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This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Suburban households living in spacious detached houses and owing multiple cars are often seen as main culprits for negative greenhouse consequences of urban sprawl. Consequently, the effects of sprawl have been mostly studied from the viewpoints of emissions from home energy consumption and private driving. Little attention has been paid to the changes in other consumption. In this paper, urban sprawl is linked to the proliferation of semi-detached and detached housing, described as a low-rise lifestyle, at the expense of apartment house living
Warming of the global climate system is unequivocal [
However, urbanization and its supporting infrastructure
The proliferation of semi-detached and detached houses at the urban edge is one of the best-known characteristics of sprawl [
In this study, we assess households' GHG impacts by calculating their consumption-based carbon footprints,
The structure of our paper is as follows: first, the research design,
The selected case area, the HMA, with a population of over one million, is the capital region of Finland and consists of four cities: Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo, and Kauniainen. It is known that the Helsinki region has spread out widely, and the spreading out still continues [
Key characteristics of Helsinki Metropolitan Area (HMA) areas [
|Population size (31.12.2012)
|Density (inhabitants per km2)
|Apartment building of housing stock (%)
The input data consists of the latest Finnish Household Budget Survey data from 2006 [
In this paper, the sample of households is restricted to the HMA. Even if, with its approximately one million inhabitants, the Helsinki Metropolitan Area is relatively small in size when compared to the world's largest megacities, it has many characteristics of a metropolis: a little more than a third of Finland's GDP is produced there, both the levels of education and wages are higher than the average, and there is an extensive public transport network. According to Alanen
In order to support our choice to restrict the sample to the Helsinki Metropolitan Area, it can be briefly compared to the rest of the country. In short, the households in the metropolitan area are richer and smaller: the average household size in the HMA is 1.93, whereas it is 2.16 in the rest of country. Likewise, the average disposable income per household is €42,533 in the HMA, whereas it is €33,634 for the rest of country. Furthermore, for households living in the metropolitan area, the average amount of cars per household is more than a one-third lower than in the rest of the country and the share of carless households in the HMA is 20 percentage points higher, illustrating the availability of public transportation there. In our data, 59% of households living in Helsinki metropolitan area are homeowners. In the rest of the country the figure is 70%. Furthermore, in the metropolitan area, the share of households living in low-rise dwellings (
Descriptive statistics for high-rise and low-rise sub-samples.
|LOW-RISE (n = 170)
|HIGH-RISE (n = 389)
|Disposable income (€)
|62 719
|35 410
|Consumption expenditure (€)
|46 141
|29 710
|Average household size
|Number of cars per household
|Share of carless households
|Share of households with children
|Average living area (square meters)
|Per-capita living area (square meters)
|Number of rooms per person*
|Share of owner-occupied dwellings
*rooms [no kitchen] per a household member.
In household characteristics, there are some interesting differences between sub-samples. As expected, households living in semi-detached or detached houses are the wealthiest and own the most cars, since the hypothesis was that low-rise lifestyle is a lifestyle leading to car-dependency. Accordingly, more than half of the households in the apartment houses are carless, the precise figure being 53%, which indicates that the apartment houses in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are, on average, located close to public transportation facilities. Furthermore, families with children are likely to live in the areas of sprawl,
In addition, housing type differences are rather expected. Average living space in low-rise houses is 118.3 m2, almost twice the living area of apartment houses. When compared on per-capita level, the living area in low-rise houses is 1.4 times bigger than in high-rise ones. However, the actual difference is lower due to the fact that the apartment dwellers use shared spaces, such as hallways and storage facilities, which are not included in these self-reported figures. Nevertheless, they also create GHG emissions. These common spaces in apartment buildings are taken into account in this paper by allocating the emissions from them for their residents. This allocation is based on official statistics on the finance of housing companies [
In this paper, we apply an environmentally extended input-output (EE I-O) model, called ENVIMAT, which has been recently developed for the Finnish economy [
The environmentally extended input-output method is based on the input-output tables for national economies and related environmental impact categories. The EE I-O method is often referred to as a "top-down" method, and it measures the product flows in monetary units [
The EE I-O model applied in this article, ENVIMAT, is developed by the Finnish Environmental Institute, University of Oulu's Thule Institute and MTT Agrifood Research Center. It measures the direct and indirect life-cycle environmental impacts caused by the Finnish economy. We utilized the 2005 consumer-price version of the model that has 52 commodity groups, classified according to international COICOP classification (Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose), and related GHG emission intensity for each sector (emission per monetary amount used to sector). In the consumer-price version of the model the intensity quantifies the amount of life-cycle emissions, both direct and indirect, caused by one euro consumed to a product or service. Contrary to producer-price based version these intensities also take into account the GHGs caused by retail and transportation. All the intensities can be found from Seppälä
This section discusses our empirical approach, which is based on multivariate regression analysis where the dependent variable is per-capita greenhouse gas emissions, e.g., the carbon footprint. The regression analysis is employed to further analyze the calculated footprints and to find out which factors actually affect them. As our starting point, we use the non-linear exponential relationship between environmental impact and households' expenditures [
The dependent variable Y is per-capita carbon footprint, A is constant, E is per-capita expenditure, and dummy variable D1 refers to housing type and D2 refers to household size. For dummy variable fi = exp(ηDi), and for multiplicative error term εi = exp(ui).
The non-linear relationship of (1) is linearized with natural logarithm transformation. The transformed model satisfies the assumptions of a general linear model, and thus the parameters can be conveniently estimated using the highly developed theory of linear relationships. We follow the literature and obtain the following equation:
For the log-transformed equation (2), an estimate for slope β and partial regression coefficient for explanatory dummy variable (Di) can be efficiently estimated with weighted least squares (WLS). One of the benefits of the log-log model (2) is that the estimate β for continuous explanatory variable is elasticity, which in our case tells us the value of the so-called expenditure elasticity of carbon,
First, we calculate the carbon footprints of the Helsinki Metropolitan dwellers by combining greenhouse gas intensities, derived from the ENVIMAT-model, with household budget survey data. This is done by aggregating expenditure data's categories to match the 52 COICOP categories of ENVIMAT and then multiplying expenditures with the corresponding ENVIMAT sector's value of greenhouse gas intensity (CO2 equivalents per euro). It has been broadly acknowledged that combination of the two allows the assessment of the amount of greenhouse gases that consumption choices cause both directly and indirectly [
However, we made certain modifications to the straightforward input-output method. Firstly, we multiplied the living area reported by each household in the sample by the average rent in the HMA [
We also made one modification to the E-E I-O model itself. We noticed that when using the original model significantly high amounts of emissions were assigned to some households and we traced down these to the fact that household had high expenditure on hot water, district heating, or natural gas. The related ENVIMAT intensity of 34.6 kgCO2-eq/euro is clearly higher than the intensities of other groups whose average is 0.5 kgCO2-eq/euro. This turned out to be a model error and we corrected sector's intensity to 4.3, according to the information received from the model developer [
In this paper, we associate owner-occupied detached-house living with sprawl. Furthermore, instead of looking only at average footprints, we analyze footprints' direct and indirect shares based on building type. With the direct share we refer to energy demand for home, second home, summer house, and gasoline for private cars. The indirect share consists of all the rest,
More precisely, the direct categories are energy and fuels for private driving. Energy demand refers to electricity, gas, liquid, and solid fuels, and heat energy requirements. The indirect categories are housing, tangibles, food and beverages, and intangibles. The housing category consists of all non-energy expenditures related to housing,
We then further analyze these footprints with a multivariate regression technique in order to study how expenditure and household size affect the footprints of different types of dwellers. This tradition dates back to the 1970s when the first study of direct and indirect energy consumption of U.S. households was done [
According to our assessment, the average of annual per-capita carbon footprint of a Helsinki Metropolitan dweller is 13.5 t CO2-eq, with 95% confidence interval, ranging from 12.6 t CO2-eq to 14.3 t CO2-eq. Despite the remarkable differences in disposable income levels for low-rise dwellers, the average footprint of low-rise dwellers is only 1.8 t CO2-eq–or 14%–larger than that of high-rise dwellers. The average for low-risers is 14.8 t CO2-eq and 13.0 t CO2-eq for high-risers.
