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In this topic we explore the market structure facing a typical firm. We will analyze the competitive situation of the industry and how the presence or absence of competition affects the individual firm's behavior. It should be emphasized, that we are creating models of each industrial structure. We are not trying to replicate complete reality. However, as you will see, we can draw a fairly accurate picture of the different types of industries and the interaction of firms with one another.
We first ask why it is important to study the nature of the industry in which a typical firm in that industry operates. First, it is important for the firm to understand the competitive environment. As competition in a given industry increases, the firm will have less ability to control the price it charges customers, especially to raise prices. At one extreme is a perfectly competitive industry where the typical firm has no discretion over price. To gain greater control over prices and profits firms may undertake expensive advertisement campaigns so that customers perceive differences between the products of that firm and its competitors. Alternatively, a firm may collude with its competitors to reduce or eliminate price competition. Finally, a firm may try to be the sole provider of the product and become a monopolist. However, such a firm will come under the scrutiny of regulators.
By understanding the presence or potential for competition, a firm has a greater opportunity for profits and long-run success. A failure to understand such basics can ensure a firm's eventual bankruptcy.
Most of us will strive to achieve a financially comfortable life. Typically, we will earn the majority of our income during our lives by working. However, it is certainly possible to supplement wage income with non-wage sources such as the capital gains earned from investing in stocks (equities). Astute investors will have a good comprehension of the competitive environment of the firms in which they choose to buy shares.
For example, in an industry where many firms produce similar products, investors will understand that the typical firm will not have much ability to raise the prices of its products in order to increase profits and share value. Firms that thrive in this type of environment will constantly innovate, offer new services and lower production costs in order to gain market share and to increase profits. The models developed in this topic will give the student a fundamental understanding of the circumstances facing firms and the prices of their stock shares.
We begin our analysis of market structure by looking at the perfectly competitive industry. Although the typical firm will not operate in a perfectly competitive environment, perfect competition provides a benchmark to compare other industrial structures. Other types of market structures we will examine are:
The following table lists some basic relations between each type of market structure that we will study in this topic.
Industry Type
Number of Firms in the Industry
Degree of Competition
Product Differences Between Firms
|Perfect Competition
|many firms
|very competitive
|identical or homogenous
|Monopolistic Competition
|many firms or many products
|very competitive
|small, differences emphasized by advertising
|few firms
|collusion restricts competition
|very similar
|one firm
|entry of new firms restricted
Perfect Competition
We begin our analysis with a look at the firm in a perfectly competitive market structure. Remember that we are creating a model of this market structure based on some simple assumptions. Given our assumptions, we can analyze the behavior of a typical firm in this industry. Before going through the tradition assumptions about the perfectly competitive industry let us discuss how we should look at the firm. For simplicity, think of the perfectly competitive firm as exhibiting the behavior of a shark; a single-minded eating machine. The firm we will look at has one simple objective: to maximize profits. Thus, for the purposes of our analysis we can ignore issues related to social justice and externalities of production such as pollution. If pollution is consistent with profit maximization, then the firm has no hesitation to pollute. In other words, we can leave moral values out of our discussion and keep our model as simple as possible. Later in this course, we will include issues related to production, but for now, our goal is to keep the model as simple as possible.
Assumptions of the perfectly competitive industry:
In the real world, what types of firms fit these assumptions? Not many. It is best to think of a farmer growing a certain type of wheat or corn. For a given strain of wheat, one farmer's wheat is identical to the wheat grown by another farmer (as long as they are of the same variety). The grain buyer will offer the same price to each of the farmers selling his wheat. No farmer will be able to command a higher price than the other producing an identical type. Of course, if a farmer is growing organic wheat, this can be considered a different type or market than wheat that is considered non-organic.
Typically, the price a farmer will receive for his wheat is set in the futures markets in Chicago. The Chicago Board of Trade and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange trade futures contracts specifying the price of wheat at any given time. The price a farmer receives for his wheat is set in the futures market and he will sell his wheat at the price set in the contract. We assume the individual farmer is too small to influence the price of futures contract for his wheat. For a given variety of wheat, the futures market considers one farmer's output to be identical to another's and all farmers selling their wheat at a given time will receive the same price.
We have a model where the wheat farmer is a price taker. The price at which he can sell his wheat is determined by the supply and demand for wheat in the market (or the supply and demand for futures contracts to be more exact). Given the market price of wheat, the farmer can sell as much wheat as he desires or as little. The two graphs below illustrate the concept of a price-taking firm.
Figure 9-1 on the left shows the supply of the good (wheat) and demand for that good (wheat) for the industry. The equilibrium of supply and demand in the market determines the equilibrium price or PM(arket). In the graph to the right, Figure 9-2, we show the situation facing the perfectly competitive firm (wheat farmer) given the price set in the market. The firm is a price taker and must accept the market price, PM. At PM, the firm's demand curve is a horizontal line, meaning that the demand for the firm's output is infinite. Our wheat farmer can sell as much as he likes or as little at the market price.
If the farmer tries to sell at a price above PM, nobody will buy from him since they can buy the good at the lower market price from another seller, thus demand will fall to zero. Conversely, our wheat farmer will never sell at a price below PM since he can always receive the higher market price, PM.
In Figure 9-2 the marginal revenue (MR) is constant and equals to demand. Marginal revenue is equal to the change in total revenue (TR) as output increases by another unit. Total revenue is equal to the price of the good times the level of output of the good or:
TR = P x Q
For a perfectly competitive firm that is a price taker, the price the firm receives remains constant. As a result, the total revenue curve is linear and revenues change positively with output. Since the TR curve has a constant slope, marginal revenue equals the slope of the TR curve and is also constant. Total revenue increases by a constant amount with each additional unit of output produced. Thus marginal revenue does not change as output increases. For the perfectly competitive firm, MR remains constant and is equal to the demand curve.
Profit Maximization and the Perfectly Competitive Firm
Now that we have determined the situation facing a perfectly competitive firm - it can sell as much as it wants at the market price - we now determine how much the firm will produce. As we noted earlier, the firm has a single goal and that is to maximize profits. The firm will produce an output level that allows it to maximize profits, no more, no less. We will assume that the firm sells all it produces.
Profit equals the difference between the firm's revenues received from selling the good and the cost of production.
profit = total revenue (TR) - total cost (TC)
The firm's profit maximizing level of output is that level of production, q*, that maximizes the difference between total revenue and total cost as shown in Figure 9-3. This output level coincides with a point where the slope of the total revenue and total cost curves are equal as shown by the dashed line. Just as the slope of the total revenue curve at any point is equal to marginal revenue, the slope of the total cost curve at any point is equal to the firm's marginal cost.
Marginal revenue equals the additional revenue received by producing another unit of the good (e.g. another bushel of wheat). Likewise, marginal cost (MC) is the addition to total cost of producing that incremental unit. This gives us another, more convenient, method of determining the firm's profit maximizing level of output:
A firm maximizes profits at the output level where marginal revenue (MR) equals marginal cost (MC).
We can interpret the MR = MC rule logically. As long as the additional revenue earned from producing another unit of the good exceeds the incremental cost, then profits increase as output expands. As long as MR > MC, the firm should expand output. Just the opposite reasoning holds when MR < MC as output increases by another unit. Under these circumstances, the additional cost of producing another unit is greater than the associated revenue and profits will drop as production rises. As long as MR < MC, the firm should decrease output.
Figure 9-4 Illustrates the concept discussed here. In the range of production where MR > MC, the firm will increase total profits by expanding output. Conversely, when MR < MC, additional output only reduces total profits as the cost of production exceeds the related revenues from selling that good. Only when MR = MC, will the firm reach maximum profits.
Now we use Figure 9-5 to show the relationship between demand, marginal revenue and marginal cost for the firm. We have determined that the perfectly competitive firm is a price taker and accepts the market price PM. Although the firm can sell as much as it desires at PM, it produces the amount of the good consistent with its objective of maximizing profits. The profit maximizing output level is shown as q*.
Important note: Throughout the remainder of this topic and later in this course, we will be analyzing different types of market structures. One important rule consistent with all firms that we will look at regardless of the industry type is the firm will seek to maximize profits and will do so where MR = MC.
Costs and the Perfectly Competitive Firm
Just because the firm is producing at an output level that maximizes its profits, does not indicate that the firm is actually making money. Under certain circumstances, profit maximization is the same as loss minimization. A firm that is operating at a loss, will still find that its optimal output level is where MR = MC. By producing at this level, the firm will minimize its losses. But we are getting ahead of ourselves here. In order to determine if the firm is making a profit, breaking even or operating at a loss, we need to look at costs.
In an economics course, profits are defined as economic profits. Economic profits equal the difference between a firm's revenues and costs. If revenues exceed cost then the firm is making economic profits and conversely, if revenues are less than costs, the firm is losing money.
Costs are comprised of two parts:
- Explicit costs, or what is typically considered to be accounting costs. The basic cost of doing business that combines salaries and other costs related to doing business.
- Implicit costs, that account for the opportunity cost of the owner of the business. Implicit costs measure what the entrepreneur could earn if he or she worked for someone else. For example, if you start a business sometime in the future, then you sacrifice the income that you could have earned working for another company.
Take for example our good friend, Electra Corvette. After graduating from medical school, Electra decides that she has two career options. First she can take a job working at a nearby Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) that is offering her an annual salary of $100,000 to start. Or Electra can follow her dream of being an independent businesswomen and start her own medical practice.
Recognizing that she is a pillar of the local community, Electra passes on working for the HMO and starts her own business as a doctor. The table below summarizes the basic finances of Dr. Corvette's business after her first year as an independent doctor.
Total revenues. $500,000 Explicit (accounting) costs (includes supplies, nurse salaries, insurance, lab tests and all other costs of doing business. - $440,000 Implicit costs (salary Electra would have earned working at the HMO. -$100,000 Explicit + Implicit Costs = Total Costs -$540,000 Accounting profit (revenues - explicit costs). $60,000 Economic profit (revenues - total costs) -$40,000
As you can see from the numbers, Electra covered her accounting expenses and even took home $60,000. However, if she had worked at the local HMO, she would have taken home $100,000 instead. When adding her implicit costs, or opportunity cost of not working elsewhere, Electra has total costs of $540,000 and an economic loss of $40,000. Of course you may argue, Electra also receives the joy of running her own business, something that cannot be measured in terms of money. However, remember the framework of our basic model; we exclude such matters as external benefits or costs.
Assuming that it is money that matters, what should Dr. Corvette do? Electra may reason that it takes several years to become established and build up a steady group of patients. Over time she believes, economic losses should fall and she will soon break even or make economic profits. Thus, she may decide to stay in business despite her economic losses. Or, Electra may decide that the economic losses may persist indefinitely. In this case, she will close down her business and accept the job at the HMO.
For another example, let us consider a wheat farmer who is making economic profits. This situation is shown in Figure 9-6. As before, the profit maximizing level of output is attained where MR = MC. To see if the firm is making economic profits, we need information from the average total cost curve (ATC). Note that MC always intersects ATC at the minimum point of the ATC curve. Since price is greater than average total costs at the profit maximizing output level, this firm is making a profit.
Figure 9-7 shows the area of economic profits that the firm is earning. Total profits are equal to total revenue minus total cost. Total revenue is equal to the price of the good (PM) times quantity (q*). In the graph, the area of total revenue is bounded by oPMaq*. Since average total cost (ATC) equals total cost divided by output (q*), total cost equals ATC times q*. In the graph, the area of total cost is bounded by ocbq*. Economic profits are positive since total revenues exceed total costs. The area of profit is the difference between the two and is bounded by PMabc, and is shown by the crosshatched area.
Consider the implications of economic profits for this wheat farmer and other farmers growing the same type of wheat with similar costs and reaping economic profits. The presence of economic profits implies that the business owner is earning more than he could earn working in another occupation or for someone else. The presence of economic profits in an industry sends out a signal to other farmers and entrepreneurs. Consider for example a corn farmer who is incurring economic losses while growing corn. The economic profits present in the wheat industry will give him a strong incentive to switch to wheat during the next planting season. Other individuals who are considering starting their own farm or working for an agricultural company will favor wheat farming since they can earn more than if they received a paycheck from a firm.
There are many industries and firms in our economy earning tremendous profits. However, few operate in perfectly competitive industries. For economic profits to lead to a rapid expansion in the number of firms in an industry, there has to be easy and relatively inexpensive entry of new firms into the industry. It is much easier for an individual to set up his own farm and grow wheat on a few hundred acres than it is to compete with industrial giants such as General Motors and Intel. Perfect competition implies that startup costs are low and there are no other barriers to the entry of new firms (1). If this is the case:
the presence of economic profits in a perfectly competitive industry will lead to the entry of new firms.
(1) Examples of barriers to entry include:
- legal - a firm may control a patent (e.g. pharmaceuticals and drug patents), or the government may prohibit new firms from competing (e.g. utilities).
- control of a resource - a firm or firms may control a vital resource that potential firms do not have access to.
The perfectly competitive firm should enjoy its economic profits, because they won't last long. With the entry of new firms, economic profits will soon be eliminated. The process is shown in the two graphs below.
The presence of economic profits where there is ease of entry for new firms quickly attracts competitors. In Figure 9-8 new firms entering the industry have the effect of shifting the industry supply curve to the right and market production increases. The increase in the industry supply curve lowers the market price for the good (wheat) from PMO to PM1 . Figure 9-9 on the right shows the outcome for the typical price-taking firm. The firm's demand and marginal revenue curves now reflect the new market price, PM1. At PM1, the firm has unlimited demand, but will produce at its the profit maximizing output level, q1, where MR = MC. As you can see in Figure 9-9, the firm's economic profits are eliminated.
As long as economic profits are present in a perfectly competitive industry, new firms will enter. As the number of firms continues to grow, the industry supply curve shifts outward, lowering the market price for the good. The price the typical firm receives for its output will continue to fall until all economic profits are eliminated. Finally, when economic profits fall to zero, the industry stabilizes and no more firms enter into the industry.
When Firms Disappear
As we mentioned in the beginning of this section, some firms operate at a loss, at least temporarily. As noted, all firms produce where MR = MC, even those producing at a loss. There is however, an exception to this rule; the firm may shut down and produce nothing. To determine if a firm that is not covering its cost should stay in operation, we need to split up average total cost into its variable and fixed components (2). The objective of the firm is to minimize its losses. A firm needs to decide if its revenues can cover all of its variable costs associated with production. If the firm can cover all of its variable costs then it should stay in operation in order to minimize its loses by paying off part of its fixed costs. Or if the firm's revenues are less than its total variable costs, then it will minimize it losses by shutting down.
(2) Fixed costs are those that do not change with the level of output. Fixed costs for a farmer would include land and machinery. The farmer must own these even before he decides to produce anything. Variable costs include the cost of labor, parts and all other inputs used in production that change with the level of output. For the farmer this would include labor he hires, seed, fertilizer, fuel and other expenses. As he increases his acreage under cultivation, his total variable costs will increase as well.
Figure 9-10 illustrates the situation for a loss minimizing firm that remains in operation, at least in the short-run. To facilitate our analysis, we include the firm's average variable cost (AVC) curve as well as the usual suspects. We begin by determining that the profit maximizing, or in this case, loss-minimizing firm still produces where MR = MC. As you can see, the market price, PM, lies below the firm's ATC curve at point y. Thus the firm does not fully cover total costs and is losing money. We now determine if the firm should stay in operation.
The rule to follow is: the perfectly competitive firm should continue to operate at a loss as long as the price it receives covers its variable costs (is equal to or above the minimum point on its AVC curve).
In Figure 9-10, the vertical distance from the horizontal axis at q* to point z on the AVC curve is the firm's variable costs of producing at point q*. The difference between point z and point y on the graph is the firm's fixed cost at output level q*. As you can see, the market price (PM) the firm receives is high enough to cover all of its variable costs. Additionally, by producing the firm covers part of its fixed production costs: the distance from z to a in the graph. The distance from a to y at q* is the remaining fixed cost that the firm does not cover and represents its losses.
To show that the firm will minimize its losses by producing when price is at PM, consider the alternative: to shut down and produce nothing. If the firm shuts down and reduces output to zero, it still incurs all of its fixed costs. However, as shown in Figure 9-10, by operating, the firm pays off at least part of its fixed costs. To minimize its losses, the firm would rather operate and at least cover a portion of its fixed costs rather than not produce and pay off none of its fixed costs.
Figure 9-11 shows the situation when a firm will minimize its losses by shutting down and reducing output to zero. In this case, the market price is not high enough to even cover the firm's variable costs. When price is below a firm's minimum point on its variable cost curve, the firm will minimize losses by producing nothing. In the graph, as long as price remains below point v, the firm should not operate. It will minimize losses by only having to pay its fixed costs.
As the graph shows, if the firm did choose to operate at PM, where MR=MC, then losses would include fixed costs plus some of its variable costs.
When Demand Changes
Let us now consider a firm's long-run equilibrium. In the long run, a firm's economic profits equal zero as shown in Figure 9-12. The long-run equilibrium for the perfectly competitive firm is at a point of zero economic profits, where:
MR = MC = min(ATC)
Figure 9-12 shows the long-run outcome for the perfectly competitive firm at point a in the graph. If economic profits had existed, the entry of new firms and the reduction in the market price has eliminated them in the long run. Or if there where economic losses present in the industry, some firms have exited in search of better opportunities elsewhere. As the industry supply curve shifts to the left with the departure of some firms, the market price rises to a level where the remaining firms break even with zero economic profits.
But things do change. Many industries see growth in demand for their products over time. Given an increase in demand for the product in the market, let us examine how this affects a perfectly competitive firm.
Figure 9-13 shows the impact of an increase in demand for the good in the marketplace. Figure 9-14 shows the delightful outcome for the typical firm in the perfectly competitive industry. With an increase in demand, the market price that the price-taking firm receives for its product rises from PM0 to PM1. As you can see, the firm is ecstatic. The growth in demand has allowed it to sell its output for a higher price and economic profits are realized. But happiness is fleeting as the economic profit enjoyed by the typical firm in the industry attracts opportunistic competitors. As new firms enter into the industry (as shown previously in Figure 9-8), the existing firm's see their economic profits slip away as the market price falls (see Figure 9-9). Once again, the story is the same: economic profits fall to zero and a new long-run equilibrium is reached.
Although we will not show it graphically, you can imagine the carnage that occurs when industry demand falls and the market demand curve shifts inward. As the market price erodes, firms experience economic losses, resulting the exit of some firms. With relief, the outcome for the remaining firms is the same in the long run as in our prior analysis: zero economic profits.
Decreasing Cost Industries and the Long Run Supply Curve
As we can see from our discussion above, changes in demand disrupt an industry's long-run equilibrium. An increase in demand eventually leads to an increase in the number of firms and an outward shift in the industry supply curve until a new equilibrium is reached where firms receive zero economic profits. As simple as this sounds, we must allow for some behind the scenes action.
In the short-run, technology is a given and considered to be static. The current state of technology determines what capital the firm can purchase to complement the labor it uses in production. If we assume that the industry and firm produce efficiently, then the firm utilizes the best technology available at that time. If technology is fixed in the short-run, the implication is that the firm can do nothing to change production costs in the short-run except change output levels and labor inputs. As a result, the marginal cost and average total cost curves are fixed in one place and as output changes we move along the curves.
However, in the long-run, the firm has unlimited options. First, it can add to its capital stock, thereby making the labor it uses more efficient and increase worker productivity. Secondly, the firm can take advantage of technological advances and improvements in the capital it uses. By replacing its outdated capital with better machinery, computers and other capital, the firm also improves worker productivity. Gains in worker productivity, or output per worker, reflects on marginal, variable and average production costs. As worker productivity increases, the marginal cost per unit of output for the firm declines. In addition, average cost per unit of output to the firm also decreases.
The effects of increasing worker productivity are shown graphically in Figure 9-15. Over time, as the firm adds additional and improved capital, output per worker increases. As worker productivity rises, the marginal cost of producing another unit of the good falls. This is shown graphically by a shift in the marginal cost curve from MC0 to MC1. Gains in worker productivity that lower marginal cost will also reduce the average cost per unit of output as shown by the drop in average cost from ATC0 to ATC1.
If a firm lowers its costs, and market prices remain constant, then the firm is earning economic profits when costs fall to MC1 and ATC1. This leads to an important conclusion that we will emphasize later - firms in a competitive environment where there are little differences between the product of one firm to that of another firm's need to constantly increase worker productivity in order to sustain economic profits.
Now that we see how a firm can lower its costs over time, let us look at the industry as a whole and derive the long-run industry supply curve. The long-run industry supply curve is obtained by taking a sequence of long-run equilibrium points in the industry. From our presentation above, we know that an increase in demand allows firms in that industry to earn economic profits. Economic profits attract new entrants into the industry and the industry supply curve shifts outward as well.
Figure 9-16 shows the dynamics for an industry after the initial increase in demand from D0 to D1. As firms earn economic profits, the entry of new firms leads to an outward shift in the industry supply curve from S0 to S1. However, in the case of a decreasing cost industry, supply shifts out further than demand. This is a result of the falling costs of production due to higher worker productivity. As firms lower there production costs, they earn additional economic profits. Profits that open the door even wider to new competitors.
For a decreasing cost industry, supply shifts outward in the long run due to two reasons:
- An increase in demand results in economic profits that attract new firms into the industry.
- Technological improvements lead to better capital and higher worker productivity. As worker productivity increases, production costs fall, causing the supply curve to shift rightward. Lower production costs also results in economic profits for existing firms and over time, new firms enter in search of these profits.
In the decreasing cost industry, the supply curve shifts outward for the two reasons listed above. Over time we can look at the long-run equilibrium of the supply and demand curves in order to derive the industry's long-run supply curve. The industry long-run supply curve is derived from the new equilibrium of supply and demand after one or both have changed.
Figure 9-17 shows three equilibrium points of supply and demand:
- S0 and D0,
- S1 and D1,
- S2 and D2.
Connecting these equilibrium points gives us the long run supply curve (LRS).
In a decreasing cost industry, the long-run supply curve for that industry is downward sloping. The implication of this is that over time, the price of the good to the consumer is decreasing. There are numerous examples of goods produced in a decreasing cost industry. Over time, the price of personal computers has fallen like a rock when accounting for quality and features. Televisions, VCRs, compact disk players, computer software and the prices of many other goods exhibit behavior consistent with that of a firm in a decreasing cost industry. A consistent characteristic of all of these industries is the role of technology. Each of these industries is undergoing a rapid technological evolution. The impact of advances in technology has been to lower production costs, improve worker productivity and lead to substantial gains in product quality.
Applying theory to personal investment.
Micro theory can provide a useful background that stock pickers can utilize in choosing among companies. From the model of perfect competition, we can see that as present competition or the potential for competition increases, the likelihood for sustained profits falls. And the catalyst for stock price appreciation is often increases in profitability for a firm.
So, should the wise stock picker avoid firms in highly competitive industry since profits are quickly whittled down in growing industries? Not at all. When looking at an industry apply some fundamentals learned here:
How competitive is the industry. Holding everything else constant, a very competitive industry where firms produce relatively homogenous goods, probably will not provide opportunities for sustained growth in earnings and stock price appreciation. Except when:
- Demand is growing rapidly. From the model, you can see that rapid growth in demand allows for established firms to reap substantial profits, as long as they maintain a lead over their competitors.
- A firm is a technological innovator and leader. Advances in technology allows for a firm to have a market specialty and therefore give it some insulation from competitors and a degree of control over pricing. In addition, innovative firms often find ways to lower production costs. In an competitive environment, look for those firms that continue to lower production costs over time to maintain and increase profits. Eventually, these firms will gain market share as their less efficient competitors incur losses and leave the industry.
An example of a very competitive industry is in the area of network communications. There are many firms producing relatively homogenous goods. Yet many firms thrive in this environment and have enjoyed a rapid (although bumpy) appreciation in their stock price. Due to exploding growth in demand and constant innovation, firms such as Cisco Systems and Cabletron have thrived in this very competitive industry.
As we have seen, the long-run industry supply curve for a decreasing cost industry is downward sloping. Therefore, the price of the good in the market in a decreasing cost industry falls over time (especially when we allow for improvements in quality). There are two other variants for the possible shape of an industry's long-run supply curve:
- A constant cost industry. Firms in the constant cost industry maintain steady costs over time. Production costs neither fall, nor rise. The typical firm's marginal and average cost curves remain fixed at one level. Given the presence of constant production costs, the industry long-run supply curve is horizontal. Market prices remain steady over time.
- An increasing cost industry. This is the opposite of the decreasing cost industry illustrated above. Production costs rise over time, leading to an upward shift in the firm's MC and ATC curve. As the demand for the product grows increasing production costs results in an upward sloping long run industry supply curve. The market price of the good increases over time.
Figure 9-18 shows the long-run supply curve for an increasing cost industry. As demand
grows over time, higher production costs result in a positively sloped industry supply
curve and higher prices for the good or service.
Increasing cost industries tend to be labor intensive. An example is higher education. Since the development of the textbook, little has changed in the delivery of a classroom college course over time. Today, the majority of classes are still taken in the classroom that features the "sage on the stage" method of teaching. These courses are labor intensive and education costs have increased steadily to account for higher salaries. In the United States, the cost of a college education is typically increasing at a rate of three to four times the average inflation rate for all goods and services. Contrast education to a decreasing cost industry where technology has steadily displaced labor and made workers more efficient. In the typical classroom, technology has yet to make significant inroads into the learning process.
Copyright © 1999, Jay Kaplan
All rights reserved
Last updated July 1999


