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Program Office
Stevenson 2054
707 664-2419
Linguistics Program Coordinator and Advisor
Richard J. Senghas, Anthropology/Linguistics Department
TESL Certificate Program Coordinator
Richard J. Senghas
Administrative Coordinator
Yvonne Thompson
Richard J. Senghas
Programs offered
Minor in Linguistics
Certificate in Teaching English as a Second Language
The fundamental concern of linguistics is with description and explanation of the interrelatedness of thinking and speaking. This concern takes many forms: among others, inquiry into the nature of language as speech, as knowledge, and as communication; inquiry into the history of languages and how languages change; inquiry into how language is acquired, and into the nature of language learning and teaching.
The linguistics minor offers grounding in general linguistic principles, together with the widest possible selection of elective courses. Through this study plan, students are able to develop interests in particular areas of linguistics as strong complements to majors in related disciplines.
In addition to a 20-unit linguistics minor, the linguistics program offers a 24-unit certificate program in Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL). The TESL certificate program provides training and study in applied linguistics with a specific purpose: the application of psycho-sociolinguistic principles and methods to the teaching of American English as a second/foreign language. For details concerning this course of study, see below, or the fact sheet available from the Linguistics program office and the Office of Admissions and Records. For details concerning admission to the program and application for certification, consult the TESL program coordinator.
The TESL course of study meets 24 of the 30 units required for alternatives in the fifth-year program in education (please see the Education section in this catalog) and combined with the LING 200 prerequisite, also fulfills the requirements for a linguistics minor. Interested persons should contact the TESL program coordinator and the coordinator of fifth year programs in education.
It is possible to develop an interdisciplinary major with a strong emphasis in linguistics (please see the Interdisciplinary section in this catalog). Interested persons should contact both the interdisciplinary studies program coordinator and the linguistics program coordinator.
Also, through the special emphasis in the anthropology major (please see the Anthropology section in this catalog), a student may create a course of study in linguistic anthropology that incorporates a number of the linguistics program courses.
Minor in Linguistics
For a minor in linguistics, students must complete 20 units as follows:
Minor Core Requirements
|LING 200 Introduction to Linguistic Studies
|LING 401 Phonological Analysis
|LING 402 Grammatical Analysis
|Total units in the minor core
Minor ElectivesChoose 11 units from other linguistics courses and/or linguistically oriented courses offered in other programs or departments. For an approved list of such courses, see the linguistics program coordinator.
|Total units in minor electives
|Total units in the minor
Certificate in Teaching
English as a Second LanguageAt the request of a student who has satisfactorily fulfilled the specified requirements, the linguistics program will issue a Certificate in Teaching English as a Second Language.
Course Patterns in Teaching English as a Second Language Certificate ProgramFall Semester
|LING 401 Phonological Analysis
|LING 410 English Grammar and ESL
|LING 441 Linguistics and Second Language Teaching
|LING 460A Curriculum Development in ESL/EFL
|LING 499* Internship in Applied Linguistics
|Total units in the fall semester
Spring Semester
|LING 402 Grammatical Analysis
|LING 432 Language in Sociopolitical Context
|LING 442 Teaching English as a Second Language
|LING 460B Curriculum Development in ESL/EFL
|LING 499* Internship in Applied Linguistics
|Total units in the spring semester
* Internship in applied linguistics to be taken one time only ? either in fall or spring semester. Prerequisite: completion of, or concurrent enrollment in, LING 441 or 442.
Linguistics Courses (LING)
Classes are offered in the semesters indicated. Please see the Schedule of Classes for most current information and faculty teaching assignments.
200 Introduction to Linguistic Studies (3) / Fall, Spring
The nature and structure of natural language; language and the mind; child language acquisition; role and function of language in the context of personal and group interactions and identities; language and other communication systems in culture and society; how language changes; using the skills and insights afforded by the scientific study of language. Satisfies GE, category D5 (Contemporary International Perspectives). Is prerequisite to the TESL program course of study.
401 Phonological Analysis (3) / Fall
Introduction to articulatory phonetics; methods and practice in the analysis of sound systems, with attention given to American English. Prerequisite: LING 200 or consent of instructor.
402 Grammatical Analysis (3) / Spring
Methods and practice in the analysis of word and sentence structure, with emphasis on non-Western European languages. Prerequisite: LING 401 or consent of instructor.
403 Meaning, Context and Reference (3)
Spring, odd years
Introduction to the linguistic approach to the study of meaning, including the ways in which meaning is determined by language use. Includes issues of semantics and pragmatics. Prerequisite: LING 200 or consent of instructor.
410 English Grammar and ESL (3) / Fall
Exploration of, and suggestions for classroom teaching of, aspects of English structure that ESL/EFL students find particularly difficult. Emphasis is on such features of English as tense-aspect; modals; articles; measure words, collective nouns and quantifiers; phrasal verbs; non-referential IT/THERE; focus constructions; complementation; logical connectors. Prerequisite: LING 200 or consent of instructor.
430 Language Acquisition and Communicative
Development (3) / Spring, even years
Investigation of the processes underlying the acquisition of language in childhood and beyond including both first and second languages. Examination of various perceptual, cognitive, and social skills that interact with communicative development. Consideration of key questions concerning the nature of ?stages? in development, the role of innate linguistic knowledge, and the role of experience in language acquisition. Prerequisite: LING 200.
432 Language in Sociopolitical Context (3) / Spring
Focus on such topics as language attitudes, political power and linguistic equality, language and sociopolitical institutions, and language planning. Practical introduction to the insights offered by discourse analysis to the study of language varieties reflected in particular geographical regions, and by members of particular social classes/groups. Prerequisite: LING 200 or consent of instructor. Cross-listed as ANTH 383.
441 Linguistics and Second Language Teaching (3)
Application of linguistic, psychological, sociocultural, and sociopolitical aspects of second language acquisition to a range of contexts relating to second language teaching. Particular emphasis is on issues in communicative approaches to language teaching, and the implications of language diversity in the classroom. Prerequisite: LING 200.
442 Teaching English as a Second Language (3)
Application of (psycho-/socio) linguistic principles/methodology to teaching standard American English as a second language. Introduction to ESL teaching approaches/methods/techniques. Practice in preparation/evaluation of teaching materials. Observation of ESL classes at SSU and in the University?s service area. Prerequisite: LING 441.
460A Curriculum Development in ESL/EFL (2) / Fall
[formerly LING 405 and LING 490]
This modular course (along with LING 460B, spring semester) covers curricular issues important to teaching English as a second or foreign language (ESL/EFL). The first five weeks of the course focus on relations between language and content in language classrooms (LING 441 recommended). The second five weeks of the course will cover the phonology of North American English and ways to teach pronunciation (Prerequisites: LING 200 and LING 441 or consent of the instructor). Students participating in both modules will earn 2 units of credit for LING 460A. Students who wish to enroll in only one module should consult with the program coordinator. LING 460A is not a prerequisite for LING 460B.
460B Curriculum Development in ESL/EFL (3) / Spring
[formerly LING 411, LING 433, and LING 491]
This modular course (along with LING 460A, fall semester) covers curricular issues important to teaching English as a second or foreign language (ESL/EFL). The first five weeks of the course focus on strategies for teaching reading and writing in order to help ESL/EFL students interact with text (prerequisite: LING 441 recommended). The second five weeks of the term focuses on classroom assessment and evaluation of the language proficiency and progress of ESL/EFL students (prerequisite: LING 441 or consent of instructor). During the final five weeks of the semester, emphasis is on developing awareness of cultural differences in communicative strategies and learning styles (LING 432 recommended). Students participating in all three modules earn three units for LING 460B. Students who wish to enroll in only one or two modules should consult with the program coordinator. LING 460A is not a prerequisite for LING 460B.
495 Special Studies (1-4) / Fall, Spring
Students interested in Special Studies in linguistics must fill out a special studies application by the end of the first week of the semester. Prerequisite: LING 200 or an appropriate upper-division course in linguistics or another discipline; consent of supervising faculty member and approval of program coordinator.
499 Internship in Applied Linguistics (1) / Fall, Spring
Practical experience entailing 50-60 hours for the semester in teaching English as a second language or in the development of ESL materials. Prerequisite or corequisite: LING 441 or 442. To be taken one time only.
595 Special Studies (1-3)
Students interested in Special Studies in linguistics must complete a special studies application by the end of the first week of the semester. Prerequisite: graduate standing and consent of instructor.
Supplementary English
Language Courses (SELD)
Courses in Supplementary English Language are designed to enable Sonoma State University students for whom English is a second language to improve their proficiency in the English language, especially in the reading and writing skills required for success at the university. Admission to these courses is determined by ESL Placement Test scores. Courses in SELD prepare students for entrance into ENGL 101. Students will also be required to take the Written English Proficiency Test.
100A Supplementary English Language
Development (3) / Fall, Spring
Designed for international students and other nonnative speakers of English, this course emphasizes communication for academic purposes, and concentrates on expository writing, lecture comprehension, and analytical reading. Limited enrollment. Admission by ESL Placement Test only. Students taking this course may not register for more than 14 units of academic course work.
100B Supplementary English Language (3)
Fall, Spring
Designed for international students and other nonnative speakers of English, this course focuses on the development of academic discourse skills, with stress on strengthening proficiency in a range of oral and written American English styles. Limited enrollment. Admission by ESL Placement Test only.