Besides looking at the average figure, we decompose the footprints to six sub-categories, of which two are direct and the remaining four indirect, as explained earlier. Following the overall result, the partial footprints of low-rise dwellers in all the direct sub-categories exceed those of high-rise dwellers. Here, the differences between sub-samples are the biggest in the direct energy category. The picture of dweller-type differences is rather similar when looking at the indirect categories, with an exception of the sub-category of intangibles where the footprint of high-rise dwellers slightly exceeds the footprint caused by service demand by those living in the low-rise houses. The averages of these sub-category GHG emissions are presented in
Statistics for sub-samples according to the housing type.
|Low-Rise (N = 170)
|High-Rise (n = 397)
|Total carbon footprint
|Energy (D)
|Fuels (D)
|Housing (I)
|Intangibles (I)
|Food and beverages (I)
|Tangibles (I)
One of the most interesting observations about
Direct and indirect emission shares of carbon footprints for different dweller types.
The next steps of our analysis are the regression analyses based on equation (2). When dummy variables are included, the chosen categories are compared to the reference group in parenthesis and the percentage difference in carbon footprints is approximated with p = 100(expβ-1) [
Results from regression models 1–3.
|Regression 1
|Regression 2
|Regression 3
|% effect
|% effect
|% effect
|2 persons
|more than 2
*** Statistically significant at 0.001 level.
In the regression model 1 the average expenditure elasticity of an HMA resident is 0.82, meaning that a 10% increase in expenditure is related, on average, to an 8.2% increase in consumption-based greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, carbon footprints, even if due to indirect demand, can be defined to be due to normal goods with expenditure elasticity very close to unity. In regression 2, a dwelling-type dummy is added to the model. When compared to the reference group, that is low-rise dwellers, the estimate for high-rise gets a positive sign, meaning that, when controlling the amount of expenditure, the carbon footprints of high-rise dwellers are slightly larger than those of low-rise dwellers. Furthermore, when a household size variable is added to the model, the result turns around and the explanatory power of the model increases, as presented in regression model 3. Now, the footprints of high-rise dwellers are 3% lower than those of high-risers. The role of household size has a dominant role in the results and seems to have a clear effect on the carbon footprint of different dwelling types. In the literature, it has been suggested that there are so-called economies of scale in GHG's, implying that the coefficients on bigger household sizes should be negative. Likewise, in our model the coefficients on household size get negative values, but the immediate impact is rather small, as the per-capita carbon footprints are only 4% smaller in a two-person household when compared to a single-person household. However, the coefficient is not statistically significant. The main efficiencies related to the size of a household become apparent in households with more than two members, their total per-capita carbon footprint being 15% smaller than that of single dwellers. The difference is statistically significant.
We also control the wealth level with income per capita. The results are presented in
Results from regression models 4–6.
|Regression 4
|Regression 5
|Regression 6
|% effect
|% effect
|% effect
|2 persons
***Statistically significant at 0.001 level.
Finally, we analyze how direct and indirect emission shares behave when analyzed at the disaggregated level. We use the disaggregated per-capita emission and corresponding expenditure shares on the direct and indirect consumption categories instead of looking at the aggregated per-capita carbon footprints and expenditure levels. The models are of type (2), where the dependant variable is either the direct share of the carbon footprint (regression 7) or the indirect share of it (regression 8). Likewise, E is either direct or indirect per-capita expenditure, and dwelling-type and number of dwellers are used as dummy explanatory variables. The results are presented in
Results from regression models 7–8.
|Regression 7
|Regression 8
|% effect
|% effect
|2 persons
|more than 3
***Statistically significant at 0.001 level.
Indirect emissions grow more steeply with expenditure level than do the direct ones. The direct expenditure elasticity is 0.76, meaning that a 10% rise in expenditure in housing energy and private driving is related to a growth of 7.6% in direct emissions. The corresponding figure for indirect emissions is 1, meaning that indirect GHGs grow linearly with expenditure on products and services. The dwelling type variable tells us that high-risers have on average 1% higher direct emissions when the amount of expenditure on direct categories is constant. The results is surprising as one could, based on earlier studies hypothesize lower direct emissions for high-rise dwellers. The tendency is similar for indirect GHGs, but the effect is more pronounced and statistically significant, which seems logical as the growing consumption could be expected to be directed more towards indirect consumption. Living in high-rise buildings leads here, on average, to 3.8% more of indirect emissions. Further, for direct emissions the number of dwellers plays a greater role than the type of dwelling, which, based on the earlier results above, also seems to be logical. Following the economies of scale hypothesis, those living in a two-person household are responsible, on average, for 13% less emissions per capita than those living alone. Noticeably, these economies of scale are not present when indirect emissions are explained in regression 8, which could be expected since the economies of scale typically have more direct influence on fixed costs (close to direct emissions here) than variable costs (close to indirect emissions here). Coefficients on household size carry positive signs but lack statistical significance. To sum up, it seems that there are factors related to high-rise lifestyle factors that can lead to higher indirect emissions. Direct emissions are more or less related to household size alone, and dwelling type's role remains insignificant when the influence of household size is separated.
The purpose of this paper was to explore how the phenomenon of urban sprawl is reflected in the GHG emissions of the residents of the HMA in Finland. For this purpose, the HMA was divided according to the housing type. We followed a premise that living in detached and semi-detached-houses can be typified as living in less dense sub-urban areas where the proximity to services is lower and public transportation networks are less efficient. This mode of living thus represents the features of sprawl that are considered the most negative in an intraurban context. Consumption-based GHG's were assessed with the EE I-O LCA-model and further elaborated with a multivariate regression analysis.
Our results suggest that there are differences in the characteristics and lifestyles of metropolitan households by type of dwelling but some of these are not as explicitly evident when the actual GHG consequences are assessed. Our case area, the HMA, is a rather typical metropolis with a sprawling urban structure that, at the same time, has multiple positive features typical to metropolitan areas, the most important being its efficient public transportation network. Our results also highlight that, in order to make policies aimed to reduce GHG emissions, the structures of carbon footprints have to be kept in mind. The indirect part accounts for two-thirds of the footprint of a metropolitan dweller, and thus it should not be overlooked.
Looking at the averages, our results indicate that low-rise dwellers have higher carbon footprints than high-rise dwellers. The low-rise residents tend to be households with higher income, more children, and living in owner-occupied houses. However, the differences in the average amount of GHGs, both in absolute and relative terms, between the low-rise and high-rise dwellers are rather moderate compared with the figures from earlier literature. Many authors suggest that less-dense suburban living is approximately two times more energy- or GHG-intensive than inner-city living [
To some extent, our results also support earlier results stating that both the distances driven and the use of private vehicles increase in sprawling areas [
Our main results and key findings, however, were revealed when controlling for expenditure or income levels. Firstly, low-rise living is not unambiguously related to more GHG emissions than high-rise living. Actually, our regression models indicate that when expenditure or income levels are kept constant the high-rise dweller might produce equal or even slightly higher amounts of CHGs than the low-rise dweller. However, there was only one specification (regression 8) where the estimate for dwelling type had statistical significance. That told us that when the amount of expenditure on the indirect categories is kept constant the indirect footprints of high-rise dwellers are 4% higher than of those living in low-rise buildings. Secondly, household size, which in our case is usually larger in the low-rise living subset, seems to have a major effect on GHGs that are due to home energy and private driving. Economies of scale in household size are most unambiguous for households with at least three persons. Their per-capita carbon footprints are at least 15% smaller than those of people living alone, depending on the specification. The benefits of larger household size are most clearly seen when looking at the direct emissions, and the often-stated sharing of resources is not apparent when consumption of products and services alone is investigated. Thirdly, compared to household size, dwelling type is of minor importance.
