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Posted by Look what I found on the net. TRUTH. on May 28, 2004 at 17:48:23:
POLYNESIANS from SAVAI'I to HAVAI'I to HAWAI'I nei.
A Scientific Analysis on the Polynesian Origins & Culture.
Polynesians evolved ( birthed ) & their unique culture developed in area of Savai'i and Upolu, Samoa and Tonga in around 2000-500BC with Savai'i as the motherland ( breeding ground ). Nowhere else on earth will you find ancient Polynesian remains other than within the Polynesian Triangle or maybe along the coast of the adjacent land masses like the Americas.
The Polynesian forebears were from South East Asia conclusively. They had their own culture which was different from the later developed Polynesian culture. The Polynesian race from a scientific perspective ( Population Genetics & Anthropology ) is a speciation derived from the intermixing of ancient forebears. Scientific scholars of Hawaii attribute the Polynesians as the bloodline intermixing of an ancient mongoloid race of forebears and a negroid race of forebears, hence their Egyptian like morphologies. Malayo-Polynesian is a consequence of influences yet genotypes & phenotypes affirm the Hawaii scientific determination.
The children of the Polynesian forebears were then genetically drifted into isolation and maintained in the Samoa-Tonga area 2000-500BC, Savai'i & Upolu in particular ( Speciation ). They developed a unique Polynesian culture to meet their needs for survival. A culture anciently based on strong family values, community sharing & responsibility and a valued respect for community elders, a community-centered or ' communism ' ideology. In this discussion, we will first analyze Population Genetics as it applies to the development or evolution of the Polynesian people, and then focus to analyze the development of their unique Polynesian culture.
The Hardy-Weinberg Principle of Genetics was not met by the Polynesian forebears as they migrated from the western lands of South East Asia to the eastern lands, hence a new race of people & a new culture developed in isolation around 2000-500BC in the Samoa & Tonga area ( Savai'i & Upolu ). The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium calls for the following to maintain stable population genetics :
(1) Large populations
(2) Random mating
(3) No genetic drifts
(4) No mutations
(5) No genetic migrations
(6) Equal mating opportunity among members.
When these conditions are met, genetics in a population maintain stability, without the development of new species or breeds.
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium conditions were not met by the Polynesian forebears as they migrated in small population units into the realm of Polynesia, Samoa & Tonga in 2000-500BC ( Small Population, Genetic Migration & Genetic Drifting ). Hence, population genetics led to Speciation with the disappearence of inferior or unfavorable genes, and the retention of favorable or superior alleles necessary for survival. Therefore a new set of stronger genes were able to survive and flourish onto offspring. A new race or breed of Polynesians was created by the process of natural selection & genetic evolution (Speciation). Unfavorable genes were lost from the Polynesians as they migrated from one isolated settlement (islands) to another, the lost genes were also links to their ancient forebears. Genetic marker analysis on Polynesians to determine resemblance to their forebears will be futile as they will not resemble any other race due to lost genes or even mixed genes. Only the strong had survived and produced new offspring in Samoa & Tonga 2000-500BC from the original Polynesian forebears of 5000-10,000BC.
The original genes of the Polynesian forebears evolved into a more fit population manifestation as Polynesian children. These Polynesians found new lands, settled them as small population units ( Non-random mating, no equal chance of reproduction & small populations ), and flourished in the production of new offspring in Samoa & Tonga ( Natural Selection, Evolution, Genetic Drifts & Migration ). After a long period of settlement in one area in Upolu & Savai'i, Samoa-Tonga from 2000BC to 100AD, much genetic stabilization had occurred, then they as a new unique race or breed of people migrated to settle Marquesas 100AD, to Tahiti 300AD, to Hawaii 500AD & then finally in 800-1000AD to settle Aotearoa, New Zealand.
In the big picture, the Polynesians populated the Polynesian Triangle from Western Polynesia to Eastern Polynesia and then back west to Aotearoa, New Zealand 800-1000AD. Language similarities, physical morphologies, archaeology, anthropology & genetic studies on these Polynesian islands all point to Savai'i, Samoa in Western Polynesia as the original homeland of all Polynesians. Ask Polynesians where they came from and they will tell you, ' from the WEST.'
Early work by Thor Heyerdahl of Oslo, Norway a Viking Norwegian proposed the origins of Polynesians from South America. Kon Tiki was the raft of which took 101 days to reach Eastern Polynesia from South America in 1947. Heyerdahl's theory at the time 1947 was based on the physical properties of the ocean currents allowing travels or drifting migrations of species from the Americas into Eastern Polynesia. Thor Heyerdahl's theory supports the presence of certain plant types (ocean drifters) common in the coastal Americas and in Eastern Polynesia. The same understanding of the ocean currents puzzled Captain James Cook when he first arrived to Polynesia in 1700s. James Cook soon learned from the Polynesian natives of Tahiti that the ocean currents & winds switched periodically during the year allowing counter travels & two way migrations, allowing Polynesian voyages from West to East Polynesia and vice versa. Thor Heyerdahl soon realized the same concept as did James Cook. In 2003, Thor Heyerdahl's research team is in Samoa.
Thor Heyerdahl at the time of Kon Tiki in 1947 had not studied the oldest Polynesian area which is Samoa-Tonga 2000-500BC. Thor Heyerdahl's ideas with Kon Tiki were at the time biased with inclinations to South America & Eastern Polynesia where he resided and worked. Kon Tiki proved that various species from the Americas can reach Eastern Polynesia, hence we find common flora species in coastal Americas and Eastern Polynesia, surely Heyerdahls theory makes good common sense here. However, the comparison of physical morphology, language and culture between the native South Americans and the Polynesians showed a conclusive difference in their origins. There may have been contact between these two native people at the distant Eastern Polynesian islands like Rapa nui, but they were in origins very different from each other.
According to the latest genetic studies in 2002, 2000 and old Polynesian legends, pure genetic Polynesians were birthed in the Samoa-Tonga realm and their forebears had migrated from the west. The Proto-Polynesian forebears migrated from South East Asia 1000s of years before Christ.
Genetic chromosomal studies (Polynesian motif & Y-chromosome analysis) confirm the Pre-Polynesian link to South East Asia. Genetic studies in 2000AD ruled out Taiwan as a link to the Polynesians. Main point here, Polynesian morphology, culture & language are deeply rooted in Western Polynesia (Alii Matais of Samoa, Tahiti and Hawaii, Tama aiga of Samoa and the Kama'aina of Hawaii). The Polynesian commonalities in culture, language and genetic heritage are very different from the native South Americans. Thor Heyerdahl needed to study Western Polynesia to uncover the truth, what we Polynesians have always known as fact. Polynesians came from the west, from Savai'i of Samoa.
The Samoan word Tonga means 'South.' It is held in Samoan oral tradition that the original people of Tonga were Polynesians from Samoa. Later, Melanesians moved in from nearby Fiji and Vanuatu. Tonga-Samoan Polynesians procreated with the Melanesians of Fiji and Vanuatu and developed the modern-day Tongan bloodlines, which explains the scientific findings of mixed Polynesian-Melanesian genetic markers of Tongans (Genetics 2002). Melanesian cultural influence was very strong in the Tonga islands, thus Polynesians retreated back to Samoa. To keep the Polynesian bloodline strong, royalty of Tonga sought marriage with Samoan Alii families, hence Queen Salamasina & Taufaahau Tupou. These old traditions are well known in the southern Polynesian islands.Ā
Today in 2003, Thor Heyerdahl's wife & research team are studying the Pulemelei structure located in Savai'i, Samoa. Pulemelei is the largest man made Polynesian structure in all of Polynesia, it's a PYRAMID. Thor Heyerdahl commissioned this sacred Savai'i Samoan site to be studied thoroughly since 2000AD.
Thor Heyerdahl unfortunately died in April 2002 at age 87, but his research team & wife are currently continuing his work in Savai'i, Samoa. Heyerdal's work in Eastern Polynesia was well noted, but it lacked connection to the older Polynesia of the west.
Work at Pulemelei in Savaii, Samoa will unveil to scientists knowledge that we as Polynesian people knew all along from our native Polynesian heritage & languages, from our aliis, kupunas, aigas, ohanas and forefathers. The truth from Polynesian oral lineages, legends & myths are currently being fortified by most modern scientific studies. Polynesians originated from Savai'i Samoa, birthed pure-blooded from the 'Navigator Islands' and populated the Polynesian Triangle. Ask us Polynesians where we came from, and we will tell you, ' We came from the west, a place in Samoa called Savai'i. ' Samoa as in two words, 'Sa moa', is translated 'Sacred center or heart.' Sa is sacred and moa is center or heart. Samoa of Polynesia means Sacred center of Polynesia. At the Polynesian Cultural Center in Hawai'i, Samoa is acknowledged in Polynesian legend as the 'CRADLE OF POLYNESIA.'
