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Interstate Technical Group on Abandoned Underground Mines
Fourth Biennial Abandoned Underground Mine Workshop
Real Time Monitoring of Subsidence Along Interstate I-77, Summit County, Ohio
Kevin O'Connor GeoTDR, Westerville, Ohio
Rick Ruegsegger Ohio DOT, Office of Geotechnical Engineering, Columbus, Ohio
Kirk Beach Ohio DOT, Office of Geotechnical Engineering, Columbus, Ohio
The Ohio Department of Transportation (Ohio DOT) encountered abandoned underground coal mine subsidence during an investigation conducted as part of a project to widen I-77 in Summit County, Ohio. A decision was made to stabilize 2000 feet of four-lane highway by backfilling the mine voids with cement grout while traffic remained on the interstate. Due to the potential for additional mine subsidence during remediation work, Ohio DOT required the installation of areal-time monitoring system to activate an alarm when movement or settlement of the road base exceeded threshold values. Innovative monitoring of ground deformation was accomplished using time domain reflectometry (TDR). This technology is a form of RADAR in which voltage pulses are transmitted along coaxial cable and reflections are created at every location where the cable is being deformed. The distance to each location is determined by the pulse travel time, and the magnitude of deformation is determined by the magnitude of the TDR reflection. This allows for real time monitoring of all locations where ground movement is causing deformation of the cable, and the rate of deformation at each location. The cables were installed by a directional drilling contractor in horizontal holes drilled 5 feet or more beneath each lane of the entire section of highway. The cables were connected to a central remote data acquisition system that automatically recorded and stored measurements. The initial record for each cable was stored as the baseline measurement. When the magnitude of any TDR reflection differed from the baseline value by a specified amount, the system initiated a phone call to GeoTDR personnel who could then analyze TDR measurements in real time via a phone line connection to verify that the alarm was associated with cable deformation. If it was determined that actual movement of soil had occurred, Ohio DOT personnel were alerted to intensify visual reconnaissance and determine if lane closures were necessary. This project demonstrated the capability of real time monitoring of ground movement over a wide area utilizing a horizontal application of TDR technology.
The pits, sags, and troughs that develop on the road surface over abandoned underground mines are the ultimate result of settlement in subsurface strata. Subsidence characterization of the ground surface over abandoned room-and-pillar mines remains relatively undeveloped due to the complexity of geologic conditions and the variability of time-dependent rock mass behavior at the mine level and within its overburden. In the case of highways located over abandoned mines, it is not enough to say that subsidence is imminent. The progression of a subsidence event from the mine level to the ground surface is guaranteed. When will it happen? Will the event be sudden or gradual? Will the event result in a sag in the road or a sudden shear. A means must be provided to detect strata movements and quantify the rate at which they are occurring so that appropriate measures can be taken to protect the traveling public and mitigate damage. One component of the array of techniques available has involved monitoring of subsurface movements at depth which are precursors of surface subsidence.
Underground coal mining was active in Summit County, Ohio from 1810 to 1970, and the area is underlain by a network of mine voids. Support for the overlying rock is provided by remnant pillars and blocks of coal as well as water pressure (in the case of flooded mines). As a result of pillar failures, roof rock failure, and changes in water pressure within the abandoned underground mines, there have been localized mine subsidence occurrences. Sinkholes such as the one shown in Figure 4 were detected during the site investigation as part of a project to widen I-77.
The project site is located in Summit County, Ohio (Figures 1 and 2) and has been extensively undermined for the Brookville #4 coal seam (5 to 6 feet in thickness). The underground mines are covered by a thin layer of bedrock that is overlain by a mantle of glacial deposits. Maps (Figure 3) were assembled and digitized for the Overholt Mine operated by Overholt Coal Co. until 1936, and the Haurer Mine operated by R&T Coal Co. until abandonment in 1937. These mines operated with an extraction ratio of over 50 percent.
Motivation Based on Past Experience
The most common method for stabilizing abandoned mines is to backfill with fly ash or cement grout (Figure 8). In the case of flooded mines, cement grout is used to prevent contamination of ground water. Ohio DOT gained considerable experience in 1995 when backfilling mines beneath Interstate Highway I-70 east of Cambridge in Guernsey County, Ohio (Willard, 1995).
The injection of grout into the flooded abandoned mines at a depth of 40 feet beneath I-77 had displaced of water impounded in the mine works (Figure 5) and had induced subsidence events in the project vicinity. Since a condition for the Summit County I-77 project construction was maintaining all lanes available for traffic through the project area, the potential for inducing subsidence had to be addressed.
Plan of Action
The plan of action developed by Ohio DOT was multifaceted with the primary objective being protection of the driving public. Proactive components of the plan included installation of an alarm system, visual monitoring, and backfilling the mine. Reactive components of the plan included reducing the speed limit to 50 mph, lane closures, and provisions to detour traffic in case closure of all lanes was deemed necessary. The alarm system consisted of TDR monitoring cables installed beneath the highway and connected to a central data acquisition system for automated monitoring. Complementing the TDR monitoring cables were geophysical surveys in areas of suspected mine shafts.
The instrumentation was installed to provide a real time monitoring and alarm system. Precursor subsurface deformation was monitored by installing coaxial cables, as shown in Figure 6, into holes drilled horizontally beneath the highway as shown in Figure 7. Ohio DOT required a system that would monitor settlement beneath every lane open to traffic. The original system plan called for installation of cables in two trenches along the highway. Problems with installation and repair of the road surface deemed it necessary to consider other alternatives. Subsequently, the final system configuration included three cables (TDR1, TDR2, and TDR4) installed beneath the existing pavement (Figure 9) and one cable (TDR3) installed in a trench that was ultimately covered with asphalt pavement for a temporary lane (Figure 12).
Alarm System and Visual Monitoring
A critical requirement for the monitoring system was an automatic, datalogger-initiated capability to alert Ohio DOT personnel in the event that precursor subsurface movement was occurring as mine grouting was conducted. Automation was accomplished by connecting the cables to a central data acquisition system controlled by a Campbell Scientific CR10X datalogger (Figures 13 and 15).
Once the unit was installed and operational, the sequencing of the alarm system required an initial base-line reading. Alarm limits were then established to regulate the degree of acceptable variation for each TDR cable. If at any time, these limits would be exceeded, the alarm would trigger an automatic, datalogger-initiated phone call to key personnel informing them where movement was detected while enabling real time monitoring via phone line. Based on this information, they could make a decision about alerting Ohio DOT personnel at the site who would make a visual inspection to determine if lane closures were warranted.
Principle of TDR
Innovative monitoring of ground deformation was accomplished using time domain reflectometry (TDR). This technology is a form of RADAR in which voltage pulses are transmitted along coaxial cable, and reflections are created at every location where the cable is being deformed (Figure 6). The distance to each location is determined by the pulse travel time, and the magnitude of deformation at each location is determined by the magnitude of its TDR reflection.
Prior to installation, the cable is crimped to provide reference reflections at known physical locations along the cable (Figure 9D). In vertical installations, the crimped cable is lowered down a borehole and typically bonded to the surrounding rock with an expansive cement grout that is tremied into the hole. At locations where progressive ground movement is sufficient to fracture the grout, cable deformation occurs that can be monitored with a TDR cable tester(O'Connor and Dowding, 1999). This technology has been effective for monitoring subsurface movement over abandoned mines (O'Connor and Murphy, 1995; Charette, 1993; Bauer et al,1991; Aston and Charette, 1993). The installation in Summit County was unique since it was the first project in which TDR monitoring cables were installed in directionally drilled horizontal holes. Furthermore, this project was the first application in which TDR was used to monitor movement over the lateral extent of an entire project area.
Installation Design
Initial Concept
The original monitoring plan entailed the installation of one cable in a trench along the shoulder, and a second coaxial cable within the pavement. The initial plan proposed a 2-inch wide groove to be cut down through the asphalt overlay into the concrete pavement for a total depth of 6 inches. The 7/8-inch diameter solid aluminum coaxial cable would be placed in the groove and backfilled. A non-shrinking backfill which would bond the cable into the pavement was required. Use of an epoxy backfill was not feasible since it required a 24 hour curing period and the lanes could only be closed from 7pm to 5am. Use of a hot mix asphalt was not feasible since its 200 deg-F temperature would melt the foam dielectric. A cold mix asphalt backfill was not considered feasible because compaction settlement of the asphalt backfill could create a residual groove in the driving surface that would be a problem for motorcycle traffic.
A test program would have been required to establish a viable installation procedure. This requirement was a problem due to the limited time available for cable installation before mine backfilling was initiated. Due to the difficulties with epoxy, grout and asphalt backfill, an alternative plan for cable installation was developed.
Horizontal Directional Drilling