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fancy skirt by Susan B. Anderson
Welcome! You are browsing as a guestWould you like to see 7 projects made from this pattern and much more? create a free account What am I missing?
© Carrie Bostick Hoge
© Carrie Bostick Hoge
© Carrie Bostick Hoge
© Carrie Bostick Hoge
fancy skirt
This is part of the ebook "Mary, Millie, & Morgan" by Susan B. Anderson.
Purchase the ebook for $12 here.
Finished measurements
6" 15 cm waist circumference and 3" 7.5 cm long
Shown in Storm 104 (MC)/Egret 101 (CC); Carrie's Yellow 125 (MC)/
Kumlien's Gull 152 (CC); and Winesap 133 (MC)/Peacock 109 (CC)
Note: See dolls for total yardage info.
One set of 4 double-pointed needles (dpns) in size US 2 and 3 2.75 and 3.25 mm
Or size to obtain gauge
6.5 sts = 1" 2.5 cm inch in stockinette stitch
Construction Notes
This skirt is worked from the waist to the hem, with a little bit of mosaic colorwork at the bottom.
For more information, see: http://www.ravelry.com/patterns/library/mary-millie-...

subset: commoncrawl


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I am a Visiting Assistant Professor at Southern Utah University(2011-2012).
My research interests include language technology, intelligent tutoring, human computer interaction, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and educational data mining. I am interested in creating and improving intelligent tutoring systems to help people learn languages(broadly defined, both human and computer languages). I am currently working on software to collect and classify short answers from students in real time for large lecture courses. For my dissertation, I built and evaluated a tool to provide automated answers to common questions in introductory computer science; my advisor was Joe Zachary. Prior to beginning my PhD, I was a Master's student at Carnegie Mellon University. I worked with Jack Mostow and Joseph Beck to improve the Project LISTEN Reading Tutor and mine data from the tutor. As an undergraduate, I did an internship at Microsoft in the Speech product group and an undergraduate research project in the speech group at Brigham Young University.
I have extensive experience in teaching the introductory Java programming classes in a variety of roles including undergraduate TA and professor. I have also taught several variations of computer literacy, web development, multimedia, computer architecture, and advised both undergraduates and graduate students on research projects. I have a secondary (grade 7-12) teaching license and most of the secondary computing endorsements, including endorsements for all of the required secondary career and technical education(CTE) classes. I have won several awards at the department, college, and university level for my work as a teaching assistant in the introductory computer science classes. I also enjoy working with K12 students in numerous capacities, including teacher, mentor, and judge, and many of the high school students I have advised have competed succcessfully at the regional and international level. I have been recognized for my outreach and involvement with women in computing as an Anita Borg finalist.
My hobbies include traveling, running, cooking, oil painting, quilting, and learning to play the organ.


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Small-school wrestlers set for battle
Psst, can you keep a secret?
There is a wealth of wrestling talent scattered throughout schools in the B, C and D classifications. Just look at the Wrestling Review of Western New York rankings.
In 10 of the 15 weight classes, there are at least three wrestlers from Classes B, C and/or D schools ranked among the top 6 in each weight class. Three of those weight divisions (113, 152 and 160) feature at least four wrestlers ranked among the top six with the 160-pound class boasting an astounding total of five .
It should make for an interesting Section VI Division II State Qualifying meet on Feb. 15 at Niagara County Community College. But before the best of the best battle for the right to pursue state championships Feb. 28-March 1 at Albany Times-Union Center, they first must survive their respective Section VI Class Tournaments, which will be held Saturday at various schools.
The top four place finishers in each weight class per class advance to the state qualifier.
Out of the 23 wrestlers who represented Section VI in the Division II state tournament last year, 12 came from Class C-sized schools.
Class C got a little deeper this year with Falconer, last year's Class D team champion, moving up a class. Who are the contenders? A sampling can be found later in this story.
In addition to the class tournaments involving Section VI's large and small schools (see Large Schools story on Page B1), the All-Catholic Championships take place Sunday at St. Francis.
Early All-Catholic set
St. Francis stars to watch on Sunday include Jake Braunscheidel, who's ranked third in Western New York at 182 pounds and is the defending All-Catholic champion. At 132, Mike Miller, honorable mention, is a two-time All-Catholic. Matt Muffoletto won at 120 last year and will challenge at 138. Travis Bittner will be at 120 after winning the 113 title last year.
Before Sunday, though, St. Francis and St. Joe's meet at St. Francis at 6 p.m. Wednesday in a dual that will decide the Monsignor Martin Association regular-season title.
St. Joe's returns two All-Catholic champions in Derek Penman and Richie Jones. Penman wrestles at 145, while Jones was Catholic state runner-up last year at 152.
• Alex Smythe is ranked first at 160 and with each triumph he continues to increase his Eden school record for career wins. The tally is now up to 219 – 17 more than current American University wrestler Tom Page's mark.
"There's only a dozen or so kids in Section VI who have gone over 200 wins," said Eden coach Tom Page, the father of the younger Page. "It's a great accomplishment."
Smythe, who has committed to UB, has made it to states twice in his previous five seasons, taking third at 152 last year after going into the event as the Section VI champion.
• Iowa State-bound Renaldo Rodriguez-Spencer of Cheektowaga has been invited to participate in the prestigious Dapper Dan Wrestling Classic March 16 at the University of Pittsburgh. Rodriguez-Spencer, last year's state champion at 132 pounds and a national champion at 138 pounds, will face a state champion from Pennsylvania. Only the top wrestlers in the country participate in the event dubbed the Rose Bowl of Wrestling.
Class competition
Here are the contenders for team titles in the small classes.
Class B: Lew-Port, Pioneer, Olean/Allegany-Limestone.Class C: Falconer, Newfane, Eden. Class D: Randolph, Pine Valley/Catt. Little Valley and Panama/Westfield/Ripley/Chautauqua Lake (WRCL).
Here are potential favorites heading into the Class B, C and D tournaments. Lineups have yet to be finalized.
Class B
• 99: Icar Simon of Olean and Alden's Owen Kissel.
• 106: Dunkirk's Hector Colom is ranked first in WNY. Alden's Mike Munn is coming off a win at the Ken-Ton.
•113: Tito Colom, Hector's older brother, is ranked third.
•120: Olean's Drew Marra and Pioneer's Jared Price are ranked second and third.
• 126: Amherst's Kellen Devlin moves up from 120, where he took third at states.
•132: Pioneer's Austin Aquard, the current No. 1.
•138: Lew-Port's Andrew Shomers.
•145: Renaldo Rodriguez-Spencer of Cheektowaga is the heavy favorite. Steve Qian of Amherst could challenge.
• 152: Lew-Port's Ryan Kromer is No. 1, while Alden's Eddie Hutschenreuter is No. 2.
•160: Nick Scheer of East Aurora.
• 170: Lew-Port's Eric Cerminara and Mitchell Collingridge of Pioneer are favored.
•182: Cheektowaga's Matt Bartnik, ranked third at 170, is moving up.
• 195: Alex Switzer (Alden).
• 220: Tyler Hall of East Aurora is ranked third.
• 285: Deep field. No. 1 Eric Feitshans of Alden is 33-1.
Class C
• 99: Shane Hetrick of Southwestern and Akron's John Fiebelkorn.
• 106: Medina's Brandon Collera and Eden's Jacob Page are among the contenders.
•113: Southwestern's Ryan Hetrick is ranked second.
•120: Abdul Alshawai of Lackawanna and Sawyer Overhoff of Eden are just a couple from a loaded bracket.
• 126: Jacob Peru of Falconer is the favorite.
• 132: Cody McGregor of Tonawanda is ranked second.
• 138: Fredonia's top-ranked Dakota Gardner was state runner-up at 126 last year.
• 145: Newfane's Nate Martin earned MOW at Niagara-Orleans meet.
• 152: Wilson's Chase Wheeler is ranked third, but there could be some 138s or 145s moving into the bracket.
• 160: Smythe of Eden. Falconer's Kyle Ross could provide a test unless he moves up to 170 or 182.
• 170: Mason Hoose of Southwestern and Falconer's Jim Schwab are solid.
• 182: Tanner Hoose of Southwestern.
• 195: Falconer's Jake Penhollow has a great chance.
• 220: Newfane's Jake Warner comes in fresh off winning the N-O title.
• 285: Akron's Dave Case.
Class D
• 99: Toss-up.
• 106: Maple Grove's AJ Putt and WRCL's Bryce Rowe could bump into each other.
• 113: Ryan Thierman of Portville is tough kid.
• 120: Top-ranked Brad Bihler of Maple Grove gave up three points at states last year en route to a third-place finish. Gowada's Jon Flynn is 33-8
• 126: Toss-up.
• 132: Toss-up.
• 138: MG's Trevor Micek has 24-8 mark as a rookie.
• 145: Gowanda's Lucas McKeever is ranked third.
• 152: Take Gowanda's Cody Richter or '13 state-alternate Brian Westerdahl of MG.
• 160: Chris Doubek of Randolph.
• 170: The favorite: Alex Kelly of Pine Valley/CV.
• 182: Pine Valley/CV's Eben Torres has just two losses.
• 195: Frewsburg's Trevor Spicer is 32-0 and all of his losses last year came to those who placed at states.
• 220: Brad Cunningham of Salamanca is ranked second in WNY.
• 285: Pine Valley/CV's Tyson Gugino has five losses, but to the same three foes.
email: email@example.com


