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Tshwane University of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems, P.O. Box X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
Gilgamesh Associates, LLC, 452 Black Mountain Road, Fletcher, Vermont 05444
This paper analyzes the optical propagation and refraction phenomena in various complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) structures at 750 nm wavelength. Operation at these wavelengths offers the potential realizations of small microphotonic systems and micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems (MOEMS) in CMOS integrated circuitry, since Si-based optical sources, waveguides, and silicon (Si) detectors can all be integrated on a single chip. It could also increase the optical coupling efficiencies to external optical fibers. With the help of Monte Carlo and RSoft BeamPROP simulations, we demonstrate achievements with regard to optimizing vertical emission, focusing, refraction, splitting and wave guiding in 0.35 to 1.2 μm CMOS technology at 750 nm wavelength. The material properties, refractive indices, and thicknesses of various CMOS over-layers were incorporated in the simulations and analyses. The analyses show that both Si nitride and Si oxi-nitride offer good viability for developing such waveguides. Effective single-mode wave-guiding with calculated loss characteristics of 0.65 dB·cm−1, with modal dispersion characteristics of less than 0.2 ps·cm−1 and with a bandwidth-length product of higher than 100 GHz-cm seems possible. A first iteration realization of an optical link is demonstrated, utilizing specially designed avalanche-based Si-LEDs and a specially designed first iteration CMOS waveguide. Potential applications of avalanche-based Si LEDs into microphotonic systems and MOEMS are furthermore proposed and highlighted.
Currently, optical communications and opto-electronic integrated circuits are realized by utilizing "III-V" group semiconductors, such as gallium arsenide and associated compounds. They form the basis of a mature and quite complex technology. A deficiency is that these technologies cannot be integrated into silicon (Si) and mainstream complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit technology with ease.
A series of viable Si light-emitting technologies have recently become available that enable the integration of light sources directly into Si CMOS technology.1,2 The creation of large-scale opto-electronic integrated circuits and optical data "highways" in CMOS integrated circuitry utilizing Si CMOS compounds have been envisioned and hold much promise.3–8 The latest attempts for realizing optoelectronic systems in CMOS technology have until now mainly been focused utilizing wavelengths at 1550 nm,9–11 mainly because of the ease of design and fabrication of waveguides in this regime. However, no effective optical sources and Si detectors are available at this wavelength.
If optical source, detector, waveguides, and sensors could be realized on the same CMOS chip at, say, 750 nm wavelength, various on-chip-based microphotonic systems can be realized. Achieving these goals can lead to diverse low-cost "all-silicon" opto-electronic systems, which will be the "smarter" and more "intelligent" CMOS chips of the future. These systems could lead to new products for especially the medical and bio world. Such a new field could be appropriately named "Si CMOS photonic microsystems." These systems also do not require ultrahigh frequency bandwidths and the emission powers of these Si light-emitting diodes (LEDs) may be sufficient to sustain the operation of such systems. This can lead to many new products and open up new markets.
The main objective of our research was, therefore, to directly integrate the sources and detectors for optical sensors on chip. This would have benefits in terms of cost reduction, miniaturization, the simplification of packaging requirements and perhaps also in total power requirements.
Substantial progress has been made in the field of Si p−n junctions emitting visible light when operating in reverse breakdown avalanche mode.12–18 Recently, Si CMOS light-emitting sources appeared with much higher efficiencies by implementing two and three junction Si CMOS injection-avalanche LEDs that emit at 450 to 750 nm.19,20 They can be integrated with ease in standard CMOS circuits. Various prototypes have been realized. Their operating voltage (8 V), and current (80 μA to 1 mA) are low. They emit from an area of 1×1 μm between 10 and 100 nW. The internal light emission levels are much higher. A particularly promising technology that uses defect and surface-assisted transitions in these types of LEDs has recently been identified and developed by our specific group.20–22
Our Si avalanche-based Si LEDs operate optimally at 650 to 850 nm. Although the optical emission power of Si avalanche LEDs is low, they can reach modulation speeds into the GHz range. Since Si LEDs and Si detectors are both available and can be integrated with relative ease into CMOS technology, the most challenging part of following this route is, hence, to develop appropriate CMOS waveguide technology in this wavelength regime in CMOS integrated circuitry.
The purpose of this paper is, then, (1), to present some detailed simulation results for realization of microphotonic structures in 1.2 and 0.35 μm CMOS integrated circuitry at mainly 750 nm operating wavelengths; (2) to demonstrate the possible performance of CMOS waveguides at 750 nm; (3) to demonstrate a realized first iteration optical link in Si-CMOS integrated circuitry at 650 nm; and (4) to propose some first iteration CMOS-based microphotonic systems and micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems (MOEMS) applications.
Figure 1 shows a typical CMOS integrated circuit structure using 1.2-µm field oxide-based technology. Important features are the transparency of some of the over-layers, such as the field oxide layer, the inter-metallic oxide layers, and the Si nitride passivation layer between 450 and 750 nm wavelengths.23,24 Other transparent layers such as Si oxi-nitride and Si dioxide can be added as further over-layers.25–27 The optical transparency of the different layers varies slightly. The dimensions and optical variables as associated with above 0.35 μm CMOS integrated circuit technology are presented in Table 1. The advantage of using this type of technology for microphotonic systems is that the field oxide introduces curvatures into the over-layers that are beneficial for generating microphotonic structures.
Typical layers and structures used in CMOS integrated circuits.
The below 0.35 μm CMOS technology is in principle similar, except that the Si field oxide layer is thinner (250 nm) and a planarization process is used after transistor fabrication in order to accommodate a higher number of metal over-layers. The transparency of Si is poor, while the transparency of the field oxide layer is excellent. Si nitride and Si oxi-nitride are transparent for wavelengths longer than 600 nm.25–27 This is substantially lower than the absorption edge of Si, which lies at 1100 nm. If Si LEDs and Si p−n detectors are used, Si CMOS technology does not have to rely on III-V or Si–Ge technology. In particular this technology utilizes trench isolation technology that can be used for generating in-line opto-couplers and waveguides to even below the Si substrate-overlayer interface.
Si avalanche light-emitting devices in the 450 to 650 nm regimes have been in use for a long time.12–18 The fabrication of these devices is high-temperature compatible and can be used in standard Si designs. CMOS-compatible avalanche Si LEDs (Si CMOS Av LEDs) have emerged since the early 1990s. Kramer and Zeits28 were the first to propose the utilization of Si Av LEDs inside CMOS technology. They first illustrated the potential of this technology. Snyman et al., have realized a series of light-emitting devices in standard CMOS technology, such as micro displays and electro-optical interfaces with higher emission efficiencies and higher emission radiances (intensities).19–21 Particularly promising results have been obtained regarding efficiency and intensity, when a combination of current density confinement, surface layer engineering, and injection of additional carriers of opposite-charge density into the avalanching junction, were implemented.19 These devices showed three orders of increase in optical output as compared with previous similar work. However, increases in efficiency seemed to be compromised by higher total device currents because of loss of injected carriers, which do not interact with avalanching carriers.
Latest analyses of the work of Kramer et al.28 and Snyman et al.,20 shows that longer wavelength emissions up to 750 nm can be achieved by focusing on the electron relaxation techniques in the purer n-side of the Si p−n avalanching junctions. This development has a very important implication. The spectral radiance of this device compares extremely well with the spectral detectivity of the Si reach through avalanche photo detector (RAPD) technology. A particularly good match is obtained between the emission spectrum of this device and the absorption spectrum, which can be detected with an RAPD. More information about the design and performance aspects of our latest E-field and momentum shift assisted 750 nm Si LEDs can be found from Snyman and Bellotti.20 By controlling the defect density in this device, one can favor either the 650 or 750 nm emissions. Total emission intensities of up to 1 μW per 5 μm2 area at the Si-SiO2 interface have recently been observed.
Figure 2 shows a design of a top-down as well as cross-section layout of a Si CMOS and avalanche operation-based LED. The LED consists of an n+ bar placed opposite to two p+ bars and diagonally away from the n+ bar. All were embedded in a p-well containing 2×1016 ions. The n+ and p+ regions define the peripheries of the SiO2 field oxide layer and define the center SiO2 field oxide layer. Upon biasing the structure with positive bias voltage +V on the n+ and negative bias voltage −V on the p+ region, the depletion region extends from the n+ edge facing the p+ region in the SiO2 field oxide layer.
Si LED integrated in CMOS integrated circuit technology as an optical source.
The intensity of the emitted light was approximately 1 nW per micron length at an operating voltage of 15 V. A current of 80 μA to 1 mA was emitted between 450 and 750 nm with a tail reaching deep into the near infrared region (Fig. 3).
Emitted spectrum as of a 5×1 micron line width CMOS integrated CMOS avalanche LED (after Kramer et al. and Snyman et al.).
Si avalanche-based LEDs can be integrated into CMOS circuits with ease, and offer the following advantages:
Figure 4 shows the layout of a simple n+p well Si avalanche LED and interface that can feed light into the adjacently lying optically transparent field oxide layer. The light is emitted slightly below the apex of the SiO2 "field oxide" region. The positioning of the light-emitting region ensures optimum coupling of light into the layer.
Design of an initial line source Si LED positioned at the "bird's beak" in Si CMOS structure.