Our analysis demonstrates that there are differences between low-rise and high-rise dwellers also within the metropolitan area. It is, however, worth asking if the differences between the two are to some extent over-emphasized, at least in the public debate? Our results suggest that the lifestyles within a metropolis and especially their GHG consequences do not vary as much as the background variables would suggest. On the one hand, it seems that those living in city centers make the most of consumption possibilities and less of the low-carbon possibilities available to them, and e.g., the potential for household-size scale benefits such as resource-sharing is not made use of. On the other hand, those living in sprawl areas are responsible for higher GHG emissions from housing energy and private driving, as is often stated.
However, even if we believe that our paper brings out important insights on how consumption patterns and their environmental consequences vary with building type, the disparities within each category cannot be neglected. Precisely, the less wealthy, whatever their housing conditions were, are not likely to generate great amounts of greenhouse gas emissions.
One of the main methodological limitations of the paper is related to I-O assumption of homogenous prices. Even when a relatively limited area is considered, like the HMA in this paper, it is clear that the monetary quantity does not indicate the quality and even less the GHG consequences. The assumption probably overestimates greenhouse gas implications of the occupants of the wealthiest households, most of whom live in detached houses, and are likely to buy more expensive goods. The EE I-O method assumes that an item that costs 10 times more also causes 10 times more emissions. However, since the area of the study is relatively limited, it can be concluded that prices in sectors such as transportation and services are likely to be rather homogenous. For example, regional wage differences are not present.
There are also other assumptions than that of price homogeneity that are well-known weaknesses of EE I-O models [
Lacking exact spatial data on how households on our data are located, the results of this paper are based on a strong assumption about how the different building types are, on average, located within the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. The obvious problem is that there are high-rise buildings that are located at urban edge and vice versa. Furthermore, the distances to centers from low-rise areas vary, and low-rise areas located at farthest corners of HMA, like those in Kauniainen, represent sprawl more self-evidently than those located at some of the Helsinki's suburbs. For example, for those living further afield from the city cores, the distances driven and the resulting emissions are likely to increase. However, we believe that our results give indications of general patterns since in the HMA apartment houses are almost invariably located in the centers of the HMA cities (Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa, and Kauniainen), the share of apartment houses being highest in the capital (86%) [
It is worth noting that this paper restricts itself to a static analysis of the lifestyles with their GHG consequences. Our calculations are limited to consumption-based greenhouse gas emissions, referred as carbon footprints, and do not take into account e.g., the environmental pressure from increased land use and following changes in carbon stock [
We use a rather limited amount of explanatory variables to explain carbon footprints. However, the literature includes a wide array of variables: e.g., education level, car ownership, and age [
Finally, we would like to highlight that our analysis is static and is not meant to be an analysis of change. Our results indicate an existence of an empirical relationship with given methodology in given point of time–it is unknown whether the results would recur e.g.
According to the study, the phenomenon of urban sprawl is, to some extent, revealed in the increased carbon footprints of suburban dwellers. However, our regression models indicate that when expenditure or income levels are controlled the suburban dweller might actually produce equal or even slightly lower amounts of GHGs than an inner-city dweller. More importantly, household size and the resulting economies of scale effects seem to have by far the greatest effect on carbon footprints.
Notwithstanding certain deficiencies that cause uncertainties in the calculations of carbon footprint and keeping in mind that our calculations do not take into account environmental consequences from increased land use and following changes in carbon stocks, some important policy implications arise. It would seem that the emissions from private driving decrease surprisingly moderately in the dense areas within the HMA, while living in an apartment house is related to lower emissions from housing energy consumption. Thus, controlling buildings' energy efficiency would be of primary importance in preventing the negative effects of sprawl. On the other hand, either the available public transportation facilities may not be utilized up to their fullest potential or there still is room for improvement in the supply side. Using a private vehicle should be unnecessary in the densest areas. In addition, according to this study, the differences in indirect emissions from consumption of products and services are very small despite the large differences in disposable incomes. This suggests that proximity or other lifestyle-related factors may increase consumption of products and services and their indirect GHG consequences especially in city cores. All in all, consumption habits with their GHG consequences are surprisingly uniform across the HMA. Thus, instead of discussing only the differences between high-rise and low-rise areas, it would be essential to address why metropolitan areas have not yet fulfilled the great climate-change mitigation expectations imposed on them. The aim of the paper is not to deny the benefits of high-rise high-density policies but to discuss whether low-rise and not-as-high-density policies could and should act as complements to them. Our results suggests that if families that feel that they benefit from living in the suburban areas (there are also families that feel the opposite) moved to apartment houses, the final outcome, ceteris paribus, would remain almost the same at least when the viewpoint of consumption-based greenhouse gas emissions is taken. That is to say, an ideal metropolitan area would be an area where those living at the city core would not need a car and the benefits of closeness would stem from growing communality not from growing consumption. At the same time, those living in the suburban areas would live energy-efficiently and take an advantage of household size scale benefits as well as positive health effects of the proximity of green areas [
The authors thank Innovative City Partnership Programme for financial support.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.


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According to reports, state's first solar-powered campus, perhaps the first one of its kind in the whole country, is coming up in Thiruvalla.
Mar Athanasios College For Advanced Studies Thiruvalla (Macfast), the first private self-financing college in the State that had carved a special niche for becoming first on many fronts over the past one decade, is soon to add yet another feather on its cap of achievements by becoming the State's first solar-powered campus.
Thanks to its visionary founder principal, Fr Abraham Mulamoottil and his successor, Fr Pradeep Vazhatharamalayil, for this praiseworthy achievement.
Innovation has always been hallmark of Macfast that had launched the State's first campus-based community radio service, 'Radio Macfast-90.4' two years ago and the popular 'Green and Clean City' project a year ago.
Macfast has installed a 30 kw rooftop solar power plant envisaging an yearly production of 45,000 units (kilowatt hours) of electricity which could meet half of the annual power demand of the institution.
The design and installation of the solar power plant has been done the Hyderabad-based Radiant Solar Private Limited with approval and support from the Union Ministry for New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) and ANERT attached to Department of Power, Kerala.
According to Fr Vazhatharamalayil, Macfast has invested Rs 72 lakhs in the solar power project, that include Rs 22 lakhs towards capital subsidy from MNRE and Rs 37 lakhs in the form of low interest loan from State Bank of Travancore refinanced by NABARD.
"The project is significant not only in terms of its size and technical attributes, but also in terms of its demonstration to the community the ease with which solar generated power can be installed by small and medium enterprises for their financial and operational benefit, besides the wider ecological benefits to the society. This achievement by a post-graduate college producing the next generation of technocrats, community and business leaders stands as a model to the rest of the country,'' says Fr Mulamoottil.
The system has got 27,600 Watts panels (Wp), 30 KW state of the art bi-directional charger capable of functioning as an interactive inverter with grid-tie capability, four-member charge controllers, a 19-inch rack and a central monitoring device package. The innovative campus-based solar power plant is Macfast's answer to the demand for Green Energy.
Renewable energy that has little impact on the carbon footprint is the only viable solution to address the increasing energy needs of the country in an ecologically sustainable manner, said Fr Vazhatharamalayil.
The 25 kw plant in Thiruvananthapuram was the largest solar power plant in the State till the installation of the all new 30 kw solar power plant at Macfast.
Green Energy
The threats of global warming and climate change are being countered by a mushrooming of giant solar power plants all over the world.
Spain and Germany are in the forefront with installed capacities of 2232 mw and 1235 mw respectively. The 3 mw solar power plant in Kolar in Karnataka is the largest one of its kind in India.
The largest single photo voltaic plant with a capacity of 80 mw is in Sarina, Canada. The plant covers an area of 380 ha with 1.3 million thin film panels in an extent of 96.6 ha, says Mr Viswanath Nambiar, president of Radiant Solar Limited.
Government of India has recently launched the ambitious Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission aimed at promoting development and use of solar energy for power generation and other uses across the country. The Solar Mission will be implemented in three stages leading to power production to an installed capacity of 20,000 mw by the end of the 13th Five Year Plan in 2022, he adds.
