text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 21, 1989
|Filing date
|Apr 17, 1986
|Priority date
|Apr 17, 1986
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Allan Cherri, Peter W. Cooper
|Original Assignee
|Allan Cherri, Cooper Peter W
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (12), Referenced by (97), Classifications (5), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates generally to the field of position tracking systems and video-imaging systems, and more specifically a method and apparatus for accurately detecting from a remote distance the location and orientation of a moving person or vehicle in order to make corresponding changes of images displayed on a viewing screen.
There are various prior art patents and devices which relate to simple, one-purpose detection systems. However, the extent of movement monitored is very limited and the techniques relatively crude and/or complicated. Typical examples of such prior art devices are U.S. Pat. No. 3,678,283 issued July 18, 1972 for Radiation Sensitive Optical Tracker, U.S. Pat. No. 4,124,838 issued Nov. 7, 1978 for Apparatus For Position Determination, U.S. Pat. No. 3,745,519 issued July 10, 1973 for Small Craft Positioning System, U.S. Pat. No. 3,869,694 issued Mar. 4, 1975 for Ultrasonic Control Apparatus For An Oculometer, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,670,097 issued June 13, 1972 for Stereoscopic Television System and Apparatus.
However, none of the aforementioned prior art devices provide the simplicity and precision required for monitoring a mobile unit and/or an individual person which move through a device implementation space and change their lateral and vertical placement as well as their line-of-sight orientation. More specifically, even though the technology exists for visually displaying a three dimensional environment on a screen, there has been no known technique or apparatus developed for allowing a person to move through a simulated environment while simultaneously observing through a viewing screen the resulting image changes in size, vantage point, and depth perception based on the location and rotational orientation along the line-of-sight of the viewer as if the viewer were actually moving through such an environment.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to overcome the deficiencies of the limited prior art techniques for position tracking, and to provide an improved and reliable method and apparatus for placing a person in a simulated environment and allowing him to experience the visual consequences of moving about in such environment without having to physically construct the components of the environment and without having to place a person physically therein.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus which enables a viewer to see and experience the visual impressions of walking around a pre-determined environment without actually being present in that environment. A related object is to provide a viewing screen connected directly to video information and video data storage in a computer memory so that an updated representation of the simulated environment will appear on the screen based on the position with respect to a fixed coordinate system, the direction of the line-of-sight of the viewer, and an associated rotation about this line-of-sight.
Another object is to provide an invention of the aforesaid characteristics which has implements a simple method of identifying the position of the viewer many times during each second so that the corresponding changes on the display screen can also be made many times during each second to provide a motion picture with movements which occur smoothly as viewed by the naked eye, with minimal lag time between movement and its related image change.
A further object is to use a one-way sonic signal which travels directly between a sonic transmitter and a sonic receiver, and to provide a time measuring system to accurately determine the precise time elapsed between the departure of the sonic signal from the transmitter and the arrival of the sonic signal at the receiver. A related object is to provide a sufficiently high frequency electromagnetic (EM) pulse such as a UHF or infrared (IR) signal which commences traveling at the same instant as the sonic signal, thereby providing a precise indicator of the departure time of the signal.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of differentiating between ultrasonic signals generated from transmitters physically separated from each other so that a receiver can identify the source of each ultrasonic signal which is received. A related object is to provide a method of generating ultrasonic signals in a predetermined timing sequence, thereby eliminating any need for sensing the direction travelled by the signal and also eliminating the need for encoding the signal with an origin identification.
A further object of the invention is to determine the relative change of a mobile unit's position remotely without having to visually observe the change, thereby making it possible to continually monitor the position of a mobile unit in a device implementation space without having any physical contact with the mobile unit and independently of whether the implementation space is in darkness or low visibility lighting conditions.
Still another object of the invention is to be able to monitor the movement of a plurality of mobile units in a device implementation space without having to send a separate set of ultrasonic signals with respect to each individual mobile unit. A related object is to fixedly mount an array of transmitters above a device implementation area and to locate receivers on the top portion of each mobile unit in order to achieve a direct signal path from the transmitters to the receivers independent of their location within the implementation space.
Yet another object of the invention is to simplify the calculations required to determine the change of a mobile unit's position by mounting an emitter array of ultrasonic transmitters so that they remain in the same relative fixed position between themselves even though the array may move as a unit. A related object is to mount a detector array of ultrasonic receivers so that they remain in the same relative fixed position between themselves even though the array may move as a unit. Another related object is to allow the mobile unit to move through angular displacement as well as to move through a translational displacement.
Still a further object is to provide a single detector for receiving ultrasonic signals from each of the different ultrasonic transmitters. A related object is to provide circuitry connected with each receiver for determining the time of travel of each ultrasonic signal from its transmitter to the receiver.
A further object is to provide a viewing screen which displays one image for the right eye and another image for the left eye in order to achieve realistic stereoscopic display of the simulated environment.
Another object is to provide three separate ultrasonic transmitters which send signals to three separate ultrasonic receivers, and to provide digital circuitry associated with each of the receivers to measure the time taken for the signal to travel from each of the transmitters to the receiver. A related object is to provide a method of processing the time measurement data in order to determine the changed location and alignment of a mobile unit which carries either the three transmitters or alternatively the three receivers.
Another object is to provide flexibility so that the simulated world does not have to be in its true size relative to the viewer's size, but could include a scaled down version as might be used when teaching relative views encountered while traveling through the solar system, or alternatively a scaled up version such as would be encountered by a viewer walking through and around the molecular structure of various compounds.
A further object is to provide means for allowing a viewer to interact with the simulated visual environment by directing a pointer toward a specific thing as viewed on the screen, or by reaching for and/or touching a specific thing as viewed on the screen.
Another object is to provide a method of visually moving through a simulated environment by operating a manual control which allows the viewer to remain stationary in the device implementation space while changing the position and/or orientation in the simulated environment.
These and other objects of the invention will become evident to those skilled in the art based on the exemplary embodiments of the invention shown in the attached drawings and described in detail hereinafter.
FIG. 1 is a plan view of a first embodiment of the invention showing an array of ultrasonic receivers in fixed positions on a wall unit;
FIG. 2 is a side view of the wall unit of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a rear elevational view of the embodiment of FIG. 1 showing ultrasonic transmitters mounted on a head unit;
FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the head unit taken along lines 4--4 of FIG. 3 and showing a user's head in phantom;
FIG. 5 is a schematic perspective view of a second embodiment of the invention showing multiple viewers within the device implementation space each wearing a head unit having an array of ultrasonic receivers mounted therein;
FIGS. 6a, 6b and 6c are schematic diagrams respectively showing the pitch, yaw, and roll angular parameters used to specify the line-of-sight of a viewer;
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of the entire system for implementing the second embodiment as shown in FIG. 5;
FIG. 8 is a schematic block diagram showing exemplary circuitry for an array of ultrasonic transmitters and EM transmitter of the type that may be used for both embodiments of the invention;
FIG. 9 is a schematic block diagram showing the exemplary processing circuitry for an individual ultrasonic receiver and EM receiver of the type that may be used for both embodiments of the invention;
FIG. 10 is a timing diagram showing the sequence of signals transmitted intermittently from the array of ultrasonic transmitters of FIG. 8;
FIG. 11 is a timing diagram showing the sequence of signals received by each individual receiver of FIG. 9; and
FIGS. 12A through 12D are schematics showing the geometric parameters used to determine the placement and line-of-sight of a viewer's eye relative to the fixed emitter array.
Generally speaking, the method and apparatus of the present invention enables a person to use graphics data stored in a computer to provide an up-dated three dimensional depiction of a simulated environment by displaying the visual data of that environment on a video screen. Moreover, the perception of this simulated environment can be viewed from any point in that environment, and in any direction that corresponds to the direction of sight of the person wearing the head unit.
