text:
UPDATE: ROGER Federer has urged the notoriously rabid Flushing Meadows crowd to "make it tough" for Bernard Tomic as the Australian teenager attempts to end Andy Roddick's career with a second-round defeat.
Roddick will retire at the US Open, but Federer hopes the American will steam through a few more rounds yet.
"Oh man, hopefully you guys are going to make it tough for Tomic," Federer said after swamping German Bjorn Phau to reach the third round.
"Andy deserves a great ovation from the crowd, a great reception tomorrow night because Tomic is a great player.
"If you guys make it tough for Tomic that's gonna help Andy.
"It would be great to see Andy stay around for a bit longer."
Federer paid homage to Roddick after trouncing Phau 6-2 6-3 6-2.
"Oh man, he's a great man. I've had some great battles with him," Federer said
"He was a great, great competitor. He's the last American man to win a grand slam.
"I guess the match that stands out is the 2009 Wimbledon final, which I won 16-14 in the fifth.
"It's been great to play against him."
Tomic has been handed the chance to send Roddick into retirement after the American revealed the US Open is his last tournament.
Roddick, who turned 30 today, called a media conference to announce he would be bowing out ahead of tonight's prime time clash with Tomic.
Tomic will challenge the 2003 Flushing Meadows champion on Arthur Ashe stadium.
Roddick conceded the decision to reveal his intentions could backfire.
"I don't know how tomorrow will go, but I can imagine an empty, lonely locker-room after the match," he said.
"I wanted to have the chance to say goodbye.
"I could come out and play great, but it could be the worst thing you've ever seen.
"I'm sure it will be very emotional, I'm sure I'll be very nervous - I don't know."
Roddick reached world No 1 before Federer's domination and, but for the Swiss champion's grasscourt excellence, would have won several Wimbledon titles.
He lost three All England Club finals to Federer - and almost certainly would have won in 2009 if not for a botched backhand volley in the second set tiebreak when up a set and 6-2.
Roddick said he has known for some time his famous intensity had wavered.
"On some big moments this year, I think I've known," he said.
"Walking off at Wimbledon, I felt like I knew.
"Playing here, I couldn't imagine myself being here in another year.
"For whatever my faults have been, I've never done anything halfway.
"Probably fors the first time in my career, I don't know whether I can say I put everything into the game physically and emotionally."
The owner of 32 singles titles and winner of more than $20 million prizemoney, Roddick said he was most proud of "being pretty good for a long time".
He has been a remarkably consistent hardcourt competitor, reaching four Australian Open semi-finals, utilising his cracking forehand and massive serve to tremendous effect.
He said he had spoken at length with his wife Brooklyn Decker, coach Larry Stefanki and trainer Doug Spreen.
"I've had some hard conversations this year with Brook and Larry and Doug," he said.
"I've talked to a bunch of friends- it's time.
"I wouldn't trade a minute of this."
Roddick said his youth foundation would be his primary focus.
In today's matches, Jo-Wilfried Tsonga is mystified by a stunning second-round US Open failure after the grand slam finalist became the first serious casualty of the tournament.
Fifth seed Tsonga's long summer campaign finally caught up with the flamboyant right-hander as he departed 6-4 1-6 6-1 6-3 to Slovakian Martin Klizan.
Tsonga was followed out of singles contention by Perth's Matt Ebden, who was demolished 6-2 6-4 6-2 in less than two hours by Frenchman Jeremy Chardy,.
Ebden double-faulted 10 times in dropping five service games as he struggled in perfect conditions.
Ebden's elimination leaves only 2001 champion Lleyton Hewitt and Bernard Tomic as Australia's male singles survivors.
Tsonga dropped serve seven times in a sloppy display, hitting 26 winners and making 36 unforced errors against world No 52 Klizan.
Asked to explain the defeat, Tsonga struggled.
"Don't know, today I was not in a good shape," he said.
"I didn't play, you know, good tennis.
"It seemed like I couldn't, you know, hit the ball enough hard, you know, to put my opponent out of position.
"I don't really know why it was like this today, but sometimes it's happen with me. I don't know, I guess."
Tsonga made his earliest exit from the Open against an opponent who had never previously survived the second round of a grand slam.
Broken in the first game of the match, Tsonga rallied from 1-4 down in the fourth set to 4-3 but Klizan withstood the comeback to seal the biggest victory of his career.
In other matches, Spanish 11th seed Nicholas Almagro downed German Philipp Petzschner 6-3 5-7 5-7 7-6 (7-4) 6-4.
Almagro next faces American wildcard Jack Sock, who whipped Italian Flavio Cipolla 6-2 6-2 6-4.
Spanish left-hander Feliciano Lopez earned a crack at third seed Andy Murray, while Japan's Kei Nishikori advanced in straight sets.
American Mardy Fish gave Russian Nikolay Davydenko a headstart before grinding to a deserved 4-6 6-7 (5-7) 6-2 6-1 6-3 margin.
Serbia's Ana Ivanovic reached the third round, but admitted she needs to take painkillers every morning to see her through the season's last grand slam tournament.
The 12th-seeded Serb, who has never got beyond the fourth round in New York, made the last 32 with a 6-2 6-2 win over Sofia Arvidsson of Sweden.
But the 2008 French Open champion is still bothered by a right foot injury that forced her out of the Cincinnati tournament on the eve of the US Open.
"I still have to take a handful of pills every morning," said the 24-year-old.
"It was a little bit unfortunate but it's part of the sport. We play so much and changing surfaces and continents. My foot has been healing and at the moment I am feeling healthy."
Ivanovic goes on to face either America's Sloane Stephens or German qualifier Tatjana Malek for a place in the last 16.
Fellow Serb Jelena Jankovic, seeded 30th and the 2008 runner-up, also made the third round with a 6-4 6-2 win over Spain's Lara Arruabarrena-Vecino.
She next meets either second seed Agnieszka Radwanska of Poland, the Wimbledon runner-up, or Spain's Carla Suarez Navarro.
Russian 14th seed Maria Kirilenko, watched by ice hockey superstar boy friend Alex Ovechkin, saw off Hungarian 33-year-old Greta Arn 6-3 6-2.
Slovakian 13th seed Dominika Cibulkova, a quarter-finalist in 2010, edged Serbia's Bojana Jovanovski 7-6 (7-3), 7-6 (7-3).
Originally published as Roddick to retire after US Open


text:
Dutch queen to continue tradition, abdicate
THE HAGUE — The Netherlands' Queen Beatrix announced on Monday that she is ending her reign after 33 years and passing the crown to her eldest son, who has long been groomed to be king but who will have to work hard to match his mother's popularity.
"Responsibility for our country must now lie in the hands of a new generation," Beatrix, one of Europe's longest-serving monarchs, said in a televised speech.
Under Dutch law, the monarch has few powers, and the role is considered ceremonial, but Beatrix acted as glue that held together an increasingly divided society, observers say.
Dutch queens have made a tradition of stepping aside for the next generation during the past century. Sources close to the royal family said Beatrix did not want to go until she felt her son was ready and his children were old enough. She wanted to ensure that anti-immigrant politician Geert Wilders, of whom she disapproved, was in no danger of assuming real political influence.
She alluded in speeches to the need for tolerance and multiculturalism, comments that were seen as criticisms of Wilders' anti-Islamic views.
Wilders' poor showing in the last election and loss of influence in politics could well have contributed to her decision to abdicate.
The queen, who turns 75 in a few days, said she will step down from the throne on April 30. That same day, her eldest son, Willem-Alexander, will be appointed king, the country's first since Willem III died in 1890.
Willem-Alexander is a 45-year-old father of three young daughters, an International Olympic Committee member, a pilot and a water management expert who has had trouble shaking off his image as a beer-drinking fraternity boy whose blunt comments upset the press and politicians and did not fit the image of the Netherlands' low-key "bicycling monarchy."
With Willem-Alexander on the throne, the Netherlands is likely to revive the debate about the role of the monarchy and the high cost of maintaining the royal household, particularly when ordinary Dutch people are having to deal with austerity measures.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Manchester United are burning with a sense of injustice and this time it has nothing to do with Wayne Rooney, the Football Association and the reasons why their first-choice striker and their manager were not in their usual positions for the latest step in what is beginning to feel like a procession.
Nani's expression was one of bemusement when it was put to him that he surely merited a place on the shortlist for the Professional Footballers' Association player-of-the-year. "I am disappointed not to be there. I think I have been doing well. Of course, everyone has an opinion, but I hope next time people will look more to me."
John O'Shea proclaimed himself to be "amazed", with some justification when you consider that the Portuguese has scored nine goals this season and set up another 18 with either the decisive pass or a blocked shot. Charlie Adam has seven assists, Scott Parker has three, while Gareth Bale and Samir Nasri have one each, and yet that quartet of midfielders all made it ahead of Nani. "I just don't understand it," O'Shea said.
Old Trafford, however, has always been a place where they treasure team awards ahead of the individual ones. A championship medal should more than compensate Nani and it seems a near-certainty now. The same goes for Dimitar Berbatov, whose name is also missing from the betting-shop chalkboards when it comes to counting the votes, despite being the leading scorer in England's top division.
Berbatov has accumulated 21 goals in 29 starts (six as a substitute) yet will almost certainly go back to the bench against Chelsea in the Champions League on Tuesday. Chris Smalling, outstanding at the weekend, will make way for Rio Ferdinand. Paul Scholes is expected to drop out for Michael Carrick. Even Nani cannot be guaranteed a place, despite being in the form of his life. Ferguson tends to play Park Ji-sung in the key Champions League ties while Antonio Valencia's return has been so impressive it can feel like a trick of the mind it is barely six months since his leg snapped like a broken cricket stump.
This is the way it is at United right now: no other club has such an understanding of how to make the most of their squad and an appreciation that the essential rule of such a system is that, when it is your turn to be left out, you roll up your sleeves and get on with it.
The mantra of their season is that this is not a classic United side and, yes, it is true they have been a little stodgy on their travels. Equally, however, questioning the ability of this side is becoming the default setting of the desperate. Ferguson's men have dropped only two points at home all season and are on course to finish unbeaten on their own ground for the first time in 11 years. They have scored twice or more in 14 of their 16 home matches. Most remarkable of all, it is now 53 weeks since an opposition player (Joe Cole for Chelsea) scored a first-half goal at Old Trafford in the league.
Saturday was also the first time Fulham have been beaten by more than one goal on their travels this season, and yet Ferguson was not satisfied. United's manager argued the meticulous standards he demanded had not been kept, and it was true that Fulham, with three shots in the opening 10 minutes, troubled the home side at times.
Even so, there was an air of inevitability in Old Trafford by the time Valencia nodded in the second goal shortly after the half-hour mark. Nani had created it by taking the ball around the goalkeeper, Mark Schwarzer, and trying to chip his shot past Richard Hughes only for the defender, on the goalline, to divert the ball towards Valencia.
Nani also set up Berbatov's goal, jinking past two defenders before nudging a pass into the Bulgarian to side-foot his shot beyond Schwarzer. In that moment, Nani's footwork and chest-out confidence was reminiscent of Cristiano Ronaldo in his pomp.
Afterwards, Nani was asked who he had voted for as player-of-the-year and, once more, a comparison could be made with the great man. Nani smiled: "I voted for myself."


