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From : susan van heerden
LIGHT vs DARKNESS
Isaiah 5:20 Woe unto them that call evil good, and good evil; that put darkness for light, and light for darkness; that put bitter for sweet, and sweet for bitter!
Isaiah 5:30 And in that day they shall roar against them like the roaring of the sea: and if one look unto the land, behold darkness and sorrow, and the light is darkened in the heavens thereof.
Isaiah 9:2 The people that walked in darkness have seen a great light: they that dwell in the land of the shadow of death, upon them hath the light shined.
Isaiah 42:16 And I will bring the blind by a way that they knew not; I will lead them in paths that they have not known: I will make darkness light before them, and crooked things straight. These things will I do unto them, and not forsake them.
Isaiah 45:7 I form the light, and create darkness: I make peace, and create evil: I the LORD do all these things.
Isaiah 50:10 Who is among you that feareth the LORD, that obeyeth the voice of his servant, that walketh in darkness, and hath no light? let him trust in the name of the LORD, and stay upon his God.
Isaiah 58:10 And if thou draw out thy soul to the hungry, and satisfy the afflicted soul; then shall thy light rise in obscurity, and thy darkness be as the noonday:
Isaiah 59:9 Therefore is judgment far from us, neither doth justice overtake us: we wait for light, but behold obscurity; for brightness, but we walk in darkness.
Jeremiah 13:16 Give glory to the LORD your God, before he cause darkness, and before your feet stumble upon the dark mountains, and, while ye look for light, he turn it into the shadow of death, and make it gross darkness.
Daniel 2:22 He revealeth the deep and secret things: he knoweth what is in the darkness, and the light dwelleth with him.
Amos 5:18 Woe unto you that desire the day of the LORD! to what end is it for you? the day of the LORD is darkness, and not light.
Amos 5:20 Shall not the day of the LORD be darkness, and not light? even very dark, and no brightness in it?
Micah 7:8 Rejoice not against me, O mine enemy: when I fall, I shall arise; when I sit in darkness, the LORD shall be a light unto me.
Matthew 4:16 The people which sat in darkness saw great light; and to them which sat in the region and shadow of death light is sprung up.
Matthew 6:23 But if thine eye be evil, thy whole body shall be full of darkness. If therefore the light that is in thee be darkness, how great is that darkness!
Matthew 10:27 What I tell you in darkness, that speak ye in light: and what ye hear in the ear, that preach ye upon the housetops.
Luke 1:79 To give light to them that sit in darkness and in the shadow of death, to guide our feet into the way of peace.
Luke 11:34 The light of the body is the eye: therefore when thine eye is single, thy whole body also is full of light; but when thine eye is evil, thy body also is full of darkness.
Luke 11:35 Take heed therefore that the light which is in thee be not darkness.
Luke 12:3 Therefore whatsoever ye have spoken in darkness shall be heard in the light; and that which ye have spoken in the ear in closets shall be proclaimed upon the housetops.
John 1:5 And the light shineth in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not.
John 3:19 And this is the condemnation, that light is come into the world, and men loved darkness rather than light, because their deeds were evil.
John 8:12 Then spake Jesus again unto them, saying, I am the light of the world: he that followeth me shall not walk in darkness, but shall have the light of life.
John 12:35 Then Jesus said unto them, Yet a little while is the light with you. Walk while ye have the light, lest darkness come upon you: for he that walketh in darkness knoweth not whither he goeth.
John 12:46 I am come a light into the world, that whosoever believeth on me should not abide in darkness.
Acts 26:18 To open their eyes, and to turn them from darkness to light, and from the power of Satan unto God, that they may receive forgiveness of sins, and inheritance among them which are sanctified by faith that is in me.
Romans 2:19 And art confident that thou thyself art a guide of the blind, a light of them which are in darkness,
Romans 13:12 The night is far spent, the day is at hand: let us therefore cast off the works of darkness, and let us put on the armour of light.
1 Corinthians 4:5 Therefore judge nothing before the time, until the Lord come, who both will bring to light the hidden things of darkness, and will make manifest the counsels of the hearts: and then shall every man have praise of God.
2 Corinthians 4:6 For God, who commanded the light to shine out of darkness, hath shined in our hearts, to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ.
2 Corinthians 6:14 Be ye not unequally yoked together with unbelievers: for what fellowship hath righteousness with unrighteousness? and what communion hath light with darkness?
Ephesians 5:8 For ye were sometimes darkness, but now are ye light in the Lord: walk as children of light:
1 Thessalonians 5:5 Ye are all the children of light, and the children of the day: we are not of the night, nor of darkness.
1 Peter 2:9 But ye are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, an holy nation, a peculiar people; that ye should shew forth the praises of him who hath called you out of darkness into his marvellous light:
1 John 1:5 This then is the message which we have heard of him, and declare unto you, that God is light, and in him is no darkness at all.
1 John 2:8-9 Again, a new commandment I write unto you, which thing is true in him and in you: because the darkness is past, and the true light now shineth. He that saith he is in the light, and hateth his brother, is in darkness even until now.
17. Prophecy given to Raymond Aguilera 15 December 1990 through the 1 January 1991 in Spanish, and Non-understandable tongues.
Hear Me! Hear Me! Look at the sky. Look at the sky for here comes the time. Here comes the time and look at the signs, the signs of the Darkness, the darkness. Yes, the signs of the Darkness for the Darkness is going to the Pit. Its going to go to the Pit. The Darkness is going to go to the Pit.
220. Prophecy given to Raymond Aguilera on 2 October 1992 at 9:40 PM. in English.
Summer will not be summer. Winter will not be winter. The day of Darkness will befall you. "When the Fig Tree changes its leaves." The Power of Jehovah will be revealed with the Force of the Holy Spirit. The Root of the Fig Tree, the Root of the Fig Tree will be Watered by Jesus. When the temperature of the Planet rises, the ice of the north will melt and will begin to move. Bury your head in the Bible. Bury your head in the Word of Jehovah. Study and learn, for the mountain of water is on its way. Listen to the Word of God.
258. Prophecy given to Raymond Aguilera on 29 December 1992 at 9:40 AM. in English.
For what's before you the world has never experienced. The intensity of evil, it will increase day by day, hour by hour, minute by minute. Then it will reach a point where the end will come. We are Jehovah God, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit will know what belongs to Satan, what belongs to Jehovah God. This Purifying by fire will divide the Lambs from the goats, Good from evil, the Light from the darkness, and then We will start new. Those that Love Jehovah God, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit will go to Heaven. Those that love Lucifer will live with Lucifer. So saith Jehovah, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit.
305. Prophecy given to Raymond Aguilera on 9 March 1993 at 8:28 AM. in English.
You will be shown a light in the sky. This light will direct you, and will show you the Way, and the Path. Look to the sky. Look to the sky. Look for the light in the sky. When the light appears will be the day that you will see Peace and Tranquillity. So be strong, be brave, dig in, wait for the light in the sky, wait for the light in the sky. For the hour of darkness is upon you. The hour of darkness is upon you. So be strong, be brave, pray, and pray, and pray, unite your families, seek your brothers, and sisters in the Body of Christ, and pray, and pray, fast, and fast, and pray. Look for the light in the sky. Look for the light in the sky for the day of darkness is before you.
The enemy is there organizing, and planning, but never forget your God Jehovah. Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit are right there with you. Open your eyes. Open your ears. Repent! Repent! Look for your brothers, and sisters, and read the Bible. Read the Bible, and make yourself strong. Make yourself brave. For the hour is before you, the hour of darkness. So saith, Jehovah, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit.
441. Vision and Prophecy given to Raymond Aguilera on 23 April 1994 at 9:30 PM. in English.
During church service the Lord showed me a vision of a tall slender glass filled with water, and above this glass there was a dark cloud.
The Lord explained the dark cloud:
"I will deliver My Church from My Cup, from all darkness, from all evil. Mark My Words, I will deliver My Church; I will remove the cloud; I will remove all darkness from the Body of My Church."
587. Vision given to Raymond Aguilera on 27 September 1994 at 3:30 PM.
A vision of someone walking in total darkness with a light shining in front them. I don't know if it is a flashlight or what, but wherever this person walks in this deep dark place the light proceeds in front of him.
810. Prophecy and Vision given to Raymond Aguilera on 3 October 1995 at 8:15 PM.
During worship the Lord showed me a mixing bowl with some sort of white batter in it and one of those wire mixing instruments. Then something dark was poured into the mixing bowl. Instead of turning the batter dark in colour as it was mixed, it stayed white. The white batter turned the dark substance white in the mixing process.
811. Prophecy:
Then the Lord said, "This prophecy is for the Body of Christ. I am bringing My Body together. I am bringing in the corrupt members of the Body that have sin and are contaminated in with the good sheep and I am going to clean them up."
What struck me in this vision was the sovereignty of God, and in how we see things with our eyes. We think things are going to be one way (dark batter), but with the Lord it went the other way (white batter changed the darkness to white). He cleaned up whatever went into the mixing bowl as it was being mixed (not what we would expect). He showed me that He thinks differently, in Heavenly ways, and we think with the mind of the world. He is going to clean His bad sheep in the mixing bowl with the good ones, and the batter is going to become WHITE. This was VERY, VERY ODD seeing it in the spirit.