Special detectors have been designed to ensure optimum detection efficiency for laterally incident radiation.15
It follows, consequently, that much more advanced and more favorable electro-optical structures can be designed and fabricated utilizing CMOS technology.
Since most optical simulation tools, such as those available on the free market today, are designed for application in the macro environment, we opted to design our own initial software tool for specific application in CMOS structures and dimensions. The commercial tools are also mostly designed for application in the macro-optical environments while a custom-designed tool would offer better customization and adaptation to targeted needs. This also offered additional design flexibility and better understanding of our analysis, as compared to merely utilizing available "ray tracing" software.
Our group subsequently used MATLAB29 to geometrically develop specific CMOS structures of specific optical properties and to evaluate the optical refraction and optical propagation phenomena in such structures.
A special ray tracing program was subsequently developed, which could specifically analyze the refraction and optical propagation phenomena in CMOS integrated circuit structures and identify the geometrical positioning of the optical sources within these structures. Furthermore, we could include a series of iterative propagation and scattering paths using the Monte Carlo randomization techniques. The refractive indices that were used in the optical simulation at 750 nm were: 1.00 for air, 2.00 for Si nitride, 1.48 for Si plasma, 1.45 for Si oxide and 3.76 for the Si substrate.10,30
The domain of the modeled Si CMOS structure was defined by geometrical algebraic statements generated with MATLAB in the code called "K-Dedicated Code A." Matrix geometrical algebraic statements were used to generate the graphical preliminary matrix elements look-up table for a typical CMOS structure (see Appendix 1).
Subsequently, specific substructures were developed with mathematical formulas and boundaries. This approach subsequently led to:
The geometric blocks used to build up the structure were limited to basic triangular and rectangular shapes, because CMOS structures can be generated and modeled by these shapes effectively. As for the triangles, two sides (TSIDE_1 and TSIDE_2), one angle (TANGLE12) in between the sides, and one vertex (TVERTEX1) were the parameters used to construct the various triangles. Likewise for the rectangles one, vertex (RVERTEX1) and two sides (RSIDE1 and RSIDE2) were used to construct the various rectangular shapes involved in the generation of the CMOS structure.
Figure 5(b) subsequently illustrates how a complex new CMOS structure was eventually generated using a number of the pre-defined sub-block structures, each defined with particular dimensions, refractive index, and color information.
(a) Developing geometrical building blocks for generating a CMOS test structure and (b) generation of a unified matrix that could be used for Monte Carlo simulation (1st layer (from top)=silicon nitride; 2nd layer=inter-metallic plasma oxide; 3rd layer=field oxide; substrate=silicon.
A stepping algorithm was developed as a subroutine within the "K-dedicated code B" and applied to multiple rays, each with a different initial launch angle. Snell's and Fresnel laws were applied as basic physical laws governing refraction, reflection, and even for determining polarization characteristics.31
For the total internal reflection of the rays within the structure, the critical angle for internal reflection was used as Display Formula
For detailed reflectance calculations, the following Fresnel equations were used: Display Formula
The concepts of Monte Carlo-based randomization32 were subsequently also incorporated in the stepping algorithm. This algorithm progressively performs a stepping function in which a new propagation position and new launch angle is defined based on the local matrix information values. If a change of refractive index did occur, the incident angle to the interface was determined, Snell's law for refraction and Fresnel laws for reflection were applied, and new rays with new propagation positions and launch angles were defined within the larger matrix. An example of the program code for determining refraction when encountering an interface is shown in Program Snippert 2 (See appendix 1). Display Formula
Figure 7 shows the propagation of the optical rays when the optical source is shifted slightly to the left along the Si-plasma deposited oxide interface. Improved coupling was observed into the Si nitride layer. Total internal reflection is observed for some of the waves in the Si nitride layer.
First iteration of optical propagation observed in a scaled unified CMOS Si LED test structure.
Effect of changing of optical emission point source in a Si LED CMOS structure.
Figure 8 shows the ray propagation when the thickness of some of the field oxide and plasma deposited oxide layers was increased. The optical propagation in a variety of CMOS structures was subsequently investigated. The vertical thickness of the layers was varied. Figure 8 also demonstrates that the optical power could be separated into two different paths. A certain percentage of the radiation escaped out of the design, while the rest was emitted laterally into the Si nitride layer. Optical splitters of this kind have diverse applications in MOEMS and can be used for interference and phase contrast.
Change of layer thickness and its effect on the propagation in an Si LED CMOS structure.
Figure 9 shows a structure in which the curvature caused by the field oxide layer was utilized. The optical source is positioned in the middle of the hemispherical structure. The launch angles for the rays range from 30 degt to 150 deg. The radiation is emitted under a solid angle of 120 deg.
Maximizing vertical optical emission from a CMOS Si LED structure.
The estimated optical emission factor of the Si-SiO2 interface source is approximately 0.40. Minor scattering is observed due to surface bending irregularities at the Si nitride-air interface and absorption losses occur in the Si nitride layer at shorter wavelengths.
Figure 10 shows a similar structure, but here the light source emitter position is shifted. When the source is placed at position A, near to the "bird's beak" field oxide layer, the rays emitted vertically from the structure are slightly focused. When the source is placed at position B, the radiation is emitted toward a 45-deg slanted angle.
Directional focusing from predetermined sources.
Figure 11 demonstrates optimized wave-guiding of the total emitted Si LED radiation inside the Si nitride layer. The plasma deposited oxide layer thickness has been reduced and the optical emission point was positioned near the "bird's beak" point in the Si oxide layer. Ray launch angles ranging from 34 deg to 76 deg couple effectively the optical radiation into the Si nitride layer. Because of the lower refractive indices of both the plasma-deposited and field-oxide layers below and above, the optical rays can effectively propagate inside the Si nitride layer. Si nitride is transparent for wavelengths above 600 nm. Si oxi-nitride (SiOxNx is also transparent at lower wavelengths.25,30 In both cases, the wavelength of the wave-guided radiation is much lower than the absorption edge wavelength for Si detectors (1100 nm). The combination of an Si LED light source, an optical waveguide, and an Si detector can hence be incorporated with ease into the same structure. A particular CMOS microphotonic structure can hence be realized in the CMOS integrated circuitry.
The effect of the layer thickness on the propagation in a Si LED CMOS structure.
The current total optical emission levels from our Si CMOS LEDs are in the order of 1 to 100 nW. These power emission levels are much higher than the low power detection level of Si p−n detectors.
CMOS technology below 0.35 μm can also be utilized to design lateral waveguides. CMOS designs below 350 nm are planarized after the MOSFET transistor fabrication. Up to six metal layers are deposited on top of these layers, where sloping of the outer layers is caused by the thicker outer metal layers.23 This technology uses trench isolation for electrically isolating n- and p MOSFETS laterally in the CMOS structure. The trench-isolation technology opens up interesting optical properties. Trenches are spatially defined by RF etching followed by oxide lining and subsequent plasma deposition of Si oxides. If these trenches could be filled with an optical material of higher refractive index, optical radiation emitted from the Si-overlayer interface, could then be coupled with high efficiency directly into the adjacent optical channels. The current CMOS technology can create a thin oxidation layer that is used as an isolation layer in the trench technology. If this layer is enhanced and followed by a layer of high refractive index material, such as Si nitride, interesting lateral optical conductors and waveguides can be constructed at the Si–overlayer interface. Optical sources positioned at the edges of the trenches enable optimum coupling of optical radiation into the trench waveguide. In a similar way waveguides can be fabricated in the outer CMOS layers. Figure 12 schematically illustrates these concepts.
Cross-sectional profiles of waveguides that can be constructed with existing CMOS processes. (a) Waveguide structure fabricated by post processing and/or B-pad processing of the over layers. (b) Trench-based waveguides with Si nitride embedded in Si oxide. (see 33)
We used advanced optical simulation software (RSOFT Beam PROP)34 to design and simulate specific CMOS-based waveguides operating at 750 nm based on CMOS materials and parameters. This software uses an advanced finite analysis method where the volume is divided up into a large number of matrix elements. Helmholtz's equation predicts the optical parameters along the matrix based on the initially defined optical fields.
We performed a number of optical simulations in CMOS structures with 0.2 to 0.6 μm-wide channels, embedded in 1.5-µm diameter Si oxide. The operating wavelength was 750 nm. A flat emission surface with wide-angle emission were used at the edge structure of the Si nitride, in order to simulate the emission characteristics of our Si avalanche LED source best.
Our preliminary results show that multimode, as well as single mode wave-guiding can be achieved. Figure 13 shows a three dimensional view of the electrical field along the waveguide of a 0.6 μm wide Si nitride waveguide. Multimode propagation is demonstrated with almost zero loss up to a distance of 20 μm. Multimode propagation in CMOS micro systems has the advantage of having a large acceptance angle for coupling optical radiation from a Si LED into and out of a waveguide. Our calculations show that a coupling efficiency of 0.38 can be achieved for a flat Si-emitting surface positioned at the edge of the Si nitride core of the waveguide. This is mainly due to the better refractive index matching between Si (3.76 at 750 nm wavelength) to Si nitride (2.00 at 750 nm).