The Polynesian traditions & customs fit the model of a culture based on ancient principles, yet very honorable & noble. The culture is ' community-centered or communism ' that works mainly due to the subsistence lifestyle essential to their survival in these small islands. It is communism at its best because people lived close to each other in villages, had scarce resources such as lands and foods, of which almost all things needed to be shared, so this type of culture was very essential and functional for their survival in isolated and limited Polynesia.
As far as Polynesians being from outerspace or extra-terrestrial beings, well the Egyptians have the same theories placed on their origins. Those are speculations and without scientific validity. The points I present are scientifically based on the following applications of these physical science principles:
Scientific Principles to consider with Polynesian Origins are the following:
(1) Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium in Population Genetics.
(2) Genetic Drifting.
(3) Genetic Migration.
(4) Natural Selection & Evolution.
(5) Speciation : Development of New Breeds.
(6) Cultural Anthropolgy : Culture Development.
Savai'i, Samoa (Savai'i & Upolu) 2000-500BC gave birth to pure Polynesians. These Savaii Samoan Polynesians migrated and settled the Marquesas 100AD & Tahiti 300AD ( Havai'i & Uporu, now renamed Raiatea & Taha'a by the French government ). From Havai'i 300AD, they migrated north & settled Hawai'i 500AD ( Hawai'i with Upolu & Hamoa {Samoa}, Maui ). Upon return trips from Eastern Polynesia back to Western Polynesia, the Polynesians discovered & settled Aotearoa, New Zealand 800-1000AD. European arrival into Polynesia occurred in the 1700s.
When historians asked the Maoris of New Zealand (settled in 800-1000AD) where they came from, they said Hawaiki as in Hawai'i (settled in 500AD) or Havai'i 300AD or Savai'i 2000-500BC. When historians asked the people of Hawai'i(settled in 500AD) where they came from, they said Havai'i (settled in 300AD) now called Raiatea in Tahiti or Savai'i, Samoa 2000-500BC (Legends of Pili and Pa'ao from Samoa, who were the forefathers of Kamehameha, according to published writings of Hawaii's King himself, King David Kalakaua in 1888).
When historians asked the people of Havai'i (settled in 300AD) where they came from, they said Savai'i (Birthed pure Polynesians in 2000-500BC). Savai'i, according to many Polynesians is the ancient land of lava flows, volcanoes, God Tagaloa which is pronounced Tanaloa or Kanaloa by Samoans {worshiped in Tahiti as Ta'aroa & Hawai'i as Kanaloa}, ancient Ali'is and the Kings of Samoa. ' Sa moa ' or ' Sacred Center/Heart ' of Polynesia, the birthplace of pure Polynesians in 2000-500BC. Savai'i, Samoa the ancient motherland, where it all began for all Polynesians.
It is important to realize why the Maori of New Zealand 800-1000AD, the Maoli of Hawai'i 500AD, the Maohi of Tahiti 300AD were able to remember where they came from originally other than their new island homes. The Eastern Polynesians were recent migrants unlike the long settled Mao'i of Samoa. The newly settled Eastern Polynesians voyaged with a recent recollection of where they came from, because they had only arrived to their new islands not long before the Europeans came into Polynesia and recorded their recollections. The Mao'i of Savai'i, Samoa had been settled since around 2000-500BC and because of multiple generations that remained in Samoa, they only knew their origins as being from Samoa. Samoans according to the latest genetic studies of 2002AD are pure blooded Polynesians and have been since 2000-500BC without any Melanesian or Micronesian genes. Unique Polynesian genetics is determined from the presence of the Polynesian motif, a specific genetic DNA sequence, present only in the Polynesian people.
References. (1) Pacific Journals. (2) GENETICS 2002 (3) PNAS 2000 (4) World Encyclopedias. (5) Polynesian Cultural Center in Laie, Hawaii. (6) Hawaiian King David Kalakaua 1888, Legends & Myths of Hawaii. (7) Hawaiian Legends of Ghosts and Ghost-Gods, by W.D. Westervelt. Boston, G.H. Ellis Press [1916]. (8) An Account of the Polynesian Race: Its Origins and Migrations, and the Ancient History of the Hawaiian People to the Times of Kamehameha I. Abraham Fornander. Mutual Publishing Company 1996. (9) Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii. Samuel Manaiakalani Kamakau & M.K. Pukui. Kamehameha School Press, 1995. (10) The Polynesians Prehistory of an Island People. Peter S. Bellwood. Thames and Hudson Ltd. London, 1978. (11) The Kumulipo A Hawaiian Creation Chant. Martha W. Beckwith. University Press of Hawaii. 1972. (12) Polynesian Interconnections. Peter Leiataua AhChing. Lulu Press Inc, 2003.(13) Vikings of the Sunrise. Peter H. Buck. Whitecombe and Tombs, 1954.
COPYRIGHT 2003. Peter Leiataua AhChing at JABSOM, UH & Hawaii Courts Officer.
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What tv programme had Jeremy beadle and a tug of war team?
you better believe it
What baseball team does John Smoltz play for?
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As of June 2010, pitcher John Smoltz is not an active Major League Baseball player. Smoltz played 21 seasons in the majors--1988 through 2008 with the Atlanta Braves, and 2009 with the Boston Red S...
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In 2009-2010 the Arkansas basketball team played 16 SEC games. Eight games were played at home and eight games were played on the road. Their final SEC record was 7 wins and 9 losses. Arkansas' hom...
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subset: commoncrawl


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The last-place Indians will fall to 34-55 after Maz Scherzer out-duels Jake Westbrook tonight. LeBron James is no longer a Cavalier. We haven't heard much from the Bone Thugs lately. The city of Cleveland, at least, has the Browns to hang its hat on.
Holmgren "optimistic" Browns can be a winner
jackybadass says: Jul 16, 2010 7:06 PM
no chance loser 6-10 topps for you bums!
njhitman says: Jul 16, 2010 7:12 PM
Only if they play with them selfs
HarrisonHits says: Jul 16, 2010 7:15 PM
"Regardless of what happened with LeBron, we have a plan and are sticking to it and I'm optimistic."
Really ? Regardless of what happens to a guy who plays another sport and has nothing at all to do with the Browns you'll still follow your plan ? Really ?
4evrnyt says: Jul 16, 2010 7:26 PM
"Regardless of what happened to LeBron"…
HUH.?!?! I dont get why he mentions this, doesn't seem to do with anything he was saying.
OLDCRACKER says: Jul 16, 2010 7:30 PM
I seriously doubt a winning season. I think Big Mike has forgotten that 2 starters on the DL are facing suspension.
However, I would be elated with a 7-9 or 8-8 season. More importantly, will be how the team comes together and if they can get the players to play all 4 qtrs, of each game.
The real pressure will be on Mangini. Is he really qualified to be a HC on an NFL team? The Browns may take a few more years but for Mangini, this is it.
J. Clayton says: Jul 16, 2010 7:33 PM
Los Angeles Browns
brownsfan88 says: Jul 16, 2010 7:42 PM
and can you a holes tell me who your favorite pathetic teams are? i dont understand why you people feel the need to bash this team. it has been said time and time again that the browns have one of the largest and loyal fan bases in the nfl and the team has a deep history. i would like to see what happens if your team was stolen by a low class city have no football for 4 years and then comes back as an expansion team. let me point out some worst teams than cleveland because is seems you have forgot. lets see the RAMS, THE RAIDERS, THE TEXANS, THE BEARS, THE DOLPHINS, THE BILLS, THE SEAHAWKS, THE CHIEFS, THE REDSKINS, THE BUCS. THE LIONS, ,and some of these teams finished worst than the BROWNS. so why arent you giving them shit. why do you feel the need to knock my team so tell me whos your favorite teams huh a$$holes. you guys are going to feel like idiots if the browns win this year. I am a browns fan i am not believing the hype do i want them to win yes do i think it will happen who knows but get off them already.
Fapplejax says: Jul 16, 2010 7:56 PM
Actually, Bone Thugz just released an album a couple months ago. All you had to do was wiki it, Silva. C'mon son.
Pantherfan10 says: Jul 16, 2010 9:11 PM
Is the phrase "at least we're not detroit" trademarked by Cleveland yet?
Zinn says: Jul 16, 2010 9:19 PM
I imagine Holmgren should be optimistic. Simply getting rid of Mangini before 2011 should mean 4-6 more wins plus a nicer working environment for everyone at the Browns organization.
Look what happened to the Jets they lost their star QB, went from one of the easiest schedules in the NFL in 2008 to one of the most brutal, with perhaps the worst QB in the league not named Russell. The improvement by the Jets was huge. The defense suddenly played well, the offensive line started to block and most importantly the players, for the first time in 3 years, played with enthusiasm, emotion and hustle. If the Jets had Favre last year they would have easily won 12-14 games simply because of the coaching upgrade.
