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Hi, everyone. Recently I bought a voucher online to do 6sessions IPL hair removal treatments. I went to my first treatment today. My skin was not painful during the treatment but I could feel my hair was hot. Is it normal? My skin is really fine for now. Does it mean okay? I was looking at this website and found out many people got burnt from IPL. I'm just abit worrying if I will be like this. Thanks, Maggie
Should I be Concerned of Potentially Being Burned During IPL Hair Removal Treatments?
Doctor Answers 5
IPL Hair Removal Treatments
Like many others who have commented here, we don't use IPL anymore for hair removal. The treatment takes too long and isn't as effective and other lasers - like diode, Alexandrite, YAG. IPL targets the color only, with a pulse of light energy; other treatments are able to actually destroy the follicle producing the hair, as well as the hair itself, and the machines can operate faster than a machine that does an IPL pulse. All of that being said, many, many offices offer discounts on hair removal procedures because they think they are cheap and easy. This usually means you're getting treatments done by new or not well trained technicians, and often, like in this case, with older technologies. Burns can occur from poor treatments, sun exposure, medications, etc. so be sure that the office you are going to is well trained and is asking you questions about your sun exposure, medications, etc. before treatments. This is one sign of a well trained technician!
Burn Concerns during IPL Hair Removal Treatments
it is not unusual for your skin to feel warm (like you have a sunburn) after a IPL or laser hair reduction treatment. The sensation is typically temporary and lasts minutes to hours. No proceudre is without risk. One of the risks of hair reduction treatments, despite your providers best efforts, is the possibility of a burn or blister.
At SkinMD, we prefer to use the Lumenis 810-diode laser and the 1064nm Nd:YAG laser for hair reduction.
No matter what modality you use, make sure all your concerns are addressed before you sign consent, and your first treament is [erformed. As your treatments progress, be sure to discuss any questions or concerns you have with your provider.
Learn more: http://www.skinmdseattle.com
Burning after IPL hair removal
IPL hair removal can be effective and safe if done by an experienced professional.
However, burns can occur occasionally: 1st degree burns (redness) and second degree burns (blisters) have been reported. The most unpleasant consequence of 2nd degree burns is pigmentation which can last a long time.
At Lakeviewderm, in Chicago, we have stopped using IPL for hair removal and are now using the Alexandrite Laser for light to moderately dark skin and the Neodymium-YAG laser for very dark skin.
Make sure that you are being treated by an experienced, Board Certified Dermatologist or Plastic Surgeon.
You might also like...
People with darker skin types are more likely to be burned by IPL
If you tan easily, you are more likely to have problems with IPL hair removal especially if the technician or doctor is not highly skilled. Burns from IPL hair removal are the most common complication in the cosmetic laser arena. I have been an expert witness on numerous cases. Be certain that you are going to a doctor who is an expert!
ILP Hair removal
You should be fine as long as you have no blistering or obvious burns. You should feel like you have a sunburn and that should last a few hours. IPL technology is a wonderful as long as you have an experienced professional doing your treatments. If you have any concerns you should always contact your provider.
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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The Finagliosu holiday farm centre Stintino is approximately 20 minutes drive by both the Airport Alghero-Fertilia that from the port of Porto Torres. Also in 20 minute drive reach the tourist resorts of Stintino and Alghero Coral Riviera, while in about 30 minutes you can go to visit the important center in Sassari.
Contacts and Info
Agriturismo Finagliosu
Web sites:
Studio grafico e sviluppo web: Imer Web Design
Ottimizzato 800x600 - Browser compatibili: Internet Explorer 6.0, Firefox 188.8.131.52, Opera 9.00, Netscape 7.1

subset: commoncrawl


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Posted by anonymous
My family hired Mr. Longo for injuries sustained to my grandfather due to poor maintenance of his residence by landlord. Mr. Longo has kept the family informed, on request and has traveled from
Boston to New York to personally take care of his cases.
He is an attorney determined to go the extra mile and our family is gratefully for the effort he has and continues to show as our case moves forward.
Posted by Gerard
Mike provided me and my family real estate services when I closed on 2 separate properties in NY. Although it was difficult dealing with the contra parties, Mike helped make the situation less stressful. He was very detail-oriented, organized, and thorough throughout the entire process. Definitely someone you can trust to make the right decisions. I was content with his services and would use him again if he ever relocates back to NY. I highly recommend Mike Longo regardless of the line of law for which you need service. His 15+ years of experience in the industry speaks for itself.


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Looking for StorkCraft Contact Information and News Updates? Click Here.
If you know me then you know I'm the father of 7 month old Jaxson Daniel Nedelko. Since I've been a Dad I'm pretty mindful (of alot of things) but I'm pretty watchful for his safety.
He is a little mover, awake and asleep and I want him to always be as safe as possible. That's why it pisses me off when a company life StorkCraft does a crappy job of handling a safety and recall issue. First they deny there is a problem, then they do issue a recall but don't put anything in place to properly handle the recall.
Their phone lines are jammed, their website is down and they are only issuing official Press Releases. Well I'm here to officially say screw you StorkCraft. You can be sure I'll never purchase another one of your products ever again and I definitely hope no one else purchases any of your products.
It's less about the fact there is a recall. It's how you handled it, or how you didn't handle it.
That's what is really at issue here. You're a backwards company and don't deserve the right to be producing products for our children, not with your brutal attitude. Check this piece of lame spin out:
"In the majority of incidents, the cribs were being used with broken parts, parts with pieces missing, parts that were damaged or with modified or homemade parts," the firm said in a statement.
"In some incidents, the crib was in a state of significant disrepair. In other cases, the consumer had installed the drop-side rail upside down — contrary to the instructions that are glued to the mattress base of each crib. This causes extraordinary stress on the plastic parts that could result in breakage."
Which is basically saying "no no it's YOUR fault, not ours" - which is complete and utter bullshit. Your products are clearly not well designed, harm children and your spin is not going to change that. Here some more information on the StorkCraft Crib Recall from Mama Knows
I'm compiling a list of useful resources for Storkcraft News, Storkcraft Parts, company contact information and any additional press releases I run into here. Please comment below if you have additional news and information about the Storkcraft Recall
November 24, 2009 - Storkcraft CEO "Blindsided" by Recall (Toronto Star)
January 13, 2009 - The first Storkcraft Recall Press Release
CBC News - Storkcraft Recalls "Jams" Website
November 23, 2009 - The second Storkcraft Recall Press Release
Canadian Trade Index Listing for StorkCraft Manufacturing
StorkCraft on Twitter - they seem to be communicating, finally.
Update Nov 30, 2009 - StorkCraft Facing Wave of Lawsuits
|7433 Nelson Road
Richmond, BC,


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Post-core stage-stompers The Dismemberment Plan are back and action-packed as ever. See for yourself as they hop up on the the KEXP stage at Judson Church Friday, October 18 at 2 pm. Then book over to their Terminal 5 show later tonight to see a whole heaping helping of what has made the recently reunited legends such, well, legends!
To warm up, hear the band tell their tale on NPR's "Morning Edition" here. And they've even got a new video, check it out below. Sounds like a plan!
Get More:


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Edward Bach
Edward Bach (/ˈbætʃ/ BACH ( listen (help·info)); 24 September 1886 – 27 November 1936) was a British doctor,[1][2] homeopath, bacteriologist and spiritual writer, best known for developing a range of remedies called the Bach flower remedies, a form of alternative medicine inspired by classical homeopathic traditions.
Bach was born in Wales and later grew up in Birmingham. At the age of 20 he entered Birmingham University, going on to University College Hospital in London to complete his studies.[3] He studied medicine at the University College Hospital, London, and obtained a Diploma of Public Health (DPH) at Cambridge.
In 1917 Bach had a malignant tumour removed from his spleen. It was predicted that he had only three months left to live, but instead he recovered. Bach died in his sleep on 27 November 1936, at the age of 50.[4][additional citation needed]
Bach flower remedies[edit]
In 1930, at the age of 43, he decided to search for a new healing technique. He spent the spring and summer discovering and preparing new flower remedies – which include no part of the plant but simply what Bach claimed to be the pattern of energy of the flower. In the winter he treated patients free of charge.
Rather than being based on medical research, using the scientific method, Bach's flower remedies were intuitively derived[7] and based on his perceived psychic connections to the plants.[8]p. 185 If he felt a negative emotion, he would hold his hand over different plants, and if one alleviated the emotion, he would ascribe the power to heal that emotional problem to that plant. He believed that early morning sunlight passing through dew-drops on flower petals transferred the healing power of the flower onto the water,[9] so he would collect the dew drops from the plants and preserve the dew with an equal amount of brandy to produce a mother tincture which would be further diluted before use.[10] Later, he found that the amount of dew he could collect was not sufficient, so he would suspend flowers in spring water and allow the sun's rays to pass through them.[9]
While he recognised the role of the germ theory of disease, defective organs and/or tissue, and other known and demonstrable sources of disease, Bach wondered how exposure to a pathogen could make one person sick, while another was unaffected, when to all appearances and analysis they were in equal states of health. He postulated that illness was the result of a conflict between the purposes of the soul and the personality's actions and outlooks. This internal war, according to Bach, leads to emotional imbalances and energetic blockage, which causes a lack of harmony, thus leading to physical diseases. Bach's remedies focus on treatment of the patient's personality, which he believed to be the ultimate root cause of disease.
Bach nosodes[edit]
Starting in 1919, he worked at the London Homeopathic Hospital, where he was influenced by the work of Samuel Hahnemann.[8]p. 186 In this period, he developed seven bacterial nosodes known as the seven Bach nosodes. Their use has been mostly confined to British homeopathy practitioners.
These Bowel Nosodes[11] were introduced by Bach and the British homeopaths, John Paterson (1890–1954)[12] and Charles Edwin Wheeler (1868–1946)[13] in the 1920s. Their use is based on the variable bowel bacterial flora associated with persons of different homeopathic constitutional types.[14]
The Bach Centre[edit]
The Bach Centre house at Mount Vernon, is owned today by a Registered Charity controlled by the Ramsell family set up by John Ramsell in 1989.[6][5]
See also[edit]
- ^ Matthew Wood Vitalism
- ^ Frankie Hutton Rose Lore
- ^ "Dr Edward Bach". crystalherbs.com.
- ^ Mechthild Scheffer (2001). The Encyclopedia of Bach Flower Therapy. Rochester, Vermont: Healing Arts Press. pp. 13–5.
- ^ a b http://www.bachcentre.com/centre/faq.htm
- ^ a b http://www.bachcentre.com/disclaimer.php
- ^ Graham, Helen (1999). Complementary Therapies in Context: The Psychology of Healing. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 254. ISBN 1-85302-640-9.
- ^ a b Wood, Matthew (2000). Vitalism: The History of Herbalism, Homeopathy and Flower Essences. Richmond, Calif: North Atlantic Books. ISBN 1-55643-340-9.
- ^ a b Larimore, Walt; O'Mathuna, Donal (2007). Alternative Medicine: The Christian Handbook, Updated and Expanded (Christian Handbook). Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan. p. 293. ISBN 0-310-26999-7.
- ^ Robson, Terry (2004). An Introduction to Complementary Medicine. Allen & Unwin Academic. pp. 184–185. ISBN 1-74114-054-4.
- ^ John Paterson The Bowel Nosodes
- ^ John PATERSON (1890–1954) PHOTOTHÈQUE HOMÉOPATHIQUE Homéopathe International
- ^ Charles Edwin Wheeler PHOTOTHÈQUE HOMÉOPATHIQUE Homéopathe International
- ^ Prescribing on the basis of Nosodes & Bowel Nosodes Homoeopathy Clinic website


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by Staff Writers
Baikonur, Kazakhstan (Voice of Russia) Apr 29, 2014
The Proton-M carrier rocket, launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome on Monday, has put the Luch-5B relay satellite into target orbit, the Khrunichev state space research and production center's spokesman told Interfax.
"The Luch-5B successfully separated from the Briz-M upper stage at 5:17 pm Moscow rime (GMT)," the spokesman said.
Luch-5B was developed and made by the Krasnoyarsk-based Reshetnev Information Satellite Systems.
It is the third satellite of the Luch multipurpose space responder system, intended for maintaining communication with ground services for the Russian segment of the International Space Station, low-orbit spacecraft, carrier rockets and upper stages.
The satellite weighs 1,200 kilograms and its service life is ten years. It is positioned at 95 degrees east longitude.
The Proton-M and the Briz-M upper stage were developed and made by the Khrunichev center.
Source: Voice of Russia
Related Links
Station and More at Roscosmos
S.P. Korolev RSC Energia
Russian Space News
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This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Brain neurons and tissues respond to sublethal injury by activating endogenous protective pathways. Recently, following the failure of a large number of clinical trials for protective strategies against stroke that aim to inhibit a specific ischemia response pathway, endogenous neuroprotection has emerged as a more promising and hopeful strategy for development of therapeutics against stroke and neurodegenerative disorders. Neuroglobin (Ngb) is an oxygen-binding globin protein that is highly and specifically expressed in brain neurons. Accumulating evidence have clearly demonstrated that Ngb is an endogenous neuroprotective molecule against hypoxic/ischemic and oxidative stress-related insults in cultured neurons and animals, as well as neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, thus any pharmacological strategy that can up-regulate endogenous Ngb expression may lead to novel therapeutics against these brain disorders. In this review, we summarize recent studies about the biological function, regulation of gene expression, and neuroprotective mechanisms of Ngb. Furthermore, strategies for identification of chemical compounds that can up-regulate endogenous Ngb expression for neuroprotection against stroke and neurodegenerative disorders are discussed.
In the past 20 years, a large number of clinical trials for neuroprotectants against stroke and neurodegenerative disorders have yielded mostly disappointing outcomes. Nevertheless, enormous knowledge has been learnt from these trials and related basic investigations. In particular, preconditioning studies have demonstrated that activation of endogenous protective mechanisms can prevent or limit brain damage. Activation of these endogenous protective mechanisms could be a more promising strategy for the development of new therapies against stroke and neurodegenerative disorders. Neuroglobin (Ngb) is an oxygen-binding globin protein that is highly and specifically expressed in brain neurons[
Endogenous protection pathways can be activated in the brain in response to a wide variety of stimuli, in which a large number of proteins are involved and show protective effects [
One of the endogenous neuroprotective molecules is Ngb, whose broad neuroprotective effects against stroke and neurodegenerative disorders have been demonstrated by a series of experimental studies [
Globins, including hemoglobin, myoglobin and cytoglobin, are oxygen-binding proteins that widely exist and play important roles in many taxa, including bacteria, plant, fungi and animals. In 2000, Ngb was for the first time identified as a new globin family member that is highly expressed in brain neurons [
The oxygen-binding property and neuron specific expression of Ngb are strong indications of Ngb's neuroprotection role against hypoxic/ischemic neuron injury. Gene expression alteration approaches have been applied to address this issue. The first report in this category by Sun
Previous studies on the neuroprotective effects of Ngb are mostly based on models using transgenic overexpression approaches. However, for stroke therapy, it would be more practical and easily applicable if increased Ngb protein level in brain tissue can be achieved after stroke. A recent report by Cai
As a brain specific oxygen-binding protein, it is not surprising that Ngb is also protective against other models of neurological disorders. One example is that Ngb overexpression was protective against beta-amyloid and NMDA toxicity in both cultured neurons and in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) model of mice [
It has been widely accepted that Ngb is protective against hypoxic/ischemic brain injury [
Ngb protein in human or mouse exists as a monomer, which is distinct from the heterotetrameric hemoglobins. The 3D structure of human [
A number of studies have indicated that Ngb's neuroprotection role is related to its ability in scavenging reactive species, because Ngb can directly bind to nitric oxide (NO) with high intrinsic affinity and a low dissociation rate [
In addition to the possible O2 sensing and ROS scavenging functions described above, Ngb has also been hypothesized to act as a signal transducer. Dr. Morishima's lab found that ferric human Ngb (met-Ngb) binds to the GDP-bound state of G protein α subunit (Gα), and exerts guanine-nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI) activity [
Based on the above findings and the kinetics study of Ngb reaction with O2 and NO, Brunori
The proper function of Ngb requires a met-Ngb reductase to maintain the balance between redox and oxidized Ngb. Complying with this scenario, Dr. Brunori's lab found that NADH:flavorubredoxin oxidoreductase (FlRd-red) from
Previous studies have suggested that Ngb is very likely to function in multiple pathways leading to its neuroprotection role, as described above. Based on this, our laboratory has hypothesized that Ngb may also play a role in regulating gene expression in response to hypoxia/OGD; we therefore performed a microarray screening to examine the effect of Ngb overexpression on the expression of hypoxic-response genes in mouse cortical neurons. We found that 20 genes were downregulated at early phase OGD/Reoxygenaton in wild type neurons, while 12 of them were no longer significantly changed in Ngb-overexpressing neurons [
Another example of Ngb involvement in signal transduction was found in the animal model of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Ngb has been shown to attenuate beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity [
Ngb expression has been shown to be confined to metabolically active, oxygen-consuming cell types [
Hypoxia and OGD result in mitochondrial depolarization [
To further dissect the molecular mechanisms of Ngb neuroprotection, our laboratory recently did a screening for the protein interaction partners of mouse Ngb, using yeast two-hybrid assay. We identified several Ngb-binding proteins, including Na/K ATPase beta 1, cytochrome c1, ubiquitin C, voltage-dependant anion channel (VDAC) and a few more [
From the beginning of its discovery, Ngb gene expression has been found to be highly tissue-specific.
Among all Ngb-expressing cells, the highest expression is seen in the retina, with the estimated concentration about 100-fold higher than in the brain [
The expression of Ngb gene is up-regulated under hypoxic/ischemic conditions both in cultured cells [
A few recent studies focused on the transcriptional regulation mechanisms of Ngb gene expression. Zhang
Besides brain neurons and the retina, Ngb expression could also be detected in other tissues such as pancreas, adrenal gland and testes, but the expression level was lower [
Overall, emerging data have clearly documented that up-regulation of Ngb gene expression is neuroprotective against hypoxic/ischemic brain injury [
As described earlier (Section 2), a few chemical compounds have been identified that are able to up-regulate endogenous Ngb gene expression, including valproic acid (VPA), cinnamic acid and 17β-estradiol (E2) [
17β-estradiol (E2) was found to upregulate Ngb expression in both the SK-N-BE human neuroblastoma cell line and mouse hippocampal neurons [
It should be noted that the Ngb-upregulation effect of the above three molecules were all discovered in neuron cultures, thus many issues remain to be investigated, e.g., their Ngb regulation effect in animal models, the function and specificity of Ngb regulation. These three molecules need to be further studied as to whether they can be developed into therapeutic molecules via up-regulating Ngb. We expect that more small molecules may be Ngb upregulators and additional screening is necessary. As the availability of positive controls in screening assay is critical, it is necessary to justify in different models whether VPA, cinnamic acid and E2 can serve as positive controls for future screening to identify more Ngb upregulators.
Our laboratory has just started to establish a cell-based high throughput screening (HTS) system for identifying novel small molecules capable of up-regulating Ngb expression. This screening approach has been successfully used in searching compounds for up-regulating intracellular proteins [
Generally, HTS incorporates two steps: (1) Establishment of a biological detection system; (2) Screening and validation of effective compounds. A common method of biological detection for transcriptional activation is to employ a cell-based assay with a reporter gene driven by the key promoter elements of the target gene. A popularly applied reporter gene is the firefly luciferase gene, due to its high sensitivity and cost efficiency [
A standard drug development procedure goes from cell assay to animal model, and eventually to clinical trial. An ideal compound would be able to induce the expression of endogenous neuroprotective molecules in both animal and human neurons and brains, therefore it is necessary to establish both mouse and human cell-based reporter constructs,
Once the stable cell lines containing Ngb reporter construct has been validated, compound screening can be performed on a cell-based high throughput assay system [
We acknowledge that several technological issues require attention in the HTS process. For example, a certain amount of small molecules are interesting during the screening, however, some of them may turn out to be false positives during further validation and optimization, typically after a great deal of time and resources have been devoted, thus it would be critical to minimize false positives during the early screening stages [
In summary, the strategy we described above comprises two translational features. First, we will establish both mouse and human stable cell lines with Ngb promoter reporter to ensure that selected compounds are capable of activating both mouse and human Ngb promoters. Second, validation as the key component will be conducted in every step of small molecule screening and therapeutic development. The general strategy of this small molecule screening system is summarized in
This work was supported in part by NIH grants R01-NS049476 and RO1-NS065998 (to X.W.), and Postdoctoral Fellowship (12POST9720007) from the American Heart Association (to Z.Y.). We appreciate Eng H. Lo for his very helpful discussion. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Possible molecular mechanisms of Ngb neuroprotection by modulating cell death/survival signaling pathways. Ngb may function as an O2 and NO sensor. Ngb has guanine-nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI) activity and can prevent Gα from binding to the Gβγ complex and activates the downstream signaling pathway. Ngb may inhibit the dissociation of Rac-1 from its endogenous GDI, thus preventing hypoxia-induced actin polymerization and microdomain aggregation. Ngb may interact with VDAC and inhibit hypoxia/OGD-induced mPTP opening and Cyt c release from mitochondria. Ngb could convert Cyt c3+ to Cyt c2+, and subsequently interfere with apoptotic signaling cascades or scavenge nitric oxide. Ngb may interact with Cyc1 and inhibit hypoxia/OGD-induced ROS generation by mitochondria complex III.
Strategy of small molecule screening for chemical compounds capable of up-regulating Ngb gene expression. The key steps in this strategy include: (