Electricity Minister, Aryadan Mohammed, will inaugurate the solar power plant at Macfast as part of the 10th anniversary celebrations of the college on Saturday.


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20 Tips to Get More People to Read Your Google Plus Posts
Sarah SchagerFebruary 05, 201310 CommentsSocial Media author rank, authorship, Google Plus
If your Google Plus posts aren't receiving the amount of engagement you'd like to see, it might be time to take a step back and review. We have already taught you how to optimize your business' Google Plus profile, and today we'll lay out twenty tips on how to get more people to read your Google Plus posts. 1. Include photos or videos...Read more


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There are many soon-to-be dangers for you and your tiddler in a room - luckily, within are property that you can do to preserve your bathroom and shower safe and sound. First of all, if you have a child, you should set your h2o heaters to no superior than 120 degrees Fahrenheit. This lessens the probability of your young person getting burned once change of course on the water by herself, or even once you run a vessel for her.
It is also all-important if you have a minor (or even a dog) to living all medicines, makeup, and even solution out of achieve. Luckily, medical specialty cabinets were made-up vindicatory to fetch out such as a project. You likewise impoverishment to save bitter items similar razors out of the way so that your shaver cannot arrive at them.
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His career spanned the days of linotype machines to the computers that were to transform the newspaper industry as the world had known it.
Bob Beck, who served at the helm of the San Pedro News-Pilot for decades before he retired in 1991, died Saturday at the age of 84 from an abdominal aneurysm he'd had for several years. He had been diagnosed with lung cancer in February.
Beck and his wife, Doris Theriault, had spent 14 years in Prescott, Ariz., before returning to San Pedro in 2010.
"I'm so glad we came back and that we could have these three years of reminiscing," Theriault said.
They could scarcely go anywhere without someone stopping them, she said. With his head of thick, wavy white hair and close-cropped beard, Beck had changed little over the past 20 years.
After their return to the port town, the couple became active in the San Pedro Historical Society and lived in a condominium overlooking Beck's beloved Port of Los Angeles.
Born on Aug. 13, 1928, in Centralia, Ill., Beck worked for the railroad after graduating from high school. He served four years in the Navy with stints in Japan before he was discharged in 1954.
Inspired by a cousin who had been a newsman, he took advantage of GI Bill benefits and attended college, receiving a journalism degree from San Diego State University, where he worked on the campus newspaper and sold his first professional photograph for $15.
After graduation, he was accepted into the internship program at the San Diego Tribune, an evening paper owned by the Copley family.
In a biography he wrote to leave for his children and grandchildren, Beck said he loved working at the Tribune, where there were five editions and five deadlines every day.
"People were running around and hollering about stories," he wrote. "The adrenaline was flowing and I was having a ball. "
He especially loved covering court stories.
Just eight months into his yearlong internship, Beck was asked if he'd consider relocating to San Pedro to become a reporter for the Copley daily paper there, the News-Pilot.
His first wife, Billie, wasn't too sure about the idea when the couple made the drive north to Los Angeles for an interview.
Walking along Seventh Street and Pacific Avenue while she waited for her husband's interview to finish, she later told Beck, "I don't know if we want to live here or not, they don't speak English. "
San Pedro in the 1960s was still a heavily ethnic enclave, populated by Italians, Croatians and other nationalities drawn to the hillside harbor and the fishing industry.
But News-Pilot Publisher Bynner Martin needed "someone to work cheap" and Beck needed some money.
He was hired at $125 a week.
Beck was quickly promoted to "suburban editor," overseeing coverage in Wilmington, Harbor City and Lomita.
"Little did I know (that adding titles) was only a ploy to get people to work harder," Beck wrote later.
In 1965, he was named managing editor and spent the next decade running the News-Pilot, then housed in a three-story building at 356 W. Seventh St. He was asked to help bolster a struggling Copley paper in Aurora, Ill., in the late 1970s but returned to San Pedro in 1979.
Believing that newspapers should invest in the communities they covered, Beck urged his reporting staff to join the Rotary, Kiwanis or other service clubs. He was known to give new hires unfamiliar with San Pedro a personal tour of the town in his tiny orange Honda hatchback, extolling the virtues of the offbeat port community.
Beck practiced what he preached, spending much of his own spare time serving on nonprofit boards, volunteering at functions such as the Fishermen's Fiesta, and attending community functions.
He and Theriault, a Canadian native who served on the staff of one of Beck's favorite local charities, were married in 1987 after he proposed to her at a champagne brunch aboard the Queen Mary in Long Beach.
"There was a 22-year (age) difference, so when he proposed to me he said, 'I know I'm older, but I'm in real good shape and I'm going to live until I'm 105. So it'll be worth your while,' " Theriault said.
Throngs of people turned out for Beck's News-Pilot retirement block party on Seventh Street four years later. Few could imagine the paper - or the town, for that matter - without him.
"He loved (newspapers)," Theriault said. "He said he'd been so blessed, that he'd had such a good life. He couldn't wait to go work each day. "
After a stint as a "gentleman farmer" in Illinois, where Beck took care of his mother until her death and bought a 37-acre property on which to keep some horses, the couple moved to Prescott. There, Theriault pursued her artwork and Beck dove into his lifelong hobby of American Indian artifacts, going on archeological digs and volunteering at a local museum.
As changes on the horizon began to rock the newspaper business, the 92-year-old News-Pilot ceased publication in 1998, six years after Beck had retired. The Harbor Area coverage area was at that time folded into the News-Pilot's larger sister paper to the north, also owned by Copley, the Daily Breeze in Torrance.
"That broke his heart," Theriault said of the News-Pilot's demise. "We were so grateful he had retired before that happened. I think that would have killed him. "
After he was diagnosed with COPD (he'd quit smoking some 30 years earlier), the couple decided to leave the higher altitude of Arizona's mountains to return to California's sea level - San Pedro was the only town they'd considered - in 2010.
He was immediately put to work helping to identify old photographs at the San Pedro Bay Historical Society Archives, where he and his wife spent several hours each week doing research for shop window exhibits recently completed in downtown San Pedro.
At a speech given to the historical society shortly after returning to town, Beck had the audience howling over his stories of print journalism's much wilder days in the 1950s and '60s.
In addition to his wife, Beck is survived by two sons, Dave of San Pedro and Mark of North Hollywood, and three grandchildren.
Services are pending, but Theriault is tentatively planning an informal "open house" from 2-4 p.m. May 18. She's hoping to have it at the News-Pilot's former location, now a downtown San Pedro art gallery.


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Effect of antiviral treatment with nucleotide/nucleoside analogs on postoperative prognosis of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a two-stage longitudinal clinical study
Yin J, Li N, Han Y, Xue J, Deng Y, Shi J, Guo W, Zhang H, Wang H, Cheng S, Cao G. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Oct 10;31(29):3647-55. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2012.48.5896. Epub 2013 Sep 3.
Jianhua Yin, Yifang Han, Yang Deng, Hongwei Zhang, and Guangwen Cao, Second Military Medical University; Nan Li, Jie Xue, Jie Shi, Weixing Guo, Hongyang Wang, and Shuqun Cheng, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
PURPOSE: Postoperative prognosis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) -related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is poor. The effect of nucleotide/nucleoside analog (NA) treatment on the prognosis has not been fully clarified.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: We carried out a two-stage longitudinal study that included a randomized clinical trial (RCT) to evaluate the effect of NA treatment on postoperative prognosis of HBV-HCC. Seven hundred eighty patients (163 in the RCT) were enrolled onto this study following radical hepatectomy. Lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil, or entecavir were postoperatively administered to antiviral groups. Surgical specimens were examined immunohistochemically for carboxylic acid-terminal truncated HBV X protein (Ct-HBx).