The same thing will happen to the Browns once Mangini gets the door. The players will enjoy football again, they will play with enthusiasm and the Browns will immediately be 4-6 wins better. Plus they will get a top 5 pick in compensation for having to have put up with Mangini for 2 years.
I could see the argument that one can't repair the internal damage Mangini did right away sort of like how 8 years of Bush-Cheney cannot be fixed anytime soon. But I don't think its that bad. The US may be ruined beyond repair but the Browns can rise again. The emotional uplift of Mangini leaving the building should be enough to elevate the play of every player a great deal.
Unlike Bush Mangini was not allowed to steal from future years of the salary cap. So the Browns don't have to worry about repaying the equivalent of the Bush-Cheney National Deficit. Yes there are emotional wounds but rebuilding a football team is much easier done than fixing a bankrupt nation. Browns fans should be optimistic as the end of their pain is near. One more year of Mangini and you can hire Rex's brother and become a contender.
theuncletodd says: Jul 16, 2010 9:21 PM
dumb ass—it was the Cleveland Rams that moved to LA . They ain't moving anywhere douchebag
DB26 says: Jul 16, 2010 9:45 PM
Don't be upset when Jake comes back to NC & whips your teams ass.
Others, don't be surprised when the Browns have a 10-6 record & make the playoffs.
jaydee327 says: Jul 16, 2010 10:44 PM
Your clever comment makes you look foolish, Evan. Westbrook got the win tonight. If you would've said 'the Indians blow this year' instead of trying to be cute, it would've been more affective. Douchebag.
salty says: Jul 16, 2010 10:44 PM
hahahah ben rapelisberger sucked and got destroyed last year and the steelers missed playoffs hahahah and they're still chasing browns in championships hahahah and they'll saw pre merger doesn't count but they're wrong hahahahah and 75% of theirs happened 30 years ago hahahah they suck.
rickvaldez says: Jul 16, 2010 10:44 PM
Sure they can be a winner…In the UFL
BROWN1954 says: Jul 16, 2010 10:47 PM
I've been a Browns fan all of my 55 years…..soon to be 56. I was 10 years old when they last had a championship in 1964. It's been a very long dry spell and a lot of heartache as you fellow Browns know. We haven't even made a trip to the Super Bowl. That's bad.
With that said, I'm hoping for improvement this year. But, I must say, I'm disappointed in our quaterback situation. I don't have a lot of confidence in Delhomme. He'll need metamucil in his gatorade. Is he old enough to need that annual colonoscopy? Good night Martha!
All 3 quarterbacks, the assumed 1,2 and 3, have not played in Mangini's system. I do think McCoy has a future with this team. That's my opinion. And, I still think Quinn had a future. But again, my opinion is just that. I didn't think he had "anything" around him. Bad line. No blocking. No receivers. Poor offensive play calling by Dabol. I honestly don't think either Manning brothers could have done anything in that offense last year.
After reading Holgren's comments, I'm afraid that the only thing I could think of is, "here we go again. They think they can just blow smoke up our butts and we'll believe it." Browns fans have not been respected and have been under estimated way too long!
We Browns fans know our football. I for one, don't pretend to be a professional but, I know we Browns fans stay up on our team. We know what's good and what is stinking football.
I'm afraid that I am to the point that I don't believe their BS anymore. They have to prove it to me now.
I hope like heck that I am dead wrong! I would love to be dead wrong! I'd be elated! But my gut prediction is, 6-10 this year.
Oh how we are left wanting and saying, "next year," with our Browns. But, I'll still be rooting and hoping.
Hound32 says: Jul 16, 2010 10:50 PM
they will finish a competitive 500 this year and bruise quite a few teams along the way . the days of looking at the Game against the Browns as being a automatic easy win are over with . you have been warned .
Fear The Elf!!!


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Leaders of 200 plus colleges including SUNY defend Common Core
ALBANY – Leaders of more than 200 colleges and universities from 33 states, including all the State University of New York colleges, today created a new coalition to defend the Common Core.
Students entering colleges are not prepared and the higher education leaders say that Common Core is needed to address that problem.
"This is a call to action and I urge my colleagues in higher education to stand up and make their voices heard on Common Core," Nancy Zimpher, chancellor of the State University of New York, said in a written statement released prior to a morning telephone press conference she and college leaders from other states were scheduled to hold.
The leaders say the standards are needed to help high school students have a successful college education.
The college leaders involved in the new effort say that 20 percent of high school graduates entering four-year colleges – and about 50 percent going into two-year schools – need to go into remedial programs to help them succeed in college coursework.
"Remediation slows down student progress and, in some cases, puts a halt to the college experience," John Morgan, chancellor of the Tennessee Board of Regents, said in a written statement. The group of college leaders say that about one-third of those students diverted into remedial coursework end up taking six years to get a bachelor's degree.
The college presidents say the Common Core program should not be watered down, or reversed, if graduates from United States' colleges are to compete with foreign students from countries with higher educational standards.
In a telephone news conference this morning, Zimpher said there is "a lot of misinformation'' about the Common Core and that the group of college leaders have come together to present a "unified message'' to try to stop efforts in many states to reverse the higher standards.
"Stay the course and adjust the implementation strategy,'' she said of tweaking the program if problems arise with the standards.
Zimpher said the coalition is not attacking the work of high schools, but noted that colleges often find themselves ''reteaching'' coursework that students should have learned before coming to college.
The Higher Ed for Higher standards coalition comes together at a time when colleges have largely been silent on the debate, which has been fought by politicians, teachers unions, parents and educators in public elementary, middle and high schools. Common Core has come under increasing attack from both the right and left,
The Common Core sets national standards for what students up to grade 12 are to learn in English arts and mathematics. In New York, standardized tests based on the Common Core standards will partly be used in judging the effectiveness of classroom teachers, though there are talks under way by legislators in Albany to further amend that program.
The new coalition represents public college presidents and postsecondary systems that have a total student enrollment of more than 3 million students. Nearly one-fourth of the coalition are leaders of SUNY colleges. Other states represented in the new effort include California, Iowa, North Carolina, Massachusetts, Georgia, South Dakota and Illinois. The full membership is at www.higheredforhigherstandards.org.
The group's platform calls for every state to "insist on K-12 academic standards that adequately prepare students for college and careers."
The group says that existing high school tests "do not adequately measure whether students have mastered the new, higher standards" and that "more meaningful" assessments are needed to help schools, students and parents.
The move today by the college leaders across the country is the first major organized step by higher education institutions to say they have a stake in the Common Core program and its continuation. The coalition's leaders note the new effort comes from colleges located in both red and blue states.
email: email@example.com


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Discussion in 'ACFriends' started by Terminius_Est, Dec 22, 2012.
What's wrong with this picture?
he has gastroenteritis?
There is not anything wrong with it...if this is what it takes to protect innocent children...I am all for it. I say make them undercover like the air marshals.
He's not carrying a gun. A good guy without a gun is just another casualty.
yes, i was going to say the problem was the picture doesn't match the title!
Lies. I was under the impression Marines are the gun.
I'm not a fan of that mustard colored decor.
I can't carry legally to my son's school. I pick him up every day.
Every day I have to remove my gun, lock it in my truck and hope my pocket knife and ability to close 21 feet in 1.5 seconds is enough in case of an emergency.
Laws need to change.
You not bringing that onto campus is a good thing.
For criminals, yes it is. You're absolutely right.
If you were allowed to bring YOUR gun, everyone else would be allowed to bring THEIR guns... And we all know there are a lot of crazies out there, right?
It's like the collective IQ of ACF keeps dropping. I don't know how that's possible.
Are you people fucking kidding me? The crazies DON'T GIVE A FUCK ABOUT THE LAW.
If they were to allow valid CCW permit holders to carry on school grounds, it would not increase the amount of school violence ONE BIT. Because the people intending to go to schools to DO violence don't give a flying fuck that it's a "Gun Free Zone" currently.
Yes there are, but everyone being able to bring a gun is a HUGE deterrent.
You'd no longer have the crazies going to the school to shoot a dozen kids because it's safe and easy, you'd have the odd one going to get revenge on a teacher.
Allow the teachers to be armed and the odds of a successful attack from a crazy go down even more.
So...let me get this straight...
You want to be able to bring a gun onto a campus to "protect your kid" and this campus undoubtedly has mentally ill students in attendance, yet you are for killing the mentally ill?
Yeah...you don't need to be handling guns.
Want to meet the most irrational person in the world? A parent whose child is an ass in school and has dumbass parent wrapped around their little finger. Let that parent carry a gun into a conference...
WOW...I can feel the safeness!!!
Yes, I'm all for killing people because they are mentally ill. I wasn't making a joke, or taking a jab at ACF at allllll.
Grow up, jackass.
Go make a bomb joke on a plane and see what happens. If you say moronic things, people respond. Kudos.
The hate flows through you. Sell your guns you are a menace.
I don't know if you know this, Neo, but this is ACF (An internet message board), not a fucking plane.