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by Staff Writers
Washington (AFP) Feb 12, 2013
Israel's Defense Minister Ehud Barak held talks Tuesday with Pentagon chief Leon Panetta that were expected to focus on the conflict in Syria and on Iran's nuclear program, US officials said.
The meeting comes shortly after an Israeli air raid against a Syrian regime target, which renewed debate in Washington over arming Syria's rebels and fresh concerns about Iran's nuclear program.
It was the second time this year that the two defense chiefs, who are both due to step down soon, held talks in Washington.
The vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Admiral James "Sandy" Winnefeld, also took part in the talks on Tuesday, officials said.
During his visit, Barak was to meet senior intelligence and administration officials as well.
But defense officials declined to provide any details of the discussions.
A day before Barak's visit, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said Iran was now closer to crossing the "red line" after which it could build a nuclear weapon.
The Pentagon meeting also followed an admission from Panetta this week that he and other top officials had favored providing weapons to Syria's opposition forces, but were overruled in a White House debate.
The administration announced last week that President Barack Obama will make his first-ever visit to Israel and the Palestinian territories this spring.
Yitzhak Molcho, the personal envoy of Netanyahu, is also expected in the US capital this week to prepare for Obama's visit, as well as Israel's National Security Adviser Yaakov Amidror, Israeli media said.
Barak, after a decades-long career in top posts, has announced plans to retire from politics following the country's January elections.
And Panetta plans to step down as US defense secretary as soon as the Senate confirms Obama's pick to succeed him, former senator Chuck Hagel.
The Vietnam veteran has come under intense criticism from Republican lawmakers, who accuse him of failing to back Israel and of taking naive positions on Iran.
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Tagged: 'Philadelphia'
Chicago Bulls (32-25) Vs Philadelphia 76ers (22-33) Game Preview
February 28th, 2013 at 3:27 PM
After dropping their eighth game in twelve games against the Kyrie Irving-less Cleveland Cavaliers, the Chicago Bulls look to, once again, bounce back. Tonight's opponent: the Philadelphia 76ers. Both teams come into tonight's game limping as they both continue to miss the presence of their franchise players. The 76ers continue to...
Chicago Bulls Vs. Philadelphia 76ers First Round Schedule
April 26th, 2012 at 11:57 PM
The matchup is set. The top-seeded Chicago Bulls (50-16) will take on the eighth-seeded Philadelphia 76ers (35-31) in the first round of the playoffs. The Bulls won two out of the three regular season meetings. Game 1 is at noon on Saturday at the United Center. Here's the full schedule: Game...
2010-11 Chicago Bulls Player Grades: Kyle Korver
August 19th, 2011 at 9:30 AM
***PHOTO1*** My expectations for Kyle Korver might have been unrealistic going into the season. After watching the Bulls struggle mightily from long range in 2009-10, I viewed Korver as the answer to the Bulls' shooting woes. Unfortunately, that didn't necessarily come to fruition. And I blame Tom Thibodeau and the coaching staff...


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Perry Weighs His Future
Governor Rick Perry has some decisions to make about his future. That future could very well include campaigns here in Texas and across the country.
There's the chance the Governor could run for a fourth term as Governor next year. He could also run for the White House in 2016. Consultant Chris Begala told KTRH Attorney General Greg Abbott will play a key role in that decision.
"Will Attorney General Abbott wait again? He has $15M-$18M in the bank right now. That is a bunch of money for an Attorney General," Begala said.
Begala says if Perry decides to run for Governor again there could be fireworks.
"Let's assume that Governor Perry runs again. I would look for Abbott to run against him and that would be a donnybrook," Begala told KTRH.
Strategist Matt Mackowiak says if Perry runs next year, he better win.
"If he were to lose in 2014 to Greg Abbott then he would be unable to run for President. The only way he could run for President is if he were to win the governorship," Mackowiak told KTRH.
And if Perry decides to make another run at the White House, there could be yet another Texan standing in his way.
"Ted Cruz is on a rocket ride. He has an enormous amount of potential and publicity because he is demonstrating that he has the courage to fight for Conservative principles," Mackowiak stated.
Begala and Mackowiak both say the smart money is on Perry stepping down as Governor to concentrate on the White House.


