000-mile warranty), can hit 60 mph in 6.5 seconds and has a top speed of 110 mph. Range is listed at 160 miles.
Model S Signature at the Tesla Fashion Island Signature Weekend [Image Source: Tesla Motors]
The Signature Performance ups the ante with an 85 kWh lithium-ion battery pack (8-year, unlimited miles warranty). As its name implies, performance improves greatly with 0-60 times dropping to 4.4 seconds while the top speed increases to 130 mph. The maximum driving range of the Signature Performance is listed at 300 miles.
The first deliveries of the Model S Signature Performance
will begin on June 22
. Those who have ponied up for the standard Model S will receive their vehicles later this fall. Those who haven't already pre-ordered the standard Model S still have time to get in line; Tesla is still accepting $5,000 deposits for the vehicle.
Inside Line
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Been recently thinking about selling my LSV. I love my boat and boating, but this is the first year I've had it out less than 10 times and know next year will be about the same. Any pros and cons for those of you who sold their boats?
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Been recently thinking about selling my LSV. I love my boat and boating, but this is the first year I've had it out less than 10 times and know next year will be about the same. Any pros and cons for those of you who sold their boats?
I have yet to get out with my boat and I won't part with it. The decision to hang in there is I had orthoscopic surgery on my knee that isn't healing as fast as I thought so probably no water skiing this year. I'm single and who knows as I may find someone who enjoys boating and rejuvinate myself. The boat is into its 16th season and it doesn't depreciate much. I still do a week and a half boating vacation each year and I would miss that even without the skiing. I may be lucky to get 15 hours on it this year.
I would think you would really miss the times you go out unless you have others to ride with or another activity to get you through the summer.
I have thought a few times this year about selling it as I'm not sure how much I'll actually use it in the new home state, but haven't yet. it's a very long and tough decision. I have only put 3hrs on it this year and none skiing.
in zabooda's case(making an assumption here) if it was paid for, selling would be an non issue and would not even think about it, but when there's payments involved, it factors more into the decision.
I grew up with a river in my back yard. Having a boat is part of my life and I am very passionate about it. I make a point of using my boat as much as possible each summer. I still dont get out as much as I like and even if I was only have to use the boat 1 time each year, that would be enough for me to justify keeping it. I dont want to miss on that one experience. The only time I think about selling my boat is if another one catches my eye that I would buy (hasnt happend since I got the Mojo). There are several events and opportunities that I pass up because I would rather spend time on the boat. I think the question is clear, if you are not passionate about it then sell it. You can buy another boat anytime. For me, I want my kids to grow up with the same memories and experiences that I had with a boat. I never plan to be without a boat, unless it becomes a financial burden.
My youngest were 3 and 4.5 when we got the boat. It's tougher to some degree when they are young, but it just keeps getting better the older they get.
This is the first year since owning the boat that I've only been out twice and it's mid July. Yes it's killing me. Last summer I had probably been out a dozen times by now. Next summer it may be 2 dozen by this time - HOPEFULLY!
For me personally, the boat is really my one and only big toy, happy place, oasis, etc. So any time is good time.
I have entertained these thoughts as well.... my wife is not a water person and my step son that just graduated high school isn't either... the only thing is my 9 year old daughter loves the water. I always loved boating and remember being young at the lake (10-15 years old) and watching other people having fun on their boats and saying that i would have one someday! Now i've got one and its paid for to.... but I'm lucky to get 50 hours on it a year... and with my new job i won't get to 50 this year for sure. I have one other option to explore though... my wife's cousin loves being on the boat with me and he treats it like i treat it... i may offer him a half share so that i get some of the cost back but still have the option to go when i want to.....
Its a very tough call...
I never actually think about selling mine,
Wait who am i kidding, i buy each boat with Selling it in mind all the time.
I more relate to your situation with my Motorcycle.
Honestly if its that close to being paid off, i would keep it and pay it off next May like your thinking. Dont let this summer of being too busy cause you to sell it right now. Pay it off and see how next summer goes.
Besides if your going to sell the Optimum time to sell is June, right before 4th of July catches the biggest dollars for used boats.
In America more people associate the 4th of July to boating then any other time of year.