text:
308 semi fail (graphic pics)
ok a month ago i went hunting in south texas and had failure with a 168grn speer soft point. it went in at the shoulder and ended up under skin on the opposite side under the skin on the rear haunch. deer was standing 90 degree broadside about 75 yards.
everything looks good deer ran about 75 yards.
took the following pics after skinning. this is the entry much bigger than i expected.
this the exit wound. top is where it left gut area. the small red spot near the bottom is where the bullet lodged under the skin. it never broke the skin at the exit.
total meat loss from that nastiness was very minimal. the shot pretty much took a left turn after entering the torso it vaporized the heart and lungs. from the outside you cant tell what happened.
what failed ? dead deer in back of truck ..think it back through...my guess is the millisecond your brain said take that deer ,just as you squeezed off she turned...you were focused on the croosshairs on deer hair ..shoulder ..she just turned man ...it happens. you did your job ..good shot ,bullet did its..she had to have turned because if she was broadside... straight through big exit hole ..she turned hence straight to opposite side ham expelling all its energy in the process traveling through 3 feet of deer instead of 1 ft of deer. what did bullet look like ..nice scroom? if so didnt frag ..thats what happened.im not a forensic expert but i play one at deer camp
no it didnt turn. it was head down when i took the shot. the bullet just did something funky. it was an almost classic mushroom but slightly lopsided. i call it fail cuz it wasnt as clean as it shoulda been. it was the first deer i ever shot with a 308. every other deer ive shot has been with a 45cal 350 grn bullet between 1900-2600 fps. none of those ever went more than 10 yards from the initial instinct leap. most drop where they stand.
what is the gun /optics ...looks cool ..i hunt with a .308 ..killed 4 deer in nov 3 bucks 1 doe ...winchester power max 150 's my rifle is the rem 7600 pump tacticalized with ar style stock
nice deer count. i got 4 doe total.
its a remington 700 xcr compact tactical with remingtons 40x trigger the scope is a leupold 4.5x14 mark4 M1 mildot on a 20moa cant base. its a lot of fun to shoot. mostly its a range rifle i took it on the hunt in case i had trouble with my 458socom. i couldnt keep the nikon monarch on my socom zeroed so i ended up using the xcr.
in the past ive always used my winchester mod 70 in 458winmag loaded to 45-70 levels. i shoulda brought that one as backup since im used to it and know it works.
next year ill have a nightforce on the socom.
wish list
im hopeing to get a new savage .308 flcp-k ...im a lefty ..will be the first ever bolt gun for me .....if the funds are there.... my harley needs a thunderheader
ive heard nothing but good about savage rifles of late dont have one myself.
ive heard nothing but good about savage rifles of late dont have one myself.
DUDE, have a deer in the truck is not any type of failure. It is a very good day.
Nice buck. :D
its a doe :) there was a nice 10 point standing right next to it. i leave the horns for those that are into trophies. scares the hell out of the bucks when i zap their doe. i hunt for the meat and keep the doe population from going out of control. i was just upset with the bullet performance.
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text:
The Archives of LancasterHistory.org invites patrons to explore history.
A wide variety of manuscript documents, Lancaster County records and Lancaster City records are available for research. We have documents for historians, scholars and genealogists. More than 600 manuscript groups contain records of individuals, families, businesses and social organizations. The majority of these records date to the incorporation of the county in 1729 and continue to the present. Letters, diaries, estate papers, business records, trade cards, Civil War muster rolls, Valentines, and court records combine to tell the stories of families and communities. And many more documents hold the answers to your questions or will fill that gap in your family tree.
We look forward to assisting you with your research!
Archival collections can be located using our online collections database, in-house databases, online finding aids, or the library catalog, Most archival items may be used in the Reading Room and should be requested at the Reference Desk. However, the staff may photocopy some documents due to their fragile condition and some items may require staff supervision.
Because the world is a bucketful of questions. And someone's gotta answer them
While working with the object collections of LancasterHistory.org we come across many questions. Visit here to see some of the more unusual stories that we have uncovered.
The staff and volunteers of the Archives Department at LancasterHistory.org never know what they'll find when working on the documents and records in the collections. Fortunately, when they do discover something noteworthy they are very willing to share!
Because pictures are worth a thousand words, but sometimes they need an interpreter.
You know that cliché about a picture being worth a thousand words? Ok, well, imagine the stories going on in my head after cataloging several hundred photos every single day!
One Young Lady, One Old House, Two Hundred Years of History
I'm Jennifer Walton, Museum Associate at President James Buchanan's Wheatland, and I love an old President and his old house! Over the past nine years, I've learned quite a lot about both, and I would love to share it with you!


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text:
Defence Minister
Details released on Friday reveal projects to improve Defence's dysfunctional payroll and the Army's digital communications systems will go ahead, despite about 1000 civilian jobs being slashed from the portfolio.
The decision on the controversial upgrades follows the announcement that technology procurement will be subject to far more rigorous financial and project management scrutiny.
Two key reforms announced by Mr Smith are that Defence's chief information officer group will now be subjected to so-called "full diagnostic reviews" that are being applied to big-ticket projects at Defence Materiel Organisation.
The government has also lowered the value threshold for lesser projects to be subjected to a two-pass approval and works estimated to cost $8 million to $20 million will now be put under the microscope.
At the same time, the government will accelerate moves to test the value of custom-built systems and projects against off-the-shelf options.
Defence's use of expensive, heavily customised and often incompatible information technology systems was a source of strong criticism by the former defence minister, senator
Defence chief information officer
Mr Smith has also announced a policy review of how Defence personnel are permitted to use social media after recent racism and sex scandals.
The Australian Financial Review


text: I know that I need a new intake for the next race season as I think I hit my hp limit with my little trick flow street heat intake on my deep-breathing 347 stroker. The RPM range that I am looking for is 2,000-6,000 rpm. I have heard thought that the advertised RPm for most intakes is for a regular 302 and the 347 shifts that range a little. Any suggestions?


