text:
The Paper Kites Debut LP States to Be Released May 9th
The Paper Kites
Debut LP States to Be Released May 9th
Album Release Shows
Friday 23rd May - Bodega, Wellington
Saturday 24th May - Kings Arms, Auckland
"I think a lot of our fans aren't really interested in merely hearing a catchy song – the reason they like our music is that they identify with it. Hopefully this album will move them."
Moody melodies and harmony-drenched dreams: States is the evocative debut album from Melbourne five-piece THE PAPER KITES. Following on from the band's Woodland and Young North EPs, across 13 tracks Sam Bentley (lead vox, guitar, harmonica), Christina Lacy (lead vox, guitar, keys, mandolin), David Powys (vox, guitar, banjo, lap steel), Josh Bentley (drums, percussion) and Sam Rasmussen (bass, synths) go on a journey of delicate, folk inspired landscapes, worlds rich with lyrics and a raw sonic beauty.
Throughout States there's nods to Simon & Garfunkel and Dylan (stripped down duet "Never Heard A Sound"); energetic pop odes to angry individualists ("Young"); hazy, psychedelic Korgs and chords ("Living Colour"). There's vocal layers and musings on mortality ("Gates"); cinematic tales of twisted and tragic romance (the delicate "Tennenbaum"); rough and messy rock ("A Lesson From Mr Gray"). Seven minute closer "I Done You So Wrong" finishes the record off, an album as unique as it is captivating.
"The title refers to states of mind, not actual places," explains frontman Bentley. "The album is a lot darker than a lot of our previous work; we really pushed our soundscapes and composition. I'm also interested in the things beyond a song: textures, adding strings, brass, touches like that. Those things can really pick a song up and take it somewhere else. The strange little noises are what sets this album apart from what we've done before and puts it on a whole different level. It's an eclectic listen, but people can expect sincerity."
The Album is Co-produced with ARIA-winning Wayne Connolly (You Am I, Josh Pyke) at Melbourne's Sing Sing Studios and Sydney's iconic Alberts. "It's the second time we've worked with Wayne now, and we really wanted him for the album," Bentley explains. "He's great because he lets you have your creativity, whereas some producers are very, ah... assertive. We kept bringing in more and more stuff and Wayne would always get really excited – but yet he knew how to draw the best out of us."
States is released on May 9th
via /Sony Music New Zealand.
RELEASE DATE: May 9th 2014
WEBSITE: www.thepaperkites.com.au
FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com/thepaperkitesband
TWITTER: https://twitter.com/thepaperkites
1. Malleable Beings
2. St Clarity
3. Living Colour
4. Gates
5. Young
6. A Lesson From Mr Gray
7. Tin Lover
8. Cold Kind Hand
9. Never Heard A Sound
10. In Reverie
11. Tenenbaum
12. Portrait 19
13. I Done You So Wrong


