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Let me introduce myself. My name is Mark Sisson. I'm 63 years young. I live and work in Malibu, California. In a past life I was a professional marathoner and triathlete. Now my life goal is to help 100 million people get healthy. I started this blog in 2006 to empower people to take full responsibility for their own health and enjoyment of life by investigating, discussing, and critically rethinking everything we've assumed to be true about health and wellness...Tell Me More
Last week, my post on the "Myriad Benefits of Intermittent Fasting" opened up a can of worms. In it I discussed how fasting can have a positive impact on human longevity, blood lipids, diet compliance and neurological health to name just a few of the potential health benefits. Naturally, many readers wondered if they've been missing the boat on IFing, and whether they should start skipping breakfast, lunch and dinner ASAP. In fact, who needs food anymore when you have IF! Not so fast.
Fasting can be an effective lifestyle hack, but is it right for everyone?
Not exactly. Not always. In other words, no. Let's take a closer look.
Intermittent fasting is a tool that can be used – or misused – in the pursuit of health. As Keith Norris might put it, it's something to add to the quiver. A tool to be drawn upon when the time is right. You know what? Let's extend this archery metaphor, possibly to the breaking point (a skill I'm well-known for). Let's go ahead and butcher Keith's neat and tidy and effective metaphor with a look at a fictional monster-hunting archer with a quiver full of specially designed arrows. This monster-hunting archer, if he's any good at what he does (and I'm going to assume that he is well-versed in classical monster lore, including weak points and monster food allergies and heavy metal sensitivities), is going to pick and choose which arrows – which tools – to draw from the quiver based on the context of the situation. Now, does this archer reach for any old arrow when faced with, say, a vampire? No, he goes for the wood-tipped garlic-laced arrow. He's not going to waste the silver-tipped arrow on the common henchman (being a soft metal, it might not even pierce the armor, let alone kill the guy). He'll save it for the werewolf. The metaphor is probably mangled beyond recognition now, but my point (shakily) stands: IF is a tool to be used in the right context. Zombies, for example, are particularly vulnerable to fasting because their satiety hormones are all out of whack.
So what's the right context for fasting?
You might say that the perfect context for fasting was our ancestral past. Industrial food didn't exist so metabolic dysfunction wasn't an issue; "exercise" was either intense and brief and infrequent, or low level and drawn out; stress was acute, rather than chronic; and eating one or two large meals was the natural result of having to hunt and gather. We can't return to those times, so we do what we can with what we've got today. Avoid industrial foods, exercise like you're a hunter-gatherer, and limit chronic stress by sleeping, sunning, doing things that make you happy, and avoiding things that crush your soul. If you're doing all these things and feeling like you need a final push to lean out or jumpstart the weight loss after a plateau or explore the myriad benefits listed last week, you're probably in the right place to be experimenting with intermittent fasting. So – Primal folks who are losing weight or looking to lose a bit more, and getting the right lifestyle changes enacted (sleep, exercise, sex, leisure, rest, relaxation, mental stimulation) should definitely try fasting. They will likely flourish.
What are the wrong contexts for fasting?
An insufficiently Primal Blueprint-based diet. You have to have all your dietary ducks in a row. I recommend that anyone new to IF that wants to incorporate IF should be fully Primal for at least three weeks before trying it. That means getting rid of all excess sugar, grains, legumes, and vegetable oils, all of which conflict with satiety, metabolic function, and insulin signaling. If you are overweight, carbs should also be reduced. If lean, reducing carbs isn't quite as important. Either way, you should be proficient in drawing upon fat as an energy source (since that's what you'll want to be running on during a fast), and those who are overweight or obese are efficient at storing, but not burning, fat. IF can be a good tool for speeding up the fat loss process, but it's best used to supplement an already-strong eating plan. Once the food is dialed in, fasting will be immensely more beneficial and far less difficult.
You should also be in a good place – mentally, physically, and emotionally. Take stock of the negative and positive aspects of your life. Do the former weigh more heavily on you than the latter? Intermittent fasting may not be right, then. Get those things handled, or put them in proper perspective, and perhaps it will one day. Remember: IF is a type of stressor, and adding any new stressor (however potentially beneficial) to a heap of existing stressors will likely compound the problem. Are you the glass half-full type, the bright eyed optimist fully appreciative of just how green your own grass is? If so, you may be able to handle another stressor in the form of fasting.
You should have cortisol under control. Fasting boosts cortisol, which is not a problem in healthy folks, but in those with cortisol disregulation (think belly fat, think the skinny fat look, lack of sleep, overtraining, chronic cardio, the incessant need for coffee to keep eyes open, persistent low-grade stress) it can be disastrous. If you know you have a cortisol issue (that is, you're actually monitoring it clinically) or even if you just suspect you do (maybe you notice the creep of belly fat accumulation, more so than in other areas), fasting may not be right for you. Get the problem handled (get more sleep, stop overtraining, stop following politics) and you'll probably be able to reap the benefits of IF.
There's also the grey areas. Let's explore a few of them.
Should pregnant women fast?
There are a few studies that shed some light on the subject, most of them focused on pregnant women fasting for Ramadan. One study found that in pregnant women fasting during Ramadan, placental growth slowed but grew more efficient; fetal development proceeded as normal, but nutrient reserves were limited and there was less room for error. Assuming fasting mom has steady access to nutrients during the pregnancy, the decreased placental reserves shouldn't be a problem for fetal development. Another study using healthy pregnant women concluded that fasting during Ramadan had no negative effects on fetal development or maternal health. In another study, LDL/HDL ratio decreased, cortisol increased, and fetal health was unaffected during Ramadan, while another found that fasting had little effect on uterine arterial blood flow (which supplies nutrients to the fetus). All in all, though the studies indicate that fasting doesn't likely pose any danger to the fetus or to the mother, I lean toward no. I mean, why? I'm sure a fifteen hour fast is safe enough, but I'm just not sure it's necessary or even beneficial during pregnancy. Just eat when you (and your fetus) are hungry.
Should diabetics fast?
I hesitate to make medical recommendations. In fact, I won't. But I will point you to an interesting account by a guy who "defeated" type 2 diabetes with intermittent fasting. He didn't call it that – he called it skipping meals – but it amounted to IF. Lee Shurie began by lowering carbs, exercising, and losing weight, which helped but did not cure him. He noticed that his blood glucose was elevated upon waking so, instead of eating immediately and spiking it further, he waited until it dropped to normal levels before eating. Now, this took a while, sometimes until the early evening, but he found that if he ate only when his blood sugar had normalized, it stayed normal all the time. Shurie was effectively IFing without knowing it, and no longer classifies himself as diabetic. Will the same thing work for every diabetic? Maybe, maybe not, but it's something to consider. IF does generally improve insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, and helps with weight loss – all desirable things for a diabetic – but remember that before he was able to skip meals, Shurie had to reduce carbs and start exercising.
Bottom line, there is no concrete, objective law regarding the suitability of intermittent fasting for a particular person.
If you're truly hungry, eat. Failing to do so will add stress.
If you're stressed, don't IF. You don't need another stressor.
If you're training six days a week, don't IF. Unless you're genetically blessed, you'll need lots of fuel to prevent overtraining.
If you're not hungry, don't eat. If coffee's enough, skip breakfast.
If life is good, try fasting.
In the end, the prudent path is to simply listen to your body. Don't let CW grazing propaganda drive you to eat when you aren't hungry; don't let the IF dogma make you feel guilty about grabbing a handful of macadamia nuts and jerky in between meals when you are. Try it out, skip a meal, go fourteen hours or so (you already do eight every night) without eating, get a workout in, go for a walk, go about your day and see how you feel. A quick trial is not going to kill you. Remember when Primal eating sounded extreme and even dangerous? When the thought of purposefully consuming animal fat seemed sacrilegious? Exactly.
Are you lightheaded?
Are you weak?
Did your workout suffer?
Then maybe it's not for you. Maybe you need to fix a few things (Primal eating, sleep, chronic stress) and then try again. In a perfect world, we'd all have untouched, undamaged metabolisms with jobs that we love and plenty of leisure time to spend with friends and family, and intermittent fasting would be the default eating method, but it's not and we don't.
How has fasting worked for you? How has it not?
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151 Comments on "Who Should (and Shouldn't) Try Fasting?"
Good post. Thanks as always for the great information.
FWIW, there is some raw vegan YouTube video out there that is making the Primal/Paleo blogosphere rounds. The guy accuses Devany of being on steroids and you of being on HGH and only using pictures of yourself from years ago and no longer showing yourself in public. Seems quite defamatory to me.
Do you have a link to one of the videos or a tagline to search for?
Yeah, the guy who posted the video is known TheRawVoice on YouTube, if memory serves. He has posted quite a few defamatory comments, in my opinion.
Thanks for the quick response, off to search…
I'm the guy arguing with idiots in the comments section. I feel like Reggie Jackson in a slow pitch softball game. Their comments are so feeble-minded or just plain lies that its easy to swat them out of the park.
I watched 5 videos by this young man. He sure likes to neglect basic debate logic. He attacks individuals personally with differing opinion, not the actual point! So maddening! Oh well, I got to get back to my bacon.
Ha Dave! I was lovin' your comments over there. Great analogy too.
Its Harley "durianrider" Johnstone that are running the "TheRawvoice".
Really annoying vegan guy :\
"First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win."
This guy is a complete tool. He hates everyone that doesn't attempt to OD on bananas every single day. He even trolls raw vegans. lol
He shouldn't be able to make those statements and get away with it. DeVany and Mark could potentially have their reputations harmed by this guy's BS.
He is a dick head Aussie. He put up a picture of Taubes on his blog pointing to his belly. I'm an Aussie so embarrassed by this idiot.
I fast 16 hours a day and love it. In fact, I've added significant muscle and strength while eating this way… and, I'm an endurance athlete, to boot. It's not an approach I recommend to everyone, but it can work very, very well. If anyone wants to know more, check out http://www.leangains.com... Martin Berkhan runs an excellent website.
I know I fasted in my first trimester but it was definitely NOT something I chose to do!
Nauseus so couldn't eat!
I can't believe those with a history of eating disorders weren't mentioned. IF can be extremely triggering even if you've recovered from the eating disorder and it's no longer a "stressor" in your life.
agree – I was really disappointed Mark didn't even mention this. I for one posted on his last thread about IF saying this.
Makes me feel somehow trivial.
Having said that, I don't eat til lunchtime cos I don't get hungry – but call it IFing and my brain goes weird on me and I get cravings.
I agree completely — and the omission is pretty common. I haven't seen any blog posts about IF that mention people with a history of eating disorders. Has anyone else? (I don't claim to have seen all blogs…)
Denise… I don't like to call it IF either. I am just a paleo newbie, but the switch was very easy for me to flip, once I made up my mind. I don't have an eating disorder, but an addictive personality instead.
So, learning to eat only when hungry was an awesome revelation for me! I didn't have breakfast this morning, and did not sweat the fact that I didn't have time for lunch until about 1:30 this afternoon.
Maybe these comments can serve as a blanket "If you have an eating disorder you might want to consider not fasting" disclaimer.
The article is title "Who Should (and Shouldn't Try Fasting?" so I would think those with either an active eating disorder or history of eating disorders could warrant a section (just like pregnant women, diabetics, etc. do).
The question "should people with eating disoders fast?" is a tricky one. Some claim it cures compulsive overeating, for instance. I would like to see this question addressed in more depth.
Another interesting topic could be "When does paleo eating turn into disordered eating?" Again, a tricky one.
ok – then the whole thread can stop now as "IF is quite good for some people sometimes covers it all???
Not being funny – but that just feels like you are "shutting people down". Maybe you weren't – in which case I apologise.