The alternative cable installation involved horizontal directional drilling (HDD) beneath the pavement (Figures 7 and 9). The horizontal holes would be drilled from the midpoint of the 2000 ft long section of highway. Location and depth would be carefully controlled so that each hole would be beneath the centerline of a highway traffic lane at a depth of at least 5 feet, so as to avoid any subsurface drains. Holes TDR2 and TDR4 were added in conformance to the safety consideration that traffic should not travel in lanes which were not monitored or already stabilized.
This plan would have required a large directional drill rig, drilling an 8-inch diameter hole in order to have a continuous hole over a 1,000 feet length. Fortuitously, this large rig was not available and instead a smaller rig drilling a 4-inch diameter hole with a maximum hole length of 600 ft was utilized. This plan modification required that each 1000-ft-long section be divided into two 500-ft-long sections which were then spliced together (Figure 7).
Drilling was conducted at night when single traffic lane closures were permitted by Ohio DOT. The resulting access to the pavement surface above the drill bit would make it possible to provide the driller with information on the direction and depth of the drilling (Figure 9B). Consequently, horizontal and vertical control was not expected to be a concern even in the presence of reinforcement in the pavement. However, as discussed later, variation in the subsurface conditions created a challenge to the horizontal drilling operations.
Discussions with contractors revealed that the critical factors for HDD work were the length of pull, the tensile strength of the cable, the requirement of having good cable to soil contact, and the ability to accurately drill through sand and/or clay. The contractors recommended a pull length of less than 800 feet. The depth of the installation was intended to be 5 to 10 feet below the top of pavement to avoid disturbance to shoulder drains and storm water drains. With a shorter pull length, a smaller drilling rig could be used. To provide adequate clearance for the 7/8-inch diameter cable, a 3 to 4-1/2 inch diameter hole would be drilled with mud (bentonite slurry). The bentonite would help stabilize the sand layers while providing a lubricant to back-pull the cable which had a tensile strength of only 800 lbs.
The contractor proposed that grouting in the annulus between the cable and hole wall could be performed in several ways. One alternative involved grouting the annulus with a bentonite-neat cement mix during the back-pull. A second alternative involved placement of the cable inside a tremie line. Both the cable and the tremie line would be pulled back together. Once the pull was completed, the cable would be anchored from one end, and from the opposite end the tremie line would be connected to the grout pump for retreat grouting. All parties agreed that the best grouting method should be determined by field testing.
Subsurface Conditions
The subsurface conditions consisted of 15-30 ft of clayey to sandy silt containing layers of clean sand to gravelly sandy. These unconsolidated deposits were overlying 6 ft or less of broken and jointed limestone and the 5-6 ft thick Brookville #4 coal seam. The difficulty of drilling through these soils was demonstrated by vertical test drilling performed to establish appropriate procedures for production grouting operations in preparation for mine backfilling. It was found necessary to case all vertical holes through the cohesionless soil using a vibratory drill rig in order to minimize washing out of the soil and the risk of forming sinkholes.
The water table was encountered at a depth of 6-10 ft below the ground surface; therefore, the mine voids, located at a depth of 25 to 35 feet, were flooded. Communication between the vertically drilled mine backfilling holes (Figure 5) occurred within the gravelly sand and broken limestone as well as at mine level. These "soft zones" and the variation in the depth to top-of-rock posed a challenge for the horizontal directional drilling.
The original installation plan anticipated the horizontal drill being able to negotiate fairly tight horizontal curves (radius of 15 ft). However, the large horizontal drills actually required a larger radius curve (radius of 200 ft as shown in Figure 7) for negotiating through "soft zones." This large rig limitation would have created situations where 125 foot lane sections were without a monitoring cable. Fortunately, the smaller horizontal drill rig, shown in Figure 9, was used since it could work with a radius as small as 100 ft.
HDD requires a reaction force (resistance) at the drill head in order to control the horizontal and vertical position. Whenever it encounters weak soils or "soft zones," the bit will progress with increasing depth until it encounters sufficient resistance for the operator to turn the drill head and direct the bit upward. Conversely, when the bit encounters a hard object such as a boulder or a buried pipe, the bit will move laterally until it gets around the obstruction and will continue in this direction until it encounters a zone of sufficient resistance so that the operator can rotate the head and redirect the bit. Typically, the horizontal location of the bit could be controlled to within +/- 3 feet. The influence of subsurface conditions on horizontal control is illustrated in Figure 11 and Table 1. When drilling hole TDR1N-2, little or no resistance was encountered at Station 151+00 and this continued as the bit was advanced to Station 152+60. This low drill head resistance did not allow the operator to change either the horizontal or vertical direction of the bit. However, the operator was able to pull the bit back to Station 150+00 and redirect it.
Due to a problem with cable installation in TDR1N-2 (as discussed below), it was necessary to redrill this hole. As shown in Figure 11, the original hole was at an offset of 71.5 feet right of the highway centerline; and, it was redrilled with an offset of 74 feet right. Although this second hole was only 3.5 feet away from the original hole, the soft soils it encountered had a more dramatic impact on drilling. The bit encountered soft soil at a depth of 9 ft (at Station 147+50),and it dropped as it was advanced. It continued dropping to a depth of 16 ft (at Station 149+00) and could not be directed to a shallower depth until stiffer soil was encountered at Station 149+75.
By comparison, while drilling hole TDR2N-2 (offset 59 Right Figure 11) the soil was stiffer. This resistance made it easier to control the bit depth.
An unexpected benefit of HDD was the wealth of information it provided relative to soil conditions beneath the highway pavement. As summarized in Table 1 and Figure 10, it was possible to identify the location and lateral extent of soft soils. By comparison, it would require an extraordinary number of vertical exploration holes to provided a similar amount of soil information for the 2000 foot long section of roadway.
Cable Installation
At the end of a 500 ft run, the bit was directed to emerge along the pavement shoulder. The coaxial cable was attached to the drill string and pulled into the hole as shown in Figure 9D. The cable was then crimped every 45 ft when there was a pause to detach a section of drill rod and load it onto the rack. These crimps produced reflections at know distances in the TDR waveforms. An example of the reference reflections is shown in the waveform in Figure 16A.
Originally it was planned to anchor the cable to soil by pumping a lean cement grout through the drill stem as it was extracted. The grout mix was 600 gal water, 3 bags expansive additive, 15-17 bags of cement. This method was used successfully during the first hole (TDR1-N1). However, the mud pumps and drill-string back-reamer were not designed to be used with cement and plugging was problem. While installing the second cable (TDR2-N1) the back reamer became plugged and the mud pump broke down. Grout pumping was discontinued and the cable was simply pulled through the hole. At this point, the decision was made to discontinue attempts to grout the annulus to minimize delays that would be caused by changing equipment.
The lack of annulus grouting raised concerns that cable deformation would not occur. The 7/8-inch diameter cable was pulled into a 4-inch diameter hole filled with very soft drilling mud. However, a field observation suggested that the bore hole was collapsing on the cable. While back-pulling a cable through hole TDR1-N2, it was necessary to make an adjustment at the drill rig with 90 ft of rod still in the hole. The cable got stuck in hole and only 4 ft was pulled out at the drill rig. When an attempt was made to pull the cable out at the other end, it immediately snapped off. It was concluded that the soil had collapsed on the cable. This condition should occur for all cables installed in similar soil conditions, and any ground movement would cause cable deformation in these settings.
Installation in Trench
One cable (TDR3-N) was installed in a trench 1 ft wide by 3 ft deep as shown in Figure 12. This installation was very simple and controlled. The cable was laid out next to the trench, crimped, placed in the trench, then covered with 3 ft of sand-cement backfill (compressive strength 200 psi). Since the plan was to place a temporary lane over this trench, it was necessary to place controlled density cementitious backfill. This ensured that the backfill would not consolidate and cause settlement of the pavement. However, the usual procedure would be to only use 6 inches of cementitious backfill then complete backfilling with soil.
Automated Monitoring and Alarm Logic
The eight spliced coaxial cables extended to a central location (Figure 13, 14). Each cable was connected to the coaxial multiplexer installed within the enclosure shown in Figures 15. The multiplexer and Campbell Scientific TDR100 cable tester were controlled by a CR10X datalogger. The datalogger was also attached to a storage module and modem. Initially, there were difficulties in getting the automated system operational. During this period, all cables were interrogated manually using a TDR unit and a laptop computer. In this mode, the analysis was essentially qualitative with only a gross visual analysis to check if any cable deformation was occurring.
Once the system was operational, the datalogger would cycle over the eight cables once every three hours and store the measurements. The datalogger was programmed to compare waveforms point-by-point against stored baselines. The datalogger would activate power to the cable tester, interrogate each cable, compare TDR reflection magnitudes with the baseline waveform, store data in the storage module, and then turn off the cable tester. Whenever the system detected a change from the baseline value that exceeded the alarm threshold, the datalogger initiated a phone call to GeoTDR personnel. The alarm value was incrementally increased as personnel gained experience with the system. Data could be downloaded from the storage module via a phone line to evaluate the cause of the alarm condition.
