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Chambers topped the British rankings with a time of 10.07 seconds at Gateshead on 11 June in his first 100m race following a two-year drugs ban.
And Holmes believes that justifies his inclusion in the squad: "When it comes to 100m men, they need to step up to the plate and Dwain's doing that now."
The GB squad for this month's European Cup will be announced on Wednesday.
UK Athletics performance director Dave Collins has already stated that Chambers will be treated like any other athlete.
But, given that British policy on drug-testing rules Chambers out of competing for Britain in the Olympics, Collins recognises that European Cup success must be balanced against long-term Olympic goals.
Holmes, however, believes that the time is right for Chambers to rejoin the squad.
"It was right that he was out of the sport for the time he was, but he's come back," she told Five Live's Sportsweek.
"He's a great athlete, and we probably need him back in the sport."
The European Cup, in Malaga on 28-29 June, is a pointer to the European Championships in Sweden this August, where Chambers is defending 100m champion.


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Brawny Cat is offering an exclusive discount just for Moderncat readers! This is your chance to get select models of the Big Baby Scratch'n Slumber® Ultimate Cat Scratch Lounge at reduced prices!
- The B'Tweener, measuring 26″ wide and 16″ deep, regularly $167, is just $139
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Plus, both include FREE SHIPPING to addresses in the continental US. What a deal! Follow this special link to take advantage of the discount. Don't wait, quantities are limited!
> click here to get the discount
Brawny Cat has some great new designs on the way, so they need to clear out this inventory to make room. If you already have a Big Baby Series Comfort Lounge, don't worry, the new designs will use the same Comfort Padlet so you'll always be able to get a replacement.
The Brawny Cat Lounge is in use almost constantly at my house. This is definitely a Moderncat favorite, due to the size of the cardboard lounging/scratching surface and the contoured shape, which the cats love. I also really like the hidden storage compartment under the padlet where you can stash extra toys.

subset: commoncrawl


text: David, I attempted to install Torque 4.2.6 from both github and the zip file.The build seem to go smoothly but when I issue the command sudo trqauthd start the following error event is logged. trqauthd: symbol lookup error: trqauthd: undefined symbol: debug_mode Any idea what package is missing. Thanks, Byron Lengsfield, PhD Recording Integration Lab HGST -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://www.supercluster.org/pipermail/torqueusers/attachments/20131211/c71506d8/attachment.html


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Agatha Christie's classic murder mystery (and longest running theatre production in history) will keep you filled with suspense and on the edge of your seat until the very end.
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In the News
Original journalism from the Center's OpenSecrets Blog
Lobbyists, campaign cash help drug industry stymie bid to restrain Medicare prescription costs
October 19, 2016 | When the Republican-controlled Congress approved a landmark program in 2003 to help seniors buy prescription drugs, it slapped on an unusual restriction: The federal government was barred from negotiating cheaper prices for those medicines. Instead, the job of holding down costs was outsourced to the insurance companies delivering the subsidized new coverage, known as Medicare…
Pfizer won't lack resources in lobbying for $160 billion Allergan deal
November 24, 2015 | In politics, 2015 may be remembered as the year of Trump and Carson, Clinton and Sanders. In the business world, especially in the health care industry, it may be remembered as the year of the merger. But many politicians aren't at all happy about the latest such effort: New York-based Pfizer's plan, announced Monday, to…
Pharmaceutical industry, under scrutiny for prices, has history of big political wins
October 2, 2015 | Since 1999, pharmaceuticals/health products has poured more money annually into lobbying than any other industry, including $229 million last year alone. PhRMA led the group, plowing $16.6 million into helping advance drugmakers' priorities in Washington.
PhRMA companies push hard on House bill to ease testing of new drugs
June 16, 2015 | Pharmaceutical interests are pushing hard in favor of a bill that could speed up Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of new drugs. But the bipartisan 21st Century Cures Act, which was approved last month by the the House Energy and Commerce Committee (the members of which have all sponsored the bill) and could reach the House floor by…
Company Awarded First Federal Offshore Wind Farm Spends Big in D.C.
March 30, 2015 | It has been nearly 15 years since a proposal to build wind turbines in federal waters was first floated by Cape Wind, but a Virginia power company with a much more substantial Washington money presence is poised to take the baton over the finish line. Dominion Resources, a company whose profits have charged up the…
Registered Lobbyists Gave $1.1 Million in Contributions Post Election
March 12, 2015 | While campaign workers (and increasingly television viewers) breathe a sigh of relief the morning after an election, for lobbyists it's time to get back to work to bolster relationships with incumbents or begin them with new members. That's often done in the form of contributions (surprise!). According to an OpenSecrets.org analysis, 948 lobbyists wrote more…
Many Lawmakers Investigating GM Have Long Been Helped by Auto Maker
March 31, 2014 | As General Motors CEO Mary Barra prepares for congressional hearings on the automaker's fatal ignition problems, she'll see many members whose campaigns were laced with contributions from her company.
The Money in the Great Ape Debate
July 11, 2013 | Animal welfare groups recently won a major victory when the head of the National Institutes of Health announced the agency would significantly curtail its use of great apes in scientific research. NIH's action follows the failure of congressional legislation in a climate where animal rights groups could never keep up with groups -- including drugmakers -- that opposed the bill, particularly when it came to spending on lobbying and campaign contributions.
More than 60 Lawmakers Relied Mostly on Out-of-State Money
May 7, 2013 | All members of Congress get checks from outside their districts or states. But in the 2012 election cycle, at least 66 senators and House members relied on out-of-state donors for more than half of their campaign funds.
Monsanto: Big Guy on the Block When it Comes to Friends in Washington
February 19, 2013 | Justice Clarence Thomas was on the bench today hearing a case involving seed patents held by his previous employer, Monsanto. Thomas aside, though, Monsanto has plenty of friends in Washington: It's the big guy on the agribusiness block when it comes to providing campaign cash and lobbying muscle.
Feel free to distribute or cite this material, but please credit the Center for Responsive Politics. For permission to reprint for commercial uses, such as textbooks, contact the Center.


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Forum:Maybe it's the beer talking Uncyclopedia
From Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia
Note: This topic has been unedited for 2059 days. It is considered archived - the discussion is over. Do not add to unless it really needs a response.
but you got a butt that won't quit. --Roman Dog Bird 20:26, December 8, 2011 (UTC)


text: 1/27/11 1/24/11 POPSUGAR Celebrity Nicole Richie Pictures of Nicole Richie With Harlow Madden Nicole Goes From Clubbing With Samantha to the Theater With Harlow January 24, 2011 by Lauren Turner 10 Shares Chat with us on Facebook Messenger. Learn what's trending across POPSUGAR. View on One Page Photo 5 of 15 Start Slideshow ADVERTISEMENT () Share This Link Copy ← Use Arrows Keys → 5 Previous Next Celebrity PicturesCelebrity KidsHarlow MaddenSamantha RonsonLionel RichieNicole Richie


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Ask Mac Questions and Get Answers from Experts ASAP
Hi and welcome to JustAnswer.com.My name is ***** ***** I will assist you with your issues.Please try to reset your ipad. Hold the power (on/off) button on top side and home button at the SAME time for 12 seconds. Ignore the Turn off message. Wait until you see the white apple logo.
Then check your Contacts again.
IMPORTANT: PLEASE BOOKMARK THIS PAGE FOR FUTURE VISITS AND REFERENCE.Please click ACCEPT my answer so I can get credit for this answer.Thanks and have a great day!Feel free to ask me any questions.
where is the "home" button located?
it's the round button with white square
the button you press to exit an app
There is no round button w/ white sq. on the case. Would this be appearing on the screen, and if so, how is it pulled up?
your ipad has the circle button with a white square.
it's on the bottom if you hold it vertically
the only button there
what do you press when you want to exit an app?
WSorry I was looking on the case. Pressed and held the power and the home at the same time for 12 sec. The "apple" came and went. Turned the power on again, pulled-up Contacts ..."no contents"
You can please resync your ipad to iTunes?
Means nothing to me. (sorry)
How did you get those contacts? setup with your email and synced them from Email?
I manually entered contacts from a book. I did see just before this event a list that I believe included contacts from my PC
So you did connect this pad to your PC?
can you please connect it to your PC again?
Here is the link for reference:
I have not connected the ipad to my PC except by wireless. ( I don't know what "synced" means.0
and I haven't downloaded any itunes (yet)
Are you still there? You haven't given up have you?
My wife has started the syncing process ( the horse has already left the barn, hasn't it?)
I am about out of time. In five min. I will assume that I will have to enter it all again.
sorry I got disconnected.
so your wife synced to the computer?


text:
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-162064442014-10-04T16:36:53.352-07:00Tivoli Knit-Alongcaitlynhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-16206444.post-1167860402859573712007-01-03T13:34:00.000-08:002007-01-03T13:40:02.860-08:00Tivoli Knit-Along ClosedActivity on this blog has slowed down significantly, most likely because the Tivoli pattern has been out for awhile and because the weather is cold now in the northern hemisphere. Thus, I am officially closing the knit-along and will not be allowing new posts or members. I will leave this blog up as a reference for others.

Thank you to all of you who participated and posted!caitlynhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-16206444.post-1166782921260958442006-12-22T00:49:00.000-08:002006-12-22T02:22:01.286-08:00Off and on the needlesHere's my Picovoli I knitted to wear at my friends' wedding in August. I also sew a matching skirt. I've been wearing Picovoli on several occasions now and definitely love it!

And here's me knitting a pink Tivoli which I started immediately after completing the Picovoli:

However, although I used exactly the same yarn (only of different colour), same needles and same number of stitches, it turned out to be quite a bit smaller than the black one! I was sooo disappointed that I just tossed it aside and decided to return to it later... maybe in spring or early summer... Right now it's winter here and warmer projects are definitely to be preferred!

