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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, also known as BDNF, is a secreted protein[1] that, in humans, is encoded by the BDNF gene.[2][3] BDNF is a member of the "neurotrophin" family of growth factors, which are related to the canonical "Nerve Growth Factor", NGF. Neurotrophic factors are found in the brain and the periphery.
Function Edit
BDNF acts on certain neurons of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system, helping to support the survival of existing neurons, and encourage the growth and differentiation of new neurons and synapses.[4][5] In the brain, it is active in the hippocampus, cortex, and basal forebrain—areas vital to learning, memory, and higher thinking.[6] BDNF itself is important for long-term memory.[7] BDNF was the second neurotrophic factor to be characterized after nerve growth factor (NGF).
Although the vast majority of neurons in the mammalian brain are formed prenatally, parts of the adult brain retain the ability to grow new neurons from neural stem cells in a process known as neurogenesis. Neurotrophins are chemicals that help to stimulate and control neurogenesis, BDNF being one of the most active.[8][9][10] Mice born without the ability to make BDNF suffer developmental defects in the brain and sensory nervous system, and usually die soon after birth, suggesting that BDNF plays an important role in normal neural development.[11]
Recent research has led to the classification of BDNF as a myokine. In addition to its production and functions in the brain and nervous system, BDNF secreted by contracting muscle has been found to play a role in muscle repair, regeneration, and differentiation. This is supplementary to its well-known functions in neurobiology. BDNF can therefore now be identified as a myokine that plays a role in peripheral metabolism, myogenesis, and muscle regeneration.[12]
Tissue distributionEdit
Counterintuitively, BDNF is actually found in a range of tissue and cell types, not just in the brain. It is also expressed in the retina, the central nervous system, motor neurons, the kidneys, and the prostate.[citation needed] BDNF is present in high concentration in hippocampus and cerebral cortex. BDNF is also found in human saliva.[13]
Mechanism of actionEdit
BDNF binds at least two receptors on the surface of cells that are capable of responding to this growth factor, TrkB (pronounced "Track B") and the LNGFR (for low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor, also known as p75).[14] It may also modulate the activity of various neurotransmitter receptors, including the α7 nicotonic receptor.[15]
TrkB is a receptor tyrosine kinase (meaning it mediates its actions by causing the addition of phosphate molecules on certain tyrosines in the cell, activating cellular signaling). There are other related Trk receptors, TrkA and TrkC. Also, there are other neurotrophic factors structurally related to BDNF: NGF (for Nerve Growth Factor), NT-3 (for Neurotrophin-3) and NT-4 (for Neurotrophin-4). While TrkB is the primary receptor for BDNF and NT-4, TrkA is the receptor for NGF, and TrkC is the primary receptor for NT-3. NT-3 binds to TrkA and TrkB as well, but with less affinity (thus the caveat "primary receptor").[14]
The other BDNF receptor, the p75, plays a somewhat less clear role. Some researchers have shown that the p75NTR binds and serves as a "sink" for neurotrophins. Cells that express both the p75NTR and the Trk receptors might, therefore, have a greater activity, since they have a higher "microconcentration" of the neurotrophin.[citation needed] It has also been shown, however, that the p75NTR may signal a cell to die via apoptosis; so, therefore, cells expressing the p75NTR in the absence of Trk receptors may die rather than live in the presence of a neurotrophin.[citation needed]
Secretion Edit
BDNF is made in the endoplasmic reticulum and secreted from dense-core vesicles. It binds carboxypeptidase E (CPE), and the disruption of this binding has been proposed to cause the loss of sorting of BDNF into dense-core vesicles. The phenotype for BDNF knockout mice can be severe, including postnatal lethality. Other traits include sensory neuron losses that affect coordination, balance, hearing, taste, and breathing. Knockout mice also exhibit cerebellar abnormalities and an increase in the number of sympathetic neurons.[16]
Exercise has been shown to increase the secretion of BDNF as a myokine at the mRNA and protein levels in the rodent hippocampus, suggesting the potential increase of this neurotrophin after exercise in humans.[17][18] It is well known that BDNF increases in brain tissue in response to acute exercise and exercise training and may account for the effect of exercise in the protection against neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia. Recent studies have thus confirmed that exercise induces an expression of BDNF in skeletal muscle, as well as in the brain.[19]
Caffeine improves recognition memory, and this effect may be related to an increase of the BDNF and TrkB immunocontent in the hippocampus.[20]
Effects of physical activity on cognition Edit
BDNF activity is correlated with increased long term potentiation and neurogenesis, which can be induced by physical activity.[21] Long term potentiation is shown to improve learning and memory by strengthening the communication between specific neurons. This was shown in the Morris water maze task in which the role of BDNF was tested in mice. One group of mice exercised on a running wheel while the control group of mice trained under standard conditions lacking physical exercise. When the groups of mice performed the Morris water maze task, the running group significantly increased their learning and memory by decreasing the latency in finding the platform.[21] Bromodeoxyuridine was injected into the mice to label dividing cells which proved to show that the physical exercise enhanced neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus of the running mice, thus enhancing long term potentiation and memory.[22]
The increase in neurogenesis is hypothesized to increase learning in the mice.[22] MRI scans have shown that exercising mice have a selective increase in cerebral blood flow to the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, an area of the brain particular to memory and learning, while there was no significant increase observed in other areas of the brain. The control mice group with no exercise did not have the same increase in the hippocampal region. This supporting evidence concludes that exercise selectively increases neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.[23]
The mechanism for this is due to BDNF activating the signal transduction cascades, MAP kinase and CAMKII, which regulate the expression of the transcription factor, CREB, and protein synapsin I. The mitochondria and the uncoupling protein, UCP2, which is mainly present in the brain's mitochondria, have been thought to interact with this signal transduction cascade during physical activity. CREB and synapsin I both play a role in enhancing plasticity by changing the structure of the neuron and strengthening its signaling capability, therefore affecting long term potentiation. CREB specifically aids in spatial learning and regulating gene expression, while synapsin I modulates the release of neurotransmitters and affects the actin cytoskeleton of the cell which enhances the signaling capability of the neuron by changing its shape and density.[24]
Genetics Edit
The BDNF protein is coded by the gene that is also called BDNF. In humans this gene is located on chromosome 11.[2][3] Val66Met (rs6265) is a single nucleotide polymorphism in the gene where adenine and guanine alleles vary, resulting in a variation between valine and methionine at codon 66.[25][26]
As of 2008, Val66Met is probably the most investigated SNP of the BDNF gene, but, besides this variant, other SNPs in the gene are C270T, rs7103411, rs2030324, rs2203877, rs2049045 and rs7124442.[citation needed]
The polymorphism Thr2Ile may be linked to congenital central hypoventilation syndrome.[27][28]
In 2009, variants close to the BDNF gene were found to be associated with obesity in two very large genome wide-association studies of body mass index (BMI).[29][30]
Disease linkage Edit
- See also: Neuroplasticity and Medulla oblongata
Various studies have shown possible links between BDNF and conditions such as depression,[31][32] bipolar disorder,[33] schizophrenia,[34] obsessive-compulsive disorder,[35] Alzheimer's disease,[36] Huntington's disease,[37] Rett syndrome,[38] and dementia,[39] as well as anorexia nervosa[40] and bulimia nervosa.[41]
Short bouts of exercise can produce an increase in serum BDNF which is hypothesized to be cancelled by exposure to air pollution.[42] In rodents, BDNF gene expression in the brain may also be down-regulated following exposure to air pollution.[18][43]
Increased levels of BDNF can induce a change to an opiate-dependent-like reward state when expressed in the ventral tegmental area in rats.[44]
Depression Edit
Exposure to stress and the stress hormone corticosterone has been shown to decrease the expression of BDNF in rats, and, if exposure is persistent, this leads to an eventual atrophy of the hippocampus. Atrophy of the hippocampus and other limbic structures has been shown to take place in humans suffering from chronic depression.[45] In addition, rats bred to be heterozygous for BDNF, therefore reducing its expression, have been observed to exhibit similar hippocampal atrophy. This suggests that an etiological link between the development of depression and BDNF exists. Supporting this, the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, voluntary exercise,[46] caloric restriction, intellectual stimulation, curcumin[47] and various treatments for depression (such as antidepressants[48] and electroconvulsive therapy[49] and sleep deprivation[50]) increase expression of BDNF in the brain. In the case of some treatments such as drugs[51] and electroconvulsive therapy.[52] This has been shown to protect or reverse this atrophy.[51] Decreased level of BDNF in the hypothalamus has been implicated in development of depression and hyperphagy that may lead to obesity (Ref.: Sinha JK et al. 2011, 8th IBRO World Congress, Florence, Italy)
High levels of BDNF and Substance P have been found associated with increased itching in eczema.[53]
Epilepsy has also been linked with polymorphisms in BDNF. Given BDNF's vital role in the development of the landscape of the brain, there is quite a lot of room for influence on the development of neuropathologies from BDNF.
Levels of both BDNF mRNA and BDNF protein are known to be up-regulated in epilepsy.[54] BDNF modulates excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission by inhibiting GABAA-receptor-mediated post-synaptic currents.[55] This provides a potential mechanism for the observed up-regulation.
Alzheimer's diseaseEdit
Post mortem analysis has shown lowered levels of BDNF in the brain tissues of people with Alzheimer's disease, although the nature of the connection remains unclear. Studies suggest that neurotrophic factors have a protective role against amyloid beta toxicity. A connection between depression and dementia has been suggested to be mediated by BDNF. Depression causes shrinkage of the hippocampus. When antidepressants are administered, the levels of BDNF are raised to protect and increase the volume of hippocampal and other cells. In Alzheimer's, the hippocampus is also damaged, lowering levels of the neurotrophic factor.[56] Another possible link between BDNF and dementia is through fitness, since exercise can release BDNF and preserve cognition in older people.[57]
Drug Addiction Edit
BDNF is a critical regulator of drug dependency. Animals chronically exposed to drugs of abuse show increased levels of BDNF in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the brain, and when BDNF is injected directly into the VTA of rats, the animals act as if they are dependent on opiates.[44]
Interactions Edit
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor has been shown to interact with TrkB.[58][59] BDNF has also been shown to interact with the reelin signaling chain.[60] The expression of reelin by Cajal-Retzius cells is decreased during development under the influence of BDNF.[61]
- ↑ Binder DK, Scharfman HE (September 2004). Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor. Growth Factors 22 (3): 123–31.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Jones KR, Reichardt LF (October 1990). Molecular cloning of a human gene that is a member of the nerve growth factor family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87 (20): 8060–4.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Maisonpierre PC, Le Beau MM, Espinosa R, Ip NY, Belluscio L, de la Monte SM, Squinto S, Furth ME, Yancopoulos GD (July 1991). Human and rat brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3: gene structures, distributions, and chromosomal localizations. Genomics 10 (3): 558–68.
- ↑ Acheson A, Conover JC, Fandl JP, DeChiara TM, Russell M, Thadani A, Squinto SP, Yancopoulos GD, Lindsay RM (March 1995). A BDNF autocrine loop in adult sensory neurons prevents cell death. Nature 374 (6521): 450–3.
- ↑ Huang EJ, Reichardt LF (2001). Neurotrophins: Roles in Neuronal Development and Function. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24: 677–736.
- ↑ Yamada K, Nabeshima T (April 2003). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor/TrkB signaling in memory processes. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 91 (4): 267–70.
- ↑ Bekinschtein P, Cammarota M, Katche C, Slipczuk L, Rossato JI, Goldin A, Izquierdo I, Medina JH (February 2008). BDNF is essential to promote persistence of long-term memory storage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (7): 2711–6.
- ↑ Zigova T, Pencea V, Wiegand SJ, Luskin MB (July 1998). Intraventricular administration of BDNF increases the number of newly generated neurons in the adult olfactory bulb. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 11 (4): 234–45.
- ↑ Benraiss A, Chmielnicki E, Lerner K, Roh D, Goldman SA (1 September 2001). Adenoviral brain-derived neurotrophic factor induces both neostriatal and olfactory neuronal recruitment from endogenous progenitor cells in the adult forebrain. J. Neurosci. 21 (17): 6718–31.
- ↑ Pencea V, Bingaman KD, Wiegand SJ, Luskin MB (1 September 2001). Infusion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor into the lateral ventricle of the adult rat leads to new neurons in the parenchyma of the striatum, septum, thalamus, and hypothalamus. J. Neurosci. 21 (17): 6706–17.