The alarm logic is summarized by the flow chart shown in Figure 17. The memory locations available in the datalogger to store baseline waveforms placed a limitation on the number of data points that could be stored. For each cable, it was possible to store a maximum of 400 data points and the integrated length was standardized as 440 m (1443 ft) to ensure that the entire length of cable would be interrogated. This translates into a density of 400 points / 440 m (i.e., 1 point / 1.1 m = 1 point / 3.28 ft). The datalogger was programmed to compute the point-by-point difference between the current waveform and the baseline. That is, for data point "I", CurrentValue(I) - BaselineValue(I) = Change(I) (with I = 1 to 400). If the absolute value of"Change(I)" is equal to or greater than the threshold value of 0.1 rho (100 mrho), this would be an alarm condition, and the datalogger would initiate a call to GeoTDR.
Typical Data and Overburden Response
The monitoring system philosophy was to have an alarm condition if the cable was severed or if movement exceeded the established threshold values. However, it was more prudent to initially set the alarm threshold at a much lower level and then increase the threshold as experienced was gained. Examples of the types of cable faults that exceeded the lower alarm threshold, and associated waveforms, are as follows:
Poor Connector (Figures 18A, C, E, G). Problems developed with connectors between lead cables and transducer cables, and with splices along the transducer cables.
Cable damaged by Backhoe (Figure 18B). The end of cable TDR1-N was damaged by a backhoe digging in the area of Station 151+00. From that point in time, this end of cable was exposed and the outer conductor was damaged.
Cable Severed by Drilling (Figures 18D, F, H). Since the system was intended to detect subsurface movement induced by the mine backfilling, it was necessary to have the cables installed prior to these activities. Cable locations were not well marked on the highway pavement and several drill holes intercepted the cables.
Electrical Noise (Figures 18F, H). Sometimes electrical noise associated with poor connections was sufficient to exceed the alarm threshold.
Examples of ground movement that was not detected are as follows:
Surface Movement not Detected in Soft Soils. The cable were installed at depths of 3 to 17 ft beneath the pavement. It is inherent that soil/rock movement would have to occur below this depth to cause deformation of the cable. At Station 149+50 (Figure 10 and 11), a small slump developed in the roadway early in the morning of August 3, 2001. An investigation of this slump by drilling and a geophysical survey showed that it was associated with "shallow" movement in soft soil and the grout take was very low. "Shallow" is defined as occurring above the cable that was at a depth of 9 feet at this location. Consequently, this movement within the soil was not detected by the cables, and it was not related to movement of the underlying rock.
The presence of soft soils was also evident during horizontal drilling to install the cables. At Station 136+00, drilling fluid came out through cracks in the pavement (Figure 10).
Cable Installed in Trench with Stiff Backfill (Figure 12). As mentioned, one cable was installed in a trench 3 ft deep with sand-cement backfill. On August 13, this "beam" was exposed along a 5 ft long section while repairs were made to a drain. The bending stiffness and shear strength of this "beam" was great enough that only elastic deformation occurred over the exposed span, cracking did not develop, and the cable was not deformed.
Splice Hit by Automobile. On August 10, a northbound automobile went off the highway and hit the splices at Station 136+00 (Figure 7). The cables were bent gently and not locally deformed so this was not detected when interrogating the cable with TDR.
Limitations of Alarm Logic
The following information is a summary of calls that were logged and the analysis of the cause:
|TDR4-N event at 9.9 m
|TDR4-N event at 26 ft
|connector (Fig 18G)
|TDR1-N event at 1158 ft
|backhoe hit end of cable (Fig 18B)
|TDR4-N event at 195 ft
|cable severed by drilling (Fig 18H)
|TDR1-N event at 1158 ft
|3 received calls......
|TDR1-N event at 1158 ft
|2 received calls......
|TDR1-N event at 1158 ft
|4 received calls....
|TDR2-S event at 29 ft
|splice (Fig 18E)
|TDR2-S event at 29 ft
|continuation of alarm condition
|TDR1-N and TDR2-S 8
|received calls...
|TDR1-S event at 14 ft
|connector (Fig 18C)
|TDR1-N and TDR1-S 8
|received calls...
|TDR1-N and TDR1-S 20
|received calls....
|TDR2-N event at 14 ft
|TDR2-N event at 18 ft
|TDR1-S event at 155 ft
|cable severed by drilling (Fig 18D)
|TDR2-S event at 837 ft
|cable severed by drilling (Fig 18F)
|TDR1-S event at 155 ft
|continuation of alarm condition
|TDR2-S event at 758 ft
|related to drilling
|TDR2-S event at 404 ft
|noise level 100 mrho
|TDR2-N event at 18 ft
|continuation of alarm condition
|TDR1-S event at 155 ft
|continuation of alarm condition
|TDR1-N and TDR2-S 12
|received calls.....
|TDR1-N and TDR2-S 12
|received calls.....
The above summary documents the fact that once a cable is damaged, moisture can penetrate, and small fluctuations in the TDR waveform at that location will exceed the alarm threshold. This situation can also occur simply due to intermittent noise created at connectors.
Solutions used to Overcome Limitations
One solution to overcome these limitations was to simply have the system record the time that a call was received. This solution made it possible to identify a cable by the logged call time since cables are interrogated at specific times
|0005, 0305, 0605, 0905, 1205, 1505, 1805, 2105
|0015, 0315, 0615, 0915, 1215, 1515, 1815, 2115
A second solution was to reset the baseline. However, this solution was only a temporary fix since intermittent cable noise would recur and exceed the alarm threshold.
A third solution was to increase the "alarm threshold" from a "Change" of 0.1 rho (100 mrho) to 0.9 rho (900 mrho). This solution was effective in dealing with the noise created by the connector for cable TDR4N (Figure 18G).
Other Possible Solutions to Overcome Limitations
Several approaches could be used to address the current limitations. One approach would be to modify the basis for an alarm condition, such as : A) compare slopes for a series of points, B) compare the difference from the baseline for a series of points, and/or C) change the number of points / unit length. These modification should be made in concert with an evaluation of the mine geometry and the specific geologic conditions impacting the area.
An even more effective approach would be to dedicate a base station to download data automatically. This approach would be similar to systems used for web-based data displays since archived data would be more readily available for comparison. This would produce a more continuous time history of changes. Software could be utilized to detect and flag changes before an alarm threshold was exceeded. Most importantly, this approach would significantly decrease the likelihood of responsible personnel developing "burn-out." Several individuals could be involved in the process and a report of calls could be viewed daily rather than requiring individuals to be on call 24 hrs/day 7 days/week.
Summary and Conclusions
This project demonstrated the capability of real time monitoring of ground movement over a wide area utilizing a horizontal application of TDR technology and the viability of real time monitoring over abandoned underground mines. The following conclusions have been drawn based on the experience gained during this project:
It is viable to install coaxial cable in horizontal holes for purposes of monitoring subsurface deformation using TDR technology.
Horizontal drilling cannot be easily controlled when soft soil encountered, the bit enters a pipe,or the bit encounters hard obstructions. However, horizontal drilling does provide a good assessment of geologic changes over lateral extent of the project area. Perhaps a resolution to the problem with control in soft conditions could be addressed with a pilot bit designed specifically for these conditions although this would require delays to retract the drill string and change drill heads.
Originally, two grouting methods were identified and it was planned that a field test would be used to determine which method was feasible. However, only one method was attempted, and the problems with grouting were created by the type of pump and drilling equipment used. Discussions with HDD equipment manufacturers and contractors indicate that this equipment is typically only used with bentonite slurries. It will be necessary to implement an alternative means for placing cement grout in horizontal drill holes. For example, a separate tremie tube can be placed with the cable, or a conduit can be placed as typically done when installing optical fiber. Grout would be pumped through the tremie tube or conduit and it would remain in the hole.
Experience with the alarm was gained and as confidence increased it was possible to adjust the threshold values for individual cables. In particular, it was found that increasing the threshold from 0.1 rho to 0.9 rho was effective in eliminating false alarms due to noise associated with the coaxial connections. Refinement of threshold levels will continue in future applications.
An analysis of the TDR waveforms was a critical component of the plan of action. It was critical to evaluate the reason that the alarm threshold was exceeded and to verify that cable deformation had actually occurred before alerting on-site personnel to conduct a visual check.
The major cause of cable damage was construction operations (i.e., backhoe excavation and drilling of backfill placement holes). The range of movement was comparable with that expected if a sinkhole had developed. Lack of grout did not affect sensitivity which is consistent with performance with similar cable installations on other projects. This emphasizes the need to identify the location of cable runs on the ground surface prior to initiation of vertical drilling operations for mine grouting.
The 3 ft thickness of cementitious backfill placed in the trench installation created a stiff "beam." This thickness should be no greater than 6 inches.
Aston, T., and F. Charette. (1993). Installation and Monitoring of Three Abandoned Mine Crown pillar Sites, Timmons, Ontario: August 1992 to October 1992. CANMET Div. Rep. MRL 93-020(CL), Min. Res. Lab., Ottawa, June, 61 pp.
Bauer, R. A., C. H. Dowding, D. J. Van Roosendaal, B. B. Mehnert, M. B. Su, and K. O'Connor. (1991). Application of Time Domain Reflectometry to Subsidence Monitoring. Office of Surface Mining, Pittsburgh, 48 pp.; NTIS PB 91-228411
Charette, F. (1993). Results of the Monitoring of Three Crown Pillar Sites in Cobalt, Ontario. CANMET Div. Rep. 92-101 (CL), Min. Res. Lab., Ottawa, Mar., 31 pp.
O'Connor, K.M. and C.H. Dowding (1999). GeoMeasurements by Pulsing TDR Cables and Probes. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
O'Connor, K.M. and E.W. Murphy (1997). TDR Monitoring as a Component of Subsidence Risk Assessment Over Abandoned Mines. Int. Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Science. Vol. 34,Nos. 3-4, Paper 230.
Willard, D. J. (1995). A Narrow Escape, Tragedy avoided on I-70 despite missed signals. Akron Beacon Journal, August 20, Akron, Ohio.