An early first embodiment of the invention was conceived for monitoring the movements of a single viewer in a device implementation space where a three-receiver wall unit processed ultrasonic signals sent from three transmitters mounted on a helmet worn by the viewer moving about in the implementation space (see FIGS. 1-4). Later, a second improved embodiment was conceived which utilized three fixed overhead transmitters sending ultrasonic signals to one or more mobile units moving independently about in a physical training space. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that both embodiments enable revised visual images to be transmitted to a display screen as often as thirty times per second (or some other appropriate number) so that changes of location and orientation caused by the user standing up, sitting down, moving about, or tilting the head will result in corresponding changes in the images of the simulated environment appearing on the display screen. Thus, a person (or other mobile unit such as a vehicle) carrying the head unit can be free to move about within a radial distance of up to twenty-five feet (a diameter of fifty feet) and can see displayed upon the screen a three dimensional view into various parts of the surrounding simulated environment.
Referring now to the first embodiment of the invention as shown in FIGS. 1-4, the invention provides for a head unit 20 which incorporates a display screen 22 and three ultrasonic transmitters 24, 26, and 28 extending outwardly from the head unit (fixed station) 20. A wall unit 30 incorporates three separate ultrasonic receivers 32, 34, and 36 for receiving intermittent ultrasonic signals from the transmitters mounted on the head unit (mobile station). Based on the length of time it takes for a sound pulse to travel from an individual transmitter to each of the three receivers in the wall unit, a host computer 40 can process the transit time information and generate a video signal back to a video transmitter 42 mounted on the wall unit 30. This video signal is then transmitted to receiver 44 attached to the viewer, and this receiver sends the transmitted image for display on screen 22 for immediate observation by the person wearing the head unit.
In order to measure the transit time taken for each ultrasonic pulse to travel from one of the ultrasonic transmitters on the head unit 20 to the ultrasonic receivers on the wall unit 30, UHF cue signal transmitter 46 is located on the wall unit to supply an initial signal to actuate the head unit-mounted ultrasonic transducers to commence sending position signals. In that regard, UHF receiver 44 is designed to detect the cue signal from the transmitter 46. When the ultrasonic transmitters on the head unit send the ultrasonic signals to the wall unit, each of the three ultrasonic receivers 32, 34, and 36 separately detects each ultrasonic signal generated from the head unit. In this regard, counter and latch assembly circuits 50, 52, and 54 are provided to record the transit time taken for the ultrasonic signal to travel from the head unit tranducers to the wall unit transducers. It is also to be noted that because the speed of sound varies in accordance with temperature and barometric pressure changes as well as other factors, the ultrasonic transducers on the wall unit, whose primary purpose is for detection of the ultrasonic signals, can also be used as transmitters for the purpose of calibrating the speed of sound, and this can be done as often as is necessary to assure that precise calculations will be made by the processor in computing the actual distance of the path taken from each transmitter on the head unit to each receiver on the wall unit.
Of course, it will be appreciated that the UHF cue transmitter can be located with the ultrasonic transmitters or with the ultrasonic receivers or separately from both, so long as it is operatively coupled to both.
As a way for enhancing the realism of the visual images displayed on the viewer's screen, stereoscopic means is provided which incorporates a left eye screen 56 and a right eye screen 58. When a stereoscopic screen is used, a change of position of the viewer is calculated independently for each eye. In that regard, since the position of each eye is a predetermined characteristic of the design and structure of the helmet, the position of the eye with respect to each ultrasonic transmitter remains the same even though the head and body of the viewer may be translated or rotated into different positions. In addition to location, the traditional angular orientation parameters of pitch, roll, and yaw (see FIGS. 6a, 6b, 6c) are all that is required in order to enable the host computer 40 to provide video signals independently for a right eye image and for a left eye image (i.e. a separate image corresponding to the position of each eye). This stereoscopic feature provides for realistic imagery so that for every new position the user takes, and for every different orientation of the head, the user sees a view corresponding to the actual view which would be seen if the user were actually in the environment being simulated. In other words, the user will be able to walk around all sides of objects, thereby transposing the user into the simulated "world" without having to actually construct a physical model of that world and without having the user actually visit and walk through that physical model.
In the drawing the visualization screens 56 and 58 are either flat panel liquid crystal displays (LCD's) or television-type screens (CRT's). In enhanced versions of the invention one may choose to account for peripheral vision through the use of curved video screens.
In a presently preferred second embodiment as shown in the schematic diagram of FIG. 5 and the block diagram of FIG. 7, a pulse generator 200 located on fixed unit 66 intermittently actuates EM transmitter 70 to initiate a cue signal and at the same time actuates each of three transmitters 72, 74, and 76, also located on the fixed emitter array unit to initiate a sonic signal. As shown by the exemplary circuitry in FIG. 8, each of the three ultrasonic transmitters 72, 74, 76 are operably connected through pulse generator 200 to the EM transmitter 70. The EM signal generated by EM transmitter 70 is received at the speed of light by EM receiver 185 located on mobile unit 68, causing the departure time of the ultrasonic signal to be noted simultaneously by the counter circuits associated with each of receivers 180, 182 and 184 which are also located on mobile unit 68. The time it takes an ultrasonic signal to travel from a transmitter to each receiver is measured and recorded by that receiver's respective measuring circuit 202, 204 or 206, of which one example circuit for one receiver assembly is shown in FIG. 9. The sonic signal transit time measurements from the counter circuits are then sent to processing means 186, which processes the transit time measurements, in the form of nine separate parameters for each set of three ultrasonic signals sent by respective transmitters 72, 74 and 76 to each of receivers 180, 182 and 184. Processor 186 is preferably programmed with the appropriate reference data identifying the geometric position coordinates of the ultrasonic transmitters 71, 73 and 75 on the fixed unit, as well as the geometric configuration of the ultrasonic receivers 179, 181 and 183 on the mobile unit. Using this implementation space reference data, the processor 186 processes the measurements to provide updated position coordinates on line 187 informing the host computer 40 exactly where the viewing point is located, as well as its direction along and rotation about its associated line-of-sight. In response, the host computer generates the appropriate image display signals, which are then sent on line 189 to a viewing screen 188. Thus, viewing screen 188 displays visual images which are correlated with the updated location and rotational orientation coordinates of the mobile unit 68.
This preferred embodiment has several advantages over the embodiment of FIGS. 1-4, including the ability to have several viewers/mobile units in the device implementation space without expanding the transmitter array. Also, by placing the emitter array overhead of the space, the likelihood of ultrasonic shadowing of one mobile unit by another is virtually eliminated, as well as the ultrasonic shadowing (and hence, signal interruption) of the mobile head unit receiver and/or other components on the same mobile unit.
As additional improvements to the basic concept of the invention, it is possible to provide the user with additional capability to interact with the simulated 3-D environment. For example, one additional ultrasonic receiver allows for a "spatial switch" unit where particular 3-D coordinates can be dedicated for specific purposes of the person viewing the display screen. In another example, two additional ultrasonic receivers allow for a "pointer" unit where particular positions can be generated in the 3-D environment which are similarly dedicated for specific purposes with respect to the simulated environment.
It is to be noted that in both embodiments the processor can be incorporated as part of the fixed unit, or as part of the mobile unit or else be a separate unit or else be incorporated as part of the host computer.