903. Prophecy given Raymond Aguilera on 5 May 1996 at 8:19 AM. in Spanish and English.
I want you to pick a day, any day that you want; and I want you to wear black; and I want all of your clothes to be black, from the morning to the evening. Do you understand what I have said? All the clothes that you wear must be black, for the day of darkness is here, the day of judgment, the day of wrath, the day of mourning. The day of vengeance is here, clearly and to the point. The things that the world will see, will be the cleansing of what is evil, for My Eyes and My Ears are seeing revolting things, second by second. So, I want you to wear black from the time you wake up in the morning - I want you to go and put on some black clothes, until evening. Then the next day, I want you to wear WHITE, from the time you wake up until the time it gets dark, for that's the way it will be at the end times. It will be black; then it will be white.
So, the day of darkness - the day of Light is here! Remember what I told you: From the time you get up to the time of darkness, wear black. The next day, from the time you get up to the time the sun goes down, I want you to wear all WHITE. I want you to go and buy some new, clean clothes; but they have to be WHITE, for that's the manner of God - Clean and Pure and Righteous. So be it. So be it. So be it.
904. Vision given to Raymond Aguilera on 5 May 1996 at 10 AM.
During church service, I saw a series of black arrows moving downward, and at one point in their movement, they changed into WHITE ARROWS.
1174. Prophecy given to Raymond Aguilera on 3 June 1998 at 9:15 PM. in English.
Ring the Bell! Ring the Bell! The time is here for bringing the saints together. Ring the Bell! For the calamity before you will be unbelievable; will be direct; will be to the point! Ring the Bell! Ring the Bell! For the hour and the day have been appointed. Ring the Bell! Ring the Bell!
The darkness will befall the planet, when the moon and the sun are lined up one before the other at that point in time.
1315. Prophecy given to Raymond Aguilera on 14 April 1999.
Hello Reymundo, thank you Reymundo. For all that will be, will be. My Stomach is full of spices, of minerals, of the good things of this planet. I must eat, what I must eat! I must digest, what I must digest. Some will be converted to energy for My Body. Other things will go through My Body as waste.
As the Angel of Death makes the foot prints across Europe. From Western to Eastern Europe the Blood of Jesus will cover, the things that are Mine, and will destroy the things that are not Mine. The blood of mankind will flow and stop at the river Tigris. When the blood stops, then the great battle will begin, the battle of battles, the wars of wars.
The Ark of the Covenant will be revealed. The Power of Jehovah will be revealed. All that was - will not be! All that is - will stop! All that is up will be down. What is down will be up. The Light of Jehovah will Shine in the darkness. The trail of death and destruction will follow the Angel of Death. From the west to the east, from the north to the south all of mankind will know, will taste the Angel of Death from the highest to the lowest, from the weakest to the strongest, from the youngest to the oldest, from the brave to the not so brave. The Angel of Death will cross - across, across, across, the planet of the earth.
1356. Vision given to Raymond Aguilera on 15 July 1999 at 5:54PM.
During prayer for a man that had been hit with a baseball bat, the Lord gave me a vision of a river. One side of the river was evil with darkness and on the other side there was goodness and righteousness. Then the Lord showed me a narrow bridge connecting the two banks.
Then the Lord said, "That is why I came. I am the bridge between good and evil. That is the way it is."
1390. Vision given to Raymond Aguilera on 2 August 1999 at 4:10 PM.
During the reading of the Book of Ezekiel the Lord gave me a vision. It looked like a braided fence of some sort and it was made of gold. I could see a darkness behind this fence. I could also see many, many hundreds and hundreds of eyes staring from behind the fence.
From the KJV Ezekiel Chapter 33:11.
Ezek 33:11 Say unto them, As I live, saith the Lord GOD, I have no pleasure in the death of the wicked; but that the wicked turn from his way and live: turn ye, turn ye from your evil ways; for why will ye die, O house of Israel? (Israel anointing mission trip)
1714-7. Occurrence and Vision given to Raymond Aguilera on 13 January 2003 at 2:40 AM.
Carl and I kept praying. We prayed for the breaking of the power of Islam and bondages over people. Then the Lord gave me this vision of a white massive cloud in the sky, and the cloud was shooting cloud beams down unto the darkness below.
1760. Prophecy given to Raymond Aguilera on 16 November 2003 at 8:35 AM
Pray, pray, pray, read the Bible, help your brothers and sisters and listen to Me, for you are not alone. I did not abandon you. Those that are confused will see the Light, will find that Peace in their mind, in their spirit. Remember, the River of God at times is calm, at times is moving very fast. Sometimes the river moves into this cave where there is darkness. Do not be afraid, for your God is everywhere, for darkness has nothing to do with the Light. Remember, I Protect what is Mine. Love thy neighbour as thyself, love your Father with all your heart, all your mind, all your soul, with all your being as We move through this River of Life.
1852. Prophecy given to Raymond Aguilera on 29 October 2006 at 1:05 AM
One thing to remember, Reymundo; when you have God on your side, - who can come against you?! Who can prevail? Remember My son; the things of God are the things of God. The things of man are the things of man. The two will never mix! What does Light have to do with darkness? The church of man has not become the house of prayer. It has become the house of money, the house of funds. They believe they have power. They believe they have authority. They believe they have God. What a mistake. For the things of God are Righteous. The things of God are pointed in the Bible. Some don't even believe in the Holy Spirit. How can you find God without the Holy Spirit?
1875. Prophecy given to Raymond Aguilera 18 November 2006 at 7:14 AM
There is no peace in the House of God. The powers that be are confused and are confusing My Flock. The powers that be need to repent, need to focus on Jesus Christ of Nazareth. They need to fall on their knees with tears in their eyes and ask the Lord of Lords, the King of Kings to forgive them for their evil, for their misguidance, for the pride, for everything that is not of God, the Father Jehovah, Jesus Christ of Nazareth and the Holy Spirit. Things have to change in the Body of Christ; these are not idle Words. These are the Words of God, Jehovah, Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit.
The time of man is coming to an end, so is the time of the church of man has to stop. The powers that be, will be liquidated. If you believe in Jesus, if you believe in the Father Jehovah, if you believe in the Holy Spirit, you will correct your ways, today. What does Light have to do with darkness in the Body of Christ. The pride must go! The legalism must go! The Vengeance of God is here, the Love of God is here.


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subset: commoncrawl


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Motor Vehicle Highway System Overview
Motor Vehicle Highway System Overview
The percentage of trucks subjected to roadside inspection and subsequently taken out of service dropped for the third straight year, reaching 22.3 percent in 2007 (Table 3-2-3: Roadside Truck Inspections).
The median age of trucks on our nation's highways has shown a slight increase over the past 4 years, reaching 7.3 years in 2007. The median age of cars has been increasing since the mid-1990s, reaching 9.2 years in 2007 (Table 3-2-1: Median Age of Automobiles and Trucks in Op eration in the United States).
In 2007, the total cost of operating an automobile over the highway system increased to 54 cents per mile from 52 cents per mile in 2006 (Table 3-2-2: Average Cost per Mile of Owning and Operating an Automobile).


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My Son's Experience With Asthma
Author: Rob H.
Date: 05-03-2005
Views: 4,467
Word Count: 128
Questions Received: 2
Testimonial ID: 682-OR
Brand Neutral: No
Note: Not all essential oil brands are the same quality. If you expect to achieve results similar to those described in this testimonial, then ensure that you are using oils from pesticide-free plants. Also, the brand should use 100% pure, high-quality essential oils that do not contain any synthetic additives. Do your own research or ask a trusted friend to find a brand that is reputable.
When my son was 16 months old, he was diagnosed with asthma after three trips to the Emergency Room in less than two months. We had just started using Young Living oils, and we decided to try RC oil. We put a few drops on our hands and rubbed them on his 'blankie'. We then rubbed our hands on his chest. We did this at night and once or twice during the day. Literally within two days we took him off all of his steroids and inhaled medication. Over the next six months he had a few episodes where he started to wheeze, but we immediately brought out the RC oil and we could stop the symptoms immediately. He is now 7 and has not had any symptoms.
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Alex Ovechkin's offseason was quiet. He wasn't photographed partying with Russian club dancers on a yacht in Turkey, and there were no images of him that sparked a debate about his fitness level. This summer was different. This summer, Ovechkin served as the most enthusiastic supporter — and occasional equipment bag lackey — for his now fiancee, professional tennis player Maria Kirilenko.
The routine took a little getting used to, Ovechkin admitted recently, what with going to sleep early only to rise early the next day for a practice. It wasn't how he usually spent his time away from hockey, but it offered him a different perspective, because for the first time he was supporting a professional athlete rather than competing himself.
The calmer lifestyle, he realized, wasn't so bad.
"One hundred percent, I'm settled down. It's no question," Ovechkin said. "Now I just go home [after practices] watch the movies, check out the Internet, play the video games and that's it. It's slower. My friends come here, pick me up, we go to dinner, and at 10 p.m., I'm home. It's not like I used to be, when crazy stuff happened."
Over the past week as he prepared for his eighth NHL season, which begins Saturday when the Washington Capitals visit Tampa Bay, Ovechkin has shown a different side of himself and there are subtle signs that at 27 years old he is evolving from "Young Gun" to grown-up.
Sure, he still drives an electric blue Mercedes SL65 AMG that announces his arrival anywhere with a throaty rumble, wears T-shirts that read "Am I really the prettiest one here, again?" in Russian, cracks jokes at the expense of local reporters and propels himself around the ice with unparalleled, thunderous force.
But Ovechkin has also opened up to change in his game, seeking consistent input from new Coach Adam Oates and lingering a little longer in meetings with team officials.
