text:
I feel sorry for people who have no theoretical basis to help organize their thoughts and guide their explorations.
Lack of conscious, logical, theoretical underpinnings just might be the root cause of most of the misunderstandings in the world today, which are in turn the root cause of most of the trouble we see. When Thomas Jefferson began writing the Declaration of Independence in 1773, the vast majority of the world's population was illiterate, including many of the peoples of the United States. His theoretical basis for writing the document was stated that "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness".
Lewis & Clark,
funded by the Jeffersonian era Congress in 1803, set out to find and
chart waterways across the newly doubled-in-size nation along the
Missouri and Columbia rivers. Their guiding theoretical assumptions
were that 1) such a waterway likely did exist and just needed to be
found, and 2) the exploration would be good for the indigenous Native
American nations and the new United States of America, and 3) the
existing indigenous nations would be helpful in their quest.
When considering any aspect of social life, it is always helpful
to try to place thoughts in terms of some theoretical frameworks.
For our class this term, we are going to try to keep three theories in mind. Structural-Functional theory, Symbolic Interaction theory, and Social Exchange theory. These are known as "classical" social theories and some would argue that they might be dated. However, like many good ideas - gravity, hot dog buns, the pneumatic tire - aside from minor tweaks, there's not much wrong with these ideas today.
Social Context: A changing and troubled world.
The 20th Century is characterized as a period with unprecedented progress and unprecedented problems. With all the progressive steps (i.e., achievements in medicine, space exploration, artificial intelligence, and computer science) comes severe problems (i.e., economic fluctuations, stagnant personal finance, population control, violence, massive ignorance) and changes in the way human beings relate to each other. The standard linear conception (the traditional view) of child rearing suggests we need only do what our parents did and everything will be just fine - which is probably true enough if we could, in fact, do what our parents did. In order to rear children like they were reared in the past would require the religiosity of the past, the polity of the past, the educational system of the past, and most importantly, the economy of the past. In other words, the standard line is that women, if they are to be mothers, need to stay home and raise their children.
Empirically, depending on the preparation of the mother, this is good for children. However, it flies in the face of the economic reality of family life and other things we know about family life in the late 20th century. A standard linear conception of social change belies the systemic reality of conditions under which families must survive. Often seemingly isolated social or technological changes can send reverberations throughout the social system and into the lives of generations of any given family. Can you think of a time in U.S. history when family life was better on the whole than it is now? A time when the divorce rate was low, children were much more likely to have two parents (one of which was always on call for them, and every father had a pretty good job? If you can think of such a period of time, you aren't thinking with all the facts in mind. We have a general theory that helps to put the idea of change over time into perspective. It also allows us to think about the individual's place in society, and the importance of each individual's contributions to society for the good of the whole. That theory is Structural-Functionalism (SF).The Davis-Moore hypothesis, for example, used SF to explain and legitimize the status quo politics of the late 1950's social stratification system in the United States. Davis and Moore theorized that competiton, even though it was often wasteful, was necessary to allow a clear means for the brightest among all of us to rise to executive and leadership positions (it's a "cream of the crop" corollary to SF). Structural functional theory suggests that whenever two or three people are gathered together, they create order, they manufacture organization and, they build social systems using social forms. This is one of the results of Parsons' notion of Social Action, which is based on the Unit Act:
The concept of Social Integration means that there are no elements of society that are in actual conflict with each other. If socialization works, then each of us will value similar ideals, hold similar goals, understand the importance of cooperatively working toward the same ends (argue with this as you sit in class with your classmates and discuss the relative merits of your various degree programs). It is the culture, then, that provides the basis for meeting social and personal goals.
Culture provides an environment that allows specific socialization patterns to emerge, molding each personality to relative conformity, allowing specific role performances to occur. Every aspect of society is consistent with all other parts. On a global level, Structural-Functional theory explains how and why all of the elements in a society might cooperate with each other to form social progress. SF can be graphically illustrated according to the model to the right of the text.
The Institution of the Family in our own society provides individuals with a set of tried and true behavioral codes. Follow these rules and you will grow up wanting to marry one day, raise a passle of kids, and eventually bounce grandchildren on your knee. Each institution partially meets the needs of each of the others.
Functional Requirements of Society
Structural-functional theory begins to answer the question of order
in society. The Hobbesian Question is "in a society where competition between
individuals is paramount, how is order possible?" The answer is that
human beings are social animals that create social forms (i.e., social
structure), in order to organize the elements of society. Let's
take an example from real life.
On October 28th, 1929, life in American society was a hectic and busy model of functionalism. Bakers were buying sacks of flour and other materials to make the bread that would be bought by families to be eaten that evening. Clothing manufacturers in the industrial northeast were creating new styles for the coming fashion season from cloth woven in mills in the southeast. The virgin wools and cottons from which cloth was woven was purchased from farmers in the south and west. School children were thinking about having fun at recess, or the hot meal their mothers would provide after their chores after school. Everybody's busy - everybody has a place in the social order. With few exceptions, even the poor were included in the social order. In fact, about 60% of the population was poor.
The next day, October 29th, 1929, the stock market crashed in New York City. This is the first day of the Great Depression. Massive, world-wide economic failure has left whole societies in poverty around the globe, with the exceptions of societies "too primitive" to have constructed currency based economies. They were left untouched. The Hobbesian question simply asks, "Why didn't we beat each other to death for the few scraps of food still in existence? Why didn't schools shut down? Why didn't millions starve to death? Weren't we in competition for each other's goods? The answer is that we weren't entirely in competition with each other.
Think of the many ways in which the five social institutions integrated and adapted to the strained times of the Depression. The political system/government introduced large-scale social programs designed to aid families while simultaneously providing work and stimulating the economy. Religion consoled and comforted us, giving us faith that we could overcome current troubles. Educational facilities were turned into meeting houses and central locations for the disbursement of emergency goods. Our Polity also later declared war on Germany and Japan, which instantly provided work for thousands.
Of course, these remedies didn't begin to happen by October 30th. Social responses to crisis take time. The crisis has to "soak in". Representing the Economy, Henry Ford responded to the depression by recommending that workers plant vegetable gardens to supplement their paychecks. Mr. Ford also allowed his workers to float short term loans to get them through the temporary difficulties, not knowing that the Depression would last until 1941. The general response by Government and the Economy's spokesmen was to "work harder", because hard work was the myth what made America great. The very leaders of the economy didn't understand the economy at its most fundamental level, even though they were the ones who constructed it.
There was plenty of "stuff" (i.e., products, goods, things), in fact, there was too much stuff, and that was the problem - we had overproduced and it was a buyer's market in the extreme. After the "work harder" strategy failed, a new set of leaders were elected to think the problem through again.
This is Parsons' Theory of Social Action in action:
Problem -> Analysis -> Strategy -> Evaluation -> New Strategy -> Solution.
Now think about the nuclear family of the 1930s. If social theory is the study of social forms, and the family is a social form, then family studies should look at the functions of various forms of the family as they relate to the rest of society. Read that again. This time think about the dominant family form today, the Dual Earner Family, compared to the dominant family form in 1930.
In 1930, the average family was rural, lived on a farm or in a small city. Children lived under the guidance of both parents and attended school when it was convenient for the operation of the family farm. Parents' (society's) expectations of young men were that they would acquire skills necessary to make a living and go to work. They would marry sometime after proving their hand at their livelihood. For young women, the expectation was to prepare themselves to be good mothers and wives - marry by 21, have children to raise, and make a home for their family. Introductions to potential marriage partners were made through relatives or friends, and through semi-official channels such as church. Courtship was managed rigidly with young men seeking permission to "see a father's daughter socially".
In the decades to follow, the gender role divisions that worked so well for pre-depression society no longer made functional sense. As society needed more workers in factories, first in the northeast, later throughout the country, women were partially redefined from wives, mothers and homemakers to workers, wives, mothers and homemakers. The war years from 1941 to 1945 are interesting in that while we were not willing as a society to commit our daughters to combat, a distinction not extended to our sons, we were quite willing to view young women as riveters in defense factories. Of course, women were once again re-redefined as primarily mothers and housewives after the concerted efforts of men and women succeeded in ending the war. All of this flexibility was possible, according to the SF approach, because of social structure.