And I think Gazelle has an interesting point – when are any of us getting "disordered" in our eating behaviours. Semantics maybe? But there's room for all these comments….well, except for some of the really offensive ones:)
can be equally as rewarding in my experience
Do you think it's strange you are modeling your nutrition after people who rarely lived past 40?
Who are you asking this of and is this the most appropriate place to launch into such a contentious discussion, Fred?
Not due to heart attacks, due to animal attacks. We don't have to fight lions for our meat.
Mark addresses the life span of Grok here:
Did it ever occur to you that infant mortality plays a huge factor in average life expectancy? In 1900 average life expectancy was 47 but there were plenty of people who lived into their 70s and 80s (and beyond). A simple statistics class might be in order.
Really? Please don't bring your lack of critical reasoning skills to a place where only the enlightened are welcome. Bad move and worse question.
"…a place where only the enlightened are welcome"? how is one supposed to become enlightened, unless they come and read and — perhaps — ask "dumb" questions from time to time?
Well… you are right. Perhaps I go about things the wrong way sometimes. I assumed someone would look into the subject before asking that particular question to this particular community. No problem with "dumb" questions at all, they're needed. My instincts led me to believe it wasn't exactly innocent by any means.
We, the primal supporters, aren't dogmatic nor narrow minded nor insecure about our beliefs… are we?
I mean, this site is open to public discussion. And I do think the question was pertinent enough.
But lifespan went DOWN DRAMATICALLY in the Neolithic.
I love it! Straight up! Great post Mark.
I'm one of those people who can get 2000 calories in a single sitting though, so it makes it easier to fast. I feel fantastic when I fast! And sometimes just the thought of breakfast disgusts me.
I typically go 12-16 hours every day (think dinner to brunch or lunch), and once a week or so its closer to 24 hours (think dinner to dinner).
Its not for everybody, and definitely not for everyday, but I pull the arrow when I need it, and only when it feels good!
The fasted workout is the number one thing I've learned since going Primal. My regular resistance work is done on a 12-15 hour fast, and I've had pretty consistently good results. On a 24 hour fast, I can get through the workout, but it probably won't be my best. But for all exercise, including races/competitions, I love going in with a real hunger in my gut; I feel capable, motivated, light, and ready!
Since I've been eating "primally", I've found that IF'ing comes somewhat naturally. Some days, I eat starting in the morning with my coffee – and I'm fine. Other days, I am not hungry until after noon – and I'm okay with that too. I just eat when I feel the need to eat. What a change for me!
Mark, fasting doesn't actually increase Cortisol. Martin Berkhan debunked that myth in this article (myth #8):http://www.leangains.com/2010/10/top-ten-fasting-myths-debunked.html
My only issue with IF is this.Though I am often not hungry until after noon, my work environment is like a prison for the obese. I find that by the time I am hungry, at say 1:00, someone has layed out Girl Scout cookies and pie. I would rather avoid the temptation by not getting hungry.
Ha! Prison for the obese! Love it.
Curious here… Lately I've been eating the bulk of my calories/protein/fat from about 11am-4pm, but won't eat anything but plain raw/steamed/boiled vegetables after that, occasionally a small piece of fruit. Does this essentially "break the fast"? Or just a replica of one of those trendy vegetable/fruit fasts?
I appreciate the excellent Dungeons and Dragon style metaphors. Mm, delicious garlic arrows…
I usually skip my next meal after going out to eat or if I eat a bit too much. That way it all kind of balances out.
On the forums, I see posts from people who consider a fast after eating the wrong stuff. They view it as "fixer" to offset the damage done and/or as a punishment for their transgressions. Either way, using IF that way seems unhealthy….the double stressor of bingeing followed by starving, and the emotional rollercoaster of using food/no-food as reward/punishment. I wish people would be kinder to their bodies.
I found fasting for 24 hours to simply result in a huge binge and loss of control over my diet with the post-fast meal. However, I can happily do 16-18 hours with no ill-effects and do it regularly. Listening to your own personal signals is imperative.
That's totally me too, Allison. I get grouchy after about 20 hours, and then go nuts when mealtime finally does come.
Pretty sure legumes and cheese may be sabotaging my success at this point.
Great post Mark! Before I became pregnant, I used to do 2 dinner-to-dinner fasts a week but after I got pregnant, it was usually about 15-16 hours, unintentionally though, as I would end up skipping breakfast most of the time due to lack of time. Now that I'm breast-feeding, I usually don't IF (CW creeping up?) although I find myself being able to go for long stretches w/o eating. What's your opinion on IFing while BFing?
Thanks Sara! Why were you off dairy, was it affecting them or was it because you were primal? I try to go off dairy but succumb to my morning cup of coffee 🙁
I fast 16 hours a day at the moment, no problems, just find I can't train if I am hungry, so have train at the right time. I am thinking of doing cyclic carb loading on weekends to test.
Great post…. yet again snaps me out of the idea that I have to be like everyone else! I have a pretty speedy metabolism so I get hungry pretty regularly. I typically get up at 5am and eat my first meal at around 8am, and my last meal at 6 or 7pm… with a lunch and two snacks in between. The point for me is more to get used to eating healthy rather than skipping a meal.
i fast 3 times a week; play, exercise 6-7 days a week; some hard some easy..at the end of fasting i do sprints and some play..i feel so light and energic..
eat when hungry, if it happens to take 16-20 hours before you're hungry then you just participated in IF.
Is there any research on, or women who have successfully done IF while breastfeeding? I successfully used IF before pregnancy and wondering if I can continue while nursing. This question definitely comes from my lack of knowledge on actually where breast milk is produced from, daily caloric intake or fat stores?
Both, think Grok's time, food wouldn't always be available, that's what fat stores are for but they only work well in a low carb environment, or at least within a proper metabolism that isn't chronically overloaded with carb induced insulin.
What about intermittent fasting for "hard gainers?"
I too have considered myself a hard gainer in the past. Eating paleo and cycling between Lean Gains, 531, and Starting Strength for training protocols has given me great results and changed my opinion. I have naturally come into my own and now feel great being a lean, strong as hell, near 40 male. IF with the Lean Gains approach really dialed it in for me. Fasted training takes everything to another level for me.
I've been doing the primal thing for about 1.5 years and have lost quite a bit of weight. I tend to be bad about it on weekends though and still have a bit of belly fat I'd like to lose. I'd say about 10 pounds. I've been doing IF for awhile and seem to have no problems with it. Should I stop because I still have some belly fat?
Am I the only one in the world who would rather skip dinner? I get up at 4:30 and generally eat breakfast around 6 (meat and veggies usually). If I skip breakfast I usually become ravenous by 8. It's not that hard for me to come home from work and skip dinner though. Most weekdays it's the norm. I would assume there is no advantage one way or the other as long as the eating window is about 8 hours, but I just find it interesting everyone skips breakfast.
funny how we all differ – i have never – since childhood, been able to eat within 2-4 hours of getting up – makes me literally sick (usually) – and so my habit became nothing but coffee/tea in the morning til a very late breakfast or lunch – then i realized – i was fasting! if i dinner at 7 and don't eat lunch till 12 the next day – that's basically a daily fast and i "break" my "fast" with lunch some 15 hours or so later–
works for me!
I eat in the AM, maybe as late as 12 or 1, and then thats it. I'm like you.
In Eat Stop Eat Polin says that he finds a 2 pm to 2 pm fast to be the easiest, and I would tend to agree. You're asleep during the middle of it, and the end falls during breakfast time, a period where many people simply aren't hungry.
Personally, I don't do a lunch to lunch fast because it's just not practical for my current schedule, but for 24 hour fasts I think lunch to lunch might be psychologically easiest for beginners.
Go Tigers!
I was just wondering this myself. I am starving in the mornings too but can easily skip dinner.
I guess the main issue is the benefits one gets from working out fasted. I'm not going to start working out at night-time to get those benefits. Maybe I need to start working out as soon as I wake up and then have breakfast soon after?
My question is related to the proposed health benefits of IF. Is there anyone who has used it and has noted an anti-inflammatory response or the correction of any other condition like high blood pressure?
I have been enjoying IFing for two 24 hr. stretches each week. Sure, I would still love to lose weight but my goal now is to create the best support for my health. I have family members with hashimoto's thyroiditis and hypercholesterolemia so anything anti-inflammatory seems positive to me!
I think a good fasting period is more important than a lengthy pre-workout fast.
If I were you I'd maybe move lunch an hour later, an dinner two hours later. That way you could workout before dinner in a 6-7 hour fasted state and still preserve a 17-18 hour fast between dinner and lunch.
That's just based off of my personal experience though, your mileage may vary.
Great, just what the world needs. Another lawyer.
JUST KIDDING. I'm in my 19th year of practice. In a few years, you're going to look back at law school as the glory days.
Anyway, what you wrote about hunger and how your relationship with food has changed since the big switch really resonates with me. I followed a vegan diet beforehand and was seemingly always really hungry. Not any more.
if I try to fast/don't eat enough while breastfeeding, I notice a drop off in milk supply as well as an increase in crankiness! :-p lack of sleep + lack of food = rawr!
doesn't help that my baby girl is 17lbs at 4mos of age. oh well, more bacon for me!
however i am losing about 1lb a week since going almost completely pb 🙂
I had the same issue. Before switching to primal eating, I was SO hypoglycemic I couldn't work jobs that didn't allow me small breaks to have a snack every few hours. Now I can easily go without food for extended periods of time and feel absolutely fine.
Wonderful post, full of nice common sense (in the good sense of the word!), no ideology, no dogma. I really enjoy reading such wonderfully informative and encouraging posts. Thanks a lot Mark!
I always understand things better when described with the zombie models 🙂
and, I'm another one that has coffee in the am & then something around 10 or so followed by an afternoon something. Dinner is skipped most nights – not hungry.
Whilst I am a huge advocated for IF, I can easily see where negative food associations can become quite 'obsessive' for the minority.
As Mark says, make sure you have everything 'else' in check before you attempt to throw something else into the mix.
Did anyone see Dr.Oz today? It was about the HCG diet. I am fuming over this episode. This type of diet will NEVER be the answer to the obesity epidemic. To feature it on a high profile show like this seems ridiculous to me. What a load of bull. Urgh!
Dr Oz is USUALLY ridiculous and shoveling boatloads of bull! He's a SUPERB cardiac surgeon — if only we could confine him to the surgical suite! He's 'expanded' his view of himself as a miracle worker (which, apparently he is: IN CARDIAC SURGERY!!) into seeing himself as the god of all-things-medical! Alas, it's a common problem for docs… His personality (and his good personal genetics) — and the draw of fame — has turned him into a fool.
I find my IF's are usually on the low side, maybe 14 hours or so after dinner. I do occasionally pull a 16 hour, but mostly for the ancillary benefits beyond fat loss since the PB took care of that problem area fairly quickly 🙂
wow I happened to do a 16 hour IF today.. Felt great and I enjoyed my light lunch. Will be doing a 24 hour one soon. I like the idea of a 2pm to 2pm.
I've never been a breakfast person, so I'm relieved to find IF! 🙂 Being overweight, I always thought not eating breakfast contributed to it. Now, it seems that all that grain I was eating was what contributed to it. Since going primal, I've lost 8 inches off my body. I eat breakfast when I wake up hungry, when I'm not hungry, I wait til lunch. It's all good. 🙂
I think I'm somewhat of a natural IFer. My life is such that sometimes I just don't get around to eating until 'later'. Sometimes much later. My body pretty much handles it without complaint. I find it slight;y harder when I have a plan for IFing rather than it just being something that happens. Maybe just because I am more mentally fixated on food.
Congrats, Natalia (and thanks for sharing).
I've been "if"ing for about two months. I have been primal about two years (with one relapse during a three-week holiday). Typically, I eat around 1:00 for my first meal (up at 7:30) and eat dinner around 7 (bed at 10:30). Sometimes I will munch on light snacks during the day, but not often. My morning is a coffee with heavy cream. So far, I have more energy and have "converted" more fat to muscle. I'm excited to continue this and find my sweet spot balance between food and energy…
I have to agree with you Mark. The key to any of this is being in tune with our bodies. Only by truly listening to the messages our incredible bodies are sending us can we really know when to fast and the potential repercussions it may have.