"There seems to be a new maturity there," General Manager George McPhee said. "Whether that comes from just aging or the relationship he has with his fiancee we don't know. But he seems like a different guy in a good way. . . . He's in no rush to go anywhere anymore."
No matter the source of Ovechkin's adjusted approach, it may be an important change for the Capitals as a whole.
"He's obviously an outstanding player and any improvements he can make in his life or his game are certainly welcome for us," McPhee added, "Because we'll only go as far as he can take us."
Those close to Ovechkin believe his relationship with Kirilenko, who is ranked 15th in the world by the Women's Tennis Association, has been a positive influence on the ebullient superstar. The two met at the 2011 U.S. Open, and there was an instant connection, Ovechkin said.
She visited him in Washington multiple times last season, and once the Capitals were eliminated from the playoffs, Ovechkin traveled with Kirilenko and her father, who is also her coach, to Wimbledon and the London Olympics. He brought his personal trainer along as well, so he could prepare for the new NHL season.
When the lockout prevented him from playing in North America, Ovechkin returned to his hometown team, Dynamo Moscow of the Kontinental Hockey League, where he played 31 games and recorded 40 points. In addition to affording him more time with his family and Kirilenko, the lockout allowed Ovechkin to reconnect with a fan base that he hadn't played in front of consistently since he was 19 years old.
There, his image adorns the side of buildings, and he proudly serves as a spokesman for the 2014 Sochi Olympics. While he played for Dynamo, hundreds of spectators would line up for his autograph at any appearance and children mobbed the team bus, just to catch a glimpse of their hero.
"To play with him in Russia, it's different," said Nicklas Backstrom, who joined Dynamo Moscow during the lockout at Ovechkin's urging. "He's a bigger character over there. Everybody knows who he is, wants to see him, watch him play."
On Dec 31, as he and Kirilenko celebrated the new year with their families, Ovechkin proposed. She had picked out a ring and already accepted, but Kirilenko wanted to surprise their parents with the news when they were all together for the holiday.
"It moved fast and it was unbelievable. It still is unbelievable," Ovechkin said. "I feel comfortable with her. Talking to her every day, she helps me. Sometimes I go home and if I was in a bad mood, when I see her I just forget about what happens here and move on."
Ovechkin ranked fifth in the NHL in goals last season with 38, but for the second straight year, he finished with career lows in points (65) and assists (27). After Bruce Boudreau was fired as coach in November 2011, Dale Hunter instituted an ultra-conservative game plan, cutting Ovechkin's minutes and clipping his offensive wings.
It was a humbling experience for the two-time Hart Trophy winner to sit on the bench, especially during the playoffs.
"It was very hard for me personally," Ovechkin said. "Sometimes you have to keep it in your inside, if you're not happy, to be good teammate."
Ovechkin doesn't hide his enthusiasm for playing an aggressive style under Oates, calling the first-year coach's strategy "perfect for us." During training camp, the two have been regularly seen discussing plays on the ice.
Oates wants to simultaneously loosen the reins on Ovechkin offensively while entrusting him with more defensive responsibility. He encouraged a shift to right wing, which could diversify Ovechkin's game, and the coach also might use him on the penalty kill.
Oates wants to make a strong connection with the face of the franchise to help him improve as a player.
"I love his enthusiasm, and obviously he's a very dynamic player. I'm going to talk to him a lot," Oates said. "The first goal for me is to get him to trust me. I want him to know that I've got his back and I do. I believe I'm that type of guy and I'm going to do everything I can to make him be successful."
Regardless of the year, supporting cast or coach, the Capitals' fortunes have been tied directly to Ovechkin's ability to make a difference. With a new outlook and style off the ice, Ovechkin seems ready for the challenge of leading another attempt at a prolonged Stanley Cup playoff run.
"I feel like he's happy," Backstrom said. "He feels good about himself and everybody knows what he's capable of doing when he feels good about himself. I think he will be as good as he wants to be."
More on the Capitals:
Caps owner Leonsis discusses the lockout
Leonsis says Ovechkin can go to Sochi games
Forum: Is Ovechkin really more mature?
Bog: Laich gets his own plush doll
Two goaltenders for the Capitals, one goal
Insider Squared: Will Ovechkin break Bondra's short-season mark?


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Modern Hieroglyphics is a San Francisco-based publication that features art and design from all over the world. Every edition contains interviews with a diverse range of artists, each with their own unique influences, stories, and backgrounds.
The 192-page second issue contains interviews and artwork by:
Type: book
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Ok 4 day cruise didn't expect much and didn't receive it: Carnival Sensation Cruise Review by SamuraiCruiser
Overall Member Rating
Ok 4 day cruise didn't expect much and didn't receive it
Destination: Bahamas
Embarkation: Port Canaveral (Orlando)
The inside cabin R45 was fine for the two of us, more than enough storage space for a short cruise. As I am a Platinum repeater with Carnival embarkation was a breeze and we were on board by 1215 PM. As I know my way around the ship I headed straight to our room even though they were not officially "ready". Found our steward for the trip nearby and he let us in to our cabin. We headed up to buffet for lunch and then I took my companion on full tour of the ship to familiarize himself with it. Back to the room to unpack. Skippped emergency drill which never changes no matter what they tell you on the loudspeaker so got the drill paper shoved under the door again!
Had a table for 2 first More sitting in Fantasy dining room. Waiter and Maitre D remembered me from my January trip so had excellent dinner time service. Food was all ok and lots of choices from their slimmed down updated menu. Unfortunately, open sitting breakfasts in the Fantasy dining room were disappointing both times that we tried them due to mixed up orders and cold and lukewarm food ( as though the waiters on duty just didnt understand English or just didnt care anymore). I spoke to the Food and Beverage manager on duty but the second day we ate at a different station/ table and it was even worse! The one and only sit down lunch on the final sea day was fine although then menu has not been updated in over 5 years!
Been to both ports many times so no shore excursions. We walked around pier area in Freeport and got a few souvenirs. In Nassau I took my friend on a walking tour all the way up to the Water Tower, Queen's Stairs, and Fort Fincastle. The elevator to the top of the tower has still not been repaired ( over 5 years now) and probably never will be so we didnt get the panoramic view I had promised. On the way back to Bay street I had a mini-stroke from over-exerting myself in the extreme heat and collapsed on the sidewalk so we had to cut our tour short and go back to the ship! I took some aspirin and rested while my companion went back on shore as he had to use an Internet cafe to send some important papers as the ship's Wi-fi is too slow and too expensive. I was fully recovered by his return so no need to abandon our cruise and fly home. Due to Hurricane Irene's imminent arrival we cut our stay short to make it back to Canaveral on time so no night life or casinos at Cable Beach or Paradise Island either.
Debarkation was a problem because the Eastern European young woman assigned to the Michaelangelo lounge was giving the Platinum and suite passengers a hard time as she did not understand her company's corporate policies at all! We escaped her clutches and made it off the ship before the rest of the poor folks trapped by her. However, the luggage tag fell off my friend's suitcase or was removed by a malicious child on board and it took us an extra 20 minutes to finally locate it. Carnival staff and Federal agents in the luggage shed were no help at all and it took a sweet young female porter to finally locate it for us. We were out of the parking lot (60 dollars for 4 days) and on the road by 9 AM even after all that aggravation.
Leave it to be said that we did not see any of the shows as I am totally over all cruise ship entertainment after so many of them. The other passenger we spoke with thought they were all ok but no big deal. The ships stores had some decent sales for duty free cigarettes and liquor and also a great tee shirt sale but their prices for perfumes, cosmetics, and jewelry can all be beaten by other stores or online websites!
Would I travel Carnival again? Of course. Im booked on the Destiny Sept 10th for 5 nights. Some cruises are just better than others and Ill keep doing it until we both get it right! Less
Published 08/28/11
Cabin review: 4AR45 Interior
R45 Inside category 4A is 9 foot 3 inches wide by 18 feet deep including the shower equipped bathroom and the closets and a faux window box so you wont get claustrophobia because of no porthole or window. very good (strong) air conditioning.Read All Interior (4A) Reviews >>
Port and Shore Excursions
Read Cruise Critic's Carnival Sensation Review >>
Ship is really showing her age
Father Son Weekend Away
Worse cruise service ever!
Wonderful Experience
First Cruise/Disappointed/ Ele...
Exceeded our expectations for ...
First Cruise Ever!
Just OK....
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Dave can smell marketing bullshit a mile away, so checks out the new RCA WiFi Energy Harvesting "Airnergy" device with some back of the envelope calculations. Marketing BS? or can it actually work?
The RCA video is HERE
and another interview HERE
EEVblog January 17, 2010 EEVblog, EEVblog - Podcast 41 Comments 4,299 Views
Dave can smell marketing bullshit a mile away, so checks out the new RCA WiFi Energy Harvesting "Airnergy" device with some back of the envelope calculations. Marketing BS? or can it actually work?
The RCA video is HERE
and another interview HERE
5 days ago
9 days ago
Dave looks at the $25 ANENG AN8008 Multimeter It has some unusually low ranges making ...
Great debunk Dave! Yeah, when I heard about this I wondered how they'd pull it off. I note it appears to have a USB plug on it. Plugging it into a computer would charge it at a reasonable clip, at least a couple of watts on the USB port.
And btw, RCA is mostly made by SGS Thompson, a French firm.
RCA is mostly made by SGS Thompson, a French firm.
Yes, the name is owned by the Thomson group.
I in fact used to work for the Thomson group (Thales).
It's a huge group, so could really be anyone, but probably TCL in China.