A social need (the war and preparation for it) leads to changes in the
Economy, which redefines gender roles.
When the social need is over, society was free to un-define women as
factory workers.
Interestingly, Economy was a labor-intensive factory model that served well until two things happened:
- the cost of labor increased dramatically due to the rise of labor unions
- technology advanced to such a degree that high labor costs could be offset by using non-union labor in offshore countries, giving rise to the concept of multinational corporations.
At this point, the Economy changed to an information and service model that didn't need the muscles of male workers nearly as much as it needed the willingness of women to work for 60% of the pay that men demanded. This one social change in the Economy has probably caused most of the social changes in the latter half of the 20th century.
The Building Blocks of Social Structure
finally allows the SF theory to move away from the "big picture" toward the individual's place in the grand scheme of things. The building blocks of social structure are:
How do we make a connection between the Economic Institution and individuals in love with each other? Here's how: Positions in social space and their associated Roles make up a formally structured relationship. Whenever two or more positions are linked together through two or more role sets, we have social structure. Therefore, cumulative structured relationships build social structure.
Virtually every relationship an individual may enter into is covered
by social structural elements. What do you call the Ph.D. who teaches your
Theory Class (to his face, that is)? You use whatever name he or she demands
that you use, such as Professor, Doctor, Teacher, or Mr./Ms.! And your
beloved sweetie pie? How about, darlin', sugar, honeybunch, baby, sweet
babu, lover, snuggums, pet, dearest? Each name connotes a part of
your relationship with this other person.
In SF terms, suppose the person occupying Status A is the eligible bachelor, college graduate with gobs of earning potential. Occupying Status B is the lovely and talented unattached, nearly graduated coed, with desires for home and family life. Both A & B are mammals with biological drives for safety, comfort and sexual outlet. Status A has been socialized to desire "love" from one such as Status B (i.e, those lips, those eyes, that curvaceous nature!). Status B has been socialized to desire "love" from one such as Status A (i.e, that professional appearance, that strong back, that studly persona).
Society actively constructs those desires in A & B, then provides critical means to allow A & B to find each other, through school, friends, church, and as a last resort, bars. According to functionalism, "who" A is and "who" B is, is irrelevant. Any two healthy specimens, given the appropriate attributes, can view each other in terms of the functional aspects of love. Once they find each other, they will enter into quite standardized, albeit exotic to them, coupling rituals designed to cement reciprocal commitment, extended family loyalty, and long term association.
Suppose A & B are not functionally suited for "love" as defined by the culture (i.e., they are the same sex, married to other people, extreme age difference, different religions, different races, different social classes). Their love relationship will not be functional to society and will not be tolerated well by society. Agents of social control will make their union uncomfortable and nearly impossible. Socially ill-suited As and Bs will probably never even consider the possibility of a union in the first place. If they do, social control agents will work to undo the relationship and set things right again.
Thus, Love is INTEGRATIVE to society, in that it helps individuals
to meet their adaptive tasks.
Love is ADAPTIVE to the social system, in that it allows the system
to procure behaviors from its members. If
a specific structure is adaptive and integrative to the social
it is functional and is continued.
If social changes result in rendering a specific aspect of social
structure as non-adaptive or non-integrative, then it is no longer
functional and will die out.
At the individual level of observation, if we observe two people interacting with each other, how might we organize our thoughts about their relationship? Person A is dressed in work clothing and is busy writing down instructions on a clipboard as they are given by Person B. Person B is dressed in a business suit. Occasionally Person B alters his instructional voice to ask a question of Person A, who stops writing and thinks for a minute before uttering two or three options for Person B to consider. Person B chooses one option or another and continues to instruct, occasionally pointing to various aspects of the room the two are standing in. What can we assume from this brief description, given our previous discussion of social institutions?
The Institution of the Family
Let's try another example. In order to propagate the society, there needs to be some reason for the intermingling of male and female biological juices. However, in order to maintain social order and avoid conflict, society must control that intermingling so that the resulting propagation can eventually lay claim to the properties and birthrights of the interminglers. So persons holding Status A at birth (the ascribed status of female gender) have the world defined for them in such a way that they learn to deeply desire "love" from a person of opposite Status B (the ascribed status of male gender).
How does A find B? How will she know he's the right one? Social structure comes to the rescue. Avenues of opportunity have been built so that our two lovebirds can, and most likely will, be thrown together. Once they find each other (they go to the same church, the same school, live in the same or similar neighborhoods, shop at the same stores, share the same goals), they will enter into quite standardized, albeit exotic to them, "coupling rituals" (dates) all designed to result in the binding of two extended families into one, to produce children, and to entrench the interminglers in the routine business of everyday family life.
Suppose A and B are not suited for "love" (they are the same sex, married to others already, have a large age difference, come from divergence social classes or have conflicting religious training, or wildly difference ethnicities). Then, love will not develop between them because it is not functional to either society or to the individuals concerned. In other words, there has to exist a preponderance of similarity (homogamy) of social characteristics before love can even be considered.
In many ways, social structure is oppressive. We marry each
other for love, but what has really occurred is that society has once again
forced us to make the only decision that we are allowed to make. Ninety-four
percent of all Americans marry at least once. Almost all who do marry
cite love as the reason for their decision. Once again - love is
INTEGRATIVE to individuals in that it helps individuals to solve personal
dilemmas. Love is also ADAPTIVE to the social system in that it allows
the system to procure behaviors from its members that are functional
Symbolic Interaction Theory asserts that human individuals develop their personalities through interaction with others, by exchanging meaningful symbols with each other for the purpose of defining themselves. To fully analyze social interaction in terms of its symbolic nature, we must have firm notions about:
The Process of Socialization: Basic Assumptions
What all this means is that concepts like family, love, mental illness, spouse abuse, healthy family functioning, are all concepts that carry symbolic weight in the minds of a society's members. None of these concepts exist outside the mind. Instead, all are symbols that represent something else by association, resemblance, or convention. When we laugh at a joke, cry at a movie, become outraged over a news story, we are symbolically interacting with our fellows and sharing in a culture that provides meaning to events. Everyone has laughed at the cartoon character who is fearful of ghosts and gets so scared that he repeatedly runs into things. The cartoon character's dilemma is funny to us because we ourselves have been scared enough to do stupid or silly things.
Consider once again, the The Situational Hypothesis: "Things perceived as real will be real in their consequences." - (W.I. Thomas, 1923). Here's another true story, this time about the Ponototoc Snake House.
If a person only partially believes in ghosts (in this case - snakes that aren't there), depending on the way his or her culture portrays the apparition, that person will behave as if ghosts are real and apparent in the everyday world. Placed in the right context, a ghost becomes a Significant Symbol (i.e., a symbol that draws out the same emotional appeal in the majority of individuals).
Self Consciousness is arrived at via:
The Primary Group is the device through which our culture is transmitted (see the Chap 4). Through interaction with parents, we acquire language (the second in a series of artificial symbols, the first being the meaning associated with feelings we get from nurturing behaviors of our parents). After rudimentary language acquisition, we move in larger cognitive and social circles (e.g., playmates, kindergarten, first grade and on to high school, college, adult and professional relationships). As we grow and develop (e.g., as we are socialized), we encounter Secondary Groups - the educational system, business associates, and governmental agents. Members of our Primary group serve as socialization agents, whose job it is to groom us for interaction with the larger, Secondary, society. George Herbert Mead explained this process of socialization.
George Herbert Mead's contributions to social-psychology is immeasurable. The most important was his theory of socialization, or humanization known as The Generalized Other theory of personality development. Those of you with a familiar reading of Piaget will find Mead interesting because, like Piaget, Mead asserts that socialization occurs through a maturational process. Through interaction with others we pass through three stages of social and personal development (see Figure 11 below).