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adammonroe said
But I think we have gotten to the point where if something ISN 'T compressed, it sounds unprofessional to people.
Yeah, people like their music squeezed tightly into a box so to speak. A box with very sharp edges and razor like precision. At least it seems that way.
robGD said
Yeah, people like their music squeezed tightly into a box so to speak. A box with very sharp edges and razor like precision. At least it seems that way.
Unfortunately, these are the conventions of our times. It's rather sad, because for much of the history of western music, dynamics were a huge part of a composition. In the mid 20th century, dynamics started to go out the window. Then things like melody and harmony started to go out the window, and the emphasis was placed primarily on things like rhythm. Rhythm is key to music, but we start to take away from music's potential when we ignore the other basic elements.
Of course when trying to compose commercial music, we need to make things sound as consistent as possible, because the music isn't the primary focus; it is the vehicle that is driving something else, usually an idea or product. So in that regard, compression is a useful tool. But to conform to any convention, useful or not, is not the concern of a true artist. Giving in too much too often starts to wear heavy on one's heart. There always exists a struggle between commercialization and self-expression within a composer, if he is truly an artist.
But seeing as how we are all on a website trying to produce marketable (if not commercial) music I suppose we have given up some ground. As long as we are doing that, we might as well use every trick available to try and make our sounds appealing and conventional.
Oh well, the general public loves loud stuff and they are the majority!
Unfortunately loudness and extreme compression are often confused for havin a higher standard of quality when in reality you are often loosing more than your achieving. Mainly the dynamic range that makes music come alive. Sad state of affairs for sure. I've had this conversation with my fellow in house writers before. Its clear that the client always picks the most bangin track and leaves it's more quiet counter parts in the dust and why wouldn't they? What gains their attention is sure to gain the attention of their consumers. It's an unfortunate spiral we find ourselves in. Fortunately there are individuals who are savvy to the issues and the necessary threads/articles are popping up all over. The times they are a changin? ... Fingers crossed.
"Wanting people to listen, you can't just tap them on the shoulder anymore. You have to hit them with a sledgehammer, and then you'll notice you've got their strict attention." -Se7en
Using a compressor to draw attention to something that would otherwise be lost (even if it is silence or noise) can still offer a lifetime of endless creative possibilities. If you have an audience that's patient, and willing to listen through your silence, I believe you every right to explore the creative use of dynamic range to make those impacts that much more impactful. Do it in a live setting, or during a film, but if you don't maintain your audience's attention to begin with, you can't expect to be able to excite them.