I saw a vid with that device as well and immediately came to the same conclusion. Hopefully it might be cheaper than making a http://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-make-a-solar-iPodiPhone-charger-aka-Might/ which I made without the solar panel.
these are product trolls, best to ignore them.
all they want is what you just gave them: attention.
btw. the battery version is probably a ripoff of the very successful minty boost by adafruit. i bet my ass that this got the same circuits inside. http://www.ladyada.net/make/mintyboost/
I don't doubt that the WiFi name was thought up by some marketing monkey, but I'm one aspect of this story interests me: What level of EM power, across *all* frequencies, not just 2.4GHz, could a small antenna pick up in an active 21st century household? I guess you'd have to assume that you had a magical rectifier. (You could be really cheeky and put your wire up against an active 50Hz household supply…)
This smacks of those silly You Tube videos you see, except this time someone's actually made a product out of it.
I agree. Absolute crap.
Hi Dave,
I had a problem up until 8 odd minutes, but then you started talking efficiency 🙂 I doubt you would charge it in 8 years 😉
Also once you get over about 60 days for nicad, not sure what the figure is for Li based packs, the internal self discharge would be higher than the charging rate 😉
Sigh when will the snake oil merchants give up 😉
I was wondering what the internal discharge rate of the battery would be. Would be nice to have something like this you could charge from the mains, then throw in your bag and know that six months later when you need it it would still be charged.
The shear number of blogs that have reposted this as a good workable idea though is some what shocking!
I don't know what the levels of a cell phone signal are but can this device harvest that?
I don't personally believe it will work even then but perhaps they believe the sheer number of sources will charge it?
It could work if you put the antenna inside of a microwave at full power! :p
Kids don
If this thing even had a chance at being able to deliver, you would end up being torn limb from limb for creating a local blackspot for wifi around you, as it harvests a lot of the energy that was meant for distant wifi users….
Pure snake oil product. My theory is – if it can't even light an led, it ain't gonna charge anything!
They may as well sell us a super efficient solar panel with a light bulb for self illuminating perpetual electricity…
Or perhaps a thermo-electric generator powered by the hot air coming out of the marketing department…
I hear ya AJ – this is absolute rubbish. I'm honestly amazed how these are allowed to be manufactured and marketed!
I was browsing lt videos and found out this one:
Where different energy sources and how much can be extracted is explained. Starts on about 3:00
A research group at MIT has developed a functioning magnetic harmonic resonance induction system (shades of N. Tesla) that actually works. It is a long way from functioning on a broad scale. I did see a demo of the system that was used to power a wide screen plasma TV and an iphone. It can be done but perhaps not via WiFi.
Yup, I thought about that too. The MIT thing works in the near field and has a 'relatively' low frequency… a large wavelength. In the near field (I think) you can have a cross section that is much bigger than the physical size of the antenna… Then in the far field the cross section can be as large as the square of the wavelength (With a factor of pi somewhere.) But that's almost exactly 10 cm. The number that Dave used.
Well done Dave,
George H.
It's an interesting project but not for powering up home appliances. Anyone who argues it can be used for such purpose is not very different from these RCA guys.
Both high-Q LC circuits are tuned so that their current phases are opposite. That cancels out (mostly, and only at a very near range) magnetic field between them. But, there is simply too much field being produced in the first place. Just think of how much energy has to be stored in the LC tanks so that after loading them with, say, 100W they still have a Q factor of ~100.
Hi, Dave!
Saw an advert and it looks interesting: TI's programmable watches with wireless interface and some sensors in it.
The con I see is that you're stuck with TI's chips cause I guess they use SimpliciTI protocol for wireless connection. First time I've heard of it.
And their way of reprogramming device is crappy! You should open it! Why not have wireless bootloader out of the box!!!
So what do you think of it?
Yeah, I've seen it and it's quite neat and seems great value.
Might have to get one just for the heck of it!
There are a depressing number of these around at the moment. The BBC did an article on some device to bring the house mains voltage down to nominal volts. (In the UK that is 240V – generally the mains supply is a bit higher 247V typical).
They started quoting all sorts of savings. Apparently a switch mode mains supply will save 30% energy. Now I'm forced to explain to people who don't know the first thing about it how it will never save that much if anything at all.
But it must do – it was on the news.
Ont thing you didnt mention is that wifi accesspoints are not transmitting all the time – only when needed other than a beacon.
So unless you are downloading a lot (and not uploading, since that would mean it would be receiving more) the figures are gonna be even worse.
Dear Dave,
Don't you mean cubic meters, not square meters?
Thanks Dave,
For anyone else a little confused by capture area here is a good explanation: http://www.w8ji.com/capture_area_ae_effective_aperture.htm
If one were to build a perfect antenna that could absorb all frequencies of radio energy in the air, how much energy could one harvest? How much radio energy is in the air at any given time? Is there any way to measure this?
Correct me if I'm wrong, but that isn't even a constant 100mW. If you've got a digital signal, that's intermittent by nature. Not to mention power is only present when a signal is being transmitted. An inactive router doesn't give off much, if any, residual power.
Correct, I was working with the ideal case just for argument.
Well done, sir. I have been telling RCA (a subsidiary of Audiovox) that their story is nonsense. I have also told a number of journalists, some of whom have quoted me. I do chair an International Standards committee on Energy Harvesting and am applled at the damage that these stupid stories do to companies that have energy harvesting products that really work. I did manage to get a retraction out of Nokia in June wityh their similar story but RCA are proving more difficult.
Please keep up the good work – bad science must be exposed
What about the Palm Pre (induction?) charging?
It's wireless and doesn't require 7 years to charge! What's going on here?!
Two coils, essentially an air coil transformer, and in close proximity. And a bit more than 100mW input.
hi dear Dave
how are u today?
i need to be a circuit which derived the shave machine (Philips)
please sent its schematic
tanks a lot
WTF is this?!!!
Great video. 'The free energy scams busted' vidoes always bring a lot of negative comments from the 'believers' though.
It seems more and more commonplace that people get sucked in by 'overunity' scams and the like.
Another interesting one to look at is the EEstor cell, a 52kw/h ultracapacitor that can be charged in 3-5 minutes, apparently. It would be interesting if you could do a video blog on these sorts of technologies and their potential.
always watching, keep it up!
If you want to charge it really fast, just throw it in the microwave. 😉
I'm gonna buy one just to try this.
No worries– I'm going to do it outside.
Take a look at this:
Could you comment it? 🙂
That circuit does capture energy from radio waves, and it could even get 50 volts or higher. However once you put a load on it it will collapse because the current available is next to none.
The mobile phone charging is just a hoax, he used an actual cellphone charger which wasn't in the field of view of the camera.
The mobile phone charging is not a hoax. The device contains a high capacity lithium ion battery that is perfectly capable of charging a phone. The battery was pre-charged and hence was able to charge the phone. There is nothing off-camera, that's just silly. The hoax part is about the harvesting of the wifi energy to charge the battery.
Dave this blog of yours sometimes remind me that having too much knowledge is bad. The majority of the people to stumble upon this product will probably say that the technology is cool and move along and never hear of it again due to the product failing before even hitting the mainstream.
My friends usually give me "great" ideas about projects that no one has ever done before and I'm always the one to deliver the news that the idea won't work because of the concept and physics won't add up to a working product.
I guess this is a disadvantage of being an engineer/scientist. Ignorance is a blizz as they say.
There are some real world applications of such energy harvesting but they are all limited to powering up things like autonomous single-chip systems (RFID's, sensor networks etc).
Your calculations are actually fairly accurate. People generally use dedicated larger power (0.5~4W) dedicated RF transmitters, directional transmitter antennas, but then there are losses in the rectifier circuit, reflections, longer distance etc. The circuit I worked on could actually produce ~100uW of DC power at 4m range, which was enough for supplying a rather non-trivial system.
Has anyone tried to put the airnergy in a microwave oven? There should be enough 2.4GHz energy in there to make it work…
It might even release the magic smoke.
I think energy harvesting is a really nice tech which is spawning lots of cool devices, like microcontrollers, sensors, transmitters, which have nanowatt sleep power and can wake up and do their job using a tiny amount of energy… Lots of cool applications.
The EEVblog Store generally ships twice a week, on Tuesdays & Fridays, Sydney time.


text:
A Buyer's Guide to Sugar Substitutes
The good, the bad and the unacceptable.
Here's a rundown of some FDA-cleared sweeteners—which have also earned the go-ahead from major health organizations, like the American Heart Association. To get FDA approval, manufacturers must submit dozens of tests to prove safety, and establish maximum intake levels (called Acceptable Daily Intake, or ADI). However, some groups, like the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI), quibble with the quality of these studies, which are usually conducted by the manufacturers themselves, or companies they hire. A handful of sweeteners, such as stevia leaf extract, are classified by the FDA as GRAS—Generally Recognized as Safe. Even though "natural" sugar substitutes like these are often perceived as healthier options, GRAS sugar substitutes usually don't have as much safety data as approved additives. And with the science changing all the time, it's worth using any of them sparingly. See the guide below for information about each sweetener.
Related Articles
"NATURAL" SWEETENERS: Stevia Leaf Extract (Rebiana)• Truvia
• PureVia
• SweetLeaf
• OnlySweet
• Stevia in the Raw
Regulatory status = FDA GRAS status
ADI for adults (number of packets) = 9 packets
Where you'll find it
Tabletop sweeteners (also sold in blends with sugar, such as PureVia or Born Sweet Zing, at 8 to 10 calories per teaspoon).
