text: UFDC Home | Help | RSS TABLE OF CONTENTS HIDE Front Cover Half Title Title Page Table of Contents Main Appendix Title: Hurricane Opal : Results from overwash analysis Task E : Characterization of beach and dune response CITATION THUMBNAILS PAGE IMAGE ZOOMABLE Full Citation STANDARD VIEW MARC VIEW Permanent Link: http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00091499/00001 Material Information Title: Hurricane Opal : Results from overwash analysis Task E : Characterization of beach and dune response Series Title: Hurricane Opal : Results from overwash analysis Task E : Characterization of beach and dune response Physical Description: Book Language: English Creator: Dean, Robert G. Publisher: Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Florida Place of Publication: Gainesville, Fla. Record Information Bibliographic ID: UF00091499 Volume ID: VID00001 Source Institution: University of Florida Holding Location: University of Florida Rights Management: All rights reserved by the source institution and holding location. Table of Contents Front Cover Front Cover Half Title Half Title Title Page Page i Table of Contents Page ii Page iii Main Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Appendix Page A-0 Page A-1 Page A-2 Full Text UFL/COEL-99/004 HURRICANE OPAL: RESULTS FROM OVERWASH ANALYSIS TASK E: CHARACTERIZATION OF BEACH AND DUNE RESPONSE by Robert G. Dean and Carrie L. Suter March 8, 1999 Submitted to: Bureau of Beaches and Coastal Systems Department of Environmental Protection Tallahassee, Florida 32399-3000 Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department 433 Weil Hall P.O. Box 116590 Gainesville, Florida 32611-6590 ---.-----. UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA UFL/COEL-99/004 HURRICANE OPAL: RESULTS FROM OVERWASH ANALYSIS TASK E: CHARACTERIZATION OF BEACH AND DUNE RESPONSE Robert G. Dean and Carrie L. Suter March 8, 1999 Submitted to: Bureau of Beaches and Coastal Systems Department of Environmental Protection Tallahassee, Florida 32399-3000 HURRICANE OPAL: RESULTS FROM WASHOVER ANALYSIS TASK E: CHARACTERIZATION OF BEACH AND DUNE RESPONSE March 8, 1999 by Robert G. Dean and Carrie L. Suter Submitted to: Bureau of Beaches and Coastal Systems Department of Environmental Protection Marjorie Stoneman Douglas Building 3900 Commonwealth Boulevard Tallahassee, FL 32399-3000 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ............... .............................................. iii 1. Introduction .......................................................... 1 1.1 Purpose ........................... ............. ................ . 1 1.2 Method .......................................................2 2. M ethods ............................................. ................2 2.1 Field Measurements ............................................... 2 2.2 Aerial Photographs .................. ............................... 3 3. References ............................................................4 APPENDIX A TABLES DOCUMENTING WASHOVER THICKNESS DUE TO HURRICANE OPAL .............................................. A-1 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. Washover Due to Hurricane Belle (1976). The Lower Elevations After Belle are Due to Wind Deflation (Dean and Perlin, 1977) .............................. 1 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1 Washover Volumes for Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties ....................... 4 A-1 Site 1. Santa Rosa Co. (near Monument R-210) ............................ A-1 A-2 Site 2. Santa Rosa Co. (near R-213, next to old Navarre Pass) ................. A-1 A-3 Site 3. Escambia Co. R-191 (about 1 foot of wind erosion estimated. Lag layer present) .................................... ......................... A-2 A-4 Site 4. Escambia Co. R-189 (about 1 foot of wind erosion estimated. Lag layer present) ............................................................ A-2 HURRICANE OPAL: RESULTS FROM WASHOVER ANALYSIS 1. Introduction 1.1 Purpose Hurricane Opal made landfall on Santa Rosa Island in Santa Rosa County on October 4, 1995. The maximum sustained surface winds at landfall were 110 mph, but more importantly, the storm surge reached between 8 and 20 feet along the Florida Panhandle. This large storm surge led to a loss of eight million cubic yards of sand from the beach due to breaking waves, extensive flooding and vast washover deposits in lower dune areas (Leadon, 1995). Overwash is a process by which sand is transported from the nearshore and beach area landward and is deposited in a layer or "plaque" of sediment on the pre-storm surface. Overwash occurs during storms which include conditions of elevated water level and energetic wave conditions. The deposit of sand which occurs as a result of overwash is called washover (Schwartz, 1975). Overwash is the process (like overtopping) and washover is the associated deposit. Figure 1 presents a cross-section through a washover deposit. L V I iI I a 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Distance From Baseline (ft) Figure 1. Washover Due to Hurricane Belle (1976). The Lower Elevations After Bell are Due to Wind Deflation (Dean and Perlin, 1977). < Beach Profile: Sept. I, 1976 (post-Belle)- Beach Profile: Jun. I, 1977 c) ' ,.~ ~, IC~CC Washover is important to sediment budgets since, similar to aeolian processes, in most cases the sand deposited by overwash is lost to the nearshore system. From considerations of long term coastal management, the most appropriate approach to dealing with washover deposits is not clear (Godfrey and Godfrey, 1973; Dolan, 1972; Leatherman, 1976). Combined with deposits from aeolian processes, washover deposits contribute to the upward growth of the barrier island. In this manner, the islands maintain their elevations relative to the rising sea level. If the washover deposits are removed and placed on the beach or removed from the near coastal area altogether, both common practices, the elevation of the barrier island will not keep pace with the relative rise of sea level and the frequency of overwash will increase with time due to the increased water levels. Washover deposits can occur as sheet deposits along significant segments of shorelines or can occur as fan shaped deposits through gaps in dunes. For short term considerations, washover volumes represents a loss of sand from the nearshore system and this loss, unless compensated by beach nourishment, will result in shoreline recession. The purpose of this brief report is, through limited field measurements, to provide an estimate of the washover volumes on portions of Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties associated with Hurricane Opal. 1.2 Method The volume of a washover fan is the product of its area and its depth. The area of the washover fan was estimated from aerial photographs obtained under contract by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP) taken immediately after Hurricane Opal. The depths of the washover fans were established in the field by evaluating the representative depth of sand covering the pre-storm layer of vegetation or other debris/lag horizon. This representative depth was applied to the entire washover area to determine the volume of sand removed from the beach system. Additionally, informed simple sensitivity calculations were carried out to demonstrate the range of possible changes in washover depth. 2. Results 2.1 Field Measurements Four sites were investigated in Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties in December 1997 to determine the representative depth of the washover deposit. The four sites were chosen because of their locations in unpopulated areas to avoid any interference due to washover removal or other activity. Any type of post-storm cleanup could result in an overestimate or underestimate of the deposited sand. The four sites were considered representative of most of the washover fans in location, depth, area and general appearance. The sites were also large enough to obtain a sufficient number of samples to accurately depict the representative depth of the washover fan. The washover fans were easily distinguishable through the absence of vegetation in the vicinity, due to burial by the washover deposits. Once the appropriate site was chosen, holes were excavated in several locations on the washover fan to determine the depth to the old vegetation line and/or lag surface. The three definitive signs of an old vegetation level and/or lag surface are: (1) A clear black line, caused by the decomposition of vegetation buried and crushed flat by the heavy overlying sand, (2) Undecomposed vegetable matter, usually in the form of more fibrous tissue, such as the plant stalks, and/or (3) A lag layer of shells or other coarse materials. At some locations, a combination of indicators was found. The measured vertical distance between the existing sand surface and the indicator was accepted as the depth of the washover deposit. This is believed to represent a lower estimate due to winnowing of the fine sand and deflation by wind since the overwash event. Tables in Appendix A document the recorded depths and locations of the documented thicknesses for each of the four study sites. 2.2 Aerial Photographs The areas of the washover fans were measured on the aerial photographs of Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties that were taken immediately post-Opal. The washover deposits are identified as characteristically bright white sandy areas. There is no vegetation, structures or roads present because of the overlaying layer of sand. The southern boundary of the washover (the side adjacent to the natural beach) was estimated by using old dune ridges, landscaping, houses or variations in the coloring of the sand that might indicate high water lines. Only the major fans were measured. There were some washover deposits located on the northern side of the island, but due to natural contours of the land, the depths of the sand deposits were considered to vary considerably. Therefore, the representative depth of washover could not be applied to these secondary deposits. The washover areas documented ranged from R-34 to R-214 in the Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties monument system. In washover areas where houses or other structures were located, the technique for measuring the area of the deposit was modified slightly. The area of the houses was subtracted from the total area of the deposit. Any increase in the sand accumulation in front of the structures was considered to be balanced approximately by the reduced sand accumulation behind the structure. Because the measurements to determine the representative depths of the washover deposits occurred 26 months after the storm event, a significant amount of sand is believed to have been removed from the washover fans by aeolian transport. This statement is supported by the frequent presence of a lag layer of shells on the washover deposits When aeolian processes have eroded the uppermost layer of a washover deposit, all measurements will underestimate the total amount of sand that was transported from the beach environment; this underestimation could be on the order of 25 to 50 percent. Therefore, it is highly desirable that future field evaluations of washover deposit thicknesses take place immediately following a storm event to reduce measurement uncertainties. The average depth found from field measurements for the four sites is 16 inches. By multiplying the average depth and the areas estimated from the aerial photographs, the volume of the washover fans was determined. The following table lists the results, in various units, allowing for varying amounts of erosion due to aeolian processes. Table 1: Washover Volumes For Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties 3. References Dean, R. G. and M. Perlin (1977) "Coastal Engineering Study of Ocean City Inlet, Maryland", Proceedings, Coastal Sediments '77, American Society of Civil Engineers, Charleston, SC, pp. 520- 542. Dolan, R. (1972) "The Barrier Dune System Along the Outer Banks of North Carolina, a Reappraisal", Science, pp. 1972-1974. Godfrey, P. J. and M. M. Godfrey (1973) "Comparison of Ecological and Geomorphic Interactions Between Altered and Unaltered Barrier Systems in North Carolina", in Coastal Geomorphology, D. R. Coates, Editor, State University of New York, Binghampton, NY, pp. 329-358. Leadon, Mark E., 1995. Hurricane Opal: Damage to Florida's Beaches, Dunes and Coastal Structures. Florida Bureau of Beaches and Coastal Systems. Leatherman, S. P. (1976) "Quantification ofOverwash Processes", Ph. D. Dissertation, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia. Schwartz, R. K. (1975) "Nature and Genesis of Some Washover Deposits", U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Technical Memorandum No. 61, Fort Belvoir, VA. Units Measured Value 25% Increase 50% Increase cubic feet 76,695,115 95,868,893 115,042,673 cubic meters 2,171,764 2,714,705 3,257,646 cubic yards 2,840,560 3,550,700 4,260,840 APPENDIX A TABLES DOCUMENTING WASHOVER THICKNESS DUE TO HURRICANE OPAL Introduction In total, washover thicknesses were documented at twenty three different locations at four separate sites. The method of determining thickness was to excavate, using an ordinary shovel, down to an indicator which was either a vegetative or coarse sediment lag layer. Results The locations and washover deposit thicknesses at each of the twenty three locations are presented in the following four tables. Table A-1: Site 1. Santa Rosa Co. (near Monument R-210) Sample No. Thickness of Layer Is Defined By Location Washover Deposit 1 20" 2 12" vegetable matter 3 12" black streak in sand 4 11.5" vegetable matter 5 11" vegetable matter and black streak 6 17.5" vegetable matter and black streak 100 ft S of road 7 17" 100 ft S of road 8 17" 200 ft S of road Table A-2: Site 2. Santa Rosa Co. (near R-213, next to old Navarre Pass) Sample Thickness of Layer Is Defined By... Location No. Washover Deposit 1 22" black streak dead end of road, 80 ft E 2 15" vegetable matter N edge of road 3 19" vegetable matter (entire plant) 75 ft N of edge of road 4 22" vegetable matter (entire plant) 110 ft S of road 5 22" vegetable matter 80 ft S, 15 ft W of road 6 15" large shell 140 ft N, 100 ft W of road Table A-3: Site 3. Escambia Co. R-191 (about 1 foot of wind erosion estimated. Lag layer present) Sample Thickness of Layer Is Defined By... Location No. Washover Deposit 1 13" gravel layer 130 ft N of road, 130 ft W ofmon. 2 6" shells 150 ft N, online 3 12" shells 150 ft N, 63 ft E of mon 4 22" shells 300 ft N, online Table A-4: Site 4. Escambia Co. R-189 (about 1 foot of wind erosion estimated. Lag layer present) Sample Thickness of Layer Is Defined By... Location No. Washover Deposit 1 15" shell 150 ft N, online 2 19" black streak 250 ft N, 50 ft E of mon 3 18" vegetable matter 350 ft N, 100 ft E of mon 4 14" vegetable matter 350 ft N, 250 ft E of mon 5 17" difference between sand color 350 ft N, 100 ft W of mon A-2 Contact Us | Permissions | Preferences | Technical Aspects | Statistics | Internal | Privacy Policy © 2004 - 2010 University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries.All rights reserved. Acceptable Use, Copyright, and Disclaimer Statement Last updated October 10, 2010 - - mvs