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Guns for Sale - Smith & Wesson -- S&W (19) Oregon State Police w/Belt Buckle & Case
Guns For Sale : Commemoratives - Item# 7225288
|Buyer Tip: If you're the High Bidder above, you're the High Bidder in this auction. All Auctions are conducted in Pacific Standard Time.
Seller's Description:
Smith & Wesson Oregon State Police Commemorative
Oregon State Police 50th Anniversary 1931-1981
Includes Original Presentation Case & Belt Buckle
|Buyer Tip: Seller assumes all responsibility for listing this item. If you have any questions regarding this item, you should contact the Seller before bidding. You can contact the seller by clicking on the seller's nickname. The Seller is required to give the Buyer a minimum of three days to inspect any firearm sold through Auction Arms. See the Auction Arms Terms and Conditions for details.

subset: commoncrawl


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Get an overview of this hotelVienna hotel in Alsergrund, near Vienna State Opera
Collecting Nectar Points
Special Offer: Book by 2 August 2017 and collect double Nectar points!
Simply enter your Nectar card number when you check out. Your points will be credited 35 days after you return from your trip.
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Popular property highlights
Located in Alsergrund, this hotel is within a 15-minute walk of Sigmund Freud Museum, Vienna City Hall, and Burgtheater. Vienna State Opera and Austrian Parliament Building are also within 1 mi (2 km).
Hotel Features
This hotel features laundry facilities, express check-in, and tour/ticket assistance. WiFi in public areas is free. Other amenities include multilingual staff.
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All 10 rooms offer free WiFi, pillowtop beds, and flat-screen TVs. Guests will also find coffee makers, showers, and phones.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Opens in a new window
Pension Liechtenstein
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Pension Liechtenstein features tour/ticket assistance, multilingual staff, and laundry facilities. Public areas are equipped with complimentary wireless Internet access.
- Free WiFi
- Number of floors - 1
- Total number of rooms - 10
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
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- Express check-in
- Multilingual staff
- Number of buildings/towers - 2
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
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Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
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- Free WiFi
- Phone
- Coffee/tea maker
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Free toiletries
- Shower only
- Hair dryer (on request)
- Desk
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Flat-panel TV
- Pillowtop mattress
- Cribs/infant beds (surcharge)
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Where to Eat
Buffet breakfasts are available for a surcharge and are served each morning between 8 AM and 9:30 AM.
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Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Check-in time ends at 11 PM
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Check-out time is 11 AM
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Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Kids stay free! Children 4 years old and younger stay free when using existing bedding.
- Rollaway/extra beds are available for EUR 20.00 per night.
- Cribs (infant beds) are available for EUR 5 per night.
- No pets or service animals allowed
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Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
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Additional policies and fees may apply when booking more than 4 rooms. For more details, please contact the office using the information on the reservation confirmation received after booking.
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- Fee for buffet breakfast: EUR 7 per person (approximately)
- Crib (infant bed) fee: EUR 5 per night
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Hotel Name
- Pension Liechtenstein
- Pension Liechtenstein Hotel
- Pension Liechtenstein Hotel Vienna
- Pension Liechtenstein Vienna
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Children 4 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding. Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms. No pets and no service animals are allowed at this property.
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text: Sea wave -Royalty Free Image License: Standard LicenseStandard Royalty Free License Sea wave slamming on the rocks of the coastline 444 views Ray Woo An experience stock photographer based in China. The main topics of my works... [more] info Author Page Portfolio: 3124 images. Updates / RSS Network Image updated—March 4, 2015 Keywords animal, australia, beach, bird, birds, blue, coast, coastline, crash, flight, fly, landscape, marine, nature, ocean, outdoor, outdoors, rock, rocks, rocky, scenic, sea, seascape, seaside, shore, shorebirds, sky, small, speed, splash, splashing, spray, stone, tide, water, wave, white, wild, wildlife, wing, wingspan Image #9632 Size Type File Info Price ( US Dollars $ ) Bloggeejpg6.94" × 4.63" @ 72 dpi500 × 333px2.00 Smalljpg13.89" × 9.26" @ 72 dpi1000 × 667px4.00 Mediumjpg8.33" × 5.56" @ 300 dpi2500 × 1667px8.00 Largejpg11.87" × 7.91" @ 300 dpi3560 × 2374px12.00 End User License Agreement View Cart (0.00) Symbiostock Community Symbiostock CommunityNetwork with illustrators, photographers, and designers. Symbiostock on TwitterSymbiostock news. Symbiostock on FacebookCommunity maintained Facebook hub. Symbiostock.infoSearch images on the Symbiostock network. Symbiostock SearchSearch Symbiostock images and network. Symbioguides.comSymbiostock knowledge base. Symbiostock.comSell your images and network with fellow microstock professionals. ClipArtof.comHigh Resolution Stock Illustrations & Clip Art ClipArtIllustration.comFirst Symbiostock Site, and home of the Orange Man Microstockgroup.comA meeting place for microstock professionals.