Referring to the timing diagram of FIG. 10, it is noted that a first EM signal transmitted by the EM transmitter starts at the same time as the ultrasonic pulse 79 transmitted from the #1 transmitter. Similarly, a second EM signal starts at the same time as the #2 ultrasonic pulse 81, and a third EM signal starts at the same time as the #3 ultrasonic pulse 83. A fourth EM signal 85 is used to clear/reset some of the digital circuitry on the mobile unit.
Exemplary pulse generator circuitry 200 for timing the initiation of the sequence of signals in diagram FIG. 10 is shown in FIG. 8. In this regard, the "T" cycle period is shown on the FIG. 10 timing diagram as 80, the delay interval ΔT is shown as 82, and the pulse width PW is shown as 84. In FIG. 8, a clock signal generator 86 is connected through line 88 to three counters which have been preset for sending output signals spaced at predetermined points of time. A first counter 90 is preset for the T cycle period 80, a second counter 92 is preset for the delay interval ΔT 82, a third counter 94 is preset for the pulse width PW 84. Upon initial activation of the clock generator 86, each of the counters is loaded with the bits representing the respective predetermined time periods 80, 82, 84. At the same time a high output signal passes through line 96 to OR gate 98, and then simultaneously through line 99 to flip-flop 100 and through line 101 to 2-bit counter 102. This causes counter 102 to hold the binary number 01 with the low order bit (one) providing a high through line 112 to AND gate 104 and with the other bit (zero) passing through line 110 and inverter 106 to provide a high to AND gate 104. Also, the high signal on line 99 causes flip-flop 100 to hold line 108 high. The processing delays for flip-flop 100 and counter 102 are about the same, so that the flip-flop output of on line 108 reaches AND gate 104 at about the same instant as the other outputs coming from counter 102 so that both transmitter #1 and the EM transmitter (enabled through line 109) will start their pulse signals at the same time as shown in the timing diagram. Transmitter #2 is dormant while line 110 and the high of line 112 passed through inverter 114 are low so that AND gate 116 outputs a low signal. Transmitter #3 is a dormant while line 110 is low so that AND gate 118 outputs a low signal.
The high signal on line 108 passes through line 120 and enables counter 94 into active mode to start counting. When the appropriate pulse width time has been counted, counter 94 sends a high along line 122 to flip-flop 100, thereby causing line 108 to go low and ending the transmission by the EM transmitter and ultrasonic transmitter #1.
Since line 96 is connected to the clear input CLR of counter 126, each high signal on line 96 (i.e. at the beginning of each cycle 80) clears counter 126, thereby enabling counter 92 to cycle. Each cycle of counter 92 causes counter 126 via line 132 to increase its count by one. Counter 92 goes through four cycles when it is disabled by a low output from NAND gate 128 as the result of a logic 11 on the output from counter 126. When the appropriate delay interval time has been counted by counter 92, it send a high signal along line 130 to OR gate 98, thereby changing the flip-flop output on line 108 to high. However, this time it is transmitter #2 that commences a pulse signal simultaneously with the EM signal from the EM transmitter. More specifically, the counter 102 now holds binary number 10 causing AND gate 104 to output a low signal and causing AND gate 116 to output a high signal. Gate 118's output signal remains low because of the low signal in line 112.
Each time counter 92 sends a high signal to initiate a new ultrasonic pulse from one of the transmitters, that high signal is passed through line 132 to increase the binary number in 2-bit counter 126. So long as the output of NAND gate 128 remains high, the counter 92 is programmed to automatically start counting the delay interval again. Thus, 00 held in counter 126 starts counter 92 counting the first delay interval, 01 held in counter 126 starts counter 92 counting the second delay interval, and 10 held in counter 126 starts counter 92 to count the third delay interval. But when a high signal on line 130 marks the end of the third delay interval, the high signal also passes through line 132 to change the binary number in counter 126 to 11, thus causing AND gate 128 to output a low signal, and disabling counter 92.
Similarly, each time OR gate 98 sends a high to line 99, the high also passes through line 101 to increase 2-bit counter 102 by one. Thus, when counter 102 holds the binary number 11, AND gates 104 and 116 output laws, while AND gate 118 receives three high inputs, the (FIG. 10) pulse signal 83 is sent from transmitter #3. When the final high originates from counter 92 and ultimately causes the FIG. 8 EM transmitter to send the FIG. 10 pulse 85, the counter 102 holds the binary number 00 which causes all three AND gates 104, 116, 118 to output lows. Thus the emitter circuitry is ready to begin another cycle with counter 126 holding the binary number 11 and counter 102 holding the binary number 00. Of course, the cycle starts again when counter 90 has counted the appropriate time interval for the cycle.
It is apparent that the counter 94 is enabled through line 120 to control through line 122 the duration of the pulse width whereby it is the same for each ultrasonic and EM signal.
Referring to the timing diagram of FIG. 11, the arrival of various EM pulses and ultrasonic pulses is shown graphically for a given receiver. More specifically, a first EM pulse 134 corresponds to and identifies the starting time of the transmission of an ultrasonic pulse signal 135, a second EM pulse 136 corresponds to and identifies the starting time of a second ultrasonic signal 137 sent from a different transmitter such as 74, and a third EM pulse 138 corresponds to and identifies the starting time of a third ultrasonic signal 139 sent from another transmitter such as 76.
Referring now to the exemplary circuit design of FIG. 9, it is possible to have a single EM receiver 140 (185 in FIG. 7) operably connected to each individual ultrasonic receiver and its related counting circuitry. As each EM pulse is received at the mobile unit, it activates a 2-bit counter 142 which is connected through lines 141, 143 to a series of AND gates 144, 146, and 148. In order to sequentially activate AND gates 144, 146, and 148, line 141 carries the low order bit from 2-bit counter 142 directly to AND gates 144 and 148, but through an inverter 145 to gate 146. Similarly, line 143 carries the higher order bit from 2-bit counter 142 directly to gates 146 and 148, but goes through an inverter 147 to gate 144. Thus, as counter 142 holds binary number 01 upon receiving pulse 134, gate 144 receives two high inputs and therefore transmits a high to flip-flop 160 to activate a counter 166 which starts counting the transit time for the related ultrasonic signal 135 to travel from its transmitter 72 to an ultrasonic receiver 150. During this period, both AND gates 146 and 148 output lows. The ultrasonic receiver 150 (representing receiver 180, 182 or 184 in FIG. 7) is similarly connected through a 2-bit counter 152 to a series of AND gates 154, 156, and 158, with line 153 carrying the low order bit and line 155 carrying the other. Line 153 connects directly to gates 154 and 158 but goes through an inverter 157 to gate 156. Line 155 goes directly to gates 156 and 158, but goes through an inverter 159 to gate 154. Thus, when the ultrasonic receiver receives the ultrasonic signal 135, counter 152 carries the binary number 01, thereby disabling gates 156 and 158 but enabling gate 154 to transmit a high into the reset input of flip-flop 160 as well as sending an enabling sinal to a latch 168 which immediately latches on and records the transmission time measured by counter 166.
When the EM receiver 140 receives the second pulse 136, and the 2-bit counter 142 now carries the binary number 10, gate 146 sends a high to flip-flop 162 which activates counter 170 to start counting the transmission time for ultrasonic signal 137. When the receiver 150 receives the ultrasonic signal 137, the binary number in the 2-bit counter 152 is changed to 10, thereby enabling gate 156 to send a high signal to the reset input of flip-flop 162 which stops the counter 170, while at the same time sending an enabling signal to latch 172 which latches and holds the transit time counted by counter 170. Similarly, when the third pulse signal 138 is received by the EM receiver 140, counter 142 now provides the binary number 11 which enables gate 148 and sends a high to flip-flop 164 to start counter 174 counting the transmission time for ultrasonic signal 139. When ultrasonic signal 139 is received by the ultrasonic receiver 150, the binary number in counter 152 is changed to 11 which enables gate 158 to send a high to the reset input of flip-flop 164, which stops the counter 174, and at the same time sends an enabling signal to latch 176 which latches and holds the correct transit time counted by counter 174.
