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Changes to make school year better for Brentwood students
Familiar faces in new roles will greet students in the Brentwood Borough School District.
A crisp, new Field Turf playing surface — with blue endzones, white lettering and Vegas gold stripping — will welcome the varsity football team.
New classes and technology will be unveiled in the district.
Students have a lot to look forward to as they head back to classrooms in the district on Monday.
Here's what they will face in the 2013-14 school year:
Staffing changes
Brentwood Middle/High School Assistant Principal Lindsay Klousnitzer will move her office across the hallway and take over a newly created position as coordinator of curriculum, instruction and professional development this fall.
"I can't tell you how excited I am," said Klousnitzer, who joined the Brentwood Middle School staff in 2006 as a an eighth-grade language arts teacher. "I'm hoping that (this position) improves student achievement and growth."
District officials created the curriculum, instruction and professional development position to have one person overseeing all those duties, Superintendent Ronald Dufalla said.
"Curriculum always has been a function that has been split up among the building principals and superintendent," he said. "That segmentation really hasn't done the curriculum the justice that it should."
Klousnitzer, who graduated from Westminster College in 2005 with a bachelor of arts in English and a minor in secondary education and received her master's of education degree in school leadership from the University of Pittsburgh in 2010, said many of her duties will focus on data analysis and aligning curriculum with the Common Core State Standards.
"Curriculum and instruction really go together," she said. "I'm going to look at it (and determine) what is the first area that's in need of improvement? Where are we succeeding?"
She also will work on aligning curriculum and instruction among all grades, from kindergarten through 12th, Klousnitzer said.
At Brentwood Middle/High School, Ken Solomon will assume a new social studies teacher/dean of students role.
Solomon will continue to teach junior and senior high school students in the morning and then shift to the school office for his dean of students job in the afternoon, high school Principal Jason Olexa said.
Creating a half teaching/half administrative position was a way to save money, Olexa said.
"This was a measure that we could add an administrative position without adding an additional salary," Olexa said.
New faces in the district this year are Vanessa Strassner, coordinator of special education, who started on Aug. 12, and Christina Gattens, a librarian at the elementary school, who was set to start Aug. 21.
Both positions were left open due to retirements.
Curriculum and technology
Brentwood High School students now will have a choice between an intense game of basketball or a calming aerobic routine during physical education classes.
A new format, being piloted this year will allow students to select between competitive sports and fitness programs for physical education classes, Olexa said.
"It's really trying to get the kids more physically active, more physically involved," Olexa said. "We're letting the kids decide what would be best for themselves."
Those who select "competitive sports" will have the option to compete in games of badminton, volleyball or basketball, while those selecting the "fitness" category can go to the Gold Center for weight training or participate in aerobics, Olexa said.
A seven-period Algebra II course, with a lab, also was added at Brentwood High School this year, Olexa said. The course, which has about 60 students enrolled this fall, was piloted last year and will focus on aligning students with the Common Core State Standards initiative, he said.
The class focuses on students who need extra support in math, Olexa said.
At Brentwood Middle School, curriculum also is being adapted to meet requirements of the Common Core standards, Principal David Radcliffe said.
Smartboards also will be added to four classrooms at Brentwood Middle School, Radcliffe said.
Brentwood Park upgrades
District officials said they've been watching turf being laid, the track area being set up and planning coming to fruition for the $8 million Brentwood Park overhaul.
The district leases portions of the park including the stadium for school activities. Brentwood Borough owns the stadium and has undertaken a renovation using borough funds, several grants and the Brentwood Park Initiative.
Frequent rain this summer delayed installation of the track. Yet school district officials said they plan to have the first Brentwood High School football game on the newly installed Field Turf on Aug. 30 at 7:30 p.m. against Serra Catholic.
Contingency plans are in place in case other events need to be moved due to construction, Dufalla said.
Elroy service project
Students, teachers and community members are invited to help beautify their neighborhood school playground on Aug. 25 at 9 a.m.
Elroy Elementary School first-grade teacher Amy Smith secured a $750 KaBOOM! and Dr. Pepper grant for new mulch for the playground area, Principal Amy Burch said.
The day before school starts, students and staff will gather to spruce up the play area, finalize the painting of the wall, rake leaves and spread mulch, Burch said.
Stephanie Hacke is a staff writer for Trib Total Media. She can be reached at 412-388-5818 or email@example.com.


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|Spatial Analysis Tools for Archaeologists
|Dating Rock Art
|Image Capture
|Case Studies
|Field Reports
The Anatomy Of Ancient Rock Art: True Colour Analysis Using A Prototype Colour Pixel Plotter
This prototype was conceived as an anatomical tool for reconstructing polychrome pictographs from colour pixel values in a high-resolution digital photograph. After determining colour ranges for each relevant colour, colour pixels representing such pigment particles are plotted on a uniform neutral background as images. These layers of images can then be visualised individually or as groups, and serve as aids for studying the pigment application order by the artist, potentially also discerning multiple overlapping images as palimpsests.
Raymond Cheng 2007-10-10
Subject: Digital photographs of prehistoric rock wall/cave paintings.
Concept: As stable inorganic compounds, common pigments like red ochre and charcoal preserve their colours. The visibility of their coarse scattered particles in high resolution digital photographic images permits anatomical separation of pictograph elements and palimpsest layers.
Method: Plotting the position and RGB (red, green, blue) values of each pixel in a pictograph allows precise separation of pictograph elements. Red ochre may include different reds in different elements, or in a palimpsest in one element. When background settings (rock itself or other elements) are removed for clarification, these reds are separable and analyzed on white or neutral backgrounds. The background setting of the rock itself can also be highlighted to show a reverse view of the whole pictograph. A prototype software program was used on an actual Baja California pictograph of a 'flower' to anatomically dissect and reassemble its elements.
Based on this simple approach, a prototype software program was developed, and a rock painting 'Wall Flower' was used as the subject. The purpose was to determine the utility and relevance of such an application to the study of Wall Paintings.
Test Case
1. Original Photo - Set up the plot database table
2. Search for 'Cross and Flower' from the database table
3. Visual Report - to refine search colour's range and parameter
4. A Different View: Plot only black and grey pixels of the photo
5. New Feature Found - Is the 'white' partially covered by the 'Cross' also a feature ?
Preliminary Findings
Significantly, it can also be used to detect colour from the falling dust. We must make the assumption that during the painting process, the paint dust may have fallen around the rock/wall base surface.
Future Enhancements - A Wish List
Sample Plotter Menus and Processing

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- Places To Visit
- Recreation / Outdoor
- Tourist Essentials
- Tours & Activities
- Shopping / Nightlife
- Eating
- Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- • http://www.jktourism.org
Six kms from Katra is a cool and scenic spot located amidst beautiful hillocks with a number of perennial springs lending a cool and refreshing ambience to the place. It derives its name from the shrine of Baba Jitto, a revolutionary folk hero who is still remembered and revered for his campaign against the feudal system to ameliorate the conditions of his fellow farmers. A huge statue of Baba Jitto, besides that of his daughter Bua Gori, dominates the place, which has been beautified by developing a landscaped garden.
Favorite photos
Here's the our members favorite photos of "Shrines in Jammu and Kashmir". Upload your photo of Aghar Jitto!
Book a room
Love shrines? Check these out;
- Makhdoom Sahib
- Hazratbal Shrine
- Shivkhori
- Imambara Zadibal
- Peer Khoh
- Buddha Amarnath Shrine
- Durgah of Peer Budhan Ali Shah
- Rizong Monastery
- Charar-e-Sharief
Shrines in Jammu and Kashmir
- Har ki Pauri
- Bara Imambara
- Haji Ali Dargah
- Paigah Tombs
- Peer Matsyendra Nath
- Shah Najaf Imambara
- Hazrat Baba Tajjuddin Dargah
- Imambara Ghufran Ma'ab
- Makhdoom Sahib
- Dargah Khwaja Sahib


text:
A WELL-RESPECTED historian has died aged 85.
Jim Ashton, who lived in Huncoat, was passionate about the area and wrote articles on the village's history.
He passed away at the Royal Blackburn Hospital on Tuesday after suffering from pneumonia and heart failure.
Jim had a particular interest in animals and wrote about the farming community, looking back at farmers' names and also investigating stories about the brick works. He wrote and published Huncoat Revisited and was involved with the Huncoat Neighbourhood Project.
His brother Raymond, who lives in Milnshaw Gardens, Accrington, said: "He just loved local history, he took it up after he got married.
"He also loved his animals and that was his life."
Jim married his wife Muriel, who passed away three years ago, in 2009. They had no children.
They had lived in Lynwood Avenue, in Accrington, since the 1960s. Jim was adopted by the Ashton family when he was a teenager after his mother and father both died young.
His sister-in-law Delys said: "Jim had lots of nieces and nephews and will be sadly missed by all of them.
"He had so many friends and enjoyed playing dominoes in the Black Bull in Accrington.
"Jim had always been interested in Huncoat and had a great love and affection for it.
"He spent 71 years living in his favourite village."
Jim's funeral will take place at Accrington Crematorium on Tuesday, December 4, at 1pm.
Flowers are welcome and anybody wishing to make a donation in Jim's memory can do so for the North West Air Ambulance or Guide Dogs for the Blind.


text:
ICE fans will finally have access to Swindon's rink again on Monday, after almost seven weeks of being shut out during a £700,000 refurbishment project.
The newly named Swindon Ice Arena, at the Link Centre, in Whitehill Way, Westlea, will officially be opened at 11am by the Great Britain Luge squad, including two-time Olympian Adam Rosen.
The work, which was carried out by The Ice Rink Company and Swindon Council, has involved a replacement of the ice pad and the installation of new plant machinery, which is expected to save a substantial amount in energy costs Mr Rosen will be joined by team-mates Henry Foulkes and Ray Thompson on Monday, as well as Swindon Mayor Coun Nick Martin (Con, Shaw).
The public is being invited to attend Monday's reopening, with two sessions between 10am and noon and 1pm and 3pm. People will have access to the rink during these times, while the official ceremony takes place away from the ice.
The lugers have been invited to the opening because of the training they have done at the centre in the past, with their final preparations for the 2010 Winter Olympics made there four years ago.
The team plans to use the Swindon Ice Arena again, in the run-up to next year's Games in Sochi, Russia, according to duty officer at the Link Centre, Clive Seabrook. As well as the international stars of Team GB, there are many local people looking forward to returning to the ice, with local skaters, figure skaters and players from Swindon Wildcats hoping to be at Monday's opening too, according to Mr Seabrook.
"Quite a lot of talented local skaters have had to train outside Swindon during this closure. This has put a lot of pressure on parents, so it should be nice for them to have their home rink back in action," said Mr Seabrook.
The work at the arena has involved 7,600 litres of water, required to reach a thickness of 50mm in the ice, 700 gallons of white paint to paint the ceiling and 238 tonnes of sand to cover nine miles of refrigerant pipes.
Despite the risk of problems, the planned reopening date of August 19 looks set to be met, thanks in no small part to the contractors, said Mr Seabrook.
"The people we have had working in here have been working around the clock. They were in here last Sunday painting the pad until four in the morning, just to make sure everything stayed on schedule. Their dedication has been fantastic," he said.
Coun Keith Williams (Con, Shaw), Swindon Council's cabinet member for highways, strategic transport and leisure, said: "We now have a fantastic new ice pad that will benefit the casual ice skater and the various individuals and teams who use the facility."