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This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (
Agriculture on the Texas High Plains (THP) uses approximately 89% of groundwater withdrawals from the Ogallala Aquifer. Consequently, groundwater levels are declining faster than the recharge rate. Therefore, efficient agricultural water use is essential for economic viability and sustainability of the THP. Accurate regional evapotranspiration (ET) maps would provide valuable information on actual crop water use. In this study, METRIC (Mapping Evapotranspiration at High Resolution using Internalized Calibration), a remote sensing based ET algorithm, was evaluated for mapping ET in the THP. Two Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper images acquired on 27 June (DOY 178) and 29 July (DOY 210) 2005 were used for this purpose. The performance of the ET model was evaluated by comparing the predicted daily ET with values derived from soil moisture budget at four commercial agricultural fields. Daily ET estimates resulted with a prediction error of 12.7±8.1% (mean bias error ± root mean square error) on DOY 178 and -4.7±9.4% on DOY 210 when compared with ET derived from measured soil moisture through the soil water balance. These results are good considering the prevailing advective conditions in the THP. METRIC have the potential to be used for mapping regional ET in the THP region. However, more evaluation is needed under different agroclimatological conditions.
The Ogallala Aquifer, one of the largest freshwater aquifers in the world, has been the main source of water supply for the Texas High Plains (THP) population in the U.S. It is being depleted at an unsustainable rate [
Improvement in irrigation water management is achieved when the beneficial crop water use is accurately quantified in time and space for decision making in terms of timing and amounts of water to apply. Remote sensing (RS) based evapotranspiration (ET) methods are found to be useful for estimating crop water use in both time and space.
Numerous RS algorithms such as METRIC (Mapping Evapotranspiration at high resolution with Internalized Calibration) [
METRIC's ET estimation errors were reported to be anywhere from 10 to 20% for daily estimates and as low as 4 to 1% for seasonal ET estimates [
The THP is a semi-arid region with heterogeneous landscapes in which irrigated fields are usually surrounded by dryland crops, fallow or rangeland. Therefore, the advection of sensible heat flux from dry surfaces, both local and regional, is a significant source of energy that has a major impact on ET from irrigated cropland by augmenting ET in excess of the available energy (net radiation minus soil heat flux) rather frequently. For example, an average ET rate of 11.3 mm d-1 for an irrigated alfalfa in Bushland, Texas was reported, with ET for some days exceeding 15 mm d-1 due to regional advection [
The main objective of this study was to assess the ability and usefulness of METRIC for mapping regional ET in the THP. We selected METRIC as an ET mapping tool to be applied and evaluated in the THP since it could be an algorithm that works better under advective conditions and requires minimal ground data.
This study was focused on the portion of the THP Region in the south-central U.S. covered by Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) scene with a path/row of 30/35. The TM scene comprised of 11 counties in the THP (
More detailed analysis was concentrated on Ochiltree County, located closer to the center of the scene, where ground truth data on crop types were acquired as part of another remote sensing study. The Ochiltree County area is about 234,911 ha, with more than 45% of the land under row crop production. Annual average precipitation is about 562 mm, while about 890 mm of water are needed to grow grain corn (330 mm of seasonal rainfall), 670 mm for cotton (280 mm), 690 mm for grain sorghum (248 mm), 762 mm for soybean (254 mm), and 457 mm for winter wheat (142 mm) [
In METRIC, ET is computed as a residual from the land surface energy balance equation as an instantaneous ET or latent heat flux (LE) at the time of the satellite overpass, as shown in
Soil heat flux (G) was modeled as a function of Rn, vegetation index, surface temperature, and surface albedo for near midday values [
Sensible heat flux (H) is defined by the bulk aerodynamic resistance equation, which uses aerodynamic temperature and aerodynamic resistance to heat transfer:
In METRIC, H is estimated without needing to know the air temperature or the aerodynamic temperature value; instead a temperature difference (dT), function of Ts, is used as:
As shown in [
The determination of
The hot pixel was chosen after careful screening of fallow/bare agricultural fields displaying high temperatures, high albedo and low biomass (LAI). The cold pixel was determined on the basis of low temperature (approximated by the Lake Meredith water surface temperature;
With the calculation of Hhot and Hcold,
The instantaneous LE image was obtained using
Reference ET fraction (ETrF) is the ratio of ETi to the reference ETr that is computed from WS data for overpass time. The WS information is explained in a subsequent section. Finally, the computation of actual daily or 24-h ET (ETd), for each pixel, is performed as:
Two Landsat 5 TM satellite images were obtained in 2005 for estimating ET, one on DOY 178 (June 27) and another on DOY 210 (July 29). The overpass time for both images was 17:07 GMT (11:07 AM CST in the U.S.). The satellite path/row was 30/35, where the image scene center coordinates were Latitude 36.048° N and Longitude 100.910° W. The image pixel size was 30 m for TM bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 and 120 m for TM band 6 (thermal band). However, the image supplier had resampled TM band 6 to a 30 m pixel size.
For the calculation of the alfalfa based ETr and ETr24, four reference WS identified within the geographic coverage of the satellite scene, were used. These stations were: Perryton, Etter, White Deer, and Morse (
Soil water content measurements were used to derive ET for comparison with RS estimates. These measurements were taken as part of another study in four different, commercially operated, agricultural fields (
The spatial mapping of ET for the NTHP was done using the METRIC algorithm. For this purpose, the satellite image was calibrated, the digital number (DN) was first converted into radiance (Lb), for each band by means of calibration coefficients (Lb= (gain × DN) + bias) provided by the image supplier. Then, to obtain "at-satellite" or at "Top-of-the-Atmosphere" (TOA) reflectance values, for the short-wave bands, the detected radiance at the satellite (for each band) was divided by the incoming energy (radiance) in the same short-wave band. This incoming radiance is a function of mean solar exo-atmospheric irradiance, solar incidence angle, and the inverse square of the relative earth-to-sun distance. Detailed steps on the Landsat 5 TM radiometric calibration procedure can be found in [
METRIC ET estimates (ET_estimated) were compared with ET derived from soil water content readings (ET_observed) at four different locations by means of the soil water balance (SWB):
Results of the comparison of ET using METRIC and ET from soil water content measurements, for each field, were reported as absolute differences and in percent errors according to:
A more comprehensive evaluation of ET estimation errors (comparison of estimated/measured ETd) was carried using the Mean Bias Error (MBE) and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). These are the mean and standard deviation errors respectively.
Derived surface temperatures within the THP area, covered by the Landsat 5 TM scene, ranged from 18.6 to 34.9 °C, a difference of 16.3 °C on DOY 178; 18.4 °C to 42.0 °C, a difference of 23.6 °C on DOY 210. This spatial variation in surface temperature highlights the uniqueness of the cropping conditions in the THP where irrigated/non-irrigated crop fields intermix with fallow/bare soil lands and where local and regional advection may increase ET rates by augmenting the advected sensible heat flux. In a separate study in Bushland, TX (
Average Rn for the entire satellite scene was 616.0 and 642.6 W m-2 for DOY 178 and 210, respectively; with non-water stress high biomass (LAI > 3.0) fields depicting higher Rn values. Bare soils showed lower Rn values, 500-550 W m-2 and 530-590 W m-2 on DOY 178 and 210, respectively.
On DOY 178, the average G value for the entire satellite scene was 87 W m-2. Soil heat flux ranged from 80 to 100 W m-2 for bare soils and 25 to 40 W m-2 for high biomass crops. However, average G value for the satellite scene acquired on DOY 210 was 116.4 W m-2, i.e. 34% higher than that G on the DOY 178 image; with a range of 120-140 W m-2 for bare soils and 22-50 W m-2 for high biomass crops. Increase in the average G value in the later image was probably due to drier surface conditions.
In the determination of H, the colder (wet) pixel was located in an irrigated corn field having a surface temperature of 18.6°C (291.7 K) on both analyzed images. This temperature was about half a degree higher than the water temperature in Lake Meredith (
Values in the upper portion of
Setting ETrF to 1.05 for the cold pixel resulted in a negative H value, meaning that the air temperate was higher than the corn canopy temperature, thus extra heat was brought in by local and regional advection. The advection scenario was discussed early in this results section. This extra heat produced an H (cold pixel) that enhanced LE beyond available energy (633.9 W m-2) by 24.4% on DOY 178 and by 2.5% on DOY 210. These results are in agreement with results reported in another study [
Average ETd was 5.7 mm d-1 with a mode and maximum values of 6.9 and 14.5 mm d-1, respectively, for the entire satellite scene on DOY 178. Using all four WS data, the average ETr24 was 13.5 mm d-1 and ETr was 1.1 mm h-1 at the time of satellite overpass. On DOY 210, the ETr24 and ETr were 9.7 mm d-1 and 0.95 mm h-1, respectively. These ETr and ETr24 values were used in the internalized calibration (scaling) of ET.
Estimated ETd for a fully irrigated corn, on DOY 178, compared reasonably well with ETobserved (
On DOY 210, the estimated ET error for the fully irrigated corn was 0.5 mm d-1 (6.0% error), for irrigate silage corn the error was -8.8%, -11.4% for irrigated cotton, and 0.8 mm d-1 or 32.0% for the limited irrigated cotton. In general, ET errors for DOY 210 were lower, -0.2±0.7 mm d-1 (-4.7±9.4%) excluding the large error over the limited irrigated cotton field.
Including all data from both days, errors were 0.3±1.0 mm d-1 (-1.9±15.5%). However, the RMSE was reduced to 12.4% when the limited irrigated cotton field with low biomass was excluded.
Larger ET estimation errors on the limited irrigated cotton field may be due to late planting in the season, i.e. this field had low biomass with partial canopy cover and high surface temperatures (dT ∼ 4 K). In another study, discrepancies were reported for high surface temperature values, between airborne remotely sensed surface radiometric temperature (MODTRAN [
Lower ET estimation errors were found on the fully irrigated corn field which had an ET rate closer to the alfalfa reference crop. Some discrepancy on ET may be due to the fact that the cold pixel(s) should be selected in a field with a crop with bio-physical characteristics similar to the alfalfa reference crop, i.e., similar biomass, height, no water stress, disease or lacking nutrients. However, errors could be introduced when the satellite image does not contain such crop conditions.
Moreover, ETcold is assumed by METRIC as 1.05 ETr and it may happen that the selected cold pixel belongs to a crop with a crop coefficient (Kc = ETc/ETr; where ETc is crop ET) that is different than 1.05 at the time of the image acquisition. In our case, the cold pixel was located on an irrigated corn field. Other crops had lower LAI values than most corn fields and had not reached full cover conditions.
In general, the results presented in
METRIC captured the difference in water management between the fully irrigated corn field and the somewhat water stressed silage corn. On DOY 178, the predicted ET for fully irrigated grain corn was almost double of that for silage corn (
Regional ETd values for Ochiltree County are shown in
Overall, the daily ET results estimated on four commercial agricultural fields indicate that METRIC performs well for the advective conditions of the NTHP. However, larger errors were found for fields with low biomass (<1.5 m2 m-2). A common standard error for ET prediction equations based on weather data using Penman or Penman-Monteith type equations is as much as 10% of daily estimates [
METRIC, a remote sensing based ET algorithm was applied to the THP using two Landsat 5 TM images acquired on DOY 178 and 210. Estimated daily ET for well-irrigated, high biomass (LAI > 3.0 m2 m-2), grain corn resulted with relatively low estimation errors on both days, i.e. 2.0 mm d-1 (17.1%) and 0.5 mm d-1 (6.0%) respectively. Errors were larger, -71.4 and 32.0% for cotton fields with low biomass (LAI of 0.2 and 1.5 m2 m-2 respectively) and higher canopy/surface temperatures.
Comparing ET estimates to measurements made on four fields on DOY 178 and 210, the ETd prediction error was 0.3±1.0 mm d-1 or -1.9±15.5% (MBE±RMSE). It is possible that the 5% increment over the hourly alfalfa reference ET (ETr), suggested in METRIC for the instantaneous ET rate estimation on the cold pixel, might have contributed to the overestimation of ET on well water crops.
For crops/fields displaying low soil-water status, low biomass and high surface temperatures, it is suggested that the following be further researched in order to improve the estimation of small ET rates: atmospheric interference (effects) corrections on the "at-sensor" surface brightness temperature, surface thermal emissivity, relationship between dT and Ts (maybe better characterized by a non-linear function), as well as the extrapolation mechanism to obtain daily ET values from instantaneous LE estimates.
In general, METRIC estimated distributed daily ET with relatively low prediction errors for the advective condition encountered in the NTHP. These errors were of similar magnitude of errors reported in the literature for weather station data dependent ET models. Although METRIC is a promising tool for mapping ET accurately in the NTHP, additional evaluation is needed under a variety of crop/weather conditions to fully assess its capability to accurately estimate spatially distributed ET values.
Commercially available hand-held gypsum blocks soil moisture meters (tester) do not measure directly in terms of soil water potential but instead they provide a dimensionless relative scale ranging from 0 to 100 units. The Delmhorst gypsum block soil water meter unit KS-D1, used in this research, has its operating instructions manual posted on line at
There were three GB-1 Gypsum blocks sensors installed at a depth of 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 m. These sensors monitored the amount of water per each soil layer. Water depth amounts (mm) per layer (LWD) were computed by multiplying the layer VSMC (in units of mm m-1) by the layer thickness, i.e. 0.30 m. Finally, the root zone VSMC or θi was calculated by adding up the individual layer's LWD values, and the result was reported as water depth equivalent (mm) per 0.9 m of soil depth.
Ogallala Aquifer Region coverage (blue boundary), Landsat 5 coverage area (red rectangle) and false color Landsat 5 image showing location of grass reference weather stations (solid triangles), crop fields containing soil moisture probes (solid circles) and Lake Meredith (empty circle), in the Texas High Plains.
Comparison between METRIC (estimated) and soil water balance (observed) based ETd for two days, June 27 (DOY 178, triangles) and July 29 (DOY 210, circles) of 2005.
Spatially distributed daily ET for Ochiltree County on DOY 187.
METRIC input table for H determination.
|W m-2
|W m-2
|U(200 m)
|m s-1
|s m-1
|m s-1
|W m-2
|W m-2
Note: The subscripts 178 and 210 on the Hot/Cold pixel headings indicate the DOY.
METRIC and soil water content balance based daily ET (ETd).
|mm d-1
|mm d-1
|mm d-1
|mm d-1
|mm d-1
|mm d-1
|Fully irrigated corn
|Irrigated silage corn
|Limited irrigated cotton
|Irrigated cotton