- ↑ Ernfors P, Kucera J, Lee KF, Loring J, Jaenisch R (October 1995). Studies on the physiological role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 in knockout mice. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 39 (5): 799–807.
- ↑ Pedersen BK (July 2013). "Muscle as a secretory organ". Compr Physiol 3 (3): 1337–62. doi:10.1002/cphy.c120033. PMID 23897689.
- ↑ Mandel AL, Ozdener H, Utermohlen V (July 2009). Identification of Pro- and Mature Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor in Human Saliva. Arch. Oral Biol. 54 (7): 689–95.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Patapoutian A, Reichardt LF (June 2001). Trk receptors: mediators of neurotrophin action. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 11 (3): 272–80.
- ↑ Fernandes CC, Pinto-Duarte A, Ribeiro JA, Sebastião AM (May 2008). Postsynaptic action of brain-derived neurotrophic factor attenuates alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated responses in hippocampal interneurons. J. Neurosci. 28 (21): 5611–8.
- ↑ MGI database: phenotypes for BDNF homozygous null mice. http://www.informatics.jax.org/searches/allele_report.cgi?_Marker_key=537&int:_Set_key=847156
- ↑ Cotman CW, Berchtold NC (June 2002). Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity. Trends Neurosci. 25 (6): 295–301.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Bos I, De Boever P, Buekers J, Emmerechts J, Jacobs L, Mishra V, Meeusen R, Nemery B, Van Poppel M, Nawrot T, Int Panis L (August 2012). Traffic related gene expression changes in mouse brain tissue.. Inhalation Toxicology 24 (10): 676–686.
- ↑ Pedersen BK (July 2013). Muscle as a secretory organ. Compr Physiol 3 (3): 1337–62.
- ↑ Costa MS, Botton PH, Mioranzza S, Ardais AP, Moreira JD, Souza DO, Porciúncula LO (September 2008). Caffeine improves adult mice performance in the object recognition task and increases BDNF and TrkB independent on phospho-CREB immunocontent in the hippocampus. Neurochem. Int. 53 (3-4): 89–94.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Vaynman S, Gomez-Pinilla F (September 2006). Revenge of the "sit": how lifestyle impacts neuronal and cognitive health through molecular systems that interface energy metabolism with neuronal plasticity. J. Neurosci. Res. 84 (4): 699–715.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 van Praag H, Christie BR, Sejnowski TJ, Gage FH (November 1999). Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (23): 13427–31.
- ↑ Pereira AC, Huddleston DE, Brickman AM, Sosunov AA, Hen R, McKhann GM, Sloan R, Gage FH, Brown TR, Small SA (March 2007). An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (13): 5638–43.
- ↑ Gómez-Pinilla F, Ying Z, Roy RR, Molteni R, Edgerton VR (November 2002). Voluntary exercise induces a BDNF-mediated mechanism that promotes neuroplasticity. J. Neurophysiol. 88 (5): 2187–95.
- ↑ Egan MF, Kojima M, Callicott JH, Goldberg TE, Kolachana BS, Bertolino A, Zaitsev E, Gold B, Goldman D, Dean M, Lu B, Weinberger DR (January 2003). The BDNF val66met polymorphism affects activity-dependent secretion of BDNF and human memory and hippocampal function. Cell 112 (2): 257–69.
- ↑ Bath KG, Lee FS (March 2006). Variant BDNF (Val66Met) impact on brain structure and function. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 6 (1): 79–85.
- ↑ Omim - Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; BDNF. omim.org. URL accessed on 2013-02-26.
- ↑ Weese-Mayer DE, Bolk S, Silvestri JM, Chakravarti A (2002). Idiopathic congenital central hypoventilation syndrome: evaluation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor genomic DNA sequence variation. Am. J. Med. Genet. 107 (4): 306–310.
- ↑ Thorleifsson G, Walters GB, Gudbjartsson DF, Steinthorsdottir V, Sulem P, Helgadottir A, Styrkarsdottir U, Gretarsdottir S, Thorlacius S, Jonsdottir I, Jonsdottir T, Olafsdottir EJ, Olafsdottir GH, Jonsson T, Jonsson F, Borch-Johnsen K, Hansen T, Andersen G, Jorgensen T, Lauritzen T, Aben KK, Verbeek AL, Roeleveld N, Kampman E, Yanek LR, Becker LC, Tryggvadottir L, Rafnar T, Becker DM, Gulcher J, Kiemeney LA, Pedersen O, Kong A, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K (January 2009). Genome-wide association yields new sequence variants at seven loci that associate with measures of obesity. Nat. Genet. 41 (1): 18–24.
- ↑ Willer CJ, Speliotes EK, Loos RJ, Li S, Lindgren CM, Heid IM, Berndt SI, Elliott AL, Jackson AU, et al. (January 2009). Six new loci associated with body mass index highlight a neuronal influence on body weight regulation. Nat. Genet. 41 (1): 25–34.
- ↑ Dwivedi Y (2009). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: role in depression and suicide. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 5: 433–49.
- ↑ Brunoni AR, Lopes M, Fregni F (December 2008). A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies on major depression and BDNF levels: implications for the role of neuroplasticity in depression. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 11 (8): 1169–80.
- ↑ Iria Grande, Gabriel Rodrigo Fries, Mauricio Kunz, and Flavio Kapczinski. The Role of BDNF as a Mediator of Neuroplasticity in Bipolar Disorder. Psychiatry Investig. 2010 December; 7(4): 243–250..
- ↑ Xiu MH, Hui L, Dang YF, De Hou T, Zhang CX, Zheng YL, Chen DC, Kosten TR, Zhang XY (August 2009). Decreased serum BDNF levels in chronic institutionalized schizophrenia on long-term treatment with typical and atypical antipsychotics. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 33 (8): 1508–12.
- ↑ Maina G, Rosso G, Zanardini R, Bogetto F, Gennarelli M, Bocchio-Chiavetto L (August 2009). Serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in drug-na?ve obsessive-compulsive patients: A case-control study. J Affect Disord 122 (1–2): 174–8.
- ↑ Zuccato C, Cattaneo E (June 2009). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neurodegenerative diseases. Nature Reviews Neurology 5 (6): 311–22.
- ↑ Zajac MS, Pang TY, Wong N, Weinrich B, Leang LS, Craig JM, Saffery R, Hannan AJ (June 2009). Wheel running and environmental enrichment differentially modify exon-specific BDNF expression in the hippocampus of wild-type and pre-motor symptomatic male and female Huntington's disease mice. Hippocampus 20 (5): 621–36.
- ↑ Zeev BB, Bebbington A, Ho G, Leonard H, de Klerk N, Gak E, Vecsler M, Vecksler M, Christodoulou J (April 2009). The common BDNF polymorphism may be a modifier of disease severity in Rett syndrome. Neurology 72 (14): 1242–7.
- ↑ Arancio O, Chao MV (June 2007). Neurotrophins, synaptic plasticity and dementia. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 17 (3): 325–30.
- ↑ Mercader JM, Fernández-Aranda F, Gratacòs M, Ribasés M, Badía A, Villarejo C, Solano R, González JR, Vallejo J, Estivill X (2007). Blood levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor correlate with several psychopathological symptoms in anorexia nervosa patients. Neuropsychobiology 56 (4): 185–90.
- ↑ Kaplan AS, Levitan RD, Yilmaz Z, Davis C, Tharmalingam S, Kennedy JL (January 2008). A DRD4/BDNF gene-gene interaction associated with maximum BMI in women with bulimia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 41 (1): 22–8.
- ↑ I. Bos, L. Jacobs, T.S. Nawrot, B. de Geus, R. Torfs, L. Int Panis, B. Degraeuwe, R. Meeusen (August 2011). No exercise-induced increase in serum BDNF after cycling near a major traffic road.. Neuroscience Letters 500 (2): 129–132.
- ↑ Bos I, De Boever P, Int Panis L, Sarre S, Meeusen R (2012). No up-regulation of hippocampal BDNF expression in rats exposed to UFP during exercise.. Neuroscience.
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 Vargas-Perez H, Ting-A Kee R, Walton CH, Hansen DM, Razavi R, Clarke L, Bufalino MR, Allison DW, Steffensen SC, van der Kooy D (June 2009). Ventral tegmental area BDNF induces an opiate-dependent-like reward state in naive rats. Science 324 (5935): 1732–4.
- ↑ Warner-Schmidt JL, Duman RS (2006). Hippocampal neurogenesis: opposing effects of stress and antidepressant treatment. Hippocampus 16 (3): 239–49.
- ↑ Russo-Neustadt AA, Beard RC, Huang YM, Cotman CW (2000). Physical activity, and antidepressant treatment potentiate the expression of specific brain-derived neurotrophic factor transcripts in the rat hippocampus. Neuroscience 101 (2): 305–12.
- ↑ Xu Y, Ku B, Tie L, Yao H, Jiang W, Ma X, Li X (November 2006). Curcumin reverses the effects of chronic stress on behavior, the HPA axis, BDNF expression and phosphorylation of CREB. Brain Res. 1122 (1): 56–64.
- ↑ Shimizu E, Hashimoto K, Okamura N, Koike K, Komatsu N, Kumakiri C, Nakazato M, Watanabe H, Shinoda N, Okada S, Iyo M (July 2003). Alterations of serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in depressed patients with or without antidepressants. Biol. Psychiatry 54 (1): 70–5.
- ↑ Okamoto T, Yoshimura R, Ikenouchi-Sugita A, Hori H, Umene-Nakano W, Inoue Y, Ueda N, Nakamura J (July 2008). Efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy is associated with changing blood levels of homovanillic acid and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in refractory depressed patients: a pilot study. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 32 (5): 1185–90.
- ↑ Gorgulu Y, Caliyurt O (September 2009). Rapid antidepressant effects of sleep deprivation therapy correlates with serum BDNF changes in major depression. Brain Res. Bull. 80 (3): 158–62.
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 Drzyzga ŁR, Marcinowska A, Obuchowicz E (June 2009). Antiapoptotic and neurotrophic effects of antidepressants: a review of clinical and experimental studies. Brain Res. Bull. 79 (5): 248–57.
- ↑ Taylor SM (June 2008). Electroconvulsive therapy, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and possible neurorestorative benefit of the clinical application of electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT 24 (2): 160–5.
- ↑ includeonly>"'Blood chemicals link' to eczema", BBC News, 2007-08-26.
- ↑ Gall C, Lauterborn J, Bundman M, Murray K, Isackson P (1991). Seizures and the regulation of neurotrophic factor and neuropeptide gene expression in brain. Epilepsy Res Suppl 4: 225–45.
- ↑ Tanaka T, Saito H, Matsuki N (1 May 1997). Inhibition of GABAA synaptic responses by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in rat hippocampus. J Neurosci 17 (9): 2959–66.
- ↑ Mattson MP (November 2008). Glutamate and neurotrophic factors in neuronal plasticity and disease. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1144: 97–112.
- ↑ Swardfager W, Herrmann N, Marzolini S, Saleem M, Shammi P, Oh PI, Albert PR, Daigle M, Kiss A, Lanctôt KL (2011). Brain derived neurotrophic factor, cardiopulmonary fitness and cognition in patients with coronary artery disease.. Brain Behav Immun 25 (6): 1264–1271.
- ↑ Haniu M, Montestruque S, Bures EJ, Talvenheimo J, Toso R, Lewis-Sandy S, Welcher AA, Rohde MF (October 1997). Interactions between brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the TRKB receptor. Identification of two ligand binding domains in soluble TRKB by affinity separation and chemical cross-linking. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (40): 25296–303.
- ↑ Naylor RL, Robertson AG, Allen SJ, Sessions RB, Clarke AR, Mason GG, Burston JJ, Tyler SJ, Wilcock GK, Dawbarn D (March 2002). A discrete domain of the human TrkB receptor defines the binding sites for BDNF and NT-4. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 291 (3): 501–7.
- ↑ Fatemi SH (2008). Reelin Glycoprotein: Structure, Biology and Roles in Health and Disease, 444 pages, Berlin: Springer.; see the chapter "A Tale of Two Genes: Reelin and BDNF"; pp. 237-245
- ↑ Ringstedt T, Linnarsson S, Wagner J, Lendahl U, Kokaia Z, Arenas E, Ernfors P, Ibáñez CF (August 1998). BDNF regulates reelin expression and Cajal-Retzius cell development in the cerebral cortex. Neuron 21 (2): 305–15.
External linksEdit
- Cotman CW, Berchtold NC. BDNF and Alzheimer's Disease—What's the Connection?. Alzforum: Live Discussions. Alzheimer Research Forum. URL accessed on 2008-08-21.
- Patten-Hitt E. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). Sciencexpress. The HDLighthouse, Huntingtons Disease: Information and Community. URL accessed on 2008-08-21.
- Highfield R. Brain scans 'could reveal mental strength'. Science. Telegraph.co.uk. URL accessed on 2008-08-21.
- Vaynman, S. and Gomez-Pinilla, F (2006). "Revenge of the Sit: how lifestyle impacts neuronal and cognitive health through molecular systems that interface energy metabolism with neuronal plasticity." ' 'J. Neuroscience Res.' ' 84:699-715.
- Van Praag, H., Christi B., Sejnowski, T., and Gage, F., (1999). "Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long term potentiation in mice. ' 'PNAS' ' 96:13427-13434.
- Gomez-Pinilla, F., Ying, Z., Ronald, R., Molteni R., and Edgerton, V.R., (2002). "Voluntary Exercise Induces a BDNF-Mediated Mechanism That Promotes Neuroplasticity." Journal of Neurophysiology 88:2187-2195.
Target-derived NGF, BDNF, NT-3
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I had a couple more decorating projects I wanted to do but ran out of time. I usually keep it pretty simple, but I really enjoy taking my time putting everything together. I fuss and fiddle, craft and make until I run out of time.
We hung the garland right before Thanksgiving and I worked on the front urns on and off for a couple days. The garland is from Home Depot. I cut it in the center and reattached it so both sides of the garland is hanging in the same direction. I learned that nifty trick from the talented Deborah Silver @Dirtsimple
In the living room I mixed fresh evergreens and an old faux magnolia garland from pottery barn on the mantle. A fun deer basket is filled with silver and black ornaments and paper white bulbs planted in mercury glass pots are starting to sprout. I planted them late but they have grown so much since I took this picture.
I made a little forest of bottle brush trees on the coffee table and included a toy truck hauling a Christmas tree in the back.
This is Hank the Christmas moose. Our daughter has a huge collection of plastic animals that she doesn't play with anymore so they usually come out for the holidays.
A peek into the family room. It has lots of windows that look out to the backyard, we always seem to gravitate to that room.
A peek into the family room. It has lots of windows that look out to the backyard, we always seem to gravitate to that room.
I wrote a post about the dining room tree here.
I made this huge wreath for above the mantle but it was too big, so I hung it on the chalkboard wall. Super easy to put together. I bought the grapevine wreath at a craft store, stuffed preserved moss and a variety of evergreens inside and called it done.
I have a thing for cloches.
From our home to yours, have a Merry Christmas!
I am sharing with The Nesting Place for her annual tour of homes.
I am sharing with The Nesting Place for her annual tour of homes.