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BIGBANG (or Big Bang) is a South Korean hip hop boy band that debuted in 2006 and is widely considered one of the most successful Asian music groups in the world today. The five members of the group – G-Dragon, T.O.P, Taeyang, Daesung and Seungri – have garnered many awards, including "Best Male Group," "Song of the Year, "Artist of the Year, and the Grand Award at the Seoul Music Awards. Watch the music videos of their hit songs "Lies" and "Love Song."
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HESPERIA -- The San Bernardino County Department of Health building had to be evacuated Wednesday after several people reported a strong odor of natural gas, San Bernardino County Fire Department officials said.
Around 3:30 p.m., fire dispatch received several calls from the county health office in the 16400 block of Bear Valley Road and a nearby apartment complex about an overwhelming smell of natural gas, authorities said.
The building was evacuated and some people did complain of dizziness and chest pains, however, no one was hospitalized, fire officials said.
No serious injuries were reported and employees and patients returned to the building after less than an hour, officials said.


text: Luke Skywalker-Colbert is the only Jedi in the Star Wars films to ignore that heretical "Force" crap and derive his amazing powers straight from the gut. He was originally known only as Luke Skywalker, but Stephen Colbert's extreme prowess with a lightsaber during the Green Screen Challenge has convinced many experts that Skywalker and Colbert are close relatives. They have began to search through the Star Wars films for more evidence of Colbert's influence. Their research, mostly done in their parents' basements, has shown that the truthiness themes of The Colbert Report are mirrored in the films.


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Wednesday's edition of ABC's World News hyped the latest ABC News/Washington Post poll finding a dramatic rise in Iowa for former Arkansas Gov. Mike Huckabee, rising to a near-tie with Mitt Romney, 28 to 24 percent. After noticing that Huckabee attacked Romney as a pseudo-conservative, Tapper challenged Huckabee from the right on taxes and on illegal aliens. When he asked about tuition breaks for illegals, Huckabee sounded like Hillary on the issue: "If you're government at the federal level is so incompetent that it fails to secure the border, you don't then grind your heel into the face of a 6-year-old child over it."
Tapper said "Huckabee appeals to socially conservative evangelicals because he is one. And he cultivates an affable image." But the remarks Tapper quoted weren't affable. They were like that "heel to the face" imagery. Here's the meatiest part of the transcript:
JAKE TAPPER: Good evening, Charlie. Well, having made big gains among evangelicals, conservatives, abortion opponents and weekly churchgoers, Mike Huckabee is vying for first place in Iowa with Mitt Romney. And Huckabee's rise is indicative of the fact that this Republican nomination race is still very much up for grabs.With a veiled dig at Mitt Romney, Mike Huckabee says he's not surprised by his rising popularity among Iowa Republicans.
MIKE HUCKABEE: They believe what I'm telling them to be true, true to my own heart and convictions, that I'm not just saying something that a focus group gave me or a room full of consultants handed me in a forum to say this stuff. People will buy it.
TAPPER: Romney is not sitting still. Today in Iowa City, he attacked Huckabee's fiscal record.
MITT ROMNEY: He raised taxes in his state.
TAPPER: As governor of Arkansas from 1996 until this year, Huckabee oversaw a net tax increase.
TAPPER (to Huckabee): The fact that you supported tax increases in Arkansas is gonna be an issue.
MIKE HUCKABEE: The fact that I managed government effectively is the most important issue.
TAPPER: Romney also criticized Huckabee's record on illegal immigration.
ROMNEY: I, for instance, said no to giving tuition breaks to the children of illegal aliens, and he said yes. I think that's a problem.
TAPPER (to Huckabee): Weren't you enabling that?
HUCKABEE: If you're government at the federal level is so incompetent that it fails to secure the border, you don't then grind your heel into the face of a 6-year-old child over it.


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20TH C. Torpedo Sconce
$99 Final Sale
$79 Member
We've reproduced one of the last century's signature styles, a lamp topped with a conical metal shade. Reinvented as a light-directing sconce, it tilts and balances on two precision joints.
Show Details +
- Overall: 5½"W x 20"D x 23"H
- Backplate: 5½"diam. x 1¼"D
- Weight: 4.2 lbs.
Shown in vintage brass.
20TH C. Torpedo Sconce
$99 Final Sale
$79 Member
Torpedo Incandescent Bulb (Set of 6) - 1¼" diam., 3⅞"L
$18 Regular
$13 Member


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Presented For Sale By:
Marotta Yachts of Sausalito
United States
Contact SellerX
Maxi Maxi 108 sloop
Presented For Sale By:
Marotta Yachts of Sausalito
United States
Contact SellerX
Contact SellerX
|Maxi 108 sloop
|Fractional Shares
|Cruiser (Sail)
|35 ft
|Fuel Type
|Hull Material
|Sausalito, California
|Tax Status
|Tax Not Applicable
|35 ft 9 in
|Length at Water Line
|31 ft 6 in
|11 ft
|Max Draft
|6 ft 6 in
|Keel Type
|Max Bridge Clearance
|53 ft
|Engine Type
|Engine Make
|Engine Model
|Fuel Type
|Engine Year
|Drive Type
|Sail Drive
|Pelle Peterson
|Maxi Yachts
|Fuel Tanks
|35 gal
|Fresh Water Tanks
|45 gal
|Holding Tanks
|20 gal
Though not well known in the US, Maxi has a great reputation in Europe for building a very solid boat. The company was founded in the early 1970s and is still building sophisticated performance-oriented sail boats today; this is a rare opportunity to see one for yourself. They are exactly what you would expect from vessels designed and built in Sweden: clean and understated, with no-nonsense lines and a simple elegance down below with only the best components used throughout.
The Maxi 108 is an interesting "3/4 aft" cockpit configuration--not quite aft, not quite center, there are nevertheless two companionways leading below. This isn't an unusual design for larger boats (all the Hallberg-Rasseys, also built in Sweden, are configured like this), but is hard to pull off on a 36 footer!
Maxi built almost 200 of the 108s and this particular example VERY competitively priced--she was originally on the market at almost $60,000. If you're in the market for a classic European boat built largely by hand and showing bristol, Maxi is a must-see.
Also note she's lying in a potentially transferable Sausalito Yacht Harbor slip; there's a waiting list to get into the marina here so this is a material benefit if you're able to take advantage...
Price significantly reduced, owner motivated and offers encouraged.
Ballast: 5,500
Displacement: 13,000
Total Power: 25
Accommodations and Layout
Triangle-shaped double berth forward with custom innerspring mattress, large overhead hatch and ample stowage. Aft ro salon with inline galley port side, raised C-shaped dinette across starboard. Continue aft to head on port side, centerline companionway with nav table starboard. Aft of nav table is LONG sea berth in companionway aft to stateroom with second companionway to cockpit.
Note interior is unblemished teak throughout, soft goods have been tastefully renewed, 6'2 headroom throughout.
Galley and Head
Double stainless steel sinks with hot/cold pressure water (hot water heater 110V and engine fired), two burner propane stove with oven, 110V refrigerated ice box. Manual pump head, handheld shower.
Electronics and Navigation Equipment
Raytheon SL70 radar mounted on custom stainless steel pole aft of cockpit, Autohelm ST4000 autopilot, Raytheon depthsounder, Autohelm knotmeter, Sitex VHF radio, binnacle mounted magnetic compass; most electronics have been renewed. AM/FM/CD stereo with KLH speakers.
Electrical System
110V AC / 12V DC. Thirty amp shorepower service, battery charger and inverter, three batteries in two banks.
Sails and Rigging
Keel-stepped double spreader aluminum mast, Dacron main sail with LazyJacks, 110% jib, 150% jib, spinnaker and pole, Hood roller furler (2001), recent Garhauer rigid bomvang, recent Harken mainsheet with traveller, 1x19 stainless steel standing rigging, renewed running rigging with all lines lead aft thru labeled rope clutches.
Deck and Hull
FRP hull with fin keel and skeg-hung rudder, cored decks, substantial rubber rub rail around entire hull (which probably helps explain how the hull remained scratch and ding and scratch free all these years!). Bottom bliter-free and last painted 03/04. Large, comfortable cockpit with high coamings and teak inserts on sole, nice drop leaf cockpit table.
Stainless steel bow pulpit, stainless steel stanchions with double lifelines, heavy duty dodger (installed 2003), stern pulpit with integral "catbird seats".
Danforth anchor on bow roller with chain (50') and line (150') rode, manual windlass.
Mechanical Equipment and Engine Details
Two cylinder Volvo diesel with sail drive; vessel's never been cruised, engine's estimated to have well under 1,000 hours clocked and runs like a top. Wheel cable and quadrant steering with emergency tiller. Electric and manual bilge pumps.
The Company offers the details of this vessel in good faith but cannot guarantee or warrant the accuracy of this information nor warrant the condition of the vessel. A buyer should instruct his agents, or his surveyors, to investigate such details as the buyer desires validated. This vessel is offered subject to prior sale, price change, or withdrawal without notice.
Presented For Sale By:
Marotta Yachts of Sausalito
United States
Contact SellerX
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Making strides
October 15, 2013
With one game left on their regular season schedule the Nevada Union Jr. Miners have already made great strides as a program as well as in the win column.
In 2012, the Jr. Miners were a combined 9-36 throughout the divisions, but this year, Nevada Union boasts a 16-22-1 record with two teams headed to the playoffs (Jr. Pee Wees, Midgets) and another headed to a bowl tourney (Mighty Mites).
Jr. Miner president Mark Swasey has installed a new sense of pride in the once-dominant program and has hopes of building the NU youth football program back into one of prominence, both on the field and off.
The Jr. Miners will host the Bear River Jr. Bruins Saturday at Hooper Stadium as some teams battle for playoff position and others battle for bragging rights over their cross-county rivals.
In last week's action, the Jr. Miners ran into a very strong program in the Capital Christian Jr. Cougars.
The Jr. Miners battled the best they could, but at the end of the day, the Jr. Cougars had taken four of five contests. Nevada Union's Midget squad was the only team with a victory Saturday, and that came by way of forfeit. The Midget squad is 7-1 and will face Bear River, also 7-1, for the league title Saturday.
In the closest match of the day, the Jr. Miners Jr. Pee Wees gave the Jr. Cougars all they could handle in a battle between the league's top two teams but, in the end, fell 20-12.
Leading NU's offense was Isaiah Walker with 73 yards and a touchdown on just eight carries. Jaxon Horne added 68 yards and a touchdown, and Amador Ororio chipped in 41 yards.
On the defensive side, Walker led all Jr. Miners with 11 tackles, Isaiah Carter and David Webb each wrapped up seven, and Aaron Meyer tallied five tackles.
Mighty Mites
Capitol Christian 31, Nevada Union 19
The Jr. Miners tore up 177 yards on the ground, but it wasn't enough to keep up with the Jr. Cougars.
Ethan Billock led NU with 42 yards and a pair of touchowns, Trayton Santos added 71 yards and a score on the ground, and Anthony Paradiso chipped in with 64 yards.
Santos also came up big on defense with five tackles. Riley Smith, Billock and Paradiso also played well on defense.
Pee Wee
Capitol Christian 41, Nevada Union 0
Coming into the game with Capitol Christian, the Jr. Miners were short a few starters so they got a little creative.
The Jr. Miners inserted lineman Kyler Case into the tight end position, where he had never played, and Case rose to the occasion with key blocking as well as a pair of catches on Bailey Brook passes for 19 yards. Case's efforts earned him player of the game accolades from his coaches.
Miles Townsend stepped up big in this game, anchoring and leading the NU offensive line in the trenches and opening holes all day.
On the defensive side, Mathew Dal Bon led the Jr. Miners with three tackles, and Mason Terray, Bryan Cowan and Ty Daugherty played solid defense.
Jr. Midgets
Capitol Christian 40, Nevada Union 0
No stats submitted.
Coaches may submit game reports by email at email@example.com or by phone at 530-477-4232
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text:
CLS America Inc,
an active AMS Corporate Member,
and part of the CLS Group of Companies, is headquartered in Lanham, Maryland.
CLS (Collecte Localisation Satellites) America is a global provider of location services, environmental data collection, monitoring and ocean observation.
In 1986 Service Argos Inc was established to provide operational services and
end-user support for the joint French/USA Argos System.
Argos is a satellite-based tracking and data collection platform which employs a
French electronics package flying aboard a number of US NOAA polar orbiting
weather satellites. In 1987, a second company, North American CLS Inc, was
established to provide Argos-based services to users throughout North America.
In January 2006 Service Argos Inc, and North American CLS Inc, merged to
create CLS America Inc.
Visit the AMS Community Directory at http://j.mp/AMS-Community to view information about and AMS Community Profiles for ...
... people employed by CLS America:


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text:
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Since the "peak phosphorus" concept emerged in 2007, concerns about the future availability of phosphate rock have funneled into a growing number of actions, often in the form of new and innovative platforms focusing on phosphorus sustainability. This trend seems to continue on different levels and in different formats, which makes the landscape of activities increasingly blurred and complex. This article considers the emerging phase of the modern phosphorus sustainability movement. It provides a first profiling overview of platforms working towards more sustainable production, consumption, and reuse of phosphorus (P) within the frame of securing global food production and environmental quality. The aim is to gain a better understanding of the movement, pertinent literature, the problem sphere itself, and of forms of possible engagement. Major barriers and opportunities inherent in the various approaches are discussed. It is concluded that overarching coordination will be necessary to improve future planning and priority setting for sustainability strategies.
Since 2008, a series of multi-stakeholder platforms concerned with meaningfully and comprehensively addressing different (or possibly all) key aspects of the unsustainable production, consumption, and reuse of phosphorus (P) within the frame of securing global food production and environmental quality have emerged. The diverse pool of societal actors—science, industry, business, and policy making—initiated a large number of events that promote transitions toward use, reuse, and management regimes of phosphorus that are more effective, efficient, and equitable. This rise in collaborative research on challenges and opportunities surrounding phosphorus sustainability or security is attended by an expanding body of literature. From 2009 to 2012, more than 40 papers have been published taking into account phosphorus scarcity promulgated by Cordell, Drangert, and White [
This article starts from the premise that an overview of the numerous but fragmented initiatives seeking to improve our joint knowledge on improved phosphorus management through research, development, new policies and technologies will be helpful for e.g., scientists, resource managers, and decision-makers interested in following the field's progress, enhancing current efforts, or seeking to engage more actively. The purpose is to provide a comprehensive perspective on what this paper addresses as the modern phosphorus sustainability movement (
The article is organized as follows: The first section gives a brief account of the origin of the reemerging phosphate supply anxiety–the underlying premise being that phosphate rock depletion concerns coupled with the food and commodity crisis in 2007/2008 are the vantage point. The second section presents major platforms, summarizes key characteristics, and identifies common denominators. After reflection upon developments, the last section discusses opportunities and challenges inherent in the collaborative approaches. In conclusion, it is argued that overarching coordination of the various initiatives can provide an overlooked synergistic effect for long-term change.
Phosphorus is one of the macronutrients essential for crop growth. Largely derived from mined phosphate rock, it is crucial to fertilizer application worldwide, and hence, to food security. While the amount and composition of fertilizer compounds required for soil fertility can vary widely from one region and production system to another, in general, global application rates have increased greatly since the middle of the last century. This resulted in a food production level that allowed for unprecedented population growth. While in the past, farmers relied on organic input in the form of, e.g., bone meal, fish scrap, guano, animal dung, or night soils to achieve a
In August 2007, Déry and Anderson [
Multi-aspect citation analysis of the paper "The story of phosphorus: food security and food for thought" by Cordell, Drangert, and White [
The landscape of selected key events and university research hot spots with a focus on phosphorus sustainability, identified by citation mapping, from 2008–2014 (top 10 affiliations of authors citing Cordell, Drangert and White [
The peak P concept was contested early on by Van Kauwenbergh [
World cloud of most frequent topics covered in "The phosphorus cycle". Top 20 most common words distilled from abstracts of all fifteen articles published in the Chemosphere special issue [
To identify the emerging main protagonists in the field of phosphorus sustainability, we searched for new, voluntary, collaborative group efforts that promote improved use, reuse, and management of phosphorus since phosphate scarcity concerns emerged in 2007. Observation and literature research helped to identify further platforms. For coherence, they were analyzed according to six key characteristics: key architects, pertinent literature, key issues, goals and operational approaches, drivers, and involvement opportunities. Initiatives were divided into two groups: "national" (predominantly concerned with domestic phosphorus-related problems and solution-finding mechanisms), and "international" (engaged in the global problem definition and solution-finding processes). Within each group, initiatives were portrayed according to their formation history. For the semi-structured descriptive profiling, information available from the platform`s websites, related publications, or personal communications was synthesized.
Overview of key initiatives concerned with phosphorus sustainability and related issues such as food security or dissipation (2008–2013).
The Phosphorus Recycling Promotion Council was founded in late 2008 for an unspecified period of time by seven individuals from the Japan Fertilizer and Feed Inspection Association, the Japan Soil Association, Osaka University, Tohoku University, the Japan Fertilizer and Ammonia Producers Association (JAF), the Japan Organics Recycling Organization, and the Japan Sewage Works Association. Professor Ohtake from Osaka University leads the initiative that is being funded by JAF and in 2013 included members from four government agencies (the Ministries of Economy, Agriculture, Land, and the Environment), knowledge institutions (e.g., Osaka University, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Tokushima University, the National Institute of Material Science, the National Institute of Environmental Studies), industry and practice (e.g., Japan Organics Recycling Association, Japan Sewage Works Association, the Soil Association; the iron and steel industry). Driving key concerns are price considerations, both in terms of increasing national waste treatment costs as well as the 2007 and 2008 global food and fertilizer price volatility. To reach the underlying goal—strategically and sustainably manage phosphorus—council members engage in a variety of activities, including in-depth research on resource logistics, improved nutrient utilization, modeling phosphate flows, and phosphate recovery [
The Sustainable Phosphorus Initiative (SPI) was founded by Jim Elser, Dan Childers, Marc Edwards, and Jessica Corman of Arizona State University (USA) in 2010 and was originally driven by limnological considerations,
The Dutch Nutrient Platform (NP), which was founded in early 2011 in the Netherlands and is presided by Eric Smaling, links different groups in the phosphorus cycle, most notably farmer associations, the water sector, industries concerned with waste handling, fertilizer producers or other phosphorus-based industries, representatives from NGOs and governments, and research centers within the country. More than 20 parties initially signed the
The Australian Sustainable Phosphorus Futures Project (2012–2014) is implemented by the National Strategic Phosphorus Advisory Group [
The Global Phosphate Forum (GPF) is a non-profit organization formed in 2007 in Sao Paolo through the action of 13 companies from Belgium, Brazil, Germany, India, Israel, Mexico, Russia, Spain, and Venezuela. As the world association for producers of phosphates used in detergents (sodium tripolyphosphate, STPP), it functions on a voluntary and paid membership basis. Its major tasks, summarized in its Statutes [
The Global Phosphorus Research Initiative (GPRI) was founded early in 2008 by the Institute for Sustainable Futures, the University of Technology, Sydney (Australia), and the Department of Thematic Studies, Water and Environmental Studies, Linköping University (Sweden) as a spring-off of the doctoral thesis
The Global Partnership on Nutrient Management (GPNM) was founded in 2009. It acts under the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)'s
The Global Phosphorus Network (GPN) was founded in 2011 by the University of Technology Sydney as an initiative of GPRI and is managed by Dana Cordell, Stuart White, and Tina Schmid Neset. Its membership amounts to over 500 individuals from a vast background of disciplines and stakeholder groups. Its goal is to fill the void of a missing public platform for discourse on issues related to phosphorus security via increasing scientific understanding of the issue, awareness, action, and public debate. In that sense, it provides a platform for all those interested or willing to share their expertise in finding ways to work towards phosphorus security. GPN is funded by the GPF, the Swedish Research Council FORMAS, and a Danish biotech firm.
The Global TraPs project ("Global Transdisciplinary Processes for Sustainable Phosphorus Management") is an international multi-stakeholder forum which was designed and initiated by Scholz and Ulrich at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich from March 2010 onward [
The Global Food Security Forum (GFS) was established in 2012 as an initiative of the OCP Group. OCP is a global leader in the phosphate market and works the world's largest known phosphate rock reserves, in Morocco [
The European Phosphorus Platform (EPP), currently hosted by the Dutch Nutrient Platform in Den Haag, is a joint initiative of eighty European partners that hold core interests along the phosphorus value chain. It was launched at the European Sustainable Phosphorus Conference in March 2013 via a joint declaration of 150 participants on goals, principles, and next steps [
An early driver in the modern phosphorus sustainability movement seems to have been substantial increases in phosphate rock and phosphoric acid prices in 2007/2008 [
Assuming that the number of citations a paper receives is a valid proxy for how well it has been received within a given community, the results of the citation analysis generally suggest an activating effect between Cordell, Drangert and White [
A cartoonist view: From sustainable phosphorus management to peak P [
In the following, the results of the profiling analysis are discussed in respect to some general observations about opportunities and challenges within and among the reviewed platforms. The above suggests that each initiative is characterized by a large diversity of both. We reflect on the more prominent ones and place them within the broader debate of the functioning of group efforts concerned with global environmental change as well as their potential impact on national and international levels.
The growing involvement of a larger and more diverse community of stakeholders can provide for a richer understanding of the phosphorus cycle, its anthropocenic changes, organization of issues, and priority areas of engagement, hence improving the likelihood of more effective and acceptable orientations for future action. This involvement in pool learning and experience building might, by the nature of the process, create new change agents and knowledge brokers who can take the challenge of how to sustainably manage phosphorus beyond a short to medium-term focus. In this "here-to-stay-scenario," it seems important to integrate those sciences that have traditionally been active in the problem field (such as agricultural sciences) more strongly with the human-environment system sciences. Moreover, expertise resulting from projects such as the IGCP Project 156, a decade-long (1977–1988) effort by more than 300 scientists to explore phosphate rock genesis and deposits, or the European Cost Action Project 869, which focused on quantifying the agricultural contribution to eutrophication, seem important to integrate in ongoing efforts to improve the nature and scale of the problem as well as how to approach it.
Independent of the action level, no initiative decouples itself from the reality of the nature of the problem, which is inherently global [
It has been argued that there are no effective institutional set-ups or governance structures for phosphorus [
Phosphorus is closely related to other resource issues and environmental problem fields of the 21st century. This cross-learning opportunity needs to be considered in more detail, particularly in the light of duplication efforts and time-management. Platforms such as the International Nitrogen Initiative, The Global Soil Partnership, and the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance offer entry points for expanded learning. Moreover, insights can be gained from coupled problem fields such as those outlined in the UN World Water Development Report 4 [
As the citation and event mapping results indicate, the majority of research activity to date has concentrated in developed countries, with the exception of China. Moreover, within the pool of initiatives presented, only one originated in the South. Most of the initiatives that strive for a balanced global or regional North-South/East representation acknowledge the challenge inherent in achieving this goal. For example, EPP is actively advocating for stronger participation from Southern and Eastern Europe. Beyond the spatial dimension, challenges also exist in sectorial terms,
In order to strengthen the support for these joint efforts, there seems a need to generate greater shared understanding when framing key issues. The question of phosphate rock reserves remains greatly debated, particularly as to whether phosphate rock reserve and resource data should be monitored by a supra-national organization. For strategic resources in general, Lee
In order to define the ill-structured problem field of phosphorus sustainability more clearly and find new ways of moving forward, stakeholders have turned towards pooling the fragmented experience and knowledge of a diverse group of actors, often under the header of science-based mutual learning engagement. Although, in general, the need for stronger linkages between science and society finds increasing support, both within the science community [
The size and diversity of most initiatives makes them a daunting management task. To establish well-functioning mutual learning and action communities across different scales poses complex requirements for organizers. Differences in problem perception, priority setting, and language are just a few of the challenges. Moreover, the amount of skills such as cultural empathy or patience necessary on the part of participants to reduce tensions should not be underestimated. Further, the growing multitude of initiatives may impair the capacity to create change, as many seek for similar stakeholder involvement or may even compete for funding. Hence, pairing the growing momentum with overarching home infrastructure seems promising, as it may offer a hub where the multiple initiatives can meet for exchange, while at the same time keeping their unique characteristics. Such a meta-organizational structure, perhaps under the umbrella of UNEP GPNM or the International Resource Panel, for instance, has the potential to shift the sometimes sub-optimal conditions in which research, exchange, and debate currently take place towards a more efficient, resource-effective process. Facilitating such a transdisciplinary exchange—suggested as a new format of science-practice crowdsourcing—further has the potential to prevent duplication. Moreover, it may enable bridging the current gap between some of the initiatives, unite efforts, and ultimately provide solutions based on a jointly generated, shared and consolidated knowledge base.
The aim of this paper was to trace the origin and development of the modern phosphorus sustainability movement and to profile major platforms, including their opportunities and challenges. While the movement was originally started as a joint initiative between two research institutes in Australia and Sweden, it has rapidly evolved into a broadening venture drawing worldwide attention. Nevertheless, it remains largely northern and science-based, with significant potential for improved coupling and coordination on a meta-level. Based on the given observations, and at this critical stage of development, the following steps are proposed:
To embrace the South and improve stakeholder cooperation from the phosphate rock, fertilizer, food, and feed industry; To find a more balanced approach when communicating the major concerns for phosphorus sustainability—of which only one may be regional phosphate rock depletion or declining phosphate rock grade; To generate, through transdisciplinary science-practice cooperation, improved, shared understanding of the underlying problem mechanisms and dynamics; To create a repository for continued collective learning on a meta-level for long-term change.
To embrace the South and improve stakeholder cooperation from the phosphate rock, fertilizer, food, and feed industry;
To find a more balanced approach when communicating the major concerns for phosphorus sustainability—of which only one may be regional phosphate rock depletion or declining phosphate rock grade;
To generate, through transdisciplinary science-practice cooperation, improved, shared understanding of the underlying problem mechanisms and dynamics;
To create a repository for continued collective learning on a meta-level for long-term change.
Clearly, this will not be an easy task. However, to address these issues appears as a promising pathway for forming a new culture of cooperative learning and problem solving on a global scale, that, if successful, can lead to lasting solutions.
The authors are grateful to participants of the panel presentation
The authors declare no conflict of interest.