RESULTS: In the nonrandomized cohort, high viral load (≥ 10(4) copies/mL) significantly predicted unfavorable overall survival and recurrence-free survival (RFS), whereas antiviral treatment significantly improved both types of survival. In the RCT, antiviral treatment significantly decreased HCC recurrence and HCC-related death, with hazard ratios (HRs) of 0.48 (95% CI, 0.32 to 0.70) and 0.26 (95% CI, 0.14 to 0.50), respectively, in multivariate Cox analyses. Patients who received antiviral treatment had significantly decreased early recurrence (HR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.62) and improved liver function 6 months after surgery compared with the controls (P < .001). Those with recovered liver function had a higher 2-year RFS rate than those without (P = .003). Ct-HBx expression in adjacent hepatic tissues significantly predicted an unfavorable RFS in the antiviral group (P < .001).
CONCLUSION: Although it might not affect the HCC-promoting potential of Ct-HBx, NA treatment is effective in normalizing liver function, decreasing HBV-HCC recurrence, and improving postoperative survival. This effect should be validated in a multicenter phase III RCT.
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I am 45 years old with pronounced marionette lines but with virtually no other wrinkles. I am substantially over-weight and have a thick neck and starting to develop a double chin. Had fillers by very reputable dermatologist with very little results. What is the best type of treatment for me? Will losing weight make these lines better or worse (my mother has the same ones). THX
Young Patient with Deep Marionette Lines with No Other Wrinkles
Doctor Answers 13
Treatment of Marionette lines.
Laxity is an early sign of aging, not wrinkles, which appear a few decades later, especially when someone is overweight.
The only proven effective treatment for the laxity you are referring to is to tighten the support layer under the skin called the SMAS layer.
A proper facelift is highly effective here and the result is lasting.
However, after a facelift you must not lose weight as this causes recurrence of the laxity, so you should lose nearly all the weight first. Of course, this then show the real laxity camouflaged by the weight, but the good thing is that this laxity can be taken up with the facelift. The result can be reasonably predicted by pulling your lower cheek almost directly back and up a bit.
The crease itself will diminish as you can see, but once a crease is established it does not disappear completely. However, having the correct shape in this area, with a flatness or slight concavity instead of a bulge is much more positively beneficial, than a mild skin crease.
Skin tightening treatments are so minimal to be a waste of time and money and plumping up the crease, even if it did work, is also minimal.
I stress that I am talking about having a proper, internal support facelift to achieve the result you should have.
Learn more: http://bmendelson.com.au/?post_type=procedures&p=157
Deep Marionette Lines and Face Lift
Thank you for your question. Losing weight tends to make facial lines worse. If you have had several injections, then you have likely seen how much benefit there is to be had from them. I think that you should focus instead on a good dietary plan which focuses on healthy foods, lower the intake of unhealthy foods, and keep your caloric intake at the about 1500 calories per day with a focus on fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and good protein sources. Losing weight may not heap good dietary goals and changes, and make loosing weight a priority, then deal with your face when you have met your weight goals. I hope this helps.
Ultherapy for Marionette Lines
At 45 years of age, your skin is still resilient and capable of non-surgical repair. For that reason, you should consider Ultherapy as opposed to surgery. But first, for best results, it would be wise to lose weight and restore more definition to your face. Then Ultherapy will work more effectively to lift and tighten. This therapy produces excellent results when treating brow, jaw line, chin and/or neck. Since you only have a problem with marionette lines, this is an area that can be specifically targeted. Furthermore, Ultherapy is especially effective on patients under 50, who still have the capacity to boost collagen production. After treatment, you'll find the smoothing of the marionette lines will improve for months.
You might also like...
Young patient with Marionette Lines
I think it is difficult for anyone to answer this question without seeing photos of you. Certainly, I agree that in your particular case, weight loss should be considered as your first "procedure" before resorting to a lift. that said, I do not think you are too young to consider a mini lift procedure which will address your individual concerns.
Learn more: http://www.kassmd.com
Will a Facelift help my Marionette lines and Double Chin from being Overwieght
Thank you for sharing your questions. The biggest focus should be on weight loss. This will help improve the heaviness of the cheeks/jowls and the under chin (submental) fat. All these will see significant improvement, but you may have persistent skin excess. It all depends on the elasticity of your skin. The marionette lines may get better, but there are several factors that will determine this including the strength/prominence of your jaw (mandible) and the structure/contour in the pre jowl sulcus. This is part of your anatomy, and weight loss will not have an effect.
In the end, both invasive and non-invasive modalities have better and more reliable results after weight loss. Weight loss is a challenge for anyone, so I wish you good luck in your reaching your goals. Involving a weight loss specialist can be a good idea. Take care.
Learn more: http://drbrobst.com/procedures/surgical/facelift-necklift-2/
Each indidvidual's anatomy is unique
Each indidvidual's anatomy is unique. Deep marionette lines can be a natural part of your anatomy. The two ways I usually address this issue is to consider either fillers for the marionette area, or possibly treatment to the cheek area to help "lift" the marionette lines. Addressing the cheek area can be done with fillers, non-surgical treatments like ultherapy or radio-frequency devices like Exilis, or even surgery. Losing weight can change the marionette lines, but whether they improve or worsen depends again on your overall anatomy.
Young Patient with Deep Marionette Lines with No Other Wrinkles
Dear Lola,
Thank you for your question. As you lose weight, you will de-flate the skin in the face and your skin will be loose and show lines and contour irregularities more. However, a lighter face is easier to lift and you will have a better result with face lift procedures. This is also the best thing for your health. Work with a weight loss specialist to get to your ideal weight, and you will feel better, more active, and healthier. This needs to be a lifestyle change and not just a diet.
Best Wishes,
Pablo Prichard, MD
Marionette lines
Thank you for asking about the best treatment of your marionette lines.
- Losing weight is best - it will improve your health.
- As you lose weight the marionette lines will change - probably not be so deep but with looser skin. Plan on facial lifting when your are at your final weight.
- In the meantime, ask the dermatologist who treated you what kind of filler and how much you had. Changing fillers or having more may give you improvement that helps you feel better while you work on your weight.
Marionette creases
While losing weight could make the creases look deeper, it might also make them more amenable to filler due to now thinner subcutaneous tissue. Losing weight is always the best way to start. Get to your ideal weight. Then, you should have a evaluation with regards to a facelift and neck lift. A deep volumizing filler might help too. This is a complex issue that may not have a simple solution.
Young Patient with Deep Marionette Lines
Losing weight can make the marionette lines worse because of loose skin in the lower face. Depending on how much loose skin you have, you may need to have a mini lift and a Laser Lift with some fat transfer to the marionette lines. There are videos and before/after pictures on our website.
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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Time To Face Some FactsAug 24, 2009, 22:33 (0 Talkback[s])
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[ Thanks to Andy Magnus for this link. ]
"See...we're not just giving computers away, we are brutally smashing open an opportunity that has been locked away from these kids. Be it through locked-down and proprietary software, lousy parenting, mismanaged finances or just being plain poor, I personally don't give a damn.
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"Cops wanna knock me, D.A. wanna box me in. But somehow, I beat them charges like Rocky." - Jay-Z
"Some Pig"
My first year of law school, I don't think that we had internet access in most of the classrooms. By the second year, we definitely did, but by then I only took classes I was interested in (that means, mostly only classes that I could see as being applicable to criminal defense), so I either didn't bring my laptop or wasn't that bored. By second and third year, I was also in a lot more small classes and clinic type classes that didn't allow me to hide behind a laptop.
But, first year, I was bored, I had my laptop, and I didn't have internet access. Like the rest of my class, I resorted to endless hours of computer games. My favorite was Snood. And, if you'll allow me to brag just a little, I was good at it.
I'll never forget, that one day after Con Law, when some guy came up to me and said, "Hey, I saw the way you play Snood. You're real good." I finally knew what it would have felt like to be the star of the basketball team.
Another fun thing to do, especially in Civ Pro, which was at the end of the day, when Snood exhaustion took hold, was to paint. Paint is free software that comes with almost every computer, so there's nothing to download. And you can really let your creativity run free. There's nothing you can't do.
I liked to pretend I was the court sketch artist of the classroom, and draw little classroom scenes. Usually with things like "Kiss Ass" written over gunners' heads, that sort of thing.