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How long is this game? I\'ve had it in my PS1 games case for several years, but haven\'t had the time to play it. Wondering if I should shelve my currently active PS1 game and play this through to the end.
If it\'s just 10-15 hours, I might be able to squeeze it in.

subset: commoncrawl


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THE bodies of two Bicester-based soldiers killed in Afghanistan last week will be repatriated tomorrow.
Corporal Andrew Roberts, 32, and Private Ratu Silibaravi, 32, were killed in a mortar attack on their military base on Friday.
The soldiers were both from Bicester-based 23 Pioneer Regiment, The Royal Logistic Corps.
The plane carrying their bodies will land at RAF Brize Norton at about 1.30pm tomorrow and the cortege will pass the memorial garden on the edge of Carterton at about 3.30pm. The cortege is expected to arrive at the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford, where post-mortem examinations are carried out, at about 4.30pm.
Yesterday, the Royal British Legion appealed for Oxfordshire people to pay tribute to the two men at Carterton, Oxford or along the route between the town and city.
Oxfordshire vice president Mike Henderson said: "I would like to see as many people as possible come out and support this repatriation because they were local lads."
Any updates to the timings for the repatriation will be posted on oxfordmail.co.uk when available.


text:
Company Profile: Jack in the Box operates and franchises Jack in the Box and Qdoba Mexican Grill quick-service restaurants.
Share price return: 3.2% this year
Franchise locations: N/A
Revenue from franchises: Franchise-related revenue accounted for 36.4% of Jack in the Box's $505 million in total revenue last quarter. Franchise revenue totaled $62.5 million in the company's fiscal second quarter, while distribution sales to franchisees was $121.4 million. Company restaurant sales were $321.2 million in the fiscal second quarter.
Franchise costs: Jack in the Box franchisees pay an initial franchise fee of $50,000 per location, which carries a 20-year term. There is also a $25,000 area-development fee per location. The company charges a royalty fee of 5% of gross sales and a separate marketing fund contribution of 5% of gross sales.
Analyst view: Morgan Keegan is one of four research firms rating the stock "buy." Another nine say investors should hold shares, while two recommend selling.


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By Kevin Johnson, USA TODAY
FORT WORTH Tim Cole spent 13 years languishing in Texas prison infirmaries before a major asthma attack triggered his death in 1999.
His family, who is fighting to clear Cole's name in the 1985 rape of a Texas Tech University student, is convinced his confinement hastened the end of his life at 39.
Last year, long-sought DNA testing implicated another man, Jerry Wayne Johnson, in the crime. Imprisoned on two other rape convictions, Johnson, 49, has confessed to the attack in writing.
Yet the Lubbock court that convicted Cole more than two decades ago has declined to issue a formal exoneration.
On Thursday, Cole's family and lawyers will appear in an Austin courtroom in pursuit of an extraordinary posthumous legal ruling to clear his name. The strategy is unprecedented in Texas and rare in the U.S., say advocates for the wrongfully convicted, who fear others also have died before they could prove their innocence.
"There are others out there, and we'll get them," Jeff Blackburn, Cole's attorney and chief counsel for the Innocence Project of Texas, says of the potential for more cases such as Cole's.
One of many bitter ironies, Blackburn says, is that in 1995 Johnson wrote to Lubbock court officials, confessing his guilt in Cole's case.
Blackburn says Johnson's claims were ignored until the family received a written confession from him 12 years later. He notes the first letter to authorities from Johnson — who is scheduled to appear at Thursday's hearing — came four years before Cole's death.
"As far as I'm concerned, Tim Cole's life could have been saved," he says. "Somebody has to do the right thing."
'An empty spot'
The story of how a flawed criminal justice system helped claim Cole's life begins with Michele Mallin.
Now 44, Mallin was a sophomore at Texas Tech in March 1985, when the Lubbock campus was terrorized by a series of sexual assaults.
About 10 p.m. on March 24, Mallin was moving her car to avoid a parking ticket when a man approached the driver's side of her 1979 Oldsmobile. He asked for jumper cables, then forced his way in, putting a knife to her throat.
They drove to an open field.
"I begged and pleaded for him not to do this," she says. "There was no place to run."
About a month later, she was asked to review a photo lineup of possible suspects. Blackburn says she picked out Cole, not knowing the photo was taken when Cole — who had no criminal record — was being questioned by police as a possible witness in an unrelated theft case.
Mallin later identified Cole in a physical lineup. Her identification, jury foreman Walter Lupton says, was among the strongest evidence against Cole at trial.
Lupton, who hadn't known DNA testing implicated Johnson or that Cole died in prison, says the knowledge leaves "an empty spot in my life."
Mallin, meanwhile, had "kind of put the whole thing behind me." Then, last May, she was notified by the Lubbock County District Attorney's Office that DNA testing had eliminated Cole as the attacker and that he had died in prison.
"I was really shocked," says Mallin, who has joined Cole's family in their effort to exonerate him and plans to appear at the hearing. "Timothy is as much a victim as me."
District Attorney Matt Powell says his office performed the DNA tests but is not taking a position on Cole's exoneration. The 10-year statute of limitations to prosecute Johnson for the rape had expired when Johnson first confessed to the crime.
Cole's lawyers say the man who prosecuted Cole, Jim Bob Darnell, has not responded to their requests for information. Darnell, now a judge in Lubbock County, did not respond to requests for comment for this story.
Blackburn says Cole's case may be the strongest example yet of flaws in eyewitness identification.
Nationally, the Innocence Project, which attempts to prove innocence claims using DNA, says misidentification is the "single greatest cause of wrongful conviction." Of the 232 exonerations involving DNA evidence, about 75% involved some form of misidentification, the New York City-based group reports.
Blackburn hopes the case will spur a new state law allowing stronger challenges to witness identification.
A painful decade
Nearly 10 years after Cole's death, the pain from his wrongful conviction and long imprisonment is still raw for his mother and six siblings.
Cole's mother, Ruby Cole Session, 72, who lives in Fort Worth, says her son never waivered in his innocence claims.
During at least four parole hearings, Cory Session says, his brother refused to say he was guilty, knowing his refusal to do so greatly reduced his chances of early release from his 25-year sentence.
"He wasn't going to admit to something he didn't do," brother Sean Session says. "We believed the justice system was going to work and that Tim was going to come home. He never did."
Adds Cory: "We can't do anything for Tim right now, but we can reclaim his name."
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text:
April 19th, 2011
- Location: Sayles-Hill Lounge
- Time: 3:30 pm
- Present: Kerstin Cardenas (Ex-Officio), Andrea Zunkel (Ex-Officio), Joe Chihade, Pavel Kapinos, Linda Mueller, Sandy Pieri, Austin Robinson-Coolidge, Mike Tompos (Chair)
- Guests: Andrea Nixon, Director of Curricular and Research Support/Co-Chair, Community Equity and Diversity Initiative (CEDI); Michael McNally, Chair and Professor of Religion/Co-Chair, Community Equity and Diversity Initiative (CEDI)
- Secretary: Andrea Zunkel, Benefits Coordinator (Ex-Officio)
- Keywords: Benefits Committee Meeting Minutes, Meeting Minutes for Benefits Committee
Introductions were made.
CEDI Proposal: Tax Off-Set for Same Sex Domestic Partners
Andrea Nixon and Michael McNally, Co-Chairs from the Community Equity and Diversity Initiative (CEDI) joined our meeting to present a proposal regarding initiating a tax off-set for same sex domestic partners; this proposal derives from information gathered within the Climate Campus Survey. This proposal has been a work in progress over the past 1.5 years.
Thus far, CEDI has talked with two Presidents (Robert Oden and Steve Poskanzer), as well as the Tuesday Group. Their intention is not to create a new benefit but to help resolve issues within the current benefit and its impact to same sex domestic partners. CEDI views this proposed change as a good faith start towards equalization of the benefit, and also to aid in recruitment and retention of staff and faculty at Carleton College.
The original benefit was implemented at Carleton College in the 1990's; there are tax implications that relate to benefits provided to domestic partners that must comply with IRS regulations. Specifically for the employee who chooses to elect health coverage for their partner, due to federal law, Carleton employees with domestic partners have both a pre-tax deduction (for themselves) and a post tax deduction for their domestic partners, as well as paying taxes on the portion of the premium that the College pays for their domestic partner (which is considered taxable income).
Andrea and Michael shared that they have found some universities (Syracuse and Bowdoin) and companies (Google) that have attempted to come up with some "work arounds", which has been to "gross up" salary to offset the additional taxation paid by the employee. If Carleton were to implement this, CEDI thinks this would be roughly a $1500 impact for the employee.
Kerstin pointed out that the amount "grossed up" will also increase their taxable income. Additionally, it is very difficult to do a "true gross up" due to each employee's rate of taxation.
CEDI is recommending a flat increase vs. individual calculations and also recommends that the offset only be offered to same sex domestic partners as a good-faith start. There are currently four employees affected, which is $6000.
Austin commented that this estimate may change as there may be other employees who would choose to bring their partners on to our plans in future with this change enacted.
The Benefits Committee expressed their appreciation for the information and Andrea and Michael were informed that we will be meeting soon to provide more review of this proposal. Our recommendations will then be submitted to the Tuesday Group for their review. Andrea and Michael offered to supply any further information necessary, should our committee have any follow-up questions.
Benefits Committee Initiatives
The Benefits Committee reviewed our initiatives moving forward. Specifically reviewed was:
- Surveying employees on the College's benefits package.
Comments were that coming up with an appropriate survey that asks the correct questions in the appropriate fashion is very difficult to do. A survey had been done a number of years ago (through Survey Monkey); however, the information derived was not the best.
- Benefits Package Education.
Mike suggested that providing education on our benefits to our employees may be a great idea, as many people don't know what benefits they actually have. Additionally, they may not be recognizing the contributions made for them by the College.
- Benefits Fair.
Discussion ensued about conducting a benefits fair; there was one done in 2008 which provided an opportunity for our vendors to answer questions and inform employees on specifics of their plans. Additionally offered (in 2008) was a bio-metric screening opportunity, which was not met with employee support and resulted in a number of negative comments.
- Benefits Package Comparison to Peer Institutions.
There may be some merit in educating our population on how Carleton College's benefits relate to our peer institutions. It can be very difficult to provide specifics on each benefit (due to plan specifics per institution); however, the comparison of the ratio paid in benefits between institutions may be feasible.
- Long-Term Care.
Employees have vocalized their interest in investigating long-term care insurance (which would be a voluntary employee paid benefit). Should we wish to move forward with this, we'd need to begin working on this now for implementation by January, 2012. Even though there would not be College contribution, group rates could result in up to a 35% reduction in cost for our employees.
- Other Voluntary Employee Benefits (AFLAC, Vision Packages for Eyewear, etc.).
There may be other considerations to be made for voluntary benefits coming through SAC.
Our plans are to review these initiative options in an upcoming May, 2011 meeting.
Benefits Committee: Preparations for the Budget Committee
The Budget Committee has presented a roster of questions to the Benefits Committee for review in a meeting scheduled for Thursday, April 21, 2011 at 3:30 p.m.
Their requests/questions included:
- A list of the entire benefit package (retirement, health, tuition, life, longevity bonus, etc.)
- Is the College's cost information available for each one of these benefits individually?
- What is the cost of the entire benefit package?
- Any insight on upcoming health insurance negotiations? Plans? Cost structure?
- Is current data available for comparing Carleton's retirement contribution to our peer institutions?
- Is current data available for comparing our entire benefit package to our peer institutions?
- Are there any changes in law or in our own circumstances that might change what we are doing?
- Are there options available for structuring health insurance premiums based on health or lifestyle choices?
Following discussion, the committee decided to provide them with a PowerPoint presentation that will provide specifics on request/questions 1-3. The presentation will include graphs and enrollment data from 2010 and some projections for 2011. The remaining questions will have the remaining questions (with our responses) included within the PowerPoint presentation.
In closing, Mike shared his thoughts. He is encouraged that we are being invited to present this information to the Budget Committee, as ultimately, this will benefit the College.