text: Dez talk on Galloway and Company Here's a qoute from Eric Ogbogu too from Clarence Hill's blog... Former Cowboys defensive end Eric Ogbogu, who helped bring the company prominence with his "We must protect this house!" commercials, stopped by to chat with Bryant. "I just came to see where his head was at and what the problem is," Ogbogu said. "As a former player, maybe I can understand where he is coming from." The rookie receiver signed a marketing deal with Under Armour before the draft but has worn Nikes since having problems with his footing at his pro day in April. Bryant has worn Nike during all of his practices with the Cowboys without incident. He said he still hasn't made a final decision. "It's a business decision," Bryant said. "We are just going to see what we are going to do." -------------------------- If he signed a deal with Under Armour I don't see why he's running around in Nike shoes. Just honor the contract kid. The best point made in the discussion is that once he became a Dallas Cowboy his stock rose ten fold. If the Jaguars had drafted him I doubt we would be hearing so much about him in the national spotlight, but we all know being a Dallas Cowboy makes him endorsement gold for these companies. Weird though that the Under Armour guys just show up and let the kid know they are watching him. If these guys are still hanging around tomorrow I think Jerry should let them know this isn't an episode of the Sopranos, lol.


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Campbell trustees approve nursing degree program
Posted on April 25, 2013 in
The Campbell University Board of Trustees approved the development of a Bachelor of Science in Nursing degree as its spring meeting. The proposed start date of the program is fall 2014, subject to approval of the N.C. Board of Nursing, the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education and the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges.
It will be the fifth major health sciences program launched or announced by Campbell in the last three years. The Physician Assistant program welcomed its first class in 2011, the Master of Public Health program was launched in the fall of 2012, the School of Osteopathic Medicine will open and house its first class of 150 students this fall, and the anticipated Doctor of Physical Therapy program is projected to begin in January 2014.
As with its predecessors, the nursing program will help fill a growing need in North Carolina. The current statewide and nationwide shortage of nurses — coupled with recommendations from the National Institute of Medicine that more nurses be trained at the baccalaureate level — means the overall projected need for degreed nurses will increase by 28 percent over the next decade.
The Initiative on the Future of Nursing — a project of the Institute of Medicine and the Robert Wood Foundation — issued a report recently calling for schools of nursing across the nation to increase the proportion of nurses with a baccalaureate degree from 50 percent to 80 percent by 2020.
Campbell's program, which is expected to house 120 students after four years, will help those numbers.
"Our program will not only educate nurses, it will expand their opportunities to lead and manage in their careers," said Dr. Ronald Maddox, dean of the College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences. "They will not only meet a growing need for well educated nurses, they will be prepared to meet the growing demands in the field."
The program will be considered part of the Campbell University's College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, which also houses and will house the new physician assistant, public health and the anticipated physical therapy programs. Space for the incoming faculty and students will be developed through expansion of current facilities, according to the resolution passed by the Board of Trustees on April 24.
Undergraduate degrees at Campbell University require a minimum of 128 credit hours and can be awarded in four years. Students will take basic sciences and general core requirements in the first two years (the pre-nursing sequence) and professional nursing courses with clinical and laboratory components in the third and fourth years contingent upon the North Carolina Board of Nursing approval.
"Nursing is a popular request of prospective students," said Jason Hall, assistant vice president for admissions. "This endeavor will allow the admissions office to work with new students who are considering nursing and looking for a University such as Campbell to satisfy their educational aspirations."
The establishment of the nursing program and degree will require the additional approval of the North Carolina Board of Nursing, the Commission on Collegiate Nursing and the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges.
"Campbell is educating highly trained and skilled health care professionals, and this nursing program fits well with our mission," said Benjamin Thompson, chairman of the Board of Trustees. "Nursing complements our new and existing programs well, and we couldn't be more excited about Campbell University's future."