Merry Christmas to you firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-16206444.post-1159743973672073882006-10-01T16:05:00.000-07:002006-10-01T16:08:10.390-07:002nd Tivoli: Done!Hey all! Just cast off and blocked today - Just thought I'd post a couple pics of this :)

Pic at the point that the main piece is almost done. Here is a really good shot of how this yarn shows any imperfection. There's one section where the row looks puckered/twisted. I swear to you that this was not caused by my knitting or genuinely twisted stitches, but rather the plying of the yarn. Most of this was corrected via blocking, but sure gave me a heart attack.

One sleeve done! One more to go!

Pre blocking!

Post blocking! (20 minutes later!)

Close-up of where the crochet meets the main piece at the collar.

email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-16206444.post-1159647611072851412006-09-30T13:19:00.000-07:002006-09-30T13:20:11.103-07:00Tivoli #2: Long sleeved!
IMG_2204
Originally uploaded by brennx0r.

This is still a work in progress, but I'm very happy with the progress - now I'm in the home stretch! One more arm to do, and the crocheted edging, (and blocking) and voila! Stick a fork in it.

I decided, in the end, not to go with the K2P2 rib at the bottom. Turns out that the alpaca yarn is a little but too unstretchy for me to be able to pull it off without looking like a large blue sausage. So, I decided instead that for the last 20 rows that I would have it be knit, with every fifth row having M1 at the beginning and middle of the row such that there's a little flaring out. I then did a crocheted edging (3 rows) along the bottom. To make the sleeves, I just did this:

Take the live stitches off the stitch holders, using a US4 circular needle. Though I'm using a circular needle, the first couple rows are going to be knit flat. I then did:

Row 1: Pick up one stitch of raglan edging (main body), K till end of row.
Row 2: Pick up one stitch of raglan edging, P till end of row.

Repeat these two rows until the raglan edging is all done, and the only other stitches to pick up are the stitches for the underarms. The picking up stitches part should end on a knit row; instead of making a P row, pick up the underarm stitches (pick up one for every underarm stitch there is - this way there isn't bunching or pulling in this area). Once all the stitches are picked up, PM and continue knitting in the round (using the magic loop method, but you could also do DPNs).

For my case, there wasn't a need to add increase rows, but I ended up starting decrease rows after knitting about 6-8 inches of length:

Row 1: Once at beginning of row (slip marker to other needle), K1, K2Tog, K till last three sts, SSK, K1.
Rows 2 - 11: K one round.

You might want to adjust this depending on how slim or burly your arms are. Throughout this whole process I was trying on the sleeve in order to make sure the fit was right.

I ended this at 1/2 sleeves, and CO. At this point, I crocheted 3 rows of edging to stabilize the sockinette, but you could adjust this to your fancy - LACE! Ribbing! The possibilities are endless :)

Ahh well. Off to finish the other sleeve! Happy knitting!
email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-16206444.post-1158589312830125952006-09-18T07:15:00.000-07:002006-09-18T07:21:52.846-07:00Count me in!Hi Ladies!

I'm making my Tivoli in a white worsted cotton that my sister gave me for Christmas last year. I'm using size 6's and getting 19 sts/4 in so I'm making the 32" size to fit my 36" chest...I think it should work out. I'll post pics as soon as I have some progress to show.

Here's my blog:
Sticks, Strings, & Things with Wings

Knit on.Texas Blue firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-16206444.post-1158186747791368342006-09-13T15:29:00.000-07:002006-09-13T15:32:27.806-07:00New here ...Hi all! I'm new here & I'm hoping that all of you will be able to get me to finish my top - lol ... it's been on the needles for a while now ......

I made a button for my blog firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-16206444.post-1156685840073923202006-08-27T06:36:00.000-07:002006-08-27T06:37:20.093-07:00Sewing down live stitches?Okay, so I've started working on my sleeves, with one done - I've kept the live stitches on a stitch holder because I'm not exactly sure how I'm supposed to sew them down. Can anyone give me some email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-16206444.post-1156620869203464922006-08-26T12:33:00.000-07:002006-08-26T12:34:29.250-07:00Almost doneHere is my Picovoli right now...I just have the sleeves and blocking to be done. I added a few rows of ribbing at the bottom to stop it from rolling up at the bottom.

email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-16206444.post-1156524384441398532006-08-25T09:32:00.000-07:002006-08-25T09:46:24.453-07:00New PicovoliHello

I am making size 40 Picovoli in patons double knitting (100%) cotton. My raglan yoke looks very different from all the completed picovoli. I checked with Kathy (Grumperina). I k-f/b on the wrong side. My knitting is very loose around the stickmarker. Hope you can see my odd raglan yoke form the picture. Comments and suggestions welcomed on how I can correct my raglan.
Arlene

Tivoli Knit-Alongemail@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-16206444.post-1155871035172944392006-08-17T20:16:00.000-07:002006-08-17T20:17:15.200-07:00Done!

I still need to weave in the ends and block it, but it is done!Lucia Tedescohttps://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-16206444.post-1155752256270481182006-08-16T11:11:00.000-07:002006-08-16T11:17:36.283-07:00it's done!!I finally finished! Here she is:

The first photo was taken last night, fresh off the needles; the second, today, just after I applied a crocheted edging:

I used Plymouth Wildflower DK for this, just for the record. I haven't washed or blocked it yet (as if you couldn't tell). I'm so excited! This is the first garment I ever knit for myself, and only the second sweater-type thing (the first being a cardigan I knit for my nephew last year). I think it came out pretty nicely all things firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-16206444.post-1155225611945939972006-08-10T08:52:00.000-07:002006-08-10T09:00:11.986-07:00Washable Yarn Suggestions?Hi, everyone! I've been lurking here as I finished my first Tivoli in SWTC Bamboo. (My camera is having issues, so I can't yet share my finished photos. Arghh.) It was such a fun knit that I'd like to make a second, this time for a friend who refuses to hand-wash anything. I've been reading previous posts to check for Picovoli made with washable yarns. Have any of you found washable yarns that work well and look good even after the dreaded initial washing? Thanks for your email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-16206444.post-1155067073976189992006-08-08T12:44:00.000-07:002006-08-08T12:57:53.990-07:00Greetings fellow Pivo-tico-tivo-pico-voli-ers!

I'm working on getting started on one of my own. I have this supply of black Shine Worsted that I bought for another project and didn't wind up using it for (Tubey...changed to Karabella Aurora 8).

I'm trying to use the Shine Worsted....and I'm getting 24 stitches to 4" on size 6 needles with my flat knitted gauge swatch.

This seems impossible, considering the original yarn (regular Shine sport)/needles (US #4) called for. My plan was to find a reasonable gauge and then choose a smaller size based on the gauge I get, rather than having to futz with the pattern excessively. I don't want to use an overly tight needle size, so I can preserve the hang of the garment.

I'd love to know if
a) I'm crazy
b) I'm the world's tightest
 knitter
c) other people got similar gauge and subbed Shine Worsted in this pattern

TIA for any help you can email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-16206444.post-1154383916621396902006-07-31T15:06:00.000-07:002006-07-31T15:11:56.633-07:00New to KALHi everyone, my name is Becky and I'm new to this KAL. I've been working on my Picovoli for a couple of weeks now. I'm using the yarn called for in the pattern in a lovely purple (see photo). I have decided to make a few changes though, so I guess you could say I'm going to do a mix of Tivoli/Picovoli. I'm going to do the picots on the sleeves, but not on the neckline or waistline. I'm also going to do some loose ribbing at the bottom to keep it from rolling. I messed up on that a little bit so I had to rip back some of it. At the moment I haven't got the time to concentrate on it so I'm going to work on a more time sensitive project for this week and come back to it soon. Here are some photos of mine:

Just the beginnings.

Past the armholes.

I've found this to be a quick knit actually. If I hadn't stopped to work on something else I definitely think I would have been done by now. Fingers crossed it will be done in another couple of firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-16206444.post-1154029259317437692006-07-27T12:37:00.000-07:002006-07-27T12:40:59.320-07:00a little more progressI knit for a little while at the bookstore today, seeing as how it is TOO HOT AND HUMID to do anything else except eat garden-fresh tomatoes ☺

Here is the current status, about 1/2way through the waist decreases:

Closeups of the decreases:

I feel like the Worlds. Slowest. Knitter. AND I feel like my K2togs are leaving weird holey areas. Oh well. They only show up when a little stretch is applied so it's not really visible in the pics what I am talking email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-16206444.post-1153778116091908812006-07-24T14:09:00.000-07:002006-07-24T14:55:16.116-07:00Yaaaay! Finished!

Well, I was three days over my birthday goal date but I finished.

I used Eden bamboo yarn. It's very, very soft but it split like crazy and I find that even after blocking the stitches look a bit uneven. I had to add sixteen rows and stretch it out to block it but I've had to do that with every sweater I've made. I'm not pleased with how the neck line doesn't lay flat but oh well. I will definitely wear firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-16206444.post-1153776528474448512006-07-24T12:30:00.000-07:002006-07-24T14:28:48.490-07:00Hello! I'm Merle aka miramis and I'm so glad I found this knit-along!