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This seems moredifficult that the formulas I used for the other thermodynamicsproblems I've been working on. I don't have a sample problemthat uses %s like this one & I'm confused on how tobegin.
Air conditioners operate on the sameprinciple as refrigerators. Consider an air conditioner that has7.00 of refrigerant flowing through its circuit each cycle.The refrigerant enters the evaporator coils in phase equilibrium,with 54.0 of its mass as liquid and the rest as vapor. It flowsthrough the evaporator at a constant pressure and when it reachesthe compressor 95 of its mass is vapor. In each cycle, how much heat is absorbed by the refrigerant while it is in theevaporator? The heat of vaporization of the refrigerant is1.50×105 .
Thank you in advance for your time!!


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Why is swordsman Miyamoto Musashi so popular? We know almost nothing about him and what we know with any certainty is not very spectacular. Is it because he is the author of The Book of Five Rings? Or is it thanks to the novel by Yoshikawa Eiji and the films by Inagaki and other directors? It is a real enigma, especially as Musashi was not at all very well known in his own time and only seems to have gathered fame long after his death, the legend accelerating in the 20th c.
That legend then, is that not all there is? I often have the feeling that Miyamoto Musashi is not a real figure, but a blending of the scant facts from several, different persons: the legend of the young, hotheaded swordfighter has grown together with the life of the martial arts teacher of the Hosokawa clan in Kumamoto, and on the way sucked up the works of a painter called Niten. Or am I too skeptical?
Thanks to the Sunday-drama series of the NHK, 2004 was a Miyamoto Musashi year in Japan and Kodansha took that opportunity to ask Japanologist and translator (Hagakure; The Book of Five Rings; Taiko) William Scott Wilson to write a book about the legendary swordfighter: The lone Samurai. The author goes back to the original documents and tries to sort out their conflicting claims, which is no easy job. Too little is known for sure, too much is based on just one source without corroborating evidence. For example, we do not even know on which side the famous Miyamoto Musashi fought in the greatest conflicts of his time, the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 and the two campaigns against Osaka Castle and the Toyotomi in 1615.
Wilson basically does a good job, but there is so little to tell about Miyamoto Musashi that he often has to pad his story by in detail relating historical circumstances and informing us about the lives of other people who lived in Musashi's time. This is in itself not bad, as it gives us the full historical and cultural picture, but the author goes too far when he speculates that Takuan, a famous Zen monk of the early 17th c., and Musashi must have known each other. That is not scholarship but fiction - in the novel by Yoshikawa Eiji Takuan figures as the teacher of Musashi.
The detailed discussions of several of Musashi's art works are welcome, but here, too, I have a lingering doubt: if Musashi was not considered as the artist, would these paintings still be discussed in terms of being painted with the "sharp eye of the swordsman?" Isn't that an interpolation from supposed facts?
The part I liked best in the whole book was unfortunately printed in smaller letters than what went before, as if it were less important: an overview of the growth of the Musashi legend, and the development of his story in Yoshikawa Eiji's novel and several films, all the way to a recent manga, Vagabond. Perhaps because I see Musashi as basically an interesting legend and a good story and consider him very problematical as history, to me this section should be the basis of all Musashi books instead of being treated as an appendix.
That being said, I am grateful to Wilson for including this detailed account (Lone Samurai is the only Musashi book that does so) and on the whole can recommend this book to all, newcomers and those who already have a basic knowledge about the subject alike, as an excellent introduction to the Musashi legend.


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Pak vs WI | live Cricket Score | Pakistan vs West Indies | Quarter final cricket world cup 2011
Pak vs WI live Cricket Score: Pakistan will face West Indies (Pak vs WI) of ICC Cricket world cup 2011 on 23rd March 2011. Both Pak vs WI match is really exciting for both teams and Cricket fans who want to see their teams heros in live Action. This first Quarter Final will be played at Bangladesh.
Pakistan vs West Indies live score
Pak vs WI live Cricket Score updates
23 March 2011 , 08:30 GMT | 14:30 local 13:30 PKT (Day /Night)
Shere Bangla National Stadium, Mirpur
Pakistan vs West Indies Live Quarter Final Cricket World Cup 2011 will be live from Shere Bangla National Stadium, Mirpur Bangladesh. All live score and other essential updates will be provided here on asportsnews and ball to ball commentary also enjoyed here. Pakistan qualified for playing the quarterfinals in the World Cup 2011, defeating Zimbabwe by seven wickets in the rain-shortened Group A match here at the Pallekele International Stadium on Monday. This time Pakistan team looks well established with some minor mistakes and flaws but well on ground. West Indies have best squad for world Cup with better in Bowling and Batting. Pakistan Bowling do very well in whole World Cup like Captain Shahid Khan Afridi on top with 17 Wickets in 6 matches on score board.West Indies will hope for another of such performances like the one that New Zealand doled out. Other side West Indies in good position. West Indies in good batting lineup his fielding side also well and bowling side in good position. WI bowlers in good perform and they can control any situation. West Indies batting line very good but some time they pressurize against some teams.
Pakistan vs West Indies quarter final cricket world cup 2011
Pakistan have a good Combination in Bowling and Batting side. Pakistan reach in Semi final after the beating West Indies because of his Bowling. if West Indies want to clinch this match then they can benefited from inconsistent batting form of Pakistan team.Other wise Pakistan have better combination from West Indies team in Bowling and Batting.
Who will Win Quarter Final of Pakistan vs West Indies World Cup 2011 .
- West Indies (51%, 370 Votes)
- Pakistan (49%, 357 Votes)
Total Voters: 727
West Indies have won the toss and elected to bat in first Quarter Final against Pakistan .See complete Live Updates here
Pak vs WI live Cricket Score Updates.
Sports News Found By:
- wes vs pak w wld cup 2017


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1. Thairapy365 Tricurl multi barrel curling iron ($230, blissworld.com).
Three interchangeable barrels means WAY more styling options from just one device. The best part? This gizmo is clip-free and curls hair quicker, which equals less heat damage every time you use it.
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Not only does this luscious crème do the work of both a BB AND a CC cream, but even better, it will improve the appearance of your skin over time with anti-aging properties. Talk about long-term planning!
3. Alterna Caviar Repair RX Instant Recovery shampoo ($32, beauty.com).
Shampoos that JUST shampoo are so yesterday! How about a hair cleanser that uses the power of proteins to repair and replenish dry, brittle hair? We likey!
4. Corioliss Straight 2 Curl titanium styling iron ($99.99, amazon.com).
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NSW Premier
The ALP suffered significant swings against it in parts of Sydney's west, and in Bennelong, echoing the drubbing Labor received in the Penrith state by-election in June.
But Ms Keneally has so far refused to blame her government's poor standing for the federal result, instead blaming a weak election campaign, Labor leaks and a lack of federal investment in infrastructure.
But Opposition Leader
"What we've seen is a massive rejection of the state Labor government's lack of infrastructure investment across western Sydney," Mr O'Farrell told reporters in Sydney on Sunday.
"Which planet is Kristina Keneally on today?
"Clearly it is not Earth, clearly it is not Sydney."


text: Home > Products/Tools > Kitchen > Kitchen & Bath Kitchen Kitchen & Bath New Installation Methods for 2004 By Dave Holbrook Login or Register to download the PDF version of this article. (390.6 kB) What's so tough about sticking ceramic tile to a floor, wall, or countertop? Well, hundreds of thousands of failed installations speak volumes. And, contrary to the old adage, what you don't know can hurt you. The Tile Council of America (TCA, Anderson, S.C.; 864/646-8453, www.tileusa.com) speaks back with its own volume, the 41st edition of the 2003-2004 Handbook for Ceramic Tile Installation. The new edition of the guide promises "14 new installation methods," and "almost 200 editorial changes," in its 47 pages. Clearly, ceramic tile installation is a dynamic field. The question is, how often do tile installers update their knowledge base and methods? Are the tile subcontractors you hire, or you yourself, exercising the necessary due diligence? Both tile consumption and tile technology have grown by leaps and bounds in recent years, but some inside the industry note a deficit of trained ceramic tile installers. Dave Gobis, of the Ceramic Tile Education Foundation and a member of the TCA Handbook conference, cites current sales figures of 2.8 billion square feet, a growth rate of 100% over the last 7 years and 200% over the last 14. Meanwhile, according to the U.S. Census, the number of people describing themselves as tile installers lags seriously behind that product growth. A reliable resource. The TCA develops its details and outlines only by consensus among a board of active national and regional cross-industry representatives. This means that adhesive manufacturers, flatwork masons, ceramic and glass tile manufacturers, backerboard producers, tile installers, gypsum manufacturers, and various association and council members sit down and come to terms on each and every installation detail published.On the other hand, it means that any method or item that could not achieve consensus is left out. You can safely consider the Handbook an authoritative, up-to-date, and indispensable reference, but, because of the process, it may not be exhaustive in its coverage of newer materials and technologies. Note that the Handbook is designed to function... Login or Register to continue reading