text:
Precision foam swabs are useful in a variety of applications in the electronics industry. Ideal to clean or treat hard to reach areas such as circuit boards, connectors or keyboards.
200-422 - Precision Foam Swabs 100/Pack
108-140 - Super 33+ Electrical Tape - 3/4'' x 66'
America's #1 professional grade vinyl electrical tape, Scotch® Super 33+™ Vinyl Electrical Tape is a premium grade, 7 mil thick, all-weather vinyl-insulating tape. It is designed to perform continuously between a temperature range of 0–220°F (-18–105°C).
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Precisely designed, manufactured and packaged to serve the various cleaning and maintenance needs in the electronics industry. A variety of swab materials are available to suit many different applications.
Easy to find products and order. Items shipped and arrived without hassle.


text:
Please review the following issues that occurred Item attributes base Audio Files Included must be set Audio Files Included must be set
What am i doing wrong? Sorry i am new
Never mind found it thank you anyway <3
Haha… I've made the same mistake! Welcome to the AJ!
Ty ty man
how you solved the problem ?
Click on WMA and MP3 Files so they are both highlighted and then it just works xD
You must choose what is your case:
If you upload both versions – mp3 and wav – you click both; if you upload only one – mp3 or wav – you click only one accordingly.
Hope i'm making any sense
We were all there once lol


text:
Bradon Bass Has Career Night, Celtics Defeat Sixers
Brandon Bass, the least talked about member of the Boston Celtics starting five, exploded for a playoff career-high 27 points on Monday night, igniting Boston to a 101-85 win over the Philadelphia 76ers in Game 5. His play (including 18 in the 3rd qtr., career quarter high) helped push the Celtics to within a game of the Eastern Conference finals. They now lead Philly 3-2 in the best-of-seven series.
"We've got a few good players on the team that they had to focus on," said Bass. ""That left me open, and I was able to take advantage of my opportunity."
Bass left to a standing ovation from the Celtic faithful. In addition to the 27 points, he finished with 6 rebounds, 2 steals, 2 blocks, and 1 assist.
Kevin Garnett added 20 points, while Rajon Rondo had 13 points and 14 assists.
Game 6 shifts back to Philadelphia on Wednesday. Tip-off is set for 7:00. Neither team in the series has won two straight.
"It would just be nice to win two in a row. That would be terrific," Celtics coach Doc Rivers said. "It's not going to be easy. This series has been hard. Every minute, you'd think we're leaking oil physically."
Monday night, Brandon Bass was the mechanic.


text:
SAYLOR-L ArchivesArchiver > SAYLOR > 2007-09 > 1190074353
From: "Fern Enterline" <>
Subject: Re: [SAYLOR] SAYLOR Digest, Vol 2, Issue 11
Date: Mon, 17 Sep 2007 19:12:33 -0500
References: <firstname.lastname@example.com><80F477E0EDAD46C0A57588E615ACB398@VickiIPC>
I don't have anything much to offer on the Saylor family although
my husband is a direct descent of Benjamin Saylor( 1791) son of
John Saylor ( 1756)
What took my eye on your querry was the name of Imhoff. My cousin,
Beulah Wolverton married first a Bennet and second a Gene Imhoff.
They lived in Columbus, Nebraska for some time and since his
passing, she has moved.I am not sure where. I thought perhaps
there was a chance that you might know something of her
whereabouts. Thanks. Grandma Fern
This thread:
|Re: [SAYLOR] SAYLOR Digest, Vol 2, Issue 11 by "Fern Enterline" <>