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It's not everyday you find yourself standing next to a man holding a sign that reads "Rabbis Rape Kids."
But that's where I found myself. What's even odder, the conversation I was having with this man was not about the veracity of his sign's claim. Rather than being offended, I was more curious as to why he chose to attack a clergy member of my faith and not, say, a Catholic priest. The protester wasn't bothered by what seemed to me to be a missed opportunity. (Apparently he gets this question all the time.) He told me that his "Priests Rape Boys" sign is displayed when protesting in front of churches. "We just preach a good sin," he said, smiling.
This bizarre encounter was at a protest rally last week in Atlanta organized by the infamous Westboro Baptist Church. The Kansas-based fringe group never saw a protest they didn't want to participate in. They travel the country protesting everything from homosexuals to Jews to Christians to America itself.
They believe America, as a whole, is a sinful nation. They think America is doomed. The group has protested everything from abortion clinics to funerals -- including those of U.S. military, Tammy Faye Bakker, and Coretta Scott King. "It doesn't really make sense," a counter-protester told me at the rally. "Obviously, they're not spreading an articulate message."
Their easy-to-spot signs offer different variations on the "God hates" theme. "God Hates Fags" is probably their most famous credo (as well as their domain name), but not far behind is "God Hates the World," "Thank God for Dead Soldiers," and the just-plain-crazy, lazy "God Hates You."
Oh, and there's also this eloquent religious zinger of a sign: "Your Pastor is a Whore."
I had heard about their nationwide protests, and when I saw that they were coming to my town, I didn't want to miss the opportunity to catch the traveling freak show.
But I didn't really find a freak show. At least not with the folks from Westboro Baptist. The half-dozen hatemongers dispatched by the church were the very definition of peaceful protesters. A few adults and a couple of kids (yes, kids) made up their entire contingent. Now, don't get me wrong. I'm in no way condoning their vitriol. The heinous hate they spew is completely antithetical to mainstream values of faith. But their relatively calm demeanor as they stood at the center of this protest storm was eye-opening.
That's not to say they weren't a little, um, odd.
A woman in her 50s was using both arms to hold four posters up at once while she rattled off mini soundbites to me: "They deserve to know the truth ... Destruction has come nigh upon them ... Obama is a Muslim." While she informed me that everyone across the street is going to hell, she also talked about the biblical dictum of "love thy neighbor." I was having a hard time digesting the sincerity of that one.
After a few minutes, I walked across the street, the only one to make the trek from protesters to counter-protesters. In a way, I felt like a peace negotiator arriving at the other camp with a list of demands.
As happens often, the counter-protesters were causing more ruckus than the protesters themselves. The group of about 20 was an interesting hybrid of mostly gays and Jews -- working together against a common enemy. They were holding signs that declared "God Datez Fags," "God Loves Glitter," and the insightfully meta "Out of Context Verse." A group of "artful activists" known as the Feminist Outlawz were handing out bottled water.
A man calling himself Sir Jesse of Decatur, a public school teacher, was helping lead the counter-charge. He was tattooed, dressed in all black, and wearing a leather vest. But atop his head was a white cowboy hat -- a clear indication that he viewed himself as the heroic cowboy riding in to save the day.
The counter-protesters were shouting things from the adorable ("I love my rabbi") to the rude ("Why go to the zoo when we can see animals here for free?").
Neither the protesters nor their counterparts compared in size to the dozens of police and security forces who were protecting the protest's perimeter. In addition to those cops, it appeared that a SWAT team with automatic weapons were standing at the ready. A traveling caravan of cop cars followed the minions of Westboro Baptist around town for two days, going to half a dozen protest locales. Our tax dollars at work.
It's quite fascinating that such a hate group can get all this attention, especially considering that there were only a handful of them armed with nothing more than some posters and utter absurdity. Had a mainstream group with dozens of people planned a protest around town, my guess is that they would not be drawing this kind of attention from the public. (Not to get too meta, but would I be writing about this on the Huffington Post if it wasn't for their extremely peculiar beliefs?) All of this makes a statement about the legitimacy of extremism.
The folks from Westboro Baptist Church, despite how much we marginalize them, know all too well how to play the public and the media. With little more than the selection of some curious venues and a few press releases, these protesters have gained national attention.
In our headline-driven culture, it seems that it's not just the loudest voices that get heard, but the craziest as well. And what does that say about us as news consumers? Perhaps the real problem isn't so much that these protesters are hatemongers, but that we have an appetite for the types of controversy they sell.
I wanted to get the protesters' opinion on this, but when I turned to go back across the street, they were already leaving. With what seemed like military precision, they checked their Blackberrys, packed up their posters, and drove (with police escort) to the next stop on their traveling tour of hatred.


text:
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all or drop us an e-mail to find out more about how Performance Coaching could help you.