Figure 11. - Mead's Generalized Other
After one comes to understand the expectations society demands, the
bifurcates into two parts - the "I", or Inner self and the "me",
or transitory public self. This accounts for Self-consciousness
Incidentally, this is exactly why we think Drew Carey is so dang funny!! Our failure to recognize this fact, while simultaneously becoming a master of it, accounts for much/some of the pain, confusion, and disappointment that each of us encounters between the ages of 1 and 99 years. We fall prey to so many manipulations of our hearts and minds:
The nice thing about symbolic interaction theory is that it answers the Hobbesian Question--"If it is human nature to be aggressive, then why does not civilization end in an all out war of all against all?" Symbolic interaction allows that an unwritten code of conduct exists by virtue of our presence among our fellows.
It is through our interaction with others:
Three Big Ideas in SI Theory: Mind Self & Society
Mind uses symbols to designate objects in the environment, the meaning of which is completely constructed by each individual. Mind inhibits inappropriate lines of action by using imaginative rehearsals.
Self emerges as the individual acts symbolically toward himself and others. The self is simply a continually redefined role repertoire.
Society is organized patterns of interaction among diverse
Roles are similar enough in the collective of minds for empathy to
take place.
Society is nothing more than the collective shared meaning of the rules
by which we interact. The interaction between the ever present society and all its social
control agents, the developing self, and the individual mind that constantly
mediates between social and personal mandates is also Mead's definition
of symbolic interaction.
Social Exchange Theory - Basic Assumptions:
Concepts: The language of Social Exchange theory betrays its self-interest assumption that we are all in it for ourselves. The basic formula for predicting the behavior for any properly socialized individual in any situation is: Behavior (Profits) = Rewards of interaction - Costs of Interaction.
Distributive Justice refers to an individual's perception of the reward structure and his/her rightful portion of it. Thus, it is possible for privileged individuals to feel slighted or punished because their rewards for behavior are smaller than another persons. In an academic setting, for example, salary raises are usually given according to job performance. A publication in a refereed science journal will be worth some percentage amount of salary increase--say .25%. Faculty who have higher salaries will receive a higher dollar raise (.25% of a large chunk salary) compared to faculty who have lower salaries (.25% of doodly-squat). Doodly-squat salaried folk will feel righteous indignation over this arrangement until their salaries approach the large chunk level.
The Principle of Least Interest was invented by Waller and Hill during their research on the Princeton man back in the 1930s. They were interested in the college male's perception of women they dated. They found that, in a dating relationship, the person who had the least interest in continuing the relationship (usually the male) also had the most power in that relationship. Thus, the one most interested in continuing the relationship had to work much harder to maintain it:
Most Interested: "I made you a wonderful meal, darling. May
I serve you your evening cocktail before we dine?"
Least Interested: "Thanks, but I decided to go out with my friends tonight."
Most Interested: "Oh, that sounds wonderful. You don't get out enough. Should I put dinner away for later?"
Least Interested: "No - We'll find something."
Most Interested: "O.K. - I love you! Be careful out there. I'll be here when you get home."
Scarcity of any product promotes intervention by society to regulate its distribution on a collective level. Customs, laws, and rules govern the distribution and trade of scarce resources - all dictating the cost of each item. The relative worth (in social terms) is embedded in the culture. How much is love worth, or alienation of affection?
According to Nye's work with SE theory and family relationships, the
strategic concepts of social exchange theory are:
Rewards--the pleasures, satisfactions, and gratifications that come from an intimate relationship.
Costs--the pains, dissatisfactions, missed or frustrated gratifications that are perceived as being part of an intimate relationship.
Typical Rewards
1. Punishments 1. Praises
2. Negative reinforcements 2. Positive reinforcements
3. Uncertainty over the 3. Assurances over the
nature and extent of nature and extent of
rewards and costs of rewards and costs of
involvement. involvement
+ 4. Many, many other costs. + 4. Many, many rewards.
Add ______________ _____________
Profit = Total Costs + Total Rewards
Because of the uncertainty built into human relationships, we tend to compare our relationships to others in proximity and in the culture. Comparison Level is a standard by which the person evaluates the rewards and costs of a given relationship in terms of what he or she feels is deserved. Level of Alternatives is the lowest level of outcomes that a partner will accept in light of alternative opportunities to engage in relationships with people other than his or her partner.
The Norm of Reciprocity means that there is a cultural norm in
most societies that maintains the importance and correctness of returning
the favor. It is a form of indebtedness. If a person extends
their hand in friendship, except in very narrow and specific circumstances
we are bound by the norm of reciprocity to return the gesture by extending
our own hand.
Some statements that follow from the Norm of Reciprocity are:
Changing Sex Roles - Early on in our evolution children were socialized into very strict gender roles: boys did socially defined masculine things, while girls were encouraged to do feminine things. See the chart below:
This was the case, but not so much so anymore. Owing largely to the advances of the information age and an economy that reflects technological advances, societal reasons for maintaining such a rigid division of the genders have vanished - leaving only a sociocultural desire on the part of some men and women to behave traditionally (i.e., I like big families. I want lots and lots of children. - ask me more about this in class!). As a result there is high potential for confusion over the way to go about initiating/maintaining relationships.
Changing Marital Expectations & Behavior Patterns
One school of thought suggests that as the family lost or delegated its functions away to other social institutions, the remaining functions became much more important. Because it is the main, and often the only, remaining function, Love increases in importance as the other functions are lost to official agencies and the like. GET THIS: Consequently, marriages can more easily fail when love wanes a little and there is nothing else to bind the family together. This is known as Dependence on Romantic Love to the exclusion of other factors.
Dual-Career Marriages. The gender roles of the past were probably based on husband/father working outside the home and wife/mother working inside the home. Today many women have options for education and career that have never before been afforded them. On the other hand, many (most) mothers expect, are expected and do have to work to support their families (as do fathers). The result is a dominant family form where all the adults work at nonfamily endeavors, leaving little time to meet the constant needs of children, maintain a home, and maintain the near environment.
Increased Incidence of Divorce (Due primarily to the
economic progress of women as a group). The law has changed making
more affordable in the short term.
Divorce, while not always devastating, is disruptive in almost every family where children are involved. The incidence is up, still, which means disturbances in the normal developmental process for over half the children in the country.
Speaking only about recent marriages (1980-1991)
Geographic Family Mobility
This generation will be the new nomads. Already families move once every five years or so on the average. The idea of growing up on the same street as all one's friends is a movie cliché today. By moving so often, friendships are disconnected, isolation mounts, family members become rootless. This will only increase. It is an established fact the one of the primary correlated factors of the teenage suicide rate is the "rootlessness factor". In areas of the country where the "new arrival rate" is high, so is the suicide rate for teenagers.
Changing Patterns of Intimate Relationships.
One of the most intimate experiences in life is the sharing of sexual intimacy with another person. Since 1970 and the beginning of the so-called Sexual Revolution there has been a dramatic change in the frequency and duration of sexually intimate relationships. For one thing, they are more frequent and of shorter duration than ever before


text:
These entry-level Laser and LED color printers are what I call toner machines.
As they are marketed in a similar manner as the inkjet products they are competing against. Low up front cost to get the person to purchase it.
Then hammer them on the backend with the cost of the consumables.
These types of units are only useable in an office up to 2 people or a home network where printing will be below 500 pages per month.
The benefit of having a Laser/LED unit over that of an inkjet is that the toner will not dry out, become clogged or evaporate. So in the long run the cost should slightly favor the Laser/LED units.
No matter what experts say, these machines deliver great quality at a very affordable price for a home/home-office use. Especially if you're not too picky to use remanufatured toner cartridges. They will deliver the same quality at a fraction of the price of the original consumables. I've used them. No regrets.
I made the mistake of buying 3 of these units! The biggest problem is toner cost but a close second is the lack of display. When the end user has messed something up with these it is impossible to work out what the problem is as there is just a row of LED's that flash in cryptic combinations to advise of the error.