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Kate Fagan just said on Twitter she thinks Jrue won't play. Apparently he's shot with his left hand exclusively in warmups. Great.
I'd rather have Jrue play shooting left-handed than Willie. But I'm not Eddie Jordan.
something to comfort us all about ej's coaching abilities:
"Eddie Jordan's Sixers have given up 177 3-pointers so far, which projects to 691 over 82 games. The NBA record is 683 by Jordan's 2007-08 Wizards. The team record is 585, set last season." -Tom Moore
Any surprise there?
the Sixers are on pace to set league records in both 3 point makes and percentage.
Ladies and gentlemen, your Philadelphia 76ers!
records as in worst defense against threes.
How is Jrue's 20 foot range with the left hand?
Alright, about to tip it off. I think we'll track EB tonight. Interested in seeing how he plays off Iverson and vice versa.
That sounds good. He got doubled a lot the other night in the post. I'd like to see if he could make the first pass out of it a little quicker and crisper. AI could make these guys pay if he does that.
Great block by AI on Atkins.
Baseline J, no double came. Make.
1/1, 2 points for Brand.
Transition 12-footer. Make
2/2, 4 points for Brand.
I know it's Chucky Atkins, but great effort from AI on the defensive end early.
Defense? We talkin' bout defense?
Is anyone else using Firefox on a PC? If so, is the video player working for you at the top of the right column?
working for me.
OK, must be my computer. Thanks.
Elbow extended, face-up jumper. Miss. Not a great shot.
2/3, 4 points for Brand.
Settled for three long jumpers, all misses, Detroit comes back to tie it. Followed by a Brand walk at the end of a strong drive.
Great hustle by Thad. That's a four-point swing.
Two early fouls on Iverson, charge and then a b.s. tripping whistle.
AI with two fouls early.
I think after all these years Dalembert still surprises defenders with the types of shots he takes.
They're playing EB straight up tonight. We gotta take advantage of that.
how long can AI keep this pace up? Not that I want him playing 40 minutes butwhen you look at the roster the options are pretty limited. AI needs to stay on the floor.
He's gonna have trouble with Bynum, but Sammy was up to the task on that one.
I'd run a little w/ AI9 at PG and Carney at SG.
that's what i would do too, but since he's gone cold shooting from the field I don't see EJ playing him major minutes. More Willie. Ugh.
That was a sweet pass from EB to SD on the cut, pass out of the low post.
Dalembert and Brand both challenging every shot in the paint.
and on cue, EJ sits sammy for willie.
Ed Pinckney annoys me.
His BS analysis of the small lineup particularly.
Do they count that buzzer beater by Brand?
I guess it's 16-18, Pistons, after one.
Defense looking better with the big lineup in there. Let's see what kind of lineup Jordan sends out and how they handle the glass in the second.
Turnovers will kill us. That was pretty much as good of a defensive quarter I've seen with Eddie Jordan on the sidelines. 6 already and I bet they have 8 points off of them.
6 turnovers in the first Q, ugh.
Stuckey was salivating when he saw Green was "guarding" him there. Right to the hoop for an uncontested layup. Willie is pitiful.
Willie gets after it
Another good thing about A.I or even Lou Williams out on the floor is that it reduces double teams.
Kapono at the 4 in this lineup...
I have AI9 at the four. Refuse to believe JK is playing PF.
AI9 at the four. Bleh.
this small lineup is killing the Sixers.
Someone should slap Kapono for the foot on the line.
I won't complain if he actually makes the shot. We need SOME bench scoring, 1 basket all game is not gonna cut it.
AI3 getting to the line. Need that.
AI horrendous on the offensive end early but actually defending well.
I thought Iguodala should've hit Kapono as the trailer on that last break.
if you're going to press at least do it properly. AI stuck in no-man's land. Easy lob over.
Bad shot by Willie, he hit it. Expect more bad shots to follow.
AI back to the line. He's relentless in attacking the hoop and he needs to be with the way he's shooting (1/6).
He's all about getting to the hoop, difference is he used to be unstoppable 1-on-1 getting there. But just having someone to draw the attention of the defense, drawing fouls AND making the free throws makes such a difference for this team offensively.
Charlie V is such garbage.
i don't understand the Sixers' offense. Why are they running dribble-hand-offs to Brand at the 3 point line?
Harmony? Or maybe, effort. Can't remember which.
Wilie and EB execute the worst two man game in the history of hoops.
yeah that was pretty ugly.
defensive rotations are making me scratch my head. as usual. and in comes royal ivey!
Ivey Willie Kapono at the 1-3 right now... sigh.
This is their fourth shot on this trip down the floor. Miss, o-board, miss, o-board, blocked shot, can't control the ball. They will probably shoot 25% on this possession and come away with 2 or 3 points. Smith is a stiff, I'm sorry.
Nope, they were 0/3 on the possession w/ two points on two made threes.
Bad shot by Willie, long. Kapono w/ the o-board.
Brand with the o-board, goes up strong, converts and one.
3/4, 7 points for Brand.
Great work by EB, sadly on his 1st touch of the possesion.
this lineup - green, ivey, kapono, smith, brand ... this team has no depth right now. Jrue, Lou, and Speights needs to come back.
great play by Brand.
Ivey isos crack me up.
Get EB's ass on the blocks. No one else can get their own shot with this horseshit lineup.
He's at the 5 now and they still have him 22 feet away from the hoop. I just don't get it.
when Willie Green is aggressive and looks to pass he's not nearly as putrid offensively. too bad he and EJ both prefer contested 20 footers.
Charles freakin Atkins abuses Willie twice on defense.
Green torched again on the defensive end. Nice drive and kick to Thad for the three, though.
18-footer for Brand, a little deep. Miss.
3/5, 7 points for EB.
SAMMY with the sweet dish!
EB finishes underneath.
4/6, 9 points for EB.
Nice look from AI3 to a diving EB, fouled, hits both.
4/6, 11 points for Brand.
Kwame with 10 points off the bench, that's just sad. 6/6 from the line.
Thad's really stroking from three, huh?
Baseline 10-footer. Make, nice pass from Thad.
5/7, 13 points.
You can tell when a Thad 3 is going down. Rhythm and arc are the keys.
penetration hurt in the second half. At least the Pistons are shooting as billed from the perimeter.
Tied 42-42 after two. EB should get a ton of touches in the second half w/ the way he's playing.
13 points, 5 boards, 3 dimes, 3 blocks.
I've been pleased with Brand's output since the hamstring problem.
The only thing keeping him down now is the coach.
yea even prior to the hamstring Elton has been playing very well. We just have the anti-big man coach.
Alright, here we go.
Brand misses elbow jumper, thought he was fouled.
5/8, 13 points for EB.
Nice oop from ai3 to sd.
what would your rotation be when everyone's healthy? (what should happen not what's going to happen)
Iverson - 28
Williams - 28
Holiday - 12
Iguodala - 24
Young - 36
Brand - 36
Iguodala - 12
Speights - 12
Dalembert - 32
Speights - 16
damn. didn't even think about carney and kapono.
I'd have to think about this. I think I want more minutes at SG for AI9, but I don't know where they'd come from.
meant 16 minutes for Jrue.
Sammy with a nice move on the blocks for the and-one. Wow.
He's having a nice game, need more work on the boards, though.
Miss from free throw line.
5/8, 13 points for EB.
hahaha dalembert traveled after the o-board
BS foul there...
8-0 run for the Pistons. Ended by an Iguodala three (don't like the shot in that situation, but he hit it).
Someone tell Pinkney you don't have heat checks when you're ice cold.
like i said. ed pinckney annoys me.
He said Willie Green attempted to try and get in the lane, you can tell he is just trying so hard. It sounds like he attempts to try to think before every word he says.
And he follows it up w/ a bad 18-footer. Come on.
Our offense is creating theirs...
Iguodala needs to look to attack the rim on every pick and roll.
Ugh, another jumper.
Anytime now they could go to Brand on the blocks. Any fucking time.
Totally agree Brian. Put Brand on the blocks and make them double. Jeez.
Also, AI has 6 TOs. Not exactly the stat I want to see.
young looked good on that break didn't he?
Best handle I've ever seen him have.
are these jumpshots the product of this offense or is it the players' mentality that's causing all these outside shots?
I don't really see any offense being run. Dribble handoffs and isolations, that's it. Once in a while they bring a screen up on the ball, but they almost never use it. This is just sloppy.
Good to see Iverson's mom back, always enjoyed her.
The only way the Sixers win this game is if Willie or Kapono gets insanely hot and Detroit goes ice cold when Jordan makes his wholesale subs at the beginning of the fourth.
Small lineup, o-boards. Ugh.
Thad's third three.
Excellent D by Sammy on the blocks, 2 o-boards later, they still score.
there we go Dre. That's what you need to do.
you have to hit those FTs though.
AI9 w/ nice D on Charlie V, again an o-board for DET followed by a foul. Come on. This is fucking ridiculous.
"one of the better games of the season for him"
how often do we hear that line?
Hard not to conclude that if not for AI's 6 turnovers and 2-8 shooting we'd have the lead. So far the AI for John Wall strategy seems to be working.
Yep, he's been quietly bad, though :)
We should trade for McGrady; then we'd be two fifths of the way towards an All-Overrated-Stars of the Post-Jordan Era team. And we'd tank even deeper, sell even more tickets, and get lots of cap room.
That would probably do the trick.
Good work by Thad on that last deuce.
OK, down by 4 heading into the fourth. The question is did Jordan sit Brand late in the third so he could have him on the floor to start the fourth?
The first couple minutes when he leaves Green in there are going to be the key, can he do more good than harm?
They will play like gangbusters about midway through the fourth quarter as if it was suddenly something to play for at that point. Somehow forgetting that there were 3 1/2 quarters that needed the same effort.
They take on the life of the crowd for some reason. Crowd is listless, just like their play
Willie needs to hit bad shots here, keep it close.
Come on AI you're not playing for the Pistons anymore, stop passing to them.
is that like the first time AI's taken a smaller defender into the post?
Yes, Sam. Rebound the FUCKING ball.
Iguodala looking to go to the rim more aggressively lately.
Thad getting hurt is the only reason EJ went big here. Let's see what happens.
Man, Iguodala cannot contain Stuckey.
Give and go AI9/EB. Make from elbow.
6/10, 15 points for EB.
Missed 12-footer in transition. good shot, missed.
6/11, 15 points for EB.
That should've been a tech on Kwame.
And it was.
Brand drives right by Wallace for a nice scoop on the other side.
7/12, 17 points for EB.
Baseline J rims out.
7/13, 17 points for EB.
Questionable call on Willie.
Dre getting abused by Stuckey.
Can you box out anymore in the league? Apparently not w/Willie getting the BS foul there boxing out Kwame.
slap kapono again for stepping on the line.
Jesus. That's two bullshit calls on the Sixers here.
Another fucking foot on the line for Kapono.
Does Kapono know where the three point stripe is anymore?
if the sixers lose by 1 or 2 i'm pointing at Kapono and his oversized toes.
how on earth does chucky fuckin atkins blow right by willie like that?
Does Iverson have 3 good minutes in his legs?
Pinckney said EJ's upset at the transition defense. I think he called timeout to praise Iguodala for his contested fadeaway missed jumper over Wallace.
Dre just seems to have a man crush on his own jumper for some reason.
Making the gesture with his hands that he is 'shutting it down' after a made three only to come back and 'settle' for a step-back jumper that was a brick one possession later. sigh.
I mean, why step back to clear space to launch a clanker? Just give the Andre Miller-patented head/ball pump-fake and draw the foul. Just simple basketball.
Miller would pull that out a couple times a game and at crucial points in the game too, but the guys on the team now don't seem to have that in their arsenal.
This is what I love about Iggy: he has the talent to play the 3, the 2, and now even the 1.
I'm glad he took out willie in the fourth.
missed 16-footer. Decent shot.
7/14, 17 points.
2:12 to glory, how many jumpers will the Sixers attempt the rest of the way?
Sammy has been the best Sixer on the floor tonight.
Biggest disappointment, Brand only 1 board in the second half so far. Need more out of him.
Sammy w/ ice in his veins at the line. Come on, 90 seconds of life.
dalembert with 2 huge FTs
Fuck me. The Pinckney jinx: "Iguodala's gotta be the guy." Followed immediately by an Iguodala turnover.
Iguodala locked Stuckey down on that possession. He was in his jock. Finally.
stuckey can't get by iguodala one on one but philly's pick and roll defense is horrendous.
Who gets the shot here?
damn it
Well, at least he went to the hole. Stuckey walked when he got the board.
iguodala and sammy knocked the o-board out of each others' hands!!
Yup. Good teamwork.
Iguodala has played 46 minutes so far. Jeebus.
Son of a ............................
Dre D'ed Stuckey up to a T......and he gets the loose ball for a deuce.
And Dre just had to go for the win with his lovely three point jumper that was invitingly given to him by the Pistons. No one within 10 ft of him and guess what? CLANK!
The three was the right play, and he was open because of a sick screen set by Brand. Why the play wasn't run for Kapono, and why Kapono wasn't even in the game are entirely different questions.
I don't know. I would have went for the tie and taken the two being we were at home.
Better yet, instead of him taking his time and sizing the three up, since no one was anywhere near him, he should have driven the ball and seen what defenders he could have drawn in, and at worst pulled up from 15-17 ft for the higher percentage shot.
Typical. I'd get Kapono in there and go for the three here.
And hope he remembers where the line is.
gotta get the ball inbounds here. no stupid turnover please.
fuck... the life of a sixers fan.
Why does it have to be Iggy every damn time?
Well, they went for the three, just had the wrong guy shooting it.
Now they're out of timeouts. Game. Set. Match.
too open?
Watch out NJ, here we come!!!
Well, penetration and O-boards. And the offense was worse again with Iverson on the floor.
John Wall, here we come?
Thanks for hanging in, guys.
You should see the kid in person, he makes it look so effortless. Hell, just go down the street now :)
Brian I was most amused when I saw this message:
"Comment Submission Error
Your comment submission failed for the following reasons: Too many comments have been submitted from you in a short period of time. Please try again in a short while."
Another sign I care too much for a rubbish team.
according to stefanski, there are no untouchables on the team. if that is true then maybe they should fire jordan! yay!
I don't know how much more losing I can take in this fashion. So close.
The bad thing - Wall will never happen b/c after Speights comes back in Jan. and Lou in Feb., they will go on a tear upping their record and fall to mid-lottery. Sigh.....
Don't it. They don't defend. Their great runs were built on defense. Don't think we have to worry about a run this year
All Sixers fans should tune in to ESPN right now. John Wall playing, just picture him in a Sixers uniform and you may feel a little better.
I'll be back later with the wrap.
Had the chance to go to that tonight, but couldn't get out of work in time. damned real life job.
Damn that Eddie Jordan.
I killed a cockroach this morning, I almost wish it were him.
Every caller after the game on WIP610 is asking for the coach to be replaced. There has not been one call I heard with a compliment. Not one.
I was there tonight again, and same old. When Willie Green was introduced to go into the game, there were a lot of boos! Some yelling Willie, you stink! I wish I could get a fire Eddie chant going!
Not going to waste my money on Friday, cannot park for free anymore and not worth the cost.
I wish Iguodala would get off the rag and not look like he is pizzed off every time he is out there with Iverson.
Grow up, 'Dre. YOu want to be a leader? ACT like it.
It will be interesting to see how much longer Iverson gives up his game for Iguodala...and how much longer Iguodala acts like he's too cool to share the space with Iverson.
The firs person to console Iggy after he missed that 3-ball was Iverson. If it was Iverson who bricked that last shot, do you think Iggy would have done the same?
No f'kin' way.
The more I see Iggy acting like he is on the rag out there, the more I want him to be the guy we trade.
Don't really see what you see. Not sure where you pulled that one from.
I'm with RSW on this one. I didn't see anything even remotely like that. Actually, I thought Iguodala got back to playing his game tonight, stuffing the stat sheet.
It's not about his game...its about his attitude on the court. He acts like is he is perpetually preturbed about something...or somebody....there is ZERO in the way of supporting his teammates...you know - being a LEADER (this predates Iverson's return, but in my mind it has only increased now that ht eother AI is back).
When Iggy missed that 3 at the end, the first one who came over to support him (probably telling to take that shot EVERY TIME) was Iverson. As I said, if the roles were reversed there is NFW that Iggy returns that gesture...and that is what TRUE leaders do (the kind of leaders that other players want to follow).
Iguodala is a fine player - I am just getting tired of his joyless, b!tch-on-a-rag attitude on the court.
Yeah, you aren't the first person to say things like this about Iguodala. My only question is have you ever seen Tim Duncan, Kobe Bryant, LeBron James, Michael Jordan, Kevin Garnett or any number of other "superstars" play? You guys act like Iguodala is the only one who bitches about calls. What about Iverson for fuck's sake?
Listen, I get that some people will never appreciate a guy who does everything well but shoot/score. That's fine. Just stop holding him to a higher standard than every other player when we're talking about pointless shit. Go back and look at tapes from when Jrue was playing, who was the first guy to pick him up when he made a mistake? It was Iguodala. That's leadership, him doing the exact same thing Iverson did for him tonight with a younger guy. Take off your blinders.
I don't give a rat's azz about any of those other guys.
I care about ANDRE IGUODALA.
The guy bitches to refs. He gives dismissive stares to teammates who f*ck up on the court (hey! who gives Iggy dismissive stares when he turns the ball over in the guts of the game? Huh?). And people want to bury Jordan for blaming everybody and everything for the losing other than his coaching...I can't wait for the post-game comments where Iggy sacks up and said "yeah, my turnover late was a killer, and I've simply got to get tighter with the rock in crunchtime..."
(Man...Iggy's got some SERIOUS fanboys on these Sixers forums - doesn't he?)
And comparing Iggy to the list of guys you mentioned is a joke. You know that - right?
Look, I know this is your forum, you are really knowledgable about basketball, and I really appreciate what you do here...but I also have seen you get tweaked and borderline personal with posters on this forum when they go down a road that you don't agree with...and I think that it's pretty poor form.
I don't give a rat's azz about any of those other guys. I care about ANDRE IGUODALA.
That was kind of my point when I said you hold him to a higher standard. Is your point that Iguodala isn't good enough to complain about calls but all those other guys, and honestly every other guy in the league, are? He hasn't earned it, or something?
The main point of your post was what a great leader Iverson was for basically consoling Iguodala, then you made the leap that Iguodala would never do that because he isn't a leader. Well, I gave you an example of Iguodala doing the exact same thing with Jrue and you have no comment.
Listen, I'm fine with people criticizing Iguodala, I spent a pretty good portion of my wrap doing it. The thing that kills me is this persecution by Sixers fans basically because he isn't a 30-ppg scorer. The guy sprained his ankle three games ago, refused to come out, he played 46 minutes in that game 42 minutes the next night and 46 minutes tonight. He's done everything humanly possible to pick up the slack for his teammates this year, dominating the glass and leading the team in assists. Every single night he takes the toughest defensive assignment and you never, ever hear him complaining to the press about his role. Not once. He's got an idiot coach right now who's screwing up the entire team, he hasn't said a word.
You know tonight's game is a perfect example. You and the other Iguodala haters are patting each other on the back and saying, "See, he isn't a star," because he missed a three at the buzzer. None of you seem to care that his defense down the stretch is what gave them the opportunity to even have a shot for the win. Or the fact that he had 9 assists, 6 boards (playing the majority of his minutes at the two), 2 steals, 2 blocks only 2 turnovers.
Playing four positions on a nightly basis because the team is under-manned and over-coached means nothing to you. All you want to talk about is how he complains to the refs, just like every other player in the league, and how he should somehow be above it, and be a leader, like Iverson. The guy who revolutionized bitching at the refs and even went as far as threatening them.
Poor form or not, I think it's crap. You want to question the guy's shot selection? Fine. You want to question his heart or his leadership, I call bullshit.
Sorry, bro. I could care less about him missing the 3...in fact, I'm glad he took it. It does NOTHING for the future of this team or the development of our assets for Iverson to take that shot.
This is also not about the guy's skills. He is one of the best all-around players in the league - who is being tragically let down by a abysmal coach and a GM who does not have enough sack to DEMAND (w/l record be damned) that this team get some answers about where this roster is going.
This is about the man's ATTITUDE on the court. And - again - I don't care if Tim Duncan, for example, acts like he never fouled anybody - his whiny act with the refs has always my level of respect for him. However, he has also been an MVP and has three rings - so my guess is that his act does not have a negative impact on his team or the overall perception of his game.
If you honestly do not believe that Andre Iguodala is a joyless b!tch on the court, whose pithy stares at his teammates and absence of enthusiasm impact his team, then that is your opinion - and it is an opinion that I do not share. The next time that he turns the ball over in the guts of the game (like he did again last night, with that horrific pass attempt to Iverson after he left his feet - something that I expect from my 6th grade son in a middle school game, not an veteran NBA player who views himself as an unappreciated, unrecognized superstat-in-waiting), it would be nice for him to look at his teammates, point at his chest, say "my bad", and then have the sack to man up after the game and say "I have to do a better job at the end of the game of taking care of the ball, instead of "McNabb"-ing it and talk about how "we" have to do a better job.
Iguodala is a fine player...I am truly happy he is on my team...I just want his demeanor on the court to develop and mature in a way befitting a true leader. If you do not agree with my opinion, that's cool...after all, it's just my opinion.
Danyell in the post game... he suggested the team go bowling.
Believe it or not, did not have any big problems with EJ's coaching tonight. He used the right players and they got a good open look on the last shot (off a big time illegal pick by Brand.) Team just was not good enough to be a below average and shorthanded Piston's team.
Yeah, I had a couple minor things, but he didn't lose this game, check out the wrap, it's up now.