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Student & Alumni Blogs
Posted by Ed Weiss
07/21/2015 at 09:22 AM
One of the great benefits of being a law student and being trained in the critical disciplines of a legal approach to problem-solving is that all doors remain open to you in terms of your career path and progression. This is true upon graduation, after taking (and passing!) the bar, after serving in a judicial clerkship or, frankly, at any time along one's progression over the years as a lawyer at a firm, a business and for those engaged in public service. Today more than ever, businesses, companies and enterprises of all kinds truly value the ability to problem-solve and exercise...
Posted by Bruce Kogan
07/08/2015 at 08:08 AM
"Why do you do this?" is a question that I am often asked in the midst of a contentious mediation. When two people (or two groups of people) are experiencing significant differences – significant enough that their dispute has either found its way into court or has risen to the level that both sides recognize that they are stuck in a conflict spiraling out of their own control – it is only then that a judge may refer them to mediation (or that the parties or their counsel request that a mediator get involved). This is where I come in. My job is to try to see if my intervention as a...
Posted by Diana Hassel
06/24/2015 at 10:07 AM
Plans are well underway for the RWU School of Law's expanded presence in downtown Providence. The four-story building at One Empire Street will be devoted almost exclusively to Roger Williams University use and will be ready for occupancy a year from now – June 2016. The fourth floor of One Empire Street will become the center for RWU law's experiential learning opportunities. Furniture is being purchased and paint colors chosen for the offices of our in-house clinics: Criminal Defense, Immigration, and Business Start Up. The Feinstein Center will also be...
Posted by David Logan
06/16/2015 at 11:38 AM
In a May 17 piece ("Race in Rhode Island"), The Providence Journal reported that minority populations in our state have increased by nearly 500 percent since 1970, while the white population decreased by nearly 12 percent. The series spotlighted some of the many challenges Rhode Island faces as we become more ethnically and racially diverse. The changing complexion of society is occurring on the national level, as well, and has manifested itself in shocking stories from Ferguson, Mo., to Staten Island, N.Y., to Baltimore, forcing us to face the reality that many of our fellow...
Posted by Michael Yelnosky
06/01/2015 at 09:49 AM
Monday, May 11th began a week-long celebration of the graduation of the Class of 2015, culminating in commencement exercises on Friday, May 15th. Monday's event was a reception for the class at the Glen Manor House in nearby Portsmouth. It was a beautiful evening, the gardens were showing unmistakable signs of spring, and the views of the Sakonnet Passage were as breathtaking as ever. Casey O'Brien '15, Winner of the Marine Affairs Achievement Award and...
Posted by Tom Peterson
05/20/2015 at 10:26 AM
Having served 22 years in the Navy before coming to law school, some habits die harder than others. One thing that we always stressed during my time in the Navy was filing a Post Exercise report – or "Post-Ex" for short – to let everyone know about what happened during an exercise and think ahead to the next time that event would be held. So now that Alternative Spring Break 2015 is in the record books, I just wanted to take a second and file a Post-Ex to let you know how it went. This year's Alternative Spring Break (ASB) was our largest ever with 58 students participating in 17...
Posted by Michael Yelnosky
05/11/2015 at 10:02 AM
The innovation continues at RWU Law. We were one of the first law schools in the country to require pro bono service for graduation. We are home to the nationally recognized Pro Bono Collaborative, which connects lawyers, community organizations, and law students to provide free legal services to indigent clients. We were one of the first law schools in the country to guarantee each student a substantial clinical experience. We are one of a few law schools in the country with a corporate counsel externship program that places students each semester in the general counsel's offices of major...
Posted by Swapna Yeluri
05/05/2015 at 12:00 AM
The events and destruction in Baltimore over the past week triggered a lot of difficult emotions within me. I am an attorney in the city, advocating for underprivileged youths and veterans. Last October I was attacked in the same inner-city neighborhood where I work, day in and day out, trying to help the community. I contacted the police and received no assistance at all. The experience left me angry and bitter – not just toward the police, but also toward the individuals in the community. Coming to terms with that incident and my reactions to it has been one of the...
Posted by David Zlotnick
04/27/2015 at 04:29 PM
RWU Law's D.C. Semester-in-Practice Program provides an ideal opportunity for RWU Law students who are considering working in Washington D.C. after graduation to explore and plan for their future – by offering an entire semester spent earning on-the-job academic credits. The program immerses students in one of the most exciting, diversified and still-growing legal markets in the world. They earn academic credit while training full-time in a government, non-profit or trade-association setting. The students themselves are the program's biggest fans. "I have thoroughly enjoyed...
Posted by Andy Horwitz
04/21/2015 at 05:40 PM
I joined the faculty at Roger Williams University School of Law just over 20 years ago because I saw that the school was dedicated to a very special mission. The law school's founders understood then what so many other schools have started to see now: that experiential education is a fundamental and critical part of a law school education. Understanding the law is, of course, the foundation upon which all else is built. But unless and until one has started to put that foundational education into practice, one has hardly begun the transition to becoming an effective lawyer....