Changing toner is a headache as in theory all you have to do is press the corresponding colour button for the toner colour you want to change but I wanted to change all 4 in one go and there were unprinted jobs in the printer memory that it was still trying and failing to print (as the toner was out) but the little thing was rotating it's carosel for ever before you could peek into the top door and see if the correct toner was visible. If you get it wrong it starts the process all over again. It's like a very slaow and boring form of russian roulette.
I kid you not it took me 20 minutes of wrestling with it to get it to allow me to change 4 colours.
I plus point: I was able to update the firmware and print from an iPad ok
More information -
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text:
|Takashi Sato <t-sato@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
|Re: [PATCH 3/3] Add timeout feature
|Ric Wheeler <rwheeler@xxxxxxxxxx>
|Fri, 26 Sep 2008 06:58:11 -0400
|Christoph Hellwig <hch@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>, Andrew Morton <akpm@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>, Oleg Nesterov <oleg@xxxxxxxxxx>, linux-fsdevel@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx, dm-devel@xxxxxxxxxx, viro@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx, linux-ext4@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx, xfs@xxxxxxxxxxx, axboe@xxxxxxxxx, mtk.manpages@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx, linux-kernel@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
|<20080908205337t-sato@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx> <20080908171119.GB22521@xxxxxxxxxxxxx> <48DBFD42.6030307@xxxxxxxxxx> <D0B0D91F884647D6808626CDFF81E532@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
|Thunderbird 126.96.36.199 (X11/20080723)
Takashi Sato wrote:
Hi, Ric Wheeler wrote:Christoph Hellwig wrote:On Mon, Sep 08, 2008 at 08:53:37PM +0900, Takashi Sato wrote:The timeout feature is added to "freeze ioctl" to solve a deadlock when the freezer accesses a frozen filesystem. And new ioctl to reset the timeout period is added to extend the timeout period.For example, the freezer resets the timeout period to 10 seconds every 5seconds. In this approach, even if the freezer causes a deadlock by accessing the frozen filesystem, it will be solved by the timeout in 10 seconds and the freezer will be able to recognize that at the next reset of timeout period.And as with all previous posting I still fundamentally disagree about the need of this functionality. We don't need a timeout for freezing.I agree with Christoph here, I think that the timeout is unneeded.I think that your concern is that the freezer cannot recognize the occurrenceof a timeout and it continues the backup process and the backup data is corrupted finally.If the freezer can recognize it by the unfreeze ioctl's errono, will your concernbe solved? If so, I will implement it. Cheers, Takashi
I think that is certainly part a big part of my concern.Also note that the timeout seems to be quite low relative to say the standard timeout for a SCSI device (30 seconds worst case).
In general, I am quite supportive of the patch series and think that this is a great addition.
Thanks! Ric
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text: Anthea Turner Which celebrities are looking for love on First Dates? News post details 12:12 PM, 12 October 2015 A Made in Chelsea star, an X Factor winner, a soap star and a TV presenter are heading into the famous restaurant tonight for Stand Up To Cancer Anthea Turner still has that Blue Peter Tracy Island News post details 7:49 AM, 13 September 2015 Former Blue Peter presenter jokes the time may come when she has to sell her cardboard and P.V.A glue creation Sinitta is eliminated from The Jump News post details 8:59 PM, 29 January 2014 The pop star is beaten by Anthea Turner in the live ski jump as Melinda Messenger is also forced out of the competition due to medical concerns The Jump: Meet Anthea Turner News post details 12:01 AM, 26 January 2014 The TV presenter is among the celebrities trying their hand at ski jumping in Channel 4's winter sports-themed reality show The Jump Behind the scenes at The Jump News post details 6:41 AM, 25 January 2014 A one day round-trip to Austria to see a bunch of celebrities ski jump? Go on then! Just don't ask me to do it... says Emma Daly The Jump travel guide to Innsbruck News post details 4:16 PM, 23 January 2014 This weekend on Channel 4, 12 celebrities will attempt a variety of winter sports in western Austria. Here's how to try the same challenges in the same picturesque setting… Steve Redgrave, Amy Childs, Sinitta and Darren Gough line-up for winter sports contest The Jump News post details 1:10 PM, 11 December 2013 Eddie "the Eagle" Edwards will help whip 12 celebrities into shape before they attempt to hurtle down a mountain... When publicity stunts go wrong...even for George Clooney News post details 12:02 PM, 30 August 2013 Even the Hollywood hunk is capable of ending up red-faced following a PR stunt, as he proved in Venice this week Dancing On Ice: Ashley Roberts romance rumours, Shayne tackles "lies" and Jayne Torvill gets mean News post details 11:30 AM, 01 February 2013 The celeb skaters are getting vocal as more scandal surrounds their on and off ice antics - it's this week's rumour round-up! Anthea Turner injures rib during Dancing on Ice training News post details 11:10 AM, 16 January 2013 The 52-year-old presenter is resting up ahead of her next live performance on the ITV talent show


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Justin Timberlake Gossip
Justin Timberlake gossip, latest news, photos, and video.
Who's the star of this movie?
Vittorio Zunino Celotto /LOIC VENANCE /ALBERTO PIZZOLI /Pascal Le Segretain /Getty Images
If you didn't know, if you had no idea about Inside Llewyn Davis, looking at these photos, who would you think was the star of the movie? Justin Timberlake, right? Oscar Isaac is the star of Inside Llewyn Davis. Justin Timberlake, it's been joked Full Story
Pippy thinks he's Jimmy Darmody
Pascal Le Segretain/ Getty, Keystone
Justin Timberlake is now in Cannes. So f-ck everyone because it's ALL ABOUT PIPSQUEAK. Here he is on the Croisette promoting his next film Spinning Gold, the Neil Bogart biopic that's just been acquired by Sony for foreign rights, which is why here's there, in part, to tap dance for foreign money. Full Story
The Timberlakes pre-MET, pre-Cannes
Kevin Mazur/ Getty
Justin Timberlake performed last night at the Roseland Ballroom in New York paid for by Mastercard. It was announced last week that he's signed a 2 year "partnership" with the company, because "endorsement" is a bad word now. Partnership is supposed to mean that he's not simply cashing in a cheque. Full Story
It always suits Pippy
Justin Timberlake showed up on Ellen DeGeneres this week. It was the first time he'd been on her show since he married Mrs Timberlake. A few quotes from his appearance were released earlier today. When I was reading the first part, I was actually impressed. She would be impressed. More grateful than impressed, but still. Full Story
Black Tie Timberlakes
Splash, Jamie McCarthy/ Kevin Mazur/ Getty
The Timberlakes were out last night in New York for the TIME 100 Gala. Jimmy Fallon made the list and, as reported last week, JT wrote an article to honour his friend, but really to talk about how funny he was, along with Fallon, at his own wedding when he was making an "impromptu" speech. Full Story
JT honours Fallon but really himself
TIME has released its annual list of the 100 Most Influential People in the world. Jimmy Fallon was included and Justin Timberlake was asked to write a few words in celebration of his friend's achievement. Before enjoying Justin's piece though, take a minute to check out the other entries: Celine Dion honoured Christina Aguilera -- click here Full Story
The middle-aged Timberlakes
If you've been reading this column a while, you know how much I love golf. I love it. Jacek is obsessed with it. He golfs year round. It's all he can talk about, think about, to the point where he's forbidden from doing so when we see some of our friends because nobody wants to be bored. Full Story
The Pippys at the White House
SAUL LOEB /Alex Wong /Getty
Justin Timberlake was invited to the White House yesterday to participate in a workshop hosted by First Lady Michelle Obama on Soulsville, USA: The History of Memphis Soul alongside legends Sam Moore, Mavis Staples, and Charlie Musselwhite. The Photo Assumption in some of these pictures cracks me up. Full Story
As long as you don't half-ass the promotion
Justin Timberlake played golf with Kiefer Sutherland this weekend in Brentwood. Pipsqueak's head is extra extra big right now because of how well The 20/20 Experience sold in its first week. And his summer tour with Jay-Z is also doing great numbers. Not bad for an album that was put together in only 20 days. Full Story
Britney & Justin 4EVA, even for Jamie Lynn
Bauer, Jeff Kravitz/ Getty
Here's what happened last night that was so exciting... So exciting I immediately texted all my friends who would have remembered the era. We are mostly all married now. Some are parents. So, you know, supposedly mature. There were many exclamation points and OMGs in the messages. If you were around, you know. Full Story
The Perm! The Perm!