The scoop
Coveted as a natural alternative sweetener, this no-cal extract from the leafy, green stevia plant has a licorice-y, slightly bitter aftertaste, so it often appears in blends. The FDA has only approved highly purified stevia extracts (Rebaudioside A, or Reb A) for use as sweeteners, because safety data is lacking on whole-leaf stevia's effects on the cardiovascular, urinary and reproductive systems. Whole stevia leaves, or products containing "crude stevia extracts" or "whole leaf stevia"—which are sold at some health-food stores—are not approved by the FDA.


text:
Rent One Hot Day 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Mike Miller. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Stephens Press, LLC.
Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our tutors now.


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DAVIE, Fla. (AP) - Tackle Bryant McKinnie was traded Monday by the Baltimore Ravens to the Miami Dolphins, who needed to shore up a leaky offensive line.
The 34-year-old McKinnie will likely compete for playing time with right tackle Tyson Clabo, who allowed two fourth-quarter sacks in Miami's loss Sunday to Buffalo and has given up seven sacks this season.
''It's a good move for us, good move for Bryant,'' Harbaugh said.
The Dolphins (3-3) haven't won in a month. In the past three games, they've allowed 12 sacks and committed seven turnovers - all by harried quarterback Ryan Tannehill. The team's downward spiral threatens to gain momentum with the next two games against division leaders New England and Cincinnati.
Tannehill leads the NFL with 26 sacks, but coach Joe Philbin resisted any temptation to shake up the offensive line when the team had a bye before the Buffalo game. Tannehill's fumble when he was sacked by Mario Williams in the closing minutes led to a Bills field goal that gave them a 23-21 victory.
Williams used a power rush on the play to beat Clabo, who took the blame.
The 6-foot-8, 352-pound McKinnie missed the first day of training camp this summer for being overweight. He started the first five games but lost his job to Eugene Monroe and was inactive for the first time in his career for the Ravens' two most recent games.
Last year McKinnie came off the bench during the regular season, then was a key figure in Baltimore's run to the Super Bowl title, starting all four playoff games.
McKinnie, who played in college for the Miami Hurricanes, has never missed a game because of injury. He played for the Vikings in 2002-10 and made the Pro Bowl in 2009.
AP Sports Writer David Ginsburg in Baltimore contributed to this report.
AP NFL website: www.pro32.ap.org and http://twitter.com/AP-NFL
Follow Steven Wine on Twitter: http://twitter.com/Steve-Wine
Copyright 2017 by STATS LLC and Associated Press.
Any commercial use or distribution without the express written
consent of STATS LLC and Associated Press is strictly prohibited.


text:
Cast: Raylene, Capri Cavanni, Zoey Holloway, Mellanie Monroe, Rhylee Richards, Kala Prettyman, Anna Marie, Jaylene Rio, Gisselle, Loona Luxx, J Love, Jennifer Adams
Featuring Zoe Holloway!
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text:
Heather Woodbury's "As the Globe Warms"
Presented by Vortex Repertory Company at The VORTEX
October 19 - November 11, 2012
A new American soap opera in six parts
written and performed by Heather Woodbury and directed by Michael Yawney
As the Globe Warms follows Lorelei Ray, the home-schooled daughter of a Pentecostal preacher who finds herself mysteriously "speaking in the tongues" of endangered animals and sharing these possessions on-line with a growing following of Evangelical youth. When handsome herpetologist Reed Ferris arrives in her small town, determined to try to save the local "Butterscotch frog" from extinction, an unlikely friendship forms, creating far-reaching consequences for the people and creatures of Vane Springs, Nevada. In the mix are Tea Party zealots, closeted gay evangelicals, a working class family on the brink of extinction, and eyewitness reports from whales, polar bears, bees, bats and frogs.
2307 Manor Road
Austin, TX 78722
Admission Info:
$30-$10Limited Seating.
Advanced Purchase Recommended.
$30-$25 Priority Seating
$15-$20 General Admission
$10 Starving Artists
6 Night VIP Passes (Purchase by 10/15):
$125 Gold Priority Pass or $75 Silver General Admission Pass
Available only through The VORTEX Box Office at 512-478-5282. For advanced purchase only by 10/15. Pass-holders must RESERVE tickets for all 6 nights.
General Day and Time Info:
October 19 -November 11, 2012 8pm (6 Parts)
Part 1 (Episodes 1&2): Oct. 19 (Fri), Oct. 31 (Wed)
Part 2 (Episodes 3&4): Oct. 20 (Sat), Nov. 1 (Thu), Nov. 2 (Fri)
Part 3 (Episodes 5&6): Oct. 21 (Sun), Nov. 3 (Sat), Nov. 4 (Sun)
Part 4 (Episodes 7&8): Oct. 24 (Wed), Oct. 25 (Thu), Nov. 7 (Wed)
Part 5 (Episodes 9&10): Oct. 26 (Fri), Nov. 8 (Thu), Nov. 9 (Fri)
Part 6 (Episodes 11&12): Oct. 27 (Sat), Oct. 28 (Sun), Nov. 10 (Sat), Nov. 11 (Sun)
Phone: 512-478-5282
Accessibility Information: Currently, no accessibility information is available for this event.
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How do I make payment online for a flight change on my itinerary?
Retrieve your itinerary on Manage My Booking and you'll be able to make payment online. Otherwise, please use these other channels to contact us: Live Chat, e-form, https://twitter.com/askairasia, or click here for our contact centre numbers, locations of our sales offices and airport sales counters.
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text:
described in many creation stories, life began
in vast deep waters. For thousands of years
even peoples who had never seen the ocean believed
that land had risen out of the water. Every
culture took a different view of the ocean,
however, some regarding it as hell and others
as a mother, a god, or life itself. And these
conceptions also varied over time. But what
was unchanging was the fascination the sea exerted
over human beings, providing food and life to
some, and carrying others off, never to be seen
again. The ocean symbolised the unfathomable
limits of human journeying, the unknown and
inaccessible. It has kept secrets even from
modern man who has crossed the empty depths
of space to reach the moon.
knowledge acquired by science 4.6 billion years
after the earth formed is not so very different
from the myths and legends of previous ages.
In the primitive oceans of 3.5 billion years
ago, a reaction that took place between methane,
ammoniac, hydrogen and water vapour led to the
miraculous emergence of the first life forms,
and for the next 3 billion years single-celled
organisms ruled the world alone. Then a sudden
rise in oxygen levels in the atmosphere 570
million years ago led in just 5 million years
to what 3 billion years had not sufficed to
achieve before: the evolution of a multitude
of different life forms. The sea sent some of
its creatures onto land. Some species evolved
only to become extinct, leaving traces of their
existence imprinted in rock.
The sea creatures whose diversity is reminiscent
of the infinity of the university are a remarkable
component of life and dreams. Who can remain
unaffected by the mysterious beauty of a starfish
or sea anemone?
The sea is indeed life itself, with its swings
of mood from blue calm to angry waves of steel
grey, its smell and taste, breadth and depth,
and the strange variety of creatures who inhabit
those depths.
First were the waters...
Serpil Sofuoglu Gungor is a freelance writer.


text:
Posted by Adam Solomon on March 13th, 2008. Connect with us on Google+.
The overall weakness in Sterling pushed up exports to the highest level in 18-months while the gap in trade shrank for the second month in a row and the report indicates that net trade may support economic expansion this year.
The ongoing crisis in credit threatens to weigh on consumer spending and the Bank of England is relying on a weaker Pound to encourage exports and offset a decline in retail sales.
Sterling has dropped almost 8% in value over the past six months as the collapse of the U.S subprime mortgage market prompted bank losses and write-downs totalling $190 billion to date.
The subsequent impact on consumer and business sentiment is expected to slow the UK economy to an annual pace of 1.6% in the fourth quarter of 2008, matching the weakest rate since 1993.
The Chancellor of the Exchequer Alistair Darling delivered his maiden budget yesterday and the tone of his statement seemed to indicate that the economy would benefit from further monetary easing.
Nevertheless, the Pound stood firm and finished the day virtually unchanged against the Euro despite renewed speculation of an April rate cut.
The overwhelming strength of the Euro continued yesterday as the single currency rose to a fresh record high against the Dollar, closing above the psychologically important 1.5500 level amid hawkish commentary from a number of ECB officials.
The continual rise in oil prices combined with a drop in U.S credit spending have contributed to the Dollar's decline while the ECB President, Jean-Claude Trichet, gave a speech with the Gulf Cooperation council.
In his statement, Trichet repeated his distaste for excessive moves in the currency market but warned that it is very important for the Central Bank to anchor inflation expectations.
Despite the strength of the Euro and the possible implications to the economy, the ECB are still more concerned about inflation and determined to act to ensure that risks to price stability do not materialise.
As a result, the positive momentum surrounding the Euro is likely to continue over the coming weeks as a barrage of positive economic reports provide some optimism that the Euro-zone economy will withstand a U.S led economic slowdown.
The ailing U.S Dollar fell to a record low against the Euro yesterday and stood just a few pips above an 8-year low versus the Japanese Yen as the latest downside move in the currency and bond markets suggests that traders are suspicious of the Fed's actions on Tuesday.
Initially, the market reacted positively to news that the Fed, in conjunction with other Central Banks, will inject $200 billion in liquidity into the banking system to provide some relief to financial institutions.
Fed Fund Futures indicated that that the FOMC will resist another substantial interest rate cut this month but yesterday traders were pricing in a 74% probability of a 75 basis point reduction on the 18th March.