Advanced optical simulation of the electrical field propagation in a 0.5-µm-wide Si nitride layer embedded in SiO2 in CMOS integrated circuitry using finite element analysis and solutions of Helmholtz's equation. Multi-mode optical propagation at 750 nm is demonstrated over 20 µm distance with a loss smaller than 1 dB·cm−1.
Figure 14 shows the predicted optical simulation for a 0.3-µm diameter Si oxi-nitride waveguide embedded in Si oxide. The two-dimensional plot of the electrical field propagation along the waveguide shows clearly single-mode propagation. The calculated loss curve in the adjacent figure shows almost zero loss over a distance of up to 20 μm. The coupling efficiency into such a waveguide is, however, much reduced to values of about 0.05. Multimode to single-mode converter structures can, however, be used to increase overall coupling efficiency into the waveguide.
Simulation of the optical field propagation in a Si nitride layer in CMOS integrated circuitry using finite element analysis and solutions of Helmholtz's equation. Single-mode optical propagation is demonstrated at 750 nm over a distance of 20 micron for a 0.2-µm wide, Si-oxide-embedded and Si nitride waveguide.
Figure 15 displays the mode field pattern in the waveguide perpendicular to the axis of propagation. With the values derived from the simulations for the real part of the propagation constant, an accurate energy loss could be calculated with conventional optical propagation physics. Low loss of 0.65 dB·cm−1 is predicted at 650 nm. At shorter wavelengths from 450 to 650 nm much higher losses of more than 1 dB·cm−1 are predicted because of the higher absorption coefficient in Si nitride at these wavelengths. The bandwidth-length product could be derived from the calculated effective refractive index and predicted modal dispersion values calculated by RSoft BeamProp (Fig. 14). The calculations predict a bandwidth-length product of approximately 200 GHz-cm.
Mode field diameter predictions for a Si nitride CMOS-based waveguide with a core of 0.2 µm diameter embedded in a 1 µm diameter Si oxide cladding.
With a short wavelength and high refractive index difference between core and cladding (1 μm in diameter), a high level of micro bending can be achieved. Since with CMOS technology many different over-layers can be deposited on top of each other, optical energy can easily be coupled between waveguides and optical sources near the Si over-layer interface to layers higher up in the structure.
Another feature that was investigated was the positioning of a two-dimensional Si nitride lens at the end of the waveguides. Such a design can be used to obtain two- and three-dimensional control of the optical radiation at distances of up to 10 μm away from the end of the waveguide. Figure 16 demonstrates "focusing" of the optical radiation from a single-mode Si nitride waveguide.
Far field manipulation of the optical radiation passing through a two-dimensional Si nitride lens placed at the end of a CMOS waveguide.
These initial simulations of Si nitride waveguides in CMOS technology are extremely promising. All the latter designs can be applied to CMOS-based microphotonic systems.
Figure 17(a) and 17(b) display an optical emission micrograph as observed vertically upward into the microscope objective and as emitted from a 0.35 μm CMOS structure as shown in Fig. 17(b). This CMOS structure closely resembled the cross-section over-layer structure presented in Fig. 18. The emission occurred at a n+p junction interface adjacently to the field oxide layers. Interesting features as observed are the following:
(a) and (b) Photomicrograph of optical emissions observed from top of an injection-avalanche Si CMOS LED.
Photomicrographs of a CMOS opto-coupler arrangement consisting of a CMOS av-based light-emitting source, an optical waveguide and a CMOS lateral incident photo detector. (a) Shows a field photo-micrograph of the arrangement, and (b) shows the optical emission output as observed under dark field conditions.
A very bright vertical emission was observed. This emission is a result of the vertical emission characteristics as simulated in Fig. 7. The total optical emission power of 100 nW was observed for these structures using a calibrated Si p−i−n detector. Red light was observed at one side next to the vertical emission. This indicates that more red light were refracted into the acceptance angle of the microscope, while the blue light was refracted toward the surface of the structure. This correlates with the simulation results as obtained in Fig. 6, which demonstrated less dispersion of emitted light vertically outward from CMOS structures with a silcon nitride top layer and high dispersion along the surface of the chip for shorter wavelengths. This observation, therefore, indicates good correlations between the optical simulation results as predicted by our optical simulation techniques.
Figure 18(a) and 18(b), demonstrates a first iteration optical link as was realized in Si 1.2-µm CMOS integrated technology over a distance of 150 μm. The optical source was of the type as demonstrated in Figs. 2 and 4. The CMOS waveguide design was similar to the one presented in Figs. 11 and 12(a). Optical coupling was realized into the top Si nitride layer similar to what was demonstrated in Fig. 8. The detector was a custom-designed Si detector, of 10×10 μm dimension, and optimized for lateral incidence. Some first iteration results with regard to this realization have been published elsewhere already.21
This particular realization was achieved in the Carl and Emily Funch Institute of Microelectronic Laboratories University of Pretoria in South Africa. We have recently achieved similar results in ESIEE Labs in France (Europe). This is currently the topic of further research.
When the Si LEDs were pulsed at low frequencies (below 1 kHz), signal levels were ranging from 6 nA to 100 nA. When phototransistor detectors were used, signal levels were detected of about 1 μA. No signals were observed at the detector when the voltage pulses were repeated at these voltage levels, but without optical emission. It should be appreciated that these results are first iterations. The photomicrograph shows high losses at the optical source. Assuming a detector efficiency of 0.3 W/A, and coupling efficiencies of 0.1 from the source to the waveguide, as well as a loss of 0.75 dB·cm−1 at 750 nm for wave guiding in the Si nitride layer itself, indicate source optical power in the 100 nW range. This correlates with our earlier optical measurements for vertical emission from our Si Av LEDs as in Fig. 17. The loss characteristics for the waveguide correlate with loss characteristics for Si nitride at 750 nm as determined by Gorin et al.30 These analyses provide an important basis for further developments.
It follows that the described technologies can be integrated either in hybrid or monolithic form in standard CMOS designs, realizing various microphotonic systems and/or MOEMS. Si LEDs and associated electronic processing circuitry can be integrated into standard CMOS technology allowing mass production at low cost. Optical modules and CMOS technology can be integrated in hybrid form using RF recess technology. With waveguide technology, whole MOEMS structures can be grown monolithically on CMOS circuits. MOEMS ranging from vibration sensors, motion and accelerometer sensors to more advanced chemical, physical, and biosensor as well as nanotechnology devices can be constructed. These applications are illustrative at this stage, but nevertheless demonstrate some interesting possibilities and applications.
In Fig. 19 a hypothetical microphotonic system is demonstrated that consists of an Si LED, a Si detector together with waveguides integrated monolithically in a CMOS structure.35 Wide area Si LEDs are used in order to increase the total optical emission power into the waveguide systems. Appropriate filtering by means of ring resonators, and enhanced phase contrast detection can be obtained by utilizing unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometers. Near the end of the layout, an opening is integrated in the CMOS over-layers by post processed RF etching, that enables gas or liquids to interact with the evanescent field of a waveguide section and introduces intensity and/or phase contrast changes. Adjacent digital and analog circuitry processes the observed information. Hence, a complete microphotonic sensor system can be integrated into standard CMOS circuitry. The added intelligence component, the lowering in cost and the increase in reliability of such systems can be significant.
Schematic diagram of a CMOS-based microphotonic system that can be realized using an on-chip Si Av LED, a series of waveguides, ring resonators, and an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer. A section of the waveguide is exposed to the environment and can detect phase and intensity contrast due to absorption of molecules and gases in the evanescent field of the waveguide (see Refs. 35, 36).
Figure 20 demonstrates a more explicit and hypothetical MOEMS system. The system consists of a Si CMOS LED, an array of Si detectors and a series of CMOS-based waveguides. A mechanical arm is RF etched into the structure by postprocessing. Radiation is directed at an angle onto the mechanical arm, and the reflected light is sensed by an array of CMOS detectors. Such a system can detect vibration, acceleration, and axial rotation and relate these to electronic output signals.
Schematic diagram of a CMOS-based MOEMS that can be realized with conventional CMOS integrated design and additional post processing. Key constituents of such a device are an effective CMOS on-chip optical source, coupling of the source to a waveguide, CMOS compatible optical wave guiding and optical collimation and detection circuitry (see Refs. 36, 37).
Similarly, in the cavity optical absorption measurements, fluid flow and gas flow as well as fluorescence experiments of samples can be performed by arranging source and detector and waveguide arrays on the side surfaces of the cavity. The potential applications are diverse and can be linked to emerging fields, such as bio- and nanotechnology.
PROGRAM SNIPPERT 1 //Pseudo-code/block of flow diagram for domain definition//
max X=160;
size X=max X*10;
max Y=116.4;%Fixed
size Y=max Y*10;
x=0∶size X;
for j=1: size X%Column
for k=(−201+0.345:0.345:201−0.345)
if k>y(j)
Body1(j,m)= refractive_indices(1);
else if(k>z(j))&&(k<y(j))
else if(k<q(j))&&(k<z(j))
else if(k<s(j))&&(k<q(j))
else if(k<sn(j))&&(k<qn(j))
else if(k<qn(j))&&(k<zn(j))
PROGRAM SNIPPERT 2 //Pseudo code or flow diagram for structure shape generation//
axis equal
BLOCKSHAPE(BLOCKNUMBER)=0;%0 for triangle
[ab]=trblock(TVERTEX1,TSIDE1,TSIDE2, TANGLE12,TROTATION,TCOLOR,REFRACTIVE_INDEX);
hold on
BLOCKSHAPE(BLOCKNUMBER)=1;%1 for rectangle
RSIDE2=RT*cos d(INCLINATION_CHECK)*2;
PROGRAM SNIPPERT 3 //Fresnel formula for refraction and Snell's law of reflection//
if abs(BODY2(yy(step,f),xx(step,f))/BODY2(yy(step+1,f),xx(step+1,f))*sin d(90+inc(f)−angle_next_point(f)))<=1
angle_next_point(f)=90+inc(f)−a sin d(BODY2(yy(step,f),xx(step,f))/BODY2(yy(step+1,f),xx(step+1,f))*sin d(90+inc(f)−angle_next_point(f)));
sign R=1;
if angle_next_point(f)−inc(f)>90&angle_next_point(f)>90