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'I didn't want to let the opportunity to have a baby pass me by while I was waiting for Mr Right'
Anna Murphy on the increasing number of single women who go it alone through donor sperm or adoption
Earlier this year, 37-year-old Martha fulfilled a lifelong dream -- she became a mother. Martha is clearly delighted with her three-month-old daughter Kate, and feels lucky that Kate has inherited her uncle's smile and her grandfather's eyes.
But there's a part of her baby that Martha will never know. Except for some medical details, neither mother nor daughter will ever know anything about Kate's father because Kate was conceived using anonymous donor sperm.
"For me the urge to be a mother was greater even than the urge to be a wife or partner," says Martha, "and I didn't want to let the opportunity to have a baby pass me by while I was waiting for Mr Right. I know single women in their forties and fifties and they have told me they regret not having kids. I didn't want that to happen to me. I wasn't going out with anyone, and I knew the later I left it the more difficult it could be to have a baby, so I started trying to conceive using donor sperm when I was 34."
Having a baby using donor sperm wasn't easy and it took Martha €30,000 and three years to achieve her goal. When she started her inquiries she could not find anyone offering donor insemination in Ireland and travelled to the Harvey Clinic in London for intrauterine insemination (IUID) and in vitro fertilisation (IVF) using donor sperm.
Now there are two private clinics in Ireland offering the service, and last year Martha had successful IVF using donor sperm at the Kilkenny Clinic.
According to a spokesperson for the clinic, stories like Martha's are increasingly common. Dr Martine Millett Johnson, Medical Director of the Kilkenny Clinic, says they get queries from single women every day.
"A lot of women out there haven't met the right person and feel the clock is ticking. There are now technologies available to help people in that position, like IUID with sperm donation and egg freezing. The single women who are looking for these treatments are mostly professional women who are developing their career, furthering their education, buying their own house and want to be financially secure."
The donor sperm used comes mostly from Denmark and England, and donors usually choose to remain anonymous. IUID costs about €2,000, but with a success rate of about 11pc, repeat procedures can cause the cost to climb. If IUID isn't successful then IVF using donor sperm is available for about €6,000, and again that procedure may need to be repeated.
At the moment there is no Irish legislation covering assisted reproduction, but that's expected to change in coming years. Britain recently outlawed anonymous sperm and egg donation and in 2005 an Irish Commission on Assisted Human Reproduction recommended that children born of such treatments should know the identity of the donor.
For her part, Martha intends to tell Kate the truth about her origins as soon as she is old enough to understand.
"I will tell her as soon as it's possible, in terms she can understand. I think honesty is the best policy. If someone says in the schoolyard that she's a donor baby, I don't want her to be shocked. I want her to know and to be able to turn around and say, 'so what?'. I know some people say it's selfish to do this, but you can have a baby within marriage and both be enemies within a year. I think the fact that she is loved and wanted so much will overcome the fact that she won't have a dad."
In some regards, Australian-born Joanna Rose is similar to Martha. She is 35, single, and would very much like to have a family, but Joanna would never consider having a baby through IUID. Joanna is herself a child of donor sperm and strongly disagrees with the procedure.
"If you're not even prepared to look someone in the eye and have sex with them then you definitely shouldn't be trying to have a baby with them. One of the worst things you can do to a child is to block them from forming relationships with half their natural family. It's a human need to know where you come from and there's a real sense of loss in people who are raised without their genetic kin.
"For me it has been a terrible burden. I am still fighting for the right to find out information about where I come from and even now I cannot confirm who my natural father is. It's very painful for me to know I'm intentionally blocked off from half of my identity."
Joanna argues that open adoption and fostering are more responsible and child-centred options than using donor sperm. 'People want to be a genetic parent so they choose donor sperm instead of adoption or fostering.
"The irony is that in fulfilling their own need to be a genetic parent they disregard their child's need for the other genetic parent.
'One of the key things of being a parent is putting your child's interests first. For people who want to be parents, there are plenty of children in the world who are in care and need help."
For single people who share Joanna's concerns, overseas adoption is a popular option. The International Adoption Association (IAA) estimates that about a fifth of their membership is now made up of single adoptive parents or those trying to become single adoptive parents.
"Most of the single people who adopt from overseas are women, mainly from early thirties to late forties", says IAA chief executive, Grace Kelly.
"Often they have not met their life partner but have a very strong desire to be a parent and decide that adoption is the best route for them. There would also be a percentage of younger women who want to give a child a better life and are doing it from a humanitarian perspective."
The adoption process can take several years and the IAA advises people who are considering overseas adoption to apply as soon as possible -- the wait for a preparation course alone can take up to four years. That's followed by several assessments and visits by the HSE after which the successful applicant is forwarded to the Adoption Board for a declaration of suitability.
The applicant then has to organise the adoption themselves in conjunction with their country of choice. When fees, flights, accommodation and solicitors are all added up the process can be expensive. Costs vary depending on the country of adoption but for a popular country like Vietnam the estimate is about €15,000.
Judging by the number of queries to fertility clinics and adoption organisations there are currently several hundred single Irish women pursuing motherhood without any male involvement.
One popular Irish parenting website features messages from several older single women grappling with the fact that they may never have a conventional family and trying to decide between donor sperm, adoption, or acceptance of childlessness.
One single woman is leaning towards IUID, but is nervous about the repercussions. "The issue I have is that this isn't just about me, it's about my child," she writes. "I'm so worried that he or she would suffer as a result of the way in which I chose to conceive. Is this a terribly selfish thing to do? Should I risk waiting for Mr Right (or any Mr) to arrive and conceive that way instead?"
Another single woman is looking for advice on what's involved in overseas adoption and whether she'd be likely to get approval. Others speculate about the benefits of egg freezing, a service that is due to be available in Ireland through the Sims clinic later this year.
Egg freezing will make it possible to search for a partner or pursue a career without the added worry of declining fertility.
But with egg freezing comes the prospect of Irish women deferring motherhood into their 40s and beyond, and that leads to another host of difficult medical and ethical questions.
Some names have been changed
Oldest mothers in the world
Maria del Carmen Bousada de Lara is the world's oldest mother --- and single to boot.
In December 2006, shortly before her 67th birthday, she gave birth to twin boys after undergoing IVF in a private fertility clinic in Latin America.
The first-time mum later admitted lying to the doctors about her age, having claimed to be 55.
She said that she had never before had the opportunity to have children, and had never met the right man. She decided to have a baby after her mother, for whom she cared in old age, died in 2005.
Previously Romanian Adriana Iliescu held the title of 'world's oldest mum'after having a baby girl in January 2005 at the age of 66.
Iliescu underwent IVF using anonymous donor sperm and an anonymous donor egg.
She had previously been given hormone treatments to reverse the menopause and underwent 10 years of fertility treatment before having a successful pregnancy.