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The night before he became Opposition Leader, Tony Abbott virtually pleaded with Joe Hockey to take the job. ''Joe, we're offering you the leadership of the Liberal Party on a plate,'' he said.
Hockey was guaranteed the numbers but only if he renounced his and the party's support for the emissions trading scheme Malcolm Turnbull had negotiated with the Rudd government.
Hockey refused but offered the compromise of allowing MPs a conscience vote should he become leader.
So Abbott, who had adopted more positions on a carbon price than underwear changes before settling for outright opposition, stood for the leadership himself. He won, and with the support of the Greens, killed the emissions trading scheme and very nearly the government.
Julia Gillard's announcement of the government's intention to begin a hybrid carbon scheme from July 1 next year restarted what one minister described as ''day one of the war''.
Despite the recent ructions inside the Liberal Party, Gillard's announcement has guaranteed Abbott's leadership throughout the war at least.
Hockey, with his previously conflicted position, and Turnbull, who has never compromised his principles on climate change, will have to sit this one out.
In a niggardly sense, Gillard's announcement contained no news as such. It had been well documented that the government would opt for a hybrid scheme in which there would be a fixed price on carbon for a few years before morphing into a fully fledged cap and trade scheme.
Indeed, the Herald reported on October 12 last year that the plan was to get the scheme in place by July 1 next year.
The timing strategy is based on the one John Howard used to introduce the GST.
Howard faced equally passionate opposition to implementing a tax that increased the price of almost everything by 10 per cent. Like the emissions trading scheme, there was compensation and tax cuts to help offset the impost, especially for the most vulnerable, but few dwelt on that.
Howard implemented the tax in the middle of his second term, on July 1, 2000. By the time of the next election 16 months later, people had become accustomed to the tax and business did not want it unwound.
Consequently, Kim Beazley, who had vowed to surf into office on a wave of anti-GST sentiment, sounded shrill and hollow as he went to the 2001 campaign promising to roll back the GST.
That explains why Abbott is refusing to promise he will repeal the carbon scheme if he is elected.
Still, Gillard does not intend to have the next election until the spring of 2013 and that is a long time between now and then for the opposition to maintain the rage.
It was decided to start the war last week and not wait until October, by which time the government hopes to reach an agreement with the Greens on the detail, because by then, Abbott and other opponents of a price on carbon would have framed the debate with a scare campaign.
That is what hurt so much last time. So too did Rudd's using as a key sales pitch Australia's need to lead the world.
Gillard said pointedly last week that that was not her intention. Australia did not want to lead the world but, equally, it could not afford to be left behind, she said.
Labor believes it has the added bonus of having Gillard front and centre in the debate. Last time, the emissions trading scheme was outside her portfolio areas.
''This time, we've got our best parliamentary performer in the fight, arguing for it every day. That is a big asset we didn't have last time,'' noted a senior source.
Gillard's decision to take the argument on day one to the hostile broadcaster Alan Jones was not a sign she hoped to win him over but a signal that she was prepared to fight.
(It is understood Jones was angry at Gillard for being 10 minutes late because he had bumped a long-awaited interview with the Coles boss, Ian McLeod, to berate him over the milk price wars.)
Howard was saddled throughout his career with his ''never ever'' promise to introduce a GST. But it was unfair because when he changed his mind, he sought and received a mandate at the 1998 election.
Gillard promised there would be no ''carbon tax'' but she did not back away from a price on carbon.
A carbon tax is one mechanism for pricing carbon. An emissions trading scheme is another. Gillard's proposed scheme begins as a de facto carbon tax before turning into an emissions trading scheme.
Such nuance has no place in this battle and she faces a ''never ever'' broken promise campaign with the Coalition planning to staple her words to her head.
One gets the feeling that at least one political leader won't be standing when this is all over. And that goes for Bob Brown as well.
Follow the National Times on Twitter: @NationalTimesAU


text:
AlissaGa's Mom Answers Activity
AlissaGa is a star in these topics:
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I know this question was posted a year ago, but I just have to make a comment here. I am saddened by two answers that were posted here. ...posted by Osc704
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Well my daughter who will be 4 in a week is still using sippy cups, and it's like a nightmare! She's capable of drinking out of a regular...posted by AlissaGa


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Sulfonyl pyridines have utility both as constituents of bioactive molecules and as synthetic intermediates. Typical methods for their preparation have suffered from the use of odiferous thiols, capricious oxidation steps, poor atom economy, and production of significant amounts of hazardous waste. Scientists in process research at Merck recently published a nice, straightforward, and one-pot approach which addresses all of these issues.Their method involves direct displacement of chloropyridines (they do also demonstrate that the methodology applies equally to other halides and triflates) with sulfinic acid salts in the presence of tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBACl). [The TBACl is postulated to enhance the solubility of the sulfinic acid salt in the solvent used (Dimethylacetamide, DMAc)]. The method works equally well for electron-deficient, electron-neutral, and electron-rich chloropyridines and is operationally straightforward (See examples above – an equivalent of HCl is required to protonate, and hence activate, the pyridine in the case of the latter two classes of substrate). The products are isolated in high yield simply by quenching with water and filtration of the resulting slurry.
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text:
Ladies first….CAROLYN TRUCKS BECWITH is the daughter of the late and
great Tiger Pitcher, VIRGIL "FIRE" TRUCKS. In 1952 VIRGIL fired TWO NO
HITTERS for the Tigers! In 2007 he contacted WBWF and became a LIFE TIME
SUBSCRIBER. One thing led to another and soon VIRGIL was writing a column
for WBWF using the headline of : "HERE COMES THE FIRE TRUCKS". Most of his
columns came from his book, THE LIFE & TIMES OF VIRGIL FIRE TRUCKS. It's
a great book about a great man and great pitcher. Ted Williams said that
Truck's fast ball came in at over 105 MPH !!! And now his daughter, CAOLYN is going to follow in her Daddy's footsteps and write a columnn called:
"HERE COMES THE FIRE TRUCKS…..AGAIN." She followed her Father all over
old BRIGGS STADIUM as a kid and still loves it as we all do. Her stories
are bound to be great from the greatest!
J.W. PORTER came aboard the WBWF express around the same time as Virgil in
2007. As soon as we read his writing and found out about his mountain
of good old baseball stories we coaxed him into trying to put some of those
fantastic ageless stories on paper for WBWF. He did and a priceless column
was born . It's called : "PORTER HOUSE STEAK" and over the years J.W. has
written monumental wild yarns about HARMON KILLEBREW, CASEY STENGAL. OLE'
SATCHEL PAIGE, and, well there seems to be no bottom to his humorous memory!
And he has signed on for another year! Your missing TIGER BASEBALL at
it's greatest if you are not a WBWF reader. Just reading PORTER and
CAROLYN TRUCKS alone is well worth the minimal cost. One WBWF sells for
just $2.50 but you can sign up forever for $19 !!! the golden email
numbers for you to contact are…wbwf@sbcglobalnet or wbwf@gmailcom
or call me at 734-478-8569. Reading WBWF is truly a great TIGER TREAT!
by bobby on 2-16-14 tomorrow: TIM NEWSTED & COACH WARREN WILBERT also
WBWF Columnists…