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The Daily Pic: Adad Hannah mirrrors the mirroring that happens in Velazquez.
This is a still from a 2008 video called "Repose (on the Plinthe)", by Vancouver artist Adad Hannah.
And when Adad also was dead, Semla of Masreca reigned in his stead.
The hymn to Ramman (Adad No. 3) is also a composition in three 80 parts.
HAdad (or Adad) was a relation of the Iduman king whom David had conquered.
One of these large chambers was dedicated to Anu, and the other to Adad.
And Adad found great favour before Pharao, insomuch that he gave him to wife the own sister of his wife, Taphnes, the queen.
And when Adad was dead, there reigned in his stead, Semla, of Masreca.
If Ad be a chief, or king; Adad should be superlatively so, and signify a king of kings.
Heseychius says that Hada was the goddess of Juno, and Adad a god and the sun.


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Recipe: Great-Grandma Turano's Meatballs
We're always looking for a good meatball recipe, so we had to share this one from Jenny Rosenstrach's charming new cookbook, Dinner: A Love Story. And, of course, we gave it a Southern spin.
Grab the skewers, fire up the grill, and enjoy these easy and delicious kabob recipes, great for any night of the week.


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Police ID men killed in Vacaville shooting
Published 4:00 am, Thursday, November 18, 2010
Police identified two men Wednesday who were shot and killed in a Vacaville apartment by a suspect who then raided the city's nearby police station.
Richard M. Perez, 20, and Cameron Scott Silva, 21, both of Vacaville, were killed inside an apartment on the 500 block of William Street at about 1:50 a.m. Tuesday. A third victim, Sarah Jane Berkheimer, 21, of Vacaville, was found lying outside the home and suffering from gunshot wounds. She is expected to recover, authorities said.
The suspect, Richard Ruben Calkins, 18, went to the Vacaville police station on Merchant Street, about three blocks from where the men were killed, with a weapon but lost it while smashing a glass door and a window in the lobby, police said.
Latest news videos
An officer fired a Taser shock weapon at the Vacaville resident before he was subdued.
Investigators believe the victims knew Calkins but have not disclosed a motive for the triple shooting.