Since you're so intelligent (hah), why don't you tell me how many CCW holders are violent criminals. Or felons?
Google, I'll wait.
When everyone else in that conference also has a gun, that parent would be WAY less likely to attempt anything. People are generally cowards and look to do the most damage with the least of risk.
Even if they did attempt something, there's enough guns there that they'd not be producing any more Mal-adjusted kids and the gene pool gets a little cleaner.
Currently that parent gets free reign with little to no risk if they decide to bring a gun.
He could (and should) be reprimanded for misrepresenting that the USMC is protecting the school. If he wanted to do it in a t-shirt that said Marines -fine. To do it in uniform it is illegal a frankly sickening.
Oh get a life!
He's a Marine.
He's proud to be a Marine.
He's doing what he thinks is right.
At least he's actually doing something constructive. More than these stupid politicians debating and arguing over the wrong issues.
Being a proud marine and representing the marines as a protectorate of the school are two different things. Please don't confuse the two.
I find it amusing that people think that the crazy, irrational, or criminal are going to respect no gun zones. lol.
He's not representing the Marines as a protectorate of the school.
He's a Marine, doing his best to help.
Glad to see or are ok with uniformed members of the armed services deciding how and when to represent the service. Maybe a a group can wear their uniform to "protect" a clan or WBC rally.
The uniform is a good deterrent. It tells anyone who's thinking of attacking that this guy has been trained and won't be a push over. It doesn't mean it's the Marines doing the protecting though. Just THIS one Marine.
Totally agree with Bat on this one. It's a nice gesture and all, but he should be out of uniform if he wants to do this.
It is unlawful to wear a uniform if.....
"3.1.3. Except when authorized by the approval authorities in subparagraph 4.1.1., when participating in activities such as unofficial public speeches, interviews, picket lines, marches, rallies or any public demonstration, which may imply Service sanction of the cause for which the demonstration or activity is conducted."
It is illegal for that marine to wear his uniform in that manner, regardless of how it makes you feel.
Well, I can see the point of objecting to FULL uniform. Perhaps lose the jacket.
This type of thinking is the reason why 20 babies are dead right now.
He is not wearing a jacket.
? Looks like a jacket to me. Whatever you call the top he has on over his t-shirt. Here we'd call that a jacket.
I thought that as long as the uniform doesn't display and name or rank (IE just plain fatigues) it's ok.
No...its because someone brought a gun on campus and used it. Simple.
That in day 1 military training they teach you to not be a target, and to keep your weapon with you?
and 20 babies are dead because they couldn't be properly protected.
No, the uniform has special rules that have to be followed. Most branches refer to them as the uniform regs.
I'm with TUG on this one. The only reason you see mass killings where you do is because those locations are designated as gun-free zones. As such, they make easy pickings for crazies. Criminals don't follow the law (duh, they are criminals). They want easy and safe targets to commit their crimes against.
All a sign that says guns are prohibited does is tell a criminal the sheep are disarmed and lack the ability to fight back.
I agree with tug. Gun free zone laws are impotent.
So you are saying that if guns were allowed on campus, the shooting wouldn't have occured? You can't know that. Guns on campus do not guarantee safety. It could have resulted in more deaths due to crossfire. Classrooms are crowded as it is.
An armed security guard on campus could have easily prevented this. He could have seen the retard coming and dropped him.
DP. Double Penetration
and in the time it takes to read through all the crzy shit on this tread, 20+ more actual babies died, and every single hour of every single day more and more babies die...
Even with crossfire you'd have had a LOT less deaths than you had.
Only if he was SEEN carrying. A guy concealing a gun and ready to use it would get the drop on armed security in a school situation almost every time. They need better checkpoints in the schools, but that costs money.
Again, you don't know that.
No one can know it for certain, but you do see a correlation between all these shootings and them all happening in these so called 'safe zones'? Armed people is the best deterrent!
name a place where people congregate in vast numbers that isn't a so-called safe zone
A gun rally?
The point being that schools and theaters are chosen as targets BECAUSE they are 'safe zones', where they have a good chance of killing en mass with little to no risk to themselves.
And you dont know that it wont work. We already know that your "gun free" method doesn't work, so lets give the armed security gaurd a try.


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Allawi seeks unity among Iraqis (WASHINGTON TIMES) By Sharon Behn BAGHDAD, Iraq 02/01/05)
Source: http://www.washingtontimes.com/world/20050201-122037-8265r.htm
WASHINGTON TIMES Articles-Index-Top
BAGHDAD Prime Minister Iyad Allawi yesterday urged Iraq´s political and religious groups to work together for the sake of the nation as officials flushed with the success of the Sunday elections settled down to count the ballots.
"Today, we are entering a new phase in our history. It is time for all Iraqis to come together and build our future. It is time to put the troubles and divisions of the past behind us," Mr. Allawi said.
Addressing concerns that the turnout was lower among Sunni Arabs than among Shi´ites, he said it was crucial that there emerge a "new national dialogue that guarantees that all Iraqis have a voice in the new government."
Election officials in polling stations nationwide upended thousands of unsealed clear plastic ballot boxes and began to sort out the votes for Iraq´s new 275-seat national assembly.
The ballots are then to be transported to a national center where they will be recounted and tallied. The Independent Electoral Commission of Iraq said it expected the official result to be announced by Feb. 9.
The vote took place under a massive U.S. and Iraqi security clampdown, which officials said had demonstrated the capabilities of the new Iraqi security forces.
"Iraqi police can now hold their heads up high," said Interior Minister Falah Hassan al-Nakib, who called police who died under fire "martyrs."
Mr. al-Nakib said about 200 terrorists were arrested or killed Sunday, including an Assyrian, a Sudanese, a Yemeni, two Saudis and an Egyptian. There were seven attacks on police, 46 on civilians and 38 on polling stations, he said.
A U.S. diplomat said there were 260 attacks nationwide four or five times more than normal. More than 100 of the attacks were aimed at polling stations, with suicide bombers wearing explosives-laden vests in eight instances. Forty-four persons were reported killed.
"What was significant about these attacks was the low degree of lethality," the diplomat said. "This was a tremendous security effort, [and] in almost every case, it was the Iraqi forces which stopped the attacks."
Mr. al-Nakib said one policeman threw himself on an attacker wearing an explosives-laden vest. The policeman died when the vest blew up, but several people were saved.
In another incident, terrorists used a handicapped child to carry out a suicide attack. "This is an indication of the horrific actions they are carrying out," the minister said.
Insurgents killed three U.S. Marines in a roadside bombing south of the capital. A riot broke out during a search for contraband at a prison in southern Iraq, ending only when U.S. forces fired into the crowd, killing four men.
Jordanian terror leader Abu Musab Zarqawi pledged on an Islamist Web site that his group´s attacks would not end "until the banner of [Islamic] unity flutters over Iraq."
"These elections and their results ... will increase our strength and intention to getting rid of injustice," the statement said.
Separately, the Qatar-based Al Jazeera network yesterday aired a video supplied by Iraqi insurgents that purported to show a missile had downed a transport plane that killed 10 British soldiers on Sunday.
The footage, which could not be independently verified, showed wreckage of the plane in the desert near Baghdad. But a British newspaper reported that London authorities think the plane had been flying too high to be hit by a missile and are considering whether a bomb had been placed on board before takeoff.
U.S. officials acknowledged that the calm established by the security clampdown Sunday could not continue once curfews are lifted, borders are reopened and traffic patterns return to normal.
Even before the ballot-counting began, political leaders were preparing to negotiate the coalitions that will be needed for anything to get done in the national assembly.
The chamber´s first order of business is to choose a three-person presidency council, which must be elected by a two-thirds majority.
"People who have the same [political] denominator will be working together, [and] religious parties standing on religious platforms will be standing on the other side," said Iraqi President Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer.
"Both will need each other the sectarian-oriented and the religious- oriented. We will have to reach a consensus, you will see, you will be surprised," he told reporters in his offices inside the U.S.- fortified green zone.
Vote counting was reported to have proceeded rapidly yesterday.
Members of the Shi´ite-led United Iraqi Alliance, which like other parties had representatives observing the counting, said they had secured 80 percent to 90 percent of the vote in some southern cities and as much as 45 percent nationwide.
A mainly Shi´ite party led by Mr. Allawi and a Kurdish coalition also were thought to have done well.
"We are still insisting to form a partnership government including all segments of the Iraqi people," said Abdul-Aziz al-Hakim, leader of the United Iraqi Alliance, which is closely associated with the revered cleric Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Husseini al-Sistani.
One older Sunni man, who said he had refused to vote because the country was under U.S. occupation, said the new government would have to sit down with the resistance and see what it wants.
"The politicians have been unable to control the country. Let us now listen to the others putting terrorists aside," he said.
Iraqis typically distinguish between foreign terrorists such as Zarqawi and violent Iraqi nationalists who they think can be persuaded to join the political process.
The U.S. diplomat said the most violent insurgents were unlikely to ease up on attacks just because of the elections.