When AND gate 158 sends a high to the flip-flop 164, it also sends a high along line 190 to the microprocessor (not shown) to indicate all the transit times have been measured. The microprocessor then sequentially addresses via bus 192 the respective latches 168, 172, and 176 thus enabling the designated latch which then sends the transit times back to the microprocessor along data bus 194.
The timing procedure for the EM cue and ultrasonic signals described above is devised to meet the following two objectives. First, when the EM marker pulse is received by the detector unit and correspondingly a particular ultrasonic emitter begins to transmit, it is important to ensure that the unit will record the transit times to each detector with regard to only that specific ultrasonic emitter. Second, it is important to ensure that each ultrasonic detector has registered the transit times before the next ultrasonic pulse is received by that detector. To accomplish the above objectives we must ensure that an ultrasonic transmission from a particular emitter occurs after a time interval (ΔT) which allows the preceding ultrasonic pulse to comfortably clear the emitter array. Accordingly:
S=the maximum distance between two emitters on the emitter array and
Vs=the speed of sound in air
The timing diagram of FIG. 11 illustrates the achievement of these objectives.
Interfacing with existing graphics software packages necessitates providing the host computer 40 with location and orientation information so that the appropriate field of view can be generated for video display. The generation of a stereoscopic field of view requires the determination of the location of each eye and the orientation corresponding to the "line of sight". If we are given the geometries of both the fixed unit and the mobile unit, and also if we are given the measured transit times between the three emitter elements and each respective detector element, then the eye location and orientation can be calculated in the following steps (see FIG. 12A-D). STEP 1, given the geometry of the fixed unit, we define a fixed coordinate system with respect to the three emitters. STEP 2, given the transit times from the three emitters to each of three detectors (nine transit times altogether), the coordinates of each detector are calculated. STEP 3, given the geometry of the detector array, (a) we define an arbitrary location relative to this geometry as the "placement of the detector array", and (b) we define an orientation of the detector array with respect to the fixed coordinate system (in the present embodiment the orientation angles correspond to pitch, roll, and yaw). STEP 4, given the coordinates of each detector, we calculate the defined orientation and location of the detector array. STEP 5, given the geometry of the mobile head unit and the location and orientation of the detector array, the position of each eye is calculated.
Summarizing for the present embodiments, from step 4 along a "line of sight" we find a direction and an associated roll, which we define as the preferred orientation angles. In step 5, we find the coordinates of each eye position. Thus, we have the location and orientation information necessary to generate a stereoscopic field of view.
More specifically, in STEP 1 (see FIG. 12A), in the preferred embodiment, the geometry of the fixed emitter unit has a fixed coordinate system based on an equilateral triangle of side S with emitter A, B, and C at the vertices and origin O specified at the centroid. Assigning a=S/2, b=a�tan 30 we have
______________________________________XA = .0. YA = 2b ZA = .0.XB = -a YB = -b ZB = .0.XC = a YC = -b ZC = .0.______________________________________
In STEP 2 (see FIG. 12B), in order to calculate coordinates of a particular detector, transit times tA, tB, tC are multiplied by speed of sound Vs to give transit distances lAD, lBD, lCD of a detector D from each respective emitter A, B, and C. By substituting the known emitter coordinates and solving the usual geometric equations, we can find the coordinates XD, YD, and ZD for an individual detector D:
(XD -XA)2 +(YD -YA)2 +(ZD -ZA)2 =lAD 2
(XD -XB)2 +(YD -YB)2 +(ZD -ZB)2 =lBD 2
(XD -XC)2 +(YD -YC)2 +(ZD -ZC)2 -lCD 2
In STEP 3 (see FIG. 12C), we provide a definition of the placement and orientation of the detector array. In the preferred embodiment, we assume the detector array has the same geometry as the emitter array. Illustrated is an equilateral triangle of side S with detectors "1", "2", and "3" where a=S/2 and b=a tan 30. We define the "placement of the detector array " at point P=(Xp, Yp, Zp) through which pass the axes of rotation corresponding to yaw (θ), pitch (φ) and roll (ρ) as defined in the drawing. We note in the "home" position point P is coincident with origin O and θ=0, φ=0, ρ=0, characterizing the situation where points "1", "2", and "3" all lie in the X-Y plane with side 2←→3 along the x-axis and "line of sight" axis 1←→ p along the x-axis.
In STEP 4 (see FIG. 12C), the placement of the detector array and the orientation angles are calculated. Using the procedure described in step 2, the coordinates of detectors "1", "2", and "3" are found to be (X1, Y1, Z1), (X2, Y2, Z2), and (X3, Y3, Z3) respectively. Referring to the illustration in step 3, we see that P is conveniently located at the midpoint of the line segment connecting "2" and "3", thus Xp =(X2 +X3)/2, Yp =(Y2 +Y3)/2, Zp =(Z2 +Z3)/2. The trigonometric inverse formulae for the orientation angles follow directly from an analysis of the given geometry. It will be known to those skilled in the art that supplemental geometric considerations are required for correct quadrant placement since trigonometric inverses are single-valued only over a specified range:
φ=sin -1 ((Z1 -Zp)/3b)
θ=tan -1 ((Yp -Y1)/(xp -X1))
ρ=sin -1 ((Z2 -Zp)/(a�cos φ))
-90�<φ<90� for X1 <Xp
-90�<θ<90� for X1 <Xp
-90�<ρ<90� for Y2 >Yp
In STEP 5 (see FIG. 12D), from the geometry of the head unit the eye positions are calculated. The geometry of the head unit specifies the displacement of the right and left eye locations from position P as illustrated. At the "home" position P at (0,0,0) and θ=φ=ρ=0, the right and left eye locations are given as ER �=(f,w,h) and EL �=(f,-w,h). The eye position vector associated with a point E=(XE, YE, ZE) represents a known translation {Xp, Yp, Zp } and rotation {θ, φ, ρ} of the corresponding "home" position vector associated with point E�=(f,�w,h). A general rotational transformation matrix R is then found from the matrix transformations associated with the pitch, roll, and yaw as defined in step 3. Thus, the desired eye position vector is calculated by multiplying this matrix R by the "home" eye position vector and adding the known translation vector (e.g. the right eye): ##EQU1## where ##EQU2##
In the preferred embodiment, it is important that three separately positioned ultrasonic transmitters be mounted in fixed position relative to each other and fixed as a group relative to the device implementation area. Similarly, it is important that three separately positioned receivers be mounted in fixed position relative to each other and fixed as a group relative to the mobile unit (e.g., a person, or a vehicle). This enables a processor to go through the aforementioned steps for accurately deducing and calculating the position of each of the three ultrasonic receivers as they move about. With this information the precise spatial coordinates of the three detectors are definitively sensed and the position and orientation associated with each eye of the person watching the display screen are correctly determined.
In a typical situation, the person wearing the head unit must start out at an initial "reference" position and orientation with respect to the simulated environment. This is done by the mobile unit moving about the device implementation area or alternatively by changing the images on the viewing screen until they are satisfactory. Thereafter, it is only the changes in the viewer's position and orientation (or more specifically the viewer's head placement) relative to this "reference" that need to be fed into the processor associated with the host computer, thereby enabling the host computer to send revised video signals so that an accurate revision may be made of the simulated environment as viewed on the display screens.