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Why Does The Ionic Radius Increase As The Atomic Number Increases?
Atomic number of an atom is equal to the number of protons or number of electrons present in the atom. When an electron and a proton is added to an atom, the atomic number of the atom increase. With increase in the atomic number the ionic radius of the atom also increases. The ionic radius of the atom increases because, when a proton is added to the nucleus a force of repulsion increases between the protons of the nucleus. Due to this repulsion they move away from each other. Similarly, beside the addition of an electron, the electrons present in the atom repel each other. As a result, the ionic radius of the atom increases. Moreover, surrounded by some elements the ionic radius decreases with increase in atomic number.
Resolved Questions:
Describe The Exponential Smoothing Method?
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Until the sun dies. About another 4-6 billion years. The sun's demise will include it's expansion in size past the earth's orbit, engulfing top soil. That is the outer estimate that I have heard. I guess earth could be smashed by an foreign baulk (i.e. a comet) and end...

subset: commoncrawl


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Loudwire Radio – Weekly Readers Poll
Welcome to the weekly Loudwire Radio readers poll. Every weekend, Loudwire Radio will be bringing you the Top 20 songs of the week both from the airwaves and online. However, we will also be playing one extra song on the show chosen by — you guessed it — the Loudwire readers! Congrats to Smile Empty Soul and their track 'Afterlife' on being our most recent victor. You'll be able to hear that track on next week's broadcast, but right now we've got five brand new songs for you to choose from.
Rock heavyweights Halestorm have released their new single 'Freak Like Me.' After the massive success of 'Love Bites (So Do I),' Halestorm may be making some serious waves with the new track.
Female fronted heavy metal band In This Moment are also in contention for a spot on Loudwire Radio with the single 'Blood.' Former Loudwire Radio poll winners Thousand Foot Krutch are back and looking for another win with their latest single, 'Let the Sparks Fly.'
Punk rock titans Rise Against barely missed the Top 20 songs of the week, but you can get them onto our broadcast by voting for 'Wait for Me.' Finally, we've got Black Stone Cherry and their single 'Like I Roll.'
Vote for your favorite track in the poll below to decide which song will be played during next week's broadcast of Loudwire Radio. (This poll will close on Wednesday, June 6, at noon ET).


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text: Scenes from Ranch Hand Rescue Posted on 11 Jan 2013 at 9:00am Tweet Ranch Hand Rescue's ornery geese 20-year-old Logan was 200 pounds underweight when he was seized. He's regained 100 pounds after just a few weeks and mostly wants affection. A baby burro born at Ranch Hand Rescue An alpaca A second llama Bob and Midnite Bob and Midnite A shoe is all Phoenix needs to walk after his coffin bone and hoof regenerated Justin shows off Phoenix's regenerated hoof Bob and Phoenix Justin and Phoenix Phoenix, Bob and Justin Justin, Bob and Phoenix Bob and Phoenix Tiny, a miniature calf with distended organs. Al, a llama, follows visitors around the ranch but doesn't particularly like to be touched. Comments (powered by FaceBook) Related posts: Ranch Hand Rescue PHOTOS: Gay-run Ranch Hand Rescue receives 6 beaten and neglected horses Rodeo holds fundraiser for Ranch Hand Rescue Ranch Hand Rescue hopes you'll consider Chili's tonight for your dining out pleasure Road trip! Head to Justin for Ranch Hand Rescue benefit concert


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Lomography has released a special, limited edition version of its 'La Sardina' camera to celebrate the 25th anniversary of Where's Wally? (known in the United States and Canada as Where's Waldo?). Shaped like a humble sardine can, the La Sardina Wally Watcher 35mm film camera offers a 22mm wide-angle lens, double exposures and long time exposures. Also equipped with a Wally embossed lens cap, the La Sardina Wally Watcher edition is priced at £65.
Click to continue...
Discover a wide range of digital cameras at low prices. Buy cheap cameras from Sony and Canon. Share your photos thanks to digital photo frames.
Varnam offers digital photo frame with built-in memory & battery.
© Copyright 2003-2008 Photo
360 Limited
Best Viewed at 1024x768 Screen Resolution


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Click here to sign up for 2 Trial Classes, good for any of our scheduled sessions!
Also, Please fill out a waiver prior to coming in for class
Want to become a member of our dojo? Fill out your training agreement here!
|Iaido is the Japanese martial art of drawing, cutting and sheathing the sword. Muso Jikiden Eishin Ryu Iaido, which means " the unequalled, unbroken lineage of Eishin style iaido" traces its lineage back over 500 years to its founder Hayashizaki Jinsuke Shigenobu.Zen Nippon Kendo Renmei Seitei Kata was developed to provide a series of kata for kendo students and a common set of kata for various ryus (schools) of swordsmanship. Each of the major iaido ryus are represented among the kata. The main weapon in iaido is the katana, the long sword of the samurai and a symbol of their place in Japanese society. The sword used by students is an iaito, which is an unsharpened metal blade. Iaido students learn kata, solo movements using an iaito; katachi, partnered exercises using a bokken (wooden sword) and tamishigari (cutting exercises) using a shinken (sharp sword) as part of their training. Iaido students learn mental discipline, balance, physical conditioning, an awareness of their surroundings and a determination to never lose in a confrontation. In iaido there is a saying – "Victory comes while the sword is still in the scabbard."
|Okinawan kobudō is a Japanese term that can be translated as "old martial way of Okinawa". It generally refers to the classical weapon traditions of Okinawan martial arts, most notably the rokushakubo (six foot staff, known as the "bō"), sai (dagger-shaped truncheon), tonfa (handled club), kama (sickle), and nunchaku (chained sticks), but also the tekko (knuckledusters), tinbe-rochin (shield and spear), and surujin (weighted chain). Less common Okinawan weapons include the tambo (short stick), the hanbō (middle length staff) and the eku (boat oar of traditional Okinawan design).It is a popular story and common belief that Okinawan farming tools evolved into weapons due to restrictions placed upon the peasants by the Satsuma samurai clan when the island was made a part of Japan, which forbade them from carrying arms. As a result, it is said, they were defenseless and developed a fighting system around their traditional farming implements. However, modern martial arts scholars have been unable to find historical backing for this story, and the evidence uncovered by various martial historians points to the Pechin Warrior caste in Okinawa as being those who practiced and studied various martial arts, rather than the Heimin, or commoner. It is true that Okinawans, under the rule of foreign powers, were prohibited from carrying weapons or practicing with them in public. But the weapons-based fighting that they secretly practiced (and the types of weapons they practiced with) had strong Chinese roots, and examples of similar weapons have been found in China, Malaysia and Indonesia pre-dating the Okinawan adaptations.
|To discuss the history of either Kenpo or Karate is a difficult task as both are inextricably entwined with the histories of the countries in which they originated. Although historians believe that the martial arts originated some where in India, what we know as the fighting arts today evolved mostly from China. It was there that the art was called "Ch'uan Fa", meaning art of the fist. Its techniques were focused primarily upon striking and blocking with the hands and the feet. During the centuries of its practice in China Ch'uan Fa was also referred to as Kung Fu. As it was passed down through the generations, it evolved into a different styles and systems as individual teachers modified and improved their art.Then in 1392 36 families moved to Kume-mura Okinawa as part of a diplomatic envoy to the Ryukyu Kingdom. Along with them went their fighting art of Ch'uan Fa as well as other elements of their culture. In the Okinawan language, Ch'uan Fa is pronounced "kempo"(law of the fist). After being introduced to the citizens of Okinawa, Kempo slowly blended with the indigenous Okinawan fighting arts called "Tode". Again, as Tode was passed down through the generations it began to be practiced differently in varying location around the island of Okinawa. In time it became divided into three main styles known as " Naha-Te, Tomari-Te, and Shuri-Te". The term "karate' was first introduced in 1936 at a conference of notable martial arts masters who decided to change the name in attempts to unify their art at th same time distinguish it from those found on the Chinese mainland. Karate, meaning "empty hand" , continued to evolve into different branches , styles and systems. Some of which, continue to be practiced today. Some of these include, yet are not limited to, arts such as Shotokan, Shito-ryu, Shorin-Ryu, Goju-ryu and Isshin-ryu. Although these changes were accepted by the majority of the masters at that time, some continued to use the term "kempo" After the Second World War, American servicemen, stationed in Okinawa and Japan, began to study martial arts during their free time. Upon returning to the US after their discharge they too continued to study, teach and perfect their craft. As the arts they trained in began to also evolve and change. Why train in Karate? At first many believe that Karate's only benefit is that of self defense, or the ability to protect oneself through physical measures. Although this is true, the student of karate gains much more than simply the ability to defend. Training in Karate has proven to be beneficial to its students outside of self defense for centuries. Through the practice of those exercise, drills, and techniques found in Karate, the student builds a strong body. Improvements occur both in the student's physical strength, flexibility and cardiovascular health as a result of dedication to hard work and training. Additionally the student finds that they develop a stronger sense of being and a higher level of self esteem. This is due to overcoming the many challenges placed in front of the student during their training of the art and by their Sensei. The ability to remain calm in tense times and to relax under pressure is also a benefit that many attribute to the study of martial arts. Because of this the practitioner has the ability to remain focused on the task at hand and maintain concentration throughout its completion. Once the student gains these insights, they become aware of other options and a state of clearer thinking which enables them to identify other options during troubled times, rather than that of aggression.
|Aikido is a form of unarmed self defense in which the aggressor's actions are neutralized in a non-violent manner. It's movements are centered. around joint locks, throws and take downs. In addition to it's self defense applications, Aikido improves strength and suppleness while assisting in better posture. Students of Aikido develop quicker reflexes, a keener perception of things around them and an improved sense of balance and coordination. Aikijutsu is the ancient samurai art of unarmed fighting from which Aikido was developed. It's movements are centered around joint locks, throws and take downs which prevent further attacks from being issued.
|An art of self defense and Olympic sport from Japan. Judo teaches suppleness, gentleness and coordination. Similar to Aikido/Aikijutsu, it makes use of throws and take downs as the opponent's strength and power are used against themselves. Jujutsu is another ancient form of samurai self defense from which Judo was created. Though a mixture of strategies and tactics are used, most are grouped into joint locks, throws and take downs.
5:30 pm - 6:20 pm
6:30 pm - 7:20 pm
Iaido (runs until 8:30pm)
7:30 pm - 8:20 pm
Iaido (runs until 9pm)
No Class
No Class
|12:00 pm - 1:00 pm
1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Michael Kleppin
Kleppin sensei has been a member of the Kobudokan since its creation in 1988.
Art Beier
Professor Beier has been a member of the Kobudokan since 1994. He began his studies in Judo in the 1960s and currently teaches Aikido, Judo and Jujutsu at the Kobudokan.
Sal Belahi
Belahi Sensei has been a member of the Kobudokan since 2001. He currently instructs the Karate and Kobudo classes.
Dan Keding
Keding Sensei has been studying at the Kobudokan in the art of Iaido since 2001.
Sign up for 2 trial classes here! Want to become a member of the dojo? Sign up here!