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by Staff Writers
Moscow (Sputnik) Feb 07, 2016
Russia's newest S-500 Prometey system, which is expected to begin tests shortly, will be a major upgrade to the state-of-the-art S-400 complex and will, according to member of the advisory council of the Military-Industrial Commission Viktor Murakhovsky, be second to none.
"The S-500 has world-beating characteristics: it can engage air attack weapons, as well as ballistic missiles, including intercontinental ballistic missiles," he told Sputnik.
"In addition, the system provides space defense since it can engage targets in near space, at an altitude of up to 200 kilometers (124 miles)."
The S-500, designed by Almaz Antey, is said to have a maximum range of 600 kilometers (more than 370 miles). The highly-mobile system could simultaneously intercept up to ten ballistic missiles traveling at a speed of 5 kilometers per second.
The system is so good, that "many US defense officials worry that even stealth warplanes like the F-22, F-35 and the B-2 might have problems overcoming" it, defense expert Dave Majumdar wrote for the National Interest earlier this month.
As a result, the S-500, also known as 55R6M Triumfator-M, will most likely form the basis of the country's multilayered air defense system as soon as it becomes operational in the coming years. First prototypes are expected to begin tests later this year.
The Russian Armed Forces reportedly plan to purchase ten S-500 battalions.
Source: Sputnik News
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Nearly three decades after it was first diagnosed, the "persistently full buffer problem," recently exposed as part of bufferbloat,6,7 is still with us and made increasingly critical by two trends. First, cheap memory and a "more is better" mentality have led to the inflation and proliferation of buffers. Second, dynamically varying path characteristics are much more common today and are the norm at the consumer Internet edge. Reasonably sized buffers become extremely oversized when link rates and path delays fall below nominal values.
The solution for persistently full buffers, AQM (active queue management), has been known for two decades but has not been widely deployed because of implementation difficulties and general misunderstanding about Internet packet loss and queue dynamics. Unmanaged buffers are more critical today since buffer sizes are larger, delay-sensitive applications are more prevalent, and large (streaming) downloads common. The continued existence of extreme delays at the Internet's edge can impact its usefulness and hamper the growth of new applications.
This article aims to provide part of the bufferbloat solution, proposing an innovative approach to AQM suitable for today's Internet called CoDel (for Controlled Delay, pronounced like "coddle"). This is a "no-knobs" AQM that adapts to changing link rates and is suitable for deployment and experimentation in Linux-based routers (as well as silicon).
Packet networks require buffers to absorb short-term arrival rate fluctuations. Although essential to the operation of packet networks, buffers tend to fill up and remain full at congested links, contributing to excessive traffic delay and losing the ability to perform their intended function of absorbing bursts. The "full buffer problem" was recognized in the early days of the Internet, and mitigations were explored then.9,15,17
In 1998, the Internet Research Task Force urged the deployment of active queue management in the Internet,1 specifically recommending RED (Random Early Detection).5 Although RED was simple and can be effective at reducing persistent queues, little guidance was available to set its configuration parameters and it functioned poorly in a number of cases. This led to a general reluctance to use it. As RED's problems became apparent, research documented those issues and proposed new AQMs, adding more configuration and complexity to the original RED. Though Feng et al.22 pointed out in 2002 that queue length is not a good predictor of congestion, it continued to be used. Although research continued, deployment did not.
The Internet has been saved from disaster by a constant increase in link rates and by usage patterns. Over the past decade, evidence has accumulated that this whistling in the dark cannot continue without severely impacting Internet usage: independent measurement studies4,13 have found edge queuing delays from hundreds of milliseconds up to multiple seconds. These measurement studies and the bufferbloat project2 document the harmful effects of large, unmanaged buffers at the network edge.
Correct buffer sizing is not an easy problem. Undersizing—making buffers smaller than the traditional BDP (bandwidth-delay product)—is fraught with problems,8 nicely illustrated by Guillaume Vu-Brugier et al.20 Today's links vary in bandwidth, and individual connections vary in round-trip times (the "delay" used in BDP). This makes it impossible to properly pick a static size for most edge links.13,14 A simple, robust algorithm that can manage buffer delay regardless of buffer size and link bandwidth without a negative impact on utilization can make oversized buffers irrelevant.
Developing effective active queue management has been hampered by misconceptions about the cause and meaning of queues. Network buffers exist to absorb the packet bursts that occur naturally in statistically multiplexed networks. Queues occur in the buffers as a result of short-term mismatches in traffic arrival and departure rates that arise from upstream resource contention, transport conversation startup transients, and/or changes in the number of conversations sharing a link. Unfortunately, other network behavior can cause buffers to fill, with effects that aren't nearly as benign. With the wrong conceptual model for queues, AQMs have limited operational range, require a lot of configuration tweaking, and frequently impair rather than improve performance.
Figure 1 shows a TCP connection shortly after startup (see "Congestion Avoidance and Control"8 for more discussion). The sender launches its window of 25 packets back-to-back, and they flow through the network until they hit a bottleneck (bandwidth reduction). There, as each packet is squeezed down in bandwidth, it must stretch out in time since its size stays constant. The vertical direction is bandwidth (bits/sec), and the horizontal direction is time (sec), so the area of each rectangle is the packet size (bits/sec × sec = bits). For example, if the packets were 1 ms long and the bandwidth reduction was 100 Mbps to 10 Mbps, then the second packet would arrive 1 ms after the first but would have to wait for an additional 9 ms, since it takes 10 ms for the first packet to depart. The third packet would have to wait for an additional 18 ms for both one and two to depart, and so on. This bottleneck-induced waiting is what creates the queues that form in the packet buffers at the link.
Figure 2 shows the connection one RTT (round-trip time) later. The bottleneck spaces out the packets, and they retain that spacing after leaving. The receiver just turns a data packet into an ack (acknowledgment packet), so the ack stream retains the spacing on the return path. The sender turns each ack into a data packet, so, after just one RTT, the packet-arrival rate at the bottleneck exactly equals the departure rate, and the queue won't grow. This is clearly visible in figure 3, which shows the bottleneck queue size vs. time. There is an initial peak corresponding to the initial window's worth of back-to-back packets, but it dissipates after one RTT, leaving just a ±1 packet variation resulting from small phase differences in the arrival and departure processes.
Note, however, that the steady-state queue in figure 3 is not zero. Figures 1 and 2 are sized so that the distance in time between the sender and receiver is 10 bottleneck packet times (e.g., 100 ms if the bottleneck packet spacing is 10 ms); thus, it takes 20 packets in flight to "fill the pipe" and use 100 percent of the bottleneck capacity. The window in this example is 25 packets, five more than will fit in the pipe (the BDP, measured in packets). These create a standing queue that cannot dissipate. This is clearly visible in figure 2: as the 26th packet is about to arrive at the bottleneck, five packets are still in its queue; but, from this time on, whenever one packet leaves, another will arrive. Thus, there will always be five packets in the queue (±1), even though the sender's rate is constant. The standing queue has nothing to do with the sender's rate but rather with how much the sender's window exceeds the pipe size.
This standing queue, resulting from a mismatch between the window and pipe size, is the essence of bufferbloat. It creates large delays but no improvement in throughput. It is not a phenomenon treated by queuing or traffic theory, which, unfortunately, results in it being almost universally misclassified as congestion (a completely different and much rarer pathology). These theories usually assume Poisson arrival processes, which are, by definition, uncorrelated. The arrivals of a closed-loop, reliable transport process such as TCP are completely correlated, resulting in an arrival and departure rate equality that theorists have dismissed as unnatural and wildly improbable. Since normal cures for congestion such as usage limits or usage-based billing have no effect on bufferbloat but annoy customers and discourage network use, addressing the real problem would be prudent.
The bufferbloat problem, making the window match the pipe size, is hard to address. Window sizes are chosen by senders while queues manifest at bottleneck gateways. It's difficult for senders to compute a window size, since both terms—bottleneck bandwidth and RTT—change constantly as connections come and go, paths change because of rerouting, layers 1 and 2 protocols adapt bandwidth for changing physical conditions, etc. Since queues can be directly measured at the bottleneck, the most promising approach is to detect the problem there, then signal senders to reduce their windows (via TCP congestion-control mechanisms).
Reliable detection is hard, however. The big queue at the start of figure 3 is necessary for connections to get started, so queue magnitude contains no information about excess queue. The fact that the problem lies in the flat part of figure 3 has caused some researchers to look at the time the buffer is occupied as an indicator.
Figure 4 shows the queue vs. time for a TCP receiver that sends one ack per window rather than one per packet. This is a legal, though brittle, operating mode used by some commercial operating systems with very high per-packet overhead to reduce the number of acks generated so as to perform credibly in benchmark tests. This kind of queue length variation is also seen in Web traffic—a superposition of mostly small transfers that are essentially all startup transient. Since this ack policy means a full window of packets is always delivered as a back-to-back burst, the initial turn-on transient repeats every RTT and the buffer is always occupied. The window exactly fills the pipe, however, and there is no excess queue, so any attempt to reduce this queue will result in poor utilization of the bottleneck. Thus, occupancy time contains no information about excess queue.
Figure 4 and the leading part of figure 3 show queues doing their job—acting as shock absorbers to convert bursty arrivals into smooth, steady departures. This is good queue. The tail end of figure 3 shows a queue doing nothing but creating excess delay. This is bad queue. The core of the bufferbloat-detection problem is separating good from bad. Figure 3 hints at the successful strategy: good queue is occupancy that goes away in about one RTT; bad queue persists for several RTTs. An easy, robust way to separate the two is to take the minimum of the queue length over a sliding time window that's longer than the nominal RTT.
In early 1998, we set out to understand why the original RED was difficult to configure and came up with a new RED algorithm (described in a talk and an unpublished paper10,12) that needed only one parameter: the queue's output bandwidth or average departure rate. Despite improvements in performance, issues remained—almost anything worked for long-lived TCP transfers and almost nothing worked for bursty traffic. In the decade since, many researchers have made strides in AQM, but no one has produced an AQM that has the following characteristics:
• It is parameterless—it has no knobs for operators, users, or implementers to adjust.
• It treats good queue and bad queue differently—that is, it keeps the delays low while permitting bursts of traffic.
• It controls delay, while insensitive to round-trip delays, link rates, and traffic loads.
• It adapts to dynamically changing link rates with no negative impact on utilization.
• It is simple and efficient—it can easily span the spectrum from low-end, Linux-based access points and home routers up to high-end commercial router silicon.
CoDel (Controlled Delay Management) has three major innovations that distinguish it from prior AQMs. First, CoDel's algorithm is not based on queue size, queue-size averages, queue-size thresholds, rate measurements, link utilization, drop rate or queue occupancy time. Starting from Van Jacobson's 2006 insight,11 we used the local minimum queue as a more accurate and robust measure of standing queue. Then we observed that it is sufficient to keep a single-state variable of how long the minimum has been above or below the target value for standing queue delay rather than keeping a window of values to compute the minimum. Finally, rather than measuring queue size in bytes or packets, we used the packet-sojourn time through the queue. Use of the actual delay experienced by each packet is independent of link rate, gives superior performance to use of buffer size, and is directly related to the user-visible performance.
Using the minimum value has some important implications. The minimum packet sojourn can be decreased only when a packet is dequeued, which means that all the work of CoDel can take place when packets are dequeued for transmission and that no locks are needed in the implementation. The minimum is the only statistic with this property. The only addition to packet arrival is that a timestamp of packet arrival time is created. If the buffer is full when a packet arrives, then the packet can be dropped as usual.
CoDel assumes that a standing queue of target is acceptable and that it is unacceptable to drop packets when there are fewer than one MTU's (maximum transmission unit's) worth of bytes in the buffer. CoDel identifies the persistent delay by tracking the (local) minimum queue delay packets experience. To ensure that the minimum value does not become stale, it has to have been experienced within the most recent interval. When the queue delay has exceeded target for at least interval, a packet is dropped and a control law sets the next drop time. The next drop time is decreased in inverse proportion to the square root of the number of drops since the dropping state was entered, using the well-known relationship of drop rate to throughput to get a linear change in throughput.12,16 When the queue delay goes below target, the controller stops dropping. No drops are carried out if the buffer contains fewer than an MTU's worth of bytes. Additional logic prevents reentering the dropping state too soon after exiting it and resumes the dropping state at a recent control level, if one exists.
Target and interval are constants with straightforward interpretations: acceptable standing queue delay and a time on the order of a worst-case RTT of connections through the bottleneck. We experimented to determine values for target and interval that give a consistently high utilization with a controlled delay across a range of bandwidths, RTTs, and traffic loads. Below a target of 5 ms, utilization suffers for some conditions and traffic loads; above 5 ms there is very little or no improvement in utilization. Interval is loosely related to RTT since it is chosen to give endpoints time to react without being so long that response times suffer. A setting of 100 ms works well across a range of RTTs from 10 ms to 1 second (excellent performance is achieved in the range from 10 to 300 ms). (Pseudocode for CoDel is included in the appendix, available at: http://queue.acm.org/appendices/codel.html">
CoDel's efficient implementation and lack of configuration are unique features that make it suitable for managing modern packet buffers. The three innovations—using minimum rather than average as the queue measure, simplified single-state variable tracking of minimum, and use of queue-sojourn time—lead directly to these unique features.
No network simulation provides a high-fidelity representation of reality; the real test of CoDel will come through deployment on networks. Though CoDel's functionality and an evaluation of its merits are our main concerns, some AQM comparisons can serve as a sanity check. We did several thousand simulation runs, varying bottleneck bandwidth from 64kbps to 100mbps, end-to-end delay from 5ms to 1sec., simultaneous bulk data transfers from 0 to 50, PackMime web traffic intensity from 0 to 80, with and without CBR traffic, with both Reno and CUBIC TCP congestion control, and all with CoDel using the same, constant configuration values given in the appendix. As the summary data in the next sections shows, CoDel performed very well. Most importantly, when link rates vary dynamically—even as much as two orders of magnitude—CoDel adapts. Results are compelling enough to move on to the next step of extensive real-world testing in Linux-based routers.
SIMULATOR CONFIGURATION. For expediency, we used the freely available ns-2 simulator.18 Our file-transfer application used the Linux TCP suite, primarily with CUBIC congestion control. Results (available online) were similar with New Reno but with slightly lower utilizations, as expected. To emulate Web-browsing loads, we used PackMime,21 which runs with the ns-2 Full-TCP protocol and uses the New Reno congestion-control algorithm. A constant bit-rate application used UDP (User Datagram Protocol) and was configured at 64 Kbps in 100-byte packets. All TCPs were configured with modern parameters, including use of SACK. In most cases, CoDel's managed buffer was set very large (~8xBDP packets) to verify that the actual size of the buffer doesn't matter. For comparison, we also ran many of our test scenarios with the ns-2 RED AQM module substituted for CoDel. We used the most recent settings and code for ns-2 RED, which reads the initial link bandwidth and delay to adjust its settings, rather than the original RED of Floyd and Jacobson.5 We also attempted to run the scenarios with BLUE22 but its default settings performed badly and limited experimentation did not result in settings that worked well so we did not pursue it.
METRICS. The metrics of interest for AQMs—queue delay and size, link utilization, and "fairness" of drops between flows—can be quite sensitive to the types of traffic mixes and link bandwidths,10,12,20 so we tested a range of traffic loads and conditions. The per-packet queue delay for successfully transmitted (not dropped) packets is particularly useful. This can be viewed against simulation time for a single run or the statistics over the run (e.g., median and 95th percentile) can be used for comparisons and trends. Monitoring link utilization ensures that queue management does not have a negative impact on throughput. Though not our primary concern, we used the Jain fairness index to see if drop share per source was somewhat in proportion to the number of packets transmitted, computed for n samples as:
CoDel is the same code with the same settings, regardless of egress link rate. To see how well it works, we collected the median packet delay and link utilization values from a number of traffic loads (FTPs with and without added Web-browsing and constant-bit-rate applications) and RTTs from 10-500 ms, sorted them by link bandwidths, and box plotted the results. These are displayed separately for larger bandwidths (3 Mbps, 10 Mbps, 45 Mbps, and 100 Mbps in figure 5) and smaller bandwidths (128 Kbps, 256 Kbps, 512 Kbps, and 1.5 Mbps in figure 6). The results for RED are also shown for the larger bandwidths, but median delays for the smaller set were excessive (100-200 ms).
CoDel drops only when its minimum delay statistic exceeds 5 ms and the buffer contains at least a link MTU's worth of bytes. For links with MTUs transmitting in less than 5 ms (the larger bandwidth group) and traffic loads consisting of all long-lived FTPs, the median delay should approach this target. CoDel is designed to permit short-term bursts; thus, median values for bursty traffic patterns should be higher than the 5-ms target. For larger bandwidths, delay resulting from bursts of packets is small compared with the target (e.g., a 1,500-byte packet is transmitted in 0.1 ms at 100 Mbps), so load variations have less effect on the median. At smaller bandwidths the delay caused by an additional packet is significant compared with the target (e.g., 4 ms for a 3-Mbps link), and median delays will be noticeably larger. This is exactly the desired behavior: the longer delays are not excessive and permit link utilizations to be maintained at high levels. Figure 5 shows CoDel delays are as expected and the link utilizations are good. RED's delays and utilizations are similar for 3-Mbps links, but delays and utilizations are smaller for 10 Mbps and above. The low utilizations show that RED is likely overcontrolling.
The lower bandwidth values shown in figure 6 use a smaller range of RTTs (30-100 ms). Such link rates can be expected at the consumer Internet-access edge (handheld, home) or on degraded Wi-Fi links. Static low-bandwidth links usually use a smaller link MTU, so we collected data where the link MTU was set to 500 bytes, as well as the 1,500-byte MTU used for all other runs. As expected, the larger MTU increases delays, but less significantly as bandwidth increases. Utilizations for low-bandwidth links are generally good since they are easy to fill with mixes of FTPs. A few runs were done at each bandwidth with only the PackMime Web browsing, which makes it difficult to get high utilizations; we had to accept a drop rate of more than 10 percent to get over 60 percent utilization.
Some dynamic link testing is possible in simulation. To roughly emulate a (nominal) 100-Mbps Wi-Fi link subject to degradation, we used a load of four FTPs and five Web connections per second and changed link rates at 50-second intervals (over the 300 simulated seconds), first dropping to 10 Mbps, then to 1 Mbps, then jumping to 50 Mbps, dropping to 1 Mbps, and finally jumping back to 100 Mbps. Buffer capacity is a single BDP (830 packets) for the nominal rate. This scenario was repeated for CoDel, Tail Drop, and RED.
Figure 7 shows the per-packet queue delay and the cumulative number of kilobytes transferred as simulation time progresses. As expected, Tail Drop generally keeps its buffer full, delaying packets by the amount of time it takes to transmit a buffer full of packets at the current link rate. That delay can be as much as 10 seconds. RED keeps the queue delay smaller than Tail Drop but doesn't respond to changes as quickly as CoDel. CoDel permits an initial spike as the FTPs get started and a dropping rate is learned for the current conditions. The delays spike when the link rates drop (at 50, 100, and 250 seconds), as the queue size is now too long for the new rate. CoDel computes a new control point within 100 ms, the maximum interval a local minimum is valid. It is an open question whether anything should be done to speed this; preliminary studies show it is better not to attempt to "clear out" the backlog. If rate changes of an order of magnitude or more several times a minute are common, then the issue may require further study.
Comparing the kilobytes transferred with the queue delay, it's easy to see that long delays are not required for high utilization. CoDel transfers almost the same total kilobytes as Tail Drop, with the differences coming at the rate jumps (150 and 250 seconds), where CoDel's FTPs have to ramp up to fill the new pipe size while Tail Drop's queues send their backlog. Undersized buffers are not the answer to bufferbloat. Figure 7 shows the same scenario using 10 packet buffers, a size suitable for the 1-Mbps rate. Throughput is about 75 percent less for all three schemes (Tail Drop and CoDel are identical). Tail Drop tends to keep its 10-packet buffer full, which would result in a worst-case delay of 120 ms but with 25 percent of the throughput that can be achieved with a large CoDel-managed buffer—which gets a median delay of 2.7 ms, 75th percentile delay of 5 ms, and is less than 90 ms 95 percent of the total simulation time.
Although most network analysis today assumes connections with an unloaded 100-ms RTT, in practice RTTs vary. Unless a path includes a satellite link, RTTs in the one-second range are usually caused by bufferbloat, not the intrinsic path characteristics. At the consumer edge, few connections will have less than a 30-ms RTT. Since CoDel's interval is weakly related to RTT, we tested the effectiveness of a 100-ms setting over a wide range of likely RTTs and report on the range from 10 to 500 ms.
Figure 8 shows results for a variety of traffic loads, sorted by RTT. Both CoDel and RED keep the median delay low, but CoDel has higher link utilizations and better drop-share fairness, showing that CoDel's design is more effective at dropping the right packets. CoDel's utilization is very close to that of Tail Drop (except for an RTT of 500 ms) but with much less delay. CoDel's performance metrics are not significantly different between 30- and 200-ms RTTs. Utilizations are slightly less and have a larger range as the RTT increases, because some traffic loads have difficulty keeping the larger pipe full. The 500-ms RTT utilization shows more variation, the low end corresponding to single FTPs, which have difficulty keeping a very large pipe full.
Figure 9 compares the Jain fairness index for the source-drop shares of CoDel and RED for these runs. CoDel consistently outperforms RED for this metric. This seems to be, in part, because the changes to the original RED make drops less randomly distributed while CoDel gets randomness from the independence of drop intervals and packet arrivals.
This scenario roughly emulates a consumer edge for two (symmetric) bandwidths: 512 KB and 1.5 MB. The load includes a two-way 64-Kbps CBR (VoIP-like), an infinite FTP as a download, Web browsing at a rate of two connections per second, and uploads of small FTPs—1 MB with short idle periods (5 to 15 seconds, uniformly distributed) between. Table 1 lists results, where "C" is CoDel and "T" is Tail Drop and each link direction is shown separately. Although CoDel never drops packets at a higher rate than Tail Drop, it keeps a much smaller queue and transfers similar amounts of data, offering encouragement for taming bufferbloat.
The experiments presented here mainly consist of "forward" traffic where all the data traffic is going in the analyzed direction. Reverse traffic has well-known issues of ack compression or data pendulum, which tend to push the delay up and the utilization down. There are known mitigations to improve the mixing of acks and data packets that will be performed in the home-router implementation. Even the unmitigated simulation experiments showed acceptable performance.
AQM is not a substitute for differentiated queuing to provide priority for packets that need low latency and jitter. We have had a lot to say in the past about solutions for that type of traffic; AQM should be employed on the packet queues handling common Internet traffic and a Delay Bound per-hop behavior used for latency sensitive traffic.
CoDel lends itself to efficient implementation in Linux-based routers, crucial to deployment at the edge. Other AQM implementations require locks on the queue that aren't necessary for CoDel. There are also a small number of state variables. We believe CoDel's algorithm can be efficiently implemented in silicon.
At this point, a savvy user could be tempted to deploy CoDel through a CeroWrt-enabled edge router to make bufferbloat disappear. Unfortunately, large buffers are not always located where they can be managed but can be ubiquitous and hidden.6,7 Examples include consumer-edge routers connected to cable modems and wireless access points with ring buffers. Many users access the Internet through a cable modem with varying upstream link speeds: 2 Mbps is a typical value. The home network or home computer connects to the cable modem with an Ethernet cable in the range of 100 Mbps-1 Gbps (figure 10). The modem's buffers are at the fast-to-slow transition, and that's where queues will build up: inside a sealed device outside of user control. Any DiffServ (differentiated services) queuing and buffer management at the router can be defeated by a full queue in the cable modem. Three approaches have been suggested: (1) limit the Ethernet link to the upstream rate; (2) put buffer management and DiffServ queues in the cable modem with a configuration interface for the DiffServ queues; (3) implement Ethernet flow control between the modem and the upstream router.
Option 1 has the advantage that it can be implemented by a user without cable-modem changes and the disadvantage that it must rate limit to the expected rate of the upstream. If the rate drops, then a queue will still build up in the cable modem, and any additional short-term bandwidth cannot be utilized. Option 2 puts buffer management right at the bottleneck link but requires the vendor to make (possibly significant) changes to the modem architecture and permit configuration. Option 3 also requires vendors to make changes but uses Ethernet flow control to permit only the number of packets in the modem buffer needed for good transmission utilization while pushing the queue into the router where it can be managed and where new algorithms can be more readily deployed. Options 2 or 3 are preferable but require a cable-modem vendor and/or a cable data network service provider to make this part of the modem requirements.
A modern AQM is just one piece of the solution to bufferbloat. Concatenated queues are common in packet communications with the bottleneck queue often invisible to users and many network engineers. A full solution has to include raising awareness so that the relevant vendors are both empowered and given incentive to market devices with buffer management.
The open source project CeroWrt3 is using OpenWrt to explore solutions to bufferbloat. A CoDel implementation is in the works, after which real-world data can be studied. We plan to make our ns-2 simulation code available, as well as some further results.19
1. Braden, R., et al. 1998. Recommendations on queue management and congestion avoidance in the Internet. RFC 2309.
2. Bufferbloat Project; http://www.bufferbloat.net.
3. CeroWrt Project; http://www.bufferbloat.net/projects/cerowrt.
4. Dischinger, M., et. al. 2007. Characterizing residential broadband networks. In Proceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference, San Diego, CA.
5. Floyd, S., Jacobson, V. 1993. Random early detection gateways for congestion avoidance. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.
6. Gettys, J. 2011. Bufferbloat: dark buffers in the Internet. Backspace Column, IEEE Internet Computing 15(3):95-96.
7. J. Gettys and K. Nichols. 2011. Bufferbloat: dark buffers in the Internet. Communications of the ACM 9(11):57-65.
8. Jacobson, V. 1988. Congestion avoidance and control. Proceedings of SIGCOMM '88, Stanford, CA.
9. Jacobson, V. 1989. Reported in Minutes of the Performance Working Group. Proceedings of the Cocoa Beach Internet Engineering Task Force, Reston, VA. Corporation for National Research Initiatives.
10. Jacobson, V. 1998. Notes on using RED for queue management and congestion avoidance. Talk presented at NANOG 13 (North American Network Operators' Group); ftp://ftp.ee.lbl.gov/talks/vj-nanog-red.pdf.
11. Jacobson, V. 2006. A rant on queues. A talk presented at MIT Lincoln Labs, Lexington, MA; http://www.pollere.net/Pdfdocs/QrantJul06.pdf.
12. Jacobson, V., Nichols, K., Poduri, K. 1999. RED in a different light; http://www.cnaf.infn.it/~ferrari/papers/ispn/red_light_9_30.pdf.
13. Kreibich, C., et. al. 2010. Netalyzr: illuminating the edge network. In Proceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference, Melbourne, Australia.
14. Li, T., Leith, D. 2008. Adaptive buffer sizing for TCP flows in 802.11e WLANs. In Proceedings of Communications and Networking in China.
15. Mankin, A. 1990. Random drop congestion control. In Proceedings of SIGCOMM '90.
16. Mathis, M., Semke, J., Mahdavi, J. 1997. The macroscopic behavior of the TCP congestion avoidance algorithm. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 27(3).
17. Nagle, J. 1984. Congestion control in IP/TCP internetworks. RFC 896; http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc896.txt.
18. Network Simulator - ns-2; http://nsnam.isi.edu/nsnam/index.php/User_Information.
19. http://www.pollere.net/CoDel.html.
20. Vu-Brugier, G., et. al. 2007. A critique of recently proposed buffer-sizing strategies. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 37(1).
21. Weigle, M. C. 2002. Web traffic generation in ns-2 with PackMime-HTTP; http://www.cs.odu.edu/~mweigle/research/packmime.
22. Feng, W., et. al. 2002. The BLUE Active Queue Management Algorithm. In IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 10(4): 513-528.
KATHLEEN NICHOLS is the founder and CTO of Pollere Inc., a consulting company working in both government and commercial networking. She has 30 years of experience in networking, including a number of Silicon Valley companies and as a cofounder of Packet Design.
VAN JACOBSON is a Research Fellow at PARC where he leads its content-centric networking research program. He has worked at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Cisco Systems, and was a cofounder of Packet Design.
Originally published in Queue vol. 10, no. 5—
see this item in the ACM Digital Library
Theo Schlossnagle - Time, but Faster
A computing adventure about time through the looking glass
Neal Cardwell, Yuchung Cheng, C. Stephen Gunn, Soheil Hassas Yeganeh, Van Jacobson - BBR: Congestion-Based Congestion Control
Measuring bottleneck bandwidth and round-trip propagation time
Josh Bailey, Stephen Stuart - Faucet: Deploying SDN in the Enterprise
Using OpenFlow and DevOps for rapid development
Amin Vahdat, David Clark, Jennifer Rexford - A Purpose-built Global Network: Google's Move to SDN
A discussion with Amin Vahdat, David Clark, and Jennifer Rexford
(newest first)
Displaying 10 most recent comments. Read the full list hereHere are two resources for current work on the bufferbloat front:
- https://www.bufferbloat.net - the canonical site that collects all our work
- https://lists.bufferbloat.net/listinfo - the Bloat and Codel mailing lists contain our most recent investigations
I am trying to see if this works actually, by building a CoDel front for work queueing in Erlang. Currently, I have the code and I am measuring if it works to see what happens.
So this is a great article, thank you!
I don't understand the ruleset being used for comment refusal but I have real comments regarding this article. Contact me if you're interested.
I've given up trying to enter my comment.
We have been looking at the "drop elderly packets" approach for a while. It turns out that it only seems to come into play where there are really large output link rate decreases, BUT it means making assumptions about what is "old" so we have not recommended that at this time because we only add something when we are sure it is useful, does no harm, and is worth any complexity added to the implementation.
We were on a very tight deadline to get this article done and I'm sure the language could be improved. However, I was afraid Jim Gettys would show up at my door with a cattle prod if I didn't finish it when promised. I'm sorry the language offends.
Another way you can guarantee that latency will not go high (>100ms, f.e.) for the packets already in the queue by dropping ones that are "very old" (>150ms, f.e.) right away, and then having each incoming packet remove some "old" ones to bring the latency closer to the target.
There might be other ways to do it, but the main point is, while CoDeL is a fine solution, the whole field is not really rocket science, and suffers BADLY from complex wording and lack of metaphorical explanations. Just look at the article above, and the "appendix" which for some reason is not in the links at the end of article. It took LESS amount of words to explain the algorithm (not including C code) than the "high-level explanation" which was for some reason labeled "ONE CODE MODULE, NO KNOBS, ANY LINK RATE" instead of "How it works". Does anyone in the field still speak plain English? And what with the "r.p" and "sojourn_*" variable names in the code? Is this really necessary?.. Would "deque_result.pkt" and "time_in_queue" really be that much harder to write?
Displaying 10 most recent comments. Read the full list here