subset: commoncrawl


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We are so excited for Moranda. She is doing what we hope all our patients do - Dreaming Big and Going for It! It was so kind of her to think of giving back to the hospital," noted Craig Patchin, Hospital Administrator, Shriners Hospital for Children.
San Francisco, Portland, Washington, D.C., Charlotte, N.C. (PRWEB) October 02, 2012
Youth social network Rocket21, [where kids connect with world class professionals], has announced that a recent songwriting competition will result in a fundraising campaign to benefit Shriners Hospitals for Children - Portland, while generating education funds for youth songwriter, Moranda Rasmussen.
Last spring, Rocket21 announced that Rasmussen had been selected as the Grand Prize winner in the company's "Dream Here. Dream Big. Shoot for the Stars." songwriting competition. Students from across the United States submitted original songs for the national contest.
Rasmussen, then a junior at Sheldon High School in Eugene, OR., was selected by a panel of judges representing the music industry, NASA, and Rocket21, for her original song titled "Flying", which encourages kids to dream big and reach for their goals, regardless of challenges they may face. NASA collaborated on the competition, which included an appearance at the 2012 NASA Optimus Prime Awards event.
In April, Ms. Rasmussen attended the NASA OPTIMUS PRIME Spinoff Contest Awards ceremony at Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex in Orlando, Florida. Rasmussen – and her winning song - were introduced at the event by rising Country Music Artist Ansel Brown. Brown was selected to perform his original song, "When You Fly," to honor the Space Shuttle Program on multiple occasions in 2011.
In June, Rasmussen traveled to Nashville for a recording session of "Flying", with Rocket21 executives, Ansel Brown, and music producer Cliff Downs. Brown and his manager David Poindexter, collaborated as songwriters and composers with Ms. Rasmussen on the final version of the song. While in Nashville, the group were in-studio guests on WSM Radio, a legendary country music station on the grounds of the Grand Ole Opry.
Beginning September 21st, Rasmussen's song "FLYING" was released on iTunes and available for sale via Amazon, with 10 cents per download to benefit Shriners Hospital for Children in Portland. (Rasmussen has been a patient at the hospital, and initiated the selection of the institution as a beneficiary to the sale of her song).
"We are so excited for Moranda, she is doing what we hope all of our patients do - Dreaming Big and Going For It. It was so kind of her to think of giving back to the hospital," commented Craig Patchin, hospital administrator for Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland.
To celebrate the commercial release of the song, Rocket21 hosted a "premiere party" at the hospital on September 21st. Ms. Rasmussen joined Ansel Brown and David Poindexter in performing an acoustic rendition of their song, "Flying". Current and former patients and families were on hand, along with hospital staff and administrators. Brown performed several of his original songs, and Rasmussen was inspiring and authentic in her heartfelt encouragement for the hospital's young patients to believe in their futures and reach for their dreams, in spite of the very real challenges she understands so well. The group was also treated to the broadcast version of the fully produced song.
Ansel Brown noted, "Working with Moranda, Rocket21, and NASA has been such a fun and inspirational experience. The song is beautiful and genuine." Brown added, "I couldn't be more excited about Moranda's selection of Shriners Hospital for Children as a beneficiary to our collaboration. My grandfather was a longtime Shriner and I know first-hand the impact of their work."
Rasmussen was presented with a framed certificate of the copyright registration for "Flying," as registered at the U.S. Copyright Office. She also received a copy of the cover art for the single, signed by Ansel Brown, and representatives from Rocket21 and NASA.
"NASA's legacy has been created by extraordinary dreamers and doers. Introducing Moranda and her song at the Kennedy Space Center event was amazing" said Jodell Seagrave, President & COO, Rocket21. "And the opportunity for Moranda to collaborate as a working songwriter with the talented and generous Ansel Brown and his team is what Rocket21 is all about – dreams, inspiration, learning, networking, role models and possibilities. But ultimately, Moranda's recommendation to involve Shriners Hospital for Children in Portland as a beneficiary for her song, has been truly inspiring. Knowing that the hospital has a special place in her heart – and being a part of her spirit of generosity – has touched us all."
Darryl Mitchell, Senior Technology Manager, Innovative Partnerships Program Office, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, represented NASA at the hospital event, and talked with patients and families about NASA's role in the collaboration, and also shared stories about NASA spin-off technologies and the breadth of future opportunities for students in the NASA organization.
The song "Flying", by Moranda Rasmussen, Ansel Brown, and David Poindexter, (published by Rocket21), is available for download now on iTunes, Amazon, and other music sites. Rocket21 will not retain any proceeds from the sale of the song.
About Rocket21
Rocket21 provides unprecedented access to world-class experts and organizations while protecting them with a combination of state-of-the-art, real-time filtering and human moderation, extensive safety and security precautions, and a specialized infrastructure designed to keep kids safe.
To learn more about Rocket21, visit rocket21.com. LIKE Rocket21 at facebook.com/rocket21. FOLLOW Rocket21 on Twitter at @rocket21.
About Shriners Hospital for Children – Portland
Shriners Hospitals for Children® is changing lives every day through innovative pediatric specialty care, world-class research and outstanding medical education. The 22 hospitals in the United States, Canada and Mexico provide advanced care for children with orthopaedic conditions, burns, spinal cord injuries, and cleft lip and palate. To learn more visit http://www.shrinershospitalsforchildren.org/portland. LIKE Shriners Hospital PDX on facebook.
About Ansel Brown
An unforgettable voice, an unerring ear for a hit, and a heart as big as all outdoors – Ansel Brown has always possessed the attributes of the All American country star he was born to be. The fact that it took some living for him to figure it all out only makes his story – and his music – all the more compelling. Following a career path that has been anything but traditional, Brown is that rare artist who is simply incapable of singing something he doesn't believe and the kind of person for whom belief is everything.
To learn more about Ansel Brown, visit http://www.anselbrown.com. LIKE Ansel Brown at facebook.com/anselbrownfans. Follow Ansel Brown on Twitter at @anselbrown.


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This is so cool. It's a DVD that gently rotates through the entire rainbow of soft hues and creates a wonderful and relaxed mood. Ambient light makes everything so much cooler.
A unique little accessory for the home. This mason jar stores sunlight, and casts a subtle glow later in the night.Added 8 Years Ago from Amazon.com


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Q: How do I delete files and directories from flash of a router or switch with minimum fuss?
If you want to get rid of everything in flash, just use
erase flash:.
Otherwise, you can use
delete /force /recursive flash:{target}. The /force qualifier will keep you from getting prompted before deleting each object, and /recursive will give you the ability to delete directories and subdirectories even when they are not empty.


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on After Effects, Final Cut Pro, AVID and much more.
A blog by Premiumbeat
Posts Tagged 'Voiceover'
Audio Editing Tip: Matching ADR and Location Audio in Post
Mixing and matching ADR with location audio can be very challenging, but these audio editing tips will help you get much better results every time.
The Voice Behind PremiumBeat (Fan Video)
We're often asked who provided the voice for PremiumBeat's audio watermark. In this parody video you'll meet him.
How To Record Quick Voiceovers In Final Cut Pro X
Learn how to record audio from within Final Cut Pro! Great for recording placeholders and scratch track narrations. FCPX improves upon earlier versions of this function with the ability to set a project destination and monitor externally while recording.


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Rich Szecsy knows you may not agree with him. When the president of the Texas Aggregates and Concrete Association addresses his peers, he hopes to provoke a lively discussion. It turns out Szecsy got the reaction he wanted when he spoke at the NRMCA International Concrete Sustainability Conference in Boston last summer.
His presentation, "When Worlds Collide: Project Specifications vs. Sustainable Initiatives," explored how prescriptive codes and specifications often keep concrete out of the running as the sustainable construction material of choice.
At the heart of this battle is a philosophical difference. "Green building is meant to be performance-based," Szecsy says. "We measure the effectiveness of environmentally friendly building materials by how they perform. It's a gray area, but the concrete industry, including architects and engineers, approaches it in a black and white prescriptive way."
Concrete producers are caught in the middle. As the experts on concrete's capabilities and limitations, producers know better than anyone how their products can meet sustainable construction goals. Producers are pushing the envelope when it comes to developing green concrete technologies such as high-volume fly ash, pervious concrete, and mixes that incorporate recycled water and other materials. But they are bound by prescriptive job specifications requiring products to meet certain parameters that can work against sustainable goals.
"We still build things from the ground up, so that's where sustainability has to start," says Szecsy. "We are bound to specifications, because that's the way we still approach construction." This conflicts with the broad, end-result perspective of many green building proponents. However, he believes concrete producers can play a key role in bringing these two sides together.
Framing the discussion
Szecsy offers practical advice on how producers can "correctly frame the discussion about concrete as a sustainable choice for construction," and overcome some of the most common points of resistance. It starts with honest discussions with decision makers to address their assumptions and concerns.
Engineers – Encourage them to be explicit with their specifications, rather than relying on implicit ideas about the way concrete performs. For instance, the producer needs to know if a specification calls for concrete to reach full strength within 28 days, but the plan is to release forms after three days.
Contractors – Whether they like to admit it or not, contractors must rely on the concrete producers' expertise. Talk about their expectations and what placing techniques they will use. Share your ideas about sustainable materials, and how you can help them get more business.
Architects – Recycling specifications is common and usually based on what has worked in the past. Share your own specs for specially tailored mix designs. If there is a concern about liability, remind them the concrete's performance is ultimately the producer's responsibility.
Testing labs – Even if the rest of the project team is on board with taking a different approach, the lab technician may not know about it. If results vary from what's expected, problems can arise, resulting in rejection of materials. Communication is key.
These conversations can be a challenge, especially during the time- and cost-sensitive bid process, but they are worth the effort.
What's the best way to get started? "Get a victory at the local level, celebrate it, and promote it," Szecsy says. "Small victories are going to help us get where we want to go."
World of Concrete Seminar
Green Building and Sustainable Design: Impacts and Challenges
Tuesday, Jan. 24, 1:30–3 p.m.
As part of the World of Concrete 2012 education program, Rich Szecsy will discuss the influence of the sustainable design movement on concrete construction, including costs, practicality, and unique challenges of green concrete. He will present case studies to illustrate the rapidly changing technologies and specifications associated with green building projects and positive and negative elements for both producers and contractors.
Visit www.worldofconcrete.com for more information.


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The Carolinas HealthCare System 2011 Annual Report is dedicated to the memory of the late Suzanne Hill Freeman, who served as president of Carolinas Medical Center (CMC) from 2000 to 2012. Her extraordinary career with CHS began in 1975, when she began work as a staff nurse at Charlotte Memorial Hospital (the predecessor to CMC), and continued for 37 years until illness forced her resignation.
One constant throughout this period was her outstanding leadership ability, coupled with a sincere manner that made her a role model for generations of nurses, physicians and others. To recognize Suzanne's passion for developing and mentoring the healthcare leaders of tomorrow, CHS has established a scholarship in her name, the Suzanne Hill Freeman N.C. Medical Society Leadership Scholarship, c/o Carolinas HealthCare Foundation, P.O. Box 32861, Charlotte NC 28232.