text: I don't think you can put them on their sides as they have lag bolts in them for trans. We bought one last year. $800 POS. Shakes like a Harley. Put too much in it ,it shakes, put too little in it, it shakes. Total POS. Gonna sell it and get a top loader. Did i say POS? Actually takes longer to do a load so you don't save a dime of energy. POS!


text:
WASHINGTON, DC – Countries across Europe and states across the United States are debating the danger of admitting more refugees from Syria or, indeed, any majority Muslim country where Al Qaeda or Islamic State (ISIS) members or sympathizers could slip in with their families. This debate misses the point in two important ways.
First, no evidence yet exists that any of the Paris attackers actually came from Syria as refugees. The Syrian passport found near the body of one attacker appears to have been stolen. The attackers that the police have identified grew up in Belgium or France. They are radicalized citizens, not fleeing foreigners.
Second, the world now has 60 million refugees. That is a number roughly the size of six Belgiums, Hungarys, or Swedens. If they were to create their own country, it would be the size of France. In the face of such staggering numbers, commitments to take thousands or even tens of thousands of people will do almost nothing to alleviate the misery of millions.
Rather than conflating the issues of refugees and terrorism, politicians and policymakers should be addressing each separately. On the question of refugees, Western countries should take in as many as their populations can assimilate, demonstrating a willingness to make good on the universal values they profess for both moral and political reasons.