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Kelly Preston Confirms Charlie Sheen Did Not Shoot Her [PHOTOS]
Charlie Sheen recently spoke out about the shooting incident at his home back in 1990 when the two were a couple. Sheen claims that he had nothing to do with Kelly Preston being shot.
Kelly, seen here leaving Mr. Chow last night (May 5), is backing up Charlie's claim confirming that he did not shoot her, and it was a "complete accident." So what took Kelly so long to verify Charlie's version?
PHOTOS: Kelly Preston Shows 5-Month-Old Benjamin Travolta
On the acting front, Preston has just joined the cast of Gotti: Three Generations. Radar Online reports that she will play John Gotti Sr.'s wife Victoria alongside her husband as the New York mafia don in the movie, set to be directed by Nick Cassavetes.
Watch Kelly talk about the incident…


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PennDOT blames Route 22 light problems on contractor
A Pittsburgh-based contractor is being blamed for defects that cause traffic backups along Route 22 in Murrysville.
The state Department of Transportation has notified Mascaro Contracting that it must repair electrical issues that are causing traffic signals at nine intersections along Route 22 to malfunction.
Representatives for Mascaro did not respond to requests for comment on Tuesday.
According to a letter from PennDOT sent to Mascaro earlier this month, the contractor is responsible to repair the problem at its earliest convenience.
"The grounding was not completed in accordance with (PennDOT's) standard," PennDOT District 12 assistant engineer William Kovach wrote. "Therefore, corrective action is required."
In the letter, Kovach said any defects must be repaired at no additional cost to PennDOT.
The lights, which control traffic along Route 22 from Trafford Road to Triangle Lane, were part of a Route 22 widening project from about 2002 to 2008.
Electrical problems are throwing the lights out of sync, according to a study commissioned by the municipality conducted by Trans Associates last year.
Route 22 is a state-owned and maintained road. PennDOT commissioned the widening project, which included installing the electrical work to control traffic lights. Mascaro was the primary contractor for the project.
However, Murrysville is responsible for maintaining the traffic lights and cameras.
The lights are cued by traffic cameras that detect if there is traffic along intersecting streets but rely on timers programmed based on traffic volume.
The lights are supposed to rotate between various points at an intersection – including cross-streets and turning lanes – on a timer, based on the time of day. Cameras perched atop the intersections detect traffic along the cross-streets.
If there are no vehicles approaching the intersection, the light switches to the next point and adds the remaining time to that light cycle.
Similar problems nearly made Councilman Jeff Kepler late for last week's council meeting – a regular occurrence, Kepler said.
He initially brought the situation to council about a year ago after receiving several complaints from residents who regularly were stuck for extended time periods at intersections.
Murrysville commissioned a $9,800 study last summer that found that one of the timers are off by as much as 27 minutes.
That means one light could behave as if it were 9:30 a.m. and rush hour, while another would behave as if rush hour were over.
Murrysville officials plan to overhaul the lights this year.
They have budgeted about $115,000 for a timing study, the possible purchase of new cameras and other costs associated with upgrading the system.
The money originally was designated for emergency management radio upgrades that now are being funded by a grant.
PennDOT District 12 spokeswoman Valerie Petersen said she could not comment on the specifics of the situation because the department might pursue legal action if repairs are not made.
However, these types of defects in projects are rare, she said.
"We have the capability of watching any product to make sure it's working properly," Petersen said. "We always use whatever recourse we can to get things fixed."
Daveen Rae Kurutz is a staff writer for Trib Total Media. She can be reached at 412-856-7400, ext. 8627, or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Currently working as an accountant in a local MNC.
Do people actually read profiles?
I am a very practical guy, pragmatic and simple. That said, I am also a very socially awkward and shy guy, which usually makes for a very terrible conversation partner, hence I am here to learn how to carry a proper conversation...
Tv series
HIMYM , 2 and a half men, 2 broke girls, big bang theory
walking dead, game of thrones.


text:
Congrats to @miketindlephoto, the winner of #TCPgiveaway April 16: #DIYSpot.
@miketindlephoto, we'll be in touch, and we'll still be giving away a The Cinematographer Project DVD a day for the rest of the month, so there's no reason not to keep entering. Get yours! Today's theme is #Trippy. Check back tomorrow to see the winner of #TCPgiveaway April 17: #Trippy.
Simply take a photo of your creative interpretation, tag it #Trippy, #TCPgiveaway and @transworldskate and we'll check it out.


text:
Have Relationship Questions? Ask a Counselor for Answers ASAP
The fact that you still do things together is a good sign. Use this time to build good memories and bonding with your baby.
If your behavior over time shows him that you are no longer making the same choices you did when you were single, he may slowly begin to trust you again.
However, there are no guarantees. If the things that bother him are things that happened before you even met him, he may have control issues. If you already know he has control issues, please be very cautious. The fact that he wants to live with you, but is still saying you're not a couple may be a sign that he wants the control, but not the responsibility and commitment.
I would advise you to not talk about getting back together, but just go about your life with him and the baby. If he is just being cautious, spending time together and learning to trust you may help him commit to the relationship.
If, however, no matter how devoted to him and the child you are now, he still holds things from the past over your head like a punishment, you may want to think about whether you want to spend the rest of your life apologizing, or whether it's better to move on and find someone who is more accepting.