I've been invited to a wedding in August and so I planned to make a new outfit for that occasion, that is to knit a top and sew a skirt. When I plunged into the internet in search for patterns, I found the Picovoli pattern, Grumperina and this KAL and got really excited. I must say that all the Tivolis/Picovolis look so pretty on you! I casted on mine last week and did all the short row stuff for the first time in my life - I had not even heard of short rows until a couple of months ago but now I'm totally in love with the technique! How clever! Right now I'm at the waist increases (sorry, no pictures yet).
But wait.. as I tried it on some minutes ago with half of the increases done, I found that it looked too tight on me, uncomfortably tight. I'm afraid I've done something wrong, maybe chosen the wrong size from the very beginning although it seemed perfect before... Well, I guess I must have a second look in the daylight (it's past midnight here in Estonia) and then decide what to do... No ripping tonight, although I'd so much like to do that in order to start knitting again as soon as possible!
By the way, the yarn I use is TopTex Edita Glamour (55% cotton, 45% viscose) from Czech Republic, you can see the colours etc on this website. I've chosen black but I also have Edita in pink so I'm almost sure that there will also be a pink Tivoli or Picovoli in my wardrobe :)

P.S. Here's my English knitting & crocheting blog and here's the one in the Estonian language (with more pictures)email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-16206444.post-1153254913624915842006-07-18T13:28:00.000-07:002006-07-23T21:00:22.136-07:00introductory postHi! I'm webhill and I have a knitting blog at http://knitworth.blogspot.com
I have been working on a Tivoli (Picovoli without the Picot edging) for a while now and just tried it on for the first time today. I have been going through the archives to look for help with all kinds of things so I am really glad to finally join. I just realized I didn't have my marker in place under the right underarm and I am only about an inch away from really NEEDING it there so I was happy to notice a discussion of where it goes back in the first month of archives :)

Here is a picture of my WIP (if this works :)):

I'm using Plymouth Wildflower DK yarn for this, and making the 36" size, if anyone email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-16206444.post-1153228207033133592006-07-18T05:54:00.000-07:002006-07-18T06:10:07.073-07:00Hi everyone!

This is so late and there are no pics but I had to share the labour of love that is the knitting of Picovoli with those who will actually appreciate it.

I bought some bamboo yarn to make the Lotus Blossom Tank from the cover of Interweave Knits only to find that I suck at and hate lace knitting and therefore the project was a disaster. I ripped it all out many times and decided it was the perfect time to start Picovoli.

I finished all the raglan increases only to find that I had way too many stitches. I ripped a few rows out and tried again. Still too many stitches. I slipped it over my head just to make sure it was too big and I looked like I was wearing a Elizabethan ruff or like I was one of those lizards with the fanned gills around thier head. I had been a moron and I had increased at the beginning of the round marker as well as at the raglan markers. So, I had to frog it back to the cast on.

Now I was starting to panic that by the time I finished it it would be fall and too cold to wear it. So I busted ass on the weekend and now I'm at the waist decrease section. I would have taken pictures but seeing as it just barely covers my chest I thought it would be more appropriate on a different kind of website, if you catch my drift.

I hope that I can finish it by my birthday (this Thursday) so I can wear it proudly then. Pictures to come very soon, I email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-16206444.post-1152754810967952922006-07-12T18:33:00.000-07:002006-07-12T18:40:10.983-07:00Starting is so sweetThanks for letting me join in on the knit along fun! I just got some yarn at my LYS that screamed "Picovoli" to me. I'm excited to get started.  It's Takhi Stacey Charles Siena yarn. It was 1/2 off adn I couldn't resist the colorway. It's a flat tape type yarn. I took it home and started a swatch and am very excited to knit with this yarn. Hopefully I'll get to cast on this week!
firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-16206444.post-1152726053202456752006-07-12T10:38:00.000-07:002006-07-12T10:40:53.226-07:00Tivoli - will Elann Sonata work?I purchased some of the Elann Cotton Sonata yarn and wonder if it would be suitable for a Tivoli or a Picovoli. It's the yarn used in the Knitty Soleil top. Has anyone used this yarn for a Tivoli?Bonnie email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-16206444.post-1152378553684316832006-07-08T10:03:00.000-07:002006-07-08T10:10:33.350-07:00A "BUSY" Tivoli / Bizoli!!
Is anyone else drawn to multi color yarn but actually like the look of solid color clothing best? That would be me. I purchased the coolest yarn back in the Spring - Classic Elite Fame - in a lovely varigated purple colorway. The yarn is a nubby silk / rayon blend that is oh-so-soft! Had trouble finding a project that I could get gauge until Tivoli. I started this top right before vacation and finished it on the way home. I love the fit and I'm "ok" with the color. I decided I'm making another one in a solid color!!! With the picot trim, if I can ever figure it out.

(Please ignore the fact that the top doesn't match my denim capris. I will wear the top with khakis.)Bonnie email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-16206444.post-1151083653772149502006-06-23T10:24:00.000-07:002006-06-23T10:31:16.566-07:00C'est finit!I did manage to finish this Tee before I went on holiday (even though in the end I didn't get to wear it after all...!!).

Click here for a few more modelled shots for anyone who's interested.

Really quick and fun knit :)firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-16206444.post-1150616226113755732006-06-18T00:28:00.000-07:002006-06-18T00:37:06.126-07:00Me too

Well, it was started on 6/5 or something like that. And casting on at midnight is really not a good idea. Not even with two cups of coffee in your stomach. I had to frog the )#*$)#*($ thing 4 times. It was almost as if it was not meant to be! But the 100 % silk from Artfibers (Hana) is LOVELY to knit with. Using sz 3 needles. Did the swatch and quite a bit of math to make sure I would do the right size. And also did the short rows so now the boobage FITS FITS FITS. (It's so lovely to be able to knit something that won't stretch tightly over the boobage but be dumpy everywhere else.) And I personally like the purple, however the hubby's comment was "wow, that's a Barney color!", "WHAT, you're saying I'M FAT LIKE BARNEY??" was the natural reply. Tried it on a gazillion times to make sure the increases and decreases were in the right areas as well. It's great to be able to make it top down and just fit it as you go along! Also got the Knitpicks shine in grass green, and may make it again! Will post picture when it's completely done. Right now, I'm at the picot sewing. It's a pain, but it looks so pretty! Also noticed that my gauge in the round is so way different from back n forth. I must knit differently when I purl.. email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-16206444.post-1150515730998791042006-06-16T20:40:00.000-07:002006-06-16T20:42:11.010-07:00I finally started!It has been on my list forever, and now I have finally started:

LuLucia Tedescohttps://email@example.com


text:
Henry Gotcher m Polly Wildman
In reply to:
Re: Stanphills in Alabama
From Alabama Marriages - Early to 1825, by Liahoma Research, Inc., Orem, UT, LOC #f325 .A45, Henry Gotcher m Polly Wildman 30 Jul 1818 Jefferson co, AL.I don't know what, if any, connection there might be to your Mary Gotcher.I do have copy of bio from Varnell's "Early Alabama Baptists" on a Rev. Henry Gotcher b 12 Feb 1792 Pendleton District, SC "into a family that had been among the pioneer settlers of Sullivan County in upper East Tennessee"...It is rather lengthy, but doesn't give his wife's name, and the only ch mentioned are Temperance m Harrison Hancock and Jemima m James Henry Varnell.Henry islikely related to Anna Gotcher who m Vinson/Vincent Stanphill.They were in Franklin co, AL by about 1818.Rev. Henry Gotcher assisted in establishing Mud Creek Baptist Church of Christ (Primitive Baptist) in Jackson co, AL 1819.Elizabeth "Betsy" Stanfield was a founding member; looking like Betsy's husband David was a bro of Vincent Stanfield.


text:
Hampton wrestler Kocak wins 100th career match
The Hampton wrestling program has moved into the upper echelon during the past couple of years. Winning team and individual championships, the Talbots have gained quite a bit of notoriety.
It can be difficult to stand out on a team so full of skill and talent, but Zach Kocak stepped to the forefront last week, when a 7-2 victory over Chartiers Valley's Jesse Griffin marked career win No. 100.
"It wasn't exactly easy (the match)," Kocak said. "I knew I had to be good, and I prepared the way I always do."
Kocak knew he had enough winable matches left this season had he slipped up, but he wanted to get the milestone behind him so he could focus on the WPIAL and PIAA championships.
The senior was thrilled to join the 100-win club, because that is a milestone every wrestler strives for but only a small percentage achieves.
Kocak joins Brian Pogel (132 career wins), Jason Bursick (123), Jason Robison (120), Mike Thompson (114), Chris May (111), Brady Krebs (108) and Jamie Hensch (101). Current teammates Jake Hart and Kevin Synan also surpassed 100 wins this season.
"It's pretty amazing," Kocak said. "We have all been wrestling together since we were 5 and 6 years old, and the expectations for us as we came up were big. Coach (Joe) Bursick just enhanced what we knew and taught us how to be good at this level.
"It is really nice to be part of a team like this."
Kocak is no stranger to success, as he helped the Hampton soccer team to a couple of championships, won a section championship as a freshman wrestler at 112 pounds, and had lettered in soccer three times, baseball twice in addition to his wrestling letters. By the time he graduates, Kocak should have 10 varsity letters in all.
With the most recent milestone behind him, Kocak said it is time to refocus and push hard for the rest of the season.
Kocak is planning on college but is not sure if he will try to wrestle, play baseball or soccer. Schools like Washington & Jefferson, Thiel and St. Vincent are courting him for varying reasons.
Kocak said he is thinking about studying education or occupational therapy, but the entire process is still up in the air.
Jerry Clark is a staff writer for Trib Total Media. He can be reached at 724-779-6979 or email@example.com.


text: Supple leather or soft suede upper with stitching detail and adjustable strap for a secure fit. Leather lining wicks away moisture to keep feet dry and cool for all-day wear. Cushioned Air-Jet footbed facilitates refreshing air circulation inside the shoe. Caoutchouc rubber outsole is flexible, lightweight and designed to protect your feet from the jarring effects of walking. 2" heel.