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Flames NewsFlames Home > Volleyball Home > News
Happel, Thomas Garner Big South Weekly Honors
Liberty sophomore outside hitter Lillie Happel has been named Big South Choice Hotels Volleyball Player of the Week, and junior middle blocker Loren Thomas repeated as Big South Defensive Player of the Week, for the week ending Oct. 2.
Happel, the Big South leader in kills per set, earns her second Big South Player of the Week award of the season, and third for her career. She was also named conference player of the week Nov. 15, 2010 and Sept. 12, 2011.
Thomas paces the conference in blocks this season, and has been tabbed the Big South's top defensive player for the second week in a row. She is the first player to earn back-to-back Big South Defensive Player of the Week awards since the 2009 season.
An Ellicott City, Md., native, Happel posted double-doubles in both matches this past week, averaging 4.25 kills and 3.0 digs per set. She registered 12 kills, 11 digs, two service aces and two blocks during Liberty's 3-0 victory over UNC Asheville Friday. She then sent down a match-high 22 kills, hitting a career-best .426, while also leading the team with 13 digs, helping Liberty to a 3-2 win against Gardner-Webb Saturday.
Happel has now recorded double-doubles in each of the last four matches. Additionally, she recorded the 500th kill of her career on Saturday, becoming the first Lady Flame since Nicki Scripko in 2008 to earn her 500th career kill as a sophomore.
Thomas, a native of Ocoee, Fla., surged into the Big South lead in blocks with another standout defensive weekend. She registered 12 total blocks during the pair of wins, good for a 1.50 blocks per set average. The junior opened the weekend with five block assists Friday, as Liberty defeated UNC Asheville, 3-0. She added one solo block and six block assists in the Lady Flames' 3-2 win Saturday over Gardner-Webb.
Thomas continues to move up on the career blocks list at Liberty, and currently ranks ninth at Liberty with 269 career blocks.
The Lady Flames (8-9, 3-0 Big South), currently tied with Winthrop for the Big South lead, head to North Carolina this week for two conference matches. Liberty plays at High Point Friday at 7 p.m., in a rematch of the 2010 Big South Championship final, before taking on new conference member Campbell Saturday at 5 p.m.


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Salsa Wednesdays
Shattuck Down Low
Weekly Event - Every Wednesday
Join Us For SALSA NIGHT Every Wednesday Evening At The Shattuck Down Low!
Doors 8pm / $10 Cover / $5 ADV
The Best Salsa Dance Party in The East Bay with:
We look forward to seeing you!
In order to purchase these tickets in installments, you'll need an Eventbrite account. Log in or sign up for a free account to continue.


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Sustainable Community Development is an established Section 21 not for profit company (reg. nr. 2002/000195/08), incorporated in South Africa.
We are an education and community development organisation for people of all ages, creeds and nations. It is multiracial, non-denominational and non-sexist, founded for the benefit of all of mankind and the Biosphere we live in and depend upon.
To be an umbrella organisation to support best practice models in the environmental, social and economic realms of human life in this Biosphere and pass this acquired knowledge on to others and to future generations.
The purpose of Sustainable Community Development is to enable working models of sustainability, to be created in communities throughout South Africa. This is achieved through agro-ecological farming, relevant building technologies and energy supplies, experiential learning, arts and crafts, teaching all aspects of Permaculture Design and through those developing sustainable bioregional economies.
Its intention is to raise funding for the design and construction of these models for educating and equipping of communities to help bring contemporary life to these intentions, for research and development in sustainability and environmental restoration and to publish findings and manuals.
SCD will be the umbrella organisation for other activities such as training and consultancy.
Our primary focus is the establishment of the Rosendal Permaculture Centre and the Rosendal Intentional Community.
See more under Initiatives


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The Very Hungry Caterpillar: Eric Carle
About a caterpillar who's very hungry, eats a bunch of junk and gets fat, then eats a salad and becomes beautiful. There's a moral in there somewhere. Pretty pictures, great story and fun pages for the kids to turn.
This beloved tale will no doubt become your child's favorite bedtime story. It's delicious!Tags: kids, books, baby, reading, childrens, library, childrens books, baby gifts, ReadAdded 6 Years Ago from Amazon.com
Mariah Carey will be at the Vma's with HUSBAND Nick Cannon. Weird. She's also up for female video of the year for "Touch My Body".Added 9 Years Ago from Amazon.com


text:
Clarksville Pro Locksmith
Fast 24/7 emergency service, Quick response time!
Clarksville Locksmith | Clarksville Locksmith Services | Clarksville Locksmith In Maryland
(410) 343-5028
At Clarksville Pro Locksmith we know how important a working lock and security hardware is. That is why we offer high quality locksmith assistance for your car, home and business needs. We offer affordable locksmith services that will surely take care of your security needs. We have been serving the residents in Clarksville, MD for quite some time now and have made a reputation for providing fast and dependable locksmith assistance. For your entire home, car and commercial security needs, don't hesitate to call Clarksville Pro Locksmith.
Our technicians have undergone extensive trainings about the different locks and security systems available in the market today. We specialize in all types of locks, keys and safes. We are always available for you any time and we can resolve any issues you may be having for your car, office, commercial or residential. We will be doing our job as fast as possible but with efficient high quality results. We made sure that our locksmiths are updated with the different lock types and brands available in the market today. We provide locksmith assistance for every different brands or types of locks that you may be using. With this information you can rest assure that no matter what security system you may be using, Clarksville Pro Locksmith can resolve it for you.
Our technicians are trained to handle any brands of locks you may be using in your home or business. We are also qualified to work with the different locks in the automobile services.
Don't just trust any locksmith company to resolve your security needs. At Clarksville Pro Locksmith we will never leave until our customer is completely satisfied with the result. For your home, cars, and business locksmith needs, don't hesitate to call Rockledge Locksmith. We are available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. We have live operators ready to give you complete information about the services we are offering. Call Locksmith Clarksville now, where your safety and protection is our business.
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Hangover who knows a good hangover cure?
just keep drinking! no hangover!!!
What are the symptoms of mono, and how long before the symptoms start to show?
you dont have to kiss someone to get mono. sharing utensils and drinking glasses is enough. mixture of one persons bodily fluids (spit is a great one...hence the whole kissing disease name) with yo...
Read More »
What symptoms of Mononucleosis will stay once the harsh, initial symptoms subside?
Ask your doctor. I had Mononucleosis over 25 years ago and I've been extremely healthy my whole life since. You'll be fine. Just keep with your doctor.
The symptoms of an Internet Addict are given here.How much do you score and what are your other symptoms?
What were your symptoms when first diagnosed with diabetes Or did you have any symptoms at all?
Blurred visionfatigueunexplained weight lossfrequent urinationfrequent thirstheadaches, etc.I was admitted into the hospital with a glucose level of 525That was 16 years ago. I am a type 1 diabeti...
Read More »


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csutil/pooledscfclass.h File Reference
Macros to create SCF classes that support pooling. More...
#include "csutil/scf.h"
#include "csutil/threading/mutex.h"
#include "csutil/custom_new_disable.h"
#include "csutil/custom_new_enable.h"
Go to the source code of this file.
|scfImplementationPooled< Super, Allocator, Locked >
|Derive an SCF implementation from this class to have it pooled. More...
Detailed Description
Macros to create SCF classes that support pooling.
Definition in file pooledscfclass.h.
Generated for Crystal Space 1.4.1 by doxygen 1.7.1