"If I were an insurgent, I would be really bitterly disappointed at what happened yesterday," he said.
"I would decide, ´What am I going to do about it?´ I certainly wouldn´t conclude I should surrender. I would have to conclude ´I have to show I´m still a player,´ " he said.
"The Zarqawis and the wannabe Zarqawis are all about violence and all about chaos. They enjoy what they do, and they´re good at it," he said, but added that less-militant groups might be persuaded to reconsider their approach. (Copyright 2005 News World Communications, Inc. 02/01/05)
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Nov 13, 2012 - By Eric Blom, Staff WriterFremont County's two candidates on the statewide ballot both posted single-digit vote percentages in races against well-established incumbents.
In the campaign for U.S. House of Representatives, Libertarian Party nominee Richard Brubaker of Riverton received 8,398 votes statewide, good for 3.5 percent.
Incumbent Republican U.S. Rep. Cynthia Lummis with more than 165,000 votes, collecting 69.1 percent of the total. Democrat Chris Henrichsen was second with 23.8 percent followed by Brubaker.
Two other small-party candidates, Daniel Cummings of the Constitution Party and Don Wills of the Country Party, ended with 2.1 percent and 1.6 percent, respectively.
On the U.S. Senate ballot, Joel Otto of Lander was the Country Party's nominee. Otto got 6,138 votes across the state's 481 voting precincts, 2.5 percent of the total. Republican John Barrasso breezed to a big win with 75.9 percent of the vote, the biggest victory margin by any senator nationwide. Democrat Tim Chesnut got 21.6 percent.
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A NORTH Yorkshire horsebox manufacturer has been enlisted by the official equestrian logistics company for the London Olympics to improve air travel for horses.
Global horse transport specialists Peden Bloodstock turned to Northallerton company JSW to help them manufacture a new lightweight mobile ramp.
The ramp was designed for Peden by professional flying groom Richard Picken, to ensure precious equine passengers are safely loaded in and out of aircraft.
Bosses at Peden, which was the official equestrian transport and logistics company for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games, said they were well aware of the experience and expertise within the JSW team and that the firm was an obvious choice in assisting them with the ramp's build.
Fiona McCormack, veterinary adviser at Peden Bloodstock, said: "Many airports that we travel to with the horses were not initially designed with the needs of horses in mind.
"In order to ensure the safe and efficient loading and unloading of these precious athletes the optimum solution was to have the ability to take our specialist equipment with us wherever we are undertaking airport operations in the world.
"The FEI show schedule is becoming increasingly international and horses have never had so many air miles. We are thrilled with the ramp, which meets all our operational needs."
The order was not the first time JSW has been asked to design something custom-built. The firm has been commissioned to build a number of unique projects over the years including a wheelchair lift and ramp for a horsebox.
Alan Watkinson, managing director at JSW said: "I think our reputation as a first-class coach builder and our years of engineering expertise means we can offer something out of the ordinary. In fact we relish the challenge."
Mr Watkinson added that JSW's forward order book for its range of custom-built horseboxes was "very healthy" thanks to its national and international reputation.
He added: "We are continuing to attract interest from both here in the UK and from overseas. Our ability to bespoke design to the client's needs is something not many other horsebox manufacturers can do."
JSW Horseboxes, registered as JSW Coachbuilders Ltd, was founded in 1961 and is a third-generation family-owned business.
The business works alongside its sister company JSW Trailers, which is one of the North's largest trailer distributors.


text: Home > Business > Legal > Legal: When a Promise Becomes a Warranty Legal Legal: When a Promise Becomes a Warranty By Quenda Behler Story Login or Register to download the PDF version of this article. (91.93 kB) By Quenda Behler StoryExpress warranties are written or verbal promises the builder makes about the outcome of his work. For example, the contractor might promise that a roof will last 15 years, that a home office will be wired for modern technology, or that a lawn will shed rainwater after it's sodded. Login or Register to continue reading


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Sai Tung Lam (email@example.com)
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I have made 4 database, say "docs", "man", "web", "usenet".
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will specify which database htsearch will look for.
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form cgi and pass the infomation to htsearch instead
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STAFF at South Lakeland District Council are to join public sector colleagues nationwide in a 24-hour walk-out tomorrow.
SLDC is not certain how many employees will observe Thursday's union action but the authority has members of both Unison and GMB.
Further afield, tomorrow's strike will involve firefighters, teachers, civil servants and local government staff walking out over pay.
Union leaders have claimed it will be the biggest mass walkout since 1926.
- Drugs courier caught with heroin in his underpants near Kendal is jailed
- LETTER: Why do some cyclists think they are above the law?
- New Spanish restaurant for Kendal wins approval
- Four arrested following report of assault near McDonald's in Kendal on Saturday night
Members of UNISON, GMB, Unite, the National Union of Teachers, Public and Commercial Services (PCS) and the Fire Brigades Union (FBU) have all been called to take action.
Successive years of pay freezes and pay caps have left the pay and pensions value of council and school support staff almost 20 per cent down in real terms in just four years, claim UNISON.
"This will be the biggest day of industrial action in the public sector in living memory," said John Lewis, the union's north west head of local government.
"People are really struggling on poverty pay. A pay rise would benefit local economies as it would boost spending in local shops."
SLDC says plans are in place to try and reduce inconvenience for those needing council services.
It says SLDC will operate as 'normally as possible' during the industrial action which is scheduled to take place just after midnight until 23.59pm tomorrow (Thursday July 10).
A statement from the council today said it was anticipated that the South Lakeland District Council offices in Kendal and Ulverston will remain open.
However, it says there will be a reduced phone service in operation.
It advises that if you call the council tomorrow you will be able to leave a voice-mail message and a member of staff will call you back as soon as possible.
"South Lakeland District Council would like to apologise in advance for any inconvenience caused during the industrial action on 10 July.
"We are endeavouring to continue operating as normally as possible but inevitably there could be some delays responding to enquiries. We would therefore ask that members of the public be patient during the period of the strike action.''
GMBs national secretary Brian Strutton added: "GMB members serving school meals, cleaning streets, emptying bins, looking after the elderly, helping children in classrooms and in all the other vital roles serving our communities are fed up with being ignored and undervalued."
Christine Blower, general secretary of the National Union of Teachers, the largest teachers' union, said: "The consequences of turning teaching into a totally unattractive career choice will most certainly lead to teacher shortages."
South Lakeland District Council hopes to keep its offices in Kendal and Ulverston open but there will be a reduced phone service.
Meanwhile firefighters will strike on eight consecutive days this month, starting on Monday July 14.
Around 30 schools will close, say Cumbria County Council, but none so far in Kendal. For a list of affected schools go to www.cumbria.gov.uk/school_closures for a list of affected schools.


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This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
New 1,2,4-triazole colorants were obtained, in high yields, by coupling 3-ethylthio-5-cyanomethyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole (
Azo-functionalized dyes bearing aromatic heterocyclic components [
In solution, the azo dyes theoretically may be involved in azo-hydrazone tautomerism. Since the tautomeric ratio is important for the industrial application of azo dyes, determination of azo-hydrazone tautomerism (AHT) in the solid state and in solution is of interest both from a theoretical and practical aspects because the two tautomers have different technical properties and dyeing performance [
As a starting point for our investigation, we first examined the coupling reaction of compound
Coupling reaction of
The prepared dye may exist in three possible tautomeric forms, namely the azo form
Three tautomeric structures of diazonium coupling product of
Tautomer ratios in the solid state and in CDCl3 solution.
|In Solid State
|In CDCl3 Solution
|Azo Hydrazone
|___ 100
|100 ___
|100 ___
|___ 100
In the 1H-NMR spectrum a singlet at δ = 8.83 ppm [
Next, we examined the effect of substitution at the
Coupling reaction of
The structure of this azo dye was verified by elemental analyses and spectroscopic methods (IR, MS, 1H- and 13C-NMR). Structure
Attention was next turned to investigate the coupling reaction of the diazonium salts having electron withdrawing substituents at
Coupling reaction of
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported isolation of two isomers in solid state in such reactions. The identity of major product
Melting points were measured on a Gallenkamp apparatus and are not corrected. IR spectra (KBr) were recorded with a Nicolet Magna 520FT IR spectrophotometer. Peaks are reported in cm−1. 1H and 13C-NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker DPX (600 MHz for 1H-NMR and 150 MHz for 13C-NMR) spectrometer in CDCl3 using TMS as an internal standard; the chemical shifts are given in δ units (ppm). Mass spectra were performed on a Shimadzu GCMS-QP 1000 EX mass spectrometer at 70 eV. Analytical thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on aluminum sheets precoated with silica gel (Merck, Kieselgel 60 PF254). Visualization was accomplished by UV light. Microanalytical data were obtained from the Microanalytical Data Unit at Cairo University, Egypt.