Where an expanded device implementation area is desired to allow greater ranges of movement, a different emitter array can be mounted to be adjacent to each portion of the training area. Alternatively, by adding additional digital measurement circuits with the receivers, it would be possible to begin transmission of a new cycle of ultrasonic pulses before the first set had been completely processed , all within the spirit of the invention.
While specific exemplary embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the attached claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 22, 1932
|Nov 28, 1933
|Arthur Loth William
|Means for signaling
|Aug 13, 1964
|Feb 18, 1969
|Honeywell Inc
|Control apparatus
|Jun 6, 1969
|Mar 9, 1971
|Edo Corp
|Heading-sensing apparatus
|Apr 16, 1969
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|U.S. Classification
|367/129, 434/44
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 17, 1986
Owner name: BORROR, DANIEL R., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:CHERRI, ALLAN;COOPER, PETER W.;REEL/FRAME:004540/0721
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Owner name: CHERRI, ALLAN, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:CHERRI, ALLAN;COOPER, PETER W.;REEL/FRAME:004540/0721
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Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:CHERRI, ALLAN;COOPER, PETER W.;REEL/FRAME:004540/0721
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Owner name: SYSTEM ENGINEERING STRATEGIES (SES), 4701 PATRICK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:CHERRI, ALLAN;COOPER, PETER W.;REEL/FRAME:004540/0721
Effective date: 19860417
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|Surcharge for late payment
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|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Apr 24, 2001
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20010221


text: Greetings all, I don't know if anyone using the digests has this problem, but I don't seem to be getting the entire digest any longer. Between people leaving the entire message when they respond as well as the number of posts included in the digest, I'm only getting partial digests. Latest digest has over 80 messages, and I can only read up to 31. Infinity (Comcast) is my email provider. Can anything be done about this? Please let me know. Thank you - Sal Red Patch Gettysburg

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Gov. Jay Nixon today signed into a law a bill that removes a discrepancy between Missouri and federal laws on the labeling of commercial fireworks, and makes those fireworks that are legal under federal law now legal under Missouri law. Because Senate Bill 835 contains an emergency clause, it takes effect immediately, and brings clarity for communities and civic organizations that plan and sponsor Fourth of July fireworks displays.
"Celebrating America's birthday with community fireworks displays is a time-honored tradition in towns large and small across Missouri," Gov. Nixon said. "I greatly appreciate the countless volunteer hours that our civic organizations devote to making these community events successful, and this new law will help ensure that the displays continue to be both safe and enjoyable."
In 2009, the U.S. Department of Transportation changed the way it defined and classified fireworks for the purpose of labeling, shipping and possession. Those federal changes included the designations on the amount of explosives contained in the fireworks. Missouri law had referenced the old designated amounts, and had not been updated to reflect the new federal designations.
Gov. Nixon's signing of Senate Bill 835 enacts the updates to Missouri law to reflect those previous changes in the federal law. The bill was passed by the General Assembly with the support of the Missouri State Fire Marshal.
Source: http://governor.mo.gov/newsroom/2012/Gov_Nixon_signs_bill_clarifying_firework_display_laws


text:
16 Moore Street, Dublin 1
Number 16 Moore Street is a traditional red-bricked building on the left-hand side as you walked up. It displays a small plaque over the ground floor level which says Éirí Amach na Casca 1916 or in English 'The Easter Rising, 1916. It was into this house that the leaders had retreated after the shelling of the GPO and, when escape was no longer possible, it was from here that it was decided to surrender and cease hostilities.
At eight o clock on Friday evening 28 April 1916, with the GPO engulfeAd
in flames, the Provisional Government of the Irish Republic and IRA men
and women retreated from the building and endeavoured to make their way
to the Four Courts' Garrison. They left the GPO by the side entrance in
Henry Street and made their way under constant sniper fire to Moore
When they reached Moore Street they entered number five, Dunne's Butchers, and immediately began tunnelling from one house to another. The next morning, Saturday, they quickly realised that the wounded James Connolly, who had been placed on a panel door as a makeshift stretcher would not fit through the openings they had made. The men then placed Connolly in blankets and bundled him in great agony from house to house. When they reached number 16, Plunkets, a poultry shop, they placed him upstairs in the back room.
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Really nice hotel, staff very helpful. Bed very comfy and rooms nice and warm, would recommend it to all.


text:
Dec. 12, 2004
Baltimore, Md. - The Loyola College women's basketball team earned their second win of the 2004-05 season by surviving a late Towson rally to come out on top, 51-48. Loyola was led by Katie Scherle with 11 points while Towson's Kelly Robinson had a game high 19. The Greyhounds improve to 2-5 on the season while the Tigers fall to 5-2.
The contest had a slow start before Loyola opened the gates and took a 15 point lead by going on a 10-point run from 7:50 to 4:46 in the first half. The Greyhounds scored five straight unanswered baskets while capitalizing on three turnovers by the Tigers to hold a 24-9 advantage. Freshman Tynisha Davis led Loyola in the run with four points.
Towson ended its over six minute scoring drought with free throws by Robinson for a 24-11 score at 3:37. Ebony Toliver answered back with a basket for Loyola before Robinson went to the line again and a 26-13 score with 2:02 remaining. Toliver added the last points of the half to send Loyola into the locker room with a 28-13 advantage.
The Greyhounds built upon that lead early in the second half, getting up by as much as 20 points for a 37-17 score at 16:27. But Towson started firing on all cylinders going on a 12-0 run to cut their deficit to eight, 37-29 at 13:35. The run was spurred by two three point baskets, the first by LaSahe Rose and a second by Robinson. Robinson has six of the Tigers 12 points in that run.
The squads battled back and forth for the next ten minutes with Loyola maintaining the lead. At 6:41, Towson's Brandi Harris made a layup to start another Towson run this one 8-2. The game was tied at 48-48 on a layup by Rose with 47 seconds remaining to close the run. Krystle Harrington was fouled on the ensuing play and hit 1-for-2 from the charity stripe to reclaim a one point Loyola lead, 49-48 with 20 seconds remaining. Towson's Alis Freeman missed a layup in an attempt to claim the lead but Loyola junior Jackie Valderas came up with a huge defensive board to give Loyola possession with just five ticks left on the clock. Valderas was immediately fouled and hit both free throws to seal the victory at 51-48.
Scherle led in scoring for Loyola and was the lone Greyhound in double-figures. She was followed by Harrington with seven points and Toliver, Davis and Meghan Wood with six points each. Brittany Dunn pulled down six boards and recorded four assists for Loyola.
Robinson led all scorers and was the lone Tiger in double figures. She was followed by Freeman and Kelli Talbot with eight points each.
The Greyhounds held a huge advantage on the boards at 37-25 while both teams committed 20-plus turnovers.
Loyola hits the road again this week, traveling to VCU on Sunday, December 19th at 2:00.


text:
Saturday, March 30, 2013 1 p.m. to 1 p.m.
Location: Saddleback Mountain, 976 Saddleback Mountain Rd., Rangeley, Maine
For more information: Pam; 207-864-5671; saddlebackmaine.com/calendar/event/193
One of Saddleback's most popular events! Ski or ride across our manmade pond. Registration will be in the lobby of the baselodge from 9 AM to Noon. Participants must sign of release of liability. Bring dry clothes!


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Stresses curiosity, observation, challenge, and insight into how children and adolescents learn to become literate beings. Discusses the work and play of literary interpretation including analytic reading, substantive discussion, reflective writing, visual presentation, and dramatic enactment where readers learn to take the words from the page to inform and transform their worlds. Prereq., EDUC 5245.
Focuses learning on a select group of low performing students to assess reading proficiency, develop appropriate instructional goals, and provide instruction that addresses these goals. Emphasis on interpreting assessment data, extending a repertoire of instructional strategies, and developing and implementing a strong instructional plan. Prereq., EDUC 5275.