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HAWAIIAN GAZETTE,.- TUESDAY, AUGUST (5 J9ia.-SEMIWEE
r r
The Week In the War
D EAT EX to sj fare you well, whipped t
.L3 (r:7ie. the forces of the (iernian
prince have leen driven fVrn the terrain that was
known a the Soiasonti-Kiieims salient The
enemy has been unable to make a new stand
along' the esle River, which had been expected,
and has been driven even beyond the Aisne at
Kine points. It appears likely that the Prussians
will be unable to take up positions of defense
niong the Aisne but must fall back as far as the
Oemin des Dames line.
The end of the week comes at the cud of the
i , 'th year of the war and sees a large, part of
the enemy's army in full retreat, a phase of their
Vpreme offensive turned into a disaster for them
inl the tide of battle turned completely in favor
of the Allies. A battle lias been won lor the
Allies that will rank as among the most im
portant, if not the most iinortant, of all the war.
-..Since the counter offensive of the Allies was
snv ; in the vicinity of Chateau Thierry, the
if. i of n.arest enemv aonroach to I'aris, the
Reports received tier from the Kan
district' y that heavy 'Minn visited
that district last week and thnt wash
nut ilcrtmyed fifteen acre nf coffee
field in HonaunaU ' A' InTge area. (
gratify and thrill with pride all loyal Americans. ,iiro destroyed at heei.
Oiir fighters were in this great battle, they carried
themselves in a manner which has roused the ad
miration of the world and without boasting, for
everv American w ill wish we had had ten men ; but which he think might get along
in the fiirhtinur for everv one man who has been I '''T m0'"'y dri" ,h" M o1
Governor McCarthy toon will appoint
four member of tha Hawaii Promo
tion Committee, which : he says he
won II like to see kept in existence.
there, it can be said that it was American parti
cipation that made possible the victory, the pres
ence of the merican fighters, some quarter of a
million of them, that gave General Koch the man
power to warrant tin- launching of the counter
offensive. In fighting finalities displayed, the
Americans have left uthig to be asked, accord
ing to' French and I'.ritish reports. They have
moved forward with at least the same speed and
precision as did their Allies. They have been
trusted with snmc of the most imxrtant points
on the fighting front and have shown themselves
worthy of the front
As yet bare details of the fighting have reached
here. As these are more fully learned the magni
tude of the victory achieved will become still more
On the Albanian trout, the reports of the week
Pmy line has been thrown back a full t cut- j indicate, the Austrians have been able to reorganize
live mi!es with the end of the retrografle move
Mnt not in sight. The thrust against Paris has
been warded off;
.. ' 1'ut the victory of the Allies means even more
than this. It would seenl that it must mark the
end of the German "Supreme Offensive." After
' is disaster not only must the von J'ochni forces
b completely reorganized, the reorganization must meager and from
extend to a large part of the enemy reserves. To Locally the new
extricate the von Hoehm army from the clutchef
cf Fnch'g pincers it was necessary to bring down
rerrrves from Ruprecht's army and these reserves
I, c been so shattered that they also must be
reorganized. Thus are the enemy reserves
tremendously weakened.
,'' In this position it is not unlikely that tfliis
great battle has brought the end of the Prussian
offensive. Without adequate reserves it is doubt
ful if a new phase of the offensive can be launched.
; This was expected to be yet another thrust at the
Channel Ports. A short time will determine
whether that plan has been thwarted through the
fiasco of the crown prince's effort. If the thrust
is attempted, the Allies are far better prepared to,
meet it than they were a month or even two weeks
There are other sectors along the West I ront
where the German positions are not such as to
withstand heavy assaults by the Allies and these
the Prussian war lords must consider in their suh
", sequent plans. Already they have fallen back
ten miles on the British front.
There is therefore reason to hope that the posi
tions of the two armies have been reversed and
that the Germans are now to be forced to take
the defensive at all points of the line with Foch
and the Allies taking their own chosen times for
rrasrer thrusts.
It was the German plan to strike a great blow,
to cut deep and to achieve an overwhelming vic-
and have recovered some of therr losses. Reports
?rc somewhat contradictory and those from Italian
sources t'ontinue to claim gains and advances al
though admitting that there is a lull in their offen
sive. hi the Italian front there have been no events
of major importance, from Macedonia reports are
destine nothing has been heard,
of plans for an expedition into
Siberia has been of great importance. The posi
tion of Hawaii in the Pacific past which all ship
ments of troops must go. adds much to the in
terest and there are possibilities opened for a par
ticipation in war efforts which may come to these
Islands. Hie closer relations which are to be
brought about between the United States and
Japan as a result of the expedition are of world
wide interest, but where there is such a mingling
of American and Japanese is here, that .interest
further deepens.
How Russia will take this action is a cause for
anxiety,, although it is conceded that the Bolshe
v iki are in a position to do little more harm than
i hey have already done.
Taxes On Luxuries
I'SINFSS. wholesale and retail, throughout
the country is watching the deliberations of
the house ways and means committee in the fram
ing of a new war revenue measure. Especially is
this so relative to the proposed taxes on luxuries
and the determination of what are to be con
sidered luxuries. Uradstreet's reflects business
sentiment clearly and is an earpiece as well as
a mouthpiece for the business world. Under the
heading of "Taxes on Luxuries proposed" that
publication in its issue of July 13 says: .
One of the suggestions made by Secretary Mc
Adoo in his letter to Chairman Kitchin of the
tory before the American forces should become house ways and means committee over a month
art important factor. As a result of the offensive ago was that, in framing the new revenue law,
that was started in March the United States ' heavy taxation be imposed upon all luxuries. It
speeded up as no one had thought it was possible is probably an elaboration of this proxsal that
to do. That speed attained a maximum of 300,-
:as been submitted to the committee in a mem
irandum from the treasury department this week.
Two classes of taxes are suggested in the nitiri-
000 fighters sent overseas last month. The very
thing the Prussians most feared they have brought
upon themselves. Their eagerness to forestall the j nrandum. one class on retail sales and the other
American forces brings them into the fighting the
Whatever probability there ever was of th
Germans reaching Paris has now been minimized.
If this effort proved a failure what can be ex
pected of a later effort against heavily strength
ened forces?
Ir the Germans are to strike at the Channel
Ports it must be soon, almost immediately. Then
failure seems sure but later disaster will be certain
From now on the balance of man power will
be swinging ever for the Allies and it may well
be that the Germans will never again be able tip
take the offensive on the Western Front. Cer
tainly they can never again launch assaults of the
magnitude of those that carried them forward
during the spring mu early summer.
On the other hand the Allies can wait or force
the offensive as they will. The waiting game will
in no wise weaken them, it allows the foe to dig
in, that is all. They have against them a foe that
grows weaker as they grow stronger.
This condition should not beget over confidence.
It does not mean that the Allies will not have to
do much hardrighting nor that they may not
sustain some reserves. Before them is some of the
( ii manu lacturers or producers. l ne imposts m
the first class arc frankly recommended not only
to raise revenue, but also to discourage wasteful
consumption and unnecessary production.
These comprise taxes of titty percent on the
retail price of jewelry, including watches and
clocks, except those sold to army officers, twenty
percent on automobiles, trailer- and truck units,
motor cvcles and bicycles, and on tires therefor,
and on musical instruments, and ten percent on
collections from the sales of vending machines and
on hotel and restaurant bills above a certain rate.
With these are grouped taxes on stlles of wearing
apparel and on house furnishing- and toilet articles.
The second class of taxes includes the doubling
of tin- existing rates on alcoholic beverages of all
kinds, tobacco ami cigarettes, theater admissions
and club membership dues; license taxes on pas
senger automobiles graded Ironi Si? cm twenty
live horsepower or less, to SoO on ov er forty horse
power; the substitution of a five percent tax on
rentals received by producers of motion picture
shows and films instead of the present foot tax,
and doubling the tax rate on admissions: increases
of taxes on soft drinks, mineral waters and chew
ing gum ; ten cents a gallon on gasoline, and a ten
hardest perhaps the very hardest fighting they erceut tax on w ire leases. ith these are grouped
have been called on or will be called upon to offer. ! laves on male household servants, ranging from
When the tide turns, as it may now have done.' twenty-five percent of the wages of one to one
they must do the offensive work, theirs is the part hundred percent of the combined wages of four
to drive in and on, ever on, hurling the Huns j or more, and taxes on female se rv ants in excess
back to and into their own land and there beating, of one exempted, ranging from ten percent on each
them to their knees until they shall not ask hut I additional one t le hundred percent on all over
beseech and pray for peace. To do this will mean I nun in number.
lent w
Kanni, the resident of the (inrden 1st
am) 8ii' suffering by hundred from la
grippe The disease flrt ravaged Oa
liu ami then it spread to Maui and
H.-ncnii. The Garden Islanders are tha
last t" suffer from the influenia.
I). ('. Chang, vrho for tin' past two
yearn ha been ou tha editorial staff
of the Liberty New, yesterday be
came fellowship secretary for Chinese
work at the Nuuanu Y. M. C. A. Mf.
Chung will continue to give part of
his time to newspaper worli while he,
in studying Y. M. C A. woik.
Food Commissioner Child, who re
turned from a tour of . Iimpeetion oa
Kauai Sunday, reported, tlmt the eiti-.
.en on the Garden Island are doing
everything in their power to observe
the rutin;! of the food rommieain).
Air. Chibl was npt vary enthusiastic
over the rice, aituat ion en Kauni, owing
to the shortage of labor for this clasa
of nKrieultural work..'
The Hawaii Home-Journal, a Japa
nene monthly magazine pubiixhed by
the Nippu .liji Company of this city,
will suspend publication during the
win. aecording to an announcement in
the Nippu .Tiji yesterday. The maga
7.i nf luid thousands of subscribers
nulling! the Jnpanese women throughout
the Islnnds and its suspension is re
gretted by most of ita readers.
Dans for the location of the Walkiki,
drainage lagoon, in the Waikiki re
plantation project, were practically de
cided upon yeaterday at a conference
of lvnian H. Bigelow, superintendent
of the public works, A. !-. Cantin and
Cot. K. K. Raymond, U. H. A. The pub
lie worka superintendent, however,
sara, the location will not be announc
ed for about two weeks, and not until
after the plana are mapped
District Attorney, 8, C. Ruber said
yesterday that the marriage of City
Clerk David ty. Kalauokalnni to Mr
M.aggie K. Ryan Van (ieison, which
occurred last Wednesday, would not
result now in the entry of a nojle
prosequi to the federal indictment
against the city clerk. He, however,
intimated that such might result if
the complainant, Mr, Kalauokalani,
did not desire to press, the case.
The Korean Committee of the Nun
ami Y. M. C. A. held its regular
monthly meeting yesterday at noon
The committee discussed plans for co
operation with the war work council
work for Korean soldiers. The follow
ing are the office r lrd member of
the committee: Byngman Knee, chair
man: W. K. Aim, vice chairman; w
C. Pang, recording crefry;' 8. Y.
Hhia, treasurer; John jfaf lvH.1 J. Bopg
and u. n.Hbonvi 1 t t
Prince Arthur of Connaught with
suite, who passed through -here a few
weeks ago en route to Japan, where
he went to present to the Japanese
emperor a Hritish field marshal's bnton
from King George, hns landed safely
at a Canadian port. He was taken
there by a Japanese ibattle cruiser of
.t7,000 tons. ccord;i)gntOi report re
reived here recently. Hi departure
from Japan was withheld from pub
lieation on account of the censorship,
A meeting of representatives of the
various Island liquor boards and ter
ritorial officials is to be held this
morning to deride upon rule and rag
ulation for the importation and dis
trihution of liquor to the Islands for
medicinal, sacramental, mechanical and
scientific, purposes after the Hawaii
Prohibition Act goes into effert. The
tentative plan is to have the distribu
tion ami iiiiiiot tntion handled bv the
liquor lion ids on the various Islands.
A plea of not yuiltv was eutere
Dr. Xf. Matsamohv Professor of the
Imperial University, Teklo, Japan, U
a visitor tn Honolulu n bis wa to the
t nited State. Re isiajr thera fof
the purpose ot studyiiiNractieal mrv-
etiology in Harvard, YaleT9rBFll, C'l-
nmnia ana oiaer large ArtiSTjrao t uni
versities. He erfpeeta to olsh(iis' stu
dies ia aboat a year. " " - .
Lieut. GYP.' James, of tha Australta.il
FWtag Corps, he was visitor In Ho'
nolulu yesterday, on hit way home from
the British battlefronts ia Pranee, has
a record of twenty-two airplane flights
over Germany slnoe 1917. Oa anoh trip
be earned bombs and dropped these on
designated cities anal ' military sanips
following England's decision to make
reprisals for Germany's raids on Lon
don and unfortified cities. Another of
ficer, who, waa 1o ea route home,
Capt. L. A. Iaureaee, alto took part la
raids on Uersmey.' V Lieutenant James
ha beea Invalided oat cf . the, service.
yesterday in the federal court by Ku
myosin Imnni1. otherwise known as
Yimagarnwee, who m charged with the
murder of l.icut. Joseph Carso at Fort
Shatter on June -I. A demurrer filed
to the indictment by Attorney W. T
Raw Ii ii x. counsel for the defendant
was overruled. The trial of the Japa
nese is to begin nejt Monday.
I. flu Kici mi. I Harry Afong, who
are under indictment on a White Hlave
Act charge, and Mah Ching, charged
with an opium offense, pleaded not
guilty vesterday w hen arraigned ni the
federal court.
irrrr.fitt?rTriiiwi,uiiwi,i)iM.-ii.Mw ri
1 4 ?.t.
Two Hundred and Fifty Japanese
Walk Out and . Work 'of Com-
pany Is Seriously Hampered
BtQISEhN PAY IS
Are Members' of New Labor Union
Quietly Organized; work of
Loading Vessel Delayed
lobd lof Prosperity
Coming This Way
After War, Is Belief
Honolulu Must Prepare To Han
die Great Expansion of Com
merce, MessaQe Sent To City
By Rossiter Through . Effinger
Honolulu most prepare ta aa ade
quate way now for the flood of pro
perity which will flow to the island,
and must have wbarvea' and shipping
facilities equal to ,jreat expaaiiaa
of romrrterrr In the Tatifie after the
war, is the aietaagfc which' John, Effin
ger ha bfoucht ' home ' froni J. B.
Rossiter, . headi of . tha ahipplag aboard
in Han Franelaeb. ' .
Mr. Rossiter, who wn president of
the new Pacific Mail ftteamship Com
pany before hi aeleetloa for aervlee
in the irovernment (hipping board, told