A cold solution of aryldiazonium salt (4 mmol) was prepared by adding a sodium nitrite solution (0.4 g, 6 mmol, dissolved in 2 mL water) to a pre-cooled solution of arylamine hydrochloride (4 mmol of either of the appropriate aniline derivatives
In conclusion, we have synthesized new azo dyes utilizing 3-ethylthio-5-cyanomethyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole as a coupling component. The experimental results show that the substituents at the
The authors declare no conflict of interest.


text:
This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (
The environmental impacts of wine have been assessed by several studies [
In this study, wine loss refers to loss occurring when the consumer does not consume the wine contained in the bottle and disposes of it because of taste alteration, which is caused by inadequate product protection rendering the wine unpalatable to a knowledgeable consumer. When studying different bottled wine systems, it is essential to ensure that the compared systems are functionally equivalent and therefore, there is a need to consider the differences in wine loss rates due to better or worse product protection due to the closure. This study addresses this need and analyses the influence of closures on the environmental impacts of bottled wine, accounting for differences in loss rates for two selected closure systems: cork stoppers and screw caps, as shown in
The objective of this study is to discuss the implications of loss rates in terms of environmental performance depending on the closure type of the bottled wine system. Considering the entire system contributes to providing reliable and fair results for sustainable product design, branding and marketing. We quantify both the life cycle environmental profile of the closure itself and the impacts related to the differences in wine loss rates for each closure. Environmental impacts associated with wine losses are derived from the environmental impact of typical bottled wine with a defined quality, based on a literature review. The difference in wine alteration rates was estimated based on interviews with experts performed at universities and laboratories as well as a literature review [
Cork stopper and screw cap closures.
The most wide-spread closure systems used in the world market [
The system studied relates to the functional unit "a 750 mL bottle of
- wine bottle production
- 750 mL of wine
- wine closure production
- wine loss associated with the closure systems
- wine poured down the drain
Other studies considering a
The studied system includes the raw material extraction, vineyard operations, delivery, closure and packaging manufacturing, winery operations, distribution, consumer purchasing and packaging end of life (
System for bottled wine and its closure system including the different life cycle stages.
A literature review has been performed on studies assessing the life cycle impact of wine production, independent of the closure type [
The reviewed studies present different indicators to assess the environmental impact of wine. In order to ensure the highest level of comparability among the analyzed references, this literature review focuses on the following indicators that were assessed in most of the reference studies:
Global warming over 100 years (in kg CO2eq)
Non-renewable primary energy use (in MJ)
Atmospheric acidification (in g H+ eq)
Photo-oxidant formation (in kg ethylene eq)
Eutrophication of surface water (in kg PO43- eq)
These indicators are included in the International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) framework for impact categories for characterization modeling at midpoint [
A detailed description of the results of the literature review can be found in the supporting information
The impacts of closure systems (including production of raw materials, transport of raw materials, manufacturing of closures, transport of closures, bottling and end-of-life) are directly taken from the Corticeira study [
Physical losses which occur during filling, packaging, and transporting (breaking bottles, spilling wine) and which are independent of closure types are not taken in account in this study, which focuses solely on the influences of different closure types. Physical failures during all life cycle stages which result in wine alteration, e.g., poor storing of closures, poor calibration of the bottling machinery or transport in inappropriate conditions (such as inappropriate temperature, exposure to the sun or humidity,
Wine taste alteration occurs when the contents of a bottle acquires an altered taste, either due to inadequate protection allowing for oxidation of the content or via a reaction with the closure material, such that the consumer decides not to drink it and disposes of it. For this study, the level of wine loss is estimated by multiplying the following two parameters:
Percentage of bottles with an altered taste (
Percentage of the bottles with an altered taste that are actually thrown away by the consumer (
The taste alterations considered in this study are those discovered by the consumer or sommelier. Taste alterations can occur throughout the entire life cycle of bottled wine, from storage in a wine cellar to the consumer's glass. The following closure system failures can be distinguished at the consumer level:
an undesirable odor due to failures at different life cycle stages (e.g., incorrect transport or storage in inappropriate locations before and after the bottling process);
an unfavorable taste due to conservation problems (e.g., being stored too long);
a "corked" taste.
Several "corked tastes" are possible and appear with differing frequencies. A description of each is as follows:
A "true corked taste"—or "goût de bouchon"—is due to the presence of the fungus
A "taste of cork" occurs when wine elements are affected by the cork. The wine is considered altered when it is too intense;
A "mould taste" is caused by microorganisms on the cork (e.g.,
A "false corked taste" is due to 2,4,6-trichloroanisol (TCA), which is synthesized by the fungi
Mold tastes and false corked tastes are the most frequent wine alterations.
Given these uncertainties, taste alteration rates due to cork stoppers can be only approximately estimated using expert judgment. Seven interviews were carried out and complemented with two literature sources to serve as primary data for determining the respective fractions of bottled wine with altered tastes for the two types of closures studied. Experts from cellar quality control consultancies, laboratories and various institutes specialized in bottling or cellar quality control were interviewed. Their estimations for wine alteration rates are listed in the supporting information S2. The share of bottles with cork stoppers having an altered taste is estimated to be between 2% and 5%, where the lower and higher values correspond to the medians of the limits provided by the experts and literature sources. This range reflects the variability of existing cork stopper quality, their treatment, and the sensitivity of the type of wine to taste alteration.
An estimation of the life cycle stage at which the failure originated is provided in the supporting information S3. We acknowledge the limitations of data availability on the respective taste alteration rates due to different closure types. However, the order of magnitude of the relative wine taste alteration rates for both types of closures estimated by the expert sources consulted are considered sufficiently robust for them to be used in this study. For this reason, we have carried out a sensitivity study looking at the lower and upper range of effective losses considered.
In this study, it is assumed that altered wine odors or tastes result in different consumer behaviors which are guided by subjective taste perception, wine quality expectation and whether the consumer is a sommelier or a regular consumer (recognizing that the latter will also have a range of behaviors). These behaviors could include:
Drinking the bottle (considered unlikely for a strongly "corked" bottled wine)
Disposal of the wine down the drain (or returning it to the store before eventual disposal at the store) and opening a new bottle. Thus, this particular behavior increases the amount of wine needed to fulfill the functional unit
In the reference scenario, the consumer behavior is estimated based on a combination of literature data and expert judgment. The European average for consumers who would drink the bottle without considering wine to be "altered" is based on the MIS Trend study [
To complement this reference scenario and to test the sensitivity of impacts to changes in wine taste alteration and replacement rates, we carried out a sensitivity study looking at the impact variations of the cork and screw cap closures as a function of these rates. Based on this analysis, environmental preference can be deduced for replacement rates based on specific consumer behavior patterns.
Two types of emissions are considered when the bottled wine with altered taste is poured in the sewage system: (1) direct emissions,
Methane and carbon dioxideemissions (associated with carbon contained in ethanol) due to wine poured down the drain and treated at the wastewater treatment plan.
Impact scores for wine production, closure production and wine poured down the drain.
|Impact category studied
|750 ml bottled wine production [
|Closure production [
|Wine poured down the drain (recalculated based on ecoinvent v2.2)
|Cork stopper
|Screw cap
|For 750 mL of wine
|2.7E-4(Modeled with TRACI [36])
The environmental profile generated by the literature review shows that the closure system represents between 0.01% and 1.1% of the total score for the produced bottled wine, depending on the indicator and the type of closure. Although minimal, the closure contribution to the overall impact appears to be largest for the global warming and atmospheric acidification impact categories.
The contribution to different impact categories due to a bottle of wine poured down the drain vary between 0.002% and 7.7% (for eutrophication) of the total score for bottled wine depending on the indicator and the type of closure. Again, the latter value needs to be multiplied by the loss rate in order to be related to the functional unit.
The overall environmental performance of the closure in packing and preserving wine prior to its consumption combines the impacts from:
Losses at the consumer due to altered taste
Closure impacts according to the results of the Corticeira study [
Impacts related to sewage and wastewater treatment from wine loss
The reference scenario is based on the impact from wine losses when 77% of consumers replace the bottle when they encounter one with an altered taste. A sensitivity study was carried out to study the influence of replacement variation.
An uncertainty analysis was performed to assess the variability of the impact for both systems. The relative ranking for all impact categories based on a 5000-run Monte Carlo assessment was also performed. The impact of wine, cork stoppers, screw caps and replacement rates are modeled with a triangular distribution. This distribution has been selected because (1) it is defined with a most probable value as well as a 95% confidence range and (2) it can be asymmetrical. The alteration rate for the cork stopper (estimated from 2 to 5%) is modeled with a uniform distribution given there is no preferred value within this range. The alteration rate for the screw cap is estimated as 0.13 times the impact of the cork stopper (7.5 times less), with a triangular distribution between 0.1 and 0.2 times the impact of the cork stopper. The share of runs where the cork stopper system has a higher impact score than the screw cap system is specified in
Impact over the whole life cycle associated with 750 mL drinkable wine, for a 77% replacement rate, differentiated due to losses that can be attributed to the failure of different closure systems and the impact of the closure systems themselves (excluding the non-closure-specific impacts that are equal for all scenarios).