Explores contemporary ideas and issues in the history, philosophy, and sociology of science education and science, science as a social and cultural activity, and how contemporary issues in science relate to and impact educational practice. Same as EDUC 4312.
Explores the historical development of mathematics as a human construct, and the relationship between the discipline and the contemporary school mathematics curriculum. Focuses on the sociology of mathematics education and how cultural traditions and societal needs influence the school mathematics curriculum and educational practice.
Provides an in-depth study of the curriculum options available for bilingual and ESL programs. Presents, reviews, and critiques specific methods and strategies for teaching language to minority students. Gives the opportunity to develop and present teaching units in Spanish or in ESL methodology, as appropriate. Prereq., EDUC 5425.
Analyzes curriculum programs and examines principles that inform innovation for education of diverse students at all school levels. Includes topics of ethnic, racial, socio-economic, linguistic, and gender diversity.
Presents current and emerging philosophies and methods on teaching reading to culturally diverse second-language learners. Includes review of materials, strategies for teaching reading and writing skills, and important considerations for transference from L1 to L2 reading. Prereq., Educ 5425 or reading course at 5000 level.
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University Catalog 2012-13
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text:
Undergraduate math conference is well attended
By Eric Gorton, JMU Media Relations
About 200 students from universities throughout the country participated in the second annual Shenandoah Undergraduate Mathematics and Statistics Conference in October.
The conference, held in JMU's Health and Human Services building, featured both oral and poster presentations by students.
Featured speakers were Dr. Edward B. Burger, a professor of mathematics at Williams College in Massachusetts, and Dr. Tim Chartier, an assistant professor at Davidson College in North Carolina. Burger spoke on "Conjugate Coupling: The romantic adventure of the quintessential quadratic," while Chartier spoke on the role of mathematics behind movie special effects.
Dr. Laura Taalman, an associate professor of mathematics at JMU and co-organizer of the conference with Dr. Elizabeth Theta Brown, assistant professor of mathematics, said a key benefit of the conference is showcasing the types of mathematics research that can take place at the undergraduate level. In addition to the undergraduate participants, a number of high-school students also attended.
Next year's conference will again be held in the HHS building, Taalman said. The first conference, in 2005, was held in Burruss Hall and also attracted more than 200 participants.
Student speakers at this years event were:
More information about the conference can be found at the SUMS Web site.
Published December 2006 by JMU Media Relations


text:
Were you looking instead for acetylcholinesterase testing of amniotic fluid for neural tube defects?
Article Sources
NOTE: This article is based on research that utilizes the sources cited here as well as the collective experience of the Lab Tests Online Editorial Review Board. This article is periodically reviewed by the Editorial Board and may be updated as a result of the review. Any new sources cited will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used. To access online sources, copy and paste the URL into your browser.
Sources Used in Current Review
MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Cholinesterase - blood. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003358.htm. Accessed October 2013.
WebMD. Cholinesterase Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease. Available online at http://www.webmd.com/alzheimers/cholinesterase-inhibitors-for-alzheimers-disease through http://www.webmd.com. Accessed October 2013.
Mayo Clinic. PCHES - Clinical: Pseudocholinesterase, Total, Serum. Available online at http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/8518 through http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com. Accessed October 2013.
Ralph Magnotti, PhD, DABCC. Lab Tests Online adjunct board member.
Sources Used in Previous Reviews
Ralph Magnotti, PhD, DABCC. Lab Tests Online adjunct board member.
Magnotti RA, Dowling K, Eberly JP, McConnell RS (1988). A detailed case of two severely intoxicated patients monitored for AChE, from initial insult through recovery. Described in: Field measurement of plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterases. Clin Chim Acta 176:315-332.
Wu, A. (© 2006). Tietz Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests, 4th Edition: Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, MO. Pp 250-251.
Mosby's Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests. Pagana 4th edition, Pp. 171-172.
Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns DE, eds. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2006, Pp 614-616.
Mayo Clinic. Unit Code 8767: Pseudocholinesterase, Dibucaine Inhibition, Serum. Available online at http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/8767 through http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com. Accessed November 2010.
Mayo Clinic. Acetylcholinesterase, Erythrocytes. Available online at http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Overview/8522 through http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com. Accessed November 2010.
MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Serum cholinesterase. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003358.htm. Accessed November 2010.
Environmental Protection Agency. Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings, Organophosphate Insecticides. PDF available for download at http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/safety/healthcare/handbook/Chap04.pdf through http://www.epa.gov. Accessed November 2010.
(September, 2009) Merck Manual. Succinylcholine Drug Information. Available online at http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/lexicomp/succinylcholine.html through http://www.merckmanuals.com. Accessed November 2010.
Arup Laboratories. Pseudocholinesterase, Dibucaine Inihibition. Available online at http://www.aruplab.com/guides/ug/tests/0020159.jsp through http://www.aruplab.com. Accessed November 2010.
(Updated May 1, 2009) Alexander D. Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency. Medscape. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/247019-overview through http://emedicine.medscape.com. Accessed November 2010.


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Sing in the holidays with Northwestern Oklahoma State University during the Holiday Spectacular concert, Saturday, Dec. 7, in Herod Hall Auditorium at 7:30 p.m.
The annual concert is presented by the Northwestern ensembles. Led by Dr. Irene Messoloras, chair of the Department of Fine Arts, the University Chorale and University Singers will perform, to be followed by the Northwestern concert band and jazz band, led by Dr. Kenneth Drobnak, director of bands.
"We hope to remove you from the bustle of the holiday season in effort to calm and refresh your spirit," Messoloras said.
The concert will feature a wide variety of traditional holiday songs.
This event is free and open to the public. Following the concert, Dr. Janet Cunningham, university president, will officially light the university Christmas tree.
For more information contact Messoloras at (580) 327-8692 or email@example.com.
MISSION STATEMENT: Northwestern Oklahoma State University provides quality educational and cultural opportunities to learners with diverse needs by cultivating ethical leadership and service, critical thinking and fiscal responsibility.


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Philbrick, Herbert A. (11 May 1915-16 Aug. 1993), anticommunist activist and undercover informant for the FBI, was born and raised in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of Guy Philbrick, a railroad trainman, and Alice May Shapleigh. In 1938 Philbrick graduated from the Lincoln Technical Institute of Northeastern University. He went to work as a sales representative for Holmes Direct Mail Service, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and married Eva Gertrude Luscombe (divorced in 1967); they had six children. In 1940 Philbrick, as he organized and chaired the Cambridge Youth Council, became aware that his communist members were actually directing the policies of the group he supposedly chaired, and he took his suspicions to the Boston office of the FBI. The Bureau asked him to report to them, giving him the informant code name of George Lockwood. To gather more information for the Bureau, he joined the Young Communist League in 1942 and finally the Communist Party, as a secret member, in 1944. He was able to contact or penetrate a large number of the communist-influenced or -controlled groups that countersubversives like Philbrick called the Red Network. Meanwhile, he had become the assistant advertising director for the New England division of Paramount Theaters, a position he held from 1942 to 1949.
In 1948 a New York grand jury indicted the twelve members of the CPUSA's central committee (including William Z. Foster, Eugene Dennis, Robert George Thompson, ex-New York councilman Benjamin Davis, Henry Winston, and Gus Hall) for violating the Smith Act, charging them with conspiring to overthrow the government of the United States.