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07-04-2014, 05:53 PM #1Member
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Looking for 018A0S rom based E30 RB Turbos Flash Map
Hi guys
Are there any OTS type maps for E30 and RB turbos for 018A0S?
The whole story.
My friend and I purchased the Flex Fuel kits from Vishnu. We live in a regional area where Ethanol is somewhat rare. In a 400km radius there is 1 station with E85 within 10km and then another 2 or 3 closer to 400km with E70. So the whole flex fuel thing is important. Especially where you find yourself mixing normal fuel into the tank with whatever E you had left. You have no idea what the actual content is without a Flex Fuel meter (easiest) or a manual tester.
Obviously we bought the kits knowing Vishnu aren't really interested in this platform, low volume = low sales, so less profit to be had when compared to their BRZ/86 market. Not to mention they are probably the only provider in that market at the moment. It just makes good business sense and as I said we were aware of this when we bought the kits. We are relatively smart guys so we figured we should be able to work out most things and with the help of the community piece together anything we either don't know, or borrow if you guys have already done it. Mine is working flawlessly on the OTS maps that come with it, I am up to about e60. I have been increasing it in 10% increments to run logs and make sure my fuel system is up to the task.
My friend has RBs, which to me means that the standard OTS flash and Procede tune won't be suitable. He is going to need Vargas HPFP solution before running full E85, so in the meantime we are looking to set his car up with an E% that his fuel system can handle. So after a little bit of math, I calculated that the Vishnu Flex Fuel Flash is based on an E30 tune, with the procede adjusting fuel, timing and boost based on E content.
And that is why I was looking for an E30 map for RB's. To use as our starting point for his flash tune.
07-04-2014, 09:39 PM #2Member
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From JB4/bimmerboost flash perspective, RB and E85 aren't much different than stock fan and E85. If you're running flash only it's trickier in terms of WGDC and other stuff. Biggest difference is you can target more boost and fuel pressure is more inorganic to watch.
07-05-2014, 03:04 AM #3Member
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Hi Dave,
If your friend could bump up to E40, try Vishnu OFT E40 flash. It worked pretty well with my RB turbos. I will pm you some links.


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|IntraOcular Lenses - Press Release 2004
The intraocular lenses (IOL) from Rayner - newly introduced to Australia - can be welcomed by both surgeons and patients, allowing enhancement to cataract surgery, and offering patients significant clinical and long-term advantages.
East Sussex, England: British IOL manufacturer, Rayner Intraocular Lenses
Ltd., proudly announced today that it recently attained the coveted Therapeutic
Goods Administration (TGA) clearance for sale of its intraocular lenses
(IOLs) in Australia.
Rayner's lenses are the first European IOLs to get TGA approval in over a decade. The TGA's strict requirements over the years tended to restrict entry of new IOLs to Australia. This limited choice is about to change with Rayner's entry into the market with the C-flex™ injectable acrylic IOL system. Dr Michael Coote, Ophthalmic Surgeon in Melbourne, Victoria commented that, "both surgeons and patients can be happy to welcome a lens which will allow us to enhance cataract surgery further in Australia". The new technology is already approved and widely used in Europe, Middle East, Asia, South America and South Africa.
Mr. Richard Grills, the Managing Director of Designs For Vision, Rayner's exclusive distributor in Australia and New Zealand, endorsed Dr Coote's comments and went further: "We received encouragement from a number of surgeons to source and supply an intraocular lens which would allow the market a greater choice. However, it had to be the right product and company. Rayner, the manufacturer of the original IOL designed by the late Sir Harold Ridley, had the pedigree and long-term reputation. Now, with C-flex™ we have a lens which is unique and offers patients significant clinical and long-term advantages".
Mark Mullaney, the Regulatory Affairs Manager of Rayner, explained, "The C-flex™ injectable acrylic IOL has our well-established AVH™ Technology plus the new Enhanced Square Edge for reducing the risk of secondary cataract.
The bio-compatible Rayacryl™ material has an unmatched track record on sustained clarity and an absence of glare and unwanted imagery. The Anti-Vaulting Haptics provide excellent centration, no rotation and no vaulting and this largely contributes to accurate visual outcomes. But the system is more than just the lens. It is a "first": the lens is uniquely packaged with a single-piece, single-use, disposable injector plus a sterile, transparent protective eye shield."
In cooperation with Professor David Apple, Rayner identified that all modern single-piece IOLs have a weakness at the haptic-optic junction: an Achilles Heel, where there is no square edge and thus an incomplete barrier to PCO.
With the new edge, Rayner's C-flex™ (570C) and Superflex™
(620H) IOLs have increased defence against PCO with 360 degree protection.
Rayacryl™ IOL material was already associated with low PCO and fewer
Nd:YAG treatment; now Enhanced Square Edge™ Technology reduces PCO
to a minimum.
The convenient combination of eye-shield, injector and lens all in the
one pack has proved a strong selling point for Rayner elsewhere in the
world and the company is counting on the same success in Australia. Mr.
Donald J Munro, Rayner's Managing Director, said, "We are sure
the ophthalmic surgeons and operating-room staff will welcome our technology.
The patients certainly will appreciate the benefits. We've found
an excellent partner in Designs For Vision and we look forward to working
in the country. We also see TGA recognition as a milestone on the road
to achieving a global marketing position for the company. It gives us
encouragement because it shows the product has increasing, wide acceptance
in the world's premier ophthalmic markets."
|Please click here to close window.