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Jerusalem (CNSNews.com) - Democratic countries need to band together to form an international league of states dedicated to the worldwide fight against terrorism, given the United Nations' failure to do so, experts in Jerusalem said.
Speaking at the second annual Jerusalem Summit - a forum for international conservative thinkers and diplomats - participants said something different needs to be done.
While the United Nations was established with the noble goal of defending international peace and security, it actually has undermined international security and established safe havens for terrorism, said Dr. Dore Gold, former Israeli Ambassador to the U.N.
Three weeks ago, for example, U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan sent a letter to President Bush, British Prime Minister Tony Blair and Iraqi Prime Minister Iyad Allawi asking them to call off the anticipated attack against insurgents in Fallujah, Iraq because it would undermine the Iraqi election process.
"What the Secretary-General is essentially saying...was that maintaining the huge terrorist presence in Fallujah was better for the future of Iraqi democracy than having it eliminated," said Gold. Gold is the author of a recently released book entitled Tower of Babble: How the United Nations Has Fueled Global Chaos .
"In essence, what the Secretary-General was doing by his intervention was to provide protective diplomatic cover to the likes of Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi and the mujahadeen that were fighting against the United States and the coalition forces in Iraq," he said.
But such "diplomatic cover" for terrorist activities is not new. According to Gold, it began decades ago with "one of the worst" General Assembly resolutions ever adopted - number 2708.
"That resolution reaffirmed the recognition of the legitimacy of the struggle against alien domination...by all necessary means. That resolution became the basis, in my judgment, for the growth of terrorism...as something the U.N. could even legitimize," Gold said.
"If that resolution was adopted in December 1970, it's not surprising that by 1974 Yasser Arafat was in fact invited to the United Nations General Assembly to address it, without having to transform himself in any way," he said.
Arafat's PLO had been thrown out of Jordan in a bloody military confrontation known as Black September. The PLO was responsible for hijacking aircraft, murdering a U.S. ambassador to Sudan and his deputy, and killing Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympics.
"It's not a long distance from those early years in the 1970s to protective cover that the Secretary-General Annan has provided to Zarqawi [and the] Mujahadeen in Fallujah," he said.
Targeting states that support terror
Shabtai Shavit, head of the Israel's Mossad (secret service) from 1989 to 1996, said an international organization should be created to deal with the global war against terrorism.
"Terrorism cannot exist without territory and thus action must be against states that support terrorism," Shavit said.
"The U.N. is of course a natural home for such an organization," he said, but that won't happen. The U.N. has never even been able to come to a consensus on a definition for terrorism, much less fight it, he added.
The difference between terrorism in past decades and today, Shavit said, is that years ago it was primarily secularly based, aspired to self determination and was mostly local -- whereas today it is based on radical, religious, imperialistic Muslim worldview that has strong global support.
The terrorists today believe that they have been given a "divine command" to either convert the rest of the world to Islam or to extinguish it, he said.
Such an ideology has presented dilemmas to the Western world in the methods needed to deal with the terrorism, he said, and therefore an international organization of democracies needs to be formed in order to combat it.
Shavit, who heads the International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism near Tel Aviv, suggested that an international definition for terrorism based on the "lowest common denominator" be adopted by the group whose authority would be based on agreed upon conventions.
"Experts from different countries [would] investigate the involvement of states and organizations in terror," Shavit said. A state's involvement in terrorism would be defined by the type and level of involvement, he said.
"States that are involved in terrorism will be penalized based upon a fixed scale, which will be defined. The scale will mention the different types of involvement in order to shift the balance of interests from those states and convince them that supporting terrorism is not worthwhile," he said.
But according to Gold, its not enough to just pull democracies together. In the lead-up to the war in Iraq, even some democracies believed to be U.S. allies refused to view the threat from Iraq in the same way.
"Therefore you need a common mission, which is [to combat] terrorism, and you need democracy, and those have to be wedded to form a kernel of an alternative organization," Gold said.
"In the meantime, within the U.N. system, those countries need to begin to work to change the U.N. resolutions, to begin to form an alternative bloc that pulls in countries from Africa and Asia, away from the non-aligned movement to a more positive voting patterns," he added.
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Single mom to Rain (1/93) , grad student, and world traveler
Originally Posted by Dar
I still think the phrase "child-led" ignores the interconnectness of the family, and the role of the parents and other people in the child's life.
Originally Posted by UnschoolnMa
The bottom line (in an explanation to someone who is questioning it at least..) could be that unschooling is learning by life and by need. We learn as we live it, and as we need or want new information. Kristi
Originally Posted by 2tadpoles
To me, unschooling is any sort of learning experience which doesn't resemble "school." Even though my kids use traditional textbooks for math and spelling, I still consider us unschoolers because they have so much freedom. I don't use a bell or make them sit until the other is finished working. I don't give them grades. I don't say "You can't eat lunch until your spelling is finished." Our days don't resemble school in the least.
|I think the term "unschooling" has been hijacked, just like the feminazis have stolen the word "feminist."
|I think people who let their children take the lead in everything are unparenting, not unschooling. Children were provided with parents for a reason, IMO.
|I believe it was John Holt who first used the word, and his definition was far different than that of the radical unschoolers of today.
Single mom to Rain (1/93) , grad student, and world traveler
Originally Posted by mamamoo
Interesting...so really the range is huge. I guess for me it really is the freedom...we do not force or try to trick our kids into doing "school work".
Originally Posted by mamamoo
We are a family of five(almost six), and there has to be some cooperation on "chores" and in the decisions made for what we do during the day. We are extremely flexible on everything...we talk about and ask for input on who wants to do what "chore", but my kids know that in a family everyone has to work together to have a more peaceful life.
Originally Posted by Dar
So, by "school" do you mean a traditional public school? By this definition a waldorf homeschooler would be an unschooler, and so would most eclectic homeschoolers.
Originally Posted by Dar
I'm available for advice and I often offer knowledge and ideas , but the decisions is hers. Decisions that impact both of us are decided mutually, we work it out together. I think this is parenting.
You don't have to live this way to be an unschooler, but denigrating other who do is unkind.
Originally Posted by 2tadpoles
Actually, yes... I do mean that. To be honest, I'm sort of sick of the labelling, and the "us vs. them" mentality in the homeschooling community. I've come to the point where I can call anything unschooling which isn't school-at-home. .
Single mom to Rain (1/93) , grad student, and world traveler
Originally Posted by barbara
You have to be flexible to change with the changing needs of your child. Just as you were flexible with your baby or toddler and allowed them to learn to walk and talk in thier own time and way. You adjusted how you treated them as they grew into toddlerhood. You showed them the things that you knew, such as the stove is hot, smiles evoke a nice response in other people, apples taste good, etc. Now that they are older they are learning different things, but the way they learn hasn't changed.
So in a nutshell, unschooling to me is an organic way of learning which is respectful of the individual, and is a natural extention of the infant/parent relationship.
Originally Posted by UnschoolnMa
I guess I do not ever feel the "Us vs. Them" emotion of it all. Well, I have known people who do not care for unschooling and have told me so, but it's never become more of an issue than that.
|As far as "mouthy" kids go.. it depends on how we define mouthy I guess. We have encouraged our kids to express themselves as respectfully and constructively as possible (and to keep in mind how they would want someone to talk to them... ) When my mother in law told them they shouldn't be watching some show (I cannot recall what it was now) on tv, they politely told her that in our family everyone is allowed to decide what they want to watch for themselves. She considered that mouthy, and we did not. Our kids, we win lol. Different strokes for diff folks and all that Kristi
Originally Posted by Dar
You can call whatever you want "unschooling", but words are generally only useful for communication when there's some agreement about what they mean.
|I don't know anyone else who defines unschooling as "Anything except school at home", but you can be the first.
|If you're sick of labels, why do you seem so anxious to claim this one? <snip> So why does being labeled an unschooler somehow make you "cool" or something?
|I do see people trying to broaden the definition of unschooling so they can claim it too. And yeah, I object to that, because for me the whole point of the term is so that when someone asks about our homeschooling, I can use a word to describe it and people will know what it means.
Originally Posted by 2tadpoles
Yeah, I guess we're more eclectic, but there are few resources for eclectic schooling, and those that do exist frequently refer to unschooling resources for ideas and information. Eclectic schoolers tend to draw on both unschooling at school-at-home experiences, and the unschooling experiences/discussions are something I personally find more useful for our family.
|I have no desire to appear "cool," but thanks for the insinuation. Are unschoolers the home-ed version of the "popular kids" in high school or something? :LOL
|Funny how you fussed at me for being "unkind."
|I think the definition of unschooling was fairly broad until fringe groups claimed it for themselves. I think that if a person is an AP, TCS unschooler, she should call herself that, rather than just saying "unschooler" and trying to make that word automatically include AP and TCS.
Single mom to Rain (1/93) , grad student, and world traveler
Originally Posted by ErikaDP
Thank you for such a well written reply. I just love the comparison between unschooling and the toddler learning to walk and talk. It is so sad that natural instinctive learning has been replaced by most in our world with educational goals and artificial milestones. I hope that you don't mind me using your example in the future.
Originally Posted by Dar
So what's wrong with utilizing those resources without calling yourself an unschooler? Heck, you might even find the people easier to get along with if you hung out with that POV - "I'm an eclectic homeschooler and I find value in what you're doing and want to learn more about it" - than coming in saying you're an unschooler, which apparently didn't work out for you.
|You were unkind. And offensive.
|You said that people who extend unschooling philosophies into the rest of their lives were extremists and "unparenting"
|and then you compared strong feminists to Nazis.
|TCS and AP have never been part of this discussion. I don't see them as having anything to do with unschooling
Originally Posted by 2tadpoles
No, that is how you interepreted it. I said that parents who let their kids run
wild and call it unschooling are "unparenting."
|You and others here have complained that people who have structured days and use textbooks/workbooks, etc., are calling it unschooling. I think it's equally inappropriate to just be a lazy, permissive parent and call it unschooling. I do know people like that, even if you don't.
|No, I did not. Feminists are people who believe that women should be treated as social equals to men and that they should have all the same choices that men do. Feminazis are women who hate men and hold them responsible for all of society's ills, think all women should hold careers, and look down on women who stay home with their children.
|Strong feminists and psycho, man-hating feminists are NOT the same thing in my book.
Single mom to Rain (1/93) , grad student, and world traveler
Single mom to Rain (1/93) , grad student, and world traveler
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Price £5.99
For generations the local Post Office has been integral to life in Britain. This slim volume provides an historical overview of the development of this public institution. The book is fully illustrated, and contains many marvellous images of Post Offices past and present. It also features graphics including Postal orders, stamps and advertising material. We love it!
A5 size