text:
Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF)
Diesel particulate filters applicable to the equipment used in your Metal or Nonmetal mine are designed to filter diesel soot from the hot exhaust. They also replace the muffler. The filter media used in the majority of the commercially available DPFs is made from a porous ceramic material made from either Cordierite or Silicon Carbide. The Silicon Carbide material is more robust, filters slightly more efficiently, but is more expensive.
The filters work by blocking passage of the diesel soot so that much less than 10% of the soot in the engine's exhaust is released into the mine air. Obviously, soot builds up in the filter and something has to be done to remove it. The process of removing the combustible portion of the collected soot is called "regeneration" which is the burning off of the soot by raising the temperature of the filter element so that combustion of the soot occurs. When the soot combusts, the soot—which is almost pure carbon—is converted to gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO), which pass through the filter. Diesel soot or DPM is not entirely comprised of combustible carbon but also contains noncombustible ash resulting primarily from the additives used in crankcase lubrication oils, fuel or intake air additives, and from the fuel itself. The removal of the ash from the DPF is called "cleaning" and, although necessary to do, is done much less frequently than regeneration. See the discussion of ash in this document.
DPF regeneration can occur "passively," or naturally when the engine exhaust is hot enough during equipment operation. Some DPFs use a washcoat of specially-formulated catalysts, fuel-borne catalysts (a fuel additive), or both to reduce the exhaust temperature needed for regeneration.
When natural passive regeneration is not possible, the DPF stores the soot during machine operation, and a regeneration must be "actively" performed on a regular schedule, for example once every shift. Active regeneration uses electric heating elements and a controlled air flow to regenerate the filter when the equipment is not in use. The commercially available systems for active regeneration either incorporate the electric heating element into the DPF and regeneration takes place on-board the equipment while the equipment is off duty and parked at a designated location, or require the exchange of the loaded DPF for a regenerated DPF. In the exchange scheme, the loaded DPF is taken to a regeneration station located in a designated area (perhaps with other such regeneration stations) that is ventilated and free of combustibles either underground or on the surface. Another system uses compressed air, flowing in the reverse direction from the normal exhaust flow, to blow out the collected soot and ash into a collection bag.
The exhaust temperature dictates whether passive or active DPFs are applicable for a specific piece of equipment. Active systems are universally applicable because they only collect the soot and can be mounted where convenient, but passive systems impose strict requirements on exhaust temperatures and must be mounted as close to the engine exhaust manifold as possible.
You can learn more about regeneration methods here, the effect of a DPF on engine exhaust back pressure and the need to monitor here, and ash removal here, or you can continue to scroll down and keep reading.
DPF regeneration methods
The soot that is trapped by the DPF can be removed in several different ways. The removal of the carbon soot from the DPF is called regeneration.
- Passive Regeneration – Passive regeneration occurs when the soot in the DPF spontaneously combusts (burns off) during the normal work cycle because the exhaust temperatures are sufficiently hot. Techniques have been developed that can lower the temperature required for passive regeneration. The most effective technique is to coat the surface of the filter media used in the DPF with noble metal catalysts such as platinum. This has the undesirable effect of increasing NO2. In general, the more catalyst used, the lower the regeneration temperature and the greater the conversion of NO to NO2. MSHA has issued a PIB P02-04
Other ways to reduce regeneration temperatures which do not increase NO2 include using fuel-borne catalysts (FBC), fuel-borne catalyst with a light washcoat of platinum on the DPF, and washcoats of a base metal catalyst.
A rule of thumb has evolved for characterizing exhaust temperatures at which regeneration occurs for passive DPFs of the different systems described above. Specifically it is the exhaust temperature that is exceeded about 30% of the operating time during a shift. It this document it is called the critical temperature and represented by T30%. The exhaust temperatures required for passive regeneration for these techniques range from about 325 to 420o C (615 to 790o F)
Active Regeneration – The term "Active" regeneration refers to the requirement for the active involvement of a person or mechanism to accomplish the DPF regeneration. Active regenerating DPFs must be used when the engine exhaust temperature during the work cycle is not hot enough to burn off the soot being collected. Soot, therefore, accumulates in the DPF and must be removed. Active regeneration is usually performed on a set schedule, usually at every working shift. A set schedule which fits into a regular or natural work pattern such as a shift, or day, or week, is a must to ensure that regeneration is performed without fail. The DPFs are sized to collect a full shift-load of soot without creating excessive back pressure on the engine. Several active regeneration schemes, employing temperature-controller electric heaters and controlled low air flows to heat up the DPF to about 800° C to ignite the soot, are currently available:
- On-board regeneration – In this scheme, the electric heater is built into the front/upstream section of the DPF. Regeneration takes place while vehicle is off duty. The controller and compressor can be installed on-board the vehicle or can be a separate unit. If the controller and compressor are on-board, the equipment needs only to be parked in a ventilated area away from combustible materials and where there is a source of electric power. If the controller and air compressor are off-board the equipment, it must always travel to the location of the control unit. If the equipment cannot be parked at the same place at the end of a shift, then additional control units need to be purchased or on-board controller should be considered.
During regeneration the electric heaters heat the DPF to high internal temperatures (about 800o C). The outer surface of the filter may get hot and combustion gases very slowly flow from the equipment's exhaust. A regeneration parking area should be designated where the appropriate electrical, fire, and ventilation safety requirements are in effect. Regeneration times can range from under one hour or two (Silicon Carbide media) to eight hours (Cordierite) depending on DPF size, filter media, and regeneration system manufacture. This regeneration time defines the time required every shift or every day that the vehicle must be "out of service."
- Off-board regeneration – The DPF is removed from the equipment (this is most easily accommodated with the smaller DPFs used for low horsepower engines) and placed into a filter regenerating system designed for it. Such a system will be connected to a source of electric power, may incorporate a temperature controller, compressed air source and controller, and possibly a catalyst on the outflow to eliminate hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide from the combustion gases. Some regeneration systems blow out the DPM into a collection bag prior to starting the heated regeneration cycle. The regeneration units must be properly located to meet proper electrical, fire, and ventilation safety requirements. Regeneration times are similar to those of the on-board unit.
The equipment down time can be very short, since a newly regenerated DPF can be exchanged for a loaded DPF when the loaded one is removed. The exchange scheme doubles the DPFs required for each piece of equipment.
Active-Passive Regeneration – In some cases, the exhaust temperatures are sufficient to combust most, but not all, of the soot during normal equipment operation. This has been seen to occur in systems incorporating a fuel borne catalyst and/or base metal catalyzed DPFs. In this case, the active regeneration of the DPF is required only after extended periods of operation, say, for example, after 250 or 500 hours and can be performed during the regularly scheduled maintenance. Active-passive regeneration of the DPF uses the same methods as those for Active Regenerating systems described above. Monitoring of back pressure is critical for these systems, because a slight reduction in the operating cycle load can significantly lower the soot burn off rate and reduce the operating time before active regeneration is required.
Exhaust back pressure
As the DPF collects soot, the passage of exhaust gas through the pores of the filter element is progressively blocked and the pressure required to maintain the exhaust flow increases. This pressure that the engine exhaust must work against is called "back pressure." Engine manufacturers place limits on the exhaust back pressures for their engines. Beyond a certain limit, excess exhaust back pressure increases engine exhaust temperature, CO, and particulate matter (soot) emissions. The additional soot emissions loads the DPF up even faster. Because of detrimental effects of excessive exhaust back pressures on both engine and DPF (discussed below), a back pressure monitoring system must be installed with the DPF.
The exhaust back pressure increases for two reasons:
- short term build up of soot, remedied in the short term by regeneration; and
- long term build up of ash, the noncombustible component of soot, remedied by cleaning.
Need for back pressure monitoring
Overloading the DPF with soot can be detrimental to the life of the DPF. When the DPF is overloaded, spontaneous regeneration in passive DPFs becomes difficult to control and may become too vigorous causing the filter media to melt or crack. For both the protection of the engine and the DPF, all DPF installations require a system to monitor engine exhaust back pressure continuously during engine operation. Back pressure monitoring systems can range from those consisting of a simple mechanical gage with the high level marked on the dial to systems using electrical pressure sensors in a sophisticated electronic data loggers and a display multiple alarm set points. Some can incorporate an exhaust pressure measurement into the electronic engine control system to cut back the fueling rate when exhaust back pressures exceed the safe level. Back pressure monitoring systems are offered by most DPF manufacturers as part of the DPF installation and is one criteria to be used for selecting a DPF supplier.
Exhaust back pressure monitoring is also a must because of the slow increase of the back pressure in a regenerated DPF caused by the build up of ash. At some point in the service life of any DPF, the regenerated DPF back pressure will be too high to allow the normal build up of soot without exceeding the back pressure allowed by the engine. When this happens the ash must be removed from the DPF by following the manufacturer's instructions for cleaning. The ash build up will not occur if the regeneration process includes an ash removal step in the routine regeneration process.
Ash Build-up and Removal
Ash Build-up
Not all of the soot can be removed from the DPF by regeneration which combusts the carbon portion of the soot. A small fraction of the soot is not combustible, the ash. The primary source of ash in diesel exhaust soot are the additives in the crankcase oil. This oil lubricates the cylinder walls, and a small part of it is combusted with the fuel. Additional (repairable) lube oil leaks from worn piston rings or valve guide seals can add significant contributions to ash. Ash is also created by the use of any metal-based fuel additives or by additives to the combustion air.
Unless the engine is consuming lube oil or is a 2-stroke engine, the build up of ash is a slow process and demands no action for several hundred hours or even a thousand hours of operation. Since the life of a DPF is several thousand hours (10,000 or more), the ash must be removed several times during the useful life of a DPF.
Ash can be removed from the DPF by several different methods. The DPF manufacturers will provide the hardware, instructions, or a service to remove the ash from the DPFs they supply. The alternatives include back flushing with compressed air into a collection bag or placing it on a special regeneration and cleaning station which uses a vacuum cleaner to reverse flow the air through the DPF as part of the regeneration process. It is not a good practice to reverse the DPF on the engine and use the engine exhaust flow to purge the DPF of ash unless this is done in an open space outdoors and is recommended by the DPF supplier.
Explanations specific to MNM DPF Selection Questions
Why is it important to have a site champion?
The successful implementation of diesel particulate filters requires the coordination and cooperation of several departments within a mine operation. It was pointed out in a discussion group at MDEC 2003, that the introduction of DPFs will require a "cultural shift" of the entire mining organization, but in particular, those responsible for maintenance and operation of the equipment. The mine management should designate a single person who will be responsible for the selection and implementation of diesel particulate filters at a specific mine and for providing the training to implement the necessary cultural changes. This person should then be given the authority, responsibility and time to perform this function.
The list below provides some indication of the variety of people and disciplines involved in the control of DPM.
- Presumably the vehicle(s) targeted (by the ventilation or health and safety department) as candidates for DPF installation was/were selected as a result of a survey of area or personal exposures to DPM (Total or Elemental Carbon) and the knowledge of the local ventilation.
- Engine mechanics need to be involved to ensure that the engine is in proper working order. These may be either mine employees or contractors.
- Vehicle and engine maintenance persons need to be consulted on the placement of the DPF on the vehicle so as to not cause undo impediment to routine vehicle or engine maintenance.
- The production or operations people need to be involved because the DPF may require adjustments to vehicle operation and production schedules to accommodate active regeneration systems.
- The equipment operator(s) needs to be involved so he/she understands the importance of a DPF to air quality and to learn the importance of back pressure alarms or gages and actions to be taken if exhaust back pressure is exceeded during production.
- Finally the ventilation or health department needs to conduct post installation surveys to verify reductions in DPM, and if necessary, when precious metal (i.e., Platinum) catalyzed DPFs are used, verify that the workplace NO2 concentrations are at safe levels.
It is the responsibility of the site champion to gather together all of these persons who are directly involved with the DPF and fully explain each person's role and responsibility, to solicit suggestions, and gain their acceptance and cooperation. It is the site champion who must maintain and operate with the knowledge of the full picture required for successful implementation of a DPF on a single or several vehicles. Without such a person to coordinate the application of DPFs, successful implementation is less likely.
Explanation of Engine Questions
Why is the type of engine important?
Two-stroke diesel engines emit exhaust particulate matter (PM) than equivalent 4-stroke engines, and the PM contains lubrication oil. This affects the diesel particulate filters (DPF) in two ways:
- the size or capacity of the DPF must be larger for a 2-stroke engine to provide adequate service time between regenerations for active DPF systems; the larger size increases the cost of the DPF and requires more space for installation.
- the lubrication oil contains ash which cannot be removed by thermal regeneration; frequent maintenance to remove the ash would be required to maintain an acceptable exhaust back pressure.
Why be concerned with engines that burn oil?
The excessive burning of oil contributes to the engine's particulate matter (PM) emissions reducing the service time between regenerations in DPF systems that must be manually regenerated (active DPF system). Generally, the capacity (and thus the running time between regenerations) of active DPFs are sized for the PM emissions rate for a specific engine model in good working condition. The lubricating oil also contains metals which create an ash residue in the DPF that is not removed by simple thermal regeneration. Thus ash accumulates much faster than it should, increasing the back pressure of a fully regenerated DPF, shortening the service life between regenerations in active DPFs, and requiring more frequent maintenance to remove the ash for both active and passive DPF systems.
Why must the exhaust CO concentration be at an acceptable level?
The carbon monoxide concentration in the raw exhaust is a good indicator of engine condition and/or engine tune. Higher than normal CO concentrations in the engine exhaust at full engine load (torque stall) indicates incomplete combustion of the fuel. Incomplete combustion also causes high diesel particulate matter (DPM) emissions which means the DPF will load up with soot more quickly which will be detrimental to the successful functioning of a DPF. Monitoring engine-out (before any after treatment) CO concentrations in the exhaust forms the basis for emissions-based maintenance.
CO is also a toxic gas and must be controlled so that the workplace CO concentration does not exceed that allowed in §57.5001 (50 ppm).
Exhaust Temperatures
Why do I need to obtain an exhaust temperature profiles of my equipment?
Exhaust temperature profiling, that is, obtaining a set of exhaust temperature vs. time logs, is needed primarily for determining the DPF regeneration method alternatives that will work on the target equipment. In addition, the DPF supplier can use this information to estimate engine loading and particulate matter emissions to assist in sizing the DPF for the application. Temperature traces or logs need to be obtained for several shifts to provide a valid representation of the variety of situations in which the equipment is used.
The temperature of the engine exhaust is the most critical parameter in determining whether the target equipment can utilize a passive regenerating DPF or must use an active regenerating DPF. With one exception—a fuel burning active regenerating DPF—active regenerating DPFs cause a greater impact on vehicle deployment, maintenance, and operation than passive systems. Whether a DPF can successfully regenerate using exhaust temperatures alone, is highly dependent on the length of time the exhaust is above a certain threshold temperature and on the catalyst formulation of the DPF system.