On 6 April 1949 Philbrick was one of two surprise witnesses for the government; the other was the Daily Worker editor Louis Budenz, who instructed the jury that even seemingly pacifistic Marxist writings were understood by Communists as Aesopian incitements to violence. Philbrick, wearing a red, white, and blue bow tie, told dramatic stories about his nine years as an undercover FBI informant, listening to party leaders lecture on violent revolution and watching prominent Bostonians raise money for those revolutionary activities. His appearance was vital to the government's case in that he was able to testify that Communist doctrine fit precisely within the terms of the Smith Act's prohibition against advocating, or belonging to or organizing a group that advocated, the overthrow of the government by force or violence. He testified that when Communists discussed revolution, they meant "violent revolution to be carried out by bands of armed workers against the existing state or government" [New York Times April 7, 1949, p. 22]; and that "the definition of the state. . . consists of the government, the police, the army, and so forth, and this is the thing that must be overthrown. Therefore the complete government must be smashed. It. . . must be completely destroyed." [New York Times April 8, 1949, p. 14] He also testified that he had worked on the Progressive Party candidate Henry Agard Wallace's speeches during his 1948 presidential campaign, lending credence to the common assumption that the Wallace campaign had been dominated by Communists. The trial ended in the conviction of all twelve defendants and long jail sentences for them and for their lawyers, who were cited for contempt. Philbrick was a hero. The Massachusetts governor Paul Dever designated 27 November 1951 "Herbert Philbrick Day," with a testimonial dinner for Philbrick at the Hotel Bradford, where more than eight hundred people turned out to applaud communism's New England nemesis.
Three Lives
Soon after the trial, Philbrick began working with the New York Herald Tribune editor Fendall Yerxa (later the New York Times's Washington bureau chief) on his story, which was serialized in the Tribune in 1951 and published in 1952 by McGraw-Hill as I Led Three Lives: Citizen, "Communist," Counterspy. The book was a best seller and led to a column in the Tribune, "Red Underground," that ran from 1952 to 1958.
Philbrick also signed on as a technical adviser for a television drama based on his book produced by the syndication service ZIV Television Programs. The series consisted of 117 episodes that ran from 1953 to 1956. Philbrick was heavily involved throughout, submitting story ideas and reviewing all scripts for accuracy. (J. Edgar Hoover, contrary to mythology, did not review the scripts.) The program was modeled on ZIV's radio program I Was a Communist for the FBI, based on the undercover adventures of Matt Cvetic, and so Philbrick became, in a sense, television's Matt Cvetic.
The television show I Led Three Lives began each episode with a mysterious voice intoning that "this is the story. . . the fantastically true story, of Herbert A. Philbrick, who for nine frightening years did lead three lives: average citizen, high-level member of the Communist Party, and counterspy for the Federal Bureau of Investigation. This story is based on fact." Sometimes an opening voice-over claimed that Philbrick "has now revealed for the first time his secret files concerning not only his own activities, but those of other counterespionage agents." Philbrick was represented to great dramatic effect by the actor Richard Carlson. Rounding out the rest of the cast were Philbrick's family, a squad of special agents, and a baleful cell of Communist thugs. Although the plots veered in the direction of formula melodrama, Philbrick's exchanges with the producers show that they were intent on rendering accurately the procedures, terminology, and atmosphere of the Communist Party.
Face of the Radical Right
For the rest of his life, Philbrick continued to see current events in the light of what he had learned about the communist conspiracy during his years in the underground. He became one of the central figures in the fifties network of countersubversive anticommunists who argued that the principal threat faced by the United States was subversion by secret communists within the government and educational, cultural, labor, and business institutions. Philbrick lectured widely before patriotic and anticommunist groups and testified on communist subversion before the House Committee on Un-American Activities and in many other state investigations of communism. As such, he and other counter subversives became the face of the radical right decried by liberal democrats as a greater threat to democracy than communism, a charge used to devastating effect against conservative republicans like Barry Goldwater, for whom Philbrick was a 1964 New Hampshire delegate. Philbrick's name became an element in a John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory alleging that Philbrick's book and television series were favorites of Lee Harvey Oswald and promoting the idea that Oswald was, contrary to appearances, a right-wing extremist. In later years, Philbrick was the national director of the United States Anti-Communist Congress and published an anticommunist newsletter syndicated by the U.S. Press Association.
Philbrick was perhaps the best known of the anticommunist defectors and informants who helped turn anticommunism into a grassroots mass movement during the 1950s. He retired to New Hampshire, where he briefly ran a country store. In 1968 he married Shirley Joy Brundige; they had one daughter. Philbrick worked for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Agency from 1976 to 1977. In his later years, he organized an anticommunist educational association, lectured on the threat of communism, and served as a court reporter for New Hampshire papers. He died in North Hampton, New Hampshire, and was interred at the Rye Center Cemetery, Rockingham, New Hampshire.
Philbrick's papers, are deposited in the Manuscripts Division of the Library of Congress. They constitute one of the two great repositories of information on the conservative anticommunist movement in the postwar years, the other being the J. B. Matthews papers at Duke University. The Philbrick collection has an online finding aid and timeline. The papers contain not only the record of Philbrick's anticommunist activities, but also his correspondence with almost all anticommunists of note during his lifetime. His autobiography, written with Fendall Yerxa, I Led Three Lives: Citizen, "Communist," Counterspy, was serialized in the New York Herald Tribune in 1951 and published by McGraw Hill in 1952. Valuable recent research can be found in Veronica A. Wilson, "Anticommunism, Millenarianism, and the Challenges of Cold War Patriarchy: The Many Lives of FBI Informant Herbert Philbrick," American Communist History 8, no. 1 (2009): 73-102.
There is no biography, but Martin Grams, Jr., I Led Three Lives (2007), contains a detailed account of the television show as well as a summary of the major events of Philbrick's life.
Richard Gid Powers
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Richard Gid Powers. "Philbrick, Herbert A.";
American National Biography Online Feb. 2000.
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Henry Reich, through his MinutePhysics YouTube channel, has posted part two of his universal universe series of video.
Last week we saw a discussion about how to define what we mean when we say "the universe", and this week he sets out to discuss how we measure how big it is. As usual with physics, it's not as easy as getting out our tape measure.
[Science Tuesday #1: What is the Universe? and The science behind your porn addiction]
I still can't wait for the discussion of parallel universes, in which I'm more famous than I currently am. Fingers crossed!
Keith Shaw rounds up the best in geek video in his ITworld.tv blog. Follow Keith on Twitter at @shawkeith. For the latest IT news, analysis and how-tos, follow ITworld on Twitter, Facebook, and Google+.


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Restaurant Workers' Group Releases Ethical Eating Guide
Ethical eating is not a new concept. Five years ago, Michael Pollan began talking about how the food we eat affects the health of the environment in "The Omnivore's Dilemma." More recently, in the first episode of the IFC television series "Portlandia," Carrie and Fred went to great lengths to make sure the chicken they planned to order lived and was harvested humanely.
Now a restaurant workers' organization is moving beyond how food choices affect the environment or the lives of animals that end up on the menu. The group Restaurant Opportunities Centers (ROC) United wants consumers to consider how the people making their food are being treated with the help of a 52-page manual released Tuesday called ROC National 2012 Diners' Guide: A Consumer Guide on the Working Conditions of American Restaurants.
The guide rates roughly 150 restaurants nationwide, including eateries where the organization has members. The ratings are based on a variety of sources, including restaurant workers' wages, paid sick leave, opportunities for career advancement, and wage theft and discrimination lawsuits.
Restaurants are divided into three categories in the guide: quick serve, casual and fine dining.
"It's just a very easy way for consumers to choose restaurants that put fairness in their menu," said Daisy Chung, assistant director of the ROC United New York office.