text: Review of the year 2012 Re-live the Olympics, Diamond Jubilee, presidential election and more in our round-up of the past 12 months in the entertainment world Comments Written By Radio Times staff 11:30 AM, 21 December 2012 January Scandal, plaudits and celebrity reality shenanigans as the year began - oh, and a certain BBC1 detective drama came back... February Celebs seemed to be letting the winter blues get the better of them, but the nation sought sweet relief in a dearth of returning series, and a well-timed announcement from a certain flamed-haired fox... March March began to melt the wintry ice, but not enough to save the Titanic from its inevitable demise, while Tulisa was unprepared for some disasters of her own... April Julian Fellowes's Titanic sunk, Doctor Who's Karen Gillan joined the Twittersphere and RadioTimes.com found itself at the centre of a Bahraini debate May We stirred up a hornet's nest in the middle east, a dog won Britain's Got Talent - and the the world learned the name of the Doctor's new companion... June The nation geared up for a summer of sport, you decided that Weeping Angels are scarier than Daleks, and George W Bush's decapitated head caused controversy for Game of Thrones July Technical innovations, Olympic hysteria and Lara Pulver on filming Sherlock naked... August London 2012 united the nation, Vertigo was named the best film of all time and we watched the Paralympics kick off with a bang September Deaths, anniversaries - and news of Jimmy Savile's dark past emerges... October Bond and The Beatles turned 50, the BBC hit crisis-point, Strictly and X Factor kicked off their head-to-head and Felix Baumgartner leapt from space November The BBC gets a new DG, Barack Obama returns to the White House - and Rowan Atkinson revives Edmund Blackadder December In the final chapter of 2012 the X Factor and I'm A Celebrity ran their courses, a royal baby was announced and a certain cycling Brit-pop throwback won a very big prize... Like this? Share it. Facebook Twitter Google Tumblr Pinterest Blogger Reddit VKontakt Print Email


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NYC Mayor de Blasio Caught In Middle of Snowstorm Brouhaha
He caved!
Hours after denying that the Upper East Side was not neglected during the harsh winter storm that walloped New York City with more than 11 inches of snow, recently inaugurated Mayor Bill de Blasio changed his tune.
"More could have been done" to keep city streets clear of snow, de Blasio said, and he ordered plows to "double down" on cleanup efforts.
The remarks came after a plow-tracking website showed that the Upper East Side — an affluent Manhattan neighborhood — was one of the last sections to be plowed, causing some residents to cry foul.
Photo Credit: Getty Images/Spencer Platt


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Today, U.S. Representative Diane Black (R-TN), introduced H.R. 3842, a bill that would prohibit the Department of Justice and the Obama Administration from pursuing lawsuits against Arizona, South Carolina and Alabama over their state immigration enforcement laws.
"The primary responsibility of the federal government is the security of its citizens, and yet our porous border has allowed over 10 million illegal aliens to take up residence in the United States. While the federal government and the Obama Administration have failed to take action, individual states have put forth measures that give law enforcement authority to address the alien populations in their states--only to see the Obama Administration slap them with politically motivated lawsuits. My legislation uses Congress's power of the purse to deny Eric Holder and the Justice Department the ability to use taxpayer dollars to fund these lawsuits. Congress must support every state's right to enforce the law and protect their own citizens without fear of retribution from the federal government."
In 2010, the Department of Justice (DOJ) filed suit against Arizona to halt the state's enforcement efforts, claiming that their immigration bill, SB 1070, preempted federal immigration law. Since then, DOJ has entered into lawsuits against eight other states.
"I fully support this common-sense legislation to stop these lawsuits that the federal government is pursuing against the states," said Wilson County Sheriff Terry Ashe. "Those of us who have dedicated our lives to keeping our communities safe need clear direction when it comes to enforcing the law. When the federal government and states clash on issues like this, it puts law enforcement in the middle and sends mixed signals to those on the ground. I commend Congressman Black for taking on this issue--she has a history of working with us on illegal immigration policies at the state level and has always been a very strong supporter of the law enforcement community."
H.R. 3842 is a companion bill to a Senate measure, sponsored by Senators Jim DeMint (R-SC), David Vitter (R-LA) and Jeff Sessions (R-AL).
"It's absurd that the Obama Administration, which has failed to enforce the nation's immigration laws, is now stopping South Carolina, Alabama and Arizona from taking commonsense steps to protect citizens and uphold the law," said Senator DeMint. "President Obama has failed to build the southern border fence mandated by Congress. He's also failed to control the northern border, allowing the Border Patrol to stop conducting routine checks at bus stops and train stations for illegal immigrants who could be smugglers or terrorists. South Carolina has a duty uphold the law and to protect our citizens from criminals who are in the country illegally."
Source: http://black.house.gov/press-release/black-introduces-bill-stop-obama-administration-suing-states-over-immigration-laws


text:
Mimosa (Beta Crucis)
Mimosa (Beta Crucis) is the second brightest star of in the constellation Crux; its relatively modern name, which comes from the Latin for "actor" (and is also a word used in botany), is of unknown origin. Mimosa is a hot giant B star and also a binary whose components are only about 8 AU apart – too close to resolve – and have an orbital period of 5 years. Mimosa is also a multiply-periodic Beta Cephei star that varies between magnitudes 1.23 and 1.31 with periods of 5.68, 3.87, and 2.91 hours.
Related entry brightest stars
Related category NOTABLE STARS
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Chairman, Hopson Development Holdings 合生创展集团董事长
Net worth: US$1.4 bil
Estimated donations: US$48 mil (2013)
Philanthropic focus: Culture, education, environment 文化、教育、 环境
Despite a slide in his company's shares, the property magnate donated US$48 million last year, continuing his years-long support of charitable causes. In the past, the 54-year-old Chu and his family have given substantial amounts to their hometown Hainan. He has also given 1.1 billion yuan worth of stock to an education and development fund. 54岁。尽管公司股价下滑,蒸发了一部分资产,这位房地产大亨去年仍不吝捐出4800万美元,继续支持慈善事业。曾赠送价值11亿人民币的股票,给教育与发展基金。连同家族成员,一路来都大力捐献建设家乡海南。