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Free VigRX Plus
VigRX Plus is a male virility enhancement pill available online which can drastically improve the sexual performance in men. It is increasingly gaining popularity due to its effectiveness and amazing results. Men across all ages facing with any sexual disorder are opting the pill to improve their health.
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Catuaba Bark Extract: Known as libido booster in many civilizations, this herb improves the blood flow in small vessels in the genital organ. This in turn improves the hardness and firmness quality of the organ.
Asian red ginseng: This also does the same function of improving the blood flow in the genital organs further boosting the erection quality.
Damiana: The herb helps to cure infertility and increases the sex drive drastically.
Epimedium leaf extract: This wonder leaf extract increases the male hormone production which stimulates the male body and boost the energy level.
Bioprene: It is a clinically proven element which basically enhances the absorption of other components of the pill in the body.
Overall the pill is made of completely natural herbs which reduce the chances of any unwanted side effects on the body completely. There are no harmful chemicals in the pill. This makes it a trustworthy product in the field of men sexual health.
VigRX Plus is available online .It can be ordered easily and is delivered to the customer discreetly as per the policy. User also gets a 67 days money back guarantee if they don't find it effective or up to their expectations. Effective results will start appearing only after consistent usage for at least 2 to 4 months.


text:
Coach Anghel Iordanescu has called 25 players to Romania's squad training in Antalya, Turkey from January 25 through February 6, the Romanian Football Federation announced on its website.
Steaua gives the most players — six, while FC Viitorul and Astra Giurgiu each contribute four men, and Pandurii, Dinamo and CSU Craiova three each.
The current squad consists of:
Goalkeepers: Silviu Lung (Astra Giurgiu), Florin Nita (Steaua Bucharest), Alexandru Buzbuchi (FC Viitorul);
Defenders: Paul Papp (Steaua), Cristian Sapunaru (Pandurii Tg. Jiu), Valerica Gaman (Astra Giurgiu), Robert Hodorogea (FC Viitorul), Steliano Filip (Dinamo Bucharest), Bogdan Vatajelu (CSU Craiova), Alin Tosca (Steaua), Ionut Nedelcearu (Dinamo);
Midfielders: Mihai Pintilii (Steaua), Alexandru Mateiu (CSU Craiova), Adrian Ropotan (Petrolul), Romario Benzar (FC Viitorul), Mihai Radut (Pandurii Tg. Jiu), Nicolae Stanciu (Steaua), Florin Tanase (FC Viitorul), Adrian Popa (Steaua);
Forwards: Andrei Ivan (CSU Craiova), Constantin Budescu (Astra Giurgiu), Alexandru Paun (CFR Cluj), Dorin Rotariu (Dinamo), Ioan Hora (Pandurii Tg. Jiu), Denis Alibec (Astra Giurgiu).
Team Romania will stay at the Maxx Royal Hotel. The training matches schedule will be released soon.AGERPRES (RO — author: Mihai Tenea, editor: Mircea Lazaroniu; EN — author: Marius Hosu; editor: Maria Voican)


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Obstacles to Accessible Flash
By Drew McLellan | August 6th, 2007 | Filed in Accessibility, GeneralSkip to comment form
Adobe Flash can often get a bad rap from the standards community, but the reality is that there are many situations where Flash is the most appropriate tool for the job. As well as just being the best technology for some applications, the Flash Player also enjoys near ubiquity in in common desktop browsers. So why then, in 2007, do we still have obstacles in our way to making Flash content accessible?
Accessibility and Flash expert Niqui Merret has compiled an Accessibility in Flash bug and issue list, detailing the current issues as she sees them in her work. Comments, suggestions for the list and workarounds to the listed items are solicited.
Particularly interesting are the items on the list which depend solely on browser manufacturers to fix. Niqui writes:
No tabbing between Flash and HTML elements: This occurs in plug-in based browsers such as Firefox, Safari, Opera, etc. This is not an issue in Internet Explorer. This needs to be solved by the Browser manufactures.
It would be great to see Mozilla, Apple and Opera follow Microsoft's lead in addressing this basic usability issue, or at least let us all know what technical limitation is preventing them from being able to do so. The more we talk, the more we learn, and the more we learn the more we can do to solve these problems. This is 2007, and about time we made some serious inroads in addressing these basic issues.
Your Replies
- #1 On August 6th, 2007 9:16 am


text:
Even though House conservatives fought in May to prevent the Navy from spending any money on biofuel, the service last Friday launched its "Great Green Fleet"—the first-ever US flotilla to get underway with mostly non-conventional fuel. But election-year jockeying may mean an epic battle over biofuel in Washington this fall.
The fleet—technically, an aircraft carrier strike group—is cruising its way to a naval exercise on more than half biofuel, which derives its brew from sustainable biomasses. It's taking place against a major backdrop: The exercise, known as RIMPAC, is a biennial tradition for 22 nations with big-time seapower. It's like a global Boy Scout jamboree for sailors with nuke subs and cruise-missile-laden warships instead of merit badges and pocketknives. "The reason we're doing this is that we simply buy too many fossil fuels from either actually or potentially volatile places on earth," Navy Secretary Ray Mabus said last month. Mabus plans for the Navy to fulfill half of its energy needs using biofuel by 2020.
But the fleet may want to slow its roll. Biofuels are a mixed bag, environmentally speaking: Scientists generally agree that their consumption puts a lot fewer greenhouse gases in the air than conventional fuels. But biofuel production requires lots of cropland, which means clearing a lot of green space in the short term—which reduces Mother Nature's ability to scrub grenhouse gases out of the atmosphere through photosynthesis.
GOP Aims to Sink Navy's "Great Green Fleet"
Current Status: Blessed (1)
Seeded on Fri Jul 6, 2012 7:59 AM
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Cary Street Leads 11 in Hawthorne Gold Cup
A field of 11 will gather for the $250,000 Hawthorne Gold Cup (gr. II) at Hawthorne Race Course Nov. 29, contesting the only graded stakes and open event of Hawthorne Race Course's fall stand.
A field of 11 will gather for the $250,000 Hawthorne Gold Cup (gr. II) at Hawthorne Race Course Nov. 29, contesting the only graded stakes and open event of Hawthorne Race Course's fall stand.
Multiple stakes winner Taptowne, preparing for a likely start in the Oaklawn Handicap (gr. II) in a month's time, was assigned top weight of 117 pounds for the $200,000 Razorback Handicap (gr. III) March 15 at Oaklawn Park.
Zayat Stables' Prayer for Relief, 6 1/4-length winner of the Tenacious Handicap last time out, looms a strong choice despite top impost of 123 pounds in the Louisiana Handicap Jan. 18 at Fair Grounds.
New York shipper Last Gunfighter earned his fourth graded stakes win of the year, closing to get the job done in the $350,000 Hawthorne Gold Cup Handicap (gr. II) at Hawthorne Racecourse Nov. 30.
Breeders' Cup Classic (gr. I) contender Last Gunfighter and grade I winner Alpha head a competitive Nov. 30 edition of the $350,000 Hawthorne Gold Cup Handicap Presented by Xpressbet (gr. II).
Uncaptured returns to the home of his Kentucky Jockey Club (gr. II) victory in hopes of also returning to winning ways in the $100,000 Matt Winn Stakes (gr. III) at Churchill Downs June 15.
A wet track at Monmouth Park prompted trainer Eddie Plesa Jr. to postpone a scheduled pre-Preakness (gr. I) breeze for Itsmyluckyday the morning of May 11.
Kentucky Derby Presented by Yum! Brands (gr. I) winner Orb gave exercise rider Jenn Patterson all the right signs May 9 in his preparation for the 138th Preakness Stakes (gr. I) at Pimlico Race Course.
|Jamie Ness
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|Jim Tafel, LLC
|Street Spice View Five-Cross Pedigree
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text:
On Fri, 2010-01-15 at 20:11 +0200, Heikki Linnakangas wrote: > The states we have at the moment in standby are: > > 1. Archive recovery. Standby fetches WAL files from archive using > restore_command. When a file is not found in archive, we switch to state 2 > > 2. Streaming replication. Standby connects (and reconnects if the > connection is lost for any reason) to the primary, starts streaming, and > applies WAL as it arrives. We stay in this state until trigger file is > found or server is shut down. > The states with my suggested ReadRecord/FetchRecord refactoring, the > code I have in the replication-xlogrefactor branch in my git repo, are: > > 1. Initial archive recovery. Standby fetches WAL files from archive > using restore_command. When a file is not found in archive, we start > walreceiver and switch to state 2 > > 2. Retrying to restore from archive. When the connection to primary is > established and replication is started, we switch to state 3 > > 3. Streaming replication. Connection to primary is established, and WAL > is applied as it arrives. When the connection is dropped, we go back to > state 2 > > Although the the state transitions between 2 and 3 are a bit fuzzy in > that version; walreceiver runs concurrently, trying to reconnect, while > startup process retries restoring from archive. Fujii-san's suggestion > to have walreceiver stop while startup process retries restoring from > archive (or have walreceiver run restore_command in approach #2) would > make that clearer. The one-way state transitions between 1->2 in both cases seem to make this a little more complex, rather than more simple. If the connection did drop then WAL will be in the archive, so the path for data is archive->primary->standby. There already needs to be a network path between archive and standby, so why not drop back from state 3 -> 1 rather than from 3 -> 2? That way we could have just 2 states on each side, rather than 3. -- Simon Riggs www.2ndQuadrant.com
Next: From: Kevin Grittner Date: 2010-01-15 18:59:06 Subject: Re: Testing with concurrent sessions Previous: From: Markus Wanner Date: 2010-01-15 18:51:36 Subject: Re: Testing with concurrent sessions