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Essex University Amateur Boxing Club's Dan Azeez is facing a sporting dilemma after being called up by Nigeria for trials ahead of this year's Commonwealth Games.
The talented 23-year-old has been asked to travel to the country later this month with a view to him competing at the international event, which begins in Glasgow in July.
However, Azeez knows that travelling to Africa is likely to prevent him from competing in the National Amateur Boxing Association (ABA) Championships.
He is likely to make a final decision after competing in the Essex category of the ABA competition, this weekend.
He said: "I'd love to compete at the Commonwealth Games.
"Outside of the Olympics, it's the pinnacle of amateur boxing and I've been asked to travel out to Nigeria.
"But at the same time, I'm really focused on doing the ABAs here."
For the full story, see Thursday's Daily Gazette.


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Mother, wilt thou sing me a song as thou dost every Candlemas?
From Candlemas to Candlemas the heart has much on its tablets—it has the year's account.
At Candlemas the barons assembled again, and again Arthur only could draw out the sword.
May I never, but she's wearing the same one since Candlemas!
It was Candlemas, and cloudy, and she remembered that the badger would not go back into his hole.
A windy Christmas and a calm Candlemas are signs of a good year.
And with Candlemas day ends all festivity connected with Christ-tide.
We were at Candlemas last in Grangehill, where we got meat and drink enough.
On Candlemas Eve, 1444, about two o'clock in the afternoon, the lightning fired the steeple.
The agrahment was signed for Candlemas, when the gloot of business allows it.


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The Reserve Bank of Australia needs more frequent inflation readings to allow it to make better-informed and more timely decisions on interest rates, the Australian Bureau of Statistics has said.
But the statistics agency has put the federal government on the spot by refusing to move from a quarterly consumer price index (CPI) to a monthly one unless it gets extra funding.
In a strong warning on the need for Australia to join all other Group of 20 nations and start compiling a monthly CPI, the ABS said decisions based on less timely inflation numbers could have a "considerable cost" to the economy.
The stridently worded comments come on the eve of today's monthly meeting of the RBA, which is expected by economists to keep the overnight cash rate target on hold at 4.75 per cent after wrong-footing financial markets with unexpected decisions at its two previous meetings.
In its biggest review of the CPI in more than a decade, the ABS said a monthly inflation indicator would "improve the timeliness and quantity of data available to policymakers".
"While the full benefits to the Australian economy are difficult to quantify at this early stage, one benefit for the RBA would be the ability to adjust the official cash rate target in response to a more timely indicator of inflationary trends available one month after the reference period, rather than the current delay of up to three months," the ABS said.
"An adjustment of 25 basis points on the cash rate target results in changes of the order of several hundreds of millions of dollars in interest payments by Australian households."
Both the RBA and the federal Treasury have been urging the ABS to modernise its inflation data and introduce a monthly CPI, but the statistics agency said this could not be done without additional funding from the government.
"Decisions about the ABS's work program and priorities are ultimately a matter for the ABS as an independent statutory body," a spokesman for Mr Swan said.
"We always welcome improvements to ABS statistics," the spokesman said. "Consistent with usual budget practice, any consideration of funding will be considered through the regular budget processes."
Shadow treasurer
"The Coalition believes this is a crucial initiative given the intense cost of living pressures faced by Australian households," Mr Hockey said. "It urges the government to provide necessary funding for this important next step in monitoring household expenses."
Government funding for the ABS has been the source of controversy in recent years, with former finance minister
Australia lags the developed world in the timeliness of its inflation figures, being the only member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), apart from New Zealand, that does not have a monthly CPI.
Even developing economies within the G20, including China, Brazil and India, all compile inflation numbers every month.
The ABS said that discussions with the Bank of England had confirmed the value of the United Kingdom's monthly CPI.
"They noted a number of historical occasions in which the absence of a monthly CPI would have meant delays in adjusting monetary policy settings, at considerable cost to the national economy," it said.
The RBA agrees strongly with this assessment, arguing that more timely data would help provide an earlier indication of inflation trends, particularly when it comes to turning points in price trends.
In its submission to the ABS review earlier this year, the RBA said there was a "strong argument" for the CPI to be produced on a monthly rather than a quarterly basis. "More frequent data on prices would assist in the assessment of inflation trends in the economy," the submission said.
"It could also be helpful in distinguishing between signal and noise. In recent years there have been a couple of instances of quarterly readings for inflation that subsequently proved not to be representative of the general trend."
UBS chief economist Scott Haslem described the ABS decision to hold off moving to a monthly indicator until it got more funding as "a grave disappointment".
"The ABS has not adopted the almost unanimous submissions of the Reserve Bank and market participants that moving to a monthly CPI would be beneficial," he said. "It's very disappointing that Australia will remain one of the only OECD countries without a monthly CPI."
RBS economist Kieran Davies said there would be a delay in introducing a more frequent inflation reading, even if the ABS received the extra funding it wanted. "Assuming funding is secured in the May budget, this means the earliest the CPI may appear in experimental form would be in 2012, with an official series commencing in 2013," he said in a note.
Due to the absence of an official monthly CPI from the ABS, TD Securities and the Melbourne Institute compile their own monthly measure of inflation.
The latest release of this gauge yesterday showed inflation could have accelerated in November to the fastest pace in more than two years.
The TD Securities inflation gauge rose by 3.9 per cent in the 12 months to November, holding above the RBA's 2 per cent to 3 per cent target for a fourth consecutive month.
"Our monthly inflation gauge gave the correct signal that inflationary pressures remained contained in the September quarter, but this Goldilocks story is fast losing relevance," TD Securities' head of Asia-Pacific research, Annette Beacher, said. "Now we have two months of evidence that upside inflation pressures have emerged in the final months of 2010."
Underlying inflation unexpectedly eased to a five-year low of 2.4 per cent in the September quarter, dropping into the bottom half of the RBA's target range.
The CPI for the December quarter will not be released until late January, about a week before the RBA's first board meeting for 2011. Investors are betting there is no chance that the RBA will increase rates today, according to an index compiled by Credit Suisse.
While it decided not to move ahead with a monthly CPI until it got additional funding, the ABS did announce a number of other changes to its inflation index. These included the way that some bank fees and charges were measured, as well as more frequent reweighting of the basket of goods and services upon which the CPI is based.
The Australian Financial Review


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I recently had Juvederm injected (0.5CC) (5 days ago) as I wanted a fuller top lip, the sides were quite thin. The swelling has gone down but the lips sags on either side (where the two injections were) like there's a small sack on either side, but the top middle looks missing. Is this likely to be swelling, should I be massaging this to even it out or is it possible that the Juvederm is doing it's job but i should of had more injected into the top middle for a complete look?
After Juvederm, Top Lip Developed Little Saggy Flaps - Is This Normal?
Doctor Answers 8
Lumps in corners of upper lip a common sign of "modern lip filling"--unfortunately.
If you look at many celebrities and people who have overdone lips, this lumpy look in the corners of the upper lip is very common. It is what happens when the doctor (or the patient) tries to achieve a fuller lateral lip than the patient's natural anatomy can handle. When you asked the doctor to fill out your lip sides, you may not have realized this was what it could look like--and the doctor did not do a good job of warning you. I would wait at least two or three weeks, let any swelling go down, gently massage the areas, and only then decide if you still dislike it. If you do, you can go back to the doctor to have a consultation on what to do: dissolve filler, add more to the middle (if you really want your lips looking fuller than it seems they already do), or just wait it out with lesson learned for the next time.
Learn more: http://www.JessicaKrantMD.com
Small lumps 5 days after lip augmentation with Juvederm
Since it's been only 5 days after injection, it is possible that these areas are still swollen. Before making a final decision on what to do I would wait 7-10 days.
Also, it is possible that Juvederm was injected a little closer to the surface of the lip in the corners, as opposed to deeper in the lip tissue, and that may cause it to show up more due to its weight and water it is collecting.
Whether to add more or use some hyaluronidase to dissolve the corners is a decision you and your injecting physician need to make. If I may, even though beauty is in the eye of the beholder, you want your lips to look and feel natural, in proportion to your other facial features, so adding more may not be the answer.
In my opinion (and again, each person's idea of beauty is different) you have beautiful lips in your before photo.
Over correction of corners of lips with Juvederm
It may be that you have an overcorrection of filler towards the corners of the lips rather than swelling, but without an examination I couldn't be certain, but swelling usually does not appear this way. If you still want fuller lips in the center, I would advise that the corners of the lips not be as voluminous as they are currently as there needs to be a taper from middle to outer upper and lower lips. It would probably not be helpful to massage unless it were very recently that the Restylane or Juvederm was used. You may consider to have the filler dissolved with hyaluronidase and then see an expert in the use of facial fillers to start from your baseline.
Learn more: http://www.thenyac.com/restylane/index.html
You might also like...
Disolve the Juvederm in the lip and start from the begining.
Consult a Board Certified Plastic Surgeon with experience in fillers.
Lumps in lips
This irregularity of filler could be from overdoing the lateral lip components. You may want it dissolved.
Learn more: http://www.stevenwallachmd.com
After Juvederm, Top Lip Developed Little Saggy Flaps - Is This Normal?
Thanks for the posted series of photos. Find a different injecting doctor, either who can add some more Juvederm or treat the excess lateral injected areas of the lip. From MIAMI Dr. Darryl J. Blinski
Lumps after Juviderm.
Lumps after Juviderm are unlikely to be improved without injecting them with hyaluronidase to dissolve them. Fat is a better alternative to make the red part of the lips fuller by a surgeon very experienced in this technique.
Juvaderm lumps can be massaged and flattened after injection
Juvaderm lumps can be massaged and flattened after injection. If necessary cosmetic surgeons can inject hyaluronidase to dissolve such lumps.
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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With 15 bedrooms, a swimming pool and cinema, some of us could only dream of living in a home like this.
But the 27,000sq ft imposing mansion in The Bishops Avenue, Hampstead Garden Suburb, is on the market for £65million.
Known as Heath Hall, the house was built in 1910 as the London residence for William Lyle of the Tate & Lyle family and is set in 2.5acres of land.
It has recently been extended and refurbished and boasts bathrooms for all 15 bedrooms, a tennis court and six reception rooms.
And to top it off, there is a master bath carved out of a solid block of Milas Lilac marble, a cinema room with cream suede seats, a high definition screen and 7.1 surround sound, as well as storage for 647 wine bottles.