Mx. Effinger that ther will uqqnea
tionabW be a vast expaaaion of travel
and commerce throughout the Paeiat
following the conclusion of the war,
and that the Hawaiian Island will be
the renter of thin development
"I had a long talk with Mr. Bo
.iter," said Mr.' Effinger, "and acide
from hi personal intereat in Honolulu
a a port ia the PaeifUs where hi own
company "i a ahhipiae factor,. ha ex-
pressed - the opinion' that it i logieat
that Honolulu, will became the - maat
active and important port in the:
tire Pacific region, aeeond probably
n Uji1 '
riBV STOCK FOODS
Worrying Along
In Same Old Rut?
many and jrcat saenfires, marvels of ai hn rmviit
but the resources are at hand and it rests with
the readiness and the willingness of the people.
A tremendous crisis lias hecn passed and in the
pasaage the Allies come out strengthened
In what has been known as the oisoiis Klieim-
Ralient a line seventy four miles in length ha
shortened to forty. Not only have immense lise
in men been caused to the enemy but in k111
ill lnunitions captured they have been badly crip
Jiled. despatches of yesterday say that the an
notinceinent of the number of prisoners capture
jn the past few days will thrill the Allied world
.There is much in the news of the week t
I alt the lluu" was the -1
Now the general purpo
)i;an a short time
e lias changed to
mo hilt.
e 1 1 1 1 - j I nl
hern ii" ai the
i.ses mioi e and
it a-ses
am exjiei toil to asses.-, tli
enemy" after icioi
more evident she w il
nieiit roll.
says he will in
Met andle
nu stioii an issue in his lampaij
i.ilic nomination for Delegate
lo Ii .i the people will- do it lor
i ost of the war
It is becoming
base to change
I make the rice
tor the Demo
I I c s ill not have
Clad in haort and hfthlm, Puaano-
soke Kuhara. nresldent 'of the BTuhafa
Mining Company of Osaka, Japan, whi
is regarded a one of the leadiOB busi
ness men of Nippon, i a .visitor in
Honolulu, on , his way to. the United
States where he i goiag t or .reeopera
tion of hi health, and because, of ousi-
nes Teasott. f He" An accompanied .by
hi business advisorjChotar: Kolo. '
, Koiko resigned a .the Head of tha
biireaa of politicl nrTair in )he for
eign department 'tf "the Japanese gov
ernment to enter the employ of the
Kuhara Mining -Compaq aa it man
ager, and buuiness advisor to the presi
dent. Had he remained' with the dip
lomat ii' service of Japan, ie would I
have had a good opportunity : to be
come foreijin minister.
Althouph President Kuhara ia a
stranger to local Japanese, Mr. Keiko
is known here because of visits' made
coining and going to the lated 6tatea
the latter part of last yoar, when he
nns a member of the- Japanese nan
rial and economic commilon.' Thi
eoinnuHxion was beaded by, iBaroa T.
M oguta, a member of the upper house
of the Japanese ditc and wa com
posed of representative of the lead
iutt luifi lions houses of Japan. '
Both Mr. Kuhara and Mr. Koiko are
silent as to their business miasien tO
the I'nitcil States, and the mining com
liu n v president insists he il going prin
iiiul1v f,ir rei-iioeration ana nleasure.
which he say he badly needa after
years of strenuous business activity.
Unlike most of the modern business
men of Japan, President Kuhara still
wear the dress of Japan instead of
European clotbing.
Are you lame every morning, tired all
day, tortured with dull backache or
sharp, athhliing pains t Pon 't drag
along with it. Suspect your kidney.
If you have headaches, rheumatic pain,
dizzy spells, with annoying kidney ir
regularities, don't wait for worse trou
bles to st in; use Doan'i Backache,
Kidney fills. They, have worked well
in thousand of such ease. Tou can
try them ith confidence.
"When Your Bark is I.arae Bemem
her the Name." (Don't aimply ask for
a kidney remedy--aaK distinctly for
! loan's Hiitkaclic Kidney Pill and take
no other I. Doan's Backache Kidney
Pills ure sold by nil druggist and store
keepers, or will be mailed on receipt of
price by the Ilolllster Drug Co., or
Benson ' Smith & Co., agent for the
Hawaiian Islands. (Advertisement)
The Lord Young Engineering Co. WM
the one and only bidder yeterday': at
noon when bid were to be ppnel for
the imnrovemcnt oa Aala street APe
twuen Beretaiiia and King Wreet, the
. r -, .l.r.L - .. - ' '
i.orn iouii( Kja.t wmvn umm- wcmmj
been taken over by the PiUingham
and H. f. Beuson interest,, bid 10675
for the job. The estimate of City En
(rineer A. S. Cautin for thi .work, wa
(MIlVl.lO. The difference of 053. be
tween the estimate and the bid, made
strike which aerlonaly hampered
the.work ot handling freight, and which
threaten to develop Into more serious
diWttl4 broke out among the employes
of the. Oahu Railroad Saturday night
ana reeteraay wnen -ou Japanese aec-
tioa pea aad freight handlers, all mem-.
bera of a new and secretly organized
union, walked out.
The men quit work, they say, because
of the refusal of the railroad company
last Friday to grant them a thirty per
cent increase In wanes, demand for
which wa aaade some time aero,
The strike interfered with the load
ing: Of a government vessel lying at
the 'dock, with the result that the fact
were laid before army authorities aad
unless the mea return to work, it It
possible that action will be taken by
those authorities on the ground that the
handling, ef government business, i
being interfered with, -
Delay of toe cargo work on tne gov
ernment vessel was made possible
through the refusal' of some of the
Hawaiaa mem bera of the atevedore'
union to work an freight intended for
the skip, because of their jirofessed
sympathy with the striking Japanese
freight handler.
Situation Uncertain
The seriousness or otherwise of the
situation will develop today when it
ia definitely determined whether or not
the section hand stick to the announ
ced intention of not returning to work.
Hope was expressed last night that
they would be on the job today,' their
lunaa having promised after a confer
ence' yesterday afternoon that thef
would urge their men to return to work.
. , A small eann of Hawaiian was se-
feured Baturday night partly to continue
the wftr-k. of loading the ship, and yes
terday ihaost a full gang, made up
ot transient labor recruited from all
aces about the city, was employed in
a-ettiair the vessel 's cargo aboard.
The most,.aerious feature of the strike
the -threat of the section men not
to go, to work today. They are skilled
to some extent and will, not be so
easily and quickly replaced as were the
freight handlers on the railroad
wbarvea. Since the section men
worked up until Saturday after deliver
ing their final atrike ultimatum on Fri
day, and aa yesterday was Sunday, it
wa not certain last night whether they
would walk out today or not.
. ,At a conference! held late yesterday
evenlfag of the section bosses nnd H.
It. Dennison, superintendent of the rail
road company, the luna promised to
return to their different divisions and
get as many of the men tn fro to work
as possible: It remains to be seen this
morning whether the section bosses will
keep 4heir promise to the superinten
dent, and If they do so if they will be
abje to . induce the strikers to go to
' ffhi strike of the railroad men comes
iaj 'hhf-midst of the busy pineapple
Sru,;aid to be one of the busiest
the railroad has ever had to handle
because of the quickness with which
the fruit ripened this year.
Labor Shortage Embarrasses
Difficulty of the raiuoiel coinpunv
also is greatly im-reased through the
general shortage of labor ami the loss
of thirty-nine men of the operating de
partment through the draft and the
calling out of National Guard. Besides
this loas six other men have been lost
from office and executive positions.
While no violence is anticipated from
the striking section men, the wnlkiug
opt of these men is not without men
ace as, they are the track caretakers
upon whom ilepcml the safety of all
travel over the railroad. They cannot
be quickly removed ami other men put
in their positions, which it is the in
tentlon of the railroad i-ompnnv to do,
if they do not immediately go to work,
it it said.
Government aid will be called for
also, it is asserted, if the strikers se
riously tie up the movement of food
tuffs at this time, something of whirh
jllie. 'government will take prompt cog
nizance. It is generally rumored that John
Wise, Honolulu politician, who recently
went to Seattle ami San Francisco on
ia mission for the stevedoring union of
thia city, is the one who has so quickly
organized the Japanese railroad work
era that it was unknown they had a
union until last week. The president
of the union is K. Iwashita,, one of the
laborers on the railroad wharves, a fact
which leads color to the conjecture that
the Wains behind the movement has
not appeared in the aubmitting of the
trker demands. All the demands ami
conference with the strikers have been
with the gang bosses and one commit
tee of .the nien.
Poolaa Safins To "Work
.From all that ia known, the new
Uflon iieems'to be a separate organi.a
tion from any other such iu Honolulu,
although apparently recognized bv the
stevedoring uniou, as shown through the
refusal of some of the Hawaiian poolns
to work on cargo intended for the gov
ernment ship last Saturday night. Only
Japanese seem to be represented in the
.organization, aa no objection was made
by shop workers ami others to helping
Rrinch f Companies Trying ; Out
Pigeon Pea Hay ana utner
V Substitutes ' t
" Pigeon pea any,'' shredded corn stov
er, home grnwti corn, ami eane fop
hav, sre the prlnripel ingredients with
which the Hrlku Ranch , nnd the Jlanl
Agricultural Co. hope to jreota re en
tirely the stock feeds VhlcV hat1ire-
tofnre been -imported ia large quantity '.
from- the Coast, says t1io Maal-.New.
The Haiku Ranch tis just complet
ing what ia perhap the largest store
house 'and mill In the Territory for
preparing these feeds'. It i locsted at
Haiku and is being connected up with
the Kahulul railroad with a short track
to make transporttalon a simple mat
ter. Thi mill will be equipped with'
machinery for separating and grinding
'gratn ami for Mixing varioua feeds,, as
well- a for drying and, storing them. -'
The pigeon pea hay is being made
from the top eontsinlng the grain
which have been .growa by F. Q.
Krauaa. These tops with stems, leave
and pods are first cured like hay, and
will later be ground for mixing with
other products to form a- balanced
stock ration.
The corn stover f roai several ' hun
dred acre i also being shredded form
ing 'the' excellent and well known feed
of the mainland, but which ha hereto
fore been of little Impotranee In the
- The cane top hay is a development
lof the. Maul Agricultural Company,
and is said to be most promising as a
stock feed- product. The tops' are
shredded by a special machine, and
dried, forming a nay which it is said
all kinds .nrf stork greatly relish. If
this product fulfills the expectations
warranted by experiments thus' far
made, it promises, to go far toward
solving the feed problem in the Is
lands, since it is claimed that at leaat
50,000 tons of this material could be
produced here annually. ' v.
The Haiku Ranch has lately, installed
grinding machinery for making corn
meal and corn flour, and a soon as the
eorn crop is fully cured, which will be
very shortly, it expect to put nut for
local apd domestic are a considerable
supply of these products.
by the l.ord-Yowng Co., will probably
be made up through aa additional lax kwure j,or to take the plac es of the
the fact that men employed in oue of
the fertilizer works were reported Sat
urday to have heard the railroad men
had had their demands granted.
The demands nf the Japanese labor
ers for more pay follow two successful
demands made in 1916 and 1917, both
coming like this in the busy pineapple
- VI I tflld it. ' 1. .
season, in iiuvrmiwr, iviu, 1110 ireigiii
handlers pay was increased from $1.50
to ."5 and in August, 1917, to two
dollars a day, with steady pay guaran
teed. Always the freight workers at the
Honolulu terminal have been given
about twenty five cents more a day
than the section men, who are fur
nished a house, wood and water. Upon
both occasions when the freight hand
ler wages were, increased, the section
men were given advancea also of'twen
tyflve cents a day, so they are now
getting 1.75 a day beside what they
are furnished free.
Make Good Pay
The freight worker, with ome over
time, are said to be now making from
5l to 72 a month, far more than
they will be able to make at the pine
apple cannery rate of fifteen cents an
hour, which it is suspected some of them
are already accepting to tide them over
the period of the strike.
The first demand for an increase
from the Japanese came about thirty
days ago, when Superintendent Den
niNoii was approached one Sunday by
the gang lunas and told the men ask
ed more pay. They were informed that
it was impossible to grant the request,
and they were reminded of their
promise made in 1917 that if they got
that raise they would be satisfied. ,
A week ago a committee presented
their claims to the superintendent
annin. He assured the interpreter, who
accompanied them, that the advance
could not be given. -On last Thumdey
the demands were made again through
the bosses, some of whom have been
with the company for twenty 1:e year.
Thia demand and the suucessio one
which followed it on Friday were ac
companied with the threat to quit work
if the wuge increase was not granted.
Dennlson Hopeful
After the conference with the section
bosses last night, Superintendent Den
nison said he had hope that these men
would return to work this morning, as
he wns confident they did not wish to
iuit the work which they liked and
knew, and because they were attach
ed to the homes furnished them by the
During the conference he told the
men that the railroad was' troubled like
everyone else by the high eost of liv
ing. As an instance he cited the fact
that box curs which used to be built for
about $400 now cost over 1100. He
says that , unless they do return to
work, however, that they will be re
placed by other workers of other races.
A. Macphnil, manager of McCabe,
Hamilton and Renney, says that when
he attempted to get Hawaiian! to take
the place of. the striking Japanese la
borers on Saturday night, twenty of
those asked refused to go to work.
However, fourteen men were secured
who kept the cargo workers aboard the
government ship busy during the night.
Yesterduy the stevedoring company
mmiugcd to get two full gangs ou the
job. These were supplemented by
Koreans, Filipinos and Portuguese re
cruited about the city by the railroad
No trobule is anticipated in getting
plenty of men to handle the freight
shipments ut the railroad warehouses,
tint it is not denied that flic walkout of
all l lie 2(111 section meu would seriouslv
intcileie with the operation of the rail
on ine untitling propery owner wuoro gtrikers when calleil upon to ilo so tiy
this paving is done., The specification jthe superintendent.
. all for six inches of . concrete , arith Although evidently u seimrnte or
a bitnllthic top.. I,t , wS reporieu l tirantaatiuu there is evidence that Its road until other men could be trained
the city hall yesterday that th bid f formation and deiuunds are known to for tin- right of way repair work,
submitted yesterday y the Lord Young Japanese workers of other Honolulu Superintendent lleunisoii says that
Co. would probably be accepted at establishments, who are watching what government assistance could be secur
the Lord Youug Co. are practically the lit is feared might develop into a series cd at once, but that the railroad coiu-
only contractors in the local field fpr t(,f Japanese laborers strikes if this one pauv wants to handle its own affairs
this class of street work. 1 .is successful An indication of this is without asking such aid, if possible.
xml | txt