Sometimes I'd just draw random things. Landscapes, Animals.
Ah, those were the days. When we law students thought we had it so bad. But for months out of the year, we just played computer gams. And then, I'd go home for lunch and take a nap. Aaaah.
What made me just remember all of that?
Oh, I know. Just like I'll always remember the props I recieved for my mad Snood skillz, I'll always remember when a girl who sat behind me in Civ Pro.
"I just wanted to say that I really like all of your drawings. Anyway, I noticed that pig you drew today. I don't know if you know this, but you can tell a lot about a person by the way they draw a pig. That long curly tail you drew? It means you have a great sex life."
"Oh, um, okay." That was really all I could say.
Now you can draw your own pig here, whether you're a law student or not. (Link via The Happy Feminist.)
(Title thanks to Charlotte. And her web.)
8 comments:
Ah, Civ Pro. It's amazing I didn't fail. I used to hold trivia tournaments for my neighbors. I'd type questions on my laptop in a big font, and everyone would write down their answers. At the end of class, I'd add up their scores and announce the winner.ReplyDelete
We used to play a game where we would bet on how many minutes it would take each of the various gunners to raise their hands and ask a totally unnecessary and ridiculous question -- winner got a latte and there was at least four or five opportunities to win in any given class. Good times.ReplyDelete
So, are you going to post some of this artwork or what?ReplyDelete
I did my best internet gaming in Tax class third year. I only took it because it was a bar subject, and ended up increasing my spades rating substantially.ReplyDelete
First year we had a contest similar to energy's gunners, although there were no lattes involved, and we, not so nicely, referred to the gunners as "hand jobs".
I graduated from law school in '95. Oh what I would have done for some computerized distractions in a few of my snore classes! You young 'uns got it so good! ;)ReplyDelete
I always got stuck in the row behind people who really SUCKED at Snood. You know, the ones who never awakened to the concept that you have to seed the really good spots so that when they drop, it makes your meter go down.ReplyDelete
Fools, all of them.
They were the same folks who played one-suit Spider Solitaire clean through into third year. Pansies.
Ha! Those people were so frustrating! I always felt like maybe I should hold a little tutorial or something...ReplyDelete
On the other hand, there was this one girl who totally rocked the expert level of minesweeper. I can't even touch minesweeper. My mind just doesn't work that way somehow.
Ah, the things we learn in law school.
By my second semester of second year, we had wireless access in all of our classrooms. So we would talk to each other via AIM during class, making fun of classmates, and a few times, especially in fed tax, feeding each other the answers to questions.ReplyDelete


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|Ofer Fryman <ofer@xxxxxxxxxxxx>
|Re: ioctl call for network device
|sébastien person <sebastien.person@xxxxxxxxxxx>
|Wed, 2 May 2001 13:19:20 +0200
|liste noyau linux <linux-kernel@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>, liste dev network device <netdev@xxxxxxxxxxx>
Le Wed, 2 May 2001 13:55:34 +0200 Ofer Fryman <ofer@xxxxxxxxxxxx> à écrit : > The definition of ioctl is "extern int __ioctl __P ((int __fd, unsigned long > int __request, ...));" on Linux 2.0.x, and I believe it is also on any other > Linux version. yes but I use an network device specific ioctl call wich perform interface-specific ioctl commands. the prototype of the ioctl reception in the module is (as described in rubini book, O reilly, linux device drivers): int (*do_ioctl) (struct device *dev, struct ifreq *ifr, int cmd); so can I pass over the limitations of the definition ? I do ioctl that use private ioctl flags (e.g. SIOCDEVPRIVATE) > So If you can pass what ever pointer or number you want instead of struct > ifreq, If you use Linux under 2.2.x you will need to use copy_fromfs to get > the buffer info, otherwise you can access it directly from the kernel mode > with the restriction of interrupt handlers and bottom-halfs. > > -----Original Message----- > From: sebastien.person@xxxxxxxxxxx [mailto:sebastien.person@xxxxxxxxxxx] > Sent: Wednesday, May 02, 2001 10:08 AM > To: liste noyau linux > Subject: ioctl call for network device > > > Hi, > > I've succeed to do an ioctl call and recept it in my module > > ioctl(file_descriptor, cmd, struct ifreq) > > but I believe that I'm oblige to use the struct ifreq and I can't > pass any other arguments because an user can't acces kernel space > so the ioctl call recopy data in the kernel space (this is what I've > understood, maybe I'm wrong ...). > > My problem is that I need to pass some int arguments (the best way was an > int* ) but the struct ifreq doesn't permit me it, so could I add other > arguments as we can do in an normal ioctl call ? > > I hope this is the wrong place for this question. > > sebastien person > - > To unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe linux-kernel" in > the body of a message to majordomo@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx > More majordomo info at http://vger.kernel.org/majordomo-info.html > Please read the FAQ at http://www.tux.org/lkml/
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Ask a Lawyer and Get Answers to Your Legal Questions
Hi - my name is XXXXX XXXXX I'm a litigation attorney. Thanks for your question. I'll try to answer your questions.
First, you do have a legitimate defense to the claims made against you IF the address you provided the creditor was not used to send you correspondence, bills, etc. I don't think you can get out of paying the debt because you signed up for it, BUT you should have a defense to any late fees, and other charges associated with non-payment because you never received a bill.
As for disputing the matter to hold off the file being sent to collections, that is something that the company will decide - - there's no law about that. The company can hold off and try to figure out the issue and resolve the matter before the case is sent to collections OR it could send the matter to collections and you would have to deal with them about getting this issue resolved.
Thus, all you can do is maintain that you never received notice of any bill due, and that you dispute any late charges and fees associated with any alleged late payments. Then, you will likely also have to offer to work out some type of agreement to pay the debt in order to prevent it from being turned over or even being sued for the debt.
I know they never sent me any bills and I was the one who signed the credit app. They called her and sent her info for whatever reason.
When I called them yesterday I did provide my correct address, could they lie and say they always had it or lie and say they sent me bills to my address or is that something they would need to verify?
I guess my question is: If they say they sent me mail and they say they did who wins?
You CAN prove from the credit application that they had your correct address, so there's really no excuse for them not sending you correspondence, bills, etc.
If you claim that you didn't receive the bills, then it would be up to the creditor to PROVE that the letters were sent - - and if there are no certified mail receipts or other documents proving that the mail was sent AND actually delivered to you, then you should win that argument.
The burden of proof is on the creditor, not you.


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Monterosso al Mare will host us for the next three nights. The largest of the "Cinque Terre" (literally "five lands"), it is a delightful mix of old and new, offering fine cuisine, good shopping, and even a sandy beach! From Monterosso we walk through the other Cinque Terre villages, which are all connected by ancient walking paths. If you are tired of walking, you can hop on any of the trains or ferries that link the towns. Our last day of walking takes us to the beautiful town of Portovenere. Spread out beneath a massive Genovese fortress built in the 15th century to ward off raiding Turkish corsairs, Portovenere was originally a Roman outpost, dramatically situated between the cliffs and the blue waters of the Mediterranean. The trip ends in Monterosso, so you have the choice to stay on and enjoy a relaxing beach holiday or carry on to your next destination in Italy.
Tour Itinerary:
Day 1: Sunday
Arrive in Santa Margherita and transfer to our hotel on your own. Santa Margherita, known for its orange blossoms and beachfront promenade, is a lovely coastal town on the Ligurian Sea approximately twenty miles southeast of Genoa. Please plan to arrive early in the day, as you will be meeting your trip leader and traveling companions at 2:30 p.m. for a warm-up hike to Portofino. A formal group orientation will be held this evening before dinner. Overnight in Santa Margherita for the next two nights. Our pick-up time of 14:30 means that you can depart Rome or Milan this morning and arrive in Santa Margherita in time for the hike. If you wish to arrive a day early please let us know and we can book and extra night for you in Santa Margherita. Hotel and Dinner included.