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INTRODUCTION OF THE DUE PROCESS AND ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS RESTORATION ACT -- (Extensions of Remarks - April 15, 2005)
Mr. PAUL. Mr. Speaker, I rise to introduce the Due Process and Economic Competitiveness Restoration Act, which repeals Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Passed in the hysterical atmosphere surrounding the Enron and WorldCom bankruptcies, Sarbanes-Oxley was rushed into law by a Congress more concerned with doing something than with doing the right thing. Today, American businesses, workers, and investors are suffering as a result of Congress's eagerness to appear "tough on corporate crime." Sarbanes-Oxley imposes costly new regulations on the financial services industry. These regulations are damaging America's capital markets by providing an incentive for small U.S. firms and foreign firms to deregister from U.S. stock exchanges. According to a study by the prestigious Wharton Business School, the number of American companies deregistering from public stock exchanges nearly tripled the year after Sarbanes-Oxley became law, while the New York Stock Exchange had only 10 new foreign listings in all of 2004.
The post-Sarbanes-Oxley reluctance of small businesses and foreign firms to register on American stock exchanges is easily understood when one considers the costs this act imposes on businesses. According to a survey by Kron/Ferry International, Sarbanes-Oxley has cost Fortune 500 companies an average of $5.1 million in compliance expenses in 2004, while a study by the law firm of Foley and Lardner found that the act has increased the cost associated with being a publicly held company by 130 percent.
Many of the major problems with Sarbanes-Oxley stem from Section 404 that requires that a Chief Executive Officer certify the accuracy of financial statements and that a company's outside auditors must "attest to" the soundness of the internal controls used in preparing the statements. The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board defines internal controls as "controls over all significant accounts and disclosures in the financial statements." According to John Berlau, Warren Brookes Fellow at the Competitive Enterprise Institute, the definition of internal controls is so broad that a CEO could possibly be found liable for not using the latest version of Windows! Financial analysts have identified Section 404 as the major reason why American corporations are hoarding cash instead of investing it in new ventures.
Journalist Robert Novak, in his column of April 7, said that, "[f]or more than a year, CEOs and CFOs have been telling me that 404 is a costly nightmare" and "ask nearly any business executive to name the biggest menace facing corporate America, and the answer is apt to be number 404 ..... a dagger aimed at the heart of the economy."
Compounding the damage done to the economy by Sarbanes-Oxley is the harm the act does to constitutional liberties and due process. CEOs and CFOs can be held criminally liable, and subjected to up to 25 years in prison, for inadvertent errors. Laws criminalizing honest mistakes done with no intent to defraud are more typical of police states than free societies. I hope those who consider themselves "civil libertarians" will recognize the danger of imprisoning any citizens for inadvertent mistakes, put aside any prejudice against private businesses, and join my efforts to repel Section 404.
Nowhere in the United States Constitution is the federal government given the authority to regulate the accounting standards of private corporations. These questions are to be resolved by private contracts between a company and its shareholders and by state and local regulations. I would remind my colleagues who are skeptical of the ability of markets and local law enforcement to protect against fraud that the market passed judgment on Enron, in the form of declining stock prices, before Congress even held the first hearing on the matter. My colleagues should also keep in mind that certain state attorneys general have been very aggressive in prosecuting financial crimes
Far from fulfilling the promise of the authors of Sarbanes-Oxley that it would protect economic growth by creating a favorable investment climate, Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act has raised the costs of doing business, thus causing foreign companies to withdraw from American markets and retarding economic growth. By criminalizing inadvertent mistakes and exceeding Congress's constitutional authority, Section 404 also undermines the rule of law and individual liberty. I, therefore, urge my colleges to cosponsor the Due Process and Economic Competitiveness Restoration Act.


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Make a Donation
As a small, independent charity, we rely on the generosity of individuals to support our work for Britain's bumblebees.
A gift to us helps achieve our vision of communities and countryside that are rich in bumblebees and colourful wildflowers, supporting a diversity of wildlife and habitats for everyone to enjoy.
Here are some examples of how we use your donations:
- £10 pays for printing and posting two information packs for volunteers to display in their communities.
- £15 buys 2kg of seed for wildflower habitat creation in arable margins.
- £25 helps cover the costs of a site visit to advise on sympathetic land management for wildlife.
Ways to Give
Donate now
To send us a donation, please use the online donation tool below or download and send in a donation form. You can also make a donation via JustGiving by clicking here.
Gift Aid makes your donation go even further - and doesn't cost you a penny! If you are a UK taxpayer, we can claim an additional 25p for every pound you donate. Note: you must pay an amount of income tax and/or capital gains tax in each year at least equal to the tax that the charity will claim from HM Revenue & Customs on your Gift Aid donation(s).
Please find a Gift Aid Declaration Form here that you can print, complete and return to the Bumblebee Conservation Trust.
Please click here for more information about leaving us a gift in your Will or honouring the life of a loved one by setting up a 'Gifts in Memory' fund.
Advertise with us
Another way to support our work is to advertise your business in our Buzzword newsletter. This high quality and informative newsletter is produced three-times per year and goes to our ever-growing membership. For more details about ad sizes and rates, please email firstname.lastname@example.com.
"Bumblebees are key factors in our wildlife. If they disappear many of our plants will not bear fruit. I am proud to be associated with the Bumblebee Conservation Trust".
David Attenborough