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Job Overview
This is a SURFACE MAINTENANCE MECHANIC SUPERVISOR position supporting the CSMS. This is a Non-Bargaining Unit position. The unit point of contact and contact phone for this position is: CW4 David Cunniff (339) 202-3422
This position is open to currently employed technicians of the Massachusetts Army National Guard.
NATIONAL GUARD MEMBERSHIP IS REQUIRED. This is an excepted position that requires membership in a compatible military assignment in the Massachusetts Army National Guard. Applicants who are not currently a member of the Massachusetts Army National Guard must be eligible for immediate membership and employment in the Massachusetts Army National Guard. If you are not sure you are eligible for military membership, please contact a Massachusetts Army National Guard recruiter at (888) 301-3103, ext. 7398, before applying for this position.
This position is located in the Joint Forces HeadquartersState, Logistics Directorate (J-4), Combined Support Maintenance Shop. The purpose of this position is to serve as a Full Assistant to a supervisor who has responsibility for providing overall direction and coordination of subordinate work activities and functions. Participates with higher-level management officials in planning and establishing long-range work requirements and schedules. Serves as the highest-level subject matter expert for work accomplished in the organization.
Supervisory Status
Travel Required
- Not Required


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New App Helps Patients With Diabetes And PrediabetesOn this edition of Centro, WBZ's Yadires Nova-Salcedo talks about this great news with Senior Academic Researcher Dr. Tatiana Toro-Ramos.
Sweetened Drinks Associated With Higher Risk Of DiabetesAccording to a new study out of Sweden, people who drink two or more sweetened drinks a day may have double the risk of diabetes.
Ritmos de Salud 2016 – Latin Rhythms 2016On this edition of Centro, WBZ's Yadires Nova-Salcedo talks with Ritmos de Salud's Culinary Chair, Chef Jose Duarte.
Home Cooking Might Lower Diabetes Risk, Study FindsPreparing more meals at home might reduce your risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.
Texas Child May Be Youngest Diagnosed With Type 2 DiabetesA child in Texas may be one of the youngest children ever diagnosed with the disease.
Diabetes On The Rise Among Latinos
The Science Behind Food CravingsOne of the greatest challenges facing anyone trying to lose weight is our world of seemingly endless temptations.
Weight Loss Surgery: A Tool for Better HealthWeight loss surgery is not just for losing weight. Studies show that losing a great deal of weight can help increase one's overall quality of health.
Ritmos de Salud - Healthy Rhythms
Boston Researchers Train Bees To Detect DiabetesThe students are hoping to use this research on bees to look for other diseases that can be detected on a person's breath like tuberculosis and cancer.
'Bionic Pancreas' For Diabetics Developed At MGH, BU Makes ProgressScientists have made big progress on a "bionic pancreas" to free some people with diabetes from the daily ordeal of managing their disease.
Otis Woman Cycles To Raise Money For Diabetes In Honor Of Her SisterWendy Lampro has biked thousands of miles in 100-degree heat, sub-freezing weather and days following a serious operation — all in memory of her sister who died a decade ago this month.


text: Glad to see some nice info going around about this, it's very helpful! Martin, I am assuming your set up simply allows for interactive logins on the same machine that jobs are running on? In our setup, something similar to your approach would be very nice; however, the real gravy comes in being able to carve off cpusets for individual jobs. I spent a few hours looking at the cpuset code (mostly in start_exec.c), and came to the conclusion that before PP5 cpusets could be used in conjunction with torque a rather large code rewrite would be in order, since AFAIK the torque snaps are based off of PP3. Here are some links showing the large differences in the PP3/5 APIs. * Propack3: http://techpubs.sgi.com/library/tpl/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi? coll=0650&db=man&fname=/usr/share/catman/p_man/cat5/ cpuset.z&srch=cpusets * Propack5: http://techpubs.sgi.com/library/tpl/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi/ linux/bks/SGI_Admin/books/LX_Resource_AG/sgi_html/apa.html That being said, does anyone have any more information regarding running jobs within cpusets with PP5? Thanks everyone! Adam. CAC - University of Michigan On Aug 8, 2007, at 9:56 AM, Rushton Martin wrote: > | > |the big question is whether an individual CPUset is created by > |pbs_mom for each job or not. Reserving some dedicated > |resources for system processes or interactive work of course > |is a first step - but what you usually want are dedicated > |resources (in terms of fixed CPUs and fixed "local" memory) > |for all individual PBS jobs. > |It's not clear to me if (how) you configured the latter or not. > |torque-2.2-(snapshots) might be able to do that somehow ... > | > | > |Regards, > | > |thomas > > No, as I said in my earlier mail it is the simple approach. All > jobs and the daemons run in /batch, therefore so do their children, > the jobs. I don't (currently) attempt to create the cpusets "on > the fly" for each job. As you say, a first step, but one that > works for us at the moment. > > Martin Rushton > HPC Facility > > QinetiQ > Bldg H4 Rm 6 > MoD Fort Halstead > Sevenoaks > Kent, TN14 7BP > > Tel: 01959 514777 > Email: jmrushton at QinetiQ.com > Mobile: 07939 219057 > Fax: 01959 51 6050 > Web: www.QinetiQ.com > > QinetiQ - The Global Defence and Security Experts > > The information contained in this E-Mail and any subsequent > correspondence is private and is intended solely for the intended > recipient(s). The information in this communication may be > confidential and/or legally privileged. Nothing in this e-mail is > intended to conclude a contract on behalf of QinetiQ or make QinetiQ > subject to any other legally binding commitments, unless the e-mail > contains an express statement to the contrary or incorporates a > formal Purchase Order. > > For those other than the recipient any disclosure, copying, > distribution, or any action taken or omitted to be taken in reliance > on such information is prohibited and may be unlawful. > > Emails and other electronic communication with QinetiQ may be > monitored and recorded for business purposes including security, audit > and archival purposes. Any response to this email indicates consent > to this. > > Telephone calls to QinetiQ may be monitored or recorded for quality > control, security and other business purposes. > > QinetiQ Limited > Registered in England & Wales: Company Number:3796233 > Registered office: 85 Buckingham Gate, London SW1E 6PD, United Kingdom > Trading address: Cody Technology Park, Cody Building, Ively Road, > Farnborough, Hampshire, GU14 0LX, United Kingdom > http://www.QinetiQ.com/home/legal.html > _______________________________________________ > torqueusers mailing list > torqueusers at supercluster.org > http://www.supercluster.org/mailman/listinfo/torqueusers


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Kevin Fleming Ph.D.
Coach/Change Agent/Consultant
Greenwhich, Connecticut 06870
While most eating disorder issues are treated by cognitive behavioral methodologies or specialized outpatient/inpatient programs, Grey Matters International and the work of Kevin J. Fleming, PhD provide relief first and foremost for the brain of one suffering from an eating disorder----without giving them medication. We believe that the neural circuitries responsible for the compulsive behaviors with eating are not necessarily only a neurotransmitter issue but of overused neural networks that affect the harmonization, balance, and decisions of the whole brain. Contact email@example.com or 877-606-6161 to learn more about this safe and effective alternative.
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The book I wrote is called THE THIN BOOK and it is essentially the most a compilation of my most effective and successful hypnotherapy transcripts for weight management and weight loss. It has been translated into six languages and contains a CD in which I do several of the trances from the book. I also use guided energy and psychotherapy techniques such as ego-building with my eating disorder clients.
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Licensed Psychologist & Licensed Social Worker
320 Orienta Avenue, Mamaroneck, New York 10543
We work on the the underlying issues of an eating disorder and refer these clients to a nutritionist. We help these clients identify their triggers and substitute the eating disorder behaviors with more healthy adaptive behaviors. We help these clients develop coping skills to manage and communicate their emotions in healthier ways. We help these clients understand where there eating disordered behaviors stem from and what may be getting in the way of positive change.
Patricia Pitta, Ph.D., A.B.P.P.
Clinical and Board Certified Family Psychologist
35 Bonnie Heights Road, Manhasset, New York 11030
Compulsive overeating is triggered by poor eating habits, emotional and psychological stresses (anxiety and depression) and making poor food choices. In order to lose weight permanently you must change your thinking about yourself and your relationship to food. Food can serve many functions: companion, distractor, means to avoid emotions and activity. In the 20 week "Mind Set Program" you will learn how: your emotions and thoughts set you into motion to overeat, to eat in a healthy manner promoting weight loss and a healthy attitudes towards food, and create your "personal healthy environment" where you incorporate exercise and nutritious foods into your daily life.


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Why am I still available? Being a mom has been my priority. The kids are grown, and out on thier own now. I am a beach girl and also love the country. it is the best of both worlds. I grew up in south western Ohio and love going back to visit.
I haven't been too active on with the dating scene ,and like you, would like to meet my best friend and companion.
I am not addicted to Starbucks, my cell phone, or personal laptop.
These are daily grinds that I tolerate.
I hope to find someone special to share life moments with. If you want to know more feel free to ask. Thank you for looking my way, and best wishes!


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For the first time since the end of the Great Recession, trust in business faltered in the last year, signaling the finale of an era of recovery for business.
Trust levels in business decreased in 16 of 27 countries. The majority of countries now sit below 50 percent with regard to trust in business.
Technology remains the most trusted of all industry sectors at 78 percent. However, declines across all technology-based industries were evident in 2015. Privacy and security breaches have weakened trust in both technology products and the sector. Across 74 percent of countries, trust in the consumer electronics sector fell. In 67 percent of countries, trust in telecommunications decreased and in 70 percent of countries trust in technology in general sank. The chemicals, financial services, banking and media industry sectors continue to be the least-trusted, with trust levels below 60 percent for all four.
Trust in a particular industry sector does not, however, assure trust in that industry's particular innovation. As case in point, while the technology industry carries far greater trust than the financial services industry, the financial services industry is slightly more trusted to develop and implement electronic payments than the technology industry is trusted to develop and implement cloud computing. And while the food and beverage industry has a 67 percent trust level, trust plummets to 35 percent when it comes to the public's confidence in the industry to develop and implement genetically modified foods.
Click to learn more about Trust in Financial Services
Click to learn more about Trust in Energy
Click to learn more about Trust in Employee Engagement