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It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our simple sign up form and login to the site.
This step is up to you but will drastically multiply your chances of getting interest from other over 50s members on the site. Write a little about yourself, your interests and upload any nice photos of yourself.
Utilise our website's state-of-the-art search to uncover over 50s members who match your criteria. Or just leaf through listings and uncover people that take your fancy.
Discovered someone who looks right? Send them a word or two or just a wink and see if anything develops. With a little luck you'll be on your way to finding your suitable match.
You won't regret it


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By Stephen Cornell
Not long ago, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) was considered a field for witch doctors, burned-out hippies and outright quacks. Only the uninformed or the desperate ventured outside the world of conventional medicine. Herbs were for savages in the forest, acupuncture was an ancient, exotic mystery from the East and meditation was for Buddhist monks and New Age weirdos.
Times have changeda lot.
Research suggests that:
• Nearly 70% of Americans use unconventional medical therapies.
• More than half of Americans think their health plans should cover alternative therapies.
• Almost two-thirds of American medical schools offer courses in alternative medicine.
In 2002:
• The National Institutes of Health includes the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM).
• Chiropractors are licensed in 50 states, acupuncturists are licensed in 34 states and naturopaths are licensed in 11 states.
• Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a $20 billion industry.
Increasingly, CAM is mainstream medicine. And PAs are helping patients integrate CAM into their lives. ADVANCE spoke with four PAs who are contributing to the CAM revolution.
Robert Jarski, PhD, PA-C, Director, Complementary Medicine and Wellness Certificate Program, Oakland University Rochester, Mich.
About nine years ago, Robert Jarski, PhD, PA-C, received a $25,000 research grant from the Department of Public Health in Michigan to offer a seminar in CAM at Oakland University in Rochester, Mich.
"It was supposed to be small and a one-time thing," Jarski says. "As it turned out, 31 students signed up. Word got out. We got special permission to offer it a second time and it became standard curriculum."
Interest continued to grow. Two years ago, Jarski helped create Oakland University's certificate program for professionals in CAM and wellness, which emphasizes patient-client counseling and education about mind-body approaches, complementary therapies, health promotion, disease prevention and wellness.
"I knew there was more to patients' illnesses than physiology," says Jarski, who began his career as a surgical PA after graduating from the Alderson-Broaddus PA program in the mid-1970s. "Even in PA school I was fascinated that there was often very little correlation between lab reports, X-rays and how patients were doing."
Beliefs and attitudes were often important to recovery, Jarski says. Conventional medicine could not heal, cure or even explain everything.
"What we were doing was very good, but it was only half the story," he says.
Jarski began educating himself in CAM–not an easy task in the 1970s and 1980s. He had to seek out opportunities to learn about alternatives to mainstream medicine.
Jarski eventually trained in guided imagery in California and at the Mind-Body Institute of the Harvard Medical School in Chestnut Hill, Mass. He's worked with Dean Ornish, MD, at the Preventive Medicine Research Institute in Sausalito, Calif., and with Dr. Ornish's Heart Disease Reversal Program, as well as with noted mind-body medicine researcher and author John Kabat-Zinn at the University of Massachusetts. Jarski has lectured to PA students and contributed a chapter on mind-body medicine to a textbook for primary care PAs.
He doesn't eschew conventional medicine, but encourages people to combine conventional and unconventional approaches to wellness.
"My philosophy is to use the best of both worlds," he says. "If a modality does no harm and is part of the patient's belief system and has the potential to help, why not use it?"
Jarski encourages skepticism–about CAM and conventional medicine alike. He's been pleasantly surprised to encounter little opposition to his ideas. In the beginning, he'd worried that he'd lose support on campus.
"Ten years ago, this was considered crazy stuff," Jarski says. "Some people thought I'd come in to class with white flowing robes. We needed the support of the basic sciences. We kept it very evidence-based."
One time a member of the basic sciences faculty approached him the cafeteria. "He looked left and right and whispered to me, 'I always thought there was something to this.' It's been more rewarding that I'd anticipated," he says.
Nancy Benzel, PA-C, The Hills Medical Group, Austin, Texas
Nancy Benzel always had an interest in holistic health, but didn't receive a whole lot of instruction on the subject in PA school at Hahnemann University in Philadelphia. She worked for a time in geriatrics and for a year in occupational medicine before moving to Austin, Texas, in 1999 in search of opportunities to learn about CAM.
"Austin is sort of a holistic medicine Mecca," says Benzel, whose interest in alternative therapies grew from neurologic problems that she developed while training as a triathlete and that didn't respond to conventional treatments.
Shortly after moving to Austin, she went to work for Ted L. Edwards Jr., MD, a well-known physician who has been practicing holistic medicine for more than 15 years. Most of the practice's patients are athletic and have high-stress jobs. They've looking to maintain their vitality, Benzel says.
"Dr. Edwards considers himself an 'anti-aging' physician. He wants to age gracefully and help other people do the same," Benzel says. Benzel's practice focuses on integrating conventional medicine and alternative therapies.
"Some patients want conventional care. Others won't take medications and never have, and they want alternatives," she says. "We want to give people options. If you have a foot in both doors, you have a lot larger armamentarium. (But) you have to study both sides. There is a lot of hokey stuff, just like in conventional medicine. After a while you start to learn what's reputable."
Benzel attends conferences on CAM and mainstream PA educational dinners. Possibly the best learning device is her patients. Some will go on the Internet for hours and bring stacks of information to her office, she says.
Natural hormone replacement is a commonly used CAM therapy in her practice. She also uses chelation therapy, a series of IV infusions of EDTA, a synthetic amino acid that Benzel says helps the body filter out harmful molecules. Chelation therapy gradually dissolves and removes atherosclerotic plaques and fights heart disease.
"I was skeptical, but I have been amazed," she says. "It's unreal some of the things we've seen with chelation."