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Camp Expectations
Please read and discuss the following expectations prior to arrival at Camp. If you have questions, please contact Camp Staff at (207) 974-4796 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
1. Embrace this experience. While we realize there may be elements that are outside your comfort zone (or your parents) all of these are in effect to provide you with amazing opportunities to work with, and in, the healthcare field.
2. Campers are under the authority of the Camp Staff during their stay and must adhere to all rules set forth within this notice, and those specifically mentioned by Staff and Volunteers during the course of the week. Due to the professional nature of this camp experience, any unsafe or unacceptable behaviors will result in the camper being removed from activities and possible dismissal from Camp.
3. Campers are expected to respect Camp Staff, property and other campers throughout the camp program and to conduct themselves in an appropriate manner at all times. Any inappropriate behavior or language is cause for dismissal from Camp.
4. Our program is a fully-intensive program and held at a variety of locations. Bus transportation is provided for campers and staff by licensed, professional drivers.
5. We strongly encourage campers and staff to refrain from making other commitments during the duration of camp.
6. For the safety of all campers, no camper is allowed to have any visitors during the week. In addition, no pets are allowed on campus at any time during the camp program. In the event of a family emergency, arrangements can be made by contacting our Camp Coordinator Alissa Gervais at (207) 478.9821.
7. Camp Survivor provides campers with the opportunity to interact with individuals in a variety of locations and settings. Therefore, it is important that campers are aware that some patients, campers, volunteers and professionals may have sensitivities to perfumes, aftershaves, colognes, hairspray and other scented products and prepare accordingly while at camp.
8. Because we expect our campers to build lasting friendships, interact with each other and fully embrace our program, we ask that campers refrain from bringing any electronic devices to camp with them. We do allow (and encourage!) cameras that are not associated with cell phones so participants can capture the many awesome opportunities and experiences they will have during their week. Should parents wish to check in on how their camper is doing, please call our Camp Coordinator Alissa Gervais on her cell at (207) 478.9821. She will ensure that campers have the opportunity to call home and check in if requested.
9. Possession of the following items will result in immediate dismissal from our program: Alcohol or tobacco products, any type of weapon (this includes pocket knives), flame-producing devices (including matches, lighters and firecrackers).
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As you will often see in the Heisman-watch media, there is a minor boomlet now occurring on behalf of a hot candidate.
Last week, it was Kay-Jay Harris, this week is it Kyle Orton. You see it every year.
CNN/SI has fallen head-over-heels for the Boilermaker QB, as shown here: http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2004/writers/luke_winn/09/12/heisman.watch/
While Heismanpundit agrees that Orton is a worthy candidate (we have him No. 5), to put him No. 1 at this time–as CNN/SI does–is very premature.
Let's not forget that Orton plays for a second-tier (at best) power. For all of Purdue's quarterback tradition, it has never won a Heisman. The reason for that is because Purdue hasn't always had the best teams over the years. It would take the combination of Orton having an incredible season, Purdue winning the Big Ten and other players slipping up for Orton to have a good shot at winning.
Now, Purdue has a chance to end up with a good record this season, but I don't think two superb games against the likes of Ball State and Syracuse are anything to go crazy about…yet. Let's see how he does against Michigan.Powered by Sidelines