I was worried it would be a slow day. It is definitely not a slow day. Bradley Cooper's perm has saved the day! Check it out -- this is the first good shot of Coop's coil on the set of the new David O Russell film. Quick. What's your first thought? My first thought? Oh hi Justin Timberlake! Justin Timberlake, of course, has gone in the opposite direction these days with the relaxer. Full Story


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London, Paris, Rome? Been there, done that.
For Europe-bound travelers looking for a new adventure this summer, Bulgaria is an undiscovered delight. The country, which is bordered by Romania to the north and Greece and Turkey to the south, has a long and storied history. The country's origins date back to antiquity, and the Thracian rule that began roughly 2,700 years ago was followed by the Romans, Byzantium, the Ottoman Turks and the Communists. Now its own parliamentary republic, the country — which joined the European Union in 2007 — features a mix of attractions both modern and historic.
In total, Bulgaria's most popular hotspot is Slanchev Bryag, better known as Sunny Beach. The seaside resort is the country's most expensive location, and features 3.4 miles of beautiful and sandy beaches (with water temperatures that average 78.8 degree Fahrenheit in the summer), as well as several major water parks and discos. And while sunning and clubbing are the activities of choice for younger visitors, other popular options include everything from parasailing to exploring of the region's numerous (and atmospheric) monasteries.
Other country highlights include Nesebâr, s a UNESCO heritage site known for its medieval churches and nicknamed the "Pearl of the Black Sea"; Lozenets, a seaside resort; Plovdiv, an ancient city popular with traveling royals and university students; and the capital city of Sofia, home to the Royal Palace and National Art Gallery and the Ethnographical Museum, and the gold-domed Alexander Nevski church.
For everyone interested in exploring Bulgaria, as well as its neighboring countries of Turkey and Russia, Celebrity Cruises offers up a variety of Black Sea cruising options that begin and end in Istanbul but make stops in both Varna and Burgas, Bulgaria. (The two cities are the country's third and fourth largest, respectively, after Sofia and Plovdiv.) If travelers book now, they may even been in place to celebrate Unification Day, Independence Day and Revival Leaders' Day later this year.


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The Easy Star All-Stars, the musical collective behind 2003's underground hit, 'Dub Side of the Moon', are going to do a complete reggae version of Radiohead's 'OK Computer'. The disc, entitled Radiodread will be released worldwide in September 2006 on Easy Star Records.
"It was always the number one question we'd get asked in interviews, on tour, at parties, wherever" says Easy Star CEO Eric Smith, "but while everyone had suggestions on what album we should do, from 'The Wall' to 'London Calling' to 'Thriller', it was not at all easy to find a release that had the right combination of music, concept, fan loyalty, and translatability to make it a worthy follow up."
Michael G says: "Conceptually and thematically we knew the album was a solid candidate; but we just weren't sure whether the arrangements could work. On one hand, 'OK Computer' has elements that are perfect – strong melodies, intense dynamics and trippy soundscapes; on the other, it has complex time signatures, chord changes and things that typically aren't found in reggae. The more we looked at it, the more we realized that this was an album we had to do."
Michael G spent several months working on arrangements, at the end of which all three Easy Star founders felt they had not only a great sequel on their hands, but a record that could be even stronger and more nuanced than 'Dub Side of the Moon'. Basic tracks were recorded in September and October, followed by overdubs and vocals with guest artists. Already completed are performances by Horace Andy, Morgan Heritage, Frankie Paul, and Kirsty Rock, with more big names to hit the studio in the coming month.
"We're just as excited as everyone else to see what this ends up sounding like after we finish mixing it," says Oppenheimer. "So far, we have been amazed at how well it's been working. After listening to what Michael G and the band has done with the songs, it almost sounds like they were meant to be written for reggae."


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USC School of Theatre
One of the premier theatre schools in the United States, the USC School of Theatre provides the necessary education and training for graduates to excel in the professional theatre and related fields. Theatre also provides an ideal foundation to a liberal education that prepares students for a wide range of career interests. The school promotes and supports innovative and flexible ways to achieve students' educational and professional goals.
Theatre is both a collaborative endeavor and a universal means of communication. The school educates students in the history of theatre, while preparing them to add to that history, to use their talents, skill and imagination to explore the limitless possibilities the art of theatre offers.The USC School of Theatre is significantly enhanced by its location in Los Angeles, the entertainment capital of the world. Theatre professionals frequently teach seminars, mentor students and participate in School of Theatre productions.
Graduates of the school work professionally in all aspects of theatre, film and television. The school's performance and design faculty are dynamic teachers who also regularly work in the theatre and entertainment industry.
The breadth of learning opportunities offered at the school prepares students for the spectrum of careers in the professional theatre, including performance, production, management and teaching. The School of Theatre also strives to instill confidence, integrity, excellence and artistic sensitivity into each of its students -- traits that are essential to success in any field.
(213) 740-1286
Email: email@example.com
Madeline Puzo, Dean
Sharon M. Carnicke, Ph.D., Associate Dean
Velina Hasu Houston, Ph.D., Associate Dean
John R. Rowe, Associate Dean
FacultyProfessors: Sharon M. Carnicke, Ph.D.; Velina Hasu Houston, Ph.D.
Associate Professors: Christopher Akerlind, M.F.A.; Margo Apostolos, Ph.D.; Meiling Cheng, D.F.A.; Don Llewellyn, Jr., M.F.A.; James D. Wilson, M.F.A.
Assistant Professors: Angus Fletcher, Ph.D.; Oliver Mayer, M.F.A.
Senior Lecturers: Paul Backer, M.F.A.; Brent Blair, M.A.; David Bridel; Charlotte Cornwell; Alicia Grosso, M.F.A.; Joseph Hacker, M.F.A.; Duncan Mahoney; Andrew J. Robinson; John (Jack) R. Rowe; Eric Trules; Lora Zane, M.F.A.
Adjunct Faculty: Anthony Abatemarco; Luis Alfaro; Philip G. Allen; Bill Ballou; Corbett Barklie; Joe Bays; Michael Biers; John Bledsoe; Jason Robert Brown; Anne Burk; Kevin Carlisle; Joseph Carter; Frank Catalano; Stacie Chaiken; Paula Cizmar; Debra DeLiso; B.J. Dodge; Kathleen Dunn; Jeff Flowers; Jay Fuentes; Parmer Fuller; Rafael Garcia; Miranda Garrison; Takeshi Hamagaki; Elizabeth Bell Haynes; Nicole Hodges; Elizabeth Hogan; Paula Holt; Christina Haatainen Jones; Michael Keenan; Neel Keller; Mary K. Klinger; Edgar Landa; Joey Letteri; Kevin McCorkle; Gates McFadden; Babette Markus; Randy Mell; Ntare Mwine; Brian Nelson; Jaqueline Pavlich; Lewis Segal; Jonathan Sharp; Larry Sousa; Kelly Ward; Julie Welch; Dan Wheeler; Regina Williams
Emeritus Professors: John E. Blankenchip, M.F.A.; Eve Roberts, M.F.A.; Robert R. Scales, Ph.D.


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On 6/26/06, Michel R Vaillancourt <mvaillancourt at privalodc dot com> wrote:
> Easy to say if you aren't the one owning the AS400 plugged into it. ;)
I have an AS400 too, it uses that new fangled Ethernet stuff. :)
What I'd do at this point is pick up a Cisco 2600 with at least one TR
port and one Eth port (~$100-150 on ebay), and route the TR network
onto a backbone Eth network. I'd do everything possible to avoid
adding any more TR into the network.