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Penguins sign rookies Pouliot, Maatta to entry-level contracts
The Penguins had an embarrassment of riches in defensive prospects before the 2012 NHL Entry Draft. Thanks to their work in that draft, they now possess perhaps the finest stable of young blue liners in hockey.
Derrick Pouliot and Olli Maatta, both selected in the first round, signed three-year entry-level contracts that will be triggered when they opt to turn pro.
"We already had a lot of talent in the system," assistant coach Todd Reirden told the Tribune-Review this summer. "And we are very impressed with these two."
Pouliot is considered one of the finest offensive defenseman to emerge from the draft in recent years. The Penguins believe he has the potential to become a power play quarterback and a top-four defenseman in the NHL. They loved him before the draft but were only able to select him because of their trade with Carolina. As part of the Jordan Staal deal, the Penguins received the eighth pick. They did not hesitate in selecting Pouliot, who plays with the Penguins' 2011 top-pick — defenseman Joe Morrow — for the Portland Winterhawks in the Western Hockey League.
The Penguins then selected Maatta with their other first-round pick. Maatta and Pouliot will join the Penguins for training camp whenever it begins, pending the labor negotiations. Camp is scheduled to begin Sept. 21 at Consol Energy Center.
While Pouliot and Morrow form a dynamic pairing of offensive players in the WHL, Maatta and Scott Harrington — the Penguins' second-round pick in 2011 who has rapidly climbed the organizational depth chart — have given the London Knights a well-rounded pair of blue liners in the OHL.
Maatta isn't an offensive force but was considered one of the finest two-way defensemen in the 2012 draft.
"He just does everything so well," Harrington said. "He's so good defensively and such a smooth skater. He's one of those guys who's just always in the right position. He's going to be a heck of a player."
Neither Pouliot nor Maatta will compete for a job with the Penguins this season. The team is blessed with considerable NHL depth, to say nothing of prospects like Despres, Morrow and Harrington. However, the Penguins project Pouliot and Maatta as difference-making defensemen who could reach the NHL in two or three years.
Josh Yohe is a staff writer for Trib Total Media. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Want to pass along the link to a piece on Fred MacMurray's 50s Westerns. These are favorites of many of us that hang around this blog.
Of the eight Westerns he made between 1953 and 1959, four are available in the States on DVD, and you'll find them at ClassicFlix.com.


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A couple of weeks ago I was writing a blog entry and got a little frustrated with the formatting. I decided to try my hand at writing a blog and blog editor in Flex 2.
You can click here to see the result: Peter Ent's Flex 2 Weblog The source is available by right-clicking and picking View Source from the menu. The source includes the blog editor.
One of the tricky things was being to embed images and swfs within the articles. I really wanted to be able to insert live SWFs and the Rich Text Editor isn't capable to doing that.
If you build the blog editor you'll see that I used Alex Uhlmann's Distoration Effects package, CubeRotate, effect. This effect is more, to me, than just cool. It makes good use of screen real estate; you will need to use his SWC to run the application.


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The hollywood effect. Sky tracker flower and search light hire
New for 2011
Give your event the edge as an oscars party, red carpert or film premier.
or simply show people the way to your festival or night club.
The pearl river headlight 2500 is an amazing light with an extremely efficent light to power output. Once up to full power it can be seen almost 10km away.
This lighting effect will give you Hollywood attention to your event this sky tracker style light is a great promotional tool and will advertise your event or just generally give it the "wow" factor!
The pearl river headlight 2500 space flower searchlight. Producing 32 rotative beams (beam colours can be changed, but light output will be decreased by atleast 20%)
the light will glide across the clouds in a spinning and twisting motion that will be guaranteed to make all your guests pay attention to the heavens.
Thesee lights can be seen 10km away in perfect conditions, even in poor conditions the light will still work as a great tool to either promote or wow your clientele or guests.
There are many ways these lights can be used if you dont want to shine them into the sky, the moving head and twist effect looks amazing if its directed at trees and buildines for a decorative effect.
If the weather is bad, the searchlight reflects off the rain or mist in the air.
The searchlight is IP33 Rates and is completely weatherproof.
This light as standard comes with a 32 amp input, but can run off of standard 13amp home pocwer sockets without any problem at all.
The pearl river headlight 2500 is 150.00 per day plus delivery/Collection.
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Dollar General Every Day Heroes Program Supports the U.S. Military (Dollar General/P&G Prize Package Give Away)
Tuesday, June 19, 2012 Posted by Dina N
This month, Dollar General® is teaming up with Procter & Gamble to recognize the men and women of the U.S. military and their families. The Every Day Heroes Program honors those true heroes who have made sacrifices for their families, their communities, and their country.
Dollar General values these heroes and offers many career opportunities for returning veterans. Dollar General is the winner of the 2011 Military Officers Association of America Distinguished Service Award and was recognized inGI Jobs magazine's list of Most Military Friendly Employers.
Do you know military heroes in your community? Now, you can honor them in one more way: by uploading a video about your military hero to www.dollargeneral.com/everydayheroes.
The Giveaway
Thanks to Dollar General and P&G, one lucky U.S. reader will win a special prize package which includes: a Swiffer® 360° Duster, a set of Pringles® red computer speakers, Old Spice® Champion Deodorant, Tide® sample packs and a Dollar General reusable shopping bag.
To enter, please follow the instructions on the Rafflecopter form.
a Rafflecopter giveaway


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PHILADELPHIA (AP) Earl Pettis scored 19 points and Ramon Galloway had 18 as La Salle built a 26-point halftime lead and coasted to an 82-75 victory over Massachusetts 82-75 Sunday.
The Explorers (12-4, 2-0 Atlantic 10 Conference), who won their fifth in a row, shot 56.7 percent (17 of 30) as they built a 51-25 halftime lead, including 10 of 16 on 3-pointers. Pettis and D.J. Peterson each made three 3-pointers in the first half, and Galloway and Sam Mills made two apiece.
La Salle's second-half shooting dropped to 36 percent (9 of 25), but it still led the Minutemen (12-4, 1-1) by 11 points with a minute left.
Tyreek Duren had 12 points and eight assists for La Salle, Mills had 11 points and Jerrell Wright had 12 rebounds.
Chaz Williams scored 24 points, Jesse Morgan 22 and Sean Carter 18 for Massachusetts, which had won six straight.


text: On 07/29/2010 01:58 PM, Eygene Ryabinkin wrote: > Good day. > > Today I was messing with the errors that were coming from our Grid > gatekeeper that whined that -W value for qsub is incorrect. It turned > out that something like "-W stagein=file1 at host1:src1,file2 at host2:src2" > was used and qsub rejected such specification. > > Digging the sources I had found that Subversion's r2367 was the point > where the regression was coined in. I had created a quick patch that > will eliminate this regression, the patch is attached. > > It works for me already for some hours and some hundreds of jobs, but > more eyes looking at the patches is always a good thing. > > Enjoy ;)) > > > > _______________________________________________ > torquedev mailing list > torquedev at supercluster.org > http://www.supercluster.org/mailman/listinfo/torquedev > Eygene, There was a fix for this put in a while ago in the 2.4 branch. In order to get the syntax to work you need to put single quotes around the value for stagin like the following: -W stagein=\'file1 at host1:src1,file2 at host2:src2\' Ken Nielson Adaptive Computing -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://www.supercluster.org/pipermail/torquedev/attachments/20100804/6b9c24ee/attachment.html


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BRIAN IN THE KITCHEN brought to you by Stittsworth Meats
April 15 2011
Perfect Hard Boiled Eggs
: Use of undefined constant content - assumed 'content' in
on line
12 Eggs
3 1/2 quarts water
High (not wide) Saucepan with cover
Bowl w/ice cubes & water (large enough to completely cover eggs)
*note: water should cover the eggs by 1 inch, so use a tall pan, and limit cooking to 2 dozen eggs at a time.
Lay the eggs in the pan and add the amount of cold water specified. Set over high heat and bring just to the boil; remove from heat, cover the pan, and let sit exactly 17 minutes.
When the time is up, transfer the eggs to the bowl of ice cubes and water. Chill for 2 minutes while bringing the cooking water to the boil again. (This 2 minute chilling shrinks the body of the egg from the shell.)
Transfer the eggs (6 at a time only) to the boiling water, bring to the boil again, and let boil for 10 seconds - this expands the shell from the egg. Remove eggs, and place back into the ice water.
Chilling the eggs promptly after each step prevents that dark line from forming, and if time allows, leave the eggs in the ice water after the last step for 15 to 20 minutes. Chilled eggs are easier to peel, as well.
The peeled eggs will keep perfectly in the refrigerator, submerged in water in an uncovered container, for 2 to 3 days.