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Football Contest
County, area communities begin application process for flooding disaster reimbursements
By Anton Adamek
Wednesday, August 14, 2013 6:37 AM
Officials from Fillmore County, area cities and townships filled the boardroom at the Preston courthouse last Thursday, Aug. 8, for a meeting hosted by the Minnesota Homeland Security and Emergency Management and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Information was shared about applying for federal funding, eligibility, and future HSEM/FEMA involvement. ANTON ADAMEK/BLUFF COUNTRY NEWSPAPER GROUP
The lower boardroom of the Fillmore County Courthouse was bustling with activity last Thursday afternoon, Aug. 8. Chairs were quickly filled by county department, city and township officials who had assembled to begin the application process for federal funding relating to the June 23 flash-flooding event.
Area news networks, staff of federal legislators, and Minnesota Homeland Security and Emergency Management (HSEM) and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) staff members filled in the remaining space.
The meeting was scheduled following a major disaster declaration by President Barack Obama on July 25 for 18 counties which sustained significant damage during storms from June 20 to 26. Fillmore County's meeting was the last to be held of the 18, with Houston's at 10 a.m. that morning.
The point of holding an applicant briefing meeting was to allow cities and townships to begin the funding application process with guidance. The meeting was also held to explain eligibility factors, funding processes and future steps in the public assistance process.
Following an introduction by Fillmore County Sheriff Daryl Jensen and about 10 other HSEM and FEMA staff members, Minnesota HSEM Deputy Public Assistance Officer Wayne Lamoreaux explained that applicants had 30 days to sign up for assistance from the time the disaster was declared. He stressed the necessity of having a D-U-N-S number, which serves as the identification number for the city, township or public entity whenever they apply for grants.
Lamoreaux told officials HSEM would be their point of contact after FEMA leaves again; they would take care of grant management, applications, eligibility concerns and general guidance of those public entities affected by the disaster.
Applicant, work and cost eligibility was addressed in a presentation by HSEM Public Assistance Officer Bill Hirte. He briefly summarized the process the county had already gone through in the FEMA-completed Preliminary Damage Assessment. A "Request for Public Assistance" form was handed out to each applicant and filled out in the meeting. Hirte explained that the contact information on the form would allow FEMA to follow-up with applicants in kick-off meetings.
These one-on-one meetings will have field staff from FEMA and HSEM work with applicants to methodically go through damages and determine funding eligibility. Hirte said applicants needed to have a map of their jurisdiction ready for the meeting with damaged areas located. A narrative explaining damaged sites, the extent of the damage and how much it will cost to fix the areas is required as well. Hirte also recommended applicants supply pictures and know the contractor who will be doing the repair work.
FEMA staff, which includes a public assistance crew leader (PAC) and project specialist (PS), will compile information obtained at the kick-off meeting into a project worksheet. The project worksheet will show damage descriptions, project eligibility and cost estimates for each location. Hirte said the PAC/PS teams will keep in contact with the applicants and get all the information they need. They will also determine what technical assistance is needed for the applicants. Due to an increased number of natural disasters in Minnesota in the past several years, Hirte said there had been an increase of staff to speed up the process.
The field staff would meet with the applicants within a week of the briefing.
In explaining the eligibility criteria and categories of work Hirte pointed out that Private Non-Profit Entities (PNP) which provide critical services such as medical treatment and communication services would be eligible for Public Assistance. A PNP must first apply to the Small Business Administration for a disaster loan before applying to FEMA.
In order to be eligible for work reimbursement, the applicant must show that the cost of their project is similar to historic costs of the same kind. The federal government, Hirte reminded people, would only be able to pay for a reasonable increase in costs. Thus, work must be contracted out and competitively bid for according to historic levels.
Eligible cost reimbursement must also include deductions from insurance. FEMA would take those numbers into account before determining eligibility. Hirte said in such cases as environmental protection damages, other agencies such as the DNR would get involved.
Work was categorized as either Emergency or Permanent work. Debris removal and implementation of emergency protective measures were under the emergency label. Debris must pose a threat to life, health and safety. Work must be shown to reduce property damage and improve economic recovery.
Permanent work is constituted by roads and bridge systems, water control facilities, public buildings and equipment, public utilities, parks and recreation and other work. Work on roads and bridges spans features associated with those projects. Eligibility of water control facilities is restricted to drainage channel, pumping facility and some irrigation facility repair. Buildings needing replacement or repair, including their contents and heavy equipment and vehicles are eligible. Water treatment and delivery systems, sewage, power and communications systems are eligible under utilities.
Hirte said emergency work must be completed within six months from the disaster declaration date. Permanent work should be completed within 18 months. An extension may be applied for if circumstances do not allow for the completion of the work, up to six months more for emergency work and 30 months more for permanent work. Other special considerations apply as it relates to historic preservation and cultural resources.
After project worksheets are completed they will be reviewed by the FEMA field office in St. Paul. Once approved, a computer generated project worksheet is created with supporting documents, which are sent to HSEM for grant processing. Any appeals in the process must be submitted to HSEM within 60 days to which FEMA has 90 days to respond.
The State of Minnesota will then grant the 75 percent eligible reimbursement due the applicant from FEMA. The state will provide a percentage of the funding for the remaining cost of the projects.
In recent years, the state has paid the remaining 25 percent. A special legislative session will be held on Sept. 9 to determine the percent that may be applied to this flooding event. Remaining funding would need to come from the applicants.
Hirte said payments should start coming into the county two months after FEMA leaves from the kick-off meetings. Any additional damages discovered would need to be reported to FEMA within 60 days of the kick-off meeting. According to the Preliminary Damage Assessment, Fillmore County sustained $17.8 million in public damages.
Reimbursement for the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program would be handled separately, since the projects would entail preparing for future disasters and not repair. Hirte explained an eligible project example would be putting riprap on the end of a culvert to prevent it from being washed out again. Repetitive damages would be eligible for this preventative work.
In addition to answering questions, HSEM left packets of information relating to equipment rates and forms.
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Pokémon Black 2 and White 2 Review
By James Best
If there were one word I would use to describe the Pokémon series, that word would be iterative. Recently, several games have been released in the series, bringing only minute changes to the gameplay with each new version. And that is perfectly fine. The thing is, Pokémon's gameplay does not really need to change; it's already a work of genius as it is. At the surface, it's a delightfully simple RPG built around a system that is best described as Rock, Paper Scissors on steroids. But, those who delve deeper into the mechanics will find a rich and dynamic competitive aspect.
However, having a system as great as Pokémon's will only get the developers so far. To keep each new game from getting stale, they have to change and upgrade something. Whether it be the graphics, the music, or the gameplay, a yearly iterative game has to enhance or revolutionize to keep the audience engaged. While the latest installment in the Pokémon series tries to do this, it fails in the long run.
One thing the games could have done to refresh the series would be to enhance the graphics. Unfortunately, Black and White seemed to be the limit of what the DS was capable of, thus leaving their successors no room to improve. That said, while the game still uses the 2D sprite-based presentation, the sequels do put a greater emphasis on 3D set pieces. Some of these structures are actually quite impressive.
Another area that could have improved upon is music, although, once again, Black 2 and White 2 are hampered by dated hardware. The music is still really good and offers a few nice touches. Still, it's nothing we've never heard in a Pokémon game before. Except for one thing. The title screen is probably the most exciting thing Black and White 2 brings to the series, all because the music that plays is a live recording of a professional orchestra. This title screen alone conveyed a sense of grandeur that the MIDI tracks that filled the game itself weren't able to convey. It may be the only orchestrated piece in the entire game, but it stands out from the rest and might just set a precedent that will run over into the next Pokémon games in their entirety.
As I mentioned above, Black 2 and White 2 preserves the core gameplay Pokémon fans have come to love over the years. Players will still be adventuring across land and sea, capturing a host of Pokémon along the way. There are tons of connectivity options for online play and trading Pokémon with players across the globe. It also improves on a few things Black and White got wrong. The caves are less linear, with more branching paths. The new Triple and Rotation Battles are used more often in the main game. However, the interface is still as clunky as before, and doesn't bother to emulate the one perfected in HeartGold and SoulSilver.
There is one new feature in Black 2 and White 2 that really sells the game. The Pokémon World Tournament is a Battle Tower-esque facility that pits you in a tournament with several trainers. The exciting thing is, these trainers aren't limited to only the randomly generated. Some of the trainers are Gym Leaders and Champions from previous Pokémon games. Even more exciting, new tournaments will be made available over the Wi-fi Connection, including trainers based on the winners of recent, real-world Pokémon tournaments.
Unfortunately, the games still fall short in a few areas, the biggest failure residing in difficulty. Most of the trainers encountered in the game have only one or two Pokémon on their team, and even those tend to be weak or unevolved. The Gym Leaders are especially big offenders. Once again, GameFreak has limited Unova's finest to only half the maximum party size. While the game does have difficulty settings, they are not unlocked until the game is mostly finished. Even worse, players can't restart their game to utilize the difficulty settings from the get-go as they lose access to them once their save data is erased!
Black 2 and White 2 also rely far too heavily on "road blocks", not a literal road blocks like a boulder or a tree, but characters who refuse to let players go beyond a certain point until an arbitrary task is done (the guard who prevented entry into Saffron City until the player gave him a drink in the First Generation games comes to mind). It is true that previous games in the series have utilized road blocks, but these games feature them more prevalently. More than once, player progress is hindered by these "road blocks" for no reason whatsoever and for far too long a time. For instance, players are prohibited from accessing southeastern Unova until they've defeated the Champion, restricting those areas to postgame content.
Unlike most Pokémon games, Black 2 and White 2 are direct sequels to the original Pokémon Black and White. Taking place two years after the events in Black and White, these games expand on the elements and plots introduced in their predecessors. Team Plasma, for instance, has been split into two groups. One continues their crusade to liberate Pokémon from their trainers, following the will of Ghetsis. The other attempts to atone for their misdeeds in the first game, pining after the missing N. It does a good job of expanding on a few of the underdeveloped aspects of Black and White. For instance, the Plasma Sages fulfill more of an actual role in the game, acting as the occasional boss battle.
While Black 2 and White 2 do a good job expanding upon Black and White's relatively sparse story, their plot is held back by adherence to formula. Like any Pokémon game, the main objective is to collect eight gym badges, beat the Elite Four, and dethrone the Champion. The problem is that this has been done before, several times. It's a shame Black 2 and White 2's innovations in storytelling should be so thinly spread across the same formula we've seen in Pokémon games since day one. Perhaps it's time the Pokémon series drop the focus on collecting badges. Perhaps it's time GameFreak moved away from their reliance on the Elite Four and Champion as the ultimate goal of the game. Perhaps it's time they gave a new story structure it's chance to shine without encumbering it under the weight of tradition. It sounds insane, I know, and probably hits a lot of us right in the childhood. But a little innovation can go a long way and once we've finally laid the old story formula to rest, who's to say we won't all agree it was for the better?
While it may seem as though I've mostly criticized the game, I must say I did enjoy it. As a Pokemaniac, it's hard not get drawn into the appeal of each new adventure. Still, Pokémon Black 2 and White 2 have made it clear that the Pokémon series could do well with a few improvements and innovations here and there. Fans of the Pokémon series will enjoy this latest adventure in the Unova region, but there is little reason for those with only a passing interest to invest in GameFreak's latest offering.