Tom Stewart, PA-C, JD, Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center, Englewood, Colo.
At the Rocky Mountain MS Center in Englewood, Colo., Tom Stewart isn't applying a lot of complementary medicine. But Stewart spends a lot of time on research that he hopes will make a difference in the near future.
Stewart works part-time on a Web-based method for conducting and publishing survey-based research. At the Rocky Mountain MS Center (www.ms-cam.org), they've created a large disease registry to figure out which CAM therapies can make a difference for MS patients.
More than 9,600 patients have registered so far. The Web site is designed for patients to self-report the effectiveness of various therapies.
"Alternative medicine is probably alternative because it's not well researched," Stewart says. "This type of research is a stepping stone toward the acceptance of the good stuff and the rejection of the bad stuff."
The site's acupuncture survey, for instance, has gathered more than 1,200 responses. Patients and professionals can log on to the Web site and see what patients have said about their experiences with acupuncture. The site contains reviews for dozens of treatments.
"A lot of research is conducted by professionals, analyzed and published to professionals who give feedback to patients," Stewart says. "What I'm trying to do is give people the information directly and allow people with MS to talk directly to each other."
Linda Smith, PA-C, Director of Programs, Duke University Center for Integrative Medicine, Durham, N.C.
Linda Smith has been involved in the field of wellness almost as long as there has been a field of wellness in the United States. Before becoming a PA, Smith worked for 18 years at the Kripalu Center for Yoga and Health in the Berkshire Mountains of Massachusetts, which hosts about 170 programs a year in human development and wellness and draws more than 10,000 guests each year.
Smith, who has a strong background in yoga, meditation and stress management, also worked as a volunteer emergency medical technician before attending the Philadelphia University PA program from which she graduated in 1998.
She worked in family practice before joining the Duke University Center for Integrative Medicine (DCIM), which opened in December 2000. She now works with patients in clinical practice, helps design retreats and helps with marketing and public relations.
Duke established DCIM to promote the integration of conventional medicine, preventive medicine and CAM. It is also dedicated to including the patient in health care decision-making.
"We believe in partnerships. There is no absolute decision that can be handed down from on high," Smith says.
Clinicians at DCIM don't provide primary care. They act as consultants for people who are already receiving primary care services but are looking for more information.
"No one in medicine can know all fields," Smith says. "(Primary care clinicians) are happy to have us as a resource."
Smith has observed tremendous growth in the area of wellness, preventive medicine and CAM over the last two decades. She doesn't expect it to slow down.
"I think the people have spoken with the number of people (using alternative therapies)," she says. "They are looking for balance in their lives. We're all incredibly grateful for the gifts of conventional medicine, but (medicine) doesn't have all the answers. They're looking for more options."
Stephen Cornell is on staff at ADVANCE. Contact him at firstname.lastname@example.com.
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text:
Alysa Hugine could be considered an expert in making friends: The T.W. Josey High School senior has attended five high schools.
"I used to be the scared kid," she said, but now she knows what it takes to form friendships.
"You got to be positive in all aspects," she said.
Teen relationships are complex, but Dana Pickens, a psychologist for Richmond County schools, said a lack of relationships is downright dismal.
"Having relationships in your life (is) one of the primary ways we can find joy," she said.
Alysa, 18, attributes most of her social success to her extracurricular involvement -- she plays basketball and volleyball and is in numerous clubs at school. Activities form a "networking circle."
"If you feel as though you're lonely, find an activity or something, and nine times out of 10, you'll find a friend," she said.
Getting involved in a hobby or extracurricular activity can help you make friends, but beware joining for someone else, such as a parent, or because you think it makes you look good.
"If it's not something you're interested in, you're not going to feel a commonality," Dr. Pickens said.
Parents can play a role in helping teens get involved in the community, through a recreational sports team, a volunteer effort or a spiritual outlet such as a church youth group.
"A lot of kids find that's a good place to meet other people with the same type of values," Dr. Pickens said.
Megan Clifford, 14, and Madylime Spencer, 13, both of Evans, share a bond in their friendship of being the new kid.
"It's hard when you're being a teen and lonely," Megan said, and her family's relocating from Atlanta was difficult. "It's hard to make new friends because they're already in cliques."
Madylime, a newly relocated St. Louis native, was in the same boat. Most kids are accepting, but you need to make an effort, Madylime said.
Megan said she made her first friend on the third day of school by asking for directions to classes. Megan and Madylime met each other at church, and now the Riverside Middle School eighth-graders bond over baking their favorite cookie creation: Peanut Butter Brookies.
After you get a friend, you have to learn how to keep a friend. Alysa's advice is to be trustworthy and dependable.
"Don't back-stab them," she said.
Megan and Madylime said they keep in touch with long-distance friends by e-mail, or for Madylime's Internet-less friend, by being old-fashioned pen pals.
It's critical to develop positive bonds of friendship.
Loneliness can sometimes lead teens to reach out to relationships that aren't beneficial or are actually harmful, such as gang membership, Dr. Pickens said. To keep from feeling lonely again, teenagers can resort to doing anything to stay in the social circle.
Still, it's natural at times feel lonely. Just know that although you might feel you're the only one, you're not alone in feeling alone.
"Everyone experiences times when they feel lonely and misunderstood," she said.
Teen board member Chantal Gunn contributed to this article.
Reach Sarah Day Owen at (706) 823-3223 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Just as you keep your car well-tuned, friendships also require work. Dana Pickens, a psychologist for the Richmond County school system, gives tips for building and keeping friendships:
- As the old saying goes, to have a friend, you must be a friend.
- Always be kind.
- Communication is important.
- Remember details about their lives and follow up on things you talked about, such as the result of a game.
- Learn people's names.
- Listen, if you want others to listen to you.