Successful use of a passive DPF also requires that the equipment on which it is installed operate at high loads for every shift; the equipment cannot be reassigned without a reassessment of exhaust temperatures.
The amount of operating time during a shift that the engine is heavily loaded provides an indication of the particulate loading of a DPF for a shift and affects the sizing (soot holding capacity) of the DPF for most active DPF systems.
The variability of engine temperatures and loading experienced from shift to shift is of critical importance in assessing whether normal operation can support a passive DPF. If the equipment occasionally works one or more shifts with lighter loads, exhaust temperatures may not be sufficient to regenerate the DPF with the result of excessive exhaust back pressures and potential for destruction of the DPF.
The Compliance Assistant, and most reputable DPF suppliers and manufacturers, insist on having a valid and representative temperature profile for the vehicle targeted for installation of a DPF prior to making a recommendation of a DPF system for the target application.
What are the differences between getting temperature traces myself and using a DPF supplier or independent consultant? What does the Compliance Assistant suggest?
Below are some things to consider when choosing whether you gather exhaust temperature profiles yourself or let an a DPF supplier or consultant do it.
When you collect temperature traces yourself
- Disadvantages
- You must invest in equipment (a little over $250 for a "kit");
- You must train personnel to use the temperature logging equipment and software.
- You must give the person time and responsibility to do this task.
- Advantages
- Collecting exhaust temperature profiles is simple; it is the analysis that is the challenge;
- You are free to move the temperature logging kit from one piece of equipment to another as needed;
- You gain a person on your staff and on-site who is trained in temperature logging and can expand to other activities for DPF support;
- You own all of the data and can share it with all potential DPF suppliers or consultants for analysis;
- You can collect over more shifts;
- You can log temperatures after installation, upon redeployment of equipment (a necessity with passive DPFs), and anytime temperatures are needed;
- You will need to establish exhaust temperature logging capabilities in any case in the long run.
When you contact a DPF supplier or consultant to collect the exhaust temperatures:
- Ask for an on-site visit either to actually perform the temperature profiling and/or to train your personnel to continue after the visit;
- Ask whether you or they supply the temperature profiling instrumentation;
- If the instrumentation is supplied by them, ask how long you can keep it;
- Negotiate for your ownership of the raw temperature data in electronic form compatible with popular spreadsheet programs (separate data collection task from that of data analysis);
- Ask whether the data analysis results in a DPF recommendation and/or consists of exhaust temperature analysis such as histograms, cumulative frequency analysis, moving averages, etc. which provides the basis for DPF selection.
- Disadvantages
- The contractor's time available to remain on-site to collect exhaust temperatures is limited. To continue with gathering additional traces on this or other equipment, you will have to do it yourself.
- The contractor may not be able to profile the equipment for sufficient number of shifts to cover the variety of tasks encountered;
- Unless you own the logging equipment, you have no opportunity to profile other equipment or log exhaust temperatures after DPF installation.
- Advantages
- Minimum investment of your time and personnel when the DPF supplier can come on site and collect temperature traces.
- The temperature profiling can be part of the DPF system purchase with the DPF supplier assuming the responsibility for a successful DPF application.
In sum, the Compliance Assistant believes that the optimum arrangement would be for you to acquire the equipment and collect the temperature data yourself. MSHA or NIOSH can assist you in this task. Also see taking exhaust temperatures myself. You can then provide the temperature profiles to all of the potential DPF suppliers for their analysis and DPF option recommendations.
DPF System Configuration Details
Passive DPF Systems—Descriptions & Considerations
- Un-catalyzed DPF
Considerations for Un-catalyzed DPF
- It is rare that these exhaust temperatures (450 to 500° C) can be achieved with today's modern turbocharged engines. Because the exhaust temperatures are marginal for passive regeneration, there is a risk that a slight or subtle decrease in equipment work load would decrease the exhaust temperature below that needed for regeneration. Back pressures and exhaust temperatures would have to be carefully monitored.
- The CO, unburned hydrocarbons (HC) responsible for diesel odor, and the health impact of the equipment emissions would be reduced if a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) were used either before or after the DPF.
- Given the above it is worth considering using a lightly catalyzed (platinum) DPF (without a fuel additive). A lightly Pt-catalyzed DPF would (1) regenerate at a lower exhaust temperature providing a margin of safety and (2) would also remove CO and HC.
- Base Metal Catalyzed DPF
Considerations for Base Metal Catalyzed DPFs
- Achieving 420° C consistently is not common but achievable in shifts with heavy work loads relative to the available engine horsepower.
- Base metal catalysts do not reduce CO or unburned hydrocarbons (HC). Therefore a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) could be added upstream or downstream of this DPF with some health benefit and odor reduction. Such systems are offered by some DPF manufacturers.
- Lightly Catalyzed DPF plus Fuel Additive
Considerations for Lightly Catalyzed DPF plus Fuel Borne Catalyst (FBC)
- Recent (February 2003) data seems to indicate that this system will passively regenerate when the exhaust temperatures are above the 360° C (30% of the time) or 335° C (40% of the time).
- It has also been the experience for some installations that although regeneration is not quite keeping up the soot accumulation, manual regeneration needs only to be done at an interval that corresponds with the scheduled 250-hr maintenance.
- Preliminary MSHA tests at A&CC indicate that the conversion of NO to NO2 is not significant (in contrast to the heavily catalyzed DPF system discussed below). It is currently unknown to NIOSH whether the build up of the catalytic metals from the fuel additive in the filter element would affect the NO to NO2 conversion increasing it as the ash accumulates. A cleaning of the DPF to remove the ash would remedy this easily.
- The light coating of noble metal catalyst does reduce CO and hydrocarbons resulting in odor reduction and additional health benefit.
- The fuel-borne catalyst (FBC) must be continuously present in the fuel. Various methods are used to accomplish this. Some manufacturers offer on-board automatic dosing systems which sense the fuel level in the equipment's tank and meter out the appropriate quantity of FBC additive as the fuel level increases upon refueling. Manual dosing can be achieved by metering the fuel during refueling and adding the proper quantity of FBC based on the fuel delivered. The third alternative is to add the FBC to the bulk fuel that is subsequently kept separate from the fuel for other equipment not using this or any other DPF.
- It is very important not to use fuel doped with a fuel-borne catalyst in equipment which is not equipped with a DPF.
- Using a fuel-borne catalyst increases the rate of ash accumulation in the DPF. The dosing level for some FBC additives (the bi-metal FBC in particular) is quite low, which minimizes ash build up reducing the effect on the period between cleaning.
The DPF prevents the fine ash particles of the FBC from being emitted into the workplace air. Although it is an MSHA requirement that the fuel borne catalysts be approved by the EPA, their release into the air is not desirable. Therefore, there is a slight additional diligence needed to ensure that the DPF is not cracked and is filtering properly.
- Catalyzed DPF
Considerations for Heavily Catalyzed DPF
- The heavily catalyzed DPFs offer the lowest regeneration temperatures of the systems available for mining. The Johnson-Matthey CRT® system designed for city buses has a lower regeneration temperature but has a high conversion of NO to NO2 that is not controllable nor desirable in underground settings.
- Heavily Pt-catalyzed DPFs obey the principles of chemistry and readily convert the NO in the exhaust stream to NO2. The conversion rate, which directly affects the amount of NO2 that is emitted, varies with the DPF temperature and peaks at temperatures slightly above that for minimum regeneration. The NO2 is consumed somewhat by the soot in the regeneration process, thus the concentration in the tailpipe may vary depending on the amount of accumulated soot in the DPF. Since the compliance level for NO2 is 5 times lower than for NO, the health effects of NO2 are more serious. In sum, the above together strongly indicate the need consider seriously the (active) DPF alternatives or to monitor NO2 in the workplace when heavily catalyzed DPFs are used.
- Several mines have tried the heavily catalyzed system on their equipment because it is the simplest to install and maintain. Because of the lack of data, it is not clear whether NO2 is a problem.
- If this system does not regenerate reliably, then the only option is to use an active DPF system.
- Link to installation precautions for heavily catalyzed DPF.
Active DPF Systems—Descriptions & Considerations
- Systems with off-board regeneration
- DPF Exchange or Swapping
Considerations for Off-board regeneration—DPF Swapping
The introduction of DPFs requiring active regeneration demands a "culture shift" in mine operations and personnel. Implementation of this culture change is one reason for having a site champion. The implications of an off-board regenerated DPF are the following:
- Because the weight, size, and cost of a DPF increases with engine power, DPF swapping can be limited to equipment with engines of less than about 150 hp.
- DPF swapping produces the least downtime of the equipment of any of the active DPF systems.
- Unless the downtime of the equipment exceeds the regeneration time of the DPF (regenerating times vary between about one hour to eight hours depending on filter composition), you will need at least two DPFs for this equipment.
- DPF swapping requires the easy and convenient access to the DPF on the equipment. Some thought should be given to this factor when designing the installation layout and the design of the DPF connection to the exhaust system. The connection between the exhaust system and the DPF must not leak.
- The logistics (the when, where, and how) of DPF exchange must be carefully thought out. The DPF exchange should be (actually, must be) scheduled and performed regularly; therefore, it must be set up in such a way to ensure that DPF exchange occurs on schedule without fail.
- Transportation of the DPFs between the equipment and regeneration station must be thought about. This factor influences the location of the regeneration station so that transportation of DPFs is minimized to reduce risk of breakage and inconvenience.
- As a consequence of the above, equipment most suited to DPF swapping are the following in order of suitability:
- utility vehicles (small horsepower, well exposed access to DPF, regular parking place between shifts)
- production equipment with engines smaller than 150 hp, which park at an established location between shifts, and with easy access to DPF for its removal
- remote, roaming, or isolated vehicles which are fueled by a visiting fuel truck which would be able to carry a DPF for exchange at every fueling
- The equipment least suited for off-board regeneration (DPF exchange) would be those with any one of the following characteristics: a large engine, no convenient location of DPF for easy access, are parked anywhere at the end of the shift, or are fueled by the operator from any fuel tank that is convenient at the time of need.
- On-board active regenerating DPFs
- Active on-board regenerating DPFs with on-board controllers
- Considerations for on-board controller systems
- All the operator needs to do to start regeneration is to connect the unit to an appropriate source of power.
- The equipment therefore must be parked between shifts at a source of electric power suitable for powering the regeneration unit. This has a number of ramifications:
- A parking area has to be established that provides the power to as many pieces of equipment that may need it.
- The parking area should be adequately ventilated to remove combustion gases from the regenerating DPF.
- The internal temperature of the DPF will reach 800° C or greater during regeneration. Depending on the DPF design, the surface temperature of the DPF may also be extremely hot. Precautions must be taken both in locating the DPF on the equipment and in the parking area to ensure that flammable material is not near or in contact with the DPF during regeneration. Normally this should pose no problem.
- The regeneration control unit, because it is mounted on-board the equipment, is subjected to the vibrations of the equipment on which it is mounted. This has proved to be a weak point in the systems tested in the past by DEEP. Suitable engineering can rectify this problem.
- Active on-board regenerating DPFs with off-board controllers
- These systems have their temperature controller and combustion air flow source and controller as a unit separate from the diesel equipment. An umbilical containing heater power, temperature measurement signal, and air hose as a minimum connects the DPF on the equipment to the control unit.
- Considerations for off-board controller systems
- All the operator needs to do to start regeneration is to connect the unit to the umbilical cable from the regeneration controller and start the controller.
- The equipment therefore must be parked between shifts at the site where the regeneration controller for that DPF system is located. This has a number of ramifications:
- A parking area has to be established that provides the connection to the regeneration control unit. There must be one regeneration controller for each piece of equipment that requires regeneration at that location.
- If operating scenario for the equipment places it at different locations at the end of a shift then each location needs to be equipped with a regeneration controller for that equipment. For example, if a vehicle works on several different levels and cannot take the time to travel to another level at the end of the shift, a regeneration facility needs to be made at each of the working levels for that vehicle. It may be advantageous in this case to consider on-board regeneration controllers since only a source of electrical power is needed for their operation.
- The parking area should be adequately ventilated to remove combustion gases from the regenerating DPF.
- The internal temperature of the DPF will reach 800° C or greater during regeneration. Depending on the DPF design, the surface temperature of the DPF may also be extremely hot. Precautions must be taken both in locating the DPF on the equipment and in the parking area to ensure that flammable material is not near or in contact with the DPF during regeneration. Normally this should pose no problem.
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- This document was authored by George Schnakenberg, Jr. in consultation with Aleksandar Bugarski, both with NIOSH, It was reviewed by Larry Patts of NIOSH and James Angel of MSHA. It represents the state of knowledge at the time of writing. Please address any comments about this document to
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New York (Oct. 20)
One hundred and fifty five federations and welfare funds in 128 communities allocated a total of $29,569,703 for 1942-43 needs, it was reported today by the Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds in its annual budget analysis. This amount does not represent the entire income of the beneficiary agencies but consists only of the sums allotted them by the fund raising agencies.
Altogether there are 313 organized Jewish communities in the United States and Canada. The 128 under study, three of which are in Canada, comprise approximately 81 percent of the total estimated Jewish population of both countries. Consequently the budgets of these agencies may be considered to reflect the welfare interests and activities of the American-Jewish community as a whole.
The most substantial budgetary allocation, $13,588,554, went for national and overseas needs, while the amount of $13,468,370 was used for the support of local programs in the fields of relief, family welfare, health, vocational service, recreation, Jewish education, public relations, and related activities. The sum of $291,419 went for the capital needs of some of the local agencies in these fields. Approximately $2,000,000 were spent to cover the cost of fund-raising and administration.
Continuing concern on the part of local communities with national and overseas requirements is revealed in allocations to non-local organizations. National agencies engaging in general cultural activities were included in the budgets of 122 communities; national civic-protective organizations in 121; health and welfare in 121; theological seminaries in 91. In 107 communities, allocations were made for the support of agencies providing coordination or research service to the local communities, such as the National Jewish Welfare Board and the Jewish Occupational Council. Altogether the national agencies received form all the recording federations and welfare funds a total of $974,525, Of this sum $461,387 went to civic-protective agencies; $201,330 to cultural agencies; $204,625 to health institutions, and the remainder to various other national agencies.
All of the reporting cities included in their budgets one or more of the agencies maintaining overseas and refugee service programs. These agencies were allocated a total of $12,513,847, with the United Jewish Appeal receiving the largest share, $11,671,955, Ninety-six communities also made special allocations to a number of Palestinian agencies not included in the United Jewish Appeal. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem was the beneficiary of 114 welfare funds.
One hundred and twenty-three communities made some provision for the support of local programs and activities. Family welfare and relief activities, including care of children and aged, received the largest share of support, receiving allocations from 104 communities. Local refugee care was provided by 87 cities. Approximately one-half of the communities extended financial support to cultural recreational agencies and Jewish educational institutions. Forty agencies allotted special amounts for local welfare work with soldiers and sailors.