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She has read every post that's ever been on this blog at least twice. You can thank her when I say lose instead of loose or choose instead of chose (confusing!)
She volunteers every week at a secondhand shop that donates all profits to Working Wardrobe, a non-profit that provides clothing for men and women looking for a new start.
My mom is so good to shop with. She doesn't even take credit for being fashionable, but she is. I feel bad I said I hated going to the mall when she wanted to go in February. It ended up being fun because she is fun to go anywhere with.
If I wear a dress of hers and she thinks it looks good on me, she always insists I keep it. She gives me jewelry to go with it, too.
She has baked me a funfetti cake for my birthday nearly every year even though she thinks it's disgusting.
She put together a gigantic party for my 21st birthday at the house (dad too) and I acted like a huge brat at some point afterwards saying she made it more like the kind of party she would want. Twenty five of my drunk friends sleeping over and playing guitar until 3 a.m.? It's unlikely this is anything she would have chosen for herself. When it was my actual 21st birthday a few days later, she and my dad still drove all the way down to San Diego from Orange County to surprise me at a restaurant called Dick's Last Resort. They were sitting at the bar with masks and hats on.
She gets so hysterical over inappropriate humor (me telling her about a bad day, potty talk, the syringe emoji...).
She loves my dad so much. She folds his clothes so nicely. She tried to teach me, but I don't have the patience to fold our clothes that way yet. She cooks most nights and makes sure he eats healthy. She did the same for her kids too.
She is really honest with me. She has made it really easy for me to see it's important to be honest with myself.
She tries to learn all the time. She does Yoga and has gotten really good at it. She loves it, though, and I know that's what's important to her and not trying to be a psycho-perfectionist about it, even though she does want to improve and grow.
To end with the obvious, I love her so much. She is the best example and I want to be just like her, except I'll surf :)