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WHEN a young boy named James died at an English workhouse-orphanage in 1791, one of his fellow inmates stole his clothes, assumed his identity and escaped. The thief was a girl; cutting off her hair and pretending to be a boy gave her some protection in a world dominated by men, but she was caught stealing a horse and sent to Sydney Cove, which was so far away and so frighteningly alien it might have been hell.
Today that girl, Mary Reibey, proudly graces our $20 note. Singer Katie Noonan does not appear on legal tender, but she is probably far better known than Reibey, whose life, once she reached Australia, took some extraordinary turns. Reibey went from being a convict to one of the country's most successful people when, on her husband's death, she inherited his many prosperous business interests. Affluent, respected, clever and enterprising, she owned property and was a governor of Sydney's first free grammar school. And she did most of it while she was a widowed working mother of seven children.
''She must be the quintessential Australian feminist,'' says Noonan, whose song Mary - written from the transportee's perspective - includes the line: ''And though grief has scarred my life, I stand strong.''
This highly acclaimed singer-songwriter has been researching Reibey's life, and the lives of many other female transportees, for her latest project. From a woman who always offers surprises, it's a venture in which she once more tantalises us with her creative scope. In concert with Circa, the ground-breaking Brisbane-based circus troupe - they have no animals, no costumes, no props and an abundance of raw physical talent - Noonan's new show is a serenade to the women who came to this country as convicts.
Noonan is not one to just sing, play an instrument, inhabit a cosy niche or play with one style. Nor is she the sort of artist whose work is only about the performance: the depth of research she has done for this project is extraordinary; it's much more than just a quick run through Robert Hughes' The Fatal Shore. Even Noonan's published notes for Love-Song-Circus, which audiences will receive, list her scholarly references, including Grace Karskens' The Colony: A History of Early Sydney, Susanna de Vries' Females on the Fatal Shore and Deborah Swiss' The Tin Ticket: The Heroic Journey of Australia's Convict Women.
While reading, doing fieldwork and fossicking through libraries - she spent much time reading letters at Canberra's National Library and contemplating life at the infamous Cascades Female Factory in Tasmania - Noonan was told by an academic friend doing a PhD that it was all going to amount to ''phenomenological research''. Noonan was, in a sense, inhabiting her subjects, trying to get into their minds to see life as they might have done.
''I tried to get into their world,'' she says. ''These women were so strong - and when I think of strong women nowadays I think of circus women, so I thought it would be beautiful to have a physical depiction of these women and the sisterhood. These women really looked after each other because they had to - the ratio [women to men] was nine to one; a lot of tough stuff going on.''
She went to Yaron Lifschitz, the director of Circa, and they combined their talents. Long before this, though, Noonan's impetus had been engaged by learning about 307 convict tokens kept at the National Museum of Australia. Many of the tokens, made of soft metal between 1762 and 1856, were inscribed - a criminal offence - by convicts with messages and images for their loved ones in Britain.
''They were writing back to husbands and lovers and children; it was a snapshot into the hearts of people,'' she says. ''It really got me … Being a mother and a woman, I thought I would love to explore this from a female point of view because it is usually unexplored.''
Noonan had expected to be heading towards a show about love, lust and longing, but she soon discovered some of the stories were deeper and sadder than she had anticipated. She was deeply affected by the tales of women who had been separated from their children. During the transportation era, a child was considered legally independent after the age of seven, so women with children that age or older frequently could not take them to Australia.
''The common scenario was a woman stealing bread to feed her child, then being sent away from them to the other side of the world,'' Noonan says. ''That profound grief and loss … it is unimaginable and cruel.''
Noonan does her utmost, though, to imagine and inhabit it in this cycle of songs, which she sings (also playing her piano with a string quartet and other musicians) with immense feeling. Three Circa performers - all women - echo those emotions with their astonishingly expressive movements. ''It is intimate,'' Noonan says, ''and hopefully it will let the audience feel like they really know those [convict] women.''
While this singer is used to performing as herself, expressing her own views and feelings in her songwriting, here she is in another guise. ''With this, I am not in character but I am singing from the women's perspective: I am Ellen in one, Janet in another, Esther in another one,'' she says. ''I let their words speak for themselves.''
In Ellen, for instance, Noonan gives us a distinct sense of Ellen Scott, the feisty leader of a
19th-century flash mob at the Cascades Female Factory, who spent 30 days in solitary confinement in a tiny windowless cell after organising all the factory women to bare their backsides at the pastor who was infamous for his pious sermons - and his molestation of the inmates.
''So just what makes you think you're so holy/Does your wife know you're horny as hell?/ Compared with you, I'm a saint, so while in this pew/I bare my arse and say, 'Stuff you.'''
While there is some humour and lightness in this, the sadness, courage and fortitude underlying it is potent. As Noonan emphasises, so many women's stories from this era have been overlooked, forgotten or ignored. In reviving their experiences and emotions, she acknowledges their suffering and reinforces the meaning of their difficult, heartbreaking lives. As she sings in Space between Us, dedicated to those women transported - usually forever - away from their children, some of the events they endured must have been unimaginably painful. Especially the last moments together between parent and child:
''Precious time, holding now/ Precious fingers, holding on for life/Whisper to me while I hold you/ Heartbeat pounding, pulsing life around.''
Noonan honours that grief with some beauty and life.
■ Love-Song-Circus is at the Famous Spiegeltent from March 19-24. spiegel.artscentremelbourne.com.au. Katie Noonan can also be seen in conversation at the Arts Centre Melbourne on March 16.


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Problem areas on stomach and flanks did not respond to exercise. Smart Lipo was perfect procedure for me.Doctor did an excellent job sculpting. Very happy with my results.
The cost I show here is not accurate as I had other things done and honestly I don't know what just the cost of the Lipo would have been. I believe every patients cost varies depending on the time and process needed to perform the procedure. It's best to have a consultation.


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Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations
Tobacco Depot #8 2/12/14
Department of Health and Human Services
|Public Health Service
Food and Drug Administration
Center for Tobacco Products
9200 Corporate Boulevard
Rockville, MD 20850-3229
1. The establishment has self-service displays or "impersonal" modes of sale that provide a consumer direct access to cigarette tobacco and smokeless tobacco without restricting the facility to adults at all times. Specifically, the inspector observed customer-accessible shelves containing cigarette tobacco and smokeless tobacco on the sales floor.
If you have any questions, contact Aaron Weisbuch at (301) 796-9362 or via email at firstname.lastname@example.com. Have your reference number ready when you call and include it with any email communications.


text:
La inflación regional de alimentos alcanzó 8,5 % en 2011, un punto porcentual menos que en 2010 (9,6 %), ha señalado la
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College of Design, Construction and Planning facilities
The Department of Interior Design is found in the Architecture Building and additionally, shares space in the Fine Arts Building for additional classes, access to the wood shop, and faculty offices and studios. It is adjacent to the College of Music, numerous studio housing facilities, and the University's administrative building. The Dean's Office is located on the third floor of the Architecture Building in Room 331 and the main office for the Department of Interior Design can be found in room 336. Studios are open 24 hours per day, and each student has his or her own workstation, in a secured but fully accessible space.
Architecture & fine arts library
The Architecture & Fine Arts Library provides students access to 85,000 bound volumes, 640 periodicals, 200 videotapes and 40,000 microforms focusing on the history, theory and practice of architecture, art, graphic design and building construction. It also features online linkage to the Avery Index, computer and laser disc access to the Avery Drawing Collection, and a rare book collection. Equally useful is the UF Architecture & Fine Arts Slide Library.
Design wood shop
The UF College of Design, Construction and Planning's fully equipped wood shop affords students a cutting edge in manipulating materials and form. A learning laboratory, the wood shop enables students to test their design ideas on real materials at full scale, with training and access to a full complement of power tools at no charge. A full-time wood shop supervisor is on hand to provide technical assistance and facilitate practical problem solving as needed.
With the Art and Architecture Fabrication Laboratory, or A² Fab Lab, students and faculty alike have more opportunities to explore new ways of creating. Located in the Infinity Hall, the lab currently houses four primary technologies – laser cutters, Water-jet, 3D printing and a 3-axis full sheet CNC Router, each of which provides different ways of bridging between physical and digital realm from ideation to creation.
Harn museum
The museum builds and maintains exemplary art collections and produces a wide variety of challenging, innovative exhibitions and stimulating educational programs…" -excerpt from the Harn Museum Mission Statement.
Materials library
The Interior Design Material's Library is a resource for all UF Interior Design students. It is equipped with a light box for understanding the interaction of light color temperature and the appearance of color. It also has a variety of building materials, furniture and interior finishes aiding students in familiarizing themselves with many of the resources available.
media:scape LearnLab
The LearnLab breaks down the traditional barriers of teacher-to-student lecture rooms. Essentially, learning is no longer a one-way transmission from faculty to student, but emerges as collaboration among students with the professor as a guide. The room is made up of four media:scape tables each mounted with two flat panel displays and a web camera. There are also four LCD projectors and whiteboards – magnetic white dry erase boards – on every wall, an advanced learning environment for this millennium.


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A WOMAN whose father killed her mother wept as she told a court how her life had been changed forever.
Silvana Maglovski told the NSW Supreme Court that her mother ''was a beautiful and independent'' woman who wanted only the best for her children.
She also spoke about getting the phone call from her brother saying that their father had killed their mother and how ''the tragedy took over my whole life''.
A jury this week found Dragi Maglovski, 60, guilty of murdering his wife Rosa Maglovski, 48, at their Sydney home on October 8, 2011.
Mrs Maglovski suffered extensive injuries, including stab wounds to the throat and upper torso and facial fractures after being stabbed during a fight at their home.
On the afternoon before her death, Mrs Maglovski told her husband she wanted a divorce.
At a sentence hearing on Thursday, Silvana Maglovski, 27, said she had seen her mother that morning.
''It was the day that changed my life for the worse… I told her I loved her,'' she said as she heaved with emotion.
The Crown prosecutor, Paul Leask, told the sentencing hearing it was ''a terrible death''.
''She pleaded for help … she pleaded to stop and those pleas were ignored.''
The defence counsel John Spencer, SC, said there were several factors that needed to be taken into account in sentencing, including the age of his client, the assistance he gave to police and the fact he was a first-time offender.
''There is no doubt that this has been a tragic incident,'' Mr Spencer said.
''It seems that a multitude of incidents over eight or nine months amounts to provocation.
''There is no premeditation in this case.''
The court heard that Maglovski had turned over the property and given his possessions to his daughter.
''This is indicative of someone trying to right a wrong,'' Mr Spencer said.
While the Crown argued that the offence falls into the mid-range category, Mr Spencer said the ''subjective, cultural factors, and his conduct'' place it below that category.
Dragi Maglovski will be sentenced by Justice Robert Beech-Jones on December 14.


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Companies celebrated for unwavering pursuit of continued improvement.
The 2011 finalists are:
Boeing Philadelphia
Ridley Park, Pa.
Carlisle Interconnect Technologies
Tukwila, Wash.
Carrier Collierville
Collierville, Tenn.
Ethicon Inc.
Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico
General Cable Corp. -- Lawrenceburg Plant
Lawrenceburg, Ky.
General Cable Corp. -- Lincoln, Rhode Island
Lincoln, R.I.
John Deere Horicon Works
Horicon, Wis.
Klein Steel Service
Rochester, N.Y.
L.B. Foster Co., Allegheny Rail Products
Pueblo, Colo.
La-Z-Boy Tennessee
Dayton, Tenn.
Life Technologies
Austin, Texas.
Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control
Lufkin Operations
Lufkin, Texas
Madico Inc.
Woburn, Mass.
Snap-on Tools
Elkmont, Ala.
Swagelok Co. Main Plant
Solon, Ohio
Toyota Industrial Equipment Mfg. Inc.
Columbus, Ind.
See Also:
• Why Training Fails to Deliver
• About the IW Best Plants Program