As a result, the Dollar has fallen heavily against the majors and that trend looks set to continue today as U.S retail sales probably declined in February following a significant increase in food and energy costs.
Data Released 13th March
EU 08:00 ECB Monthly Bulletin Published
U.S 12:30 Import Prices / Export Prices (February)
U.S 12:30 Initial Jobless Claims (w/e 7th March)
U.S 12:30 Retail Sales (February)
U.S 14:00 Business Inventories (January)
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text:
Voters have figured out that President Obama has no message, no agenda and not even much of an explanation for what he has done over the past four years. His campaign is based entirely on persuading people that Mitt Romney is a uniquely bad man, entirely dedicated to the rich, ignorant of the problems of the average person. As long as he could run his negative ads, the campaign at least kept voters away from the Romney bandwagon. But once we all met Mitt Romney for three 90-minute debates, we got to know him — and to like him. He was not the monster Obama depicted, but a reasonable person for whom we could vote.
As we stripped away Obama's yearlong campaign of vilification, all the president offered us was more servings of negative ads — ads we had already dismissed as not credible. He kept doing the same thing even as it stopped working.
Read more: http://nation.foxnews.com/2012-presidential-election/2012/10/31/dick-morris-here-comes-landslide#ixzz2AszBmpif
Dick Morris: Here Comes The Landslide
Current Status: Blessed (1)
Seeded on Wed Oct 31, 2012 7:12 AM
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Researched and written
© Scotland Talking 1992
Photograph of Glencoe copyright of the Scottish Tourist Board
|"You are hereby ordered to fall upon the rebels, the MacDonalds of Glencoe, and put all to the sword under seventy. You are to have a special care that the old fox and his sons do upon no account escape your hands. You are to secure all the avenues that no man escape."
But that stillness, that solemnity which impresses itself upon every traveller can never, with any certainty, be attributed solely to the desolate appearance of the glen. It's not hard to imagine that it emanates, rather, from something much more intangible. Three hundred years ago, in the early hours of a cold February morning, the snow covered valley of Glencoe was stained with the blood of the unsuspecting MacDonalds, executed by order of the Sovereign.
At the end of August 1691, King William III had published a proclamation, offering an amnesty to the highlanders who had fought for James VII (&II of England), conditional upon their swearing an oath of allegiance before the 1st of January, and on penalty of military execution after that date.
The taking of such an oath must have seemed, to someone not particularly troubled by a sense of honour, a simple task to which there could be no impediment other than obstinacy but, to the Highlanders, there was more than just the distasteful matter of their submission to the Crown. The Jacobite clans had already sworn an oath of allegiance to King James, now in exile in France. A further oath to King William could clearly have no meaning unless James could be persuaded to release them from the first.
Ambassadors were sent to await the exiled King's decision, a decision which was not forthcoming until the 12th of December, 19 days before the amnesty was due to expire. It would take nine of these for the ambassador to journey back to Edinburgh and then several days more before messengers could reach the first of the chieftains. It was no earlier than the 29th of December when Alexander MacDonald, traditionally known as MacIain, clan chief of the MacDonalds of Glencoe received word that King James had considered the safety of the clans and that they were all discharged of their allegiance to him. In common with other chiefs who had supported the Jacobite cause, MacDonald, perhaps with as much relief as reluctance, resolved to accept the amnesty and swear his allegiance to King William.
Throughout his life, this Godfather-like figure had earned and been accorded the utmost respect from his people. To be forced to swear allegiance to King William was a wound to his pride and much has been made of the fact that MacDonald left the taking of the oath until the last possible minute but the facts tell a different story.
On the morning of the 30th of December he set off for the newly built Fort William at Inverlochy, arriving in the small hours of the 31st, the last day allowed by the proclamation. He presented himself to Colonel John Hill, the Governor of Fort William, and asked him to administer the oath of allegiance. The ruling, however, was quite clear... only the civil magistrate of the district could administer the oath. In spite of MacDonald's protest that no magistrate could have been reached before the day was out, Hill had no choice but to advise MacDonald to undertake, instantly, the 74 mile journey to Inverary. He gave him a letter to present to Sir Colin Campbell, the sheriff of Argyllshire requesting Sir Colin to administer the oath and suggesting that "a lost sheep" might be welcome at any time.
The chieftain left Fort William immediately. His journey took him through mountains almost impassable at that time of year, the country being covered with a deep snow yet, in his anxiety to reach Inverary, he made as much speed as possible, not even stopping to tell his family what was happening, though he passed within half a mile of his own house.
About half-way to his destination, passing through Barcaldine Estate, he was seized by a group of Grenadiers under the command of Captain Thomas Drummond of Argyll's regiment. He had, of course, in his possession, the letter from Colonel Hill proving the urgency of his business. This was enough to persuade Drummond to lock him up for 24 hours, thereby ensuring that he could not possibly complete the journey in time.
He eventually arrived at Inverary on the 2nd, only to be told that Sir Colin Campbell had not yet returned from the New Year's festivities. He had to wait a further 3 days to meet the sheriff and then, as the time allowed under the proclamation had clearly expired, Sir Colin, at first, refused to administer the oath. In the end, however, persuaded of the gravity of MacDonald's situation, the sheriff relented and, on the 6th of January 1692, the oath of allegiance was administered to MacIain - Alexander MacDonald, Clan Chief, of the MacDonalds of Glencoe. MacDonald then returned home, confident that, having done his utmost to comply with the injunction, he and his people were free from danger.
For all the bad blood which existed between the Campbell and the MacDonald clans, Sir Colin Campbell appears to have been anxious to see that no action be taken against Glencoe for the transgression which seemed, after all, to amount to no more than a technicality.
In his reply to Colonel Hill's letter, he writes,
"I endeavoured to receive the great lost sheep, Glencoe, and he has undertaken to bring in all his friends and followers as the Privy Council shall order. I am sending to Edinburgh that Glencoe, though he was mistaken in coming to you to take the oath of allegiance, might yet be welcome. Take care that he and his followers do not suffer till the King and Council's pleasure be known."
He then sent, to his sheriff-clerk in Edinburgh, another Colin Campbell, the letter which he had received from Colonel Hill, together with a certificate testifying that MacDonald, amongst others, had taken the oath. He asked the sheriff-clerk to lay the documents before the Privy Council and to report back with the Council's decision regarding MacDonald's oath. Sheriff-clerk Campbell, however, like many of his profession, had an abhorrence of all things irregular, and like many of his name, an equal abhorrence of all things MacDonald.
Some furtive discussions now took place, involving other lawyers, clerks to the Council and certain Privy Councillors, in an unofficial capacity. As a result of these discussions, it fell upon Campbell to eliminate a possibility which had occurred to them all... that the Privy Council might just let MacDonald off the hook. If the question of Glencoe's tardy oath, with all its legal implications and political ramifications had taken up much of their time, the solution, once decided, was quick... The sheriff-clerk simply scored MacDonald's name off the certificate.
The rich and colourful yet frequently violent history of the Highlands of Scotland owes much to both the Campbells and the MacDonalds, and the number of enemies that the Glencoe Clan had made was, to them, a matter of pride rather than regret but that this official should take so much upon himself is hardly explained by his traditional enmity towards the MacDonalds. He defaced the certificate in the sure and certain knowledge that he was pleasing his superiors and in particular, the subtle and ruthless personage of the Scottish Secretary, Sir John Dalrymple, Master of Stair.
Dalrymple's contempt for the highlanders, and the MacDonalds in particular, is a matter of record. The hatred which all but consumed this powerful player in Scottish politics can be glimpsed in his letter of the 7th January to Sir Thomas Livingston, the Commander-in-Chief of the King's forces in Scotland,
"you know, in general, that these troops posted at Inverness and Inverlochie will be ordered to take in the house of Invergarry, and to destroy entirely the country of Lochaber, Lochiel's lands, Keppoch's, Glengarie's, Appin and Glencoe. I assure you your power shall be full enough, and I hope the soldiers will not trouble the Government with prisoners."
There followed a brief period of confusion as to who had and had not taken the oath but on the 11th of January, Dalrymple despatched a set of instructions empowering Livingston to enforce the penalties of the proclamation upon all the so-called rebel clans, the document being signed both at the beginning and the end by the King.
"You are hereby ordered and authorised to march our troops which are now posted at Inverlochy and Inverness and to act against these Highland rebels who have not taken the benefit of our indemnity, by fire and sword and all manner of hostility; to burn their houses, seize or destroy their goods or cattle, plenishings or clothes, and to cut off the men."
The King's orders also allowed Livingston to show mercy and to take the chieftains as prisoners of war, provided they then take the oath but, as before, these orders were accompanied by Dalrymple's letter which reads,
"Only just now, my Lord Argyle tells me that MacDonald of Glencoe has not taken the oath, at which I rejoice. It is a great work of charity to be exact in rooting out that damnable sept, the worst of the Highlands."
Now, with the official confirmation that MacDonald had not sworn, the extensive military exercise, previously planned, was no longer necessary. A quick, brutal, punitive strike against Glencoe would suffice to bring the other rebel clans to heel and the bulk of King William's forces could be released for more important duties on the Continent.
Further orders bearing the date of the 16th of January, again signed and countersigned by the King were despatched by Dalrymple. The fourth clause sealed the fate of Glencoe and his people.
"If MacIain of Glencoe, and that tribe, can be well separated from the rest, it will be a proper vindication of the public justice to extirpate that set of thieves."