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Loss prolongs August swoon for Pirates
For all its importance, Monday's game between the Pirates and St. Louis Cardinals began with a surprising number of empty seats at PNC Park — attendance was 16,700 — and was delayed mid-game by rain that fell off and on all night.
The Pirates also fell, 4-3, despite scoring the first two runs of the game off Cardinals starter Kyle Lohse (14-2), who continued his scorching late-summer performance with his eighth win in a row.
The Cardinals scored two runs in the fifth inning to tied it, 2-2, then added two more in the sixth off A.J. Burnett (15-5) just before the rain delay ended both starters' evenings.
"It obviously was one of (Burnett's) strengths most of this season was shutdown innings," Pirates manager Clint Hurdle said. "He was as good as anybody in the league. … At the end of the day we were one run short."
Clint Barmes hit a one-out RBI double in the seventh to pull within 4-3. But the Pirates left two on in the eighth when Josh Harrison grounded out, and went quietly in the ninth.
The Cardinals are in second place in the NL wild-card standings with a three-game lead over the Pirates, who are 9-16 this month.
The game started as a case of who would blink first — Lohse or Burnett, who's been the man most likely deliver a strong performance when the Pirates needed it this season.
Lohse gave up consecutive singles to Jose Tabata, Travis Snider and Andrew McCutchen to start the fourth. McCutchen's RBI single gave the Pirates a 1-0 lead, and Harrison's sacrifice fly made it 2-0.
Burnett gave up a single to Yadier Molina leading off the fifth. Molina scored from first on a double by Skip Schumaker that landed between Tabata and McCutchen in left center.
"He was able to score off that, so it's a little frustrating," McCutchen said.
Lohse bounced an RBI single over Burnett's head to score Schumaker and tie the game. Harrison saved a run with a nice relay throw to nab Lohse at home to end the inning.
The Cardinals went ahead in the sixth when Matt Holliday hit a leadoff home run. Molina added a sacrifice fly.
Karen Price is a staff writer for Trib Total Media. She can be reached at 412-320-7980 or email@example.com.


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The law, S.L. 2014-3, eliminated (nearly) all city and county privilege license taxes for tax years beginning on or after July 1, 2015.
The only license that will remain will be the beer and wine licenses authorized as follows. Local beer and wine privilege license taxes are authorized by G.S.105-113.77 (city) and G.S. 105-113.79 (city wholesaler). Any business inside the town limits of Wilkesboro selling beer or wine for on-premises or off-premises consumption should be paying the applicable local beer and wine tax.
- NEW Beer / Wine License Application - current application form **** use this form ****
OLD Gross Receipts Privilege/Business License Application- Repealed by NC General Assembly effective 07/01/15
If you would like more information on repealed privilege license:
The two general statutes that were repealed in 2014 by the NC General Assembly: Part XII of S.L. 2014-3 repeals G.S. 153A-152 and G.S.160A-211 as of July 1, 2015. Those two statutes authorize counties and cities respectively to levy privilege license taxes. Without those two statutes, counties and cities have no authority to levy privilege license taxes.
NC General Assembly H150 Part XII - proposed effective date 07/01/2015


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Keytone Oaks' Murtha qualifies for PIAA XC championship race
Keystone Oaks sophomore Jenny Murtha said it didn't take much to get her ready to run the WPIAL Class AA championship race at Cooper's Lake Campground last week – just some positive reenforcement.
"My coach really encouraged me and made me feel like I could do it," the sophomore said. "My friends and family were all really supportive of me."
Murtha finished in 17th with a time of 20:51 to qualify for her first PIAA championship race. It was a strong improvement for Murtha, who ran the Tri-State Coaches Association invite – held at the same course as the WPIAL race– the week prior and finished with a time of 21:40.
Murtha is the first Golden Eagle runner to qualify for the state championship meet since Elizabeth Boyle in 2011. While Murtha said she is excited, she is a bit nervous about the championship race Saturday – held at Parkview Cross Country Course in Hershey.
"I am super psyched," Murth said. "It might be a little overwhelming because all the runners are so good."
Other finishers for Keystone Oaks included sophomore Lauren Ragan in 44th (22:10), junior Elizabeth Boyle in 76th (23:13), senior Mariah Berman in 78th (23:21), junior Marlee Shipp in 102nd (24:20), junior Erica Ragan in 132nd (25:30) and senior Megan Staab in 152nd (28:06).
The team finished in 11th place, up from a 24th-place finish in 2012. The future is bright for the Keystone Oaks girls squad as it will return five of the seven runners next season.
The boys team, meanwhile, finished in 25th. Junior Tom Gorman led the way with a time of 18:26 to finish in 46th.
Other finishers included senior Jesse Stefanski in 126th (20:19), senior Camden Anderson in 131st (20:22), junior Dante Barbetti in 166th (21:26), senior Ryan McCay in 177th (21:45), freshman Doug Sabo in 186th (22:02) and junior Nevin Kelly in 213th (26:07)
Chartiers Valley
The Chartiers Valley boys team finished 17th overall in the Class AAA race. Senior Alex Krieger led the way with a time of 17:42 to finish in 69th. Senior Corey Gulkowski was close behind with a time of 17:52 to finish in 80th.
Other finishers for the Colts included junior Zack Cox in 91st (18:06), sophomore Joseph Westrick in 112th (18:20), sophomore Matthew Thomas in 123rd (18:27), sophomore Micah Colson in 133rd (18:42) and junior Tyler Wynn in 146th (18:53).
The Chartiers Valley girls squad finished 28th. Sophomore Alexis Byers led the way with a time of 22:10 to finished in 110th.
Other finishers included sophomore Amy MacFarlane in 136th (22:53), freshman Hannah Thornton in 143rd (23:06), freshman Elena Laquatra in 154th (23:24), freshman Anna Graeb in 168th (23:47), sophomore Natalie Voll in 171st (23:58) and junior Lauren Bittner in 199th (26:04).
Nathan Smith is a staff writer for Trib Total Media. Reach him at firstname.lastname@example.com or via Twitter @NSmith_Trib.


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Model Mayhem Admin
About Me
I recently moved back home, to a little tiny nothing town in the middle of no where but am in Denver about three times a week. I am now a blonde with short hair and am at my max weight of 125.
After my last shoot, in Augest, I was kinda over modeling. Don't get me wrong the photographer was great, nice and seemed into my look but I wasn't happy with the results. Granted we only had a three hour rushed shoot...
I don't even have any shots from that shoot, I will try to work on that.....
I have decided I miss modeling, I miss the world you fall into when you are imagining to be whomever you feel like at the prestent moment....
Only a few of my photographs are professional. I apologize for the crudeness of the others.
I was a gymnast for 8 years and in dance classes over 15. I am not your usual 5'10" bone thin model. I have thick muscular leges and back but some how manage to have nice size REAL breasts. I model for fun and started for my acting career.
I would really like to do artistic modeling, but I am open to ALMOST everything. I will do partial and implied nude, and even full if it is artistic and I feel VERY comfortable the with photographer.
I have a pretty narley 8" scar that runs down the back of my left arm and prohibits it from fulling straighting. Needless to say, no more dance.
As a child I was obsessed with The Little Mermaid and Splash, I love mermaids! I would really like to do some water shots and hopefully underwater, if possible.
I really love Marilyn Monroe and Audrey Hepburn and would love to do any kind of shots they did; pin-ups. From the white sheets to the gloves, hats, and glamour shots. I wish I was a pin-up girl! I love on location shots also.
I have some experience as a Make-up artist and love to do fun and crazy things but I usually just go natural.
I just moved back to Colorado and would really like to get back into the gig, it's been much too long since I have really done anything... Contact me, I am pretty revved up to get going again!
Check out my myspace to see more pictures; like just me going out and hanging out and read a little about me! Real day to night pictures!
Oh yeah and, I was just recently inspired to let everyone know...
I may have a slight obsession with vampires....
And a tiny thing for Posion Ivy.....
Or even a huge crush on Death or rather the idea....
Am a teency-weency into S&M.....