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Model Mayhem Admin
Miss MadnessModel Female Brooklyn, New York, US
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Latest question:
How do you think the new GigE standards will influence the machine vision industry?
Respond or ask your question now!
Corporate Identity
Volpi is a world class development and manufacturing company, providing technology leadership in fiber optics, optics and optoelectronics.
The company's long history of innovation began in Switzerland in 1953, and continues today with the continuous introduction of advanced products and services.
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A Transylvania Pilgrimage
July 2007
de First UU Society of SF
Acerca del libro
Photo collection from a pilgrimage to Unitarian areas of Transylvania.
Características y detalles
- Categoría Fe y religión
Apaisado estándar, 25×20 cm
138 Páginas
- Fecha de publicación sep. 27, 2007
- Etiquetas travel, UU, pilgrimage, transylvania
Acerca del creador
I discovered blurb.com after my daughter's wedding. She and my son-in-law published a book of wedding pictures. When the UU's went on a pilgrimage to Transylvania, we took a lot of pictures, and I knew I would use Blurb to create a keepsake book for everyone. There are some other things I want to do with it as well - check back in a few months.
Inicia sesión o crea una cuenta para publicar un comentario.
1 Comentarios
Ron Naylor NZOSM NZGSM PJM Very interesting, well designed book. Congratulations.
My name is Ron Naylor, I live in Christchurch, New Zealand, where I am an artist, art teacher, composer, and breeder of rhododendrons.
Paste http://www.blurb.com/user/store/artlook
into your browser to see all the twenty or so books I have published so far, which includes :
Lord's Prayer in F major
Psalm 23 in B flat major
Psalm 23 in F major
Psalm 23 in G major
Psalm 122 in B flat major
Nicene Creed in B flat major
Ferial Responses in B flat major
Magnificat & Nunc Dimittis in F major
Magnificat & Nunc Dimittis in B flat major
Magnificat & Nunc Dimittis in A flat major
Magnificat & Nunc Dimittis in G flat major
Parry / Naylor 'Jerusalem' 'I was Glad', 'Repton'
Organ Solos : Book 1
My publication rate is one new book every month. Don't be afraid to comment on anyone's books as what you have to say is anonymous.
Paste http://126.96.36.199/o.html
into your browser to visit the music page of my personal website where you can listen to MIDI files of the music.