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Jerusalem (CNSNews.com) - The Palestinian Authority's security chief did not anticipate a violent reaction to last week's visit to the Temple Mount by opposition Israeli lawmakers, a visit PA officials have blamed for triggering violent clashes in the region for the past six days.
Israeli Internal Security Chief Shlomo Ben-Ami said in a radio interview on Tuesday that his PA counterpart, Jibril Rajoub, told him before the visit that he did not "anticipate" an outbreak of violence as long as Likud leader Ariel Sharon actually did not enter the mosques on the Mount.
Sharon has been vilified throughout the Arab world and criticized by some western leaders for visiting the Temple Mount last Thursday. He did not enter the mosques located there but only visited the surrounding platform or compound.
Palestinians protesting the visit by Sharon and fellow Likud members began throwing stones. Later, Palestinians threw rocks at Jews praying at the Western Wall below. Riots quickly spread and soon were occurring across the disputed territories and in Israeli Arab communities.
One day before the Temple Mount visit, Rajoub made his assessment about the possible security implications in a telephone conversation with Ben-Ami, said Moshe Debi, a spokesman for Ben-Ami.
Israel would only have considered canceling Sharon's visit for security reasons, Debi added. "There wasn't any security reason" to cancel Sharon's visit, he said.
Comment from Rajoub's office was unavailable Tuesday.
In a public statement before Sharon's visit, Rajoub warned that he would not act to quell any violence should it erupt and spread through the territories as a result of the visit.
Letter to Albright
Sharon has denied that his visit to the site had anything to do with the violence that he said had begun several days earlier with an escalation of attacks on Israeli soldiers and civilians in the Gaza Strip.
The Likud leader rejected a U.S. State Department official's assessment of his Temple Mount visit.
In a letter to Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, Sharon said he found it "totally unacceptable" that the Secretary's spokesman had made a "false statement [that the visit] 'may have caused tension,' insinuating that it ignited the riots and disturbances in Jerusalem that spread to Judea, Samaria and Gaza and later, to Israel itself."
Last Friday, the day after trouble erupted, State Department spokesman Richard Boucher said: "Provocations that lead to tension need to be avoided."
In answer to a specific question about Sharon's visit, Boucher replied, "We, I think,
are quite concerned that the visit by Sharon to this site risked creating tensions, and in fact it did ... We think it is incumbent upon people on both sides to avoid actions that inflame the situation and create tension."
(Albright herself made a comment that was interpreted to mean that Sharon's visit had been "counter-productive." However, State Department spokesman Phil Reeker later said Albright had in fact said that the "violence ...is clearly counter-productive.")
Sharon said it was "most regrettable and disturbing" that Boucher had been "swayed by slanderous propaganda on the part of the Palestinian leaders and media, intended to put pressure on Israel and the U.S. to make additional concessions in the negotiations, under threat of violence if their demands are not met."
He said it was not his visit to the Temple Mount that "ignited" the violence.
Israel's security establishment had already concluded that "the violent riots and armed confrontations are part of a premeditated and organized campaign initiated by the Palestinian Authority" that began more than 10 days ago in the Gaza Strip.
"Prime Minister [Ehud] Barak has already stated very clearly that every Israeli citizen, be it Arab or Jew, has a right to visit any place which is under Israeli sovereignty," Sharon added.
He said, despite the violence, that he was still committed to achieving peace with Israel's Arab neighbors, including the Palestinians.
The Temple Mount, Judaism's holiest site, is also the location of two mosques, one of which is the third holiest in Islam.
It has been under Israeli sovereignty since Israel reunited Jerusalem under its control in 1967. However, Israel has allowed the Islamic religious authorities to maintain the site.


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This week's YouTubage comes to you largely thanks to Tyler Bledsoe and the recent deluge of rain hitting the West Coast of the US and A. First up, 100 magnificent moments of fromage from the silver screen, I find it hard to believe that the script writers didn't have a little giggle to themselves when they penned some of these lines:
Bruce Parry is a BBC presenter who likes to experience life in the drivers seat, he put together a series in which he went to live with a cannibalistic tribe and got involved on all levels:
El-Hajid Diouf plays football (soccer) for Manchester and he clearly has way more money than sense. Not only does he have a chrome Merc, but he's got this absurd Cadillac too. I feel bad that he has random people film him in the street but I have included this clip not only because looking at his car is like looking at a car crash: you know it's wrong but you can't help but look and also because the way his driver hands off a half smoked cigarette to a random but unquestioning passerby is fantastic:
This next clip comes courtesy of my dad and is dedicated to Mike O'Meally:
The skate clip this week comes from Tyler's home town, Mike Chin is a young buck OG Portland ripper, he has a new part out on Tribute Skateboards which is well worth checking out:


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Man in Court for Fraud
Wednesday, February 11, 2009
One Baboucarr Bah on
According to the particulars of the offence, on count 1, on or about the 17thday of November 2008 at Sukuta Junction, the accused stole 116 liters of petrol valued at D3,586 belonging to Ambil Fueling Petrol Station.
While on count 2, the particulars of the offence revealed that in the year 2006, while the accused was residing at old Yundum, with intend to defraud forged by changing his particulars to obtain another driving license. He admitted the charges and was convicted and sentence to a fine of D3,000 in default to serve two months imprisonment.
Author: Binta Fatty & Yai Dibba


text:
On 27/01/2006, at 12:25 AM, sai wrote:
> I have
> 10:16:00.273735 rl0 @0:10 b 169.254.15.77,138 -> 169.254.255.255,138
> PR udp len 20 236 IN
> showing up on the logs.
> Now rl0 is my LAN and the ip addresses are 192.168.10.1/24 so this
> shouldn't be coming from the LAN.
> There is nothing with 169..x.x.x in the arp tables. Is this packet
> from the LAN or what? If it is on my LAN then how do I track down
> which computer is doing this using m0n0?
> sai
This is an auto-configuration address, so yes it would most likely be
a LAN address.
Port 138 is a part of the original NetBIOS trio, so more than likely
it's a lost windows box.


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Local reps see Cuomo's budget as solid
January 23, 2013
By CHRIS MORRIS - Staff Writer (email@example.com) , Adirondack Daily Enterprise
North Country lawmakers are mostly pleased with Gov. Andrew Cuomo's proposed 2013-14 budget, which features no new taxes, more funding for environmental programs, additional aid for communities affected by 2011's Tropical Storm Irene and no upstate prison closures.
State Sen. Betty Little, R-Queensbury, and Assemblywoman Janet Duprey, R-Peru, both reacted positively to Cuomo's spending plan. Duprey said she hopes the state Legislature will be able to pass a third on-time budget.
To read more click HERE.


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The Patagonia Powder Town Beanie is a retro pom-pom hat for hitting the powder and styling at the lodge. This classic look has a 3 inch rib-knit cuff with a pom-pom on top to bring back the good old times. The fabric is a merino wool and nylon blend, making it super soft and insulating for your noggin, without the itch.
So sorry, but only 4 items are allowed for comparison, so we're comparing the first 4. I blame the gnomes and so should you.
Would you like to compare the products you have selected now?


text:
Gretna opened the scoring in the ninth minute when Colin McMenamin netted from the penalty spot and two minutes later David Nicholls blazed in a free kick.
County were reduced to 10 men when Alex Keddie was shown a second yellow card.
McMenamin shot home his second before a volley from Diarmuid O'Carroll caught Gretna by surprise. Alan Jenkins made it four when he rounded the keeper.
Gretna: Main, Barr, Skelton, Nicholls, Canning, Innes, Jenkins, Paarpalu (O'Neil 74), McMenamin (Bingham 83), Grady, Graham. Subs Not Used: Grainger, McGuffie, Fleming.
Goals: McMenamin 9 pen, Nicholls 11, McMenamin 80, Jenkins 90.
Ross County: Samson, Smith, Moore, Dowie, Keddie, McCulloch (Robertson 46), O'Carrol, Scott (Higgins 67), Shields, Cowan, McKinlay (Gardyne 46). Subs Not Used: Ragenzi, Ciani.
Sent Off: Keddie (73). Booked: Keddie, O'Carrol. Goal: O'Carrol 85.
Att: 1,361
Ref: C Boyle