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Eddie Goodman, Chairman of the Board
Robert Barnett, Board Secretary, remembers what Mr. Goodman accomplished during his term as Board Chair.
Robert Barnett, Board Secretary, remembers what Mr. Goodman accomplished during his term as Board Chair.
William Thorsell talks about some surprises that contributed to the costs of Renaissance ROM.
William Thorsell credits the people and the climate that made the project possible for the ROM and for Toronto.
In a dramatic move to increase attendance, admission fees are slashed by one third - to much acclaim!
A birthday party with cake and balloons is also the chance to announce that the W. Garfield Weston Foundation, and Hilary and Galen Weston will each donate $10 million to Renaissance ROM.
Hilary Weston leads the fundraising campaign, which will restore the heritage architecture and build "the crystal". She announces a gift of $30 million from Michael Lee Chin, the largest gift to a museum in Canadian history.
William Thorsell is appointed President and CEO. Soon follows the announcement of the most ambitious renovation yet. The Master Plan costing $200 million is called Renaissance ROM. Here he talks about his arrival at the ROM.
Free admission (after 4:30) on Friday nights launches and is a huge success from the start...
Louise Hawley Stone leaves a $45 million trust fund to support the purchase of artifacts and specimens and to support museum publications.
The Planetarium closes with layoffs. There is a public outcry, but attendance has been falling and the equipment is 25 years old. The Director speaks about it as a "low point".
At a cost of $56 million, the ROM is ready to reopen. The public are displeased to find that much of the increased gallery space is empty.
New wing opens at a cost of $1.8m. Staff have their own keys to the new front door and many have a numbered parking space in the courtyard.
A major organisational change results in three streams: curatorial; education and communication; and administration and facilities. Finance Committee at Queen 's Park calls senior managers to explain cost overruns.
One of the first new Ontario Lottery draws is held in the ROM to assist with the funds needed for expansion. $10m is to be matched by private fundraising. Some Board Members oppose the use of funds gained by a lottery.


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PITTSBURGH — Dick's Sporting Goods reported a 57% increase in second-quarter net income, which was chiefly related to a big charge last year.
For the period ended Aug. 3, the retailer earned $84.2 million, up from $53.7 million in the prior-year period when it recorded a $32.4 million impairment charge tied to an investment in JJB Sports. Revenue rose 6% to $1.53 billion, short of analyst projections of $1.57 billion. Same-store sales edged down 0.4%.
Chairman and CEO Edward Stack said bad weather reduced traffic and hurt sales.
"Our second-quarter results were below our guidance as a sluggish consumer environment along with higher levels of precipitation and cooler temperatures contributed to a decrease in traffic, resulting in lower than expected same-store sales," said Stack.


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Concert pic of the morning: Logic at Venue
by Staff on June 12th, 2014 at 10:41 AM
1 of 1 2 of 1
Couldn't make it out last night? You missed American rapper Logic at Venue. Dylan was there and caught a moment of the show on Instagram. Here's your concert pick of the morning. Logic at Venue on June 11, 2014. Thanks Dylan.