text:
Really? Key Lime Pie? Ice Cream Sandwich is even on that many devices let alone Jelly Bean and KLP is already in the works? Unreal.
Google needs to get carriers to push the jellybean update to phones capable of handling it, BEFORE launching another update (key lime pie)
I can't wait for Android 4.5 Applesauce lol maybe it'll be a decent OS
This is one of the major reasons why I love Apple. I have a 4S and a 3GS... and wasn't expecting iOS 6 support on the 3GS. I'm glad they did support it.. just feels good to be updated to iOS 6 (except the maps for India). Oh well... hopefully they'll develop it for India soon. Please don't keep India outside the loop like how you have kept retail markets away from India. I can't believe that the iPhone 5 [64GB] is selling for 2000$ in the black market here.... and they're selling like hot cakes even at that price... totally insane!!
Coming back to Android OS support... it's pathetic... they only look after their premium line of phones (which will be premium products for a year... maybe 2 years max and then again no support!)
Motorola came out with the Defy XT535 in June 2012... with 2.3 Gingerbread... and they also said there wont be an ICS update for the NEWLY launched Defy XT535! Pathetic!! Was gonna buy 2 of those for my mum and dad... cuz they tend to drop the phone quite often.. and defy is quite durable. Oh well... your f@#king loss Motorola..
I wouldn't wish Itunes on a dead man
1,000 different phones with a multitude of OS's on them = issues. 2 or 3 phones with one or two OS options = win win. I hope Google is seeing the formula to succeed here. I mean they are now trying to be secretive and elusive as to this event ala Apple haha...they are taking baby steps i guess. Babies take years to grow..just saying
This is why I stick with Apple and why I choose a iPhone to begin with over android, there support for there devices. Did research on android phones and saw everyone complaining on support for updates for there phones or should I say the lack of. No question on getting updates from Apple and new IOS each year. ;-p
Let me ask a dumb question (since I'm not an android user). Why can't Google update all of their Android phones OTA without carrier interference? (and why do the carriers take so long or block the updates?) You would think that other than their top of the line phones (Galaxy SIII; One X+; etc.) the mid line phones at least can receive the latest updates. You would think that the hardware can support Jelly Bean, or at least Ice Cream Sandwich. But some are still running on Gingerbread with no chance for an update (unless rooted). That would make the Android experience more palatable.
Update ALL to the latest software if the phone's hardware is capable to handle the update.
At least you know what your going to get with Apple (even though I'm less satisfied with this particular update 6.0).
FYI folks, the purpose of the Nexus series is to offer a "pure Android" experience (no carrier crap or bloatware) immediate updates to the latest OS and an unlockable bootloader, so you can do what you want with the phone from day one.
How many of you have already installed non-Apple approved apps or tweaks on your iPhone 5?
Now back on topic, you know that warning you get from the play store asking if you want to allow non approved packages in the store? That's for protection. Doing all that stuff, while it's fun and cool. Leaves your phone susceptible to crashes, being hacked, etc. just like when. You jail break an iPhone. Takes away your security.


text:
On Sat, 21 Aug 1999, JoAnne Marie wrote:
> Remember trying to take notes while listening to a lecturer? Always
> 'miles behind' because of trying to form letters and spell!
That's what shorthand is for. (Myself, I have played with making lecture
notes in an IPA-based scrawl.)
The reason English is interesting to learn is not any fundamental property
of English, more that there is a huge amount of _written_ information and
literate people, in English. Changing English orthography would break
that. We might as well all start using Esperanto instead.
-- Robert
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.1.2 : Tue Jul 10 2001 - 17:20:51 EDT


text:
LA VERNE - Never give up, or NGU, was the theme at the University of La Verne's first-ever Latino Education Access and Development Conference on Friday.
The event was held to help Latino middle and high school students make higher education a reality.
"Never give up, it's your responsibility, it's your obligation," said University of La Verne president Devorah Lieberman in opening remarks.
More than 600 guests attended with most being high school and middle school students from Los Angeles, Pomona, Ontario, Montclair and San Bernardino.
Lieberman said the Latino population is the largest minority population attending two-and four-year colleges in the country.
"That's very important," Lieberman said. "There's entrance, there's exit. Entrance, very, very high. Two million or so. Exiting, very small. About 4 percent of the students who are Latino who go to college, graduate from college, a four-year college."
The conference was live-streamed and featured speakers as diverse as Mexican Consul General David Figueroa Ortega, Assemblyman Roger Hernandez, D-West Covina, Wendy Carrillo, executive producer and host of "Knowledge is Power" on KPWR radio in Los Angeles and mentoring expert Gabe Veas.
"Education empowers a community and allows it to grow and prosper," Ortega said. "Sometimes the ladder is very hard to climb. My suggestion to you is to keep climbing. Do get up. Do not give up."
A panel discussion was held on increasing scholarship awareness while breakout sessions were held on the importance of mentoring and getting into college.
In the mentoring session, Linda DeLong, assistant professor of organizational leadership at ULV, said it was important to choose the right mentor and not be afraid to move on when it doesn't work out any more.
In the afternoon, a resource fair was held in front of the university's library for the students with various booths, music, food from King Taco and refreshments from Jarritos.
Brenda Moreno, 17, who attends Pomona High School, said she wished the speakers could have talked more about what students should do to obtain financial aid.
"But the advice given was good," Moreno said about the day. "The scholarship advice and how to write your essays."
Leo Garcia, 14, a Marshall Middle School student in Pomona, said he enjoyed hearing Veas talk.
"I like how he explained how to go to college," Garcia said. "He gave a lot of tips on how to succeed."
Many of the students at the event will be the first of their family to try to achieve higher education.
Linda Olmos, 22, a University of La Verne student who attended the event, said she was a first-generation college student but had a brother at Cal Poly Pomona who had helped her through the process.
"For a lot of Latinos, it's hard to ask for help (in going to college," said Olmos, a transfer from Chaffey College in Rancho Cucamonga. "I feel this (conference) is a door opening for a lot of families and family members who are first-time generational, or first-time students, because parents don't know the questions to ask or who to ask."
Students who attended received a flash drive for their computer or mobile device with information on college, scholarships and financial aid.
Contact Wes via email or by phone at 909-483-8549.


text:
Welcome to Food and Nutrition
As our Mission Statement states, The Food & Nutrition Department is dedicated to providing students with quality, affordable school meals; supporting and training exceptional employees; maintaining a commitment to fiscal responsibility; and continuously improving the nutritional integrity of our program.
We strive to provide students with access to a wide assortment of foods that are both appealing and nutritious. Meals, foods and beverages sold or served at our schools are based on the USDA Dietary Guidelines.
Free and reduced meals are available to those families that qualify, based on income and family size. Applications are available online and at school offices, cafeterias and at the Food and Nutrition Department offices at 143 S. Alma School Road, Mesa, Arizona 85210. Click the link below to learn how to apply for meal benefits or to fill out an application online.


text: To get from Magenta a Belpasso by train you can catch one of the 5 trains that everyday travel between Magenta and Catania Ognina, the closest station to the city. The first train to Catania Ognina leaves from Magenta at 07:17 and the last train departs at 19:40. If you choose a local train the trip lasts on average 17:45 hours. On Wanderio you can compare all schedules, fares and railway companies to Catania Ognina and book the best itinerary starting from Magenta.