text:
Best video editor to make videos & slideshows
|Share it:
|Updated at:
|31 Aug 2015
|Editor's review:
|Not yet reviewed
|wonder | More...
Wondershare Vivideo download link has been permanently removed from our site because of its illegal activity.
Wondershare vivideo description
Wondershare Video Editor is a reliable and easy to use video editing tool that enables you to make videos, audio and photos into Hollywood-style movies with all editing tools and fabulous effects you may need. It works great with all major standard and HD videos stored on your computer, or shot by any types of digital cameras, camcorders, mobile devices, even recorded via screen capturer. With this ingenious program, you?ll be able to create a video guide with your own voice-over commentary, a video message sending to your family, a funny animation to share with friends, or a video slideshow out of your photo albums. Any video editing isn?t too complicated for you; even you?re doing it for the first time! Key features: ?Timeline-based and Easy-to-use Once installed, it?s immediately ready to use. Simply import video and audio files into the Media Album and then drag to their place on the Timeline to start working on them. Design with ultra-intuitive interface, all editing features just come in handy. ?Edit Your Video with Fantasy Do all common edits like rotate, trim, cut, split, and mix video with Wondershare Video Editor. Besides, select among 300 built in effects, transitions, and Intro& credits to make your home videos really special. Fabulous effects includes Picture-in-Picture, Mosaic, Jump Cut, Tilt-Shift, Face-off, Close-Up (Flash and Hold), and more. ?Capture video and Record voiceover Expand your soundtrack with self-make audio by microphone, electric guitar, and more. To personalize your video project or slideshow, you can also record voiceover right from the editing application. The video and audio tracks will be synced perfectly. ?Export your movies in any formats Choose from the huge variety offered to export your video project. Save newly made files to your computer in all popular formats, device, or burn to DVD. Upload onto YouTube? Select the option directly from Wondershare Video Editor to share online.
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You can find and use free legal download links for Wondershare Vivideo 5.1.2 on Download3000 and on the official website of the publisher.