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News from the Hilltop
Birmingham-Southern College professor receives faculty award at honors ceremony
BIRMINGHAM, Ala.—Charles Mason, professor of music at Birmingham-Southern College, is the recipient of the Richebourg Gaillard McWilliams Faculty Scholarship Award presented during the college's 2007 Honors Day Convocation.
The award, which includes a $2,500 cash stipend, is named for the late English professor who taught at BSC for more than 40 years. It is given to an outstanding member of the faculty based upon recommendations by his or her colleagues.
Mason holds a bachelor's degree from the University of Miami, and a master's and doctoral degree from the University of Illinois.
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|22nd December 2013, 12:00 AM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Dec 2013
Behringer 1400W Class D for B1800D Repair help!!
Hi All.. new to posting but have been lurking for a while reading and trying to learn about Class D amps. I have a Behringer B1800D Sub with integrated 1400W class D.. Amp has failed and am trying to repair it. If any one has schematic.. that would be a lot of help.. but I have looked and looked and cant find any.
Anyway.. buy using what I have learned here and looking at tech reports and data sheets here is what I think it is.
Class D 1400 W..H bridge amp. using self modulation Delta Sigma
Uses IRS20955 gate drivers.. The Fets are IRFB4227;s
I measured +B and -B at about 78 volts. PSU is Behringer SMPSU28
Input and power stage are on Behringer pcb type P0981
I have included some pics of the amp and close ups for reference.
The Amp seemed to fail in steps.. My son said that the Protection light was coming on, but the sub was only putting out about half power. Then it continued to worsen to the point were it would not work at all. Power light would come on.. then Protection would flash and you would here a pop in the speaker, then it would just repeat this cycle. Eventually not even the power light woudl come on.
I unplugged the PSU connections to the P0981 pcb and all voltages seem ok. I did more digging and found both Fets on the B side shorted. Also after doing some resistance measuring and comparing from A side to B side. i determined the 20955 on the B side was toast as well..
Ok, so figured I had it nailed.. I replaced both 20955's with 20957's and replaced all 4 fets just because.
After doing this, I was able to power up the amp. Power light comes on then after a few seconds the Protection LED flashes and that cycle continues. So obviously something still wrong. I assume OC protection. I checked all voltages again at the 20957's everything seems to be where it should be. I watched the V(ds) on the fets with a scope and I see on the A side the High side fet is trying to turn on, voltage is at about 68vdc and drops down to about 30Vdc when the fet turns on for brief moment before the 20957 goes into protection.. On the B side.. I see again the High side fet turning on but the 68 Vcd drops to 0. So.. I think that there is some issue on the A side.. Fet is not turning on all the way or something as it should drop to close to 0 as well. In doing some checking all the sudden the amp stops the reset cycle. I just see the Protection led flash once at poweron.. CSD is charged to 10 V. I found now that VB to VS on the A side is only .8Vdc.. So I probably damaged the chip while trying to check it..and Vbs is not at 15V so chip is not starting up. I swapped the 20957's to confirm the issues moved with the chip. It did.. so I replaced the 20957. Now the amp powers up.. starts to cycle as before. I also noticed the there is just 4.5 vdc on pin 3 ( in) on the A side. and 3.5 on the B side. I measured resistance to gnd on pin 3 and on A side it is about 700K and on B side it is 212k.. so something not right there either.. anyway to make a long story short. i was doing some more testing.. Amp turned on and LIMIT let was on a long time and amp made a weird noise then power shut off and now the A side fets are toast and so is the 20957..UGH..
Sorry for the ramble, but wanted to give you as much info as I could..
Now to the questions.
1) do I have to have some signal at pin 3 ? all i was seeing there was dc voltages.. is this ok ? were does the self oscillation come from would a positive DC voltage here cause the 20957 to try to turn on the H side only thus causing the OC condidtion?
2) I was seeing about 10Vdc offset on VS .. is this normal ?
3) should the High side fet turn on first or the low side.. I read someplace the low side should to charge up Vbs but that seemed to be ok as the chip was turning on and trying to cycle on.
4) I think the OC reset was because the A side fet was not apparently turning on all the way..voltage across is should have been going to 0 i think right?
5) I included a pic of a chip I can't identify.. it is IC6 and has 8 pins It has H04 0'L on it.. I think this is part of the pwm circuit.. i was able to kind trace the singal flow from input to this chip. and I traced from this chip directly to pin 3 on both A and B sides.. I pulled this chip and then when I measure pin 3 to gnd both sides read about 700K ( before B side read 212 ohms) so I think this chip is also toast. I tried powering up the amp with this chip removed and it still did the OC thing and such and then that was when it toasted the A side fets.
Thanks for any input.. I know this is not really a DIY project but if know there are a lot of smart folk on here and thought I could get some advice.and help. I think im close.. but I dont quite understand what I should be seeing at pin 3 with no input signal and what the Fets should be doing at power on..
|22nd December 2013, 12:47 AM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Apr 2008
Location: Carlisle, England
I have designed a few class d amps using the irs2092. Not the same as your setup but its still class d.
I usually find when the fets have gone then so has the class d chip. I always replace it as a matter of course now after just replacing fets and then powering up and them blowing again straight away.
I use transistor gate drivers with my irfb4227's.
It could be they have got damaged if fit in your amp.
Check the Vb charge up capacitors and diodes.
Are you sure your speakers are ok ? A DC fault will quickly kill them and so frying your amp as well. Easy to check with a DMM.
One thing I did learn early on was not to poke around with a scope probe. Power off, discharge power supply then use clips to clip scope probe on then power up. I blew a few class d chips before I learned that hard lesson.
I recently designed a stereo irs2092 amp and made a complete pigs ear of the pcb.
In debugging it I found I had to check every single function of the class d chip.
VAA, VSS, VB, VCC and power rails.
If any are wrong the class d chip will go into protect.
Murton-Pike Systems PCBCAD51 pcb design software. http://www.murtonpikesystems.co.uk
Last edited by nigelwright7557; 22nd December 2013 at 12:51 AM.
|22nd December 2013, 12:52 AM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Dec 2013
Speaker is ok. 6 ohms. I have been doing checks and tests with no load. Is that ok? I guess I don't fully understand what should happen at power up. I would think the should start oscillating
|22nd December 2013, 03:34 AM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Dec 2013
Ya. Poking around it probably was the cause of the last meltdown lol. Maybe I'll get a whole new set of fets and drivers and try again. Does there have to be anything at the input pin 3 ? Or can I ground that for testing. I wonder if that isn't what started all this. Before I pulled the mystery chip. IC6. I tired inputting a 75hz sine wave just to see if I had anything at the input of the 20957. It didn't looked like much and had a 3.5 v dc offset. So I think that ic is bad and not giving me any pulse into pin 3. So if the driver chip try's to output straight dc. ?? Idk
|22nd December 2013, 12:37 PM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Oct 2009
|22nd December 2013, 02:26 PM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Dec 2013
Awesome. Thanks!!! I searched for ever for that ic.
|24th December 2013, 09:09 PM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Apr 2008
Location: Carlisle, England
You can power up with no input (or input grounded).
Not sure about your setup but the irs2092 doesn't like no load. It reverts to +17VDC output if no load.
Murton-Pike Systems PCBCAD51 pcb design software. http://www.murtonpikesystems.co.uk
|26th December 2013, 01:29 AM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Dec 2013
Thanks.. At this point.. I pulled all the fets.. and the Gate Driver.. and the H04 ic.. I power up the amp and did some checks and from what I can tell up to the H04 ic.. things look good signal wise and such.. I think the plan will be to replace the H04 IC and the gate drivers but leave the Fets out and then put signal thru it and check again..the signal path and such.. Is it Ok. to run the amp with out the FETS.. I would think I can do that and see that the Gate drivers are working and trying to turn on the Gates of the Fets..
Thanks again for your help..
|2nd January 2014, 05:36 PM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Dec 2013
Well I replaced the H04 IC it was bad. This IC is being used to invert the signal for the Full bridge design..I was getting nice Square wave out of it ( was inputting 80Hz sine.. So that seemed good now.. Powered unit up and it is still cycling.. Grrr.. I can see for a brief moment a Sine wave at the ouput.. so seems like the Class D is starting up and working.. then going into protection.... still.. I then cranking up the input gain.. and it blew up again.. LOL.. it took out the FETS .. damaged the driver IC IRS20957 and also damaged the H04 ic again.. so.. at least I know for sure what gets smoked when it goes out.. So.. back to the drawing board.. I hate trying to trouble shoot with out schematics.. Thanks for the help up to this point..
|2nd January 2014, 06:21 PM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Jun 2005
Location: Cape Town
it would be a good idea to just current limit the amplifier until the fault is removed, also have you verified that loadspeaker/dummy load is working? measuring 4/6/8 ohms ?
Theres nothing worse than the smell of burned output transistors!!
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text:
|SRAC lecture hall will house the East African Exhibit February 4th - 25th.
In return, Bill with the assistance of the Ford Foundation helped each tribe make a small cultural center on their own tribal lands for visitors and even the UN to be able to come in and learn more about these people. Bill told me that some of these centers are merely huts, but they are manned by a trained staff person who takes care of it while having the responsibility of teaching anyone who visits about his tribe and their way of life. The Ford Foundation continues to pay each tribe $200 to pay this staff person his annual salary.
When you come to the exhibit, you will see the 8 tribes represented with actual items they deemed to be representative of who they are and how they live. From clothing to basketry, to ornate headrests, to food containers, to regalia and beadwork, and so on that total over 350 items I am told in all. Along with this there are incredible photos and artwork, maps and even books that are part of the exhibit.
Bill also claims that because this was made by the tribes wanting to show their "ordinary objects" - that there are things in this exhibit that cannot be seen in any other museum in the world. As a result, this exhibit is the most comprehensive representation of these nomadic people that exists anywhere and is a must see for anyone trying to learn more about them and how they survive life in a harsh sub-Saharan desert environment.
After experiencing the exhibit, visitors will better understand why the exhibit is aptly named, "Ordinary Objects - Extraordinary People."