text:
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text:
February 11: A Rally for Israel
Talmudic sages wondered how King Achav of Israel could have reigned for decades, considering his practice and encouragement of idolatry and every type of sin. They arrived at the answer that at least during his reign there was, if nothing else, unity among the Jewish people. Today we find deep divisions among our people, perhaps nowhere more so than in our attitudes toward Israel and the peace process. It almost makes you wish for the good old days of King Achav.
These days, there are radical hard-liners on both the right and left who are ready to push their single-minded agendas even at the cost of death and destruction. There are racist, bigoted Jews and self-hating anti-Semitic Jews, and both must be discredited at all costs.
As for the rest of us, it sometimes seems as though if we are united in anything, it is in the belief that the other side is dead wrong and largely responsible for the terrible predicament that confronts our people. At least we agree on something.
The losers in this struggle are Israel and the Jewish people. This is not a new circumstance for our people. The sages of the Talmud tell us that baseless hatred was the proximate cause of the destruction of the Second Temple. While this has traditionally been seen as a philosophical point, with the "great sin" tipping the scales of some heavenly balance, it has a more pragmatic interpretation as well. The Jews of Jerusalem were busy with internal conflict even as the Roman siege tightened around them. Large storehouses of food were put to the torch by Jews who didn't agree with government policies, and the people and the city were then doomed. The unthinkable has already happened. We must not let it happen again.
We have no choice but to see ourselves again as one people. Our adversaries certainly don't differentiate us by religious or political variant. More importantly, our own Torah sees us as one people, warts and all.
Promises by G-d of a special role in the world, of a land of our own and of our continuity as a people, were made to the nation of Israel, not to its left or right wings. It is only together that we can fulfill our destiny as Jews.
The road to achdut (unity) is long and arduous. We can begin by finding the common ground, our support for the people and the State of Israel. We feel their pains and hurts as if they were our own. It is in this spirit that we of the Orthodox Union call upon the Jewish community to unite in a rally in support of our brothers and sisters in Israel and their quest for a true peace, Sunday, Feb. 11, 10:15 a.m., at the corner of Olympic and Doheny. (Rain location is next door at Beth Jacob Congregation, 9030 W. Olympic Blvd., Beverly Hills.) The program is to include prayer, addresses by Israeli Consul General Yuval Rotem and Rep. Henry Waxman, an address by Rabbi Marvin Hier and songs of hope, unity and peace. It's a start — please join in.
Dr. Larry Eisenberg is president of the Orthodox Union's West Coast region.


text:
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text:
Faithful Citizenship
Reading the Bible After 9/11
Two years ago, I spent a weekend lecturing and preaching in Cody, Wyoming, and my hosts and I built in a Saturday for me to do a long hike in Yellowstone. But the night before I left, when they heard I was planning to hike alone on a bear-laden trail, they warned me about the Swiss hiker who had been eaten on that trail, and it affected my whole Yellowstone experience.
The entire next day, I saw bears everywhere—this stump, that clump of bushy grass, those shadows deep in the forest. Bears. I was so jumpy seeing all these bears that it was hard for me to enjoy an amazing eighteen-mile hike. And while there were indeed real bears around—going up into the backcountry I saw bear tracks on the trail, and when I descended, there were tracks on top of my original prints going up—I never saw an actual bear.
Just lots and lots of things that looked like bears.
This is a story I tell sometimes to talk about how when we read, we tend to find what we are looking for. Last week, we considered how Americans tend to get their news from sources with which they agree, and thus are sometimes privy to something less than the full truth. This week we're going to consider how we read the Bible and do theology, especially in relation to our relationships with God and with each other, and again I'm going to encourage us to get out of our typical ways of doing things and consider the possibility that God may be moving in more than one way in the world.
Because the truth is, if you're looking for bears, you will most certainly see bears.
But bears may be all you see.
For the past three years I've been reading and reflecting theologically on the events of 9/11 for my book on terror, torture, and civil rights which will be out next year. In these weeks leading to the tenth anniversary of the attacks, I'm writing on the event, on our reaction to it, and on how religion has been used and abused in the process. This week I want to do with biblical study and theology what we did last week: suggest a wide range of resources that allows readers to talk and think with more sense of scope about the theology underlying what we do and say.
Those of us who are believers or who study the Bible all come to the text with a set of preconditioned responses—bears we will see everywhere because we expect to find them there. Some of our filters are salvation (everything in the Bible relates to our personal salvation by Jesus, the Christ), peace and justice (everything in the Bible relates to our participation in God's clean-up of the Cosmos), and piety (everything in the Bible is about how we are supposed to behave, or actions we are supposed to avoid in order to be holy). The problem with any filter, as we saw last week, is that it shapes our reading or hearing—we tend only to find what we already expected to find.
So I want to propose (or remind you of) some ways you might read the Bible that break it and us open to see it in a new light, and to read for what is on the page instead of just seeing our favorite bears everywhere. First, verses of the Bible need to be read in a larger context. Instead of picking and choosing a verse here or there that proves our point, we should read attentively in larger sections and ask what the Bible is saying.
Greg Garrett is (according to BBC Radio) one of America's leading voices on religion and culture. He is the author or co-author of over twenty books of fiction, theology, cultural criticism, and spiritual autobiography. His most recent books are The Prodigal, written with the legendary Brennan Manning, Entertaining Judgment: The Afterlife in Popular Imagination, and My Church Is Not Dying: Episcopalians in the 21st Century. A contributor to Patheos since 2010, Greg also writes for the Huffington Post, Salon.com, OnFaith, The Tablet, Reform, and other web and print publications in the US and UK.


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Feb 09, 2009 09:35 AM|Sgro|LINK
Hello, I am a bit confused about the Authorize filter and what it exactly does.
What I understood is that:
What I fail to understand is:
The fact is that I am used to read the cookie in the Global.asax AuthenticateRequest method, if present create an instance of a custom implementation of IIdentity with an IPrincipal inside, set it to the current HttpContext.User so it can be read and used during the current request.
But I just saw an application that does not do this step, and still works.
Anyone can give me a detailed explanation of how the Authorize filter works? Thanks.
Feb 09, 2009 01:51 PM|levib|LINK
The three steps you listed above are pretty much the extent of [Authorize]'s logic. The [Authorize] filter is agnostic as to the underlying authentication mechanism; it can be used with FormsAuth, Windows Auth, etc. In the normal course of ASP.NET request handling, the authentication module runs very early in the request lifecycle. The authentication module is responsible for setting HttpContext.User. In the case of FormsAuth, the authentication module sets HttpContext.User by reading the current authorization cookie.
Since MVC simply rides on top of existing ASP.NET infrastructure, this means that the authentication module has already executed by the time the MVC code is called into. We just assume that HttpContext.User has been set appropriately by that module.
Feb 10, 2009 04:26 AM|Sgro|LINK
Ok then, I have one more question. Since the FormsAuth cookie does not provide a way to store user roles, I assume the Authorize Filter does not manage a scenario where it has to set the roles in the HttpContext.User. So, If I am using roles, Do I still have to set the HttpContext.User in the global.asax?
Feb 10, 2009 06:50 AM|Augi|LINK
If you are using standard role-managing, so using configuration/roleManager element in your
web.config, then you have to specify cacheRolesInCookie="true" on this element. This enables caching roles into cookie (it's different cookie then the cookie used by forms-authentication module) - default value is
You don't have to set HttpContext.User in your global.asax.cs - it's done automatically in RoleManagerModule.
Feb 10, 2009 07:33 AM|Sgro|LINK
I see.. but my role management structure is a bit more complex. I have a Roles table, a Groups table and a Users table. The mappings are:
Users +-------+ Groups
Users +-------+ Roles
Groups +-----+ Roles
(where + means many)
So a User's roles are defined by all the roles applied directly to the user, plus all the roles inherited by all the groups the user belongs to. So I think I have really to do the operation in the global.asax, or do I still have hope to avoid that?
Feb 10, 2009 07:41 AM|Augi|LINK
I'm now using very similar scenario. I wrote my own implementation of RoleProvider that works with my DB. Then you must specify your role-provider class in
web.config only. It's all.
Feb 11, 2009 05:15 AM|Sgro|LINK
Thank you that helped a lot. I think I need to study asp.net Membership a little harder.
Feb 11, 2009 05:28 AM|Augi|LINK
If you will write own Member-, Role and/or Profile- Providers that work against your custom database then "Simple SQL Providers" from this project can be good starting point for you:
http://www.codeplex.com/AltairisWebSecurity (http://www.codeplex.com/AltairisWebSecurity/Wiki/View.aspx?title=Simple%20SQL%20Providers&referringTitle=Home)
It helped me a lot...
6 Points
Feb 24, 2009 05:34 PM|jyoung1024|LINK
Sorry to jump in on this, but i have been struggling with this of a few days now.
Augi, you mention that if you are using the standard role managing, I assume you are talking about RoleProvider.
I am not using any of the Membership Provider APIs, so I take it I still have to set the current user in global.asax in the AuthenticateRequest?
In that case, if we are just using the "Authorize" attribute (not the locations in web.config), when does the Authenticate_Request get fired?
Many Thanks,
Oct 13, 2009 10:02 AM|jmedia|LINK
I've been wondering the same thing myself. I'm not using any of the Membership APIs and don't really want to but I'm not sure where I should be setting the details for the HttpContext.User, should I be doing this on by overriding the AuthorizeCore method in my own attirbute.
I have seen references where people do it in the globax.asax but this can't be right as there will be pages within the site where you don't have to be authorised.
In previous systems we have built we have simply created a base class for our pages that inherited from the Page class and then set the HttpContext.User details in there (from either the cache or the db)
Any input would be greatly appreciated.
MVC Authentication
Oct 13, 2009 07:02 PM|levib|LINK
AuthenticateRequest is the right place to do this. Note that authentication and authorization are two different steps: the purpose of authentication is to determine who the user is, and the purpose of authorization is to determine whether the current user has permission to access some resource.
In your scenario, since you're only concerned with telling us who the user is, you want to hook the authentication step. Note the authentication doesn't make any judgments about what a user is or isn't allowed to do. Authentication is concerned only with verifying the identity of a user.
Similarly, our [Authorize] filter is concerned only with authorization, not authentication. It depends on a different authentication mechanism (such as Windows auth, Forms auth, or your own custom auth) having first been run and having set HttpContext.User to the correct value. [Authorize] then queries the User property to figure out if it should be allowed to access the protected resource.
Hope this helps!
Oct 14, 2009 05:15 AM|jmedia|LINK
So if I understand what you are saying, I should use AuthenticateRequest in my Global.asax to for example check for cookie and set the httpcontext.user details if my cookie exists and then override AuthorizeCore to check the httpcontext.user's roles etc to see if they are allowed to access this particular action (using my custom authorize attribute)?
Oct 14, 2009 02:48 PM|levib|LINK
Yes on hooking AuthenticateRequest in Global.asax and setting the User property. You're replacing the authentication step in the pipeline.
For [Authorize], you shouldn't need to subclass anything or override any method. As long as the User object you set implements things like IsInRole() correctly, the [Authorize] attribute will work just fine with the authentication code that you have written.
Oct 15, 2009 11:42 AM|jmedia|LINK
One thing I have noticed though with hooking into the Authenticate Request method is that on a single page there are numerous requests (I presume for other files such as images etc.) so my code fires every single time, I really only want this to fire once.