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This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
The goal of the present study is to integrate different datasets in cell biology to derive additional quantitative information about a gene or protein of interest within a single cell using computational simulations. We propose a novel prototype cell simulator as a quantitative tool to integrate datasets including dynamic information about transcript and protein levels and the spatial information on protein trafficking in a complex cellular geometry. In order to represent the stochastic nature of transcription and gene expression, our cell simulator uses event-based stochastic simulations to capture transcription, translation, and dynamic trafficking events. In a reconstructed cellular geometry, a realistic microtubule structure is generated with a novel growth algorithm for simulating vesicular transport and trafficking events. In a case study, we investigate the change in quantitative expression levels of a water channel-aquaporin 4-in a single astrocyte cell, upon pharmacological treatment. Gillespie based discrete time approximation method results in stochastic fluctuation of mRNA and protein levels. In addition, we compute the dynamic trafficking of aquaporin-4 on microtubules in this reconstructed astrocyte. Computational predictions are validated with experimental data. The demonstrated cell simulator facilitates the analysis and prediction of protein expression dynamics.
Advancements in optical imaging, microscopy, and quantitative techniques in molecular biology allow the measurement of protein expression levels, localization, and dynamic trafficking events in a single cell or a population of cells. The entire "life-story" of a protein including the transcriptional activation of its gene, mRNA generation and processing, translation, transport of the mature protein to its subcellular destination and its eventual degradation dynamics can be measured with different molecular biology techniques. For example, the temporal evolution of protein expression after exposure to a pharmacological agent is commonly detected by techniques like western blotting. Quantitative methods like proteomics profiling or pulse-chase radioisotope labeling can measure the kinetic rates of transcription, translation and degradation. The dynamics of protein trafficking and transport are captured by using immunofluorescence labeling techniques or through the use of fusion proteins, where the target protein is tagged with a fluorescent molecule for visualization [
With fluorescent tags like quantum dots [
For the prototype cell simulator, we use stochastic simulations transcription and translation [
By incorporating kinetic data of protein synthesis and transport rates into the cell simulator, we can (1) predict the spatiotemporal distribution of a protein in response to a pharmacological stimulus; (2) quantify how a drug can alter the expression levels of a protein to better understand the mechanism behind its dynamic response; and (3) discover hidden kinetic rates that are difficult to measure experimentally using inversion methods.
In this study, we use the cell simulator to capture the transcriptional and translational mechanisms behind dynamic changes of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression in a single astrocyte. The aquaporin family proteins play a central role in homeostasis. Among the discovered 13 aquaporin families [
The mathematical modeling of the life-cycle of AQP4 proteins from gene activation to membrane expression is composed of sequential kinetic reaction processes for gene transcription, translation, and the transport of AQP4 proteins in vesicles towards the astrocytic endfeet. Event-based stochastic simulation mimics the random fluctuations of gene activation in a single cell. The kinetic rate constants are estimated from deterministic representation. Alternatively, kinetic rates can be determined by inversion of stochastic differential equation models [
Powerful cellular simulators exist that can describe dynamic cellular activities with deterministic or stochastic mathematical formulations. For example,
One of the advantages of modeling cellular events with a single cell simulator as opposed to using partial differential equations that describe an entire cell population is the ability to portray the trafficking and polarized protein distribution in the cell in a way that is comparable to microscopic images. Protein trafficking through vesicular transport on the cytoskeleton is a key event that brings it to its functional destination. Birbaumer and Schweitzer have simulated the dynamics of vesicle fusion and transport as stochastic transitions with the Langevin equation [
Overview of cell simulators.
|Author, year
|Cell simulator
|Simulation event
|Mathematical model
|Transport on cytoskeleton
|Natural cell structure
|3d Visualization
|Kim, 2013
|This work
|Loew, 2001 [
|Tomita, 1999 [
|Hattne, 2005 [
|Raymond, 2003 [
|Ander, 2004 [
|Stiles, 1996 [
|Plimpton, 2003 [
|Andrews, 2004 [
|Boulianne, 2008 [
|Le Novère, 2001 [
For simulating AQP4 upregulation and its endfeet polarization, our model needs to compute gene transcription, translation and protein transport in a spatially distributed system at the single cell level. For proteins that are expressed in a specific cellular location in order to carry out their physiological functions, the trafficking and polarized expression of these proteins after translation becomes very important in understanding the temporal dynamics of cellular response to a stimuli. In our particular case study, the directed transport of mature AQP4 on the microtubules toward the endfoot membrane requires an accurate mathematical representation of the packaging of AQP4 into vesicles, association with motor proteins, and realistic transport kinetics along the cytoskeleton. A major portion of protein trafficking events occurs through active transport by motor proteins along the microtubules. Taking advantage of the discrete population-based stochastic algorithm, our simulator will be able to capture the transport and reaction events of molecules in a single cell, and track the localization of each molecule at any moment in time.
The rationale of our simulator is to integrate experimental observations of cell morphology (confocal microscopy), transcription factor activation (immunofluorescence), and induced target protein expression (western blot) using a cell simulator based on stochastic simulations, and predict future behavior of the cell based on existing experimental data.
Realistic cell geometry was reconstructed from confocal microscopic images of a single astrocyte including detailed intracellular organelles such as nucleus, endoplasmic reticular, microtubules,
Cultured primary astrocytes were loaded with calcein-AM and a single stellate astrocyte was scanned with confocal microscopy using a BioRad microscope (Biorad, Hercules, CA, USA) with a Z-plane resolution of 0.5 microns. The model was then reconstructed from the stack of confocal images using an image reconstruction software, MIMICS (Materialize, Leuven, Belgium), as shown in
Reconstruction of a single astrocyte cell in 3d. A series of confocal microscopic images (
To complete the cell model, intracellular compartments and cell organelles including the nucleus, endoplasmic reticula (ER), Golgi apparatus (GA), and microtubules (MTs) were added. These cell compartments were integrated with the volumetric mesh of the astrocyte body. The nucleus surrounded by the ER was placed with mesh tools offered by Mimics as in
Implementation of nucleus (
For the growth of the microtubule cytoskeleton, we developed the smooth and shortest path finding algorithm, which aims at finding the smoothest and the shortest path in the presence of obstacles. This algorithm begins with a random directional growth of MT segment from the MTOC to the neighboring mesh. Then, it uses the directional information from the target vector,
The pseudocode for implementing Smooth and Shortest path finding algorithm to model the microtubular cytoskeleton is described as follows:
Step 1. Select a starting mesh of MT growth (the MTOC) and a target mesh located at the endfoot. Step 2. Generate the first growth step with a random direction, with the length of the segment equal to the distance to the connecting mesh. Step 3. Grow a segment to the neighboring mesh adjusting its direction and length with the information of tangent vector and target vector (direction to the final destination). Step 4. Repeat step 3 until it encounters the boundary of the endfoot process. Step 5. If the growth does not encounter the boundary of an endfoot process, the growth will be terminated and a new MT growth will start from step 1. Otherwise, the MT segment grows into the process which contains a target mesh selected in step 1. Step 6. Grow a segment to the neighboring mesh adjusting its direction and length with the information of tangent vector, target vector, and distance to the normal surface. Step 7. Repeat step 6 until it comes into contact with the endfoot boundary. Step 8.Upon reaching a member of the mesh at the endfoot boundary, the smooth and shortest path finding algorithm will stop and finalize the trajectory to the target mesh selected in step 1. Step 9. The defined end criterion for the total number of MTs will terminate the algorithm.
Step 1. Select a starting mesh of MT growth (the MTOC) and a target mesh located at the endfoot.
Step 2. Generate the first growth step with a random direction, with the length of the segment equal to the distance to the connecting mesh.
Step 3. Grow a segment to the neighboring mesh adjusting its direction and length with the information of tangent vector and target vector (direction to the final destination).
Step 4. Repeat step 3 until it encounters the boundary of the endfoot process.
Step 5. If the growth does not encounter the boundary of an endfoot process, the growth will be terminated and a new MT growth will start from step 1. Otherwise, the MT segment grows into the process which contains a target mesh selected in step 1.
Step 6. Grow a segment to the neighboring mesh adjusting its direction and length with the information of tangent vector, target vector, and distance to the normal surface.
Step 7. Repeat step 6 until it comes into contact with the endfoot boundary.
Step 8.Upon reaching a member of the mesh at the endfoot boundary, the smooth and shortest path finding algorithm will stop and finalize the trajectory to the target mesh selected in step 1.
Step 9. The defined end criterion for the total number of MTs will terminate the algorithm.
At each growth step, the position can be recorded as the mesh id number or as the absolute position. Each step of growth will have a slight directional and longitudinal variation to avoid running into an obstacle or the boundary of the cell. The combined consideration for path smoothness using the tangent vector and for shorter path using the distance to the closest surface from the current point will gradually modify the direction of growth.
The synthesis of AQP4 water channels involves the transcription and translation mechanisms. In our mathematical model, the transcription and translation of AQP4 under normal conditions (steady state) will be established first. In addition, we will specifically explore the transcriptional upregulation of AQP4 in response to the inducer SFN. SFN stimulates transcriptional activation of the AQP4 gene [
The modeling of AQP4 transcription and translation reaction mechanisms. Nrf2 activation by SFN treatment upregulates AQP4 expression in the astrocyte cell.
SFN administration increases Nrf2 translocation into nucleus and Nrf2 binding to the aquaporin 4 gene promoter. As a result, the transcription rate is increased until the level of nuclear Nrf2 returns to normal due to Nrf2 nuclear export. In this model, translation kinetics is assumed to be a first order reaction in respect to mRNA concentration and all degradation kinetics are set to follow first order reaction.
Gene transcription is a stochastic process and the levels of transcription show great variability between single cells in a population [
In addition to transcriptional and translational reaction mechanisms, we also incorporate the transport phenomenon in the model. Two different transport mechanisms have been applied to describe movement in the cytoplasm; passive pure diffusion and active motor-protein driven convective transport. For the stochastic simulation of pure diffusion, we used fractional Gillespie multi-particle algorithm (fGMP) which is an approximation of the Gillespie method [
An information flow diagram for the stochastic simulation of reactions and intracellular transport is shown in
Flowchart of the cell simulator.
Tau leaping method is an approximation method that leaps over many reaction events to approximate the exact stochastic simulation, while maintaining reasonable computing performance. Our discrete time approximation method uses a constant time interval for simulation, regardless of the number of events during each interval. The advantage of this method is that user-defined fixed time steps can be implemented. In discrete time approximation method, all events pertaining to the time interval are implemented before updating the values of the propensity function. The time step is adjusted according to the system complexity.
The event times for all volumes in the cellular domain are initially computed and simulation follows the increasing order of the least traveling time,
In order to integrate the spatial coordinates of the cytoskeletal network and that of the cellular subvolumes where diffusion and reactions occur, these two meshes exchange coordinate information in our cell simulator. One mesh serves as the domain for diffusion and reaction, and the other mesh serves to compute convective transport along the microtubules. In our algorithm, the mesh for the convective transport contains the microtubule structural identity and shares the mesh information with the volumetric cell mesh such as sub-volume id and absolute geometric information of all microtubule tracks. Therefore, a molecule associated with the microtubule track is allowed to propagate along the microtubule, updating its position along the microtubule. When the dissociation from the microtubule occurs, it communicates with the cell mesh to move that vesicle into that neighboring sub-volume.
To better characterize intracellular dynamics, the stochastic simulation for AQP4 synthesis was compared to a deterministic model. Averages of cell states obtained from repeated stochastic simulations were used for the side-by-side comparison with the continuous simulation results. The mathematical model for the intracellular kinetics using ordinary differential equations is described in Equations (11) to (14)
The kinetic rates of our steady state model are determined from published AQP4 protein half-life. Since data on the stabilities of AQP4 transcripts are not available, we employ averaged properties of mRNA transcripts measured from more than four thousand mammalian genes [
We performed two sets of experiments in astrocyte cell culture; (
The steady state of the system describing AQP4 synthesis and transport was matched with existing data. AQP4 proteins have a known half-life of 24 h in the cell [
Kinetic parameters shown in Equations (11) to (14) were determined to arrive at physiological AQP4 protein and transcript levels. These levels agree with known data that on average approximately 2 copies of mRNA are synthesized per hour and 900 proteins from each mRNA are translated per hour [
Kinetic rates of AQP4 synthesis.
|Values (s−1)
|Transcription rate with no SFN treatment
|5.55 × 10−4
|Transcription rate with SFN treatment
|2.08 × 10−3
|Translation rate
|Degradation rate of mRNA
|4.01 × 10−5
|Degradation rate of AQP4
|8.02 × 10−6
Upon sulforaphane (SFN) administration, the transcription factor Nrf2 becomes phosphorylated and translocates into the nucleus, and the transcription of the AQP4 gene is activated by Nrf2 in this model. The degree of induced gene activation in the cell model is derived from experimentally measured Nrf2 translocation in normal and SFN treated cells, see appendix for detailed procedures. Briefly, to determine the level of Nrf2 activation, levels of phosphorylated Nrf2 (pNrf2) within the nucleus were quantified with immunofluorescence images obtained under controlled staining and imaging conditions. After continuous SFN treatment, the fluorescence levels of pNrf2 increased by about 63% compared to control at 15 min, and returned to normal levels by the 9-h time point.
Our observation of rapid Nrf2 nuclear translocation is in agreement with findings by Jain
The dynamics of the SFN-induced AQP4 upregulation is predicted with the cell simulator. A discrete event simulation was performed with the approximated Gillespie method, using a discretized time step of ∆
Stochastic simulation results of AQP4 transcripts and proteins after sulforaphane exposure. Each red solid line represents one stochastic realization and dotted black line is the solution of the deterministic simulation. The upregulation of AQP4 normalized to control was 1.48 ± 0.11 at 9 h and 1.68 ± 0.20 at 18 h.
In brain astrocytes, AQP4 channels are highly expressed in the endfeet [
Finally, we demonstrate a qualitative comparison of the spatial AQP4 distribution in a single astrocyte cell with our simulated results as shown in
However, the number of AQP4 containing vesicles or AQP4 tetramers concentrated at a single endfoot cannot be quantified with the immunofluorescence technique that was employed in this study due to limitations in resolution. In future studies, a quantitative validation of AQP4 spatial polarization at the astrocytic endfeet in the model could be performed with techniques such as freeze fracture electron microscopy [
AQP4 trafficking in primary cultured astrocytes (
Western blot (WB) was performed to quantify the upregulation of AQP4 by 13 µM of SFN. For SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis, cell lysates were prepared after 9 and 18 h of continuous SFN exposure. The results show that AQP4 expression was 1.48 and 1.68 fold higher than control after 9 and 18 h of SFN exposure as shown in
The comparison between measurement and simulated AQP4 upregulation is shown in
Western blotting shows that SFN induced a 48% upregulation of AQP4 after 9 h of continuous exposure, and 68% upregulation after 18 h compared to control (
Many different molecular biological assays and biochemical techniques can be used to investigate intracellular process encompassing events starting at gene activation to the final expression of its encoded protein. These datasets provide time profiles of gene activation, transcripts, or protein levels and its spatial distribution pattern in a cell or in a population of cells. In order to derive a complete understanding of the dynamics of protein expression in a particular system, however, it is difficult to quantitatively measure every species involved in the biogenesis of a protein at every step in a time-dependent fashion due to limitations in time and resources. Oftentimes, data on relative expression levels allows the postulation of transcription and translation dynamics of the system, but these hidden kinetics cannot be extracted without using quantitative tools. Furthermore, time-dependent protein localization in specific cellular domains observed by fluorescence microscopy can be incorporated to derive the kinetics of trafficking and expression, after the transcription and translation step. Our case study derived additional insights about the unknown aspects of the chosen system: gene activation status and dynamic transcript levels, based on experimental observations on the transcription factor translocation and the target protein upregulation.
The single cell simulator provides a platform for performing quantitative analysis of cellular events using and integrating biological data from various common molecular biology techniques. To simulate trafficking events, the microtubule cytoskeleton was generated by a novel growth algorithm. In addition, the event-based stochastic simulation technique allows the tracking of individual molecules at any point in time. The approximated Gillespie algorithm reduced the computational cost and captured the discrete and stochastic nature of transcriptional and translational events inside a single cell. Conversely, the average of repeated stochastic simulations is suitable for representing the behavior of an entire cell population. Finally, we used a deterministic model to validate the averaged trajectories from our stochastic computations with good agreement. The analysis of cellular events
DNA activation rate
DNA inactivation rate
mRNA transcription rate
AQP4 translation rate
mRNA decay rate
AQP4 decay rate
activated DNA molecule
The authors gratefully acknowledge Simon Alford for generating the images of primary astrocytes with confocal microscopy.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Nrf2 is a putative TF of the AQP4 gene [
Rat primary cortical astrocytes were purchased from Lonza. Cells were grown at 37 degrees Celsius with 5% CO2. Astrocyte growth media (Gibco, Madison, WI, USA) contains 10% FBS supplemented with 1% penicillin/streptomycin and 1:500 amphotericin B. Growth media was changed twice a week and cells were passaged when confluent.
To quantify AQP4 upregulation by SFN, cell lysates were prepared by lysing with RIPA buffer after 9 h and 18 h of continuous SFN treatment at 13 µM. Bradford assay was performed to ensure equal loading of proteins. SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis was performed on a TetraCell Mini system (BioRad, Hercules, CA, USA) using AnykD polyacrylamide gels (Biorad, Hercules, CA, USA). After transfer and blocking in bovine serum albumin, membrane was incubated with mouse anti-AQP4 primary antibody (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) overnight. On the next day, secondary antibody (anti-mouse tagged with HRP) was applied for 1.5 h followed by washing steps. Membrane was imaged with BioRad Chemiluminescence detection system (BioRad, Hercules, CA, USA). Large molecular weight aggregates were excluded from the quantitative analysis. Densitometry was performed with Image J [
Diffusion of GFP-tagged fusion proteins inside distinct cellular compartments (ER, Golgi, cytoplasm) have been measured, and there is a wide range of diffusion rates depending on the size of the molecule and the specific cellular compartment. For example, diffusion of GFP (which is very small in size) inside the cytoplasm is 25 µm2/s [