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Manti Te'o's Twitter account, through which he communicated with the person pretending to be his girlfriend, Lennay Kekua, has been deleted.
Te'o's handle, @MTeo_5, disappeared from Twitter during the Super Bowl [1] broadcast Sunday, and a source told ESPN.com [2] that Te'o will be off the social networking site for an indefinite period of time to prepare for the NFL draft [3]. The draft combine begins Feb. 20.
Te'o dropped from No. 6 to No. 12 in the latest version of ESPN draft analyst Mel Kiper's big board, which Kiper attributed to positional value, rather than the increasingly bizarre girlfriend hoax that has surrounded Te'o over the last month.
According to ESPN.com, Te'o's potential marketing deals have also taken a hit, and the previous promotional deals that had been discussed for him are now not at the same prices as before the hoax was revealed.


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Generating the Code for your Blackberry using the MEP from your phone rather than selecting the network, gives one single correct code for your phone (if you select the network there are more than one possible codes)
How to Read MEP from Blackberry with out a cable.
First step is to access to the "Help Me" menu, to do so, on the main screen of the phone hold the following keys : ALT CAPS H (at the same time)
Note: For Pearl and other Sure-type phones press and hold the ALT key (Bottom left) and type E A C E, for Storm, hold the BACK arrow, and tap the screen in the following areas: TOP LEFT, TOP RIGHT, TOP LEFT, TOP RIGHT.
Type the PIN, App Version and Uptime in the Escreen Keygen, Press "Generate" and our Calculator will generate a code:
Now simply type the KEY directly on to that screen ('Help Me'). Nothing will appear when typing. For numbers hold the ALT key when typing. Now you should be in the engineers menu. if you are not please try again ensuring the data you entered into the Escreen Keygen is EXACTLY as displayed on the Blackberry 'Help Me' screen. If you close the screen ensure you change the Uptime on the form. Navigate to 'OS Engineering Screens'
Now scroll down to 'Device Info' and then scroll down until you see MEP-XXXXX-XXX'
Alternative Method Using MEP reader and USB Cable