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TOP STORY >>Air Force looks into developer shortfalls
By JOHN HOFHEIMER
Leader senior staff writer
While airmen from Little Rock Air Force Base put their lives on the line in 30-year-old C-130s in the skies above Iraq and Afghanistan, at home they are losing the battle with a Connecticut developer who seems unable to build and upgrade promised base housing for them and their families.
Work has stopped and the Air Force is investigating why American Eagle Communities LLC is months behind paying subcontractors to build new family housing at Little Rock and Moody Air Force bases. But its not yet ready to pull the plug.
Construction at Little Rock Air Force Base stopped May 7 for non-payment of contractors and suppliers, several months after work ceased at Moody for the same reason. Work is expected to stop within days at Patrick Air Force Base in Florida, according to Mike Hawkins, spokesman for the Air Force Center for Engineering and the Environment.
American Eagle Communities is also the developer at Patrick. American Eagle Communities is now about two years behind on the six-year Little Rock project, according to Brig. Gen. Sel. Rowayne Schatz, base commander.
The Carabetta family, either alone or as managing partner of American Eagle Communities, is the developer of four Air Force privatization projectsthose three and one at Hanscom Air Force Base in Massachusetts. The Hanscom project has been plagued by delays, according to Hawkins.
Locally, at least two Jacksonville-area subcontractors have filed liens with the bonding company to get their money.
Austin Readimix is trying to collect six figures for the cement it delivered, money particularly important to his young business, according to owner Tommy Austin Jr.
Weve gotten a different story every time, said Austin, who has unpaid invoices dating back to January. They keep giving us false promises from the git-go, he said. The pay is slow, the paper trail takes 120 to 150 days to get your money, he said.
JR Construction of Cabot is another subcontractor that has filed a lien with the bonding company. Efforts to reach a spokesman for JR Construction were unsuccessful.
Tom Brockway, project manager for American Eagle Communities Little Rock Family Housing, said he was only aware of the two companies so far.
Little Rock Family Housing has only a handful of new homes and a community center to show for American Eagle Communities grandiose promises in August 2004 to build or remodel 1,200 Little Rock Air Force Base homes. Brockway said he shut the job down for now to protect contractors and suppliers from further losses.
Brockway said he hopes to restart the job by September, using the same contractors. By now we should have had 95 homes completed, we have 25. I have no reason to believe we cant complete the job by 2011, but its not where I would like it.
In addition to the 25 homes that have been completed and occupied, about 70 concrete slabs have been poured; the contract calls for 468 new homes and 732 homes remodeled by 2011.
Representatives from Ameri-can Eagle Communities LLC, a partnership between Carabetta Enterprises, of Meriden, Conn., and Shaw Infrastructure Inc. of Baton Rouge, are meeting late this week with the company that issued $102 million bonds toward the $127 million job, according to Brockway. So far, no one will say publicly where the problem is.
In 1996, Congress enacted the Military Housing Privatization Initiative as part of a growing desire to better address the needs of American service personnel and their families. The initiative was designed to remedy the problem of deteriorated military-owned housing and a lack of appropriate private housing.
There are currently 42 Air Force bases pursuing housing privatization options and about 76 percent of military housing is being completed through privatization.
The Carabettas with Shaw, through their various limited liability companies, are committed to build or remodel about 10,000 homes on bases and installations around the country, and all four Air Force jobs have either shut down, will be shutting down or are having troubles paying contractors, according to Hawkins.
In 2004, American Eagle also was awarded the privatization contract for Beale Air Force Base, near Sacramento, but was dropped due to some legal questions, according to the base public affairs officer.
Carabetta also has privatization contracts with Ft. Leonard Wood in Missouri and Northwest Communities on Puget Sound.
Despite Carabettas 25-year history of bankruptcy, corruption allegations, unpaid contractors, slowly paid contractors, unfinished projects, unhappy partners and lawsuits, the Air Force determined that past performance was satisfactory for all four Carabetta/Shaw projects, according to Hawkins.
By every meaningful measure, the Air Force housing privatization program is a huge success, said Hawkins. These difficulties are unique to this particular developer and are not found anywhere else in this very successful housing-privatization program.
The cost to build and renovate the 1,200 units at Little Rock is $126.9 million, of which $102.4 million is sourced from bond financing and owner equity, Hawkins said. The remaining $24.5 million is in the form of a government direct loan, which to date has not closed or been disbursed.
The housing-privatization program has allowed the Air Force to ensure availability of 10,781 units of quality, affordable housing for our military members and their families over the last eight years.
The Air Force has obligated $216.2M in direct loans instead of the $3.13B that would have been required had the units been constructed using traditional military construction funds. It has also meant that our people are in affordable, quality housing much quicker than if we were to pay for it with tax money and manage the construction ourselves. Its a huge win for our men and women in uniform, their families, and the taxpayers.
The project owner has received nothing for these projects, according to Hawkins. The construction company for each project gets approximately 4 percent of construction costs and the management company gets about 4 percent of the total rent revenue.
Hawkins said the Air Force is not ready to give up on American Eagle Communities yet.
While project defaults are options, we see them as the last resort and it would be inappropriate for us to comment on their likelihood as we continue to work in good faith with all parties concerned, Hawkins said.
He said the privatization projects were not traditional military construction contracts, but rather 50-year real estate transactions between the developers and the Air Force whereby the developers agree to offer privately owned homes for rent to military families in exchange for an initial government capital investment (conveying existing housing/land) and rental payments by military occupants of housing.
Each of the projects is a stand-alone project with different bondholders and financial structures. The impact and actions necessary to move the projects forward will be determined by the specific legal documents involved in those transactions, according to Hawkins.
We work on a daily basis with the bondholders, the project owner, and other stakeholders to resolve the issues at hand as expeditiously as possible, Hawkins said. The Air Force detected performance problems early and encouraged the bondholders to become more involved in the projects. As a result, the bondholders engaged the developer in performance discussions. Their past performance has been evaluated on several projects they have proposed since award of Little Rock, and it will be considered during evaluation of any proposals they submit for future military housing privatization projects, he said.
The Air Force does have legal remedies, Hawkins said, but is not pursuing such remedies at this time.
The Carabetta family, through its CEI Investment Corp. or through American Eagle Communities LLC, a partnership with Shaw Infrastructures, won privatization contracts for at least seven projects to own, demolish and replace some housing, remodel other housing and manage the property for members of the military and their families at bases from Florida to Puget Sound, Washington.
Shaw Infrastructures, Inc. is a subsidiary of The Shaw Group, a Fortune 500 company listed on the New York Stock Exchange as SGR. Shaw has a long history of Defense Department infrastructure jobs. According to its website, Shaw is involved in at least seven military housing-privatization contracts, about half of them in partnership with Carabettas.
Carabetta Enterprises, or CEI Investment Corp, says it has completed 150 housing developments nationwide, totaling 36,189 homes over the past 50 years.
A spokesman for American Eagle Communities and The Shaw Group didnt return telephone calls for this story.