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LINE-X of Salem - BAK Tonneau Covers in Salem, OH
LINE-X of Salem
29657 Tower Rd
Salem, OH 44460
Columbiana County Ohio
Phone: 330-222-1100
Visit Dealer's Website »
Store Location
As an authorized BAK tonneau cover and accessories dealer, LINE-X of Salem located in Salem, OH, is committed to helping you make the best tonneau cover decision for your pick-up truck and your lifestyle. LINE-X of Salem has been in business for many years and has a wealth of experience when it comes to all sorts of truck bed covers and accessories. LINE-X of Salem are expert tonneau cover installers and will ensure that your truck bed cover is installed professionally and properly. Simply put, LINE-X of Salem offers the best choice of soft, roll-up, hard folding, retractable, and custom fit truck bed covers and accessories. They also sell and install most pickup truck accessories. If you want the best deal on a brand new BAK tonneau cover and want it done right, quickly and with no remorse, then head over to LINE-X of Salem in Salem your local BAK Industries dealer, needless to say, all of their work is guaranteed!
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Kangee is a personal on-demand fileserver that makes it possible to send files to your friends. Dragging a file into the Kangee window will generate a link, which can be sent to your friend, who may open it in a Web browser and download the file. It also supports an "Add Upload" feature, which generates a link that lets your friends send files to you. It uses UPnP, STUN, and a connection test Web service to set up incoming connections, and can generate QR codes from the links to uploads and downloads.
Teractualizar is a daemon to synchronize files using SFTP as a secure transfer method. It also features the ability to upload and execute any application or command, which can be used to manage clusters of computers. It requires only baaic Unix commands, an SSH client, and the SFTP service. Currently, the client side of this system only runs on Windows NT (and derivative operating systems).
MLAutosearch is a shell script which is good for searching for rare files within multiple P2P networks. It uses the mldonkey utility to carry out much of the work. It reads a file named "slist.txt" which contains mldonkey search commands and starts a mldonkey search for each line in the file. It will download the first file that matches the search, and then will remove that search string from the list. When it reaches the end of the list, it begins reading it from the beginning again. MLAutosearch will download up to 3 files simultaneously.
A PHP class to decode email messages.
A REST API for performing DNS queries over HTTP.


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Forums: Admins | Moderators
Lacrosse news straight to your inbox.
Tuesday August 6th, 2013 1:03am
Flow Society has made quite a splash in the lacrosse world over the last few years, signing Connor Martin and landing their distinctive shorts in places like Dick's, Sports Authority and even crossing over into Bloomingdale's.
Between continuing to push the envelope in lacrosse and launching their new golf line, Flow Society is also bringing team down from NYC for the first ComLax.com Powerball Lacrosse Tournament, July 21-22 at Richard Stockton College near Atlantic City. N.J.
Brendan Candon from Sideline Swap gives us the scoop on this year's Flow Society squad:
Coach/GM: Rachel Ray
Charity: Lead the Way Fund which supports Army Rangers and their families (Donation Link).
Sponsors: Flow Society
Key to taking home the $25K: Friday and Saturday night
Other tournaments: This wil be our first tournament together but most of the guys have played together at some point, whether in high school or college.
Why Powerball: It's all about the benjamins, baby.
What's more important in a summer tournament, talent or chemistry: Chemistry is key, but ringers put you over the top.
A Steve D'Amario UMass
A Edison Parzanese Notre Dame
A Brendan Gibson Yale
A Tom Perini Lafayette
M Kenny Minor Holy Cross
M Shaun Dunn Siena
M Colin Serling Lafayette
M Kevin Young Duke
M Anthony Muscarella Hofstra
M Mike Pratt Yale
M Nick Tsouris Yale
M Doug Buckley Bucknell
F/O Jake Clarke Bucknell
D Brendan Candon Holy Cross
D Brendan McTague Fairfield
D Matt Murnane Bryant
D Regis McDermott Notre Dame
D Doug Broussard Holy Cross
G Tim McCormack UMass
For more information on Powerball, check PowerballLacrosse.com. Also be sure to mark your calendars for next year's Powerball Tournament: July 12-14 at Richard Stockton College near Atlantic City, N.J.