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In this post, you'll find a series of unique selling proposition examples, both good and bad, to model your own USP after. If you haven't seen my previous post on this topic, I recommend you read it first.
I advocate creating and selling products in active, evergreen markets, so that you can build something once and sell it for many years to come. That also means that you'll be up against competing products and businesses. We aren't trying to create something completely new and revolutionary (which requires great creativity and comes with a high risk of failure), but to build on concepts that we already know to work. If you can understand a market and you know how to craft a good USP, you'll be leaps and bounds ahead of most entrepreneurs.
Please note that the examples below make no statement about the quality (or the success) of the actual products or websites in question. You can have a successful business with a rubbish USP (see "first to market" in the USP post). The USP is one (important) component of many, in a business. If you get it right, it makes things easier. There may be examples below of businesses that have a great USP, but fall short in other aspects and vice versa.
Good examples shown in the video: Backblaze, SpiderOak and Bitcasa.
The Invoice Dude website wastes a lot of valuable real estate by being repetitive and overly descriptive in the headline and sub-headings.
With "Online Billing and Invoicing Software" as the heading, half of the following line is redundant. Since the heading is so generic, we'll use the sub-heading as the representation of the product's USP:
"Invoice Dude is an online billing software specially designed for small and medium businesses"
The description is reasonably short, but that's the only thing it has going for it. As mentioned above "online billing software" is far too descriptive. It does nothing to separate this product from myriads of competing products and because of that, it should not take up so much valuable space on the homepage.
The biggest issue with this message is that it tries to appeal to too many people. From the two sub-heading lines, we learn that the product is for "individuals", "small businesses" and "medium businesses". That encompasses probably 99% of all businesses in the world.
To make it worse, the claims are not backed up. "Thousands of individuals and businesses" like Invoice Dude, but we have to go looking all the way down in the footer to find a single testimonial. The product is "specially designed for small and medium businesses", but it's not clear how or why Invoice Dude is supposedly better for my business than a plethora of other invoicing products.
Digging a bit deeper, it seems that one factor that sets this product apart from others is that the hosted version is free, without limitations, forever. Only the self-hosted version comes with a fee. This could be a very strong selling point, but it's severely under-advertised.
Highly generic and replaceable messages all around, as you can see. With further digging, some of the above solutions do have USPs that set them apart, but they all do a very poor job of communicating them to new visitors, within the first few seconds (or even minutes, in some cases).
BillFaster has its USP right in the name: it's all about speed. The core message, that this is a billing software with which you get your desired results very quickly, is repeated throughout the copy on the homepage and in many of the feature descriptions.
We can use the subheading as a representation of the product's USP and run it through our checklist:
"Professional invoices in 7 seconds."
The statement is clearly very short and very desirable (no one wants to spend more time than absolutely necessary, with billing software).
So far so good, but is the message also unique? Using speed as a USP is tricky, because speed is potentially an empty benefit – a claim everyone makes and a benefit no one would ever advertise the opposite of. BillFaster handles this perfectly, by adding a lot of specificity to the copy.
If the statement was "Fast Online Billing Software", it would be generic and forgettable. But the statements made on the site are much more specific than that:
These are powerful, unique and attention-grabbing statements. They turn what could have been a bland and generic USP into a killer value statement that gives BillFaster a clear edge over the competition.
The only thing that's missing is the X-Factor: the statements are not particularly catchy and they don't leave you feeling like you've just witnessed something special. However, especially for something like billing software, this may just not be necessary at all.
HappyFox is a helpdesk solution and as such, it is placed in a very competitive market. While it's clear that there is some focus on customer happiness, the actual primary message on the page is quite confusing. Why are your customers "sticky"? And do you aspire to be "shiny"?
The tagline is a bit less mysterious and serves as a better summary of what might possibly be the intended USP:
"If you keep them happy, you keep them coming back."
The main issue with this example of a selling proposition is that it isn't clear or specific enough to fulfill most of the criteria in our checklist. There is a hint of desirability in the message: we do want to make sure our customers are happy and we do want them to keep coming back.
Beyond that, the message fails to convey any details. How exactly does HappyFox make my customers happy? What systems are in place to increase return customers? Where is the proof that it works?
I picked this as an example because it's a great illustration of how it's much more important to have a clear message than to have a clever one. Your website visitors should not be left thinking: "that sounds kinda good, but what exactly am I signing up for?"
More Helpdesk Examples:
It seems that many helpdesk services struggle with formulating a clear, concise message that sets them apart from the crowd. There's a lot of emphasis on "easy". This is fine, except it does nothing to separate one solution from another, since it's a claim everyone makes. There's also a lot of focus on features, rather than a simple, core benefit.
The best example of a strong USP in the space (that I could find) is the following:
I believe that HelpScout could do a better job of placing their USP front and center, on their homepage. As with some of the video examples above, it takes a bit of digging to find what really sets this solution apart. The deciding factor can be summarized as follows:
"Invisible Helpdesk: like email for your customers, like a helpdesk for your team."
The "invisible helpdesk" claim is brilliant for many reasons. First, it's short and catchy. Once you have watched the video and read some of the copy on the homepage, you'll be left with this one idea, one concept that neatly summarizes it all and that idea is: it's an invisible helpdesk.
What it translates to is that you have a solution that you can manage like a helpdesk with your support team, but that looks like normal email communication to your customers. This raises an important question: do my customers want a helpdesk? Or do they just want help? Do they want ticket numbers, account registrations, automated replies etc. or do they just want a friendly email from a member of my team?
This doesn't only set HelpScout apart from the competition, it makes you consider that there might be something fundamentally wrong with every other solution out there. That's a beautiful thing and it's a great example of an "X-Factor" in a USP.
NovaMind is one among a seemingly endless collection of mind mapping programs and I've picked it out as a particularly bad example. The homepage features a very extensive image slider. Image sliders have repeatedly been shown to be quite ineffective as is, but the way they are used here is hilariously bad: each slide contains a generic stock photo, along with a generic line of text like "life planning", "meetings" or "knowledge management". I honestly couldn't come up with anything more bland than that if I tried.
The closest statement I could find, that could lend itself as a USP is the following (found on the second-to-last slide):
"Visualize your information to get things done."
NovaMind might be a great piece of software, but the website does a very bad job of conveying any kind of value, let alone a clear USP. While the statement I picked out isn't very lengthy in itself, you do have to sit through 13 nauseatingly boring slides to find it. That disqualifies it for the "short" criteria.
As for the desirability, we do want to get things done, but that's not specific enough to be truly desirable. Plus, the other half of the statement is ambiguous in this department: do I want to visualize my information? I'm not sure.
The X-Factor is very difficult to define, but you can sure tell when it's missing. The NovaMind site portrays the very opposite of an X-Factor: it is bland and instantly forgettable.
More Mind Mapping Examples:
As you can see, there's a strong emphasis on statements along the lines of "we're the best/most popular/have the most users". As usual, when everyone makes the same kind of statement, it becomes meaningless. MindJet make the most of it and manage to stand out by making their claim very specific. If you want to brag in your USP, that's the way to do it.
I don't know how popular The Brain is, but it's a great example of a USP-based product. Instead of creating another among a million and one mind mapping products, the creators of The Brain decided to take a different angle: this app is not for mind mapping, it's for storing and finding anything and everything in a brain-friendly way. It's digital storage, organized the same way your brain is.
Note that the basic concept is the same. You could call this a mind mapping app. But in a crowded market like this, it's cleverer to use a new angle and set yourself completely apart from the competition.
As the USP statement, we'll go with this:
"Your digital brain: organize and find everything the way you think."
|The Brain
The weakest part of this statement is the desirability. Yes, I want to organize and remember things, but it doesn't exactly get me excited. If you watch the video on the site, you'll see that it does a very good job of presenting a problem and then offering The Brain as a desirable solution – it just takes a bit more than a headline and sub-heading to get the information across.
Having said that, this example does manage to tick all the boxes: it's completely unique, compared to the competing products, it's very specific and the whole "works like your brain" concept is fresh and very memorable.
You've now seen what difference a good (or bad) unique selling point can make, especially in a crowded market. As stated before, a strong USP is not absolutely necessary for a successful business, but it makes almost every aspect of it easier, so it's well worth pursuing.
What's your biggest take-away from these examples? What USP are you working on or what changes do you want to make to the USP of an existing product, business or blog? Let us know by leaving a comment!
I'm the founder of ActiveGrowth and Thrive Themes and over the last years, I've created and marketed a dozen different software, information and SaaS products. Apart from running my business, I spend most of my time reading, learning, developing skills and helping other people develop theirs. On ActiveGrowth, I want to help you become a better marketer and product creator. Read more about my story here.
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text: [Federal Register: November 30, 2004 (Volume 69, Number 229)] [Notices] [Page 69604-69606] From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov] [DOCID:fr30no04-57] ----------------------------------------------------------------------- DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Food and Drug Administration [Docket No. 2004N-0498] Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collection; Comment Request; Medical Devices; Device Tracking AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration, HHS. ACTION: Notice. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is announcing an opportunity for public comment on the proposed collection of information of certain information by the agency. Under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (the PRA), Federal agencies are required to publish notice in the Federal Register concerning each proposed collection of information, including each proposed extension of an existing collection of information, and to allow 60 days for public comment in response to the notice. This notice solicits comments on information collection requirements for tracking of medical devices. DATES: Submit written or electronic comments on the collection of information by January 31, 2005. ADDRESSES: Submit electronic comments on the collection of information to: http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/leaving.cgi?from=leavingFR.html&log=linklog&to=http://www.fda.gov/dockets/ecomments. Submit written comments on the collection of information to the Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. All comments should be identified with the docket number found in brackets in the heading of this document. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Peggy Robbins, Office of Management Programs (HFA-250), Food and Drug Administration, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857, 301-827-1223. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Under the PRA (44 U.S.C. 3501-3520), Federal agencies must obtain approval from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for each collection of information they conduct or sponsor. ``Collection of information'' is defined in 44 U.S.C. 3502(3) and 5 CFR 1320.3(c) and includes agency requests or requirements that members of the public submit reports, keep records, or provide information to a third party. Section 3506(c)(2)(A) of the PRA (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A)) requires Federal agencies to provide a 60-day notice in the Federal Register concerning each proposed collection of information, including each proposed extension of an existing collection of information, before submitting the collection to OMB for approval. To comply with this requirement, FDA is publishing notice of the proposed collection of information set forth in this document. With respect to the following collection of information, FDA invites comments on these topics: (1) Whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of FDA's functions, including whether the information will have practical utility; (2) the accuracy of FDA's estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions used; (3) ways to enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and (4) ways to minimize the burden of the [[Page 69605]] collection of information on respondents, including through the use of automated collection techniques, when appropriate, and other forms of information technology. Medical Devices; Device Tracking--21 CFR Part 821 (OMB Control Number 0910-0442)--Extension Section 211 of the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act (FDAMA) (Public Law 105-115) became effective on February 19, 1998. It amended the previous medical device tracking provisions in section 519(e)(1) and (e)(2) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the act) (21 U.S.C. 360i(e)(1) and (e)(2) that were added by the Safe Medical Devices Act of 1990 (SMDA) (Public Law 101-629). Unlike the tracking provisions under SMDA, which required tracking for any device meeting certain criteria, FDAMA allows FDA discretion in applying tracking requirements to devices that meet certain criteria and provides that tracking requirements can be imposed only after FDA issues an order. In the Federal Register of February 8, 2002 (67 FR 5943), FDA issued a final rule to conform existing tracking regulations to changes in tracking provisions effected by FDAMA (part 821 (21 CFR part 821)). Current section 519(e)(1) of the act, as amended by FDAMA, provides that FDA may by order require a manufacturer to adopt a method of tracking a class II or class III device, if the device meets one of three criteria: (1) The failure of the device would be reasonably likely to have serious adverse health consequences; (2) the device is intended to be implanted in the human body for more than 1 year (referred to as a ``tracked implant''); or (3) the device is life- sustaining or life-supporting (referred to as a ``tracked l/s-l/s device'') and is used outside a device user facility. Tracking information is collected to facilitate identifying the current location of tracked devices and patients possessing the devices, to the extent that patients permit the collection of identifying information. Manufacturers and, as necessary, FDA use the data to expedite the recall of distributed devices that are dangerous or defective, and to facilitate the timely notification of patients or licensed practitioners of the risks associated with the devices. Respondents to this collection of information are manufacturers, importers, and distributors of tracked implants or tracked l/s-l/s devices used outside a device user facility. Distributors include multiple and final distributors, including hospitals. The regulations include requirements for exemptions and variances; system and content requirements of tracking; obligations of persons other than device manufacturers, e.g., distributors; records and inspection requirements; confidentiality; and record retention requirements. FDA estimates the burden of this collection of information as follows: TABLE 1.--ESTIMATED ANNUAL REPORTING BURDEN\1\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Annual Frequency per Total Annual Hours per 21 CFR Section No. of Respondents Response Responses Response Total Hours ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 821.2 (also 4 1 4 12 48 821.30(e)) 821.25(a) 1 1 1 76 76 821.25(d) 22 1 22 2 44 821.30(a), (b) 17,000 72 1,222,725 0.1666 203,706 821.30(c)(2) 1 1 1 28 28 821.30(d) 17,000 15 259,186 0.1666 43,180 Total .................... .................... .............. .............. 247,082 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\There are no capital costs or operating and maintenance costs associated with this collection of information. TABLE 2.--ESTIMATED ANNUAL RECORDKEEPING BURDEN\1\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Annual Frequency Total Annual Hours per 21 CFR Section No. of Recordkeepers per Recordkeeping Records Recordkeeper Total Hours ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 821.25(b) 229 46,260 10,593,433 0.2899 3,071,036 821.25(c) 229 1 229 63.0 14,430 821.25(c)(3) 229 1,124 257,454 0.2899 74,636 Total .................... ................. .............. .............. 3,160,102 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\There are no capital costs or operating and maintenance costs associated with this collection of information. The annual reporting burden hours to respondents for medical device tracking is estimated to be 247,082 hours, and recordkeeping burdens for respondents is estimated to be 3,160,102 hours. These numbers have been rounded up. The estimates cited in tables 1 and 2 of this document are based primarily upon the data and methods provided in FDAs 1999 assessment entitled ``A Cost Assessment of Medical Device Tracking.'' Using implantation procedures from the National Center for Health Statistics, FDA applied a 2 percent annual growth rate to estimate the number of procedures for tracked implant devices from 1997-2006. The assessment also used unit shipment data in combination with various growth rates to estimate annual/sales distribution for the tracked l/s- l/s devices over the same time period. Additionally, the assessment estimates the industry burden for developing and maintaining tracking systems for these devices from 1997-2006. For the annual recordkeeping burden, the number of manufacturers subject to device tracking (229) is based on data from FDA's manufacturers database. FDA issued tracking orders to 20 additional manufacturers during the time period 2002-2004. Under Sec. 821.25(c), the additional manufacturers collectively bear a one-time burden of 10,560 hours to develop a device tracking system. FDA's estimate of 17,000 distributor respondents contained in the assessment is derived from Dun & Bradstreet sources on medical equipment wholesalers, retailers, home care dealers, and rental companies. Health Forum, an American Hospital Association Company, provided statistics on hospitals. [[Page 69606]] Dated: November 19, 2004. Jeffrey Shuren, Assistant Commissioner for Policy. [FR Doc. 04-26331 Filed 11-29-04; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4160-01-S