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ICSE 2016 Class IX and X Syllabus – Physics (Science Paper 1)
Aims :
- To acquire knowledge and understanding of the terms, facts, concepts, definitions, laws, principles and processes of Physics.
- To develop skills in practical aspects of handling apparatus, recording observations and in drawing diagrams, graphs, etc.
- To develop instrumental, communication, deductive and problem-solving skills.
- To discover that there is a living and growing physics relevant to the modern age in which we live.
Class IX
There will be one paper of two hours duration carrying 80 marks and Internal Assessment of practical work carrying 20 marks.
The paper will be divided into two sections, Section I (40 marks) and Section II (40 marks).
- Section I (compulsory) will contain short answer questions on the entire syllabus.
- Section II will contain six questions. Candidates will be required to answer any four of these six questions.
Note : Unless otherwise specified, only S I. Units are to be used while teaching and learning, as well as for answering questions.
1. Measurements and Experimentation
(i) Estimation by orders of magnitude of size (length, area and volume), mass and time.
Order of magnitude as statement of magnitude in powers of ten; familiarity with the orders of magnitude of some common sizes (length, area and volume), masses and time intervals e.g. idea of, mass of atoms, bottle of water, planets, diameter of atom, length of football field, inter stellar distances, pulse rate, age of earth etc.
(ii) International System of Units, the required SI units with correct symbols are given at the end of this syllabus. Other commonly used system of units – fps and cgs.
(iii) Measurements using common instruments (metre rule, Vernier calipers and micrometer screw gauge for length, volume by displacement using a measuring cylinder, stop watch and simple pendulum for time, equal arm beam balance for comparison of masses).
This section should be taught along with demonstration or laboratory experiments. Measurement of length using metre rule, Vernier calipers and micrometer screw gauge. They have increasing accuracy and decreasing least-count; zero error, zero correction (excluding negative zero error in Vernier calipers), pitch of the screw and least-count (LC); no numerical problems on calipers and screw gauge. Volume units, m3, cm3 , litre and milliliter; their mutual relations. Measurement of volume of irregular solid bodies both heavier and lighter than water including those soluble in water, by displacement of water or other liquids in a measuring cylinder. Measurement of time using stopwatch; simple pendulum; time period, frequency, experiment for the measurement of T, graph of length l vs. T2 only; slope of the graph. Formula T=2.π√l/g [no derivation]. Only simple numerical problems. Beam balance; simple introduction; conditions for balance to be true (without proof). Faulty balance is not included.
(iv) Presentation of data in tabular and graphical form (straight line graphs only).
Presentation of data in tabular form of two types: headed columns (e.g. simple pendulum) and numbered rows (e.g., volume measurement). Graph — various steps in plotting a graph, such as title, selection of origin and axes, labeling of axes, scale, plotting the points, best-fit straight line, etc. Meaning of slope and of straight-line graph. [No numerical problems].
2. Motion in one dimension
Distance, speed, velocity, acceleration; graphs of distance-time and speed-time; equations of uniformly accelerated motion with derivations.
Rest and motion; [motion in two and three dimensions not to be covered in Class IX]; distance and displacement; speed and velocity; acceleration and retardation; distance-time and velocity-time graphs; meaning of slope of the graphs; [Non-uniform acceleration excluded].
Equations to be derived: v = u + at;
S = ut + ½at2 ; S = ½(u+v)t; v2 = u2 + 2aS.
[Equation for Sn th is not included].
3. Laws of Motion
(i) Newton's First Law of Motion (qualitative discussion) to introduce the idea of inertia, mass and force.
Newton's first law; statement and qualitative discussion; definitions of inertia and force from first law, examples of inertia as illustration of first law. (Inertial mass not included).
(ii) Newton's Second Law of Motion (including F=ma); weight and mass.
Detailed study of the second law. Linear momentum, p = mv; change in momentum Δp =Δ(mv) = mΔv for mass remaining constant rate of change of momentum;
Δp/Δt = mΔv /Δt = ma
Numerical problems combining F = Δp /Δt = ma and equations of motion. Units of force – only cgs and SI (non gravitational).
(iii) Newton's Third Law of Motion (qualitative discussion only); simple examples.
Statement with qualitative discussion; examples of action – reaction pairs, say FBA and FAB; action and reaction always act on different bodies. Numerical problems based on second law.
(iv) Gravitation,
Universal Law of Gravitation. ( Statement and equation) and its importance. Gravity, acceleration due to gravity, free fall. Weight and mass, Weight as force of gravity comparison of mass and weight; gravitational units of force, simple numerical problems (problems on variation of gravity excluded).
Change of pressure with depth (including the formula p=hρg); Transmission of pressure in liquids; atmospheric pressure.
Thrust and Pressure and their units; pressure exerted by a liquid column p = hρg; derivation of p = hρg and simple daily life examples, (i) broadness of the base of a dam, (ii) Diver's suit etc. some consequences of p = hρg ; transmission of pressure in liquids; Pascal's law; examples; atmospheric pressure; laboratory demonstration; common manifestation (and consequences). Variations of pressure with altitude, qualitative only; mention applications such as weather forecasting and altimeter. Simple numerical problems on p= hρg.
Buoyancy, Archimedes' Principle; floatation; relationship with density; relative density; determination of relative density of a solid.
Buoyancy, upthrust (FB); definition; different cases, FB>, = or < weight W of the body immersed; characteristic properties of upthrust; Archimedes' principle; explanation of cases where bodies with density ρ >, = or < the density ρ' of the fluid in which it is immersed.
Floatation : principle of floatation; experimental verification; relation between the density of a floating body, density of the liquid in which it is floating and the fraction of volume of the body immersed; (ρ1/ρ2 = V2/V1); apparent weight of floating object; application to ship, submarine, iceberg, balloons, etc. Relative density RD=ρ1/ρ2=m1/m2 for volume same; RD and Archimedes' principle; RD = W1/(W1-W2). Experimental determination of RD of a solid denser/lighter than water. [RD of a liquid using Archimedes' Principle and RD using specific gravity bottle are not included].
The hydrometer: common hydrometer for RD of liquid heavier/lighter than water – qualitative only; common practical applications, such as lactometer and battery hydrometer. Simple numerical problems involving Archimedes' principle, buoyancy and floatation.
5. Heat
(i) Concepts of heat and temperature.
Heat as energy, SI unit – joule,
1 cal = 4.186 J exactly.
(ii) Expansion of solids, liquids and gases (qualitative discussion only); uses and consequences of expansion (simple examples); anomalous expansion of water.
Expansion of solids, and cubical expansion of liquids and gases; real and apparent expansion of liquids; simple examples of the uses of expansion of solids; steel rims, riveting; disadvantages of expansion; examples – railway tracks, joints in metal pipes and electric cables. Anomalous expansion of water; graphs showing variation of volume and density of water with temperature in the 0 to 10 ºC range. Simple numerical problems with α, β, ϒ in solids.
(iii) Thermometers
Temperature scales – Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin and their relation. Simple problems based on conversion between these scales. [Problems on faulty thermometer not included].
(iv) Transfer of heat (simple treatment) by conduction, convection and radiation; thermal insulation; keeping warm and keeping cool; vacuum flask; ventilation.
Conduction : examples to illustrate good and bad conductors and their uses; water is a bad conductor of heat. Convection; Phenomenon in liquids and gases; some consequences including land breeze and sea breeze. Radiation; detection by blackened bulb
Applications: simple common uses; thermal insulation, simple examples of house insulation, personal insulation; insulation of household appliances, laboratories. Vacuum flask. Global warming – melting polar ice caps – polar ice caps reflects solar radiation back whereas sea water absorbs it. Increase in CO2 content in the atmosphere enhances green house effect.
(v) Energy flow and its importance:
Understanding the flow of energy as Linear and linking it with the laws of Thermodynamics- 'Energy is neither created nor destroyed' and 'No Energy transfer is 100% efficient. (Only a general understanding is required ex- energy flow is linear but nutrients flow is cyclic. no numerical testing will be done on this topic).
(vi) Practices for conservation of resources –
search for alternatives, promotion of renewable resource.
Advantages and disadvantages of renewable resources when compared to non renewable resources. Study of the functioning of biogas, solar, wind and hydro power.
6. Light
(i) Reflection of light; image formed by a plane mirror regular and irregular reflection; images formed by a pair of parallel and perpendicular plane mirrors; simple periscope. Regular and irregular reflection; laws of reflection; experimental verification; images of (a) point object and (b) extended object formed in by a plane mirror – using ray diagrams and their characteristics; lateral inversion; characteristics of images formed in a pair of mirrors, (a) parallel and (b) perpendicular to each other; uses of plane mirrors; simple periscope with ray diagram with two plane mirrors.
(ii) Spherical mirrors; characteristics of image formed by these mirrors. Uses of concave and convex mirror. (Only simple direct ray diagrams are required).
Brief introduction to spherical mirrors – concave and convex mirrors, center and radius of curvature, pole and principal axis, focus and focal length; f = R/2 with proof; simple ray diagram for the formation of images in (a) concave mirror, when a small linear object is placed on the principal axis at very large distance (u>> R), at the center of curvature, between C and F, at F, between F and P. (b) convex mirror a small linear object is placed on the principal axis in front of the mirror.
7. Sound
(i) Nature of Sound waves. Requirement of a medium for sound waves to travel; propagation and speed in different media; comparison with speed of light.
Introduction about sound and its production from vibrations; sound propagation, terms – frequency (v), wavelength (λ), velocity (V), relation V = vλ. and medium [qualitative ideas only]; bell jar experiment. Speed of sound in different media; some values; values of v in air, water and steel as examples including vº at 0º C in air as standard value. [No derivation, no numerical problems]; comparison of speed of sound with speed of light; consequences of the large difference in these speeds in air; thunder and lightning.
Range of hearing; ultrasound, a few applications.
Elementary ideas and simple applications only. Frequency ranges for (i) hearing and (ii) speaking. Difference between ultrasonic and supersonic.
8. Electricity and Magnetism
(i) Static electricity – electric charge; charging by friction; simple orbital model of the atom; detection of charge (pith ball and electroscope); sparking; lightning conductors.
Historical introduction; charging by friction; examples; different types of charges on comb and glass rod: attraction, repulsion; simple orbital model of atom with examples of H, He and another atom; positive and negative ions; charge on electrons as quantum of electric charge, Q = n.e; explanation of charge on a body in terms of transfer of electron and its detection, lightning; lightning conductor – action; prevention and control of damage due to lightning. [No numerical problems].
(ii) Simple electric circuit using an electric cell and a bulb to introduce the idea of current (including its relationship to charge); potential difference; insulators and conductors; closed and open circuits; direction of current (electron flow and conventional); resistance in series and parallel.
Current Electricity: brief introduction of sources of direct current – cells, accumulators (construction, working and equations excluded); Electric current as the rate of flow of electric charge (direction of current – conventional and electronic), symbols used in circuit diagrams. Detection of current by Galvanometer or ammeter (functioning of the meters not to be introduced). Idea of electric circuit by using cell, key, resistance wire/resistance box/rheostat, qualitatively.; elementary idea about work done in transferring charge through a conductor wire; potential difference V = W/q; resistance R from Ohm's law V/I = R; Insulators and conductors.
(No derivation of formula, calculation or numerical problems).
Governmental initiatives of not building large dams for generating hydro electric power which leads to less land being submerged and less displacement of people. Improving efficiency of existing technologies and introducing new eco-friendly technologies.
Social initiatives: Creating awareness and building trends of sensitive use of resources and products, e.g. reduced use of electricity.
(iii) Properties of a bar magnet; induced magnetism; lines of magnetic field, Magnetic field of earth. Neutral points in magnetic fields.
Magnetism: properties of a bar magnet; magnetism induced by bar magnets on magnetic materials; induction precedes attraction; lines of magnetic field and their properties; evidences of existence of earth's magnetic field, magnetic compass. Plotting uniform magnetic field of earth and nonuniform field of a bar magnet placed along magnetic north-south; neutral point; properties of magnetic field lines. [No problems or formula].
Internal Assessment of Practical Work
Candidates will be asked to carry out experiments for which instructions are given. The experiments may be based on topics that are not included in the syllabus but theoretical knowledge will not be required. A candidate will be expected to be able to follow simple instructions, to take suitable readings and to present these readings in a systematic form. He/she may be required to exhibit his/her data graphically. Candidates will be expected to appreciate and use the concepts of least count, significant figures and elementary error handling.
A set of 6 to 10 experiments may be designed as given below or as found most suitable by the teacher. Students should be encouraged to record their observations systematically in a neat tabular form – in columns with column heads including units or in numbered rows as necessary. The final result or conclusion may be recorded for each experiment. Some of the experiments may be demonstrated (with the help of students) if these cannot be given to each student as lab experiments.
- Determine the least count of the Vernier callipers and measure the length and diameter of a small cylinder (average of three sets) – may be a metal rod of length 2 to 3 cm and diameter 1 to 2 cm.
- Determine the zero error, zero correction, pitch and least count of the given screw gauge and measure the mean radius of the given wire, taking three sets of readings in perpendicular directions.
- Measure the length, breadth and thickness of a glass block using a metre rule (each reading correct to a mm), taking the mean of three readings in each case. Calculate the volume of the block in cm3 and m3. Determine the mass (not weight) of the block using any convenient balance in g and kg. Calculate the density of glass in cgs and SI units using mass and volume in the respective units. Obtain the relation between the two density units.
- Measure the volume of a metal bob (the one used in simple pendulum experiments) from the readings of water level in a measuring cylinder using displacement method. Also calculate the same volume from the radius measured using Vernier callipers. Comment on the accuracies.
- Obtain five sets of readings of the time taken for 20 oscillations of a simple pendulum of lengths about 70, 80, 90, 100 and 110 cm; calculate the time periods (T) and their squares (T2) for each length (l). Plot a graph of l vs. T2. Draw the best – fit straight – line graph. Also, obtain its slope. Calculate the value of g in the laboratory. It is 4π2 x slope.
- Make a test tube hydrometer using a test tube, lead shots, and a strip of graph paper. Determine the RD of any two liquids.
- Take a beaker of water. Place it on the wire gauze on a tripod stand. Suspend two thermometers – one with Celsius and the other with Fahrenheit scale. Record the thermometer readings at 5 to 7 different temperatures. You may start with ice-cold water, then allow it to warm up and then heat it slowly taking temperature (at regular intervals) as high as possible. Plot a graph of TF vs. TC. Obtain the slope. Compare with the theoretical value. Read the intercept on TF axis for TC = 0
- Using a plane mirror strip mounted vertically on a board, obtain the reflected rays for three rays incident at different angles. Measure the angles of incidence and angles of reflection. See if these angles are equal.
- Place three object pins at different distances on a line perpendicular to a plane mirror fixed vertically on a board. Obtain two reflected rays (for each pin) fixing two pins in line with the image. Obtain the positions of the images in each case by extending backwards (using dashed lines), the lines representing reflected rays. Measure the object distances and image distances in the three cases. Tabulate. Are they equal? Generalize the result.
- Obtain the focal length of a concave mirror (a) by distant object method, focusing its real image on a screen or wall and (b) by one needle method removing parallax or focusing the image of the illuminated wire gauze attached to a ray box. One could also improvise with a candle and a screen. Enter your observations in numbered rows.
- Connect a suitable dc source (two dry cells or an acid cell), a key and a bulb (may be a small one used in torches) in series. Close the circuit by inserting the plug in the key. Observe the bulb as it lights up. Now open the circuit, connect another identical bulb in between the first bulb and the cell so that the two bulbs are in series. Close the key. Observe the lighted bulbs. How does the light from any one bulb compare with that in the first case when you had only one bulb? Disconnect the second bulb. Reconnect the circuit as in the first experiment. Now connect the second bulb across the first bulb. The two bulbs are connected in parallel. Observe the brightness of any one bulb. Compare with previous results. Draw your own conclusions regarding the current and resistance in the three cases.
- Plot the magnetic field lines of earth (without any magnet nearby) using a small compass needle. On another sheet of paper place a bar magnet with its axis parallel to the magnetic lines of the earth, i.e. along the magnetic meridian or magnetic north south. Plot the magnetic field in the region around the magnet. Identify the regions where the combined magnetic field of the magnet and the earth is (a) strongest, (b) very weak but not zero, and (c) zero. Why is neutral point, so called?
- Using a spring balance obtain the weight (in N) of a metal ball in air and then completely immersed in water in a measuring cylinder. Note the volume of the ball from the volume of the water displaced. Calculate the upthrust from the first two weights. Also calculate the mass and then weight of the water displaced by the bob M=V.ρ, W=mg). Use the above result to verify Archimedes principle.
Class X
There will be one paper of two hours duration carrying 80 marks and Internal Assessment of practical work carrying 20 marks.
The paper will be divided into two sections, Section I (40 marks) and Section II (40 marks) –
- Section I (compulsory) will contain short answer questions on the entire syllabus.
- Section II will contain six questions. Candidates will be required to answer any four of these six questions.
Note : Unless otherwise specified, only S. I. Units are to be used while teaching and learning, as well as for answering questions.
1. Force, Work, Energy and Power
(i) Contact and non-contact forces; cgs & SI units.
Examples of contact forces (frictional force, normal reaction force, tension force as applied through strings and force exerted during collision) and non-contact forces (gravitational, electric and magnetic). General properties of non-contact forces. cgs and SI units of force and their relation, Gravitational unit. [No numerical problems]
(ii) Turning forces concept; moment of a force; forces in equilibrium; centre of gravity; (discussions using simple examples and simple direct problems).
Elementary introduction of translation and rotation; moment (turning effect) of a force, also called torque and its cgs and SI units; common examples – door, steering wheel, bicycle pedal, etc.; clockwise and anticlockwise moments; conditions for a body to be in equilibrium ( translational and rotational); principle of moment and its verification using a metre rule suspended by two spring balances with slotted weights hanging from it; simple numerical problems; Centre of gravity (qualitative only) with examples of some regular bodies and irregular lamina (students should be encouraged to try it out).
(iii) Uniform circular motion.
As example of constant speed, though acceleration (force) is present. Basic idea of centrifugal and centripetal force (qualitative only).
(iv) Machines as force multipliers; load, effort, mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency; simple treatment of levers, inclined plane and pulley systems showing the utility of each type of machine.
Functions and uses of simple machines: Terms- effort E, load L, mechanical advantage MA = L/E, velocity ratio VR = VE/VL = dE / dL , input (Wi), output (Wo), efficiency (η), relation between η and MA,VR; for all practical machines η <1; MA < VR.
Lever : principle. First, second and third class of levers; examples: MA and VR in each case. Examples of each of these classes of levers as found in the human body.
Pulley system; simple fixed, single movable, combination of movable pulleys, block and tackle; MA, VR and η in each case. [No derivation details.] Gear (toothed wheel) – practical applications in watches, vehicles, uphill, downhill motion, (no numerical).
Inclined plane : MA, VR and η. [derivation not required]. Utility of each type of machine. Simple numerical problems.
(v) Work, energy, power and their relation with force.
Definition of work. W FS cosθ; special cases of θ = 0º , 90º . W= mgh. Definition of energy, energy as work done. Various units of work and energy and their relation with SI units.[erg, calorie, kW h and eV]. Definition of Power, P=W/t; SI and cgs units; other units, kilowatt (kW), megawatt (MW) and gigawatt (GW); and horse power (1hp=746W) [Simple numerical problems on work, power and energy].
(vi) Different types of energy (e.g., chemical energy, Mechanical energy, heat energy, electrical energy, nuclear energy, sound energy, light energy).
Mechanical energy : potential energy (U) gravitational, due to change in configuration, examples; kinetic energy K= ½ mv2 (derive); forms of kinetic energy; translational , rotational and vibrational – only simple examples. [Numerical problems on K and U only in case of translational motion ]; qualitative discussions of electrical, chemical, heat, nuclear, light and sound energy, conversion from one form to another; common examples.
(vii) Energy sources.
Solar, wind, water and nuclear energy (only qualitative discussion of steps to produce electricity). Renewable versus non-renewable sources (elementary ideas with example). Renewable energy: biogas, solar energy, wind energy, energy from falling of water, run-of-the river schemes, energy from waste, tidal energy, etc. Issues of economic viability and ability to meet demands.
Non-renewable energy – coal, oil, natural gas. Inequitable use of energy in urban and rural areas. Use of hydroelectrical powers for light and tube wells.
Energy degradation – In all energy transformations some energy is lost to surroundings which is not useful for any productive work (day to day examples).
(viii) Principle of Conservation of energy.
Statement : Total energy of an isolated system remains constant; OR energy can be converted from one form to another but it cannot be created or destroyed. Theoretical verification that U + K = constant for a freely falling body. Application of this law to simple pendulum (qualitative only); simple numerical problems
2. Light
(i) Refraction of light through a glass block and a triangular prism qualitative treatment of simple applications such as real and apparent depth of objects in water and apparent bending of sticks in water. Change of medium causes partial reflection and refraction. The refracted beam has a change in speed (V) and wavelength (η); frequency (v) remains constant; the direction changes (except for i = 0). Values of speed of light (c) in vacuum, air, water and glass; refractive index n = c/V., V = vη. Values of n for common substances; laws of refraction; experimental verification; refraction through glass block; lateral displacement; multiple images in thick glass plate/mirror; refraction through a glass prism; relation i1+i2 = A+℘ and r1+r2 = A (without proof); i – ℘ graph. Unique ℘min with, i1 = i2 and r1 = r2 – refracted ray parallel to the base. No geometrical proof – only recognition from ray diagrams; simple applications: real and apparent depth of objects in water; apparent bending of a stick under water. (no calculations but approximate ray diagrams required); Simple numerical problems].
(ii) Total internal reflection: Critical angle; examples in triangular glass prisms; comparison with reflection from a plane mirror (qualitative only).
Transmission of light from a denser medium (say glass) to a rarer medium (air) at different angles of incidence; critical angle (c) n = 1/sin c. essential conditions for total internal reflection. Total internal reflection in a triangular glass prism; ray diagram, different cases – angles of prism (60º,60º,60º), (60º,30º,90º), (45º,45º,90º); use of right angle prism to obtain ℘ = 90º and 180º (ray diagram); comparison of total internal reflection from a prism and reflection from a plane mirror. [No numerical problems].
(iii) Lenses (converging and diverging) including characteristics of the images formed (using ray diagrams only); magnifying glass; location of images using ray diagrams and thereby determining magnification (sign convention and problems using the lens formulae are excluded).
Types of lenses (converging and diverging), convex, concave, (sketch of shapes only); detailed study of refraction of light in equi-convex and equi-concave spherical lenses only through ray diagrams; action of a lens as a set of prisms; technical terms; centre of curvature, radii of curvature, principal axis, foci, focal plane and focal length. Experimental determination of ƒ of convex lens by distant object method, and by auxiliary plane mirror; ray diagrams and simple description; formation of images – principal rays or construction rays; location of images from ray diagram for various positions of a small linear object on the principal axis; characteristics of images. When the object is at focus, image is formed at infinity and can be seen. Ray diagrams only [relation between u, v and f and problems not included]. Magnifying glass or simple microscopes: location of image and magnification from ray diagram only [formula and problems not included].
(iv) Using a triangular prism to produce a visible spectrum from white light; Electromagnetic spectrum. Scattering of light.
Deviation produced by a triangular prism; dependence on colour (wavelength) of light; dispersion and spectrum; electromagnetic spectrum: broad classification and approximate ranges of wavelength; properties common to all types; simple properties and uses of each type. Simple application of scattering of light e.g. blue colour of the sky. [No numerical problems].
3. Sound
(i) Reflection of Sound Waves; echoes: their use; simple numerical problems on echoes.
Production of echoes, condition for formation of echoes; simple numerical problems; use of echoes by bats, dolphins, fishermen, medical. SONAR.
(ii) Forced, natural vibrations, resonance (through examples).
Examples of natural and forced vibrations – qualitative discussion; resonance, a special case of forced vibration; examples –
sympathetic vibration of pendulums, machine parts, stretched string, sound box of musical instrument – guitar, only brief qualitative description.
(iii) Loudness, pitch and quality of sound: Characteristics of sound; loudness and intensity; subjective and objective nature of these properties; sound level in db (as unit only); noise pollution; pitch and frequency examples; quality and waveforms examples. [No numerical problems].
4. Electricity and Magnetism
(i) Ohm's Law; concepts of emf, potential difference, resistance; resistances in series and parallel; simple direct problems using combinations of resistors in circuits.
Review of Class IX topics as introduction. Concepts of pd (V), current (I) and resistance (R) and Charge (Q) by comparison with gravitational (free fall), hydrostatic (water flow), heat (conduction) and electric current through a resistor, compare V with h and Q with mg (force) in mgh, pd as work done / charge. Ohm's law: statement, V=IR; SI units; experimental verification; graph of V vs I and
resistance from slope; ohmic and non-ohmic resistors, super conductors, electromotive force (emf); combination of resistances in series and parallel and derivations of expressions for equivalent resistance. Simple direct problems using the above relations. Avoid complicated network of resistors.
(ii) Electrical power and energy.
Electrical energy; examples of heater, motor, lamp, loudspeaker, etc. Electrical power; measurement of electrical energy, W = QV = VIt from the definition of pd. Combining with ohm's law W = VIt = I2 Rt = (V222
(iii) Household circuits – main circuit; switches; fuses; earthing; safety precautions; three-pin plugs; colour coding of wires.
House wiring system, (Power distribution); main circuit (3 wires-live, neutral, earth) with fuse, main switch; and its advantages – circuit diagram; two-way switch, staircase wiring, need for earthing, fuse, 3-pin plug and socket; Conventional location of live, neutral and earth points in 3 pin plugs and sockets. Safety precautions, conventional colour coding of wires. [No numerical problems].
(iv) Magnetic effect of a current (principles only, laws not required); electromagnetic induction (elementary); transformer.
Oersted's experiment on the magnetic effect of electric current; magnetic field (B) and field lines due to current in a straight wire (qualitative only), right hand (clasp) rule – thumb along current, curved fingers point along the B field or the other way; magnetic field due to a current in a loop; clockwise current – south pole and anticlockwise current – north pole; electromagnet; simple construction of I-shaped and U-shaped (horse shoe type) electromagnets; their uses; comparisons with a permanent magnet; the dc electric motor- simple sketch of main parts (coil, magnet, split ring commutators and brushes); brief description and type of energy transfer: Simple introduction to electromagnetic induction; frequency of ac, ac generator, similar treatment as of dc motor; advantage of ac over dc. The transformer; primary and secondary coils with turns ratio NS /NP >1or< 1 for step up or step down transformer. Representative diagrams (not symbolic). [No numerical problems].
5. Heat
(i) Specific heat capacities; Principle of method of mixtures; problems on specific heat capacity using heat loss and gain and the method of mixtures.
Review concepts of heat and temperature from Class IX text. Thermal (heat) capacity C' = Q/ΔT. Note that the change in temperature has the same magnitude in ºC and kelvin. (ΔT = 1 ºC = 1K). Unit of C': SI unit, J/K = J/º C ; old unit (still used) cal/ ºC = cal/K; Sp. heat capacity defined as heat capacity per unit mass or heat energy per unit mass per unit degree change of temperature. C = Q/mΔT; and Q = mc.ΔT. Units; J/kg.K (SI) = J/kg.ºC also cal/g. ºC = cal/g.K
Mutual relations, values of C for some common substances. Principle of method of mixtures including mathematical statement. Natural phenomena involving sp. heat; consequences of high sp. heat of water. Simple numerical problems.
(ii) Latent heat; loss and gain of heat involving change of state for fusion only.
Change of phase (state); heating curve for water; latent heat; sp latent heat of fusion; some values; unit J/kg or cal/g. Mutual relation between these units of latent heat. Mathematical expressions for heat loss and heat gain involving latent heat. Simple numerical problems. Common physical phenomena involving latent heat of fusion.
(iii) Greenhouse effect and global warming.
Meaning and impact on the life on earth; projections for the future; what needs to be done.
6. Modern Physics
(i) Thermionic emission; simple qualitative treatment of a hot cathode ray tube.
Simple introduction – electrons in metals, conduction electrons; thermionic emission; work functions and its value in eV for a few common substances; [application and use of diode or triode not included]. Hot cathode ray tube; principle – thermionic emission, deflection of charged particles (electrons) by electric fields and florescence produced by electrons; simple sketch (labeled) showing electron gun, anode, deflection plates and screen with vacuum tube, low tension (LT) connected to filament and high tension (HT) between anode and cathode; qualitative explanation of working, mention two uses. [No numerical problems].
(ii) Radioactivity and changes in the nucleus; background radiation and safety precautions.
Brief introduction (qualitative only) of the nucleus, nuclear structure, atomic number (Z), mass number (A). Radioactivity as spontaneous disintegration. α , β and γ – their nature and properties; changes within the nucleus. One example each of α and β decay with equations showing changes in Z and A. Uses of radioactivity – radio isotopes. Harmful effects. Safety precautions. Background radiation.
Radiation: X-rays; radioactive fall out from nuclear plants and other sources.
Nuclear: working on safe disposal of waste. Safety measures to be strictly reinforced. [No Numerical problems].
A Note on SI Units
SI units (Systeme International d'Unites) were adopted internationally in 1968.
Fundamental units
The system has seven fundamental (or basic) units, one for each of the fundamental quantities.
Derived units
These are obtained from the fundamental units by multiplication or division; no numerical factors are involved. Some derived units with complex names are:
Some derived units are given special names due to their complexity when expressed in terms of the fundamental units, as below:
When the unit is named after a person, the symbol has a capital letter.
Standard prefixes
Decimal multiples and submultiples are attached to units when appropriate, as below:
Internal Assessment of Practical Work
Candidates will be asked to carry out experiments for which instructions will be given. The experiments may be based on topics that are not included in the syllabus but theoretical knowledge will not be required. A candidate will be expected to be able to follow simple instructions, to take suitable readings and to present these readings in a systematic form. He/she may be required to exhibit his/her data graphically. Candidates will be expected to appreciate and use the concepts of least count, significant figures and elementary error handling.
Note : Teachers may design their own set of experiments, preferably related to the theory syllabus. A comprehensive list is suggested below.
1. Lever – There are many possibilities with a meter rule as a lever with a load (known or unknown) suspended from a point near one end (say left), the lever itself pivoted on a knife edge, use slotted weights suspended from the other (right) side for effort.
Determine the mass of a metre rule using a spring balance or by balancing it on a knife edge at some point away from the middle and a 50g weight on the other side. Next pivot (F) the metre rule at the 40cm, 50cm and 60cm mark, each time suspending a load L or the left end and effort E near the right end. Adjust E and or its position so that the rule is balanced. Tabulate the position of L, F and E and the magnitudes of L and E and the distances of load arm and effort arm. Calculate MA=L/E and VR = effort arm/load arm. It will be found that MA VR in the third case. Try to explain why this is so. Also try to calculate the real load and real effort in these cases.
Inclined Plane – Use a roller (to minimize friction) as the load. Determine the effort required to roll it up an inclined plane with uniform speed. Apply effort at the end of a string tied to the roller, passing over a pulley and a scale pan attached. Calculate the MA=L/E and VR=1/sinθ = l/h obtained from measurements of the inclined plane. Repeat for two other angles of inclination. Why is MA<VR?
3. Determine the VR and MA of a given pulley system.
4. Trace the course of different rays of light refracting through a rectangular glass slab at different angles of incidence, measure the angles of incidence, refraction and emergence. Also measure the lateral displacement.
5. Determine the focal length of a convex lens by (a) the distant object method and (b) using a needle and a plane mirror.
6. Determine the focal length of a convex lens by using two pins and formula f = uv/(u+v).
7. For a triangular prism, trace the course of rays passing through it, measure angles i1, i2, A and δ. Repeat for four different angles of incidence (say i1=40º , 50º , 60º and 70º ). Verify i1+ i2=A+ δ and A = r1 + r2 .
8. For a ray of light incident normally (i1=0) on one face of a prism, trace course of the ray. Measure the angle δ. Explain briefly. Do this for prisms with A=60º , 45º and 90º.
9. Calculate the sp. heat of the material of the given calorimeter, from the temperature readings and masses of cold water, warm water and its mixture taken in the calorimeter.
10. Determination of sp. heat of a metal by method of mixtures.
11. Determination of specific latent heat of ice.
12. Using as simple electric circuit, verify Ohm's law. Draw a graph, and obtain the slope.
13. Set up model of household wiring including ring main circuit. Study the function of switches and fuses.
Teachers may feel free to alter or add to the above list. The students may perform about 10 experiments. Some experiments may be demonstrated.
The practical work/project work are to be evaluated by the subject teacher and by an External Examiner. (The External Examiner may be a teacher nominated by the Head of the school, who could be from the faculty, but not teaching the subject in the relevant section/class. For example, a teacher of Physics of Class VIII may be deputed to be an External Examiner for Class X, Physics projects.)
The Internal Examiner and the External Examiner will assess the practical work/project work independently.
Award of marks (20 Marks)
- Subject Teacher (Internal Examiner) 10 marks, External Examiner 10 marks
- The total marks obtained out of 20 are to be sent to the Council by the Head of the school.
- The Head of the school will be responsible for the entry of marks on the mark sheets provided by the Council.
ICSE Class IX and X Syllabus Home Page