Day 2: Monday
After breakfast we begin our first full day of hiking along the dramatic seaside cliffs of the Ligurian coast, from Camogli to Portofino. Sights include the 13th-century Abbey of San Fruttuoso, nestled below us in a glittering bay, and the pastel-colored houses ringing the harbour in Portofino. Our route serves as the perfect scenic introduction to this marvelous region. Tonight is a "free night" dinner, so you can choose where you wish to dine. You may want to head into Portofino to dine at one of the many chic waterfront restaurants frequented by the owners of the yachts moored in the harbour, or maybe you prefer to enjoy a pizza in a neighbourhood restaurant in Santa Margherita. The choice is yours. Hotel and breakfast included.
Day 3: Tuesday
We transfer by train this morning to the village of Framura. From here we hike through the woods and along terraces to Levanto, where we stop for lunch. We then continue on to Monterosso al Mare, one of the five villages that make up the famed "Cinque Terre." It also has the best beach in the area (with sand!) so you can enjoy a refreshing swim after your hike. Monterosso's brightly painted houses and bustling village life create a charming base for our explorations. We stay at a lovely, family-run three-star hotel. Hotel, breakfast and dinner included.
Day 4: Wednesday
Today's hike takes us along the ancient footpath joining the villages of the Cinque Terre: Monterosso, Vernazza, Corniglia, Manarola, and Riomaggiore. The whole area has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage site as well as a protected natural park, in an effort to preserve the ancient traditions that have been carried on here for centuries. We will walk among the dry-stone walls and steep terraces that allowed for the cultivation of grapes, olives, chestnuts, and even mulberry trees for silk! The path is well marked, so you can go at your own pace today and stop to explore the towns as they go. Indeed, if you are tired of walking you can relax in town and then simply take the train or ferry to the next town or back to Monterosso. Tonight is a "free night" dinner so you can indulge in something special or just have a night off. Hotel and breakfast included.
Day 5: Thursday
Today we have a glorious walk out of the Cinque Terre park over to the former Roman outpost of Portovenere. Our walk takes us past a medieval church, through majestic pine forests, past some of the last remaining cork trees, before a final descent on cliffside trails that lead us past the Genovese fortress into Portovenere. You will have time to explore the cobbled streets and narrow alleys of this picturesque seaside town before catching the late afternoon ferry back to Monterosso, a scenic trip that allows you to see all of the villages from the sea. Final night dinner at one of Liguria's finest restaurants -- a casual place with superb food and an awesome wine list. Overnight Monterosso al Mare. Hotel, breakfast and dinner included.
Day 6: Friday
Today you can enjoy a leisurely breakfast as the trip has officially ended. Make your way independently to the Monterosso train station to catch trains to your next destination. However, many of our travelers ask us to book them extra nights in Monterosso to extend their holiday by a few days. This we gladly do, but please let us know well in advance. Breakfast included.
Member discount:
Trip cost: Euro 1,500 (£1,075) per person based on double occupancy. Single supplement Euro 180 (£130).
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The 5th KIPBIPA Conference will be hosted by Universitas Negeri Makassar (UNM) and will take place 6 - 8 October 2004, in Makassar.
For information about KIPBIPA V write to email@example.com or email@example.com
1 -
3 October 2001
Grand Bali Beach Hotel
Sanur - Bali, Indonesia
Within the context of improving the quality, image and profile of the teaching of Indonesian language to speakers of other languages, the 4th Kipbipa Indonesian language conference focussed on three major areas: language, culture and the role of information technology.
The KIPBIPA IV Proceedings publication (ISBN 979-97545-0-X) is available from the IALF. The cost is Rp 75,000 plus postage and packing. Contact email@example.com for more information.
The 2001 conference was organised by
Indonesia Australia Language Foundation
(IALF) Bali
in collaboration with
Pusat Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional
Asosiasi Pengajar Bahasa Indonesia bagi Penutur Asing (APBIPA)
Bahasa Indonesia:
For more information, please contact:
IALF Bali
for further information:


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Dabbing on Foundation
Why you can skip it: Base makeup smudges, smears, and drips in hot weather. If you feel naked without something on your skin, try self-tanner, which also hides flaws. While tanner takes a little longer to apply than foundation, you need to put it on only once a week, so you'll shave minutes off your daily routine. A bonus: If you choose a tanner that has an SPF, you'll save even more time on the days that you apply it, since you won't have to double up on sunscreen.


text: Canon EOS Rebel T2i/550D Digital Field Guide : Featuring an 18.0 megapixel CMOS sensor and DIGIC 4 image processor for high image quality and speed, ISO 100-6400 for shooting from bright to dim light, and many more great features, the Canon EOS Rebel T2i brings professional features into an entry-level digital SLR. The Canon EOS Rebel T2i/550D Digital Field Guide will teach you how to get the most out of these impressive features so you can improve your photography skills. NOTE: This is a Scratch and Dent book and may have noticeable dents, scratches and various other cosmetic issues as well as torn or missing dust jacket. These items are only guaranteed to be structurally complete and readable and therefore are sold as is.


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Get an overview of this hotel3.5-star Milwaukee hotel in Wauwatosa with free parking
Popular property highlights
Located in Wauwatosa, this hotel is 1.2 mi (1.9 km) from Milwaukee County Zoo and within 6 mi (10 km) of Wisconsin Exposition Center and Miller Park. Discovery World and Betty Brinn Children's Museum are also within 12 mi (20 km).
Hotel Features
Along with a restaurant, this hotel has an indoor pool and a 24-hour fitness center. Free WiFi in public areas, free self parking, and a free area shuttle are also provided. Other amenities include a bar/lounge, a spa tub, and a business center.
Room Amenities
All 198 rooms provide free WiFi, room service, and TVs. Guests will also find coffee makers, free local calls, and hair dryers.
Guest Highlights
- Good location
- Convenient parking
- Helpful staff
- Clean, quiet guestrooms
- Comfy beds and overall room comfort
Crowne Plaza Milwaukee West
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
In addition to an indoor pool, Crowne Plaza Milwaukee West provides a spa tub and a 24-hour fitness center. The hotel offers a restaurant. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. Wired and wireless Internet access is complimentary.
This 3.5-star property offers access to a business center and meeting rooms. This business-friendly hotel also offers gift shops/newsstands, concierge services, and complimentary newspapers in the lobby. A complimentary area shuttle within 5 mi is available for guests. Complimentary self parking is available on site.
- Total number of rooms - 198
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Free WiFi
- Free area shuttle
- 24-hour front desk
- Number of floors - 8
- ATM/banking
- Bar/lounge
- Business center
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Concierge services
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- 24-hour fitness facilities
- Gift shops or newsstand
- Free wired Internet
- Laundry facilities
- Meeting rooms 4
- Porter/bellhop
- Restaurant
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Free self parking
- Spa tub
- Indoor pool
Family Friendly Amenities
- Indoor pool
- Free Wi-Fi
- Area shuttle (complimentary)
- Laundry facilities
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi , Free wired Internet
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Free WiFi
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Room service (limited hours)
- Premium TV channels
- Pay movies
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Air conditioning
- Phone
- Free local calls
- Coffee/tea maker
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Shower/tub combination
- Desk
- Iron/ironing board
- Television
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
Where to Eat
Cooked-to-order breakfasts are available for a surcharge between 6:30 AM and 10:30 AM.
Innovation - This restaurant specializes in American cuisine and serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner.
Room service (during limited hours) is available.
Nearby Things to Do
An indoor pool and a spa tub are on site. Other recreational amenities include a 24-hour fitness center.
If you have requests for specific accessibility needs, please note them at check-out when you book your room.
- Accessible bathroom
- Roll-in shower
- In-room accessibility
Hotel Policies
Minimum check-in age is 21
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Rollaway/extra beds are available.
- Cribs (infant beds) are not available.