text:
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text:
Sears' Winter Savings. A Nationwide Month of Special Events. A new Radio Value! A Special Purchase! Superheterodyne Radio.
We reserve the right to remove comments deemed inappropriate. We also reserve the right to delete comments that are off-topic or abusive, and do not allow messages that sell products or promote commercial ventures. Posted comments do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of Duke University Libraries. Please contact John W. Hartman Center for Sales, Advertising & Marketing History with research questions.


text:
A 1997-98 study done at the Larimer County Landfill showed the following breakdown of residential trash:
Larimer County Waste Characterization Study (Nov, 1997 - Jul, 1998).
Percentages are based on weight.
* solid waste collected from Larimer County residences and hauled by a commercial trash hauler.
** includes paper, paperboard, and cardboard.


text:
EdgeWater debuts first diesel modelPosted on
EdgeWater Power Boats developed its first diesel model – the 228CCD, powered by a fuel-efficient 180-hp Yanmar 4BY2 from Mastry Engine Center, the boatbuilder announced.
While we've traditionally featured outboard power, the 228CCD evolved from a custom gas sterndrive project for a British Columbia fishing lodge, EdgeWater president Peter Truslow said in a statement. It made us think about alternative power choices and opportunities for superior fuel efficiency. We trust Mastry and have a great comfort level with them. Many of our dealers worldwide say Yanmar is the preferred diesel engine.
The EdgeWater 228CCD combines a fishing-friendly layout with rough-water handling. Seating includes a leaning post with storage below and an aft-facing seat above the engine. An unobstructed transom and full-width swim platform appeal to anglers and divers.
There is a niche of people who want EdgeWater styling and are already fans of the dependability, durability and fuel efficiency of diesels, Truslow said. But we've also found a new market of larger boat owners who, due to gas prices, want something simpler to run around in. We've built many custom boats and the 228CCD is an entryway to explore concepts for other fuel-efficient models.


text:
What I've been up to
R.A. Brualdi and N.A. Neudauer
N.A. Neudauer, A.M. Meyers, and B. Stevens
Graph Representations of a Bicircular Matroid
N.A. Neudauer and B. Stevens
J. McNulty and N.A. Neudauer
D.L. Neel and N.A. Neudauer
Short Course -- What is a Matroid? Theory and Applications, from the ground up
Applications to problems in Science and Industry
B. Corbett, G. Dresden, N.A. Neudauer, and M. Paulhus
N.A. Neudauer, et al
D.L. Pfaffle, D.C. Goldman, S. Jiang, N.A. Neudauer, M. Rowell, W.H. Fleming
Other Enumeration
J.S. Caughman, C.L. Dunn, N.A. Neudauer, and C.L. Starr
Name the mathematician above, name the plane below.


text:
So many bands so little time!
It's time again for the Club Notes update of all the Triple A radio conference doings. Let's just say I saw a lot of bands in six hours.
Dr. Dog opened the Triple A concerts at the Fox. I really like this band and its big-sounding roots vibe, but it just got a little too big last night. This group has so much going on in concert that it can overwhelm the music, and Dr. Dog's Wednesday adventure into overly lush tunes had the crowd agreeing it might have been too much.
Grace Potter and the Nocturnals was the big winner on the Hill last night. The Vermont band didn't play its usual rock and soul show — they turned the evening into more of a rock n' roll party. Potter's vocals were spot on and the set really showed off her versatile band.
Dawes played the second set at the Hill's free Triple a show last night. The folk-rockers pulled off a tight set that featured their well-crafted tunes. Maybe next year they'll get a big stage slot.
Robert Randolph and his band know how to fuse soul, blues and gospel music into one sweet show, and they closed out the night on the Hill.
Meanwhile, The Samples held a mini — OK 3-song show — at the No Name Bar on the Hill. The night was hosted by Christopher Hawley and James Hambleton and the duo says they'll be playing another show there Fri. at 7 p.m. Could The Samples show up again?
The Samples did hang out at the Fox last night and they looked liked very happy campers. The band's really enjoying their rehearsals together. Does that mean more shows? Stay tuned.
It was after midnight, but I had the chance to see some after-hour private shows at the conference.
First, they showed a mini-film about the making of Ben Folds and Nick Hornby's (writer of "High Fidelity") new musical collaboration called "Lonely Avenue." The music's nothing short of brilliant, but you'll have to wait a few months for the CD release.
Then, emotive rock band Everest came out as an acoustic trio. Maybe it was the 1:30 a.m. hour, but the set came out pretty flat.
It was all worthwhile to stick around until 2 a.m. to see Iron & Wine. Sam Beam is a brilliant lyricist and his voice is pure magic. I'll be paying for it today, but it was worth it to stick around to the wee hours to see this amazing singer-songwriter in action.
Stay tuned.