Monte Carlo analysis with 5000 runs for the cork and screw cap stopper systems for the global warming category.
Comparison of the closure production global warming scores, including the relative loss rates concerning the entire impacts associated with bottled wine.
Since the replacement and loss rates may vary widely depending on consumer behavior, it is important to perform a sensitivity study on how these rates influence the overall impact.
Figures and equations used for the sensitivity analysis to determine the break-even point for the other impact categories are provided in the supporting information S6.
Impact score for global warming of the cork stopper production compared to the screw cap production as a function of the replacement rate
The results of the reference scenario uncertainty as well as the sensitivity analysis are shown in
Monte Carlo analysis results for the reference scenario and the break-even percentages for the replacement rate and the effective losses for the sensitivity analysis, for which the total impact of the screw cap is equal to the impact of the cork stopper.
|Reference scenario
|Sensitivity analysis
|35% of consumers replace the bottle
|Cork stopper: 1.2% of wine bottles
|Screw cap: 0.16% of wine bottles
|24% of consumers replace the bottle
|Cork stopper: 0.83% of wine bottle
|Screw cap: 0.11% of wine bottles
|29% of consumers replace the bottle
|Cork stopper: 1.0% of wine bottle
|Screw cap: 0.14% of wine bottles
|19% of consumers replace the bottle
|Cork stopper: 0.67% of wine bottle
|Screw cap: 0.09% of wine bottles
|0.07% of consumers replace the bottle
|Cork stopper: 0.0026% of wine bottle
|Screw cap: 0.00034% of wine bottles
This study provides a better understanding of the global environmental profile of bottled wine considering the different closures used and taking into account the loss rates induced by each closure system.
The main conclusions of the study are as follows:
The different closures and associated wine losses represent less than 5% of the total life cycle impact of bottled wine. The recently published article by Point [
The wine loss rate resulting from the type of closure and its specific properties is a key parameter to consider when assessing the impact of different wine closures and can result (especially for cork stoppers) in a higher impact than the closure itself. The reduction of wine closures impacts demonstrates the trade-off between the impact of closure and the associated losses.
In the case of a cork stopper, the impact of wine loss is larger than the impact of the cork stopper production itself for all examined life cycle impact categories.
When the impact of wine loss is considered in addition to the impact of the closure itself, the cork stopper has a higher environmental impact score than the screw cap in all impact categories, provided the effective loss rate of cork stoppers is higher than 1.2%.
In general, LCAs of packaged food consider the following:
The functional unit used as a reference to estimate the environmental impacts of packaged food should represent an equivalent function among all types of packaging and thus must consider the different associated loss rates.
The main limitations of this study include the loss rate estimation and the calculation for the impact of wine production.
Loss rate estimation: the estimated wine loss rates presented in this study are based on (1) expert opinions (
Impact of wine production calculation: water use and solid waste generation may also be relevant impact indicators as they were reported in the Corticeira study. These indicators were analyzed for this study, but due to inconsistencies in reporting in the original study as well as in the studies reviewed on the impact of wine production, they are not reported here. Whilst the results for the impact of wine production reflect the state-of-the-art in life cycle assessment, the different environmental indicators are not equally covered in terms of sources, system boundaries and life cycle impact assessment methods used. Most observations and conclusions are based on—and are therefore mainly valid for—global warming and use of non-renewable energy resources, which are the most widely covered in the wine production impact assessment literature.
To address these limitations, the following areas were identified for further exploration:
The estimation of wine taste alteration rates induced by the cork stoppers and screw caps can be refined in future studies by sampling wines and studying their individual taste alteration rate according to key parameters, such as the type of wine, closure or cap quality, and storage conditions.
A comprehensive survey on consumer behavior once an altered taste has been identified is needed to better quantify replacement rates and to examine which fraction of the wine is still reused for alternative purposes such as cooking.
Several differences linked to closure functionality or closure and bottle characteristics (e.g., the additional amount of glass which is needed to accommodate a cork stopper inside the bottle) need to be analyzed and incorporated in further studies.
The results shown in
In order to derive conclusions regarding the environmental superiority of closure systems that could be used in a comparative assertion, a comprehensive and full life cycle impact assessment of all indicators (midpoint and endpoint level) including the full functional equivalence must be carried out.
Regarding these limitations and needs, the present study primarily shows the clear importance of accounting for losses in packaging studies for which the impact of the content is much higher than the packaging itself. This study is not intended to be used for comparative assertions.
This study exemplifies the importance of considering the full implication of different components on overall product functionality to draw conclusions regarding environmental preferences. Sustainability in product design, branding and marketing can only be achieved through a fair and comprehensive product assessment. This conclusion is not only applicable for the food and beverage industry, but also to numerous other sectors of the economy such as the electronics industry where the reject or fail rate in the quality control step of electronic component production and resulting losses can be significant [37].
This study has been supported by the European Aluminium Foil Association (E.A.F.A.). The authors would like to thank Christian Bauer of E.A.F.A., Cyril Barioz of Amcor and Gerald Rebitzer of Amcor, for their valuable inputs.
The environmental impact of wine has been evaluated using the following references.
Details of the literature review on wine environmental impacts.
|Functional unit
|Global warming (kg/functional unit)
|Non-renewable energy use (MJ/functional unit)
|Cultivation, delivery, winery, packaging, transportation, packaging elimination. Processing waste excluded
|0.75 liter of wine
|Human health, Ecosystem quality and Resources
|Cultivation, delivery, winery, packaging, transport (to retail, truck in EU, ship overseas). Elimination not included
|0.75 liter of red wine
|Solid waste generated
|Vineyard, winery, packaging and distribution in US
|0.75 liter of wine
|Cultivation, delivery, winery, packaging, transportation, packaging elimination. Production waste excluded
|1 liter of Grasparossa Righi, sparkling red wine
|Ozone depletion, Acidification, Eutrophication, Photochemical Photo-oxidant formation
|Cultivation, delivery, winery, packaging, transportation, packaging elimination. Production waste excluded
|1 liter of organic lambrusco Grasparossa "Fratello Sole", sparkling red wine
|Ozone depletion, Acidification, Eutrophication, Photo-chemical oxidant formation
|Cultivation, delivery, winery, packaging, transportation, packaging elimination
|1 liter of wine (glass bottle, cork stopper)
|Graphic normalized midpoints results in point
|Cultivation, delivery, winery, packaging, transportation, packaging elimination
|1 bottle unit
|Cultivation, delivery, winery, packaging
|1 ton of wine produced; 1 bottle of wine, 1 global hectare equivalent (gha) of a vineyard
|Ecological footprint
|Cultivation, delivery, winery, packaging, transportation, packaging elimination
|1 ton of wine
|3.08E+15 sej organic farm 4.17E+15 sej semi-industrial farm
|Cultivation, delivery, winery, packaging, transportation (to retail, consumer), refrigeration, packaging elimination. Infrastructure not included
|0.75 liter of wine
|Abiotic resources depletion, Acidification potential, Eutrophication, Ozone depletion, Aquatic ecotoxicity, Terrestrial ecotoxicity, Photo--oxidant formation
The impacts presented in
In order to determine the average impact of bottled wine in a consistent manner across the different studies selected, the functional unit 750 mL drinkable wine was used to recalculate figures for all studies, using a linear mass allocation. Closure and losses impact are not included in the graphs to focus on the bottled wine impact.
The global warming score for wine is calculated based on the average of six references.
These references include the following life cycle steps: vineyard operations, winery operations, distribution and packaging waste treatment. The use phase was added using data from Point [
Average global warming score for the life cycle of bottled wine.
The average of global warming score is 3.3 kg CO2eq per typical 750 mL of bottled wine, including the use phase.
Overall, it appears that the global warming score for bottled wine ranges between 1 and 4 kg CO2eq. Point [
Global warming score for the different life cycle stages of bottled wine.
The global warming score is dominated by the packaging (glass bottle, 37%) and consumer purchasing (30%). The weight of glass bottle is assumed as 540 g. In Point [
The non-renewable primary energy use of wine is calculated based on the average of four references that consider the vineyard operations, winery operations, distribution and packaging disposal. The use phase is calculated using Point [
Average primary non-renewable energy use of the life cycle of bottled wine.
The average for primary non-renewable energy use, including the impact of the use stage as assessed by Point [
Use of non-renewable primary energy for the different life cycle stages of bottled wine.
As with the global warming score, it appears that the stages that dominate the life cycle impacts are the bottled wine production and consumer purchasing. However the proportions are slightly different; the glass bottle represents 45% of the non-renewable energy use (including 4% for the cork stopper and the label production), whereas consumer purchasing represents 30%, the vineyard operations represent 12% and the winery operations represent 8% of the non-renewable energy use. The cork stopper, the label and the cap together represent only 4% of the non-renewable energy used.