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Use Recovery Time During Workouts to Prevent Injuries
Time Saver: "Prehab" in Between Sets
Check out this time-saving workout tip from Coach Lark.
It's important to let the body rest between tough workouts. However, I always try to work light rehab or "prehab" (conditioning an area of the body that is prone to injury) in between heavier sets of strength training.
Whatever your issue, point of dysfunction, or pain, very light sets between your heavier sets can serve as prehab.
For instance, ff you have tight muscles, stretch is an appropriate recovery. (It feels great to stretch the muscles you just worked out. It also helps them relax so that you get more out of subsequent sets.) If you have poor balance, do balance drills between sets.
Whatever your weakness is, attack it between major sets in order to recover. The idea is to pack as much density as possible into your workout.
So, instead of just standing around while you recover between workouts, try these options, and get more out of your gym time. You will not only burn more calories and get in better shape; you will also remain healthy so you can keep pounding out the tough sets.
Whatever your ultimate fitness goals (to lose weight, to get stronger, to have a six-pack), the health and balance of your musculoskeletal system is crucial and a top priority.
Have a killer week getting it done and as always feel free to reach out with any questions you may have.
For more tip from the front lines of fitness, start following Coach Lark Says or start your own OnSugar blog. Maybe we'll post your story here on FitSugar!


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Legal Concerns & Legislation
The Role of State Officials in Protecting Horse Health
Animal health officials help manage disease outbreaks, ensure the health of animals crossing state lines, and more.
Photo by Courtesy Katie Flynn, BVMS, CDFA
Setting Goals for Managing Your Horse Property
Winter is a great time for planning. Here are some tips for planning, prioritizing, and tackling your "to do" list.
Photo by iStock
I'm Selling My Horse. What Should I Disclose?
Misrepresenting a horse could land you in some serious legal trouble. Here are tips on how to protect yourself.
Photo by Anne M. Eberhardt/The Horse
More Articles
- House Appropriations Bill Allows Horsemeat Inspections
- Pennsylvania Law Protects Veterinarians From Lawsuits
- Equine Massage Therapists can Now Practice in Tennessee
- Omnibus Bill Sparks Controversy
- House Members Reintroduce PAST Act
- Barr Introduces Equine Tax Bills
- Petitioners Ask Trump to Lift UDSA Anti-Soring Rule Freeze
- Proposed West Virginia Bill Would Tax Veterinary Services
- Kentucky Equine Welfare Measure Advances
- Massage Therapist Could Face Charges in Tennessee
- House Appropriations Bill Allows Horsemeat Inspections
- House Bill would Amend Horse Protection Act
- Setting Goals for Managing Your Horse Property
- Amendment to Defund Horsemeat Inspections Clears Committee
- I'm Selling My Horse. What Should I Disclose?
- N.M. Horse Processing Plant Wins Permit
- Hiring a Horse Broker? Get a Contract
- Remember Brand Inspections for Colorado Horses
- Conducting a Scientific Survey of an Equine Population
- The Role of State Officials in Protecting Horse Health
Smart Horse Keeping
My Mustang Isn't Who I Thought She Was
A DNA test offers Alayne surprise answers to questions about her BLM mustang's ancestry.


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This Verdelho is a blend of two Hawkes Bay vineyard sites. The now 11 year old vines in our stony Omahu Gravels Vineyard provide the wine with a mineral infused note and flavours of orange citrus. The Joseph Soler Vineyard on more fertile silty gravels produces a richer and fuller wine style with flavours of tropical fruit. Both vineyards are intensively managed and cropped at low yields.
This is a full bodied and dry style wine, rich but with a fresh acidity. Aromas and flavours of peach, musk and orange citrus predominate with a grapefruit like acidity providing length.
Grapes: Verdelho


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April 1, 2006
AMHERST, MA – Amherst College senior Sean Murray (Madison, NJ) converted a feed from junior Derek Cherney (Chappaqua, NY) as time expired to complete a 10-9 come-from-behind men's lacrosse victory over visiting NESCAC rival Colby College on a rain-soaked Saturday afternoon. Amherst improved to 2-3 (1-3 NESCAC), while Colby remained winless in conference play, falling to 2-4 (0-3 NESCAC).
This marks the third consecutive one-goal game for the Jeffs, but the first from which they've emerged victorious. First-year Matt Pietroforte (Brooklyn, NY) was outstanding between the pipes, turning away 17 Colby shots and scooping up four ground balls in the victory. Sophomore Will Ferrer (Greenwich, CT) and rookie Brett Miller (Wantagh, NY) sparked Amherst's fourth-quarter comeback as Ferrer fed Miller for a pair of goals in the final stanza. Cherney finished off the rally, feeding first-year Tim Thornton (Rockville Centre, NY) for a man-up score and dropping a dime to Murray for the game-winner.
Amherst junior Chris Hofmann (New Canaan, CT) opened the scoring 4:44 into the game, finding the net off a feed from Ferrer, but Colby stormed back, converting a pair of man-up opportunities and tacking on a third score just 20 later to take a 3-1 lead. Cherney hacked the edge back to one with 3:40 left in the period on an unassisted score.
The Jeffs regained the lead in the opening minutes of the second as Hofmann took advantage of a Mule turnover for a man-down tally and Murray put home an unassisted goal at the 13:29-mark for a 4-3 edge. Colby repeated their first-frame performance, scoring three straight, including a pair from junior Ryan Scott (Columbia, NJ), to go up by two. Junior Rob Madden (New Haven, CT) fired in a goal with 2:11 left to carry Amherst into the break with a 6-5 deficit.
Despite Amherst tying the count, 6-6, at the 13:08-mark on a man-up tally from Ferrer, Colby pushed its advantage back to two on consecutive scores from sophomore Drew Piekarski (East Sandwich, MA).
Stellar play by Pietroforte set the stage for the Jeffs to outscore Colby 4-1 in the final session and come away with the win. Ferrer finished with four points on a goal and three assists, while Cherney added a goal and two helpers. Hofmann, Murray and Miller had two goals apiece. Senior quad-captain Andrew Wilcox (Ancramdale, NY) led the defensive effort with six ground balls, while classmate Ben Lavely (Orlando, FL) and rookie Nick Gilligan (The Woodlands, TX) each picked up three.
Scott finished with three goals to lead Colby, while Piekarski had two goals and an assist. Junior Rory Murphy (Brunswick, ME) and first-year Caddy Brooks (Darien, CT) had a goal and an assist apiece. Senior Jeff Miller (Marshfield, MA) finished with 12 saves and six ground balls in goal.
Amherst returns to action Wednesday at 4 p.m. against visiting non-conference foe Western New England College.


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Stefan Cameron wrote an article on scripting table columns a while back. Taking that idea, how would you dynamically create a table based on some data? Well, there are a couple of ways and this blog post will show you one way of achieving it.
To begin, first you need some data. In my example, I have two sets of strings in JSON format. Your data could be XML or comma delimited strings coming from a web service, ODBC connection, etc. It does not matter what format it is in as long as it is tabular data and your script can handle it property so that you can populate the table cells.
In addition to the data, I have a hidden table with one column and one text cell. The idea is that the script will use this hidden 1×1 table as a template to create multiple row and column instances. The text cell instances will be assigned with values from your data.
The following JavaScript function will take care of the table creation:
* Create rows and columns based on the number of data items and number of attributes
function createTable(jsonString, table)
// Evaluate JSON string into a array of JavaScript objects
// See the StringSO script object for the prototype function
var data = jsonString.evalJSON();
var attributes = new Array();
var attributeCounter = 0;
var row = table.somExpression + ".Row";
var pageWidth = 8; // inches;
var cellWidth;
var columnWidthsString = "";
// Get all attributes
for(var a in data[0])
attributes[attributeCounter++] = a;
// Calculate the cell width based on number of columns and page width
cellWidth = pageWidth/attributes.length;
// Create first column for all rows
for(i = 0; i < data.length; i++)
// creating columns
for(i = 0; i < attributes.length; i++)
for(var n = 0; n <= data.length; n++)
var column = row + "[" + n + "].Column[" + i + "]";
var cell = column + ".Cell";
// Set the value in the cell
if(n == 0)
xfa.resolveNode(cell).rawValue = attributes[i];
xfa.resolveNode(cell).rawValue = data[n-1][attributes[i]] + "";
if(i < attributes.length - 1)
var t = row + "[" + n + "]";
// Set cell width
xfa.resolveNode(cell).w = cellWidth + "in";
// Building column widths string
columnWidthsString += cellWidth + "in ";
// Set column widths
table.columnWidths = columnWidthsString;
// Make the table visible
table.presence = "visible";
What the function does is that it figures out how many columns there will be, calculates the optimum cell and column width. With that information, it loop through the data array to create rows and columns, and finally adjust the column widths accordingly.
Hopefully this is useful for those who are looking for a way to display data returned from a web service without knowing how many columns there are going to be. Feel free to ask any questions and let's keep the discussion going.