text:
December 19, 2005
Waste Management Reverses Charges
I got this from one of the customer service people at Waste Management via email today, in reference to this post.
I have received your request to have the amount of your bill returned to you. I have overlooked this account and we did cancel it on the day you called in, but what I will do at this time is call our WMSC to have the amount you paid reversed back to your visa card.I do apologize you did not receive your trash container and this lead to your cancelation with Waste Management. I will email you back with a confirmation number for the reverse amount of $30.91 to be place back on your credit card.
So all those bad things I said before, I take them back. Waste Management agreed to reverse the charges with absolutely nothing more than an email from me explaining my situation. I'm updating the original entry with this information as well, and thank them for their quick action to resolve the situation.
The Unrepentant Individual linked with Waste Management
2 Comments
[...] Posts Waste Management Reverses Charges Da Bears Post hoc ergo propter hoc Are Income Taxes Voluntary? Waste ManagementFree Pizza and Beer! I Hate Poker West Wing Actor Dies FairTax Friday #2 Housing Costs – Two Views Smokers Catch NO Breaks… First Hate Mail! Carnival of Liberty XXIV Smokers are Personas Non Grata The Gadsden Flag [...]
WEll, Looks like things worked out after all.
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Hewitt takes short cut to Long Island
Page Tools
Lleyton Hewitt is flying: rather than taking a rest before next week's US Open, he has accepted a wildcard into another tournament, the TD Waterhouse Cup on Long Island.
It was such a hastily arranged entry that Hewitt arrived Greg Norman-style in a chartered helicopter. Maybe Norman gave him the contact details when Hewitt caddied for him at the Australian PGA last year.
One thing is certain - things are looking up for Hewitt. The seedings for the final grand slam tournament of the year, starting on Monday at Flushing Meadows, were announced on Tuesday and he was slotted in at No.4.
It's significant because for the first time in a long time, Hewitt is able to avoid being drawn against world No.1 Roger Federer or No.2 Andy Roddick until at least the semi-finals. If he gets that far into the tournament, with that many wins under his belt, Hewitt will take some beating.
His victory at last week's Washington Classic could well be replicated this week, with Andre Agassi's withdrawal leaving Peru's Luis Horna, two-time defending champion Paradorn Srichaphan and veteran Todd Martin as his biggest dangers.
"I'm feeling very good," Hewitt said after his 7-6 (7-3), 6-1 win over Frenchman Olivier Mutis in the opening round at Long Island. "I wanted to keep the momentum going. I'm just enjoying my tennis now. I should have won the first set easier than 7-6."
Hewitt's return to the world's top five this week came just eight months after his dramatic fall to No.18. He's gradually clawing his way back towards the top spot, which he held for 75 consecutive weeks between November, 2001, and April, 2003.
Not that Hewitt cares too much about rankings. He wants to win more grand slams.
Federer and Roddick both lost early at the Olympics, which Hewitt skipped because he thought preparing properly for the US Open was more important.
The former Wimbledon and US Open champion won't be the only Australian contender at Flushing Meadows.
His supporting act this time will be Alicia Molik, who is brimming with confidence after leaving Athens with a cherished bronze medal in her bag - an achievement that brought a tear to her eye.
With a big serve, big groundstrokes and sharp volleys, 17th-seeded Molik has all the tools. She can beat anyone on her day and at 23 years of age, she's starting to blossom. There could be more good days to come.


text: Al Gore's Amazing Assets By JD Collins January 18, 2013 Al Gore is back in the news today and you might not guess what its for. Read More Category: Articles Tags: Al Gore, CNBC, Kickin' Country, KIKN Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


text:
Real Time with Bill Maher/Episode 58
From The TV IV
|Episode 58
|Season 3, Episode 15
|September 2, 2005
|← 3x14
Episode 57
|3x16 →
Episode 59
|Real Time with Bill Maher — Season Three
| This article about an episode needs to be expanded with more information.
Please help out by editing it.
Episode 58 is the fifteenth episode of the third season of Real Time with Bill Maher, and the fifty-eighth episode overall.
Guests: Bradley Whitford, Michael Eric Dyson, Stephen Schneider, Mary Frances Berry, Fareed Zakaria, Anderson Cooper


text:
Lately, questions about the future of capitalism have become commonplace, almost fashionable, in western capitals. Amid the rubble of global finance in New York and London, a bout of soul-searching has taken hold equally among bankers and policy-makers as among shopkeepers and talk-show hosts.
Yet in the emerging economies at the fringes of global capitalism, there are surprisingly few calls at least in the mainstream policy debate for rolling back markets.
In the emerging markets, there has been no such existential angst about capitalism, no serious questioning of the role of the market, writes Arvind Subramanian, senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics, in a recent paper.
The question Subramanian poses is why the global financial crisis spawned a debate on capitalism in the advanced countries, but not in developing nations; the global financial crisis may have exposed the claim of a decoupled world economy, but it seems to have emphasised the decoupling in policy debate and long-term policy choices.
Most surprising, he claims, is the fact that there has not even been a pitch to restrict inflows of fickle foreign capital that were arguably at the centre of this crisis for many emerging markets.
He argues that the most important reason for the decoupled debate phenomenon is that the big development challenge in the developing world is not the state-market boundary but the more mundane yet fiendishly difficult question of how to improve the state and its basic capacity to deliver law and order, security and other essential services such as health, water, sanitation and education. That was so before the crisis. That will remain true in its aftermath, he says.
This is as true of Asia as it is of central and eastern Europe, says Marek Belka, director of the IMFs European department and a former Polish prime minister. Belka suggests that policy-makers across the former eastern bloc remain more devoted capitalists than their western counterparts.
Our interlocutors in the region have in most cases displayed deeper allegiance to the market economy than we would expect, or than people in the west, he tells Emerging Markets.
Belkas claim is that the global financial crisis has so far failed to undermine the impetus in central and eastern Europe towards market-led reforms. Nobody in this region at least is seriously talking about dropping market economy, however imperfect it is.
Although he admits that we do not have full clarity of what political and social consequences the crisis ultimately will exert on the world and on this region, Belka says that the free market, or the market economy to be more precise, is the only game in town. Nobody is talking socialism in this region.
Belka suggests that few now seriously dispute that macroeconomic stability, openness to trade, strong institutions and liberalised prices are necessary conditions for a successful shift from planned to market economies. But almost two decades since the fall of the Berlin Wall gave way to one of the most important economic revolutions of the past century, alarm is growing over the extent to which the process for central and eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union has fallen short of what backers of the market economy initially envisaged.
The fear is less about a return to socialism; rather, its that the biggest casualty of the financial crisis could be the belief of many common people that the transition from communism was bound to lead to a secure, happy and prosperous future.
Human crisis
Concerns about well-being are far from frivolous. According to the World Bank, eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union are in the grip of a human catastrophe. After a decade of strong growth and poverty reduction, the bank says the economic and financial crisis is likely to push almost 35 million people across the region back into poverty a third of the people that had escaped from it over the last ten years.
The bank expects that the number of poor and vulnerable people in the region will rise by 5 million for every 1% decline in GDP which suggests, according to Bank economists, that by the end of 2009 almost 25 million more people will be poor and vulnerable, and by the end of 2010 a further 10 million.
Of the regions 480 million people, 192 million are considered poor or vulnerable by the Bank, and nearly 90 million have moved out of poverty and vulnerability since 1999.
Shigeo Katsu, World Bank Vice President for the Europe and Central Asia Region, said last month in Washington: Within 10 months of the crisis, countries have started to lose the poverty gains made over the last 10 years. By end-2010, we may unfortunately see 35 million more people fall back into the poverty and vulnerability trap.
He added: This is a human crisis that is going largely unnoticed in the talk of the global financial and economic crisis.
The World Bank notes that the effects of the crisis are being felt through three key transmission mechanisms: financial, product, and labour markets.
In the financial sector, large current account debtors face immense rollover risks and volatility in foreign exchange markets has also led to uncertainty. At the same time, industrial output has plummeted, and the bank points out that some countries are now experiencing double-digit declines compared to a year ago.
Meanwhile unemployment is sharply up with unprecedented job losses in some countries and others poised for double-digit joblessness in the near future. For countries that rely on remittances in particular Albania, Moldova and Tajikistan the consequences could be dire: current simulations for Tajikistan suggest that an anticipated 30% decline in remittances could result in a 5% rise in the number of people living in poverty.
Mortality concerns
The transition from communism to capitalism across the region has had devastating human consequences since the collapse of the Soviet Union effects which still persist today. UNICEF attributes more than 3 million premature deaths to transition; the UN Development Programme estimates over 10 million missing men; and almost two decades since the start of the transition, only slightly over half of the ex-communist countries have regained their pre-transition life expectancy levels.
In January the Lancet, a medical journal, published the first ever study that empirically assesses the role of transition policies on increased mortality rates in post-communist countries. It finds a correlation between mass privatisations and higher death rates in transition countries.
The researchers showed that four or five of the worst countries in terms of life expectancy had implemented mass privatisation while only one of the five best performers had done so. They concluded that the mass privatisation and the shock therapy policies that encouraged it, ranked alongside the other causes of extra deaths such as acute psychosocial stress, reduced access to good medical care, rising social inequalities, social disorganisation and increased corruption.
And the region still faces overwhelming demographic challenges. The UNDP published a report this month claiming that Russias population may shrink by an additional 11 million people in the next 15 years, threatening its economic productivity.
Poor management
Columbia University economist and Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz has long maintained that flawed policies and poor management are to blame for the regions ills even before the global financial crisis took its toll. We didnt manage the transition very well, he tells Emerging Markets in an interview.
But he says that the assumptions underlying financial globalization must now be reassessed, in light of the devastating blow to the global financial system. Some rethinking now is surely a good thing. We pushed certain things like capital market liberalisation too far. The kind of financial market integration we had brought risk without reward and in the balance of risk and reward many people would say we got it wrong.
Weve now let loose a lot of bubbles around the region, he says. The hope will be that they learn the lesson and theyll move towards a more balanced market economy after the extremes.
But former EBRD chief economist and LSE professor Willem Buiter argues that todays financial crisis does not represent a transition issue at least not for central and eastern Europe. For the more developed parts of the region, he believes todays economic and financial turmoil represent mature country problems.
It is not a legacy of central planning that is causing them pain. It is the result of their being small countries with big crises who have experienced a classic boom and bust cycle which combined with a global economic recession that is the biggest since the 1930s.
[Central and eastern Europe] suffered from inadequate regulation and supervision. But so did the US and the UK. He notes, however, that transition has gone horribly askew further east, most acutely in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The region has seen the spread of corrupt, crony and clan capitalism and authoritarianism to various degrees, he says. And the trouble is that the countries most in need of deeper reforms, more growth and better public services tend also to have weakest institutions and so are most susceptible to corruption, Buiter adds.
The challenge posed by increasing corruption, lawlessness and mounting state control across the CIS is perhaps most profound for the EBRD, especially since the bank is specifically charged with promoting democracy, thereby placing it in direct conflict with some of its countries of operation.
The multilateral bank in recent years had stated to shift its focus eastwards as its operations, particularly in western Europe, appeared to be winding down; the eight countries which joined the EU in 2004 Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia were due to stop receiving EBRD funds in 2010, while the Czech Republic graduated early.
But the current crisis could change everything. EBRD president Thomas Mirow said recently that countries of central Europe now have other concerns than the one of when they will graduate. Lets cope with the crisis, lets look at what the crisis has done to these countries and how the recovery looks and then we will discuss when and how [they will graduate].
No cause for alarm?
Herbert Stepic, chief executive of Raiffeisen International acknowledges that the recent economic crisis had heightened fears of social and political upheaval not only among the regions fragile governments but also within the banking elite.
There was a worry that the process of transformation was suddenly interrupted and that would have meant social uproar in these countries: huge unemployment, crumbling growth and so on, says Stepic.
In particular, he says that concerns over western Europes support for its eastern neighbours was a central component of the bigger fear that transition could be thrown into reverse.
The political consequences of letting eastern Europe go would have been profound, he says. One of Europes greatest achievements in the past two decades was peacefully to reunify the continent after the end of the Soviet empire. But if the people of eastern Europe felt they had been cut loose by the west, they could easily fall prey to populists or nationalists in a manner not unknown in European history.
That would have meant strong social pressure on these young democracies. So we would have created again more or less visibly again a Europe of two dimensions or a Europe of two classes. That was an enormous risk, Stepic says.
But that worry, he says, has largely receded, in part to what he believes are renewed commitments from western European authorities to stabilize their eastern neighbours economies. That was very much at risk, but now things changed, Stepic says.
Stiglitz agrees that the fundamental drivers of transition have not been destroyed by todays crisis. The market economy is clearly better than what [the region] had before. I wouldnt say that were really at risk of [economic globalization] unwinding, he says.
But he warns that the process of transition may nevertheless have stalled. Theres a risk a very strong risk of progress going forward being very limited, with some degree of pullback. Thats very very serious.