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Holidays flying from Cambridge Airport where did you go?(4 Posts)
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Performers have not had control over how and when their performances are used abroad nor any legal right to payment'. Although at a local level whether on a national basis, or regional basis initiatives exist to protect the rights of the performer whether actor, musician, composer or writer concerning their work on screen, the increasing use of the Internet and Android devices to watch and listen to content is requiring a more universal set of rules.
There is no consistent method of protecting audiovisual performers at an international level. WIPO affords a wide definition to audiovisual performer so as to include actors, dancers, musicians and children performers.
The aim is to provide protection for both film and TV, but other outlets such as DVD and any other audiovisual platform.
The 1961 Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations (The Rome Convention) gave singers, musicians, dancer and actors limited protection at an international level. The process was updated in 1996, as a consequence of WIPO's Performers and Phonogram Treaty; but surprisingly it only addressed matters from a sound basis leaving a gap in respect of visual performances.
WIPO had an attempt to try and resolve matters but the basis upon implementation could not be resolved.
Since 2001, WIPO have been looking at ways of trying to improve the knowledge on the situation and a number of local, regional and national surveys were undertaken to ascertain the weaknesses and also solutions to ensure audiovisual performances were better protected.
Technology and physical borders were means of protecting and controlling the exploitation of performances, but a gradual but growing shift in viewing habits to the Internet and the near universal availability of material has given rise to this much needed and timely review of this area of Intellectual Property protection.
New markets exist for content and the surface has yet to be scratched, and if a clear treaty can be agreed it will help to bolster protection of audiovisual performances both in the exploitation of film, television and video, but also through all digital networks.
It is hoped that as part of the reforms the Beijing conference takes account of the need to protect script content, formats as well as the contribution of actors, musicians and dancers.
It is hoped that the adoption of the treaty will give rise to better legal protection of audiovisual performers as an international level.
One aspiration of the Conference is to promote enforceable contractual rights across different legal jurisdictions. In developing countries, but not exclusively so, there is a need for a strong framework to ensure good standards, protection of rights and enforcement of performers contractual terms.
Most contracts only are enforceable in their own jurisdiction, but what is required is a document or series of documents that have international recognition. However, most laws and their recognition only apply to a particular jurisdiction whereas what is required is the potential to have standards applicable and enforceable across borders.
The aspired standards include moving towards written contracts, better working conditions, entitlement to repeat royalties in respect of broadcasts and possibly downloads and protection of a performers moral rights.
One area to be considered is the right of audiovisual performers to have the exclusive right to compel the reproduction of their audiovisual performance so it is made available to the public. How this will work in practice remains to be seen, and including whether it is commercially possible or viable.
Although it is intended for the Treaty to be agreed and ratified at the June conference in Beijing, the consequence will still require implementation at a local level. However, the implementation will address differences in enforcement from one country to another and could counter against the intention to have harmonisation of the enforcement principles.
Right of Distribution
(1) Performers shall enjoy the exclusive right of authorizing the making available to the public of the original and copies of their performances fixed in audiovisual fixations through sale or other transfer of ownership.
(2) Nothing in this Treaty shall affect the freedom of Contracting Parties to determine the conditions, if any, under which the exhaustion of the right in paragraph (1) applies after the first sale or other transfer of ownership of the original or a copy of the fixed performance with the authorization of the performer.


text:
I create a custom text version for each email that's carefully formatted, and I paste it into the text version editor. Each time I make even a small change in the HTML version, the text version is once again auto-generated, wiping out my custom text. Fortunately, I have the text version in a Word document.
Is there a way to stop CM from auto-generating a new text version each time a change is made to the HTML version?
Hi Wayne B, sorry about this - what you will need to do is add your HTML content via the email editor first, then make your changes to the text version in that order. If you then make more changes to the HTML version, this prompt should appear, but changes should not be automatically made to the text version (unless you click 'Click here to apply the changes automatically', of course).
If you're finding that changes are still being overwritten, by all means get in touch. Best of luck!


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This is a compilation of move lists for Makoto Mizoguchi, in the various games he appears in.
Fighter's History DynamiteEdit
- Neck Throw - (close) ← or → + B
- Mizoguchi picks his opponent up by the neck then slams him/her down in either direction.
- Leg Throw - (close) ← or → + D
- Mizoguchi first holds his opponent's hand then turns and picks the opponent away.
Special Moves
- Tiger Bazooka - ↓↘→ + P
- Mizoguchi fires a tiger-shaped projectile while crouching.
- Koryusai - ←↙↓ + P
- Mizoguchi moves forward while doing an elbow uppercut.
- Renzoku Keri - ↓↘→ + K (up to 5 times; Air OK)
- Mizoguchi flies forward doing a series of flying kicks ending with a ankle drop.
- Gottsui Tiger Bazooka - ↓↘→ + All P & K
- Mizoguchi charges up and fires a stronger Tiger Bazooka at his opponent.
- Tsutensai - ←↙↓ + All P & K
- Mizoguchi does a spinning uppercut on the ground then shoots into the air in a spiral uppercut.
KOF Maximum Impact Regulation AEdit
- Nodowa - (close) ← or → + A + C
- Description needed.
- Aragami - (close) ← or → + B + D
- Description needed.
Special Moves
- Tiger Bazooka - ↓↘→ + P
- Mizoguchi fires a tiger-shaped projectile. C version is slower to launch, but knocks down.
- Renzoku Keri - ↓↘→ + K (up to 5 times; Air OK)
- A series of flying kick attacks. B version is aimed diagonally upwards; D version goes forward. Aerial versions have same behavior as ground ones.
- Koryusai - →↓↘ + P
- A standing elbow uppercut; anti-air move. A version is done on the spot, C version moves forward a little. C version can also be canceled into another Special Move, or one of its own designated followups: ↓↙← + A, ↓↙← + B, ↓↙← + C or ↓↙← + D.
- Kaiun - Geta Shigure - →↓↘ + K
- Mizoguchi kicks his geta up into the air, so they'll fall to the ground (possibly on his opponent's head) a moment after. Move has recovery time as he puts a new geta on immediately after the kick. D version kicks both his feet's getaone after the other, and he has to replace both after. The initial kick-up animation of either version can hit & damage opponents.
- Ebisu - ←↓↙ + P
- Mizoguchi runs up to his foe and does a low punch (must be blocked crouching); if hits, he'll toss his foe up into the air. Can followup immediately with ↓↘→ + C (Guriko; a huge energy punch that will blast his falling foe away), or use any other kind of move to catch them as they fall.
Desperation Moves
- Gottsui Tiger Bazooka - ↓↘→↓↘→ + P; hold P to store up (1 SP Gauge)
- Bigger, more damaging version of his projectile. Can be charged up to be even more powerful and big. Note that it is too slow to combo from normal attacks, even with no charge.
- ┗Gottsui Tiger Bazooka ~ Fake - press K while holding P
- Mizoguchi will stop charging and absorb the energy himself. He'll glow red afterwards, and his single next projectile attack will be more powerful.
- Ganso - Chest! - ↓↙←↓↙← + K (1 SP Gauge; Air OK)
- Mizoguchi flies forward with a kick while shrouded in energy.
- Bakusho - Shinkigeki - ↓↙←↙↓↘→ + P (2 SP Gauges)
- A big punch infused with a tiger-shaped aura. Can combo from C or D attacks.
- Tsutensai - ↓↘→↓↘→ + K (2 SP Gauges)
- Mizoguchi steps in a little, then rises up with a spiral uppercut. Can do multiple hits and be used as anti-air, but will cause the most hits & damage on grounded opponents.
- Shinsekai - ↓↘→↘↓↙← + C (3 SP Gauges)
- Mizoguchi poses with an energy explosion around him (which can hit opponent). Afterwards, his bandanna will be removed; during this period, all of his attacks will do more damage. When the effect ends, he'll become vulnerable as he puts his bandanna on again.


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Shanell – So Good / 6AM (Feat Lil Wayne & Drake) [Music Video] [HD]
Here is the official music video for Shanell's "So Good / 6AM" single featuring Lil Wayne and Drake. The song, which was produced by Cool & Dre, will appear on SnL's forthcoming debut album, due out at the end of this year. Cameos can be seen in this Director X visual from Birdman, Marley G, Mack Maine, DJ Scoob Doo and Denver Broncos running back Willis McGhee.
Click here to watch some behind the scenes footage or here for some behind the scenes pictures from the video shoot!


text:
Schneider Electric EcoStruXure energy management platform
Energy management platform from Schneider Electric EcoStruXure declares war on electrical system waste.
Newport, RI - Pointing toward what one company official called "declaring war" on electrical system waste, Schneider Electric discussed its EcoStrucXure energy management platform at its editor's event in Newport, RI, June 5. The initiative is built around Schneider's global branding and solutions model, which was also discussed at the forum, which brought together editors from 15 nations. "You have the opportunity to watch a company transform," Chris Curtis, vice president of Schneider Electric's North American operations, told the group. "We're a global specialist in energy management, but executing on this energy management strategy is not just about being big. We have to understand the individual constituencies of our end users." EcoStrucXure is designed to help with efficient energy use. Read more .
Summary provided by Plant Engineering , RBI
In related news, Schneider Electric takes a leadership position in energy efficiency in India with the acquisition of Conzerv : Schneider Electric announced June 5 that it has signed an agreement to acquire Conzerv Systems, the recognized leader in energy efficiency solutions in the Indian market, catering to industrial and commercial power consumers particularly. Conzerv pioneered the design and manufacture of digital energy meters in India and today leads the market with proven solutions for energy audits & energy management systems. It generates sales in excess of€10 million and employs 337 people.
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