Some restaurant chains, like Five Guys Burgers and Fries, received gold prizes for giving workers paid sick days and staff promotions, as did Cowgirl in the West Village and celebrity chef Tom Colicchio's Craft Restaurants for paying hourly minimum wages starting at $5 with tips and $9 without tips. The Washington, D.C. institution Ben's Chili Bowl got a silver prize for giving paid sick days to its workers.
Paid sick days are rare in the restaurant industry. The federal minimum wage for tipped workers is $2.13 and $7.25 for restaurant workers who don't get tips.
"You need to sort of take care of the people who are really taking care of your food," said Barbara Sibley, owner of the Mexican restaurant La Palapa in the East Village, which also got a gold prize for providing sustainable wages and paid sick days to staff.
Others, like Olive Garden and Red Lobster restaurants, got frowny face icons based on legal charges filed for worker discrimination and wage theft at the restaurant's parent company, Darden Restaurants. On Tuesday, ROC United is launching a national campaign against Darden.
Judy Maeza, the general manager for La Palapa, who has worked in the restaurant industry for 25 years, said she couldn't understand the practices of any restaurant that didn't get a gold or silver prize in the guide.
"How could you not pay people for working?" she said. "And pay them when they're legitimately sick or letting them take a week's vacation? You know, all the things that any other industry takes for granted."
Maeza added that although she was in favor of the guide, she didn't know how many consumers would change their dining plans to eat ethical.
"They're not that interested," she said. "They know they want to go some place that they like for dinner. They don't think about how the kitchen employees are treated."
The restaurant industry is one of the fastest growing in the country, according to ROC United, and employs over 10 million workers nationwide. The Restaurant Opportunities Centers United was formed after 9/11 to support displaced restaurant workers. Now the group has 9,000 members in nine states.


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New Year's Day 5K Run Manchester
Monday, 1st January 2018
Heaton Park
Join us on the first day of the year on the New Years Day 5K Run taking place all across the UK.
Start the new year on this great running event as we hit the road and start the year as we mean to go on. This run will see many experienced to running and many just wanting to start, theres no better day to hit the road. The great thing about New Year's Day 5K is that all finishers receive their first medal of the year, a great reward to bring on the rest of 2018.
Registration for the New Year's Day 5K is open to all athletes from all levels of fitness. New Year's Day 5K will see runners complete a run through the city passing some amazing sights. All registered runners get a finishers medal. Runners must be 16 and over, all runners under 18 must have an accompanying adult on the run. All booking are final, there are no refunds given.
Starts: Monday, January 1st 2018
Timezone: Europe/London
Bookings close: January 1st 2018
This event is organized by The Running Coach.
Visit the website for full details
Telephone 07939349518
Contact the event organizer
Lost or not received your tickets?
Full details will be available on the website www.newyearsday5k.co.uk
© 2017 Bookitbee is a trading name of LIVE IT Group Ltd, registered in England number 08432364 at 3 Enterprise Centre, Penshurst TN11 8BG
Bookitbee is providing ticket services for this event. Bookitbee is not an agent for this event and is not affiliated with this event or its organizers in any way.


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I just couldn't help myself. Last Sunday I had some cutting out time & following in the steps of my great aunts I had an occasion to sew for this weekend. Yes, I am told by my Mum that she would see her aunts whipping up dresses during the week, laying out all the fabric on the living room floor & piecing everything together during the week for the dance on the Friday & this was also my sewing story this week.
I had a party to go to this weekend & despite numerous possibilities in my wardrobe fancied the thrill of making something specially. Complete spontaneous sewing. No plan. Just pure energy. I pulled out 1.5m of spotty something or another with an amazing hand – great drape & wonderful qualities (also viewed here in Karen's Sorbetto including the actual roll that we both scavenged it from!!),
Image from Karen's blog at Didyoumakethat
We both bought this when in Edinburgh at the Crafters' Ceilidh. However I only bought 1.5m, therefore limiting its application. New Look 6000 sprung to mind
because I knew it worked OK on me before & I had already altered the pattern for what I suspect my form of narrow back. If I could have I would have sewn the collared sleeveless version, as this would have been dress ambrosia, but alas, not enough fabric.
The fabric was so fine that I needed to underline it to make it more robust – wow – that took a good couple of hours just basting each piece together & securing the darts.
During its construction I still had extra adjustments to make for the darts & also at the shoulders, but all in all a quick-ish make slowed down by attention to detail. Not only the underlining & invisible zip, but I also used fab orange bias binding instead of facings thanks to both Marie from a sewing odyssey & Catherine, the Makings of Urban Rustic at our latest swap in Birmingham. I hand sewed the bias at neck, sleeve & hemlines & felt I was chaneling my great aunts.
I also drafted a collar & used some black poly cotton just for contrast. It's got a bit of a 60s vibe going on.
It's been worn & there's plenty of ease in it so it's nice to wear out.
Sadly I have tweaked my back & didn't feel up to the party (couldn't expect myself to watch sedately from the sidelines boo hoo). Never mind though, it'll be worn to the substitute bash instead. It's perhaps one of those dresses that can also be dressed down with tights & flats & not feel like I'm going to a wedding ….
Have a good weekend everyone – I have now ordered the new Sewaholic Thurlow trouser pattern from MisforMake ….exciting!!


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"I use handmade gift tags and sometimes 3D flowers and ribbons."
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"So I had to go on a hunt for oilcloth! It's amazing, the kinds of patterns they make and it's not expensive at all. I don't use tablecloths all the time because it's hard to launder and iron them, but I would use oilcloth! I wonder, could you zigzag a hem around it for looks, or would that tear the cloth?"
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"Last year my Dad was so kind to give me his Christmas village and it just looked lovely on my mantle. Before this I used to display my old Santa Clause that a lovely friend had made me over 20 years ago with fake presents surrounding . While my crocheted stockings hung from the mantle too."
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text: Pretao Grandao Nationality: Brazil Height: 6'3 Weight: 210 lbs Dick: 10 (25.40 cms) uncut Position: Top Kristen says: Pretao had a real chip on his shoulder ans a super macho attitude. His intimidating the other models made him difficult to work with. Film Credits Island Fever Web Videos » Movie Scenes : Island Fever - Scene 3 Currently 4.47/5 Rating: 4.5/5 (19 votes cast) PHOTO GALLERIES » Model Gallery: Set 1 Movie Gallery » Movie Gallery: Island Fever, Pretao Grandao, Andriano Peixoto & Erico Ventania » Movie Gallery: Island Fever, Andriano Peixoto, Pretao Grandao, Erico Ventania You might also like these models Pablo Costa Augusto Figueroa Erik Nogueira Glaucio Costa Luciano Pereira Rogerio Proenca


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Records in the British Public Record Office Relating to South Carolina, 1663-1782
Records in the British Public Record Office Relating to South Carolina, 1663-1782. Great Britain. Public Record Office. Columbia, S.C.: South Carolina Department of the Archives and History, 197-
MIC FLM F 266 G73X 12 reels. 35 mm.
The Public Record Office is the national archives of Great Britain, the repository for official documents. The papers reproduced here are from the Colonial Office and contain all official communications and documents relating to South Carolina from its establishment as a colony to the end of the Revolutionary War.
Reel 1: 1663-1710.
Reel 2: 1711-1723.
Reel 3: 1723-1729.
Reel 4: 1730-1734.
Reel 5: 1734-1738.
Reel 6: 1739-1744.
Reel 7: 1745-1749.
Reel 8: 1750-1755.
Reel 9: 1756-1763.
Reel 10: 1764-1770.
Reel 11: 1771-1782.
Reel 12: Index.
Reel 12 is an "Index of Persons and Places and Index of Topics."
United States--History--Colonial Period
Great Britain
Public Record Office