text:
26. 2. 2007 - Czech Airlines Carried More than 330,000 Passengers in January
Prague, 26 February 2007
In spite of the weather not being favourable this January, Czech Airlines (CSA) carried more than 330,000 passengers. Compared to the same period last year, the number of passengers carried increased by nearly two per cent. CSA also operated a total of 2,893 flights in January 2007.
Overall, Czech Airlines carried over 300,000 passengers on regular routes this January, which is a 3.6% increase over last January. Regular routes accounted for more than 90 per cent of the overall carriage results. In addition, in January, CSA carried nearly 30,000 passengers on charter flights, primarily to exotic destinations. CSA also carried 1,590 tonnes of goods and mail in January.
The number of checked-in passengers increased, in spite of the unfortunate events that caused Prague Airport to close several times in January. In mid-January, flight operations were limited due to a warning about a bomb being placed at Prague Airport. Later, operations all over Europe were deeply interrupted by Hurricane Kyrill. The most significant impact on CSA's operations in January was the 30-hour closure of Prague Airport, due to the snow calamity at the end of the month.
In 2006, Czech Airlines carried a record 5.5 million passengers. Year-on-year, their number grew by 4.7 per cent. In 2005, CSA carried 5.2 million passengers, and 4.3 the year before.
Daniela Hupáková
CSA Spokesperson


text:
Your doctor's opinion is a very important part of your Social Security disability case. Social Security often relies on doctor's opinions to help decide whether a disability applicant meets the requirements of a disability listing or whether the applicant has the residual functional capacity (RFC) to continue to work.
Whether Social Security will rely on your doctor's opinion depends on your doctor's credentials, your relationship to (and history with) your doctor, how your doctor writes his or her opinion, and whether the rest of the evidence in your file supports the doctor's opinion.
Social Security will review everything that you submit for your case, but they may disregard medical evidence that does not come from an "acceptable medical source." Acceptable medical sources are:
If your treating doctor is not an acceptable medical source, Social Security may either disregard the doctor's opinion or it may just use the doctor's information to establish the severity of your impairment. For example, you may submit a letter from your chiropractor saying that you have degenerative disc disease that meets a disability listing, but Social Security will disregard that opinion. However, if the chiropractor goes on to say that they have been treating you for years and that you cannot sit or stand for more than 30 minutes at a time, then Social Security may use that information to decide if your condition is serious. (If you are trying to get disability for degenerative disc disease, you will need a diagnosis from an acceptable medical source and medical evidence like MRI's.)
Social Security gives more weight to the opinion of a doctor who has treated you regularly for a long period of time, called a treating physician or doctor. You must show that you have an "ongoing treatment relationship" with a doctor for Social Security to consider that person to be your treating physician. An ongoing treatment relationship means that you have seen the doctor with a frequency that is consistent with the accepted practice for patients with your condition. For example, if you only see your neurologist twice a year for treatment of your MS, Social Security will still consider them to be your treating physician if it is common for patients with MS to be seen by a neurologist twice a year.
If Social Security finds that one of your doctors is a treating physician, then Social Security must defer to the doctor's opinion unless the agency have a good reason to discount it. If Social Security does not give controlling weight to your treating physician's opinion, the agency will explain the reason(s) why in its written decision.
If the doctor whose opinion you are offering has only reviewed your records and never examined you in person, or if you have only seen the doctor for the purpose of getting an evaluation to help you with your disability case, then Social Security will give the opinion less weight.
Social Security refers to any letter or statement from a doctor as a "medical source statement." Unless your medical source statement describes your diagnosis, your symptoms, your treatment history, and the limitations imposed by your condition, then you may not win your case even though your doctor thinks you are disabled.
Your medical source statement should specify whether and how you meet a disability listing. For example, if you are trying to prove that your six-year-old child meets the listing for mental retardation, it would be helpful to have a doctor describe the behaviors they have seen in your child indicating severe impairments in social functioning, personal functioning, concentration, and/or cognitive and communicative functioning.
If you have been receiving treatment or taking medications for your condition, your medical source statement should indicate whether any of the treatments or medications were effective. You need to show that you are disabled in spite of treatments and medications. If there are side effects to any of your medications, the medical source statement should describe them. For example, if the only effective treatment for your condition is a medication that makes you too drowsy to function, then Social Security needs to know that.
Finally, but often most importantly, your medical source statement should describe your functional limitations. If you can't lift much weight, can't sit or stand for very long, have problems walking or using your hands, are afraid to leave your house, can't remember instructions, or can't get along with coworkers, it's essential that your doctor details those limitations.
It can be difficult for doctors to write good medical source statements. Instead of asking the doctor to write a letter, it is better to get the doctor to fill out a Residual Functional Capacity (RFC) form. RFC forms are relatively long and involved, so the doctor might charge a fee to do it. However, the fee is probably worth it; if you use an RFC form, you will be certain that the doctor includes the right amount of detail and covers all of the important questions. See these samples of mental and physical RFC Assessment forms.