The potential of atmospheric acidification of wine production is calculated based on the average of three of the selected references considering the vineyard operations, winery operations, distribution and packaging disposal. The impacts of the use phase are calculated per Point [
Average atmospheric acidification potential for the life cycle of bottled wine.
The average contribution to atmospheric acidification is 0.78 mol H+ eq (0.78 g H+ eq) per 750 mL of bottled wine.
The photo-oxidant formation potential of wine is evaluated based on the average of three references that consider the vineyard operations, winery operations, distribution and packaging disposal. The impact of the use stage is calculated per Point [
Average photo-oxidant formation potential the life cycle of bottled wine.
The average photo-oxidant formation potential is 1.9 g ethylene eq per 750 mL of bottled wine.
The eutrophication potential of wine production is calculated based on the average of three selected references that consider the following life cycle steps: vineyard operations, winery operations, distribution and packaging disposal. The impact of the use stage is calculated per Point [
Average eutrophication potential for the life cycle of bottled wine.
The average eutrophication potential is 4.5E-3 kg PO43-eq per 750 mL of bottled wine.
The wine taste alteration rates induced by the use of cork and aluminum-based (screw cap) closures were determined based on interviews with wine producers, representatives from the main institutes working in this field, specialized laboratories and professional bottlers in May 2012. Wine taste alteration rates associated with cork closures are estimated from these interviews as follows:
French federation of cork syndicates (Jean-Marie Aracil): 0.7%
Australian Wine Research Institute (AWRI): 2-5.5%
Vectoeur, a scientific laboratory for wine: 4%
Oeneo, wine closure producer: 5%
Korked, wine closure producer (Giovanni Capello): 3-5%
University of Applied Sciences Changins (Christian Maurer): 2-4%
University of Bordeaux (Pierre-Louis Teissedre): 1-2%
Literature data on cork closures has also been collected:
Information provided for screw caps is as follows:
Excell laboratory for closure quality control (Pascal Chatonnet): 10 times less than cork stoppers
University of Applied Sciences Changins (Christian Maurer): minimum 5 times less than cork stoppers
Based on the previously mentioned sources and his expert judgment on their respective quality and relevance, the wine expert Richard Pfister consulted in this study estimated the following wine taste alteration rates, the low values of 2% and 5% corresponding to the medians of the limits provided above by the different experts and literature sources:
Cork stoppers: 2-5%
Screw caps: 5-10 times less than cork stoppers, with the most probable value selected as 7.5 times less (0.3-0.7%)
Estimated taste alteration rates at the consumer level for the two closure systems, and the life cycle stage at which the failure originated.
|Closure type
|Estimated fraction of wine taste alteration at consumer
|Cork stopper
|Screw cap
|Poor sorting, poor raw material quality
|Inappropriate liner choice
|Poor transport and storing conditions
|Poor storing of closures, poor calibration of the bottling machinery
|Transport in inappropriate conditions (such as inappropriate temperature, sun exposure, humidity,
|Conservation problem (such as storage over a long period of time)
|0.3% -0.7%
The parameters used for the amount of carbon disposed are as follows:
Vbottle: Volume of wine bottle: 750 mL
pethanol: Fraction of ethanol in the wine bottle: 10%
dethanol: Ethanol density: 0.789 g/mL
Mmcarbon: molar mass of carbon: 12 g/mol
Mmethanol: molar mass of ethanol: 46 g/mol
N: number of carbon atoms per ethanol molecule: 2
Following this equation, the mass of carbon obtained Mcarbon is 30.9 g (rounded to 31 g).
The fate of ethanol in the wastewater treatment plant was modeled with the SimpleTreat tool 3.1. Input physical-chemical substance properties and degradation and transformation rates are displayed in
Input parameters used in Simpletreat 3.1 tool [
|General name
|CAS no.
|Molecular weight
|46.07 g.mol-1
|Melting point
|-87.84 oC
|Vapour pressure at the temperature of the data set
|7.9E+03 Pa
|Temperature at which vapour pressure was measured
|25 oC
|Water solubility at the temperature of the data set
|1.0E+06 mg.L-1
|Temperature at which solubility was measured
|25 oC
|Octanol-water partition coefficient
|Chemical class for Koc-QSAR
|Organic carbon-water partition coefficient
|1.58E+00 L.kg-1
|Biodegradability test result
|readily biodegradable-
|Rate constant for degradation in STP
|Total rate constant for degradation in surface water at env. temp
|8.0E-02 d-1
|Total rate constant for degradation in marine water at env. temp
|Total rate constant for degradation in bulk sediment at env. temp
|8.9E-03 d-1
|Rate constant for degradation in air
|2.1E-01 d-1
|Total rate constant for degradation in bulk soil at env. temp
|4.0E-02 d-1
Output distribution ratios for a treatment including primary sedimentation.
|Summary of distribution
|to air
|to water
|via primary sludge
|via surplus sludge
The theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD) and total organic carbon for ethanol were calculated based on the molecular formula as follows:
Theoretical oxygen demand is considered a good estimate for chemical oxygen demand. With these calculation algorithms, the following results were obtained:
Chemical oxygen demand (COD): 2.08 g/g ethanol
Total organic carbon (TOC): 0.52 g/g ethanol
For a given impact category, the impact score S, associated to the cork stopper and the screw cap is given as a function of the replacement rate (
The alteration rate for screw caps is defined as a function of the alteration rate of cork stoppers:
The uncertainty distributions are defined as follows:
Details of the standard deviation calculations.
|Impact category
|Type of closure
|Literature review average impact scores results for typical bottled wine
|Uncertainty on stopper impact
|Impact of closure based on the Corticeira Amorim study
Monte Carlo analysis with 5000 runs for the cork stopper and screw cap system for the (
Impact score of the cork stopper compared to the screw cap as a function of the replacement rate.


text:
Decorated veterans, both human and canine, went to Congress yesterday to advocate for the reunification of military dogs and their handlers. "I waited three and a half years for him, but I'd wait more if I had to," said Marine Corps Sergeant Deano Miller of his yellow Labrador Thor. "I even told them, if he's ten years old and has one leg, I'll still take him."
Over 2,500 dogs like Thor have worked in Iraq and Afghanistan sniffing out weapons caches and improvised explosive devices (IEDs). The American Humane Society estimates that the work of just one war dog saves the lives of 150-200 service men and women. However sometimes the dogs are retired overseas and left in kennels or with locals, permanently separated from their battle buddies.
"I really didn't think I'd ever see her again," said Army Staff Sergeant Jason Bos of his service dog Cila. After a back injury forced him to retire from the Army, Cila was sent to work in Germany. But, by keeping in touch with her new handler, Bos was eventually able to bring the chocolate lab home. "Now Cila's a couch potato," Bos reported. "She can eat whatever she wants, just be like a regular retired person, and I'm really grateful for that."
Bos first met Cila at Lackland Air Force Base for military canine training when she was one year old. There, servicemen get matched with a compatible dog and learn how to work with the animal. Military or contract working dogs often serve the military, police or rescue missions for years, changing hands multiple times.
Service dog Thor had five deployments with five different handlers, but his first was with Miller in Afghanistan in 2010. With the help of an organization called Mission K-9 Rescue, Miller was able to retrieve Thor when the dog's service was over.
"I had anger issues and I didn't sleep very well," said Miller of his return to civilian life. With his dog back, "everything's a lot better now."
"These dogs are miracle workers ladies and gentlemen," Congressman Gus Bilirakis (R-Fla.) said at the event. He spoke in support of his new bill, the "Creating Options for Veterans Expedited Recovery Act" or the "COVER Act,'' which will examine new ways to help veterans suffering from Post-traumatic Stress Syndrome. The more creative options including service dogs, musical therapy, acupuncture and outdoor sports therapy.
Congresswoman Dina Titus (D-Nev.), a cosponsor of the bill, had advice about how to get the legislation passed. "I served in the state legislation a long time before coming to Congress and we always had a rule: if you wanna get your bill passed, just show up with a dog," she explained.
Every speaker touched on the deep bond created between the soldier and his dog during the dangerous and often lonely experience of war. Kristen Maurer, the president of Mission K-9 Rescue, spoke about how distant and reserved many veterans she speaks to seem "unless they're talking about their dogs. Then, they tend to lighten up and get animated-- these guys can talk about their dogs all day long."
Congressmen Don Young (R-Alaska) spoke about the impact dogs have had in his life. "I'm the only dog musher in the whole Congress," he said, "I've had five labs in my life and I'll not have another one till I get ready to die because that separation is that hardest thing I've ever had to do."
"Dogs are magical creatures," said Congresswoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R-Fla.), "because they can turn a rusty, cranky, old curmudgeon like Don Young to seem almost loveable and be so pleasant - so, hats off to the dogs!"


text:
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