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Originally written on Rubbings Racing | Last updated 9/29/14
HOMESTEAD, FL - NOVEMBER 21: Kyle Busch, driver of the #18 Z-Line Designs Toyota, celebrates in Victory Lane after winning the NASCAR Nationwide Series and the Ford 300 at Homestead-Miami Speedway on November 21, 2009 in Homestead, Florida. (Photo by John Harrelson/Getty Images for NASCAR)
Photo Credit: Chris Trotman/Getty Images By: Carrie Whitmore – Follow on Twitter @CarrieWhitmore Despite having the dominate car, Kyle Busch almost saw victory slip away in the Indiana 250 NASCAR Nationwide Series race at Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Saturday. Busch won his 31st Nationwide Series pole, breaking a tie with Mark Martin for the all-time lead in that category. This is also Busch's 59th Nationwide Series win in 259 stars. Busch was passed by Brian Scott on the final restart with six laps to go, but he reclaimed the lead and went on to win the race at the legendary Indianapolis track. "It's cool to win at this place," said Busch. "A victory here ranks pretty high." Scott, who is still searching for his first Nationwide Series win, finished second, and Joey Logano was third. Brian Vickers finished fourth, and Kevin Harvick was fifth. Busch seemed to be cruising to victory, until the last restart. As the pack got up to speed, Busch was pressured by Scott and Logano, allow...
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The Australian sharemarket has opened higher despite a fall on Wall Street, supported by gains in the financial and resources sectors.
At 10.57am AEDT on Friday, the benchmark S&P/ASX200 index was up 32.1 points, or 0.66 per cent, at 4910.9.
US stocks have finished lower due to disappointing company profit results.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average finished down 49.84 points, or 0.36 per cent, to 13,860.58.
In Australia, resources stocks were higher. BHP Billiton was trading at $37.84, up 36 cents.
Rio Tinto had also climbed 57 cents to $66.93, and Fortescue Metals was up 8.5 cents to $4.765.
"We're seeing iron ore prices moving up once again so that's been a positive for that space," said Julia Lee, equities analyst at Bell Direct.
"The big four banks are also moving higher – we're seeing a gain of about 0.3 to 0.6 per cent.
"The fact that we're seeing two of our biggest sectors moving higher is boding well for the market today; it does follow on from a negative session yesterday. However, in the last 11 sessions we've seen 10 sessions of gains."
ANZ was up nine cents to $26.67, Commonwealth Bank was up 33 cents to 64.78, NAB was up 21 cents to $27.57, and Westpac had climbed eight cents to $28.12.
Adventure wear retailer Kathmandu has upgraded its profit forecast after better-than-expected sales in the first half of the financial year.
"This is important – we're seeing a strong result for the first half, and given that Kathmandu tends to make most of its profit in the second half it does imply that we're going to see quite a strong result for the full year," Ms Lee said.
Kathmandu jumped 5.37 per cent, or 9.5 cents, to $1.865.
Myer and David Jones were both higher. Myer was trading at $2.495, up by 0.5 cents, and David Jones was up by one cent to $2.51.
National turnover at 10.42am AEDT was 309.9 million shares worth $513.4 million.
– with AAP
The Australian Financial Review


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While walking to LSE today I was mindlessly staring down at the sidewalk when I noticed, at the foot of a bank building, a slab of concrete with the phrase "Basement Smoke Extract" inscribed on it with raised metal letters. I walked around the two sides of the building's perimeter that I could access, and found a similar slab every few feet.
There were no vents in the slabs, and no other apparent connection to extracting basement smoke.
Any suggestions?
I do think it's a nifty product idea: "And I'll take a can of Basement Smoke Extract as well."