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By Mason W. Canales
Killeen Daily Herald
HARKER HEIGHTS - Three City Council members are attending a conference for Texas city officials that began Tuesday in Corpus Christi.
The Texas Municipal League (TML) has its 98th Annual Conference and Exhibition through Friday in Corpus Christi.
The conference is a "great educational forum" where both city staff members and elected local officials learn more about government, said Councilman Sam Murphey.
"It is like a school for the city council," Murphey said.
The conference will host several speakers and a number of break-out sessions about city government issues, according to TML's website.
The speakers are like lecturers, but there is a lot of interaction between them and those attending, "so there is back and forth," said Councilman Rob Robinson.
He said the conference is a great educational tool on how to serve a city as an elected official.
The city has spent between $5,000 and $5,500 to send the City council and the city manager to the conference for the last couple of years, said city Finance Director Alberta Barrett.
The money comes from the administration department's budget for travel and training, she said.
The cost of the trip is well worth the education the council receives at the conference, Murphey said.
"For a minimal investment you get a maximum pay back for the community," he said.
While residents may not see a quantifiable result from council members attending the conference, several council members believe it is essential to how the city performs business.
"For me, I feel it is beneficial to help me be a better council man," Robinson said.
TML is an organization that exists to provide services to Texas cities, states the organization's website. TML's membership includes more than 1,117 cities.
Contact Mason W. Canales at firstname.lastname@example.com or (254) 501-7554. Follow him on Twitter at KDHheights..


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Emmys 2012: Celebrity Event Designer Kevin Lee Reveals Emmy Awards Decor Details, Talks Jennifer Aniston (EXCLUSIVE)
"Red, red, red. It's all about the red; red roses, 200,000 roses in the ballroom. It's quite spectacular," gushed 2012 Emmy Awards Governors Ball event designer Kevin Lee, who spoke to Celebuzz exclusively about the extravagant decor — including 3900 hours of floral labor and 7 different arrangements.
Lee actually inspired the excessive wedding planner character in 1991's Father of the Bride, so you can only imagine the process.
He added, "When you're utilizing 200,000 roses and walk in to see the total ambiance, it's just outrageous because it's not like the other parties. All of the flowers in a row are overwhelming — all over the tabletops and the walls."Why the choice of red?
Red is a super strong shade. It's even on trend with fall fashion and the upcoming holidays — the color could possibly even match with celebs' ensembles as they walk the red (yes, red, no pun intended) carpet.
The celebrity designer told Celebuzz that he may even take some of the flowers home with him after the big night — on Sunday, September 23 — because it's hard to waste such gorgeous foliage.
Lee is definitely not new to the shrubbery scene — this being his sixth season creating fabulous arrangements for the Emmys Governors Ball.
Plus, he has a massive celebrity clientele that includes Jennifer Aniston, Brad Pitt, and Oprah.
Drum rolls for his fave star to work with…
"I love Jennifer Aniston," Lee admitted. "She's a romantic. She's real. She's not superficial. She's natural with who she is."
He even got the honor of planning Aniston's wedding to former beau Brad Pitt in 2000.
Though he had no comment on planning her future wedding to Justin Theroux or Pitt's to Angelina Jolie, he did say that he has a feeling that both Aniston and Pitt's nuptials "will be family-oriented, romantic, beautiful, and nothing like their first one."
Only time will tell.
With the Emmys just around the corner The Daily Buzz breaks down Emmys fashion. WATCH THE FULL SEGMENT BELOW, and catch The Daily Buzz each weekday at 4.30 pm ET.


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A Great Night for the Starlight Parade
With no rain and moderate temperatures in the 70's predicted, tonight promises to be a beautiful night for the Starlight Parade. The Starlight Parade is Portland Rose Festival's illuminated parade that draws nearly 250,000 spectators to watch sparkling floats, gleaming bands and glowing marching groups wind their way through downtown Portland.
When: 8:30 p.m. Saturday
Where: Downtown Portland
Tips for parade-watching: Arrive early and check out the KeyBank Starlight Run, which starts at 8 p.m; bring chairs and blankets; don't forget sidewalk chalk and glow-in-the-dark stuff for kids.
For more information about the Rose Festival, check out our event calendar
about author Mo Sherifdeen
Mo is Travel Oregon's content publisher and loves to hike the forests and mountain trails of Oregon with his wife, daughter and dog. He is also known for getting lost inside a maze of books at Powell's, sipping an IPA (or two) and seeking the best fish 'n chips along the Oregon Coast.
Is any of the information on this page incorrect?


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INDIANAPOLIS -- It sounds as if the Redskins will wait and see if they land a rookie quarterback before deciding QB Donovan McNabb's future with the team.
"We'll make a decision (on McNabb) right after the draft," head coach Mike Shanahan said at the scouting combine Friday, though he later acknowledged it was possible a verdict could come sooner.
Washington currently holds the 10th pick in the draft, and QBs Cam Newton, Blaine Gabbert and Jake Locker have all been mentioned as possibilities in that spot. Shanahan compared Locker to Jake Plummer, who guided the Broncos to the 2005 AFC Championship Game under Shanahan.
Shanahan has not spoken to McNabb recently but did talk to his agent, Fletcher Smith, "to address a lot of questions he had."
Shanahan said there was a lot of "misinformation" circulating regarding his relationship with McNabb. But after several missteps surrounding the quarterback's multiple benchings in 2010, Shanahan said "I want to handle it the right way" in regard to his handling of the player going forward.
Asked if controversial DL Albert Haynesworth would be back, Shanahan said: "You never really know."
He also said the team would like RB Clinton Portis back at "a lower price" considering his age (29), injuries (19 games missed since 2009) and 2011 salary ($8.3 million).
Nate Davis is a reporter, blogger and editor who's been at USA TODAY since 2000. He has covered the NFL since 2005. No, he did not play quarterback for Ball State. Davis' succession of our esteemed colleague Sean Leahy at The Huddle is considered a Brady-for-Bledsoe swap by most "insiders."More about Nate


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CU's Barker to step down as president
Clemson University President James Barker has announced plans today to retire from the position—and return to the classroom. "Last week, I asked the board of trustees to begin a search for the 15th president of Clemson University. I have pledged to remain until the new president is on board. I will then being preparing myself for my next career as a faculty member in the School of Architecture," he said.


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Remizeral may be available in the countries listed below.
Ingredient matches for Remizeral
Rivastigmine is reported as an ingredient of Remizeral in the following countries:
- Argentina
← International Drug Name Search
Important Notice: The Drugs.com international database is in BETA release. This means it is still under development and may contain inaccuracies. It is not intended as a substitute for the expertise and judgement of your physician, pharmacist or other healthcare professional. It should not be construed to indicate that the use of any medication in any country is safe, appropriate or effective for you. Consult with your healthcare professional before taking any medication.


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Brooklyn Decker Cheers on Andy Roddick at 2011 U.S. Open (PHOTOS)
During the tennis match, she looked very stylish in a short lace Juicy Couture dress and even flashed her diamond sparkler.
The couple exchanged vows back in April 2009 in a twilight ceremony at Roddick's Austin, Texas home. But she recently told E! News that they're in no rush to start a family.
"Not to namedrop because that's really lame, but I ran into Fergie one time and she said to me, 'Once you get married, people are going to ask, when are you having babies? So just get ready for it. It's going to be so annoying.' And she's so right. So my answer is, we're obviously waiting. We're young and we're focused on our careers and being together right now."