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Blueberry Blast 16 oz
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Body FirstProbiotic 2 Billion
120 caps
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Acidophilus Probiotic Pro-96 Liquid Description from Nature's Life
9 Strains of ProbioticNature's Life Apple Orchard Probiotic features our special blend of 9 live fermented, non-filtered and non-centrifuged active cultures as follows: Lactobacillus acidophilus (Metchnicof Strain, Pasteur Institute Strain, Dr. Fernandez Strain), lactobacillus bulgaricus, lactobacillus thermophilus, lactobacillus rhamnosus, bifidobacterium lactis, bifidobacterium bifidum, bifidobacterium infantisBillions of Live CellsAll time of manufacture, each tablespoon serving contains billions of friendly organisms to help support healthy digestion and immune function.
This quality Nature's Life product meets our Quality Assurance Procedures and Good Manufacturing Practices.Apple orchard probiotic tastes great, has a creamy texture and is all natural. Our unique mixture of acidophilus strains are cultured i
Purified Water, Pro-96 Soy Protein Blend (Identity Preserved Soy Protein Isolate (including lecithin)), PhytoGreen Blend (Hawaiian Spirulina, Barley Grass, Chlorophyll and Kelp), Fiber-Zyme Blend (Psyllium Seed Husks, Apple Pectin, Oat Fiber, Bromelain Enzyme and Papain Enzyme), Natural Vanilla Flavor, Lemon Bioflavonoids, Milk-Free Lactobacillus Acidophilus, Pyridoxine HCL (vitamin B-6), Pure crystalline Fructose, Natural Green Apple Flavor, Culture of Milk-Free Probiotic Blend of Lactobacillus acidophilus (3 strains), Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus thermophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium infantis.
Manufacturer's Directions
Shake vigorously before using. Refrigeration required. Take one (1) tablespoon (0.5 fl oz or 15 ml), as desired. Do not take within 2 hours of taking antibiotics.
Manufacturer's Disclaimer
Store in a cool, dry place safely away from children. Do not buy if outer seal is broken or missing. Note: This cultured probiotic contains active, viable organisms. To preserve the maximum potency, this product should be refrigerated at 38-45F (3-7C).
I not sure what is suppose to happen when I drink it! I was to told it is good for us. I did a research and decided to add it to my diet
We have been taking these for the last 2 years and the probiotics have helped with all stomach illnesses and have helped to keep good healthy bacteria in our gut so we dont get sick as often and so we get better more quickly.
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Axial Disc Anatomy | Real Axial Anatomy | Real Nerve Anatomy | The amazing Sinuvertebral Nerve | Disc Physiology | Disc Nutrition | Real Healthy Disc
Basic Disc / Lumbar Anatomy:
The lumbar spine of the human is made up of five lumbar vertebrae that are separated by five intervertebral discs (blue structures in fig. #1). The discs may be thought of as spinal shock absorbers, for they absorb the load (axial load) of the body. They also allow for movements such as flexion, extension, and rotation at the waist as they act as a pivot point for the trunk to twist upon.
are 23 discs in the human spine: 6 in the neck (cervical region), 12 in the
middle back (thoracic region), and 5 in the lower back (lumbar region). Although this page shall focus on the lumbar spine, the discs of the thoracic and cervical spine have generally the same design and anatomy.
Although their percent composition differs, the latter three structures are made of three basic components: proteoglycan (protein and carbohydrate), collagen (cartilage), and water. We will learn all about these structures below.
Figure #1 depicts a Front view (coronal view) of the lumbar spine. Here we can see how the discs (blue) lie in between every vertebrae. Spinal nerves (yellow) have emerged from between every two vertebrae and travel down the lower limbs to innervate (give life to) the skin and muscle. Note how the sciatica nerve is formed within the pelvis by branches from the last three lumbar spinal nerves. It is this giant nerve--i.e., the sciatic nerve--that causes so much trouble in many of us chronic pain sufferers. (more detail here)
Another important thing to understand about a normal disc is that it is a closed hydraulic system that is excellent at withstanding pressure. You can almost think of it as the tire of a car, except that instead of a air in the center, the disc has nucleus pulposus. And just like the tire of a car, punctures in the disc (i.e., annular tears) have dire consequences.
Figure #2 Shows a cut-away posterior view (PA view) of the lumbar spine. Now we can better visualize how the sciatic nerve is formed and see just how close the spinal nerve roots come to the back of the intervertebral discs. Note that the L5 root exits through the L5 IVF and the S1 root traverses downward and exits below the L5 disc through the sacral foramen. Any herniation of the posterior disc may compress and/or chemically irritate EITHER the exiting L5 root or traversing S1 spinal nerve root (this is more typical) and result in severe lower back pain and/or lower limb pain (i.e., sciatica). For more information on sciatica please visit my 'Sciatica Page'.
The human disc has two basic parts: an inner Jell-O like center called the Nucleus Pulposus and the Annulus Fibrosis. Let learn more about each:
The Nucleus Pulposus (#1 of fig. #9-pink) is the water-rich (proteoglycan-rich), gelatinous center of the disc, which is under very high pressure when the human is upright--especially in the seated or flexed position. It has two main functions: to bear or carry the downward weight (i.e., axial load) of the human body and to act as a 'pivot point' from which all movement of the lower trunk occurs. It's third function is to act as a ligament and bind the vertebrae together.
Warning: I'm going to try to keep this section as simple as possible, but it will end up becoming quite a complex notwithstanding my effort. So hang in there!
The first thing to understand is that the ultimate reason as to why humans feel pain is because of nerves. Nerves carry pain messages / signals from the periphery (i.e., anything outside of the brain and spinal cord) to the primary sensory cortex of the brain where they get interpreted into the feeling or perception of pain. in scientist speak, we say that pain travels from the peripheral nervous system (PNS) to the central nervous system (CNS).
There are two type of nerves pertinent to our discussion: motor nerves (aka efferent nerves) and sensory nerves (afferent nerves). Motor nerves carry messages away from the brain and spinal cord (i.e., the CNS) outward to the muscles of body, and sensory nerves carry messages (including proprioception (sense of postion), temperature, touch, pain, and pressure messages) from the periphery into the CNS.
Most folks have heard the term spinal cord before, which you can think of as a "superhighway" of sensory and motor neurons (nerves). The spinal cord is located vertically within a bony corridor running approximately in the center of all the vertebrae of the spine. This corridor has been given a special name: the central canal. The function of these neurons is to carry sensory Information to the brain (like the perception of touch, temperature, proprioception and pain) and motor information to the periphery (like commands that make you limbs move)--they are vital for the survival of our bodies. The spinal cord is made up of white and gray mater, which integrates sensory and motor axons into a protective tough gel like structure. For further protection, the spinal cord contains three protective layers of tough connective tissue called the meninges. More specifically, from outside to in, we have the dura, arachnoid and pia matter.
Something Strange: the real spinal cord stops somewhere between the L1 and L2 (L1/2) vertebra. This final tip of the spinal cord is called the conus medullaris. You might be interested to know that during early development, the spinal cord extended the entire length of the spine, but by the time of the birth, the longitudinal growth of the spinal cord could not keep up with the longitudinal growth of the spine – so it was left behind. Those observations lead to the obvious question, "if the spinal cord stops at L1/2, then how do peripheral nerves below this level enter the spine in order to get to the brain? The answer is this: incoming nerve roots below the level of L1/2 have a not-so-super highway of their own called the thecal sac (aka dural sac). Like the spinal cord, the thecal sac has a protective outer covering of dura; however, that is where the similarities end, for the thecal sac is not solid and contains only cerebrospinal fluid, which is not very protective of the free-hanging nerve roots in this region. The thecal sac terminates at the S2 level in most cases.
With regard to peripheral nerves entering the spine, the mechanism is the same at all regions of the spine: they enter (as well as leave) through a bony hole that is created by the vertebrae above and the vertebrae below. The hole is called the intervertebral foramen (IVF) [figure #9, red area entitled "IVF zone"]. The difference between cervical/thoracic versus lumbar is the distance the nerve roots have to travel before they enter the spinal cord. More specifically, nerve roots of the thoracic and cervical regions into the spinal cord immediately; whereas, nerve roots in the sacral and lumbar regions have to travel through the thecal sac (which is full of cerebrospinal fluid) all the way up to the L1/2 level before they enter the conus medullaris.
So what. Why do I tell you all this technical stuff? Because you need to understand why low back pain and radiculopathy occurs more frequently in the lumbar spine when compared to that of the thoracic and cervical spine. That is, the nerve roots of L2 thorugh S5 (which collectively hang in the thecal sac and make up what is called the cauda equina or horses tail) are vulnerable to compression and chemical irritation within the thecal sac because all that is protecting them is the thin, delicate, innermost layer of the meninges: the pia matter.
With regard to compression, the most common cause of it for folks under 60 is a herniated lumbar disc (see the Disc Herniation page). In folks over 60, a condition called "stenosis" is probably the most common cause of compression. With regard to chemical irritation, it is well known that a group of "evil biochemicals," which are collectively called cytokines, can leak from annular tears within the intervertebral discs and then soak the adjacent, naked nerve roots. This in turn results in an inflammatory reaction, which in turn results in radicular pain (sciatica), swelling, and the formation of granulation tissue (scar tissue) within the nerve roots. This intraneural granulation tissue may interfere with the circulation of the nerve root itself, which in turn may also lead to chronic pain. Where do these "evil biochemicals" come from? Mostly from degenerated nuclear material that can leak from a grade 5 annular tear. [53] Although, some research has indicated that degenerated facet joints can also leak cytokines. [51, 52]
Okay, lets see if you have learned anything: Figure #8 is a real over-head view (aka: Axial View) of an L4 vertebra. Name the numbered structures.
Remember, this is a T2-Weighted Axial View, which allows you to see the nerve roots (e.g. 3) hanging freely within the cauda equina. On the T1-Weighted or Proton Density view, you can't see these roots.
In reality things don't look so 'nice and neat' within the human body. The below picture demonstrates what real nerve roots look like:
Figure. #15 is a back view (posterior to anterior) of a real human cadaver lumbar spine. The back part of the vertebrae (lamina & spinous processes) have been removed in order to see the dural sac (aka: thecal sac); the dural sac has been sliced open in order to see the dangling nerve roots of the cauda equina. Note: the cauda equina is only seen below the level of L2. Above L2, we have the more familiar spinal cord.
#1: This ball-like structure is the ultra-sensitive Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) that contains the sensory nerve cell bodies. (the motor nerve cell bodies live out of harms way and are found in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.) The DRG is found within the protective bony intervertebral foramen (cut away in this photo) and can be pinched/irritated from 'far lateral disc herniations' and/or lateral canal stenosis.
#2) This is the famous 'spinal nerve root' and is the number one target of disc herniation. A good sized paracentral disc herniation often will compress this adjacent structure and 'might', if coupled with an inflammatory reaction, ignite the nerve root into 'anger' and sciatica.
#5) As the spinal nerves leave the spine and head-out into the body to do their respective jobs, they temporarily join into a mixed spinal nerve (#5). After this brief marriage, they spilt and become the smaller dorsal primary rami (#7) (which supplies the skin and muscle of the back) and the ventral primary rami (#6). The ventral primary rami (aka: anterior primary rami) of the bottom three nerve roots (L4, L5, and S1), merge within the pelvis to form the giant 'sciatic nerve', which not only causes so many of us grief when irritated but, importantly, gives life to the skin and muscle below the knees.
Inside the dural sac, you can see the free hanging motor nerve root (#4) and the sensory nerve root (#3). These nerve roots connect into the real spinal cord about at the L1 level. Pain signals travel along the sensory nerve root and register 'PAIN' within our brains in the sensory cortex, among other places.
The Sinuvertebral Nerve: A nerve of mystery
The Sinuvertebral Nerves (SN), is a mixed nerve as well as it carries both autonomic fiber (sympathetic) and sensory (afferent) fiber. [note: the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is beyond the scope of this site.] The sensory portion of the sinuvertebral nerve, which has the capability to carry the feeling of PAIN to the brain, arises from the outer 1/3 of the posterior annulus fibrosus (yellow balls) and PLL (#7). It then splits and attaches to both the dorsal ramus and the grey ramus communicans, although this nerves anatomy and course seems to be quite anomalous. Of importance is the fact that if irritated, the nerve ending within the disc have the potential to generate both back pain and/or lower limb pain (Discogenic Pain). This lower limb pain-referral has been greatly studied by Ohnmeiss et al. and is quite an interesting phenomenon. Discogenic Sciatica is the term I have given this referred discogenic pain. It is believed that the sinuvertebral nerve-endings are 'sensitive' to the irritating effects of degenerated nucleus pulposus, which may be introduced into the outer region from a grade three annular tear. (see may pages on Annular Tears for more information.) Amazingly, the sinuvertebral nerve also innervates (connects to) the disc above and below! So, the sinuvertebral nerve of the L4 disc also innervates the L5 and L3 disc. This may help explain why a L4 disc herniation/annular tear may clinically present with some signs of L5 and/or L3 involvement/overlap as well. It also carries autonomic nerve fiber to the blood vessels (not shown) of the epidural space. Sympathetic nerves control how the blood vessels function (vasomotor & vasosensory). Although rare, injury to these sympathetic nerves may cause RSD symptoms (now called CRPS) in the patients lower limbs; this usually would occur following surgery. (This may explain why I had a very slight case of RSD in my left foot following surgery - since my doc spent an hour cutting his way through a 'nest' of epidural vessels during my micro-discectomy.)
The exact pain-pathway (how pain travels from the disc to the spinal cord) of discogenic pain is another fascinating and controversial subject. It seems that the sensory pathway from the sinuvertebral nerves into the spinal cord, does NOT take the 'expected' route in every patient. Some research (101) has demonstrated that pain-signals travel from the disc, re-enter the IVF (via sinuvertebral nerve) and DRG at the SAME level. Other, more recent research has indicated that pain-signals travel from the disc, through the sinuvertebral nerve, through the Gray Rami Communicans, into the Sympathetic Trunk (ST), up the sympathetic chain to the L2 vertebral level (yes I said L2), through the gray rami communicans, into the L2 dorsal rami, into the L2 IVF, and into the L2 DRG (80, 81). The latter pain pathway is why some investigators believe that lower level disc herniations may present as L2 dermatomal pain (groin region) in some patients!