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Published: March 28, 2008 at 2:08 PMI'll start. This happened when I was working at Pirates of the Caribbean at Disney World. We had a power surge, or something, that resulted in approach belt at the unload station breaking. Which, of course, meant that we could not cycle the boats and we would have to evacuate the ride so that maintenance could get in and fix the belt.
A big deal, but not a huge one. Except that I was the lead on duty, and thus, in charge of the evacuation.
And... I was on a show-quality-check ride-through at the time. :-(
So there I am, stuck in a boat in the burning city scene of a ride I am supposed to be evacuating, out of sight of any security cameras, knowing only that the ride's stopped, the animation and ride pumps are turned off, and the voice of the cast member in tower who just spieled the "thank you for your patience" spiel sounds mighty nervous.
So (and if you are or know a Disney lawyer, please stop reading here), I reached over the side of the boat, grabbed the ride flume, and started pulling my boat back to the boat storage exit under the bridge after the chase scene. Once I got there, I hopped out, politely asked everyone to remain in the boat, grabbed the phone that's stored there, called to tower, found out what was up, and started the evacuation.
(We had everyone out in no time flat, and, if memory serves, we were back up within the hour. Good times. Good lord, I loved doing that stuff.)
Published: March 28, 2008 at 2:18 PMSo Robert, were you not locked out tagged out when you started your evacuation?
Published: March 28, 2008 at 2:19 PMI honestly can't remember a time in the last few years where I went to a park and didn't get stuck on a ride. Most were only a few minutes, and I actually enjoy the few minutes trying to listen to what corny themed lines they have about why the ride stopped.
List of stopped rides while I was on them:
Jurassic Park(IOA)
Men In Black(USF)
Winnie the Pooh(Magic Kingdom)
Cat in the Hat(IOA)
Published: March 28, 2008 at 2:42 PMMike, there was no tag-out system on Pirates then (don't know if there is now). We had to go through the ride to get to the unload station and boat storage areas, and did so frequently. (There were maintenance people walking around the backstage area of the show building all the time, too.) I just told the tower operator to call in the evac to the area supervisor and DACS, then walked back up to tower to assign positions.
Published: March 28, 2008 at 4:23 PMI got stuck on the Incredible Hulk at IOA back in 2003. I assume it was a safety measure for one the trains in front of us. Anyway it was at dusk so it was getting to be fairly dark. We were stopped on a brake run right before the final corkscrew. Being stuck wasn't all the scary. Most of us were wondering what was going to happen once the coaster starting moving again. On the initial glance it didn't appear that the drop we were going into was going to give us enough momentum to get us through the corkscrew. We were stuck somewhere between 20-30 minutes. No one really panicked or anything and it was a great view. We did make it through the the corkscrew okay, but I will have to say that the speed at which this occurred made it feel like a kiddie coaster.
Published: March 28, 2008 at 6:27 PMI got stuck on Everest 2 months back for like 10 minutes. It was weird, since it was dark inside and they didnt turn on the lights.
Published: March 28, 2008 at 6:43 PMwhen i was at walt disney world i got stuck on small world with my family, i was 15 i think at the time(now 19)and let me tell you that is the worst one to get stuck on for an hour., all that singing was like torture lol but we got to get out of the boats finally and go through the emer. exit where they kelpt the boats which was pretty cool
Published: March 28, 2008 at 7:39 PMIn 2003 at Disney World I was stuck on It's a Small World for about 15 minutes. If the CIA is looking for a new tourture method they should try playing the "It's a Small World" song to the detainees over and over again. I would have told anything after hearing that song for so long. That same trip I also got stuck on Pirates of the Carribean but that wasn't nearly as bad. In 2006 Test Track had a slight delay, but there was no music to drive you nuts.
Published: March 28, 2008 at 8:18 PMWow...and on my day off at mouse gear shop i miss some craziness. Oh well.
Published: March 28, 2008 at 8:52 PMI've been stuck on Spiderman a few times, always Tilted.
It's funny, you get dead silence and then from behind the screens you hear a "Hellooooooooo" from another car.
Men In Black gets a reset sometimes too, you end up just going around, no spinning, all the lights on. very boring.
Published: March 29, 2008 at 2:52 AMI've never actually been stuck on a ride when the power's gone out, but I can't even count on both hands and feet how many times I've been stuck on a ride at either Disney, Universal or IOA. I'd make a list, but that'd be boring, but the highlights for me were easily Haunted Mansion, Mummy and Pirates.
I'm fairly certain that all the times Haunted Mansion's stopped on me were for allowing handicapped visitors on, but hey, if you're lucky you get some real awesome views of stuff you only get passing glances at.
Published: March 29, 2008 at 7:43 AMI've been stuck on Spider-man, which made for some great "behind-the-scenes" pictures...
I also took some great pics of the Space Mountain track while it was down as I toured through on the Tomorrowland Transit Authority.
I know I've been on other rides when technical difficulties occured, but none as memorable.
Published: March 29, 2008 at 8:11 AMBest outage ever: Simply put....top of Millenium @ CP right befor the crest.....no stairs, hand rails or anything of the sort.....estimated time elapsed, 1 1/2 hours. Imagine being near the top of one of the worlds tallest, fastest steel coasters with nothing to keep you in except for about 6 inches of plastic on either side. As you could guess, the anticipation for the rest of the ride was palpable. Oh, by the way...first time on the darn thing!!!
Published: March 29, 2008 at 11:41 AMThe first ride the broke on me was Grizzly River Run at DCA. Before the drop the raft slamed against the side wall and I was thinking, was I at Magic Mountain? Then gravity took over and the raft floated downstream and we smashed the next raft in front of us. We were at the end of the ride and could have walked off. But the cast member said "wait to be rescued" and so we waited 15 mintes and were giving fastpass for the ride.
The second time happen in Revenge of the Mummy at Orlando. We were stuck at the part where the fire was above your head. It went of 3 or 4 times while we were waiting in complete darknees and some kids in the ride are asking if this was part of the ride. It was fun telling these kids that the ride was 20 minites long and we are going to sit here for another 5 mintes. I think the ride was 12-15 minites long that day.
On the same day Twister broke down right before you enter "the show part". We left Twister and I have never been "on it" yet.
Published: March 29, 2008 at 12:08 PMi can not remember the coaster's name at the old Opryland park. i was not on the ride but waiting for daughter and her friend. a thunder storm was coming and they had to have one last ride. they got stuck almost at the top of the first hill. they could see the storm coming closer, a ride op came up and talked with each row of the train. aft unloadin other train, another ride op came up and started at last row and removed the riders one row at a time. they had to crawl down the ladder beside the track. not the safest place to be in a thunder storm.
Published: March 29, 2008 at 1:39 PMWe got stopped at the end of Splash Mountain at Disneyland right after the showboat scene. They had to evacuate us and took us through all sorts of backstage passages (which seemed odd because we were so close to the unloading area), so it was quite a treat to see what Splash Mountain really looked like! Lots of scaffolding.
Also got stuck on Mystery Mine at Dollywood - right before the first lift hill. About 6 workers came in to evacuate us and they seemed really concerned that we were going to panic. I thought it was great!
And I've also seen Space Mountain shut down with the lights on (from Tomorrowland Transit Authority). It was my favorite part of that day!
Published: March 29, 2008 at 5:41 PMThe craziest evac I did was at SpaceShip Earth (I heard Horizons was interesting to evac but it never happened while I worked there). We had two guys jump out on the descent area because they couldn't find their family (this happened often as people do not pay attention to the warning that says your cars are turning for their return). They both got their feet run over by the cars as they tried to climb back in. That made two ambulances needed. Then as we evacuated a woman had an asthma attack and we had to call a third ambulance for her. It was a great way to close out the evening. :-)


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OneRepublic Tease "Ordinary Human" Lyric Video
photo credit: YouTube
OneRepublic released the lyric video for a new song, "Ordinary Human..." well, they released 90 seconds of it. The song is featured on the soundtrack for "The Giver," which is based on the popular book with the same name by Lois Lowry.
The film stars Meryl Streep, Jeff Bridges, Alexander Skarsgard, Katie Holmes, Brenton Thwaites, and Taylor Swift, and will be out mid August.