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Why can't I open some web sites?Archives Forums/General Discussion/Why can't I open some web sites?
| Greetings from Malta! We've come out here from the UK to visit family for about a year and this has meant a change of equipment. I'm using a brand new Acer laptop connected through a wireless router and this is the problem. Some web sites just won't open from the laptop. They start to open and then stop. There isn't a problem with them opening from the other computer using the router so the problem is obviously to do with the laptop. There doesn't seem to be any connection between the sites either - my bank's site is unavailable but my wife's bank is ok. I can get onto blitz but not ebay, etc. Anyone got any ideas as to what the problem might be? Thanx in advance.
| This is odd, I too have problems accessing sites.
For example I might not be able to get onto : http://www.cloverleafgames.com but I can always get onto : http://cloverleafgames.com
I have no idea what the issue is.
| If you are running Windows XP you could try disabling the DNS Cache service, right click my computer and select manage. Click Services & Applications, then Services, find DNS Client and then turn it off. This solves many problems of that nature, as WindowsXP DNS Caching has more than 1 bug.
| Hi Becky,
Thanks for the hint. I've just tried it but unfortunately it doesn't seem to have made any difference.
right click my computer and select manage. Click Services & Applications, then Services, find DNS Client and then turn it off.Or alternatively hit Windows+R, and type: sc stop dnscache (it will start again next time you logon).
Also when I had some problems like this (couldn't access userfriendly.org amoungst others, except though an anonymous proxy). The culprit was the ZoneAlarm Firewall.
Alternatively, go to http://www.anonymizer.com and try their free service, see if that helps.
| BigH: You may not have Java installed as some banks use this and Windows XP SP2 doesn't have it by default! I found this out for a client once whose bank site stopped working after an upgrade.
Tim, both your links work for me, so it must be your PC/router. I also found this
F5 will only refresh the webpage if the time stamp is older then that of the new/updated webpage.
Depending on how they are cached (it may update hourly, daily etc my understanding) when it goes to load the webpage, it will check the locally cached version of the site for the timestamp and load the most recent version.
CTRL + F5 refreshes the webpage regardless of timestamp.
Go to Tools > Internet Options >
Under Temporary Internet Files, click the Settings button.
Under "Check for newer versions of stored pages:", select "Every Visit to Page"
These may or may not help, but good tips anyway.
| Get you get to this site?
| Thanks for all the suggestions. So far nothing seems to work. The person who supplied the router suggested that zone alarm might be the problem so I disconnected it but that didn't help. I even took it right off the computer at one point. I've since reinstalled the updated version but I've just tried disconnecting it and that hasn't solved it either. The other computer uses zonealarm pro with no problem as well.
Indiepath : yes, I can get to www.indiegamebusiness.com without any problems.
| Tim, I can't get to www.indiegamebusiness.com, well I can ... it pops up with a logon dialog, so I guess I can see the domain.
| yeah you can see the domain but you have to pay me a subscription to get access :D
| cheeky bugger ;-)
| Hmm. All works fine here, I think you should upgrade to Windows 98.
Then you'll have more control of your PC.
| I recommend Ignoring the suggestion of expending vast quantities of cash on Windows 98 to turn your computer into something less stable than Harold Shipman.
You say the page starts to arrive but then stops and you are on wireless, I wonder if any of us are barking up the right tree trying to address software. If the problem is intermittent then invariably that meens hardware, if the problem is consistent than it could be either - but software is never intermittent (with the exception of malware like virus' and adware).
The problems you are experiencing could be due bandwidth issues caused by adware and other malliscious, vile, evil and demonic software like Gator...
It could also be something to do with your wireless adapter.
| It may be that the MTU is set wrong on the router. When I got my wireless router I had the same problem as BigH and it was only when I corrected the MTU settings on the router that I was able to browse all websites. An MTU of 1400 or 1458 is a good place to start and it should be tweaked until you can browse all the sites.
The best thing to do is contact your ISP and ask them what MTU they operate on, write it down, log in to the router and change the MTU to match your ISP's.
This may not be the problem but it's definately worth a try as the same thing happened to me.
| If it's wireless, test by sitting RIGHT NEXT to the wireless router.
| Once again many thanks for the suggestions. The problem isn't strictly intermittent as if I can get onto a web site I can always get onto it and if I can't I can never get onto it. I'll certainly investigate the MTU settings.
The problem is still there with the laptop right next to router.
| If you can browse from one machine but not the other then its nothing to do with the routing - Make sure Java is enabled in Internet Explorer - tools - Internet Options.
Why can't I open some web sites?
Because you have to be over 21 in some countries, over 18 in most.
| Hehe Lenn :)
BigH: can you traceroute to them ok?
Get a command prompt up, type:
tracert www.thenameoftheproblemsite.com
If you're getting timeouts at the 1st 'hop' (if you're using a router), it could be your router at fault, if there's timeouts further along the list of servers, it could be your ISP or non-ISP servers at fault.
Here's an example of a tracert from me to BB.com:
C:\>tracert www.blitzbasic.com
Tracing route to www.blitzbasic.co.nz [220.127.116.11]
over a maximum of 30 hops:
1 <10 ms <10 ms 63 ms 192.168.0.1
2 <10 ms 15 ms 16 ms 10.114.192.1
3 <10 ms 16 ms <10 ms pc-62-30-249-65-ha.blueyonder.co.uk [220.127.116.11]
4 16 ms 15 ms 16 ms pc-62-30-249-29-ha.blueyonder.co.uk [22.214.171.124]
5 16 ms 15 ms 16 ms s01-ubr01-ha.blueyonder.co.uk [188.8.131.52]
6 16 ms 15 ms 16 ms kno-rab-kno-cai-pos.telewest.net [184.108.40.206]
7 15 ms 16 ms 16 ms tele1-know-rab.telewest.net [126.96.36.199]
8 15 ms 47 ms 16 ms 126.96.36.199
9 15 ms 16 ms 15 ms ge-0-3-0-0.bbr1.London1.Level3.net [18.104.22.168]
10 94 ms 109 ms 94 ms as-1-0.bbr1.Chicago1.Level3.net [220.127.116.11]
11 94 ms 109 ms 94 ms ge-8-1.hsa1.Chicago1.Level3.net [184.108.40.206]
12 94 ms 109 ms 94 ms 188.8.131.52
13 94 ms 109 ms 110 ms lfw102.siteprotect.com [184.108.40.206]
14 94 ms 109 ms 94 ms lma526.siteprotect.com [184.108.40.206]
Trace complete.
Hop 1 is my router, hops 2 to 7 are my ISPs network, I know that from the DNS names (Blueyonder & Telewest), from 8 onwards it's 3rd party servers.