To drive-home my point that the pain path from the disc does NOT always re-enter at the same vertebral level, I present the 2004 randomized controlled investigation by Oh and shim (26). In an incredibly well designed outcome study, the latter investigators demonstrated that by 'cutting' (RF neurotomy) the Gray Ramus Communicans, the majority of chronic discogenic pain sufferers achieved substantial relief of their pain and avoid fusion surgery. (26) This proves that at least some of the incoming pain signals were traveling toward the sympathetic trunk (which is on the anterior side of the vertebra) and NOT re-entering the spinal nerves at the same level.
A Committee Error?
Another interesting oddity about the design of the nervous system is the fact that 'the committee' decided to put the delicate sensory nerve cell bodies within the IVF and NOT the within spinal cord, which is where the motor nerve cell bodies are located. The Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG), which houses these sensory nerve cell bodies, is seen as a tiny bulging structure within the IVF. This structure is 'super-sensitive' to compression (because it houses all these sensory nerve cell bodies) and can cause extreme back and leg pain if compressed and irritated by discal material and/or bony outgrowth (stenosis). The placing of these sensory nerve cell bodies in such close proximity to the disc and within such a narrow bony tunnel (the IVF) was not 'the committees brightest idea! You see if you damage the axon (nerve fiber) of a nerve, the chances are quite good for recovery, but if you damage the 'brain of the nerve fiber' (nerve cell body) the nerve's chances of recovery are much less. This explains why patients often never recover completely from that tingling burning, and numbness following a major attack of sciatica (disc herniation-induced radicular pain and dysfunction).
The View from the Side: (the Sagittal view)
Fig. #2 Is a sagittal view (aka: lateral view) of the 'motion segment'; Two vertebrae which are 'sandwiching' the intervertebral disc.
The disc [which is made of a annulus fibrosis (blue) and the nucleus pulposus (green)] is made up of three distinct areas: 1) The nucleus pulposus (green), which is a water rich (due to proteoglycan aggrecan & aggrecate molecules which trap and hold water within the disc) gel in the center of the disc; 2) The annulus fibrosis (blue), which is the fibrous outer portions of the disc that is made up of type I collagen; and 3) The vertebral end-plates (yellow), which are cartilaginous plates that attach the discs to the vertebrae and supply food (nutrients) to the inner 2/3 of the annulus and entire nucleus pulposus.
To further increase the strength of the annulus fibrosus, individual sheets of collagen are layered throughout the annulus. There sheets of collagen are called lamellae (black curved lines within blue). The very outer lamellae (Sharpey's fibers), unlike the inner lamellae, are anchored into the solid bony periphery (Ring Apophysis) of each vertebral body. This is the region that 'osteophytes' or bone spurs typically like to form. (Click here to see a real axial view of a 'motion segment'.)
The normal human intervertebral disc, which is considered the largest avascular structure in the human body, is made up of two main components, proteoglycan and collagen (type I and type II). The annulus is mostly made of collagen, which is a tough fibrous tissue similar to the cartilage that is found in the knee, and the nucleus is made mostly of proteoglycan. Proteoglycans, which are produced by disc cells that resemble chondrocytes, are extremely important for disc function (see next paragraph) and are what 'trap' and hold water molecules (H20) within the tissue of the disc. In fact both the disc and annulus are comprised mainly of water, i.e., the nucleus is 80% water, and the annulus is 65% water. Proteoglycans are the building blocks of the aggrecan molecule which is the true 'water trap' of the disc. Aggrecans combine within the disc on strands of hyaluronan acid to form huge structures called 'Aggregates'. These super water-filled proteoglycan aggregates are what give the healthy young disc its amazing strengths and pliability, in fact a well hydrated disc is often even stronger than the bony vertebral body. Fig. #3: Here we have the healthy disc of a teenager (cadaver). The water content is extremely high as you can even see by the 'glistening' appearance of the nucleus (which is the gray center of the white disc).
Disc Function:
In order for a disc to function properly, it MUST have high water content; this is especially true of the nucleus. A well hydrated (with water) disc is both strong and pliable. The nucleus pulposus needs to be strong and well hydrated to do its job (axial load), for it is this structure that supports or carries the lion's share of the axial load (downward weight of body) of the body. With an undamaged annulus, strongly corralling a fully hydrated nucleus, the disc can easily support even the heaviest of bodies! As the disc dehydrates (loses water) the disc loose ability to support the axial load of the body (loses hydrostatic pressure); this causes a 'weight bearing shift' from the nucleus, outward, onto the annulus, outer vertebral body, and zygapophyseal joints (facets). Now, we have an 'over-load' on the annulus (which may trigger other destructive biochemical reactions) which, if severe and/or is imposed upon a genetically inferior annulus, will result in pathological DDD. ( see below)
Hydration also is important with respect to disc nutrition. As we have already mentioned, nutrients (which all living tissue needs in order to survive) must diffuse (soak) through the discal tissue in order to reach the hungry disc cells. This diffusion process is much faster and easier IF the diffusing tissue has a high water content. We may use 'swimming' as an analogy: It's easier to swim through the water, than through the sands of a desert. The sands of the desert would be a dehydrated disc, and the water would be a hydrated disc. So, water and disc hydration are one of the key factors for a normally functioning spine and well feed disc.
So, we've learned WHY disc hydration is so important. Now it time to learn HOW this disc hydration is accomplished:
Water is held within the disc by tiny sponge-like molecules called proteoglycan aggrecans. These 'super sponges' have an amazing ability to attract and hold water molecules (324), and can in fact hold over 500 times their own weight in water; this gives the non-dehydrated disc the tremendous 'hydrostatic pressure' which is needed to bear the axial load of the body. Amazingly, the aggrecans water absorption is so powerful that over night (non-axial loading) the height of the disc and the body will actually measurably increase due to the discs engorgement with water. This phenomenon is called 'Diurnal Change' and is only present in non-degenerated discs.
Disc cells, particularly the chondrocyte-like cells of the nucleus and inner annulus, manufacture proteoglycan aggrecan molecules. Like little factories, they create, replace and rebuild aggrecan molecules. As long as the disc cells have food (glucose), building material (amino acids) and oxygen all is well in disc-land. It is also important for them of have a non-acidic working environment, which is taken care of, since wastes are diffused out of the disc the same way nutrients diffuse in. In the living disc up to 100 aggrecans combine on a long piece of 'hyaluronan acid' to form giant proteoglycan aggregate molecules. It's these aggregates that are found within the disc in the real world.
The intervertebral disc is the largest avascular structure in the human body. The reason for this is because it has no direct blood supply like most other body tissue. Nutrients (food) for the disc are found within tiny capillary beds (black arrows) that are in the subchondral bone, just above the vertebral end-plates . This subchondral vascular network 'feeds' the disc cells of the all important nucleus and inner annulus through the diffusion process. The Figure on the left shows the 'disc feeding setup' for disc. Note that the outer annulus has its oven blood supply that is embedded within the very outer annulus. This is a much more efficient system and nutrients don't have to diffuse very far to find their hungry disc cells. The 'more direct' blood supply of the outer annulus is why tears of the outer 1/3 of the annulus will heal/scar shut with the passage of time, which unfortunately is not true of the rest of the disc. Research has indicated that disc tears will not heal in the inner zones of the disc - probably because of the avascular nature of the inner two thirds of the disc. Note the nutrients (pink balls) diffuse directly into the tissue of the outer annulus, where as the nucleus and inner annulus has a much longer diffusion route that is block by the vertebral end-plates. Note how the nutrients (pink balls) are released from the blood vessels (red) in the subchondral bone just under the vertebral end-plates. These nutrients must 'diffuse' or soak their way through the vertebral end-plates and into the disc. This 'diffusion method' is how the cells of the disc get the nutrients oxygen, glucose, and amino acids which are required for normal disc function and repair. This poor blood/nutrient supply to the disc is one of the main reasons that the disc ages and degenerates so early in life. (Read my Disc Degeneration page for more information.)
The 'diffusion feeding process' is enhanced somewhat by a phenomena called 'Diurnal Change'. Our discs have the ability to expand and compress over the course of a day. As we start the day our discs, like squeezing out a sponge, will compress and dehydrate because of the gravity and physical activity which place axial loads upon the discs. In fact a healthy disc will shrink down some 20% (104), which in turn decreases our height by 15 to 25mm (194,441,815). As we sleep and decompress our spines, our discs swell with water plus nutrients and expand back to their fully hydrated state. This tide-like movement of fluids in and out of the disc will help with the movement of nutrients into the avascular center of the disc. (Click here to learn more on Diurnal Change).
Super Advanced Anatomy & Physiology:
The Nucleus Pulposus:
The nucleus pulposus is a hydrated gelatinous structure located in the center of each intervertebral disc that has the consistency of toothpaste. Its main make-up is water (80%). Its solid/dry component make-up are proteoglycan (65%), type II collagen fiber (17%) and a small amount of elastin fibers . Collectively the proteoglycans and the collagen are called the 'nuclear matrix'. The cells of the disc, which produce the water holding proteoglycan molecules are very similar to chondrocytes seen in articular cartilage and are also held within the matrix.
Proteoglycans are found in several structural forms within the disc but the most important 'arrangement' is called a proteoglycan aggrecan. These aggrecans main function is to trap and hold water, which is what gives the nucleus its strength and resiliency. Like a 'super sponge', aggrecans can trap and hold over 500 times their weight in water!
The nucleus has two functions. The first is to bear most of the tremendous axial load coming from the weight of the body above and second to 'stand-up' the lamellae of the annulus - so that the annulus can reach its full weight baring potential. In order for proper weight bearing the nucleus and the annulus MUST work hand in hand.
The Annulus Fibrosis:
The annulus is the outer portion of the disc that surrounds the nucleus. It is made up of 15 to 25 collagen sheets which are called the 'lamellae'. The lamellae are 'glued' together with a proteoglycans. These sheets encircle the disc and, in concert with the nucleus, give the disc tremendous axial load strength.
The posterior portion of the annulus if further strengthened by the 'posterior longitudinal ligament'. This structure is the final barrier between the disc and the delicate spinal cord, and nerve roots.
The biochemical make up is similar to that of the disc only in different proportions. The annulus is 65% water, with the collagen, both type I and II making up 55% of the dry weight, and proteoglycans (mostly the larger aggregate type - 60%) making up 20% of the dry weight. 10% of the annulus also contain 'elastic fiber' that are seen near where the annulus attaches into the vertebral end-plate.
The lamellae are made up of both Type I (very strong type) and Type II collagen fiber. The very outer lamellae are almost all Type I. As we move inward toward the nucleus the more Type II is seen and less Type I. The very inner layers are very hard to distinguish from the nucleus. There is not a clear boundary between the nucleus and the annulus.
A simply amazing fact about the lamellae design is that the collagen fibers that make-up each lamellae all run parallel at a 65 degree angle to the sagittal plane. Even more amazing is the fact that the each lamellae are flipped so that the 65 degree angle alternates between every lamellae, one to the right then one to the left. This design greatly increases the shear strength of the annulus and makes it had for cracks to develop through the layers of the annulus. This is just amazing if you think about it!! Brilliant design!
The function of the annulus is to help the nucleus support the axial weight from the body. The annulus does need some help from the nucleus in order to achieve its strongest configuration. It relies on the nucleus to push it outward which keeps the lamellae from collapsing inward. The nucleus must keep a very high hydrostatic pressure to achieve this. We saw what happens when the nucleus losses hydrostatic pressure under the 'Disc Degeneration' page. Bogduk used the analogy of a rolled up telephone book standing on end, to describe how strong the annulus could be when the nucleus holds the inner lamellae or phonebook in a rolled up position. If you unroll the phone book our 'on end phone book' it would not longer be able to support much axial loading.
The Vertebral End-Plates:
Both the top and the bottom of each vertebrae (spinal bones) are capped with a thin ¾ millimeter cartilaginous pad called the 'Vertebral End-Plate' (Figure #1). Despite their name, these end-plates are NOT attached to the subchondral bone of the vertebrae but are instead strongly interwoven into the annulus of the disc (156, 388). It is for this reason, as well as strong morphological similarities, that the vertebral end-plates are considered part of the disc and NOT part of the vertebral body.
The biochemical morphology of the end-plates is extremely similar to that of the disc: Water, proteoglycans, collagen and cartilage cells (chondrocytes). The concentration scheme of these components also mirrors that of the disc: The center of the end-plate is mostly water and proteoglycan. As we move outward toward the periphery, more and more collagen is seen with less and less proteoglycans. This similar biochemical makeup and distribution scheme helps the diffusion of nutrients between the subchondral bone of the vertebra and the depths of the disc.
The very outer rim of the vertebrae is NOT covered by the end-plate, which leaves a ring of exposed bone on the periphery of the top and bottom of each vertebra. This exposed peripheral area is called the 'Ring Apophysis' and is often a site for the development of spur formation associated with the degeneration process.
12) Marchand F, et al. (1990) "Investigation of the laminate structure of lumbar disc anulus fibrosus." Spine - 1990; 15:402-410
80) Nakamura SI, Takahashi K, Takahashi Y, et al. "Origin of nerves supplying the posterior portion of lumbar Intervertebral discs in rats." Spine 1996; 21:917-924
81) Nakamura SI, Takahashi K, Takahashi Y, et al. "The afferent pathways of discogenic low-back pain. Evaluation of L2 spinal nerve infiltration." J Bone Jont Surg. 1996;78:606-612
101) Bogduk N, et al. "The nerve supply to the human lumbar intervertebral disc." J Anat 1981; 132:39-56
26) Oh WS, Shim JC. "A randomized controlled trial of radiofrequency denervation of the ramus communicans nerve for chronic discogenic low back pain." Clin J Pain 2004; 20(1):55-60
51) Tachihara H, et al (2007) "does facet joint inflammation induced radiculopathy?" Spine 15;32(4):406-12
52) Igarashi A, et al (2007) "correlation between inflammatory cytokines released from the lumbar facet joint tissue and symptoms in degenerative lumbar spine disorders. J Orthop Sci; 12(2):154-60
53) Peng B, et al (2007) "chemical radiculitis." Pain; 127(1-2):11-6
© Copyright 2002 – 2012 by Dr. Douglas M. Gillard DC - All rights reserved j