Immediately on receipt of his instructions, Livingston wrote not to Colonel Hill but to his deputy, Lieutenant-Colonel Hamilton, who, unlike his superior, could be relied upon "not to reason why." In this letter, he points out that this would be a good occasion for Hamilton to show that his garrison served for some use. The instructions were clear: he should begin with MacIain of Glencoe, spare nothing of what belongs to him... and then, a familiar phrase, "not to trouble the Government with prisoners."
In preparation to carrying out the massacre, two companies of Argyle's
regiment, a total of about 120 men, under the command of Captain Robert
Campbell of Glenlyon, were ordered to proceed to Glencoe by the beginning
of February, and under pretext, to remain there and await further orders.
Glenlyon had a well-justified personal grudge against the MacDonalds of Glencoe who, less than two years since, returning from battle, had left a wake of destruction as they passed through his estate. It may be mere coincidence that Campbell of Glenlyon was chosen for this task but the fact that this enemy of the MacDonalds also had a niece who was married to MacDonald's younger son was certainly no disadvantage to Dalrymple's strategy.
It's also interesting that Campbell was in charge not only of his own company of infantrymen but also the battalion's finest and most trusted troops, the grenadiers. Their own captain would be absent until the eve of the massacre and with very good reason: he was the same Captain Thomas Drummond whom Glencoe had encountered on his way to take the oath of allegiance.
In order to persuade the MacDonalds that this military force presented no threat to them, an explanation was contrived to the effect that their sole purpose in being in Glencoe was to collect arrears of taxes in the surrounding area and that they sought convenient quarters to enable them to perform that duty. They had, in their possession, proof of this bogus assignment: papers, signed by a now deeply troubled Colonel Hill, the Governor of Fort William. They also gave their word that they came as friends and that no harm would be done to the person or properties of the chief and his tenants. They and their men were made welcome by the MacDonald families and given free lodgings in the villages throughout the glen. For twelve days, they were entertained by Glencoe, his family and his people. Indeed, almost every day, Glenlyon visited his niece, Sarah, and young Sandy MacDonald, enjoying, in the traditions of Highland hospitality, a regular drink in their company.
It is remarkable that this Government who sought to bind the Highland clans by their honour in an oath of allegiance, should choose to resolve their own difficulties by unprecedented dishonour and treachery but Dalrymple's plot amounted to no more, and no less.
The true circumstances of MacDonald's transgression had soon been swept under the carpet and a general enthusiasm to make an example of the MacDonalds had gathered an unseemly momentum. Dalrymple maintained his pressure on the military, inciting them to the carnage. On the 30th of January, in a letter to Sir Thomas Livingston, he wrote,
"I am glad Glencoe did not come within the time prescribed. I hope what's done there may be done in earnest, since the rest of them are in no condition to draw together to help. I think to plunder their cattle and burn their houses would only make them desperate men, who would live outside the law and rob their neighbours but I know you will agree that it will be a great advantage to the nation, when that thieving tribe is rooted out and cut off."
On the same day, in a letter to Colonel Hill, he says,
"when it comes the time to deal with Glencoe, let it be secret and sudden. It is better not to meddle with them at all, if it cannot be done to purpose, and better to cut off that nest of robbers who have fallen foul of the law, now, when we have both the power and the opportunity. When the full force of the King's Justice is seen to come down upon them, that example will be as conspicuous and useful as is his clemency to others.
"I understand the weather is so bad that you will be unable to move for some time but I know you will be in action as soon as possible, for these false people will not hesitate to attack you if they come to suspect you might be a threat to them."
Finally, on the 12th of February, at Dalrymple's absolute insistence, Colonel Hill, gave the order to Lieutenant-Colonel Hamilton, to execute the instructions already in his possession.
A simultaneous assault on key locations in Glencoe was determined for 7 a.m. the following morning. To one location, Hamilton was to take a party of Hill's regiment. Several posts were assigned to a detachment of Argyll's regiment under the command of Major Robert Duncanson, now encamped in readiness only a few miles from Glencoe on the other side of Loch Leven, and at his quarters in the very midst of the MacDonalds, Captain Campbell of Glenlyon was finally instructed as to the true object of his mission. The orders came from Duncanson and, in the first three sentences, the full horror of Glenlyon's task was made brutally clear.
"You are hereby ordered to fall upon the rebels, the MacDonalds of Glencoe, and put all to the sword under seventy. You are to have a special care that the old fox and his sons do upon no account escape your hands. You are to secure all the avenues that no man escape."
[And then, in the next line, .... a deliberate error...]
"This you are to put in execution at five of the clock precisely; and by that time, or very shortly after it, I'll strive to be at you with a stronger party. If I do not come to you at five, you are not to tarry for me but to fall on.
[By a simple matter of bringing the time of the assault forward by two hours, Duncanson effectively puts half a mile of Loch Leven water between himself and the massacre. He concludes with all the authority and threat that might be expected of him.]
"This is by the King's special command, for the good and safety of the country that these miscreants be cut off root and branch. See that this be put in execution without feud or favour, else you may expect to be dealt with as one not true to King nor Government, nor a man fit to carry Commission in the King's service. Expecting you will not fail in the fulfilling hereof, as you love yourself. I subscribe these with my hand at Ballachulish, February 12th, 1692.
Robert Duncanson."
As Campbell of Glenlyon considered his orders, two officers under Hamilton's command to the north were being held under close arrest for putting conscience before duty and refusing to march on Glencoe.
It is to the eternal shame of Glenlyon and, to an extent, every man who bears the name Campbell, that, after almost a fortnight of living under the same roof as the MacDonalds, and of sharing their table, while the drink, the wit and the conversation flowed ever more freely, he did not follow the same course as these two officers who broke their swords and "damn the consequences."
That evening, Campbell of Glenlyon carried out the final spurious gesture of friendship by playing cards with John and Alexander MacDonald, the sons of the chieftain. He had also accepted an invitation from MacIain himself to dine with him the following day.
In the early hours of Saturday the 13th of February, while the rest of the valley slept, Campbell's men were making ready for the assault. Stealth was central to the success of whole operation yet it was soldiers calling to him from outside his window which woke John MacDonald, the elder son of the chief.
Before he could make any sense of the incident, they were gone, the shouts now muffled and fading in the heavy snow. It was impossible to tell.... had it been a prank or had the soldiers been trying to warn him of something? Whatever their intent, there was military activity afoot and, at such an hour, it at least warranted investigation. He got dressed and made his way to Glenlyon's quarters at the village of Inveriggan but he was unprepared for the scene which confronted him on his arrival. The whole detachment was present and preparations for an imminent action were well under way.
If MacDonald's alarm caused him to hold back for a moment, the appearance
of the senior officer, the now familiar figure of Campbell of Glenlyon,
who, only hours ago, had been his adversary over the card table,
must have restored his confidence. He asked, outright, for an explanation.
Glenlyon confided that the troops had orders to march against some of Glengarry's men and assured him that there was no hostile intention towards the MacDonalds. Indeed, it was foolish to think otherwise for if, God forbid, he was contemplating any action against Glencoe, would he not have told Sandy and his own niece?
The explanation could not have been more simple, nor the argument more plausible. It may have left MacDonald perplexed, his instinct telling him one thing, his reason insisting upon another, but he returned to his home and his bed.
He was prevented from sleeping by his old servant who was finding the story hard to accept. Something, he felt, just didn't ring true. ...and where was MacDonald of Inveriggan? Why was he not up and about? Was it not strange that with all this going on over there that not one of the MacDonalds had stirred? It was indeed strange but John MacDonald was satisfied that Glenlyon had spoken the truth... then again, if the old man insisted upon keeping vigil, he saw no reason to stop him.
Within minutes, the servant was back in the room. There were troops approaching the house. Even before the man had finished speaking, MacDonald was out of bed and at the door, shouting back instructions to waken his brother, Sandy. The troops weren't far off. He made their number to be about twenty. They carried muskets with fixed bayonets.
Moments later, the soldiers had the house surrounded. The door
was thrown open and they burst in. They searched every room, though
it had been obvious from the start - the family had gone and, their tracks
being covered by the blizzard, pursuit would be futile. This, however,
was possibly the last time that the bitter wind and driving snow would
be a friend to the MacDonalds of Glencoe.
The massacre commenced at five o' clock in three villages at once. At his quarters at Inveriggan, Campbell of Glenlyon ordered that nine men who had been bound and gagged for the past few hours be dealt with. They were taken outside and shot, one by one. MacDonald of Inveriggan, Glenlyon's own host for the past fortnight, was one of these. This man had in his possession a letter of protection signed by Colonel Hill.
High in the hill above the village of Auchnaion, the shots were heard by John and Sandy MacDonald, their families and their servants, but the real extent of the butchery at Inveriggan could not be imagined. Captain Thomas Drummond was there and making his presence felt. Glenlyon had been reluctant to take the life of a young man of about twenty years of age, but he was challenged by Drummond who was not a man to allow compassion, to interfere with his duty. Why, in view of the orders, was this man still alive? Before Glenlyon could venture an answer, the young man was shot dead. Drummond also ran his dagger through the body of a 12 year old boy who had grasped Campbell by the legs, offering to go anywhere with him if he would spare his life.
The cruelty at Inveriggan included the slaughter of a woman and her five year old son, but instances of an equal barbarity were to be found elsewhere that morning. At Carnoch, the pretence of friendship was carried as far as the chieftain's door when Glenlyon's junior officer, Lieutenant Lindsay, arrived with a party of soldiers. After making their apologies to the servant for calling so early, MacIain's murderers were actually invited into the house.