Have you worked with New to Phoenix? Add Credits for New to Phoenix! >>
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Ray McGraw of Princeton has the skills to restore smashed cars, but when it came to his heart attack this past year, he knew he had to turn to medical personnel to check out his worsening symptoms.
His turning to Fairview has now given McGraw another chance at life.
McGraw had already gone through a heart attack in 1995, when he developed another one last May. During his first heart attack, he was given an in-depth blood test called an angiogram, and then given angioplasty in which balloons were inserted into two arteries to expand them. Everything then seemed all right with his coronary health the next 17 years, until May 2012, he says. McGraw had spinal surgery early that month to deal with back pain. But then a day or two later he began perspiring and was not feeling well.
In an interview later, McGraw recalled how he began worrying that he might be having another heart attack. So he had his wife Sandy bring him to the Fairview Northland emergency department (ED). His blood work and the results of an electrocardiogram (EKG) to analyze the heart's electrical functioning came back fine, so he went home.
But three weeks later, after an outing of watching races at Princeton Speedway, he began not feeling well again. He was perspiring and felt pain in his left shoulder. McGraw took a nitroglycerine, or nitro, tablet that people with a history of coronary disease will sometimes take when they feel chest pain, and his symptoms went away. But the symptoms returned a short time later so McGraw took a second nitro tablet.
Feeling fine after the second tablet, McGraw went to bed, only to feel the symptoms return by 4 a.m. This time McGraw not only took another nitro tablet, but also alerted the Fairview Northland ED, which recommended he come in and get checked out.
McGraw says he realized at that point he couldn't ignore the seriousness of his situation, knowing his family history of heart problems that affected his parents and a grandfather.
"I'm glad I listened to them," McGraw says of the Fairview Northland emergency personnel. Although the results of his blood work and EKG during the emergency visit checked out all right, the Fairview Northland doctor there was not ready to send McGraw back home without more checks. The doctor consulted with a cardiologist at Fairview Southdale and decided to have McGraw transferred to that facility to receive an angiogram.
The angiogram showed that McGraw, who at that time was nearing 66, had five blocked arteries. McGraw remembers being "astounded," thinking his heart condition couldn't be that serious. He was working out four times a week and was leading an active life, he explained. "Even my doctors were amazed I could function so well with that much blockage," McGraw said. "I had no idea."
His only other health problems were a painful bout with Lyme's disease about five years ago, and also his back problems.
McGraw's cardiologist, James Erdahl, MD, after looking at McGraw's angiogram at Fairview Southdale last May, recommended open heart bypass surgery. Dr. Erdahl performed the surgery on May 20, repairing four of McGraw's arteries that were more than 95 percent blocked.
McGraw returned home within a week of the surgery and for two to three months had cardiac rehab work at Fairview Northland. Cardiac rehab includes monitored exercise and education on how to stay healthy.
Looking back
McGraw, leaning back in his office chair on Monday this week at Ray's Auto Body that he has owned and operated for 16 years just south of Princeton city limits, said he is feeling "good" now. As he stroked the hair on one of the two Shih Tzu (pronounced sheet soo) dogs that inhabit his office each work day, McGraw acknowledged cutting back on his hands-on work at the shop. But then he joked that his slowdown is only due to his becoming "so old," McGraw reminding everyone in earshot that he is now 66 after all.
McGraw, at the same time, is not leaving his health to chance. He goes to Princeton Health & Fitness at least three times per week to work out on the treadmill, having managed to work out there 19 times just last month.
McGraw has a lot of reasons to live beyond just for himself. He has wife Sandy that he has been married to for 38 years, a daughter Buffy, and two grandchildren Katelin and Connor, plus the two Shih Tzu dogs that McGraw shows a tenderness for.
McGraw and the Princeton area is fortunate to have a medical center in its midst with a rehab department and cardiac follow-up services. They include office visits and consults, care for heart rhythm disorders and heart failure, and follow-up care for invasive procedures.
A note from Fairview states that it has a team of cardiologists, nurses and staff that "brings a deep understanding of academic medicine with advanced clinic skills to provide life-saving care to people with heart disease."
"I'm just happy it was my heart and not something else," McGraw said. They (researchers) have made more progress with the heart."
McGraw also expressed thankfulness for the support he received to keep his auto repair business functioning, but most importantly to those who have given him more years to live.
"Everybody I ran into (at Fairview) was awesome," he said.


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Stunning 60s Drexel Side/End Table eames era
- Sold for: Start Free Trial or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Item Category: Furniture & Furnishings
- Source: eBay
- Sold Date: May 29, 2007
- Channel: Auction House
Because I deal with vintage items and like all vintage items, they will show signs of use. None of the items up for auction are in mint condition unless otherwise noted. I do look over the items and included what I feel should be mention, but t will be signs of normal use that comes with age. I am not an expert on any of the items I have up for auction. Just like any auction, all items are sold as found as is. No refunds unless item is grossly misrepresented. So please ask all questions before you bid and I will try to answer your questions to the best of my ability. As you know all electrical items should be checked by an electrician before use.
End Of Auction: Per Ebay, you must contact me within 72 hrs of auction end.
Shipping/Packing:... read more


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" If we tried to sink the past beneath our feet, be sure the future would not stand."
While a million women lend march down town. Holmesburg had a three hundred year march across the bridge on October 25, 1997. There were many reasons for the 300th birthday celebration of the Frankford Avenue - King's Highway bridge. One reason was to bring to the attention of the people the rich historic heritage of the bridge and the surrounding Holmesburg community. Unfortunately, the bridge has been taken for granted. It is the one of the most important parts of the history of the Holmesburg area. In the 1850's, the growth of the City of Philadelphia, and boroughs, districts and townships of Philadelphia County necessitated more services and protection. This resulted in the 1854 Consolidation of the City and County of Philadelphia. It was at this point, unfortunately, that Northeast Philadelphia began to be stereotyped as a singular entity rather than the villages, towns and rural areas that made it. Northeast Philadelphia, as many would make you believe, is a bedroom community that sprung up after World War II. It is to the contrary. As I have participated in writing the history of Northeast Philadelphia, I found that it was formed by towns and villages, like Holmesburg, with separate identities, cultural differences, and histories.
Even though the weather was cold an damp over a thousand people attended the ceremony at the bridge. The people of Holmesburg along with the Friends of Pennypack Park, and local elected officials, crossed the bridge led by the Police Mounted Police Honor Guard, and our own Robert McConnell, Scottish bagpiper.
The program included special greetings from William Mifflin, Executive Director of the Fairmount Park Commission, Joseph Syrnick, City Engineer, Darin Gatti, President, American Society of Civil Engineers Philadelphia Section, Congressman Robert Borski, City Controller Jonathan Saidel and a representative for State Senator Frank Salvatore.
City Councilwoman Joan Krajewski presented a City Council Declaration honoring the day. The Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission was represented by Douglas Miller, Director, Pennsbury Manor, presented a proclamation from the commission honoring the bridge. State Representative Michael McGeehan and State Representative Dennis O'Brien presented a special proclamation from the Pennsylvania State Legislature.
The program included Fred Moore singing his song "The King's Highway Bridge, the poem "Anniversary of the Frankford Avenue Bridge" written and read by Cecilia Johnson, and a poem by the Austin Meehan Middle School Junior Honor Society.
The Crispin Family was represented by Dr. George Crispin, whose ancestors include William Penn and Silas Crispin. Silas Crispin was the son - in - law of Thomas Holme. Silas was to sell the land that the bridge stood after Holme died in 1695.
George Crispin eloquently put the day in perspective, as he said:
It is a profound and deeply-felt honor to be here today, representing the Crispin Family in celebrating the 300th anniversary off the building of this bridge. In 1697 when this bridge was being built, Silas Crispin, my grandfather seven generations ago, and his family lived within a few miles of here. He was undoubtedly aware of the building of this bridge, probably contributed funds toward it, and maybe even some of his labor. He had come to this land with William Penn, his cousin, as part of the Quaker migration to America in 1681, seeking a new life and religious freedom, not just for himself, but for all. Thus, this area became part of the holy experiment.