text:
3D Printer Filament PLA - Free Shipping Worldwide
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text:
This is pretty simple, and uses my 2nd favourite tofu! These containers are also great in the early spring to get a head start on gardening. Just dump some dirt in there, plant a seed, and by the time the weather is warm enough to plant, you have a seedling growing healthy and strong :)
« Save On Cleaning Products By Buying Refills. | Main | Viking Samurai »
Homemade Tofu Soap Dish
By thomas | September 11, 2007
Ahhh..the soap dish.
Most people here in Japan live reasonably close to a grocery store, but it isn't always the same story for a 100-yen shop. Going out of your way to get to the 100-yen shop isn't such a big deal if you have a big shopping list, but what if you just need one thing? In most cases you can hold off on the trip until you gather a few more items on your list, but what if you need it now?
This was my situation when I finally decided to toss the old, nasty soap dish that was in my bathroom. A trip to the hyaku-en shop costs me 640 yen round-trip, so it wasn't economical to head out there for just a soap dish. For days I just let my soap sit in the middle of the sink, sordid and alone, when suddenly I had an epiphany one night while making dinner: homemade tofu soap dish.
To make your own homemade tofu soap dish, for cheaper than 100-yen, you will need the following:
- tofu
- scissors
- soap (optional)
Here's what we do:
- Buy some tofu. For best results get a package that is deep. Make sure that it's big enough to hold your bar of soap. I bought this double-pack of tofu for 98 yen.
- Eat the tofu. Put it on a small plate and pour some soy sauce on top, or just add some to your miso soup. Delicious!
- Tear off the excess plastic from the package.
- Using scissors, cut some holes in the bottom. This is so water doesn't accumulate in your soap dish and dissolve your soap prematurely.
- Place your new homemade soap dish in your bathroom, and drop some soap in there. Perfect fit!
Making this soap dish takes about 1 minute, and if you eat tofu with any frequency it costs you nothing. If after a while your soap dish starts to get old and nasty, you can just throw it out and make a new one.Like this post? Give me the Thumbs Up!
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8 Responses to "Homemade Tofu Soap Dish"
ジェイソン (Jason) Says:
September 13th, 2007 at 8:06 am
thomas Says:
September 13th, 2007 at 2:06 pm
ジェイソン (Jason) Says:
September 15th, 2007 at 10:11 pm
My favourite tofu comes from a tofuya not too far from the local Apita. It's made right there, so a little more expensive than the store brands, but tastes sooooo good. :)
kk Says:
September 29th, 2007 at 2:38 am
I'm not sure I understand why you wouldn't just wash your original soap dish to begin with.
thomas Says:
September 30th, 2007 at 10:41 pm
Jason: Do they let you watch them make the tofu from scratch like you can do at Udon/Soba shops?
kk: My soap dish, sadly, was beyond cleaning. I just replaced it with the tofu dish and recycled it.
Funky Love Bunny Says:
October 12th, 2007 at 2:09 am
Its amazing how much people over look packaging.
When I was on the romance car coming back from hakone (hello to emi that works on that train :) ) I was drinking one cup sake that came in these really nice disposable blue glass containers, perfect small glasses or for shots or just enjoying sake back at my appartment so i just poped them in my bag and no need to buy glasses!
thomas Says:
October 14th, 2007 at 10:01 am
Funky Love Bunny: Thanks for the comment. That's a good idea! Those cup sake containers are just the right size :)
Homemade Tofu Planting Pot | nihonhacks.com Says:
May 8th, 2008 at 12:11 pm
[…] idea. You know those little plastic containers that tofu comes in (the kind you can use to make a badass soap dish)? The ones that look like […]