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Anime: Guilty Crown (Wiki: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilty_C… )
Type: Shounen-ai
Couple: Shu Ouma x Kenji Kido ( fav.me/d4h9b7f AND fav.me/d4g1nhx )
Greatest abillities/Known for :
Shu: Taking out people's hearts, in the form of weapons. These are called 'Voids'. Kenji's Void is a Gravity Gun, making things float when hit.
Kenji: Mass murderer, held prisoner in the past. Reascued by Shu and the team, to be taken back in Funeral Parlor.
Other Characters:
Inori Yuzuhira: ( fav.me/d4hfdjf ) Works in Funeral Parlor, also main singer in band called Egoist
Gai Tsutsugami: ( fav.me/d4d38zm ) Funeral Parlor's leader.
"When will she ever come back?" Shu sighed. Inori, his friend and love had been missing for three days after he saw her being taken away. Searching for her with the rest of Funeral Parlor had been no use so far. And next to that, Tsutsugami Gai, their leader, has been unconcious after saving Shu from an attack, also three days ago. "This is all a big mess..." The 17 years old boy had to restrain his tears again. He messed everything up between Inori and himself. And right before their reunion she was taken away infront of his own eyes, as he had just been standing there watching as she screamed. With his left shoulder, Shu leaned against a wall, looking down. "And it's all my fault..."
"Okey man, this is enough!" A voice yelled from behind. Suddenly, with great force, Shu's other shoulder slammed against the wall too. The first thing he looked into were two big, lively, khaki eyes. "K...Kenji..." Shu stuttered. Kenji stared, "Stop the self pitying, Shu. It's bad for Funeral Parlor, bad for us Undertakers. You've been the blame for alot of trouble thanks to it, remember that." The mass murderers voice was soft, but the expression on his face revealed his anger. Shu gulped, and fell quiet. Only after calming down he noticed how close Kenji was, and how his hand was still on his right shoulder. Shu's brown eyes stung, and still held unshed tears. Suddenly one tear rolled down his cheek, teeth pressing against eachothers as this happened right infront of Kenji. He was crying...
After this silence, Shu had to fight himself out and explain why he was so frustrated. "I miss Inori..." He said, tilting his head away. Kenji once again had a sign of disgust on his face, but just slightly this time. "Don't be like this Shu, not again." This sounded so weird to Shu. Did he mean it in an offending, but serious way? Or did he...care? Out of nowhere, with one swift move, Kenji's other hand moved to Shu's face, and with one soft touch of his thumb, the tear that was now on Shu's chin was swiped away. He looked up, straight into Kenji's eyes again, "Wha...?". Kenji hissed "I told you not to be like this!" Then he softened. "If you love Inori that much, you will not cry for her but have trust in her. You should atleast stop feeling lonely!" Shu's eyes looked down now, but his face stayed in place. He did not want to look up to Kenji's face, it would make him feel even smaller. "I cannot help about feeling lonely..." He whispered with his light voice.
"Then atleast take this..." Kenji said. Before Shu knew it himself he felt lips on his. His eyes shot to whatever was infront of him. "Hmm!" is what he managed to bring out. What he saw were Kenji's eyes up close, and shut halfly. Shu's fine body shivered once, and he groaned again, harder. He tried to save himself from Kenji's grip. Only after some seconds the guy pulled back, gasping for air once. "Damn Shu, I had just gotten into it. You've taken my Void, and you've seen my heart. So this one small touch should do you nothing. It could even do you good. If you really are like that, okey." Kenji took away his hand, and stepped back alittle. Shu placed his fingers on his mouth and pointed his eyes to the floor. "I...why did you do that?" He asked. Kenji shrugged. "Because I felt like it, and it was nice." After finishing this sentence he turned away, and slowly began walking back to where he came from.
Shu at the other hand, snapped. And without a word, he grabbed Kenji's coat. Kenji froze, and looked back at Shu again. "What is it now?" He said. Shu whispered, softly,...shyly..."Don't go away..." Kenji snagged away his arm, and Shu let go off. He noticed the soft blush on Shu's face, and laughed quietly. "You really are a sad little boy, huh, Shu?" Shu was still looking at the ground. Silence. "Hey, "Kenji began again, "What is it that you want this time? If you're just being a dramaqueen again, then I'm busy..." Shu looked up, with his big eyes teary, "Affe...ction..." He said softly. Kenji grinned, "Oh really, is that it?" He bowed down closer to Shu, and contunued in a whisper "I'll show you some affection..." Both guys' lips parted, and met eachother's.
After a few seconds Shu felt as if he had discovered something new. His sorrow faded away and this moment was so warm. All he could do was to kiss back, and to feel happy again. Kenji barely put any effort into it this time, until Shu became fiery. He leaned forewards and tried to get on his tiptoes to take more out of it. The mass murderer was suprised and his eyes shot open for a second. On his cold face appeared a very soft blush, but on his kissing lips formed a smile. His cat-eyes closed again and secretly he enjoyed every moment. Soon he became greedy, and eager for more. His hands drifted to Shu's body slowly, and felt all over his chest. Shu groaned softly, opening his eyes halfly and then closing them again. He liked it. Kenji grinned and loosened up alittle.
After a good few seconds, Kenji pulled back and looked down on Shu. He took a good breath, and settled down. How did he get over it so soon? He was just his cool self again! Shu breathed rather fast. This was his first kiss, with a guy..."Kenji...Why did you-" He tried to say, but Kenji cut him off bluntly. "Because I like you, ofcourse." His khaki cat eyes looked down in Shu's warm brown ones. Those brown ones widened drastically, and his cheeks went from pale to red. "Wha..." He couldn't bring out one word. "But you...me...we're guys....this isn't right!" He started panicking, and his eyes shot into all directions. Until Kenji's hand grabbed his cheek, and everything went calm again. "If you wouldn't have loved it, you would've never kissed back. Right? Not like that. Aaand...you wouldn't be blushing at every touch and stare I give you." He grinned widely, knowing this was true for sure.
"You're...right." Shu said, with a sigh inbetween those two words Kenji put his other hand on Shu's left cheek, and now asked "Shu, do you love me?" Shu gasped, and hesitated... "I...I don't know...This is so weird, it's not right! It's-" Kenji's right hand suddenly went through Shu's brown hairs. This caused pleasant shivers to go through Shu's spine. With a smooth voice Kenji continued, "You're the only one that can take out my Void, you're the only one that has ever seen my heart. Now, I repeat, do you love me, Ouma Shu?" Shu calmed down and grinned blissfully. After 2 seconds he whispered, "Yeah...Kido Kenji. I think I've fallen inlove with you..." Kenji's arms lowered, and pulled Shu's small and fragile body into an embrace, and whispered. "Thats good Shu, because you stole my Gravity Gun."
You stole my Gravity Gun by CursedDragonessWatch
©2012-2017 CursedDragoness
fd:kkksdjlf,lkg HAAAAA~
[link] Are they not just SO awesome together? <3
Also, THIS ONE HERE IS THE SECOND EVER GUILTY CROWN FANFIC, HEEHEE~ The first one was yaoi, aherm.
Twas Shu x Gai. /Doesnotlove But Gai is secretly one of my GC crushes, herp
Seriously, I love Guilty Crown. Best anime I've ever seen. Yes, better than K-On!.
But Excuse me guys, I have to go to bed now, I wasted half of the night writing this, and I'm tired. Nightynight.
All characters belong to their owners
Story belongs to me
[link] Are they not just SO awesome together? <3
Also, THIS ONE HERE IS THE SECOND EVER GUILTY CROWN FANFIC, HEEHEE~ The first one was yaoi, aherm.
Twas Shu x Gai. /Doesnotlove But Gai is secretly one of my GC crushes, herp
Seriously, I love Guilty Crown. Best anime I've ever seen. Yes, better than K-On!.
But Excuse me guys, I have to go to bed now, I wasted half of the night writing this, and I'm tired. Nightynight.
All characters belong to their owners
Story belongs to me
Aww...I had thought of them as a possible couple - almost any male x Shu really, but this is nice since...
Nowadays I prefer Shu x Gai~ But if only Kenji's role in the anime would've been a bit bigger...I would've never stopped shipping them xD But Kenji is still cuuuuute <3
...who's Kenji? Sorry, I've only just watched the anime once. xD I can only see Shu as the seme role only in towards the end of the series. I just prefer the main characters as ukes.
Kenji Kido? That mass murderer they saved from prison o3o
Shu is sooo definately uke xD But he WAS pretty badass towards the end...even tho he was so cold and mean. T.T
Shu is sooo definately uke xD But he WAS pretty badass towards the end...even tho he was so cold and mean. T.T
Oh yeah...him. I only remember as Kido. He is mean, but he should've realized that his kindness wasn't a weakness but a strength. This ending made me see that being 'human' was beautiful - something you can appreciate but not often be grateful b/c of it.
YES! FINALLY A GUILTY CROWN YAOI/SHOUNEN-AI. >w<
Have been fighting back the urge to go crazy because there's folks surrounding me while reading this. HUURRRRR. /shot
Have been fighting back the urge to go crazy because there's folks surrounding me while reading this. HUURRRRR. /shot
IYESSUUU <3 Wish I could edit the next chapters I have for this little thingy and submit them and continue writing the next ones...but my PC is kinda really dead and I have no internet on it. >.<
But I'm SO happy you enjoyed this! QuQ Thank you! <3
Gotta love Guilty Crown yaoi~ <u<
But I'm SO happy you enjoyed this! QuQ Thank you! <3
Gotta love Guilty Crown yaoi~ <u<


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Looking for admissions, majors or financial aid? Visit our Admissions Site.
Grand View is pleased to announce a 5% increase in full-time enrollment this year – to 1,686 full-time students. The total number of students is now 2,103, a 3% overall increase. This is another record year for the university in both full-time and total enrollment, as well as Grand View's second largest freshmen class in history. The university has a 6.3% increase in traditional-age students for the 2010-2011 academic year. According to Debbie Barger, Vice President for Enrollment Management, there are several reasons for the increase. "We attribute our growth to new academic programs, growth in our athletic programs – including the addition of bowling -- as well as new facilities, and a general positive interest and increased awareness," comments Barger. "There is a lot happening right now at Grand View." Grand View is also an increasingly residential campus with a record-breaking number of students living on campus. All campus housing facilities are full, with 611 students living on campus, an 8.5% increase over last year. To accommodate the growing enrollment demand, ground work on a new four-story residence building began in late spring. The new apartment-style building will be completed in the fall of 2011, and will house 232 students. According to Grand View president Kent Henning, "As we invest in new facilities like the new housing, we have become more attractive to the students who want to attend college full time and engage fully in campus life."
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New Jersey state education officials will investigate 12 public schools for possible cheating after a state analysis of scores from 2008 to 2010 found high rates of erased answers on standardized test scores. Local districts are investigating 22 others.
In a letter to educators on Tuesday, Christopher Cerf, the state's acting education commissioner, noted that the "recent wave of cheating scandals across the country has reminded us that even though the vast majority of our teachers and administrators are honest, hardworking professionals, a small handful of unethical people sometimes do unethical things."
Cerf said 120 schools had high levels of "wrong-to-right" erasures overall, but that the results were "in line with trends across the country. He said the analyses don't prove that cheating has occurred, "nor do they implicate any school or teacher in wrongdoing." But he said high wrong-to-right erasure rates are one way to identify possible testing irregularities."
Recent state investigations in Atlanta and Philadelphia have put a spotlight on high erasure rates, while a USA TODAY erasure investigation earlier this year prompted Washington, D.C., schools officials to reopen a cheating investigation of more than 100 schools there.
Doug is an unrepentant news junkie who loves breaking news and has been known to watch C-SPAN even on vacation. He has covered a wide range of domestic and international news stories, from prison riots in Oklahoma to the Moscow coup against Mikhail Gorbachev. Doug previously served as foreign editor at USA TODAY. More about Doug
Michael Winter has been a daily contributor to On Deadline since its debut in January 2006. His journalism career began in the prehistoric Ink Era, and he was an early adapter at the dawn of the Digital Age. His varied experience includes editing at the San Jose Mercury News and The Philadelphia Inquirer.
Also: Follow On Deadline on Twitter