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The copperhead is a poisonous (venomous)
pit viper found in central and eastern North America. Copperheads may leave
distinctive double marks on the skin. They leave one, two, or three puncture
marks on the skin, but you won't always see any marks.
ByHealthwise StaffPrimary Medical ReviewerWilliam H. Blahd, Jr., MD, FACEP - Emergency MedicineSpecialist Medical ReviewerSean P. Bush, MD, FACEP - Emergency Medicine, Envenomation Specialist
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Hutchinson News (Newspaper) - December 19, 1890, Hutchinson, Kansas HMLY NEWS: FRIDAY MORNING, �ECRM.#R 19, 1890. Willi I Tatf s PRIBE US' uied 8'i>i)ki.,v. 'Fry a sunk of our HACK FMSA! ~(fl[PW0BIE KANSj The bort Flour in the market, only 1.60 a- Back and every mo* goMMtoed. C lb package CoSee. tt. i (.an Tomatoes JOc. i lb can Com l�n. i Ih can Htrtntt Beans I'*.. '�I lb can Poae 10c. s lb can Pumpkin li'c. * ll) can;J.lma lianas 10c * lb tan, k .WPiAjr, -16c. a lb ?aa UlatiiWslfio u*. * lb can ltasnbefrlos WKt. �lb can lnoeMirrlee, J 9c. �S1!) can HtrawbBrrtoa 1211c. a lb can Gooseberries lBtfc. X lb can italtlmora Poaches. SIH lb eon ' *S� lb can " lft4 lb con -Vt lb can �' *V4 lb can 2*4 lb can " lb can Gallon can � CJallon can " ftalloil cau " 1 lb OanHaluinn. ll>c. 1 lb Cat) stacker*', 10;. 4 llit'/in Hopioii Bul-M Buans, -.�>� 1 lb Can Lohstura, ?0c. 1 lb Can Hhrlmpfl,'J6c. i Can ty Arawrli-jm fjnrdlnca, 8tft--. Onr; Muntaril .Saidlnea, lliiic. mibcri.LAflKOUa. ls�at�. > The city waa stnnlcd jeaterday ot receiving the intelligence of Dr. Kobsrl-eon'a deaUi. Ho ha� jeen feeling badly for come time, but do one expected anything Eeiioualy wrong. On Tuesday oToning be bad attended a lodge and aeemed In cheerful spirits. Juat after dinnt r yeaterdey he i�aa taken violently ill and died within an hour. He had been troubled with heart disease for several years and it is supposed thie caused his death. Dr. N, T. P. Robertson baa been a real-dent of Hutchinson for fourteen, yean, coming here April 18, 1870. He was greatly beloved by hia aBBociatef.andhad the confidence and respect of all with whom he came in contact. When death overtook him he waa in the full enjoyment of the pleasures to be derived from 'unaolrlah actions and (v warm heart. He waa 68 years of age last March. In his death the tnedlo&l profession has suffered a severe loss, a brother honorable and upright in his professional dealings and a man who scorned an unfair advantage. The time for the funeral has not been definitely settled, but will probably be Sunday. The lodges of which he was a member will have charge, and make nil the arrangements. Some of his relatives live at a distance, �nd it is thought they (jaunotbe here before that time. Dr. Robertson-was a member of several to-oret societies and they will take a part in doing honor to his memory. The friends of the family have the, sympathy of all friends in their hour of sorrow. A TALK Of WOK. The Great Rsis of :..pvt'i and dirt is PEARL1NE. Try 1;. on the spot-it i::- �;> perfidy ar.d Jdevilishneas of oae vvhom he hid sl�a}s regarded ti3 bio bent Msnc". ilia eyie kiudled wisli e�me-thin;; of the old Are and spirif as he tolii hoT.', five y�ars cgn, ho led to the altar era* of the bflieR of bis r.ativetown, aad iiow happily tiwy hud gtarteiiont to ti'iivsi over !if�'� v'niied pathtvayn. For ifflf four years peace aid happlcets rvijined fcupreme in that now hotne.with out cltnid i>t B�sp!c>ow to dim tha lustre o! hnp.-, the brlgLtes', jswol in lb� crown of > rnr.il. Hit d-5!--rs were *lwey� open to !>5it Wcudr ,i:ttl �'n-Arm grectirtg awn.-ted thufit, Siut tho '.ioi� o&mn when li!;-. -i tt >v�r idoit that the plant gets nutri mint of perceptible ifffCtfrom thestones liming wfiich ite roota grow will be rew t > myBt florists who handle these bulbs in quantity, snd who use theeo stoneB only for tho purpose of holding the bulb and its Wo'vib, upright, N4lay. 1 am vonro in t,h� (I A JHX8TJBBIOII8 KJLOPKMK^T. The luuna; People Met In. the a rave-yard and Drove Away. Kansas City, Dec. 17.-Yesterday afternoon a tall, good-looking man Iwith a sandy beard walked into Davis & Hear-don's livery stable at Independence and hired a hack and driver and drove out to a little place called Biz Miles. Seeming-: ly not satisfied he drove on and then re-: turned. It was now dark, and when he reached tbe oemetery near the Six Miles he ordered the driver to atop and 'stepped out of the hack. Juat then a toungwoman from among the tombstones walked toward the haok and met tho young man and complained of hiving had to wait over an hour. They then, proceeded to the depot and took the 9:30 train for Kansas City. They are now b -lievedto be on their way to Montann, as the driver heard the man speak of goina there. Local Sporting- It is understood that local gentlemen with sportipg proclivities are trying to arrange a race between ore of tbe fattcBt men in town and n thin traveling rain. The raoe is to be 200 yardi", and the f;tt map. ie to have twenty feet the stprt. The fat inai: says he is cure to win if the race takf-a plnoe In an alley, an hv spreads out eo when he runs that a lean man could not p*t?s him, even though willing to risk life or bodily infirmities. The race is E?t for this afternoon av.d wii! taVe place unless ?n(f, bur, sifter taciinug the fav,,r they forget; everything. WOMEN AS X,AT DSLXOATBS. Vhat a Dlertymaa of another Denomlm-tla'n Baa to Say, The News yeatetday asked a minister of another denomination whathe thought of the admission of women as lay dele' gates in the Methodist churoh. He replied that he did not see the necessity of mixing in the Ugh of another church, but under the promise cf withholding his name, he consented to deliver him-s�lf which he did as follows: "So far as the step proposed Is concerned, I see no objection if there was any assurance that the matter wouli stop there, but it would not. Tho next move would he for women pre�chera and this I regard as olearly against the teachings of the scriptures. "While not desiring to oriticise the Methcdistoburch in amy way, since you naked me, I will say that my opinion is that Buch a step would prove unfortunate. Understand me, I am not concerned in tho regulation cf that church and would not presume to criticise it. What I say is not e.% the minuter of en-other church but the private opinion of a private citizen. "It is '.rut that w�t r.etd in our churches ail the help we can get and if by this means the cause of religion would be furthered, I would say a.'nen. Itie my judgment that it would not help matttrs and unless convinced that it would, I think the move would be ti mistake. Women havo dor. j noble w',,l voul-.'. T.vn iinl Knnsf\B for the amount of its sunshine, the number pf its Bunshining days, surfl>werp, sun flowerstilk" at:d eons of guns. If that will make your paper any more readible shuck it in." ftotlce tt, Dootora. The physicians of the city and vicinitv are requested to meet to-night at Dr Brohm's office at 7:80 to arrange for attending the funeral of Dr. Robertson. Whoa Baby was alck, we gave! When ana was a Child, she cried tar Oastorla, Wbaa she became Waa, aba shins; toOattcrta. Wbeo she bad Children, abe gars tbeut OMtortt, 'i he 4nurlcmu Idea Is that, "noshing is too cord for mewhen I travel," and in coneequeuoa we lvive beenmo noted as the most luxi'iou-trav-lers in tho world That whiub the pe"p1e demand, tbe roods mu�>t supp'y, and thus we have also the most perfefl'W atipointed railway service inth"ivntlt Tbe treve'er now dines in n full t an pvlace ttlning car o'n�r through i" h'P journey, from Ouncil Blt-ff i *nd Omaha to 8ati yrnnoleco, on the Union and S mthern Pneilin Mthdn, CVildren Cry for Pitcher's Castoria. Children Cry for Pitcher's Casterbu The Ball corset has soft eyelets. Soft eyelets are loops of corset lace stitched into the corset ; softer, smoother, pleasanter, neater, more womanlike than metal. The Ball is the easiest ever worn by woman. The ease is due to covered coils of fine-wire spring in the sides. These springs hug the figure gently, and yield with every little strain. The Ball is " honed" with Kabo that never breaks or kinks or rolls up or shifts i'rorn it-, ainec. You cau wear'a Ball corset Uvo cr.shi-ec weeks;-and, if don't like it, return it to -I,-_-re you got it and }jet your money back. The manufacturer pays the merchant to do that' Camioo Coucct Co., cblcico and New York. Ball's Kabo Corsets at "MnrfrmH." 0 0 Announce that their m ai Mai In the Midland be opened Hotel corner will 20, We will have a full line of fine Meats, Lard, Oysters and fish, The trade, on surrounding towns is solicited We will put on trains any or^er received one hour before departure. TERMS: Strictly Gash to Everybody. No accounts kept. Hutchinson Packing Co. NOTICE. Children Cry for Pitcher's Castoria' Are you aware that you c;tn nave the coat in one winter .in providing 5 our windows and doors with our Patent vv eaiher Strips in.ifae saving i..f fuel, to say noth ing of the comfort det ived therefrom. They ar worth fcht-ir weight in gold t > keep out du-t and dirt. We fur-ni-h them all put in place, if o desire, aud at lower prices than you have ev�r'bought them before. We also furnish to oider s and �U,'fW5��i.fry^-tBfei^^,>^.^�,pe^.o>tjp--,.. �Oi'.Vty, by honest and fair iloaVitig, ly Just welgats,ai�l fnliotneasiivo, strivsi�,-. uwrii ih* continued fivor of nil. Tnhiph.one.78. . J.JW, KANAOA;& CC. SC W. WAIN 6621 ;
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NorthShore Medical Group
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"It's going to be a range of things," said Dr. Ernest Wang, emergency room physician at NorthShore. "Too much to drink. Abdominal pain from too much eating. Chest pain. Sometimes it's hard to parse out if...
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The Grainger Foundation has committed $5M to NorthShore University HealthSystem to support research and professional training in leading-edge surgical techniques...
Patch.com - Highland Park
When outdoors, the minute you experience anything that could resemble frostbite it is time to seek medical help, according to Dr. Ernest Wang, an emergency physician with NorthShore...
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K9 Training Tulsa - Training Your K9 Tulsa Oklahoma
Training Your Dog/K9 In Tulsa! Tulsa Oklahoma residents, Don't hire a professional K9 trainer-read this training book below and save yourself hundreds of dollars. You can be your own professional K9 trainer, 1000's sold for a simple reason it works! Read This Review On Link Below And See Why!


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The hand signs you are seeing above are A S L
One of Santa's favorite books is "The American Sign Language Handshape Dictionary." by Richard A Tennant and Marianne Gluszak Brown.
Santa is always learning new things! I am currently taking an Ohio University class DSI 111, and I am learning American Sign Language. American Sign Language is a language that Santa can communicate with Deaf children and people using ASL (American Sign Language). It is very important to me to be able to make everyone's Christmas filled with joy and happy memories. Have a Merry Christmas and Happy New Year! HO! HO! HO!
Another one of Santa's favorite books is "The History of Mathematics" by David M. Burton
Did you know that Santa loves mathematics? I find all areas of mathematics from Number Theory, Discrete Mathematics, Algebra, Geometry, Calculus, to Statistic and Probability all to be very intriguing. So to have a book explaining how all of this evolved over many years B.C, it was a book for me.
Did you know that in 1700, there was a fellow by the name of Thomas Fuller who was a black man that could not read or write, but when it came to mathematics, he was a genius! In 1724, Thomas Fuller (known as Negro Tom) was ripped from his home in Africa and shipped to America to be a slave. He had been born in Africa in the area we now know as Liberia and Benin. He was age fourteen when he was brought to America in the Common Wealth of Virginia. Late in his life, he was the property of Elisabeth Cox.
Many people called Thomas Fuller, "The Virginia Calculator." "When he was about seventy years old, two gentlemen, natives of Pennsylvania, viz., William Hartshorne and Samuel Coates, men of probity and respectable characters, having heard, in travelling through the neighborhood in which the slave lived, of his extraordinary powers in arithmetic, sent for him and had their curiosity sufficiently gratified by the answers which he gave to the following questions:
First, Upon being asked how many seconds there were in a year and a half, he answered in about two minutes, 47 304 000.
Second: On being asked how many seconds a man has lived who is 70 years, 17 days and 12 hours old,
he answered in a minute and a half 2 210 500 800.
One of the gentlemen who employed himself with his pen in making these calculations told him he was wrong, and the sum was not as great as he had said - upon which the old man hastily replied: stop, master, you forget the leap year. On adding the amount of the seconds of the leap years the amount of the whole in both their sums agreed exactly."
It is thought that Thomas Fuller had learned to calculate in Africa prior to his being taken from his home and forced into slavery in Virginia. He died at age eighty, having never learned to read or write. Anytime someone witnessing his calculating abilities would make a remark that it was a pity that he had never been educated, Fuller would reply, "It is best I got no learning; for many learned men be great fools." His calculating abilities were used to show that Black people were not stupid, that blacks were not mentally inferior to whites.
Another one of Santa's favorite books is "The Christmas Humbugs" by Colleen Monroe with Illustrations by (husband) Michael Glenn Monroe
This is a Children's Christmas book about some funny looking bugs that try really hard to spoil Christmas. It has a lot of illustrations that makes this poetic Christmas story fun for the Children of all ages.