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Fondation Mérieux event
12-13 January 2015, Les Pensières, Annecy (France)
Keynote Lectures: Ebola - An overview
David L. Heymann, M.D.
Head and Senior Fellow, Chatham House Centre on Global Health Security and Professor, Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
Through meticulous reconstruction of the events that led to the first outbreak of Ebola in Yambuku, DRC (then Zaire) in 1976; and from continued research during and between successive outbreaks after 1976 until the present outbreaks in West Africa, a clear understanding of the epidemiology of Ebola has been gained. From this understanding, and from successful containment of all pervious outbreaks while they remained in rural areas, three containment strategies have been shown to be effective: rapid diagnosis and isolation of patients where infection control is able to prevent further spread; tracing of contacts of patients with temperature monitoring and rapid diagnosis of those who develop fever; and helping communities understand the means to stop transmission including the provision of safe and respectful means of patient and dead body transport and burial. In some outbreaks attempts were made to treat patients using convalescent bloods from survivors, but there were no active research and development programmes for treatments and vaccines until there was a massive infusion of US funding in the early part of this century related to fears of bioterrorism. There are now candidate vaccines, medicines and other treatments that have been shown to be effective in animal models, and the current sustained outbreak provides a means of testing them for efficacy in humans. Should they prove effective, they would then be of potential use in containing this and future Ebola outbreaks.
Session 1: Ebola vaccine research agenda: A status
Sarah Gilbert
Jenner Institute, University of Oxford
A phase I clinical trial of a single dose of a monovalent formulation of a chimpanzee adenovirus 3 (ChAd3) vectored vaccine encoding the surface glycoprotein of the Zaire strain of Ebolavirus, matched to the outbreak strain, is being conducted by the University of Oxford. Following expedited regulatory and ethical approvals, 60 healthy adult volunteers in Oxford, UK were immunised with ChAd3 EBO Z vaccine at three dose levels: 1x1010 viral particles (vp), 2.5x1010 vp and 5x1010 vp (n = 20 per group). Safety was assessed over the next four weeks. Antibodies were measured by ELISA and T cell responses by ELISpot and flow cytometry assays. No safety concerns were identified at any of the dose levels studied. Geometric mean antibody responses by ELISA were highest at four weeks in the highest dose group (90% response rate). In the high dose group there was a 100% response rate for T cells measured by ELISpot, peaking at day 14. Flow cytometry revealed more CD4+ than CD8+ T cell responses. At the vaccine doses tested, both antibody and T cell responses were detected, but at levels lower than those induced in macaques protected by the same vaccine.
Session 2: Challenges in Ebola vaccine research
Rodolphe Thiebaut
Today much more data can be generated in early phase I/II vaccine trials, thanks to the availability of new technologies such as microarray (or RNA-seq) for the measurement of gene expression or multiplex platform for cell functionality. Hence, additional questions on the mechanism of the vaccine effect or the prediction of the vaccine response could be explored beyond the assessment of the vaccine immunogenicity. However, the integration of these large datasets generated by multiple platforms on a restricted number of individuals (typically around 20-30) requires specific statistical methods and specific approaches also called "systems biology/vaccinology" approaches. By undertaking a detailed characterization of the innate and adaptive responses to vaccination for yellow fever, seasonal influenza or pneumococcus infection, early signatures that correlated with later immunogenicity have been identified and gave new insight into the mechanisms that underlie immunogenicity. This type of study could also be interesting in the context of vaccine without proven full efficacy such as HIV. A recent example is provided by the DALIA trial where a dendritic-cell based vaccine has been evaluated as a therapeutic vaccine in 19 HIV-infected patients. The integrative analysis of the repeated measures of gene expression as well as the viro-immune response following the vaccination has revealed signatures of the T-cell response, some of them being common with other vaccines. As new vaccines against Ebola virus are under an accelerated development, there are opportunities to design sub-studies aiming at better explored the response to vaccines.
David Wood
World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
Strategies to shorten the time between emergence of a vaccine-preventable public health emergency and access to safe and effective human vaccines are of the highest priority. Regulators and ethicists have a critical role. On the one hand they can help accelerate the development of investigational products for the emergency situation and facilitate access to investigational products. At the same time they need to ensure that an appropriate level of regulatory oversight is applied so that any risks associated with use of unproven interventions are reasonable and justified in the context of the public health needs. Some National Regulatory Authorities (NRAs) currently have in place regulatory processes and procedures that permit expedited review, clinical trial approval, and licensure of vaccines (and other medicinal products) to respond to an emergency situation, but many NRAs do not have such procedures and processes in place.
Process and procedural solutions adopted by NRAs for emergency situations are intended to achieve more rapid regulatory decision making on potential vaccines. Strategies that are being used by well-resourced regulators include temporary re-assignment of staff to work on the emergency; provision of rapid pre-submission advice to product developers on development plans; adoption of a flexible approach to the receipt and review of data for review; and agreements to waive certain data requirements, on the basis of a scientific assessment and a risk-based rationale. For less-resourced regulators the strategies are necessarily different and may include reliance, for some parts of a submission, on the regulatory oversight already provided by another NRA; joint reviews with peer regulators; or reliance, in toto, on decisions from another NRA or from the WHO prequalification team. These solutions need to be supported by clearly defined regulatory pathways to allow expedited review of vaccines in emergency situations. Provisions must be in place for either stopping, or putting trials on temporary hold, if safety concerns emerge.
In an emergency situation Ethics Committees have to be flexible and willing to review information as it becomes available rather than waiting for all documentation to be available. As there likely will be telescoping of all phases of the trials, very intense and close collaboration and interaction of all those involved with the trial is necessary – sponsors, Principle Investigators, regulatory bodies, Ethics Committees, Data Safety Monitoring Boards, clinical monitors, and communities. Sharing of information and transparency in all aspects is always important, but is of greater relevance in the context of an emergency. Children and pregnant women are vulnerable and require special protection, but should not be arbitrarily excluded from trials - a risk benefit analysis is necessary. It is ethically advisable to ensure adequate follow up of participants until the study end point, and practicalities to do this must be considered in complex emergency circumstances.
Key common challenges for regulators and ethicists in an epidemic of an emerging disease, and which is well illustrated in the current Ebola virus disease emergency, is that there may be limited scientific understanding of the pathogen, the host response to the pathogen, and the protective mechanisms of candidate vaccines. These challenges may be compounded by the use of novel vaccine technologies for which there is limited prior experience. This means that guidance and specifications from regulators may need to be provided as a work in progress and modified as new data emerge. International cooperation between authorities is a strategy being used extensively in the current Ebola emergency to help develop clear consensus on important criteria to support national regulatory decision making. WHO is facilitate collaborations between regulators and ethicists in countries where products are being developed with countries where the products will be evaluated and, if found safe, used.
Armand Sprecher
Médecins Sans Frontières - Operational Center of Brussels
The most immediate challenge to front line investigators in any vaccine trial will be the handling of the investigational agent in an environment at tropical temperatures with unreliable power supply. However, the current outbreak poses its own challenges. Its spatial extension has left the target population spread throughout West Africa. There will need to be procedures for the handling of people who have a fever shortly after vaccination, as some will have this as a result of vaccination and some may have this as their first manifestation of disease. Each target population brings its own challenges. The project staff providing vaccination will be vulnerable to illness and this must be planned for. Healthcare workers receiving the vaccine may adopt counterproductive behaviors. Finding and vaccinating home care providers in the community presents the same challenges as finding cases along with security concerns. Asking them to come to a vaccination site creates an identification challenge. In either case, doing so in a manner that provides timely protection is a challenge. The communities of West Africa may have varied acceptance of vaccines as well as study designs that involve chance in their receiving the active investigational agent. The study teams being in possession of a material that offers the hope of protection from a disease that has caused so much fear may itself pose a security concern. All these challenges are surmountable, but planning for them will be needed.
Donata Medaglini
University of Siena and Sclavo Vaccines Association
Claire-Anne Siegrist
University of Geneva
Ebola outbreak urgently calls for the development of an effective vaccine. Candidate Ebola vaccines, that have already shown 100% protection in non-human primates, have entered or are ready to enter clinical testing. To optimize the knowledge yield of the clinical trials of VSV-ZEBOV organized under the auspices of WHO with funding from the Wellcome Trust, we have organized a research network including representatives from vaccine manufacturers, scientists of clinical sites in EU and Africa, world-leaders in immunology and partners of ADITEC (a large FP7- supported collaborative research programme aiming to accelerate the development of novel, powerful immunisation technologies for next-generation vaccines). Our ambitious programme aims to acquire new and critical knowledge of the innate and adaptive immune responses elicited in humans by VSV-ZEBOV vaccination, with specific emphasis on trancriptomics and metabolomics signatures. Cutting-edge technologies will be used to perform an in depth characterization of immune responses of vaccination to ensure that all the information which may be "extracted" from the ongoing first-in-humans clinical studies are fully exploited and shared, to characterize vaccine safety and immunogenicity and thus fill a critical knowledge gap in Ebola vaccine development.
Bernadette Murgue
IMMI & Aviesan
The Heads of International (biomedical) Research Funding Organisations (HIRO) agreed in 2013 to create an initiative which would facilitate international collaboration between funders in the field of new and remerging epidemics. On this basis the European Commission, together with funders from Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Korea, South Africa, Spain, Thailand and the U.S. founded the 'Global Research Collaboration for Infectious Disease Preparedness' (GloPID-R). The objective of this network of funders is to ensure that there is a coordinated research response within 48 hours of a significant new/re-emerging epidemic outbreak.
The current Ebola crisis has demonstrated that collaboration between global funders is essential to fight epidemics. Severe epidemics threaten the population of the entire planet and it is important to invest in research before a health crisis occurs. Unlike the public health response coordinated by the WHO, there is no forum for the coordination of an international research response. However, the development of diagnostics, epidemiological studies and clinical trials require a rapid international response. GloPID-R ensures that joint work during 'peacetime' on regulatory, financial and administrative bottlenecks will prepare the ground for constructive collaboration when an outbreak occurs. GloPID-R will not coordinate a public health response and it is not a new funding organisation. It aims to make the work of its members more effective through collaboration.
Specific objectives are:
to address scientific, legal, ethical and financial challenges;
to implement a 'One Health' approach with close cooperation between human and animal health researchers;
to establish a Strategic Agenda for research responses;
to connect infectious disease research networks;
to actively involve developing countries.
Since the initiative was launched in February 2013 it has progressed to a point where it will engage its full potential from January 2015 onward. At this time the secretariat of the group, selected from an open call for proposals under H2020, will be in place. An agreement on governance was reached at the last meeting in September 2014 in Montreal and membership requires neither a legal nor a financial commitment. GloPID-R welcomes new funding organisations to join.
Currently the members are engaged in close collaboration on Ebola research with regular updates on activities as well as coordination meetings.
Session 3: Cultural and programmatic challenges in the implementation of Ebola vaccine programs
Robert Newman, MD, MPH
Gavi - The Vaccine Alliance, Geneva
Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance, enables a multilateral approach for increasing access to new vaccines, assuring fairness and transparency of funding. Innovative finance is core to Gavi: increasing predictability and flexibility of funds, impact per dollar spent and the diversification of Gavi's funding sources. Innovative funding mechanisms include: International Finance Facility for Immunisation (IFFIm), Advance Market Commitment (AMC) and Gavi Matching Fund.
In December 2014, following three months of intensive collaboration between the Gavi Secretariat and a range of Alliance partners including the World Health Organization (WHO), other multilateral development partners, vaccine manufacturers, affected countries, civil society organisations and donors, the Gavi Board endorsed plans for up to US$ 300 million for procurement of WHO recommended Ebola vaccines including production costs and potential scale-up and capacity building costs, under a funding structure potentially including Advance Purchase Commitments (APC). Up to an additional US$ 90 million may be used to support countries to fund vaccine implementation and to assist with the recovery of health and immunisation systems in the countries affected. In addition to supporting control of the current epidemic, Gavi funding could also be used to create stockpiles of first- and second-generation Ebola vaccines. To meet the funding requirements of the approved Ebola initiative, Gavi will use a combination of existing and new sources of funds and will join forces with initiatives that have already pledged funding to address the Ebola crisis. The IFFIm could be used directly or indirectly to support existing vaccine programmes by enabling timely replenishment of temporarily diverted funds, in order to ensure no disruption to liquidities required for existing Gavi programmes. For the majority of the envelope, funding structures will need to be approved by the Gavi Executive Committee in the coming months.
Anton Camacho
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
We used a mathematical model, fitted to the latest available data at the country and county level, to forecast the Ebola epidemic over the next few months and simulate the introduction of vaccination under different strategies. I will discuss the potential impact of these different vaccination strategies for the control of Ebola in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. I will also discuss the value of real time modelling in tracking the epidemic at a finer spatial resolution and informing the implementation of vaccine trials.
Dr Manica Balasegaram
MSF Access Campaign
A strategic approach is required to accelerate access to Ebola vaccines and support the ongoing efforts to tackle the current outbreak in West Africa. MSF has identified a number of tangible policies and approaches that may be adopted to ensure timely and appropriate distribution of vaccines. These can be grouped into four main categories: funding and procurement mechanisms; stronger health systems to address public health needs; ensuring needs based access; preparedness and future outbreaks. Firstly, transparent funding and pull incentives are required for vaccine development, with clear mapping, auditing and publishing of financing and production costs. Secondly, existing weak health systems should be prioritised for strengthening to meet concurrent public health issues. This includes ensuring delayed or interrupted vaccination is carried out for all standard EPI vaccines, according to WHO guidelines. Thirdly, the needs of countries most at risk should be addressed through availability of priority stockpiles and setting of vaccine prices (rather than for biodefense or economic purposes). Finally, to prepare for future outbreaks a number of activities are required: developing second generation vaccines that are more effective, produce longer-lasting immunity or are better adapted to the constraints of the affected countries; ensuring accessible and rapidly deployable vaccine stockpiles; and encouraging additional vaccine manufacturers to invest in technology and production capacities.
Janice E. Graham
Dalhousie University
"Today we know the best way to prevent the spread of Ebola infection is through public health measures, including good infection control practices, isolation, contact tracing, quarantine, and provision of personal protective equipment. However, a vaccine will ultimately be an important tool in the prevention effort." NIAID Director Anthony S. Fauci
Slow to be recognized, the West African Ebola Outbreak is first and foremost a humanitarian crisis. The three countries that have experienced the most intense transmission were particularly vulnerable in being already devastated by poverty, limited public health infrastructure, and the understandably endemic distrust that results from past and recent histories of structural violence. It is no small task to parse the cultural and programmatic challenges to implementing an Ebola vaccine program in countries that lack basic health care services and public health systems. This presentation will identify some key issues that address communication, care of the sick and dead, food security, marginalized groups and surveillance. It is valuable too to posit the opportunities to sidestep the fault lines that so many vaccine projects with good intentions have fallen prey. Building real capacity and capabilities for sustainable health systems that offer long-term rewards for a healthier future is integral to any vaccine program. Such a health care system would subsume a comprehensive routine immunization programme and additionally structure in resources for necessary supplies and medicines, training, knowledge and skills development, and secured salaries that incentivise and sustain high quality health care workers in community clinics. Incorporating constructive community engagement strategies that work with the spectrum of traditional and allopathic health care providers to educate and incorporate them in early surveillance, detection and reporting, and leveraging two existing platforms — the EPI and the Global Vaccine Safety Initiative (GSVI) — real and viable capacity within a neglected health system would be built capable of detecting, reporting and rapid response to any disease outbreaks as well as adverse events following immunization.