At first this bridge was an economic and social thoroughfare. But in the course of time, it became a political and military passage as well. General Washington marched his troops across it; President Washington crossed it on his way to his inauguration. A famous inn was built at one end, and several presidents have trekked over it. At one time, 14 stagecoach lines utilized its concourse for passengers entering and leaving the growing city of Philadelphia. And so, the area grew, and with it the use of this bridge.
A bridge is made of stone and mortar. But a bridge is not just stone and mortar. In a larger sense, it is the congealment of communal diligence, cooperation, intelligence, vision, and hard work. Most of all, it is a passageway by which people connect. This bridge was one of our nation's first bridges, but not the last. A bridge connects people one to another. In this spirit, the transcontinental railroad was a bridge, the Transatlantic cable was a bridge. Today, The internet is a bridge, E-mail is a bridge, sojourn is a bridge, voice mail is a bridge, the Apollo spacecraft is a bridge.
This is an age in need of bridge building. We need bridges between cultures, bridges between races, bridges between men and women, bridges between the young and old. It is better to build bridges than to build walls. And so today, we build bridges that connect all people and help us touch the future. I feel that William Penn, Silas Crispin, the early Quakers and others that came here 300 years ago would approve of the bridge building that Quakers and others are doing today.
We, the Crispin Family, are glad to have been a part of this bridge's history and are honored to be here today to join in this celebration. May the future hold for us all the building of bridges that serve us as well as this one. Thank you.
Miss Eleanor Birkman, Holmesburg Historian, was our special guest. In promoting the history, culture, and identity of the Holmesburg, no one has been more dedicated than Eleanor Birkmann. Eleanor has bonded with many of the people of the community, as a link of generations, so that they might know the importance of their community. In 1995, when commemorating the three hundredth anniversary of Thomas Holme's death, Eleanor Birkman and I agreed that we must celebrate the three hundredth birthday of the bridge. It was because of her that we do. It is with extreme gratitude that we dedicated the day to Eleanor.
The program ended with the singing "Happy Birthday! and the Holmesburg Bakery provided A large Gingerbread cake of the bridge.
There were many displays exhibited that day. Roland had many displays, including his reproduction of the toll house that stood at the south end of the bridge. The display is going to be presented to the museum at Pennsbury Manor. Pennsbury Manor and the Bureau of Bridges - Philadelphia Streets Department had displays. The Fox Chase Farm 4-H chapter had a menagerie of farm animals.
I would like to thank Fred Moore, for putting the commemorative book into perspective, Roland Williams, who provided his display of maps and writings on rich history of Holmesburg, Sherill Croasdale for her cover drawing of the Bridge, Hall Printing, printers of this book, and Polonia Saving for providing the funds for the printing, and Mr. Alan Rubin for his drawing on the shirt. Special thanks goes to our own Linde Lauff, Jim Ryan, and Bill Johnson, and Jeanette Maliszewski for making special preparations for day's celebration. The celebration that we have had would not have been possible without the work of the many.
The list following is to the best of our ability: The Frankford Avenue - King's Highway Bridge Three Hundred Year Celebration Committee, James Boyle, Inspector, Philadelphia Police Department- Northeast Command, Samuel Curry, Park Manager, Fairmount Park Fifth District, James Kates, Friends of Fox Chase Farm, Peter Kurtz, Pennypack Environmental Center, Kate Lapizinski, Fairmount Park, Director of Volunteer Affairs, Robert Mc Connell, William Mifflin, Executive Director, Fairmount Park Commission, Charles Patton, Fairmount Park Fifth District, Walter Stankus, Fairmount Park Commission, Joseph Syrnick, City Engineer and Commissioner, Fairmount Park Commission, Abraham Lincoln High School, Austin Meehan Middle School, City of Philadelphia Police Department Eight Police District, Emmauel Episcopal Church, Father Judge High School, Fairmount Park Fifth Park District Staff, Fox Chase Farm, Holmesburg Bakery, Holmesburg United Methodist Church, Holmesburg Presbyterian Church, Joseph Brown Elementary School, Missionary Servants of the Most Blessed Trinity, Mount Zion Baptist Church, Saint Dominic Roman Catholic Church, and the Torresdale Boy's Club Cheer & Dance.
Finally, I extend extreme thanks to the many members of the Friends of Pennypack that made the day a success.
- Harvey R. Cantor, Vice President, Friends of Pennypack Park, and Chairman, Frankford Avenue King's Highway Bridge - Three Hundredth Birthday Committee
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Pilots helping to get needy rescue pets to wherever they need to go!
Get some Bling for yourself or a friend an help feed shelter pets!
Doberman Assistance Network, Inc.
A songbird with a heart for "last chance" dogs! Tennessee readers, check this out!
Donate your old cell phone to ECO-CELL and you can help wild animals and the environment at the same time! Feel good twice!
Click to Help Homeless Pets
American Veterinary Medical Association
American Animal Hospital Association
American College of Veterinary Behaviorists
©2006-2011 Soraya V. Juarbe-Diaz, DVM, DACVB
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A US production company has bought the rights to Bethany Hamilton's upcoming biography Soul Surfer.
Now 14, her story proved an inspiration after she got back on her surf board just months after the attack happened in Hawaii in 2003.
"Bethany is a shining light with a great, compelling story of overcoming
adversity," said producer Michael Shane.
He added: "This is a little girl whose life could have been fully destroyed, but she seized the moment and turned it around in a positive light."
The film has been fast-tracked by production company Romano/Shane and is set to start filming next year, although screenwriters have yet to be hired.
Remarkable recovery
"If everything goes according to plan, we'll be in production early next year in Hawaii," said Mr Shane.
Bethany's plight hit the headlines around the world after a shark ripped off her left arm just below the shoulder as she lay on her surfboard.
Doctors believe she made such a remarkable recovery because of her fitness levels. At the time, she was one of the top-rated amateur surfers.
She has since become something of a celebrity and her courage has made her a positive role model for teens.


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Use the Paintbrush tool
Use the Paintbrush tool to draw a shape with a Bezier path.
When you draw a shape by using the Paintbrush tool, Microsoft Expression Design automatically fits a Bezier path to your freehand trail (or path).
To draw a path
In the Toolbox, select the Paintbrush tool.
Draw a freehand path. To create a closed path, position the pointer over the starting point of the path. When a small circle appears next to the pointer, release the mouse button.
Drawing a trail with the Paintbrush tool, and the resulting Bezier path with brush stroke applied
To adjust how tightly you want the Bezier path to fit your freehand trail
On the Edit menu, point to Options, and then click Stroke.
On the Stroke panel, under Freehand Tools, adjust Tightness of fit. The tighter the fit, the closer together the points (or vertices) on the path.
You can also use the Paintbrush tool as an object-selection tool. Just click (without dragging) any path to select it, or click an empty area of the page to undo the selection of all objects.
You can also use the Paintbrush tool to extend an existing path.
To extend an existing path
On the Edit menu, point to Options, and then click Stroke.
On the Stroke panel, under Stroke, select Drawing tools append to path.
Position the pointer over the start or finish point of the path, hold down the ALT key, and draw.
Alternatively, draw a new path with the Paintbrush tool and position the pointer over one of the open nodes of a path, and press the ALT key as you release the mouse button. In this case, the new path is joined to the old one.
If you use a pressure-sensitive device (such as a WACOM tablet), Expression Design can vary the appearance of the stroke according to the pressure applied at each point.
To enable pressure sensitivity
On the Edit menu, point to Options, and then click Stroke.
On the Stroke panel, under Freehand tool, select Enable pressure sensitivity.
Adjust the Pressure scale by dragging the pointer up or to the right to increase the number, or down or to the left to reduce it. You can also double-click and type the pressure scale you prefer.
When pressure sensitivity is enabled, the stroke weight is determined by a combination of the pressure applied to the tablet, and the settings that you have made to the Pressure scale, and the Stroke Width field in the Properties panel.