text:
Colaboradores en la Vina del Senor: Un recurso para guiar el desarrollo del ministerio eclesial laico
Co-workers in the Vineyard of the Lord offers pastoral and theological reflections on the reality of lay ecclesial ministry, affirmation of those who serve in this way, and a synthesis of best thinking and practice. It is a resource for diocesan bishops and for all who are responsible for guiding the development of lay ecclesial ministry in the United States.
Product Code: 7-811
Binding Information: Paperback
Pages: 72
Size: 6" X 9" Inches
Availability: In stock


text:
March 31, 2010 by mirna
Filed under Histria and Kvarner
Porec (Parenzo) – settled since the neolithic period, Poreč, which stands on a narrow peninsula, was an important Roman garrison Later, during the first millennium, it developed as an early Christian community and an influential bishopric. It chose Venetian rule over that of Byzantium in the 1267, the first Istrian town to do so.
A town distinguished by its cultural and historical monuments, Porec is the best-adorned and best-landscaped tourist town in the whole Croatia. the crowning glory of its rich cultural heritage is St. Euphrasius' Basilica, dating from the 6th century A.D., where concerts of classical music are held during the summer months.
The nearby Island St Nikola can be reached in only a few minutes, both night and day, via excursions boats, or even by swimming.


text:
In her program notes, Brie Yost noted that one of her theater colleagues told her: "Tacoma is not ready for 'The Laramie Project.'" Sometimes plays force people to address difficult subject matter. "The Laramie Project" does so in a very powerful manner. People should see it, regardless if some local playgoers may not be ready for it.
Tacoma Little Theatre is staging this play, inspired by the 1998 murder of Matthew Shepard, a 21-year-old student at the University of Wyoming. The writers, Moises Kaufman and members of Tectonic Theater Project, made several visits to Laramie. The play is the result of their conversations with residents.
The play takes place after Shepard's death. It examines various time frames, such as the several days after he was beaten, when he lay in a hospital bed in critical condition before dying; and the legal proceedings for the two young men who were charged and convicted.
Reporters from around the nation descended on the small college town. They are portrayed interviewing people, and Kaufman and his colleagues operate in a similar manner.
The cast consists of Jen Aylsworth, Russ Coffey, Mike Cooper, Rachel Fitzgerald, Marty MacKenzie, Jefri Peters, Mark Peterson, Tiffani Pike and Jeremy Thompson. Each cast member has numerous roles. For example, Thompson's roles include Kaufman, Shepard's father, a Catholic priest and the governor. A screen above the stage flashes the name of the character, which helps the audience keep track of who is speaking.
The set is basic but effective. One prop that appears a few times is the fence to which Shepard was tied while beaten. A television screen above comes on a few times when Peterson, when portraying a hospital administrator, gives updates to the media on Shepard's condition and upon his death.
Laramie's religious leaders are interviewed – a Catholic priest, Baptist minister, bishop in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the leader of the Unitarian Universalists. They offer insight into the social and cultural fabric of the town. We learn the killers, Aaron McKinney and Russell Henderson, had religion in their lives. One was raised Mormon, while the other occasionally attended the Baptist minister's church.
Actors change from character to character quickly, often by donning a hat or shirt backstage and adjusting their voice, from a dignified college professor to the casual tone of a young tavern customer. It is a great cast under the guidance of Yost, an excellent director.
Shepard's murder has been widely portrayed as a hate crime. Certainly hostility toward gay men was a factor in the rage the killers displayed. Comments from townspeople, however, made this reviewer ponder additional motives. A friend of the killers noted their use of methamphetamine, a drug known to make some people paranoid and violent. They allegedly committed a similar crime before in another town, beating a gay man in a robbery. Shepard was very small for a 21-year-old man, making him an easy target. His parents were well off; he wore expensive shoes and perhaps had other valuable items (an expensive watch, perhaps, or a nice leather jacket). Shepard was killed due to his sexual orientation, but he likely was targeted as well for his wallet.
Each performance is followed by a question and answer session with the cast. It is well worth staying for. Due to the subject matter, the play is not recommended for those under the age of 13.
"The Laramie Project" runs through June 23. Shows times are 7:30 p.m. on Fridays and Saturdays, 2 p.m. on Sundays. For more information visit http://www.tacomalittletheatre.com or call (253) 272-2281.


text: After reading a bunch of reviews, I went to Niko's (Nikos?) last night. Basic storefront which isn't done up in the usual blue and white Greek decor. High ceiling gives an airy feel as well. We went the 'many-appetizer' route. The waitress (Shae) took about two minutes to warm up to us and was great throughout. A bowl of assorted olives and some grilled italian-type bread basket came when we were seated. Would probably have preferred pita, but it was adequate. Two of us ordered a small country salad (enough for two), Skordalia with fried eggplant and zucchini (Greek Chips on the menu), broiled octopus (excellent), Saganaki. . . two pieces, but sadly no flambe and no oompah! Also, a large piece, entree portion of Spanakopita. All dishes were very good. Service was excellent. The owner came by for a chat. He's Irish! His wife's family is Greek. Bill was under $50 before tip. I'd definitely go back.


text:
is this Epson Perfection V300 Photo scanner compatible with windows vista ?
I've read reviews on some sites about scanners that have been described as compatible with windows vista and when bought and tested they give loads of trouble.
I am hoping not to fall in that trap..
No. So far, I have spent 18 days trying to install this scanner onto Vista Home Premium 32bit. It tries and sometimes looks like it installs properly, but when you go to use it, nope. Uninstalling and clearing registry then reinstalling per Epson's tech support instructions does not work. It can find the driver, but it can't install it, so even though Epson claims it is compatible with Vista, it is not.