- Pets not allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No cribs (infant beds) available
Optional extras
- Breakfast fee: between USD 6 and USD 16 per person (approximately)
- Rollaway beds are available for an additional fee
Hotel Name
- Crowne Plaza Milwaukee
- Crowne Plaza Milwaukee West
- Crowne Plaza Milwaukee West Hotel
- Crowne Plaza Milwaukee West Hotel Wauwatosa
- Crowne Plaza Milwaukee West Wauwatosa
- Crowne Plaza West Milwaukee
- Milwaukee Crowne Plaza
- Crowne Plaza Wauwatosa
- Crowne Plaza
We should mention
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.


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It is time to break down our top investment ideas for the year and see how they are doing. Earlier this year, we published our top nine investment ideas. They were IBM (NYSE:IBM), Apple (NASDAQ:AAPL), Starbucks (NASDAQ:SBUX), Panera Bread (NASDAQ:PNRA), Monster Beverage (NASDAQ:MNST), Wal-Mart (NYSE:WMT), VF (NYSE:VFC), Arctic Cat (NASDAQ:ACAT), and M/I Homes (NYSE:MHO).
Here is a breakdown of how those positions are doing so far this year:
|YTD Return
1. International Business Machines
2013 Price Target: $285
Potential Gain: 45-50%
Analysis: The company is off to a fast start this year with some solid earnings reported in January, and we believe what these earnings say about the state of IBM will continue to be a catalyst for more upside for the year. Our main argument for 2013 was that the company was going to be able to make strong gains in its cloud systems and new software offerings. That claim is holding true so far. The latest quarter showed IBM forecasting 2013FY EPS at $16.7 versus $16.6 expectations from most analysts. The company commented that it continues to see strong growth in its software/cloud offerings, which offer better margins than hardware. Additionally, the quarter showed the company growing market share, according to Sterne Agee's Shaw Wu:
What we found impressive is the company was able to accomplish this despite services (51 percent of revenue) somewhat lagging and most competitors underperforming, indicating IBM gained (market) share.
Moving forward, we still are sticking with our $285 target. While this target is a best-case scenario, IBM is showing very strong growth in its cloud services, building on its hardware economic moat and business strategies and applying it to software. Further, software has drastically better margins as was seen by the 6% growth in earnings but flat sales growth as the makeup of sales pushed more towards cloud. The stock is still very cheap at a 10.9 future P/E, and we like buying above $200. One final note is that we believe that the company has attractive opportunities in emerging and frontier markets. Emerging markets will benefit from software while frontier markets can benefit from hardware infrastructure as well as software. We believe this catalyst and upside is often not mentioned by many but can play a large role in the company's growth in the next several years.
2. Apple
2013 Price Target: $850
Potential Gain: 55-60%
Analysis: It's been a tough start to the year for Apple as the company continues to be plagued by a duality of positives and negatives that are leaving investors with questions. The company has dominant market share in the phone (36% share in the U.S.) and tablet market (49% share), but many analysts/investors are complaining that the company lacks new innovation to maintain its current dominance. For each person that says Apple is undervalued with a sub-10 future P/E, another comments the company also holds a nearly 3.5 price/book level, which is typically seen as fairly valued. For now, we continue to see shares as a great value but likely sitting still until a catalyst arises. So, what can move Apple? There are a couple of developments we are watching that we believe can add $50-$100 to shares. First, a deal with China Mobile (NYSE:CHL) will be very important for the company. It continues to lack market share dominance in China due to the fact that it is not with the country's top carrier. Despite its lack of a deal with CHL, it has done well there. That deal will put it over the edge. The latest development shows that the two sides are getting closer to a deal. Tim Cook, CEO of Apple, met with China Mobile in mid-January. At the same time, China Mobile is in no rush to take on Apple's strict requirements for being a carrier as the company reported 5.5M new 3G subscribers in December. With such strong success, CHL does not need AAPL as much as AAPL needs CHL. A deal is still unlikely to be taken up until at least late February or early March. Another potential catalyst for Apple is a new product. The new iPhone and iPad are not going to be available until the early summer, so what could it announce? We do not see anything expected, and that is why we see shares fairly muted right now. Look for upside to start in Q2 as we near new phone and tablets. For now...hold tight
3. Starbucks
2013 Price Target: $72
Potential Gain: 30-35%
Analysis: SBUX is off to a nice start in 2013, and we think that it will continue to be solid moving forward this year. The company had a strong January with earnings reported and some solid signs from the company's latest report. The company attributed a strong Q1 for 2013 to strong U.S. demand. The company reported earnings that met expectations of analysts at $0.57, which showed 14% growth. The company said that the quarter's success was due to a strong holiday season and success in U.S. cafes. Here were some highlights for the quarter. Net revenue grew 10% in Q1 with 7% growth in same-store sales. The company sold 150K Verismo brewers as well. Another great area of growth is China/Asia Pacific. That region saw 28% growth in revenue along with 11% growth in same-store sales in the latest quarter. Additionally, operating margin grew to 25.5% from 23.2% year/year due to lower costs as well. We continue to like the company's growth potential moving forward this year. Revenue growth over 10% should be expected as the company will benefit from a lot of new products like its Verismo brewers and pods that complement it, Evolution Fresh juices, and new coffee roasts. What's more, the company is spreading like wildfire. It is expected to launch 1300 new stores globally in 2013. We believe the company is clicking on all cylinders through the first month of 2013, and we see that $72 price target getting closer each day. Additionally, coffee prices continue to be low, and until those increase, we should see very solid margin expansion for SBUX.
4. Panera Bread
2013 Price Target: $200
Potential Gain: 20-25%
Analysis: Through the first month of 2013, our liking of Panera has only grown stronger. First off, it was another great quarter for PNRA. The company continues to show great earnings expansion, margin growth, and development at a steady pace that should attract investors. The company's latest quarter showed some very solid results that we believe are ones to take note of moving forward. First off, the company increased income 34% year/year as same-store sales jumped higher by 5%. The company, further, forecasted above expectations with a $1.62 - $1.66 EPS for Q1 of 2013. Expectations were for $1.58 - $1.62 from analysts. The company had flat check growth for the quarter in same stores, but check prices grew, which shows a solid growth in margins. As we noted in our first article about Panera, the company has the potential for 4000+ stores in the USA alone, and it has not even begun any international expansion. The company is expected to open around 120 new stores in 2013 to continue to add to its total. The company, further, continues to buy back shares as part of a $600M share buyback plan. PNRA continues to grow at very solid rates despite good competition and macroeconomic headwinds. What's the company's key to success? It offers a unique menu that continues to shift and offer premium food options at mid-level pricing. The continued shift to fast-casual dining away from fast food by American consumers is benefiting PNRA. Its value at 22 future P/E is strong, but we believe that it will stay very consistent with 20% EPS growth each year until they maximize its growth in the states.
5. Monster Beverage
2013 Price Target: $82
Potential Gain: 50-55%
Analysis: It has not been a good start to the year for MNST. The company is expected to release earnings sometime later this month, and expectations are not high. The company, as noted by Goldman Sachs last week, saw decelerated sales in the latest quarter. The reason? We believe it could be a hangover from the FDA news that came out last year linking MNST to health concerns. Despite the validity of the report being questioned, consumers still seem to have shown some fear in the energy drink. While we expected this to happen, we do believe a lot of that fear is priced into shares as the value on MNST shares has come down significantly. Shares are sitting at a 20 future P/E and 4x sales, which is one of the lowest levels it has been at in years. Right now, the company is likely to continue to struggle until it shows a catalyst for upside, which could come from earnings (expectations are low for the report). At the same time, we believe that MNST has great international opportunities and will be able to bounce back from this short-term blip. The recent struggles should be seen as a buying opportunity rather than a long-term issue. Other than that, January was a quiet month for the stock, and we will get earnings at some point this month. We would look for some decline off those earnings and allow for a great entry point. Over the next several years, we believe that MNST will continue to be attractive as a whole generation of energy drinkers continue to replace coffee drinkers.
Our update on WMT, VFC, ACAT, and MHO will be out soon!
Disclosure: I am long PNRA.
Business relationship disclosure: The Oxen Group is a team of analysts. This article was written by David Ristau, one of our writers. We did not receive compensation for this article (other than from Seeking Alpha), and we have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.