Glencoe was shot twice as he was getting out of bed and fell lifeless in front of his wife. One ball entered the back of his head, the other penetrated his body. His wife was stripped naked and thrown out of the house. One of the soldiers is said to have pulled the rings from her fingers with his teeth and then she was left to lie in the snow. She died the following day.
At the laird's house in the village of Auchnaion, a group of nine men
were gathered round the fire. They had been wakened in the early
hours when the soldiers who were staying with them were first drawn out
of the houses. A detail under the command of Sergeant Barber who
had been quartered in that very house put an end to their discussion.
Five of the men were killed instantly and another three were wounded.
MacDonald of Auchintriaten, who died there in his brother's house,
had, in his pocket, a letter of protection signed by Colonel Hill.
Three men escaped by the back of the house but Auchintriaten's brother
remained, motionless, on the floor. Barber was about to finish him
off when the MacDonald asked if he was to be killed under the roof that
they had shared for the past fortnight. The sergeant conceded the
point. Since he'd been eating MacDonald's meat, he would do him the
favour of killing him outside. Two soldiers escorted him out but,
once through the door, MacDonald threw his plaid over their faces and he,
too, escaped and lived to recount the story.
Some told of soldiers who deliberately allowed men to slip away or who fired over the heads of the men they had been ordered to pursue but the few pathetic accounts of an escape from the slaughter are eclipsed by the catalogue of utter misery and agony inflicted in the name of righteousness and justice.
Throughout the glen, men were dragged from their beds and murdered. The
soldiers torched the houses as they went, and a scene of the most heart rending
description ensued. Ejected from their burning homes, women of all ages,
some almost in a state of nudity, the old and the frail, mothers carrying infants
and some with helpless children clinging to them, were to be seen all wending
their way into the mountains in a piercing snow storm. One by one, they
were overcome by fatigue and exposure and, before any shelter could be reached,
many of them perished miserably in the snow.
Three weeks later, on the 5th of March, the architect of this so-called "great work of charity", the Scottish Secretary, Sir John Dalrymple, confessed that all he regretted was that any of the MacDonalds got away.
Fortunately for society, most of Dalrymple's peers were not his equal. In every quarter, even at court, the account of the massacre was received with horror and indignation. It is said that the anger of the nation rose to such a pitch that had the exiled monarch appeared at the head of a few thousand men, he would probably have succeeded in regaining his crown.
The ministry and even King William grew alarmed and, to pacify the people, he dismissed Dalrymple from his councils and appointed a commission of enquiry to investigate the affair. In his defence, the King explained that he had signed the execution order among a mass of other papers, without knowing its contents. The commissioners, however, seem to have taken the view that, since the orders were both signed and countersigned by His Majesty, the public would not readily accept that as credible. The explanation which they put forward was even less credible, but deliberately so. In barefaced defiance of the intellect of every reasonable person, they claimed that there was nothing in the King's instructions to warrant the slaughter. The effect was that public outrage was replaced by utter bewilderment. At some point, the fiction was then ventured that the massacre was merely the result of a long standing feud between the Campbell and the MacDonald clans. This finally deflected the attention away from the dishonour and the barbarity of the military exercise as a subject of public concern and all was well, once again. The whole affair would soon be forgotten by all but the Jacobites. Although the commission blamed Dalrymple for the atrocity, neither he nor any of the other participants were ever brought to trial, for the obvious reason that they would have cited, in their defence, the King's orders to extirpate the clan.
The myth of the "Campbells & MacDonalds" falls far short of the truth but, like all mythology, it is not without foundation. During the previous year, the Government's hopes to secure a peace in the Highlands had centred on the diplomatic efforts of Sir John Campbell, the Earl of Breadalbane. As early as June 1691, the MacDonalds might have agreed to end hostilities but Breadalbane undermined his own skills as a negotiator by introducing a personal grievance which really boiled down to a matter of some stolen cows, and the opportunity was lost. Having failed to get satisfaction from Glencoe over the business of the cattle, his mind may have turned to revenge and there is evidence to support the belief that it was he who first suggested to Dalrymple that the MacDonalds of Glencoe be singled out as an example of the King's justice. Three months after the massacre, Breadalbane, ever the negotiator, had no qualms about contacting Glencoe's sons and offering to use his influence to have reparations awarded to them if they would declare, publicly, that he had no part in it.
We tend to think on government propaganda as being a modern device but here is a story, more than three hundred years old, and, even now, the fiction of the Campbells and the MacDonalds is remembered; Glencoe, if the government's apologists were to be believed, was some sort of clan feud which descended into a dishonourable butchery. And they are widely believed! It's now become a sort of romantic curiosity for the tourist trade. I might as well declare an interest at this point. Being a Campbell, by name, and a Jacobite by nature, descended from a long line of recusants (interesting how many people don't even know what that means) and Jacobites, this story strikes a chord. Decent, ordinary people in 1692 would have found it a lot easier to believe the story of the Campbells and the MacDonalds than to come to terms with the fact that their King sanctioned and the Scottish Secretary planned one of the most dishonourable massacres in history. Nothing changes.
It is probable that the massacre of Glencoe was conceived in a Campbell mind, made possible through Campbell complicity, and achieved by a Campbell's dishonour, but behind it was a driving force and a guiding hand which belonged to the Scottish Secretary, Sir John Dalrymple, Master of Stair. Ten years later, that same hand would be helping, in no small measure, to guide Scotland towards the Union of the Parliaments, but that's another story.
©Scotland Talking 1992
A copy of a Scottish Records Office publication, providing references to some of the sources of documentary evidence used in preparation of the foregoing account, has been uploaded in image form (i.e. I haven't yet had time to transcribe it). The images have been compressed as much as possible (50kb & 120kb).
I've always been conscious of the fact that I could have (should have) provided much more background to the story of the Massacre of Glencoe. The problem was always a matter of where to begin - how far back do we have to go - and how do you tell the true story of the Reformation without causing widespread offence? So many of us think in simplistic and partisan terms. If you're brought up as a Protestant, as I was, you tend to assume that the Protestants were always in the right. But real history is not about religion or politics; it's about people. "The Scottish Crown Jewels and the Minister's Wife " (Amazon-UK link) brings a few of them to life.
THE SCOTTISH CROWN JEWELS AND THE MINISTER'S WIFE [non-fiction]
from the Preface:
A few years ago I made a phone call to a respected Scottish repository of knowledge which I wont name: Im looking for any information you might have on Christian Fletcher The answer I got pretty much says it all: oh, I dont think we have anything on the Bounty here.
This is a story that is hardly ever told outside of a small area of north-east Scotland, and what you hear there is often a long way from the truth of it: Cromwell had occupied Scotland; the Crown Jewels were lodged in Dunnottar Castle; while the English troops had the castle under siege, the Regalia were lowered down the side of the rock to a serving woman who had been coming about collecting seaweed and she took them to a small church further down the coast where they were buried by the ministers wife and there they remained until the restoration of the monarchy.
Another version tells that the ministers wife, Christian Fletcher, went to the castle and carried the Regalia away under her winter clothing, passing right through the Cromwellian camp as she left the castle, before riding back to the church. Its not giving too much away to say that this is the true story but, until quite recently, getting at the truth has proved to be next to impossible, the reason being not only a lack of good documentation but, frankly, the number of extraordinary, blatant lies that had been told by some of those who had been involved.
In setting the context for this amazing account of one woman's fight against all odds, the Scottish background to the English Civil War is laid bare, and the excesses of 17th century Scotland's religious fundamentalism are exposed. The story shows, for the first time, the extent to which the current existence of "Scotland's Honours Three" is due to the daring actions of a minister's wife.
In a desperate bid to save the Regalia from Cromwell, Christian Fletcher entered the stronghold of Dunnottar Castle. With the jewels hidden under her winter clothing, she carried them out of the castle, right under the noses of the English troops. But in the scramble for advancement that followed hard on the heels of the Restoration, John Keith, younger brother of the Earl Marshall of Scotland, took the entire credit for the deed to himself. Granted the Earldom of Kintore for his supposed heroic role, this reward has remained in his family for hundreds of years while, Christian Fletcher's name is all but forgotten. Incredible letters between the minister and John Keith's mother, the Countess Dowager, are used to uncover the truth that has remained hidden for centuries.
The Scottish Crown Jewels and the Minister's Wife is published by Tempus Publishing (NPI Media Group).
Meaning of "Recusant"
Hundreds of definitions of the word and in-depth studies of recusancy all of the web but let's stick to the matter-of-fact description of the offence of recusancy from the National Archives:
"Elizabeth I, coming to the throne in November 1558, was queen of a country at risk of division on religious lines between Protestant and Catholic. In 1559, an Act of Uniformity imposed fines on all men who refused to attend Church of England services at their parish church; in 1563, the death penalty was imposed on priests who said mass. Later laws imposed numerous penalties and fines for non-attendance at Anglican services, and Catholics were effectively barred from inheriting land, entering the professions or taking up civil or military office: because they could not accept the monarch as Head of the Church, they could not be loyal subjects. In the eighteenth century, active discrimination was largely allowed to lapse, although formal Catholic emancipation was not to come until 1829."
Was that not a triumph of understatement? So there you have it: Good Queen Bess introduced a few laws to unite the country. Isn't history illuminating?
BTW, you might like this: THE STORY
OF THOMAS MORE by John Farrow (complete online text - excellent)!
Sept '97]
Copyright © 1997 Jimmy Powdrell Campbell