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Available today on DVD is an ideal summer film appropriately titled The Perfect Summer. The film stars Eric Roberts and American Idol alumni Jason Castro (aka – the kid with the dreadlocks who did a fabulous rendition of "Amazing Grace").
The reason why I think this is a great summer movie is because it's a "feel good" movie with positive messages and it takes place on a beach.
Jake (Adam Horner) lived with his mother Alyssa (Sydney Penny) in Chicago. Although fatherless, Jake seemed content with his life. That is until his mother decided she wanted to start a new life in a small surfing town, the same town where her estranged father lives.
It comes to no surprise that Jake has a difficult time getting adjusted to his new life in a new town. He doesn't fit it. Most of the teens his age are into surfing. Coming from Chicago Jake doesn't know a thing about surfing.
Reminiscent of Karate Kid, Jake finds himself getting bullied by a local boy name Tyler (JD Banks). To make matters worse, Tyler is afraid that Jake is making moves on his love interest, a fellow surfer named Kayla (Katie Garfield).
Jake does make friends with a local surf shop owner, Cody (Jason Castro). Cody let's Jake in on a secret (of sorts) – his grandfather (Eric Roberts) is a surf legend. Jake hasn't yet established much of a relationship with his grandfather so he never knew this about him.
Wanting to fit in Jake asks his grandfather to teach him how to surf. Jake feels like it's the only way to fit in and not feel like an outcast.
Will Jake succeed in learning how to surf? Will the local bully finally get off his back? And what about Jake's family's relationships (Jake and his grandfather, his grandfather and his mother)? Will the family finally find a way to connect, and re-connect, with one another? To find out you need to pick up a copy of The Perfect Summer, now available on DVD.
I would expect to see this film on Hallmark Channel-like channels. It's a great family movie that can be enjoyed by young and old alike. Not only that it teaches some great life lessons.
I was surprised by Jason Castro. The boy really can act. He might not win any Academy Awards, but he certainly can act well. I'm surprised he hasn't been seen in other films, although I hope he doesn't get typecast as a surfer dude all the time.
The movie was a bit predictable. I couldn't help but think of similar stories where new boy moves to town and gets bullied and crushes on a popular girl. Movies like Karate Kid, Footloose and My Bodyguard come to mind. Means Girls is also a similar movie.
Overall I enjoyed the film. If you have the opportunity to watch the movie or pick up the DVD it's worth watching.
Here is the film's trailer for your entertainment.
*I received a free screener copy in order to do this review. There was no compensation. The opinions expressed are my own and not influenced in any way.