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Spyro the Dragon 2 Cheats
Spyro the Dragon 2 Cheats
PS1 | Submitted by ANONYMOUSFlat Mode
Enter these codes from the pause screen.
Left, Right, Left, Right, L2, R2, L2, R2, Square
PS1 | Submitted by Chris Sharpe (firstname.lastname@example.com)Crash Team Racing Demo
Hold L1 and R2 and then press Square at the opening menu
PS1 | Submitted by ANONYMOUSCrash Bandicoot: Warped Demo
At the Start Screen, press L1 and Triangle
PS1 | Submitted by ANONYMOUSLevel Select
Square(6), Circle, Up, Circle, Left, Circle, Right, Circle.
PS1 | Submitted by Truls Nedland StangelandTurn Spyro pink
Pause the game and press Up, Right, Down, Left, Up, Square, R1, R2, L1, L2, Up, Left, Down, Right, Up, Sqare
PS1 | Submitted by Truls Nedland StangelandTurn Spyro red
Pause the game and press Up, Right, Down, Left, Up, Square, R1, R2, L1, L2, Up, Left, Down, Right, Up, Circle.
PS1 | Submitted by ANONYMOUSShow Credits
Enter these codes from the pause screen.
Square, Circle, Square, Circle, Square, Circle, Left, Right, Left, Right, Left, Right
PS1 | Submitted by ANONYMOUSBig Head Mode
Enter these codes from the pause screen.
PS1 | Submitted by AdriannaFinding Gems
Hold L1 + L2 + R1 + R2 and Sparks will point in the direction of the nearest gem
PS1 | Submitted by ANONYMOUS99 Lives
Press select, Square(6), Circle, Up, Circle, Left, Circle, Right, Circle, Start. Your life counter should go up to 99 lives.
PS1 | Submitted by Truls Nedland StangelandTurn Spyro Black
Pause the game and press Up, Right, Down, Left, Up, Square, R1, R2, L1, L2, Up, Left, Down, Right, Up,Down.
PS1 | Submitted by Truls Nedland StangelandTurn Spyro Green
Pause the game and press Up, Right, Down, Left, Up, Square, R1, R2, L1, L2, Up, Left, Down, Right, Up, Triangle
PS1 | Submitted by Truls Nedland StangelandTurn Spyro Yellow
Pause the game and press Up, Right, Down, Left, Up, Square, R1, R2, L1, L2, Up, Left, Down, Right, Up(x2).
PS1 | Submitted by tony aaron handAll Abilities
Enter these codes fromthe pause screen.
PS1 | Submitted by Truls Nedland StangelandTurn Spyro blue
Pause the game and press Up, Right, Down, Left, Up, Square, R1, R2, L1, L2, Up, Left, Down, Right, Up, X.
Spyro the Dragon 2 Hints
PS1 | Submitted by dr.desty novaBegin your game with super fire
To begin a new game with super fire ability,first you have to end a previous game with a 100 % in every world.Then,you can enter dragon shores,where you will find a door which asks you to have 10000 treasures and 64 orbs(that you already have)when this door opens,you will find a special power up portal which gaves you the special,permanent,super fire ability.enter this portal,save your game,exit level asnd quit game.Now begin a new one and...BINGO!!!You will have the super fire ability since the beginning of the game,from glimmer itself.This will save you from many headaches along the tasks of the game...
PS1 | Submitted by Charmeleon7912 (firstname.lastname@example.com)To Play Hockey
In Collosus Go to Where The Yeti Is In One Of The Back Windows jump out it you will get on ice go to a spot ahead jump up there, there will be a little man he will ask you to make 5 goals in 2 minutes when you beat that he will ask you if you want to play 1 on 1
PS1 | Submitted by troy acidburnsAN ORB IN AUTUMN PLAINS
To find the last orb on spyro the dragon. Firstly
you need to be in Autumn Plains. (DUH)
Climb the wall and head down the corridors.
Run past the entrance that leads you to money bags.
Go further on until you get to a flight of stairs that
down. Don't go down. On the left you will find
a wall that is cracked. Bash it. Follow the little
corridor and up the whirlwind. Presto. Just go with
the flow.
PS1 | Submitted by hoshi_no_oukamiSecret Areas and Hidden Orbs.
1) Aquaria Towers' secret area: Once You flood the place up all the way with water,
go to where you started and look up. There should be a yellowish tunnel. Swim up into the tunnel. There is lots of Treasure there.
Look to your right, and there will be the Seahorse, King Flippy. He will then ask you to save his children. If you succeed, he will give you an Orb. Once you return after saving the children, look to your left and Hunter the Cheetah will be there, although somewhat off in the distance. Once you get to him, he will ask you to tame his Manta Ray. After you tame the Manta, he'll give you an Orb and ask you to get the Manta into shape for racing. Once you do that, he'll give you the last Orb of Aquaria Towers.
2) More Treasures in Glimmer: When you get to the Mouse that gives you the talisman, turn around so you will be facing the entrance to the room, then turn left, go to the ledge and jump onto it. There will be a Mouse there to lead you on a lizard hunt. Eventually you will be led into another part of Glimmer, where you can then get the remaining Orb and Treasure.
3) Seek the Four Orbs of Zephyr: When you blast open the door with the first cannon, go through the tunnel to the second cannon. Jump over the edge - don't worry, there's a whirlwind to land on. Ahead of you is a Land Blubber named Bo Peep. She will ask you to herd five of her Cowleks into their pen.
If two of these are hard to find, try looking over the climbable wall that is in the tunnel to the right of the pen. Once those are herded, she will give you your first Orb. After that, she will ask you to herd two more. Doing this, she will give you your second Orb. If you turn around, there will be a tunnel - Go past the other Land Blubber since you can get to him later. Go to where the Professor is, and there will be a Cowlek next to him. If you look at the pit to your left, not only is there a lot of Treasure, but there also is the seventh and last Cowlek to herd. If you go back to the Professor, he will ask you to plant seeds all around where he is. After experimenting with which plants go where, you should be able to get to another ledge, where the same Professor will be. He will give you two more seeds, and your third Orb for planting them. Upon planting them, you will arrive at the Tower where Juliet the Breezebuilder is. She will then ask in her mostly-manly voice, !
"Wherefor art thou, Romeo?", then fly over to Romeo, where they will be happily reunited. After this ensues, you recieve one more Orb, the fourth and final one.
4) Winter Tundra Orbs - first, headbash all of the rocks, and eventually you will find in Orb. Go through the doorway, and onto the whirlwind. Glide a little to the left so you that you will land on the wall, and the Orb will be in front of you, or you will have landed on it. Turn around and go along the wall until you get to the right side. Jump to your right and you will land in water. Swim down to the underwater tunnel, go through, and swim forward to the waterfall and get the Orb without falling over.
5) Summer Forest Orbs: Jump into the lake next to the Idol Springs Portal, then swim underwater, and into the castle. Go up the stairs and there will be the first Orb. Glide to your right to find Hunter, and he will ask you if you would like a challenge. Once you have accomplished the deed, he will give you the second Orb. Glide from the platform you are on over to the doorway, go through and climb the wall. Along the wall's ledge, there is the third Orb. Get down from the wall, where you will find three doorways - one to the left of the stairs, and two at the top of the stairs. The one through which you came is downstairs, on the left. Of the two upstairs ones, the one that leads to Aquaria Towers is the one on the right, and the one you need to go through from here is on the left. This will lead you to a room, in which there is a Portal, a window, and a door. Jump onto the window ledge, and look out to your left, where you will find another window ledge - glide onto this l!
edge. Go to the left of the ledge where you will see a big orange-lit room with the fourth Orb inside it. If you don't see a room, but instead you see a closed door, turn around, and backtrack to that other room and shut the door. Then go ahead again and get the Orb.
PS1 | Submitted by Frank (firstname.lastname@example.com)Extra Sparx Colors
First, go to the pause screen during your game. Then press z up, z down, z left, z right, O. You should then here a sound like you just got a treasure. This will give sparx like an extra color. When you are hit and you have a gold sparx, he will stay gold until you get hit again. Same with when you become blue, etc
PS1 | Submitted by troy kociolek (email@example.com)Other Autumn Plains Orb
To get other orb find elora and she should activate the whirlwind and go up it you should see a speedway stage.Turn right and jump on to tall wall then follow the wall around (be careful not to fall off)to the end there should be another crack in the wall with 2 yellow gems in front.Run into it and the orb will be in there.
PS1 | Submitted by AnonymousHurricos
In Hurricos, there is a way to finish the level quicker, while still getting an orb. To do this, first activate the supercharge. Then charge and bust open the windmills containing the switches to the BIG windmills, but DO NOT hit the switch!!! After youre done, go to a switch and jump on top of it, in the middle. Now your view might shake around a bit, but thats okay. Wait a while on top of the switch, and then you will be shot up reeeaaalllyyy high, and you can now glide to anyplace in Hurricos!
If you want to finish the level early, then when you get shot up, glide behind you to the metal archway and land there. Then glide to the next archway, and then over to where you see the walls moving in and out. Jump across these walls (kind of tricky) and you can get an orb!
PS1 | Submitted by AnonymousPuzzle in Idol Springs in Summer Forest
Summer Forest
Idol Springs Portal
As you first enter the world, swim in the pond. At the far side is a tunnel to the first of three puzzles. To complete the first puzzle jump on the squares to turn the blocks yellow. (As you face the squares) Jump in this order: lower right, lower left, upper right, upper left. Then swim out to the idol in the center of the pond. Blow fire at the fish as they leap out of the water. Only blow at the blue and orange fish. The red ones will deduct fish. At the last puzzle, jump on the blocks in this order: blue triangle, grey triangle, yellow star, orange octagon, and green star.
PS1 | Submitted by GamesRadarSkill Points
As you play the game you will see weird things like windmills in one stage cacti in another for no apparent reason but there is a reason i will tell you why.
They are called skill points and they are very important you do not get told this you need to figure it out yourself but now you don't i will tell you instead.If you get them all you get an epilogue.O.K now i will tell you how to get them.First finish the game you need to get every gem and orb and in the dragon shores look around for the door which says 64 orbs and 10000gems and go in you should now have a super flame,Go back through the stages and do the following things in the following stages.(these can be done in any order)There are 17 skill points.
1.Aquaria Towers-blast all seaweed
2.Hurricos-flame all windmills
3.Idol Springs-land on idol this is around the part where you save the dancer.
4.Colossus-get 5-0 on hockey
5.Ocean speedway-under 1:10
6.Crush's dungeon-kill him without getting hit
7.Skelos badlands-flame all cacti
8.Skelos badlands-kill the catbat quartet
9.Scorch-ram all trees
10.Metro speedway-under 1:15
11.Icy speedway-under 1:15
12.Gulps overlook-kill him without getting hit
13.Gulps overlook-hit ripto whos sitting down with the flame
14.Fracture Hills-3 laps of super charge without stopping
15.Riptos arena-kill him without getting hit
16.Canyon speedway-under 1:10
PS1 | Submitted by Patti O' FurnitureHow to beat the game.
To beat the whole game, you must have collected all the gems and all the orbs. There are 10,000 gems and 65 orbs. When you get the talisman and all the gems and all the orbs in a level you will see an orb, a gem, and a that world's talisman pop up on the screen and you will hear a fanfare. This means you have completed the level.
PS1 | Submitted by FrankExtra Sparx Colors
Go to start menu and press square up square down square left square right. You will hear a sound. Sparx can now be hit twice before changing to a different color.
PS1 | Submitted by Patti O' FurnitureEnd of Game surprise.
Once you have beaten Avalar you can go to the home world of Dragon Shores. There, there's an amusement park that you can go to. There are rides like, the tunnel of love, a roller coaster, and there is even a dunking booth. Once yu beat one of theses things you will get a token.


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Do you have a pest problem? Wanedale Pest Control can help!
Here at Wanedale Pest Control we have years of experience in dealing with irritating pests that invade your home or business. Over the years we have dealt with thousands of pests and vermin, including wasps, rats, mice, ants and many more!
We're a small, family run business that takes pride in our work, making sure you're totally protected. We understand that a discreet service is important, so we drive unmarked vans to make sure we don't draw attention to your property.
We make sure our pest and vermin control is as humane as possible, so we fully support the Campaign for Reasonable Rodenticide Use (Think Wildlife).
Based in Northiam, we cover the East Sussex area including:
If you're looking for a pest controller in the East Sussex area then look no further! Wanedale Pest Control is only a phone call away.