text:
Yelp provides access to a wide variety of
information about local businesses, ranging from useful factual data to reviews.
One of the features that the Yelp application supports is the ability to tag
("bookmark") businesses of interest, optionally labeling them "to try" or "to
review", or adding a textual note. However, the facilities that Yelp offers to
browse bookmarked businesses are quite primitive. Bookmarks are presented in a
single linear list that can be filtered and sorted using a small set of
straightforward criteria, can have their labels and notes edited, and can be
deleted. As we saw in class, while most students used Yelp, very few used Yelp bookmarks.
This raises some interesting questions: Are there better ways to tag items, to organize them, to present them, and to interact with them to meet the user's needs?
Each of our final project teams addressed these questions by developing
personas and use scenarios, and creating a persistent HTML/JavaScript
application that used Yelp API v2
and OAuth to allow their users to search for
businesses. The teams concentrated on:
The following projects were presented at
the end of the semester:
Awesomenaut. Awesomenaut allows you to add custom description tags (like "cheap", "pizza", or "near school") to Yelp businesses with a few simple clicks. After you've tagged the businesses, simply go to "Your Tags" to filter businesses by your tags. It's a quick and easy way to organize businesses without using lists.
(Jose Rodriguez, Philip Liou, Robert Tolda and Rotem David)
Breadcrumbs. Breadcrumbs is an app designed to help you bookmark and organize businesses you've found on Yelp. The name "Breadcrumbs" should make you think of a trail of crumbs along a path, guiding you towards your favorite restaurants and bars.
The core functionality of Breadcrumbs centers around two pages: one where you can add bookmarks, and one where you can manage your existing bookmarks. You can organize your bookmarks into lists, check their Yelp reviews, and take your own notes. Breadcrumbs's simple organization and streamlined design will make it easy for you to get the most out of Yelp's deep database of businesses.
(Jonathan Balsano, Logan Donovan, Mark Micchelli and Yanyi Luo)
In this program, users can search interesting restaurants, bookmark them by existing labels or their own
new labels and add to their favorites list.
The favorites list (bookmarked list) is presented in tiles. Users can add businesses to
a comparison list, go to related Yelp page, manage the tags, and filter or sort their favorites list by various criteria.
They can also compare up to six businesses and see their locations on maps
on the "compare" page. Users' locations can be set and stored in "set location" page.
You can check out the website here.
(Binyan Chen, Jingzhe Song and Ying-Chi Meng)
FAKD, an intuitive website that allows users to easily manage their Yelp bookmarks, is very useful for people who relocate often and/or work far from home. When people move to a new city, it is hard to keep track of restaurants and other venues that fit their tastes. From friends' recommendations and online user reviews, our users can bookmark businesses and organize them in a meaningful, easy to remember way.
(Ananta Pande, Dylan Drop, Fernando Luo and Kofi Opoku)
Good Eats. Good Eats is the Yelp bookmarking service that you will love to use. Modeled on the idea of pinning cards to a corkboard, all of your saved businesses will always look fantastic. Good Eats gives you the power when it comes to sorting and filtering your saved places. Create up to 5 custom categories and assign them to businesses as you please. Sort businesses by name, rating, and popularity. Leave yourself notes for each place as well as locate it on the highly regarded Nokia maps, built right into every information card. If you are an avid Twitter user, you can tweet the links to the Yelp page right from any information card as well. Never before has it been so much fun to save your favorite places for later.
(Cole Diamond, Curtis Cooper, Jervis Muindi and Matthew Cowan)
Hel-lp is a web application that uses the Yelp API, and allows users to search for businesses. When the user searches for a business, the search results will be shown in
a box in the main container. The user is able to scroll to see all of the results. Hel-lp also provides the functionality for users to tag and quick save items, and browse their bookmarks by category, list and calendar.
(Feifei Zhong, Kyle Rego, Nishtha Agarwal and Qian Yu)
Tag Team.
Tag Team helps you find great places to eat, shop, drink, and play near you. You can search for places, filter and sort results, read reviews from peers, bookmark places that you think look interesting or want to avoid, and efficiently browse all of your bookmarks.
(Alden Quimby, Andrew Hitti, Colfax Selby and Matt Dean)
Yelp!Help is a tool designed to help you organize your Yelp bookmarks. While the Yelp bookmarks page only allows for filtering by one category at a time and sorting by either Name or Date Added, Yelp!Help expands upon these options by providing a simultaneous filter system and added sorting options. The user can filter by multiple categories and locations at once, giving them more control over what content they want to see.
Additionally, while Yelp only allows users to delete bookmarks one by one, Yelp!Help lets the user select and delete bookmarks in a batch, a useful addition when dealing with larger bookmark lists, or if the user wishes to remove all businesses of a certain category or in a certain location. Yelp!Help is geared toward those who travel often and need a quick and simple way to keep track of relevant businesses in multiple locations. It provides a multitude of sort and filter options in a simple, uncluttered interface.
(Andrew Goldin, Siddhi Mittal and Stephen Somuah)
Our application's goal is to provide a better way to categorize a user's Yelp bookmarks so that they are easier to find later on. Instead of just Places to Try/Review, we allow the user to create as many lists as possible with whatever names they want. Furthermore, venues can appear on multiple lists if they span multiple categories. The application is dynamic, so that the interface is uninterrupted and the user is not required to reload at all.
(John Liu, Kevin Lin, Ron Shapiro and Tikue Anazodo )
YelpMark is a Yelp bookmark enhancing web application that enables users to tag and save businesses discovered through the Yelp API. Users are able to see ratings, reviews, business information, and retrieve driving directions to the business. With YelpMark, users can search via voice or simple text input. Yelpmark supports geolocation, helping users find local results faster. Users can filter both bookmarks and search results by rating, user defined tag, and category.
(Alexandros Sigaras, Michael D'Egidio, Morris Hopkins and Seungwoo Lee )
Yelp Minion.
Yelp Minion is that little helper you wish you had. It takes the best of the Yelp search functionality and adds all new aspects of search and bookmarking that make finding, saving, and organizing your favorite places that much easier. One of the key features of our app is the ability to concatenate personal labels to restaurants that are bookmarked. That way, you can define bookmarks by tags such as "family friendly" or "date night", making these places easier to find when you need them most. Through the use of HTML, Twitter bootstrap, and jQuery to parse the JSON file from the Yelp API, we developed this product to be your little Minion that you can take with you, guiding you through the clutter of the native bookmarking API.
(Don Yu, Gil Chen-Zion, Jonathan Jia and Nikita Nadkarni)
With the Yelptastic application, users can organize their favorite spots to visit and easily browse through their favorites at a later time. We give them the functionality to search for new favorites, and then attach their own notes about a business when the user adds the place to their favorites. They can add
tags—keywords that can help them in identifying unique things about
a business when they add it to their favorites. Users are capable of filtering their favorites by rating or sorting the businesses by rating. Our users can even search through their existing favorites and the businesses wlil be returned as long as the query occurs in the favorite's name, tag, or notes. We present the favorites in a grid, allowing the user to view several of these bookmarks at the same time, and easily perform filtering, sorting, and interaction with
Yelp's content.
(Daniel Mercado, Jenee Benjamin, Orlando Pineda, and Varun Ravishankar)