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Peter Bjorn and John's All You Can Eat Tour Stops at Bardot September 23
Free Food?! Gimme Some!
Courtesy of ConsequenceofSound
Who doesn't love Peter Bjorn and John (or PB&J as we lovingly call them). Their latest album, Gimme Some, was beyond remarkable and we for one can't wait until they come down to Miami in September for their concert at Bardot.
This Swedish trio won't only be vibrating our earlobes and temples with sensuous sound but will be feeding the music- craving masses on their All You Can Eat Tour. The tour pairs their music concert with a chosen food truck to dish out a free for all for the fans. Their travels start on August 24 in Chicago's Empty Bottle and finishes up October 8 in San Fransisco's Slim's, and smack dab between those dates, they'll have a faithful pit stop in the M-I-A.
Save the date: September 23. The location is Bardot, and the Food Truck du jour for their tour will be kept a mystery (you'd have to follow Eater to find out) until a few days prior to the boys dropping in, but we assure you it will be one of Miami's finest, .
A chance to eat free unlimited amounts of food truck yumminess and get a chance to see them live in concert? Um, yes please!
The crowds will be insane, and if you were one of the lucky few to snatch an online ticket for their concert, the rest of us hate you because they've rapidly sold out. Nothing more to do than get to Bardot early, shovel as much grub we can fit into our bellies and idiotically dance the night away in a sea full of blissful melody.
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