text:
> -----Original Message-----
> From: ext Jason P Jones [mailto:jjones at integracon dot com]
> Sent: 03 March, 2004 04:21
> Tried the below brands:
> Memorex
> Sandisk
> Lexar
> PNY's work like a champ. These are 8-64 MB. The non-PNY's
> never boot. (I
> don't have a serial cable handy so I cannot see the console
> messages for
> debug...). PNY's come up (3 of them) and others don't (8 of
> them) any ideas?
I have been struggling with a Verbatim 64MB card, trying to get it to work with a Sokeris 4501.
i was not sure if it was the Adaptor i was using to write the image, a Samsung 5-in-1 USB reader,
the Flash card, or physdiskwrite.
I dont currently have a runing U**x box to DD with, so i can eliminate physdiskwrite (i don't think
it is this but with no other CF cards, or adaptors, this is the only elimination i can do)
On the Sokeris Console it gets to the bios screen and then comes up with a "no boot device" message.
from some of the early posts (in the list archive) i think i may need to junk the Verbatium, and buy
some other brand of card.
anyone any recommendations on brand?


text:
Car cruises draw crowds to Donora
Two charity car cruises were held Sunday in Donora.
The Donora Fire Company held its 5th annual cruise 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. at Palmer Park. Proceeds benefit the company's ladder truck fund.
The Monongahela and Donora Area Lions Club hosted its 2nd annual cruise 3 to 7 p.m. at Valley Skating Center. The event benefits Fisher House.
Both car cruises featured basket auctions, food and oldies music.
Forty trophies were awarded, and the first 100 cars received dash plaques.


text:
BREAKOUT MOMENT: Shaking her hips—Elvis be damned—during a too-hot-for-prime time samba with partner helio Castroneves in 2007.
I could see them now plainly from the helio cubby windows, great shafts of radiance sweeping the firmament.
The helio was veiled in cloud, and there were no sounds of war.
I saw him forcibly dragging the bald-headed Waters from the helio cubby.
Waters and I have been in the helio room for the past hour, searching with the 'scope there.
They crowded the instrument room where the tense duty man sat bending over his helio receivers.
Hope was gone, and even the "helio" refused its communications.
At sixty thousand feet the helio vanes were useless, only the power of the auxiliary rocket-tubes maintained his altitude.
We have helio now, and some sort of understanding for emergency signalling by lights.
In the helio cubby, Waters was still trying to raise an Earth station.


text:
At Marlboro Ranch, the adventure starts the second you step outside. Below are some information about their Winter Activities only. They of course have Summer Activities but I didn't cover any information about it here.
Winter Activities
Cross-Country Skiing - Head out through Montana's tranquil backcountry and get a feel for the great outdoors.
Your gears are skis and poles. Guests make their way across an open field toward the stream by the aspen grove. After a short-course on how to move using skis and poles, guests head out of town for some peace and quiet. You'll see some short-tailed weasels during this activity. They keep a busy schedule both day and night.
Snowshoeing - Take in the sights and sounds of a Montana winter, but first you have to master the walk.
You'll need snowshoes and trekking poles. Guests travel about a 1/2 mile east of Main Street until they reach the Hidden Meadow. You'll track across fields of packed powder and you'll find out how Montana got the nickname Big Sky Country. Snowshoe hares turn white in the winter months and are hard to spot on a fresh layer of powder. So watch out!
Ice Fishing - When the temperatures outside are this cold, there's only one place where the fish are still biting - eight inches below the ice.
You'll be given heated huts, rods, reels and trout-cathing lures for this activity. It takes place at the Rainbow Lake. You'll sink a lure in the chilly water and wait to rell in the catch of the day - cutthroad trout!
Dogsledding - Take the reins and get ready for a high-speed ride through their wide open spaces.
This was one of the activities we picked.
They'll take you to the Southeast - facing slope of Elk Mountain. You'll get a feel for how to guide these cold-weather-loving canines, and enjoy a breezy ride across a pasture blanketed in snow. You'll see mountains in every direction, including the Bridger, Crazy and Absarokee ranges. The route also overlooks the Rainbow Lake.Wilderness Tour - Enjoy a wild ride in an SUV and get up close with some real Montana Locals.
You'll aboard an all-terrain vehicles with binoculars and plant/animal identification charts. Guests are taken on a journey through some of the Ranch's more remote parts. You'll walk away with a better understanding of the kinds of plants and animals that make the Montana home.
For our experience, we visted Yellow Stone.
Snowmobiling - Guests get to ride through their 18,000-acre backyard on a snow-eating machine.
Their machines carry 600 cc's of power. You'll go on the foothills of the Crazy Mountains. Wide-open spaces, tree-lined turns and all the excitement of great outdoors is what you'll experience. Try not to let the flying snow get in the way of spotting a deer or a moose, which are know to hang out along the trail.
Adventure Trek - Guests get to soar 550 feet across our frozen mountain-steam-fed creek.
Your gear: snowshoes, GPS devices, ziplines, harnesses, pulleys, cables and helmets. You'll trek through the high country, then gear up to take a quick trip over Rock Creek. You'll also wander through the wintry wilderness using a GPS device. Then you'll take an exhilarating ride through the treetops on their zipline. Guests will soar past golden eagles and red-tail hawks as you make your way across Rock Creek from 150 feet up.Tubing - Ease back, kick up your feet and let gravity take its course.
You'll have snow tubes, snow suits and skiing helmets all provided by Marlboro staff of course. You'll tube on the Tubing Hill located outside the Main Gate on Elk Mountain. There's no better way to take in the majesty of the land than with an easy ride down a wide-open, snow-covered hill. You'll be able to vew a blur of mountains and pines as you make your way to the bottom of the hill.


text:
The Brisbane-born 40-year-old has adopted American citizenship as well as an American accent, but her steady US career still piques our interest.
After a few small TV roles in 2012 (including a two-parter in Suits, which stars her husband Gabriel Macht), Barrett could have a hit on her hands in 2013 with Zero Hour.
She stars as Laila Foley, the wife of an editor of a sceptical magazine (Anthony Edwards) who gets drawn into a huge conspiracy when she is kidnapped.
The evil plot involves clocks, the church, Nazis and the end of the world. Naturally.
Aussie actress lands a favourite role
Seven splashes out on 2013 line-up to stay the course