text:
Hi. I've been on the fence about getting a lift for awhile now. I'm 36, 2 kids, no plans for more Been to several docs and gotten different recomendations - implants alone, lift+implant, just a lift. Leaning in the direction of just a lift but given that my nipples are in the right place (or so I'm told) what would the lift accomplish? I'd be curious to hear your thought on a procedure that would benefit me most, esthetically speaking. Links to similar patients would be great too! Thanks!
What Would a Breast Lift Do for Me? (photo)
Doctor Answers 15
Ultimate Breast Lift=upper pole fullness without implants
Dear Amy,
With the Ultimate Breast Lift you can expect to have upper pole fullness without breast implants and NO VERTICAL scar. I invite you to view my UBL gallery to see that results are natural with minimum scars. The UBL reshapes and anchors the newly formed breast mound to improve longevity. This technique completely eliminates the vertical scar which inherently weakens the lift by placing an incision at the point of maximum tension.
FYI, adding a heavy implant to a vertical scar lift compromises the lift even further.
I hope this helps.
Kind regards,
Dr. H
Learn more: http://www.fastcodesign.com/1663319/how-one-surgeon-is-reinventing-the-female-breast-sfw
Breast lift
Dear Amy,
A good plan requires a clear goal. Do you want just a perky and tight breasts or do you want that and large breasts as well ? Are you an athlete ? A runner ? Than you do not need implants that will interfere with your physical activity. Your pictures show a level 2 ptosis ( droopiness ) and a full B or small C cup breasts. A full lift ( key hole ) will raise your nipples above your crease, tighten the skin and change your breasts shape from round to oval, all which are more attractive and youthful. Since your skin texture looks thin ( you have strech marks ) you most likely will have very nice scars which will be an acceptable trade off. Be sure to select a board certified plastic surgeon who is very experienced in that surgery.
Best of luck,
Dr Widder
Learn more: http://widderplasticsurgery.com
Breast lift
I agree with a few of the other doctors in that you have not stated what you want so when I look at the pictures I have no direction in which to go and you breasts look nice and natural with reasonable shape and volume. Good Luck!
You might also like...
Here is a link to one of my patients
A breast lift will shape the breast tissue that you currently have. It will not increase volume and there will not be as much upper pole volume as compared to when a lift plus an implant is used. The link below is from a before and after set of photos for one of my patients.
All the best,
Dr Remus Repta
Learn more: http://www.aaaplasticsurgery.com/photo-gallery/details.cfm?ID=103&StartRow=1
What would a lift do
Since your nipples are in the right place a lift would remove cash from your pocket and put scars on your breasts. Wait till you need one.
Learn more: http://www.wrmd.com
What Would a Breast Lift Do for Me?
The photo on the left does a good simulation of a lift on the right breast (done by elevating your arm over your head. Because it is a 45 degree view, I don't see a direct comparison with the other breast, but if you do this at home in front of a mirror, you will get a pretty good answer to your question of what a lift would do for you. Then the question will be is it a good trade off for all the incisions.
Look at photos to see healed scars.
Without an in person exam, I am not sure what incision pattern would be offered.
All the best.
Breast lift benefits and limitations
It is not uncommon for patients to go to 3 different doctor and get 3 different onions. This seems to be the case for you! The bottom line is this – a lift only will raise the position of the nipple. Breast implants would provide more fullness to the breast. Now, you have to decide which option best fits your goals.
Options for a specific breast situation
This is a good question and one can tell from the responses that there is no simple answer.
Your particular breast characteristics are normal but not typical. You have adequate size but they are low on your chest and off to the side a bit which makes them look smaller. The low and off-axis look along with the upper pole scallop makes them look saggy and I can't be certain from the photos but it sounds like your inframammary crease is low enough that it is still behind your nipple-areola, so technically you are not saggy (ptotic) and could get a lift effect from an implant but you're are correct that you wouldn't get much benefit from a lift because the breast doesn't need to be lifted much and would look distorted if overdone.
I have no experience with the Ultimate Breast Lift and I'm suspicious of proprietary or capitalized procedures, particularly if they rely on permanent suspension devices. However, filling the upper pole is really all you need. The other option for this is fat grafting but I would still not recommend it for young women for cosmetic purposes without more longterm data on breast cancer risk and surveillance.
An implant is just a pillow and would fill out the upper pole and give more forward projection. It would not lift or reposition or turn your breast or bring them closer together. The minimum size increase with a properly fitted lowest profile implant would make your breast look about a cup size bigger. If that's feasible (because of the inframammary crease level), and that degree of size increase is acceptable, I would consider it as the simplest, most reliable, and least scar approach to give a lift effect without the actual lift.
Breast lift?
It depends upon what your goals are from surgery. Do you want larger breasts, higher breasts, less sag? This is why a consultation is so critical.
Breast Lifting for Me?
Thank you for the question and pictures. Based on your pictures, and the aesthetically pleasant shape of your breasts currently, I can see why you have been "on the fence" about having any type of breast surgery.
As you know, breast lifting involves some degree of tightening of the breast skin envelope. In order to tighten the skin envelope, skin excision is necessary; this results in the presence of scars. Sometimes, the presence of scars is a "dealbreaker"; patients would prefer to leave their breasts unchanged than to have scars. At other times, patients prefer to have the improvement in breast position, shape, and (possibly) size and are willing to accept the trade-off of scars.
Overall, if you remain unconvinced about the benefits of breast lifting/augmentation in your case, you would be best off leaving your breasts untouched surgically.
I hope this helps.
Learn more: http://www.poustiplasticsurgery.com/Procedures/Procedure_breastLift.htm
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


text:
Industrial Process Technology
Our specialist group works with processes, systems and components. We work with energy efficiency in all industrial processes, especially in the oil and gas, metal and food industry. The main activities are:
- Heating and cooling technology
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- Including metal industry
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As a master or doctor degree student in our group, you become member of an international group with contacts all over the world, and can choose to specialize in several directions.
The Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology offer a PhD in Energy and Process Engineering where you can write a doctoral thesis connected to research and development carried out in our research group. The following master degree programmes has courses and projects related to our areas of research: Energy and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Sustainable Energy.
View all publications at the Department of Energy and Process Engineering (registered in CRIStin since 2009)
Our research activity is organised around research projects. Currently we contribute to the following projects:
- Compact Offshore Steam Bottoming Cycles | Erling Næss
- Sustainable production of traditional and novel cured dried meat products | Trygve Eikevik
- EnPe - Capacity Building in Renewable Energy, Education and Research | Ole J. Nydal
- EnPe - MSc in Oil and Gas Technology |
- EnPe Seed funding - PhD programme on Thermal Energy at Bahir Dar University |Ole J. Nydal
- Fundamental study of hydronamics and mass transfer in annular-mist flow | Carlos Dorao
- HeatUp - High temperature heat pumps for efficient utilisation of low temperature surplus heat | Trygve Eikevik
- Hex - Heat Exchanger Design | Erling Næss
- Next Generation of Heat Pumps working with Natural fluids |Trygve Eikevik
Tue, 08 Nov 2016 15:12:47 +0100
Centres and forums
We contribute to the following centres and forums:
- Joint Research Centre of Sustainable Energy
- HighEFF - Centre for an Energy Efficient and Competitive Industry for the future
- KIFEE - Kyoto International Forum for Environment and Agency
Working groups
- Dewatering Engineering lab | Trygve Eikevik
- Heat engineering | Erling Næss
- Multiphase Flow lab | Ole Jørgen Nydal
- Refrigeration Engineering lab | Trygve Eikevik
- Separation and Heat Transfer lab | Carlos Dorao
- Solar Simulator lab | Ole Jørgen Nydal
- Thermal two-phase flow lab | Carlos Dorao
Mon, 26 Jun 2017 08:21:17 +0200
Research and business partners associated with the research group of Industral Process Technology:
Research partners
- SINTEF Energy Research
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry (M&C)
- Shanghai Jiao-Tong University
- Doshisha University, Japan
- Universitat Politecnica de Valenzia, Spain
- Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development
- University of Naples Federico II, Italy
- Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne
Business partners
- Alfa Laval
- Alfa Laval Corporate AB, Sweden
- Compania Industrial de Aplicaciones Termicas SA
- Danfoss Commercial Compressors, Denmark
- Enex SRL, Italy
- European Heat Pump Association
- GDF Suez
- Marine Aluminium
- Officine Mario Dorin Spa, Italy
- Statoil
- Lu-Ve Spa, Italy


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Workflowy: Keep track of to-do lists, grand plans, and groceries to pick up in this clever nesting-system of organization.
Learning how to inhale and exhale is quite far down my to-do list.
Optimistically dubbed "The Future We Want," the conference statement read more like "The to-do List From Hell."
Any to-do list that doesn't start with "stop listening to Rush Limbaugh" is misidentifying the problem.
Is life just a string of errands, dinner dates, emails, meetings, and to-do lists, she wonders?
If she gits a premium for puttin' up gardin-sass, I'll warrant there'll be a to-do.
With considerable of a to-do, Mrs. Norris announced the gift of a grandfather's clock.
"I see not why you all make such a to-do because the old ship has sailed," Miles spoke, with his mouth full.
That drab you make such a to-do about has been mine this two months past.
What a to-do they make when you approach their outdoor hatchery!
1570s, from the verb phrase to do, from Old English to don "proper or necessary to be done" (see to). Meaning "disturbance, fuss" is first recorded 1827.
A disturbance; fuss; flap: What's all the to-do? (1827+)


text:
I was irritated to see that Arthur Laffer has just published a book called "The End of Prosperity". It's not that I have anything in particular against the curvaceous Mr Laffer. But calling your book, "The End of" something or other, is perhaps the worst cliche in publishing.
This is confirmed by a brief search on Amazon, which yielded the following books – most published within the last ten years. "The End of Poverty" by Jeff Sachs, "The End of History" by Francis Fukuyama, "The End of Faith" by Sam Harris, "The End of Food" and "The End of Oil", both by Paul Roberts, "The End of Lawyers" by Richard Susskind, "The End of Fashion" by Teri Agins, "The End of Days" by Zacahria Sitkin, "The End of Human Rights" by Costas Douzinkas, two books called "The End of Globalisation" – one by Harold James and one by Alan Rugman, "The End of Nature" by Bill McKibben, "The End of Work" by Jeremy Rifkin, "The End of Medicine" by Andy Kessler, "The End of Memory" by Miroslav Wolff, "The End of Science" by John Horgan and "The End of the Poem" by Paul Muldoon. Read more