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NEW YORK (Jan. 24)
The United Jewish Appeal today announced the establishment of a 1951 National Campaign Cabinet composed of 35 prominent community leaders to serve as a "high command" for the planning and conducting of this year's drive.
Emphasizing that the group consists "of the ablest and most devoted Jewish leaders in the country," Edward M.M. Warburg, general chairman of the U.J.A., said that its members have been drawn from 27 key communities. The National Campaign Cabinet will meet in New York this weekend to review plans for the immediate mobilization of the country's Jewish communities, Mr. Warburg said.


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Mars explorers could use complicated mechanical systems to produce oxygen and filter waste, and eat food carried from Earth. Or they could just save a lot of hassle and plant crops.
A model of Martian gravity's effects on water flow, nutrient dynamics and root-feeding microbes suggests it's possible to farm in the Red Planet's soil.
"In terms of biogeochemistry and in interms of hydraulics, I'm pretty confident it could work," said Federico Maggi, a University of Sydney biogeochemist who conducted the simulation.
Growing plants in soil on Mars might seem old-fashioned for those raised on the futuristic prospect of hydroponic or aeroponic agriculture, in which crops sprout soil-free nutrient broths or mists.
But in recent years, starry-eyed biologists have come to appreciate the importance of soil-dwelling microbes to plant roots and soil processes. Moreover, soil-based agriculture is backed by thousands of years of human-based research and development, and millions of years of natural evolution.
"Mechanical systems are very reliable over short-term expeditions," said Maggi. "But soil can control itself. In terms of operation error, it's more reliable. Plants provide more benefits in terms of energy and health. And real soil performs operations that other systems cannot."
However, there are many unknowns about extraterrestrial agricultural biology. Among the most important is how low gravity will affect the flow of water and nutrients, and in turn microbes. Once water and nutrients get into the plants, capillary action will take care of the rest. But getting them there is the key.
"If there's low gravity, water will not flow down so quick. The transport of nutrients would also be slower. If transport of nutrients towards root microorganisms is not fast enough, it will suffocate them," said Maggi.
In a July Advances in Space Research study, Maggi and University of California, Berkeley biogeophysicist Céline Pallud simulated both Mars- and Earth-gravity root processes using BIOTOUGHREACT, a well-regarded model of soil nutrient transport and microbe dynamics developed at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
The simulation suggests that slower water transport is actually a good thing, preventing water from falling through the soil and being lost, along with the nitrogen it absorbs on the way.
At Mars gravity — about one-third of Earth's — up to 90 percent less water would be needed than in a terrestrial greenhouse, said the researchers. Much less nitrogen would also be needed.
"You don't have a leaching of nutrients. The nutrients you put into the soil, remain in the soil. You don't lose them," said Maggi. The simulated bacteria thrived on all this extra food, reaching densities between five and 10 times the usual.
According to University of Florida agricultural engineer Ray Bucklin, an advisor to the Mars Foundation and author of several NASA reports on Mars greenhouse design, the nitrogen savings could be especially important.
"Mars is nitrogen-depleted," and any fertilizer would need to come from Earth, he said. "And in terms of the soil microbes, they would be in a pretty beneficial situation."
Bucklin warned that the real-world water savings would likely be much less than 90 percent. "Water movement through a plant has several other things that influence it besides what happens in the soil," he said. At low gravity and low atmospheric pressure, "water movement through the plant would be accelerated."
But Bucklin still said the study "is interesting and needed to be done."
According to NASA plant physiologist Raymond Wheeler, most extraterrestrial crop researchers have used hydroponics or artificial soil, "which simplify their testing and allow easy recycling of water and nutrients." But real soils "might have certain advantages," including better waste degradation and a built-in buffer against water shortages or equipment malfunction.
Maggi plans to perform more simulations on how other important plant nutrients, such as potassium and iron, will behave.
Of course, the ultimate tests will come on Mars itself, and NASA's budget problems have put a damper on such dreams. But even if NASA has problems, other programs — especially the European Space Agency — intend to have people on Mars by mid-century. Private enterprise could also sponsor the voyage.
"We already have the engineering to put a base on Mars," said Bucklin. "If Bill Gates wanted to blow his whole fortune, he could do it right now."
Image: NASA.
See Also:
- Report: Mars Less Habitable Than Previously Thought
- Japanese Propose Sustainable, Albeit Smelly, Martian Diet
- The Lost Space Colonies of NASA
- Chemical Test Confirms Water on Mars
Citation: "Martian base agriculture: The effect of low gravity on water flow, nutrient cycles, and microbial biomass dynamics." By Federico Maggi and Céline Pallud. Advances in Space Research, online publication, July 16, 2010.
Brandon Keim's Twitter stream and reportorial outtakes; Wired Science on Twitter. Brandon is currently working on a book about ecological tipping points.Go Back to Top. Skip To: Start of Article.


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Floral Fabric - Juniper Leafy Branches - Navy, Light Blue & Gold - Last 2 1/3 yards - is currently on backorder. You may still purchase now though and we'll ship as soon as more become available.
This fabric print features light blue leafy branches with gold metallic accents on a mottled navy background. Gold metallic accents.
100% Cotton - 43/44" wide
$12.25 yard


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Say this about New Orleans Saints CB Jabari Greer: in a generation where football players express themselves through Twitter and Facebook, his old-school use of poetry definitely sets him apart.
That much is clear in his Out of Bounds weekly blogs for the New Orleans Times-Picayune, the latest of which is a poem, Untitled, referring to the 'Bountygate' scandal in which former Saints defensive coordinator Gregg Williams paid his players cash bonuses for hits that knocked key offensive opponents from the game.
The NFL, which released the report of its investigation earlier this month, could announce penalties as early as next week. Williams, now the St. Louis Rams' defensive coordinator, has apologized for his role in the matter.
Greer, an eight-year veteran who recorded a career-high 71 tackles with an interception last season for the NFC South champion Saints, doesn't make excuses for the allegations in his six-paragraph poem. Rather, he appears to warn viewers against rushing to judgment.
Here are some samples:
"It's seemed that I've learned, although rightfully earned,
That in darkness, the light shines the truth,
Call it "Bounty" or blame, the world puts to shame,
And convicts, what the world barely knew...
"... So be careful of seeds filled with lies and deceit,
Although clothed as a beacon of truth,
We have souls of good men, called to Serve and Defend,
NEW ORLEANS, from the forces untrue."
Greer ends it with a disclaimer conceding some of the allegations while saying the Saints just played football "the way it's meant to be played," with no intent to hurt anyone. As for the media, he calls the Times-Picayune "the good guy's" (sic), with a wink.
No word on whether the Times-Picayune will supplement Greer's poem with saxophone or drum riffs.
Nate Davis is a reporter, blogger and editor who's been at USA TODAY since 2000. He has covered the NFL since 2005. No, he did not play quarterback for Ball State. Davis' succession of our esteemed colleague Sean Leahy at The Huddle is considered a Brady-for-Bledsoe swap by most "insiders."More about Nate


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Belted Stripe Trouser
wide-leg menswear-inspired pants are the perfect trousers to wear to work this fall. pair with a preppy vest or cardigan.
I love cuffed wide leg black pants. Very nice for office attire!
talk about the antithesis of skinny jeans! these are so intensely baggy!Tags: fashion, jeans, style, wide leg, Cuffed, baggy, lee cooper, lou doillonAdded 9 Years Ago from Leecooper-online
i was really surprised when i saw photos of katie holmes in roll-up boyfriend jeans, because it's a huge style departure for her. but i think after seasons of skinny jeans, it's rather refreshing.
lovely menswear style pants in a tweed-like material. these are absolutely perfect for job interviews or any ol' day at the office.Added 9 Years Ago from Forever 21


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I have a question: How much are you invested in your child's education? Or, how much did you invest in your child's education if your children are grown and out on their own? (Speaking of mostly grade school)
I am wondering the how much time and effort parents put into their child's education, comparing previous generations with the current.
And No, I am not a teacher, I am being taught, by you!
Thanks for your posts!


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The Explorer full-face helmet The Explorer full-face helmet, with fibre shell and numerous air vents that favor ventilation, is equipped with guides to hold Explorer goggles even during the most extreme use.
Off Road gear The jacket and trouser combo is perfect for the biker who loves to seek out adventure, both on and off the beaten track. Comfort is ensured with numerous technical solutions that allow you to modify the volume of the garments and guarantee maximum ventilation.
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Multistrada 1200 Enduro
Parked toMultistrada 1200 Enduro
The first Ducati designed to take you anywhere. Born to travel and to be unstoppable on any terrain, the Multistrada 1200 Enduro is able to stand up to the stresses and strains of off-road riding, or any road you can imagine. Designed to be a real globetrotter, just like you.
Vehicle Info: 2016 Ducati Multistrada 1200 Enduro
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