text:
Simultaneous measurement of neutron-induced capture and fission reactions at CERN
- First Online:
- Received:
- Accepted:
- Citations
- 713 Downloads
The measurement of the capture cross-section of fissile elements, of utmost importance for the design of innovative nuclear reactors and the management of nuclear waste, faces particular difficulties related to the \( \gamma\) -ray background generated in the competing fission reactions. At the CERN neutron time-of-flight facility n_TOF we have combined the Total Absorption Calorimeter (TAC) capture detector with a set of three 235U loaded MicroMegas (MGAS) fission detectors for measuring simultaneously two reactions: capture and fission. The results presented here include the determination of the three detection efficiencies involved in the process: \(\ensuremath \varepsilon_{TAC}(n,f)\) , \(\ensuremath \varepsilon_{TAC}(n,\gamma)\) and \(\ensuremath \varepsilon_{MGAS}(n,f)\) . In the test measurement we have succeeded in measuring simultaneously with a high total efficiency the 235U capture and fission cross-sections, disentangling accurately the two types of reactions. The work presented here proves that accurate capture cross-section measurements of fissile isotopes are feasible at n_TOF.


text:
Multi-stage Roots Pumps for Harsh Duty Applications
The dry process pumps of the A4 series are energy and cost efficient solutions for demanding processes in the semiconductor and coating industries.
What are harsh duty processes?
Harsh processes are chemical processes used in the semiconductor and coating industries. These processes are harsh, because primarily aggressive and corrosive mediums are used and processed under vacuum. These mediums have the highest requirements for the design and quality of the process systems. Typical harsh duty processes are etching and chemical vapor deposition (CVD).
Choosing the right version for your application
Two versions of the range are available. A4H pump models are suited for all processes where non- or limited corrosive chemistry is present. For the most corrosive applications, the A4X pump models include corrosion resistant materials to extend lifetime and reduce cost of ownership.
The right equipment is crucial
Since aggressive and corrosive chemicals are used in harsh duty processes, the vacuum pumps and components must be corrosion resistant. For applications in the semiconductor and coating industries, there is frequently an increased occurrence of powder, which may lead to accumulation in the vacuum pumps. Thus, it must be made sure that the process pumps in use are suitable for this amount of powder. In order to best avoid condensation in the pumps, purge gas is used in combination with a sophisticated temperature management.
Process pumps by Pfeiffer Vacuum for harsh duty applications
With the A4 series, Pfeiffer Vacuum offers pump solutions for the most demanding processes of the semiconductor and coating industries. The series is based on the proven technology of the dry multi-stage Roots pumps. A high particle tolerance and condensation resistance distinguishes the pumps of the A4 series. Their compact and modular construction allows for space-saving integration in existing systems. Long maintenance intervals and low energy consumption provide for low operating costs.