text:
Net::HTTPTunnel - Create sockets that are tunnels through an HTTP 1.1 proxy
The only member function in Net::HTTPTunnel not inherited from IO::Socket::INET is the constructor new(). New takes the following name-value pairs of arguments: 'remote-host' => 'some.host.com' [required] The system to which you want the tunnel to co...RWAHBY/Net-HTTPTunnel-0.51 - 19 Sep 2005 15:06:36 GMT - Search in distribution
Net::FTPSSL - A FTP over SSL/TLS class
"Net::FTPSSL" is a class implementing a simple FTP client over a Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS) connection written in Perl as described in RFC959 and RFC2228. It will use TLS by default....CLEACH/Net-FTPSSL-0.38 - 31 Mar 2017 15:07:53 GMT - Search in distribution
Net::Proxy - Framework for proxying network connections in many ways
A Net::Proxy object represents a proxy that accepts connections and then relays the data transfered between the source and the destination. The goal of this module is to abstract the different methods used to connect from the proxy to the destination...BOOK/Net-Proxy-0.13 - 02 Nov 2014 23:29:26 GMT - Search in distribution
3 results (0.09 seconds)


text:
Skip navigation.
Seven bands will march around the square during Northwestern Oklahoma State University's Homecoming parade at 10 a.m., Saturday, Oct. 18.
Northwestern band director Dr. Kenneth Drobnak is thrilled to participate in his second Northwestern homecoming as band director. In addition to Northwestern's marching band, junior high and high school bands are coming to Northwestern's Homecoming from across Oklahoma and Kansas.
Those bands marching and their directors, listed by class, are:
Junior High A – Pioneer-Pleasant Vale Junior Middle School, Sherri Lohmann and Kathy Jantz.
Class AA – Pioneer-Pleasant Vale High School, Lohmann.
Class AAA –Alva High School, Cara Bradt.
Class AAAA-Hugoton High School, Amy Freeman; and Woodward High School, Daci Crockett.
Open Class (non-competing) --Kismet-Southwestern Heights Band, Erika Clausing.
Four of the directors leading their bands in the parade are Northwestern alumni. They include Bradt, class of 2007; Crockett, class of 2004; Freeman, class of 2001; and Lohmann, class of 2000.
Bands will gather on Ranger Field during halftime of the Homecoming football game with East Central University to present a massed band performance. Game time is set for 3 p.m.
To see more information about Homecoming events, visit www.nwosu.edu/homecoming.
MISSION STATEMENT: Northwestern Oklahoma State University provides quality educational and cultural opportunities to learners with diverse needs by cultivating ethical leadership and service, critical thinking and fiscal responsibility.


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Hey guys. I was going through PhotoDune, looking for some new photos to use for my website and then I remembered this this bit in the Jay Leno show where he showed a commercial for a retirement home with a picture of an old couple and then next to it a commercial for a funeral service using the same photo. I'm sure in that situation the owners of the retirement home would have preferred to pay a bit extra to have the photo exclusively.
On to my point. I have seen a function on a couple of other websites where some of the songs can be bought exclusively (as in taken off the market after purchased) so the sole licensor is the client. Of course it cost a lot more (2000 EURO) than a regular license. I was thinking, what if AudioJungle had a similar function. So authors could make certain songs exclusively licensable for a higher fixed price. It means less hassle in negotiation as there is now a fixed price and it would really resolve a lot of problems for the buyer AND would give them exclusivity (let's say they want to use it as an opening and ending for a TV show and they don't want anyone else to have it).
So, what do you all think? Should there be an exclusive license option for buyers with a fixed price?
i think it's a grat idea, but what happens if the items was already sold? the buyer has an "exclusive" license that's not so exclusive, since other people have bought the same item in the past…
bosone said
i think it's a grat idea, but what happens if the items was already sold? the buyer has an "exclusive" license that's not so exclusive, since other people have bought the same item in the past…
Yeah good point. I guess it would have to be decided when a new item is posted. Bummer for all current AJ tracks :/
Could be any interesting new business path however. +1 for me.
On the website I was looking at, the exclusive license is available for any track. If someone wants to buy it despite someone else previously buying it, it's their own decision.
+1 for me. I had thought this would be cool too. And I agree, put it out there with a regular stock license and also offer the exclusive license. If it already has sales, then the buyer can decide if he wants to still buy the exclusive license. What happens to tracks that get purchased exclusively then? Can they still be available for listening on the site with the watermark (as part of an author's portfolio)?
@ JasonGraham, on the website they disappear after purchase. That way the buyer is sure that the sale is exclusive. This works really well for some of the smaller authors around here as they can achieve more money then they would if they had the song up for many years.
It would also be optional for the authors, obviously a top selling song like "Your Little Planet Corp" should never go exclusive as it earns more money being available for all. But for the average song that gets 1-2 sales, imagine if it could sell for 2000 or even 1000 like in that website if it could go exclusive.
SO everyone wins, big authors, little authors and AudioJungle too as they get their share of that big paycheck!!
+1 that sounds interesting. Of course it's a bit like playing lotto for the author… but i would appreciate a option like this. But then the track would have to cost not only $200 !!!! Maybe around $500 – 1000 ? I don't know…
I would totally agree on that.And maybe opening up another category would be the best option.Exclusive Lincense tracks.Than, the author decides himself if he wants to put the track there or he thinks he would achieve more with the other types of licenses.This way you also avoid the trouble created when people buy an exclusive license but that certain track was bought before by others.
from a legal perspective though that feels like it would open up a LOT of issues.
For example, once somebody owns something exclusively, what rights are they buying? Are they able to sell/sub-license/transfer the song to other members? Are you able to sell the song on multiple marketplaces if you want to try and sell it for an exclusive price here? If so, what happens if that song is available for purchase elsewhere?
Additionally does the author still get any feedback in how that track can be used? I know currently the licenses here asks that buyers contact the authors for the green light if they want to use a track for controversial reasons (ie politics/porn). With an exclusive purchase just what degree of leverage are you giving the buyer?
Lots of fine lines and details to work out which imo would be nigh but impossible to satisfy both sides with. For me personally if i'm giving something exclusively I want nothing more to do with the track other then personal demo reasons. What good is the song to me if I can't do anything with it anyway? Especially on a royalty free basis.
I think it might be interesting. Any idea if it's in the works?