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Miscellaneous Contaminants
1. Lead and Copper
2. Disinfection By-Products
A wide variety of chemicals are added to drinking water to remove various contaminants. Among them are alum, iron salts, chlorine and other oxidizing agents, all of which may leave residues or potentially hazardous by-products in the finished water. In fact, the most common source of synthetic organic chemicals in treated drinking water is the interaction of chlorine or other disinfectants with the naturally occurring particles found in the water. Byproducts of treatment with chlorine include trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. Byproducts of treatment with ozone include bromate. Byproducts of treatment with chlorine dioxide include chlorite. The Stage 1 and/or Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rules provide maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for these byproducts, as well as treatment technique requirements for disinfection byproduct precursors. Also, these regulations provide maximum residual disinfectant levels (MRDLs) for chlorine and chlorine dioxide.
3. Acrylamide and Epichlorohydrin
Polymers made from epichlorohydrin and acrylamide are sometimes used in the treatment of water supplies as a flocculent to remove particulates. Epichlorohydrin and acrylamide generally gets into drinking water by improper use of these polymers. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for epichlorohydrin and acrylamide using a treatment technique to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. This treatment technique limits the amount of epichlorohydrin and acrylamide in the polymer and the amount of the polymer which may be added to drinking water as a flocculent to remove particulates. Drinking water systems which comply with this treatment technique have little to no risk and are considered safe with respect to epichlorohydrin and acrylamide.
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