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Bucharest (Oct. 6)
Occurrences such as the anti-Jewish disturbances in Balaceana and Suceava should never be repeated, King Carol told a deputation of peasants from Bukowina who waited upon him at Sinaia to complain of the difficult times and their great hardships. The delegation was comprised of five peasants from Suceava who sought the King's aid in reducing the interest that moneylenders charge, in the enforcement of the law against usurers, the reduction of taxes and the distribution among the peasants of forest lands now held by religious funds.
While the King promised to use his influence to ease the position of the peasants he not only appealed to them to increase their output and reduce their expenditures but told them that they were a disgrace to the district and reproached them for having created trouble for the country.


text:
NBO7102 - Men's White Dobby Linen ShirtStone Rose
This rich linen fabric is blended with lightweight cotton for an extra soft feel that will keep you cool during those hot summer days.
A fine craftsmanship is tailored from this luxurious linen/Egyptian cotton blend shirt with trendy and detailed accents.
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Fabric from India.
52% Egyptian Cotton 48% Linen.
Silicone Wash.
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Also available in Coral, Navy and Gray.


text:
CONTACT: Jeff Foley (518) 629-8085 or (518) 210-4161
FOR RELEASE: Immediate, Sunday, April 8, 2002 http://www.hvcc.edu
Herkimer, N.Y., April 8 – By winning both
ends of a doubleheader against host Herkimer County Community College today –
Hudson Valley Community College triumphed 7-0 and 4-1 – the Vikings advanced to
5-0 in NJCAA Division III Region III competition. Hudson Valley is now 11-9-1
In the opener, Aaron Marchese (Dennis-Yarmouth
H.S., MA) picked up the win by allowing just three hits in six innings. He
struck out three batters, and Sean McGuire (Pine Bush H.S.) pitched the
final inning of the shutout victory. Hudson Valley's Matt Nobles (Bishop
Maginn H.S.) contributed a double, a single and an RBI, and teammate
Jason Martin (Pine Bush H.S.) had two singles and an RBI.
Austin Walker (Stillwater H.S.) had a double
and two RBI in Hudson Valley's 4-1 nightcap win. Bobby Krogh (Troy H.S.),
Shawn Miller (Troy H.S.) and Josh Goodbred (Lansingburgh H.S.)
combined to allow just four hits.
Hudson Valley is now 11-9-1 overall.


text:
Non-Degree Program
Non-Degree Program
The non-degree program is designed for public service professionals who are interested in sharpening certain skill sets to advance their professional development, but do not want to pursue a full master's degree. Non-degree programs consist of a maximum of 12 credits (generally four classes).
Non-degree applicants must possess the same qualifications required for acceptance into a degree program, and must undergo the same application review process. Applicants must apply by the appropriate deadlines and are not eligible for scholarship consideration.
Related Links
Please visit the Admissions Criteria and Application Tips & Checklist page to ensure you meet all of the application requirement by the appropriate deadlines.
International Applicants
Due to constraints relevant to US immigration regulations, applicants who will need an F-1 or J-1 student visa are not eligible to apply to non-degree programs.


text:
12 Miles and Climbing
Posts: 40
Karma: 100000
Join Date: Feb 2010
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Outsmart the Unexpected - A Creativity Challenge
Hey, there!
Looking for some mind twisting fun? Stretch your imagination and rev up your ability to find creative solutions to sticky situations with this collection of challenging and unusual predicaments in story form that need solving.
--> --> -->
It's up to you to write your own ending. It's up to you to decide how things will turn out - Happily? In a twist? In more of a muddle? Use them to sharpen your ability to find creative solutions to sudden predicaments. Use them to develop your creativity, strengthen your ability to think on your feet, and make decisions which will be successful.
In some, you may need to suspend your disbelief to play along. Some will make your head spin. Others may make your heart pound. Still others will make you go hmmm. But, all will get your brain a'stretchin and help you grow your creativity and problem solving prowess.
Do you think that the best solutions come from asking the right questions? Get your brain humming thinking up what those questions would be.
Do you enjoy dreaming up your own endings? Let your imagination run wild inventing different endings.
Outsmart the Unexpected: Grow Your Creativity the Edge-of-your-seat Way is available at Amazon.com
Cheers, Regina
Last edited by BreezyDay; 03-06-2010 at 11:36 PM.
12 Miles and Climbing
Posts: 40
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Outsmart the Unexpected - Creativity Gone Wild
I just wanted to share with you what readers and reviewers on Amazon and Goodreads are saying about "Outsmart the Unexpected":
"... This book is a fun activity for an evening home with friends (game night for critical thinkers). You can read the book out loud and discuss the possible outcomes. It is interesting to see what conclusion other people draw and their reasoning. The discussions can lead to some very stimulating conversations and your friends may even surprise you with the conclusions they draw. You may even gain some new insights into your own creativity and critical thinking skills. "- M.Casillo
"Yes, you have a chance to make your own happy ending, be your own hero and stretch your brain with the various scenarios in this quirky little book. Not a parlor game but then again it would really enliven any party as several short problematic scenarios are presented. You are asked to solve them. I took this to my office and we spent several lunch hours going over the possibilities. It is really fascinating to see others flex their comfort zones to come up with answers using creative problem solving skills. There are no right answers. You are on your own to work with the facts presented. Not just fun or thought provoking, it leaves you wanting to go through the entire book. Meanwhile you are using your creativity, decision making chops and critical thinking skills to solve problems you hope you never encounter." - MH Walker
"I did find myself stretched as I tried to figure out, not how to "fix" the person who got into the predicament, but rather how to resolve it with their limited personality and/or skills. It helped me to envision the kinds of situations certain behavior generates, and to understand what being in their skins involve. I also enjoyed it on the storytelling level, asking myself what the likely response could be to the scenario, and creating an ending that matched the beginning. This is an unusual and unexpected book, and I have spent close to three weeks working through the stories, sorting out what would be done. Special thanks to Regina Pacelli for offering me a copy for review. I have grown through perusing this book, and suggest it as an opportunity for you to grow as well. Well, not just grow - you can stop yelling at the characters and actually tell them what to do. :-) Four stars and recommended for a fun experience!" - Bobbie, Amazon top 500 reviewer
"... part of the joy of Pacelli's book is that there often isn't enough information [as in life] to reach a solution. And, there are no "rules" -- you're on your own ... pick up this challenging little book and try a few of the exercises yourself. You may get addicted too." - R.Ross, Top 50 Amazon Reviewer."
"It is almost impossible to rate this book because there is nothing to compare it with that I know of. It is sui generis ... It would make a good game at a party, where selected vignettes were read aloud and attendees would have to solve what to do. I could also see this as a good book for a writing class, asking students to complete the stories ... I gave it four stars for originality, a book intended as a group read rather than a solo read, although I guess some people would just enjoy pondering possible solutions on their own. However, discussion would evoke far more ideas." - E.Chaika
"...would make great material for a book club discussion or a terrific teaching aid for a writing class, similar to books like The Artists Way which asks the reader to build a story around an ordinary object randomly placed . It can make for some very active discussions without any repercussions for making the "wrong" decision. We've all heard that keeping the mind active and exercised will help keep it healthy so if you're looking for something besides crossword puzzles and Sudoku, Outsmart the Unexpected is a good tool to add to your repertoire." - P.Christian
You can pick up a copy of Outsmart the Unexpected at Amazon.com
Embrace the sun. Enjoy the day!
- Regina
12 Miles and Climbing
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Outsmart the Unexpected - Resources
I forgot to mention that you can also find an eclectic mix of articles and videos relating to creativity, creative problem solving, decision making, and critical thinking on the resources page of my website:
For example, relating to creativity, you can find
- articles such as (1) Do You Recognize These 10 Mental Blocks to Creative Thinking? and (2) Odd Behavior And Creativity May Go Hand-in-hand
- videos such as (1) The Powerful Relationship between Creative Thinking and Play and (2) Try Weird Combinations
"Some folks want their luck buttered." - Thomas Hardy
12 Miles and Climbing
Posts: 40
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Outsmart the Unexpected - Now Available on the Nook
Hi, everyone! Just wanted to let you know that Outsmart the Unexpected is now available on the Nook. You can check it out here.
Outsmart the Unexpected is a book of edge-of-your-seat, challenging and unusual, no-time-to-lose dilemmas in story form that you need to solve your way out of.
In some, you may need to suspend your disbelief to play along. Some will make your head spin. Others may make your heart pound. Still others will make you go hmmm. But, all will stretch your mind, boost your ability to think creatively, and help you to develop your ability to formulate best possible solution in situations where you must react quickly and there's little available information to work with.
Hope you enjoy it.
May all your unexpected encounters be happy ones,
Kindle Edition of Outsmart the Unexpected
Resources for improving your ability to Think on Your Feet and more
12 Miles and Climbing
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Outsmart the Unexpected - Free on Smashwords.com for EBOOK Week
Hi, all!
Smashwords is having their annual EBook week promotion.
You can download a free copy of "Outsmart the Unexpected" from Smashwords.com from 3/6/2011 through 3/12/2011 by using the 100% off coupon code RE100. Smashwords has many formats available including .mobi and epub.
I hope you'll dive in a try a few of the dilemmas in Outsmart the Unexpected!
Take Care,
Last edited by BreezyDay; 03-05-2011 at 09:14 PM.
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Developer Blog
About ClickShake Games
Play the Demo
Buy the Full Game
Play More Games
BlackBerry PlayBook Games
Complete Game List
Fan Club
About Us
» History of ClickShake Games
- Before ClickShake, Jay and Steve created the game
Paradox Embrace
with Caulder Bradford for Newgrounds' Power of Three collaboration event. After that Jay and Steve created
Buy Buy Buy!
for Comedy Central and decided to team up full time.
- ClickShakeGames.com was launched on January 25th, 2010. That March, Jay and Steve went to the Flash Gaming Summit in San Francisco and set out a plan to release new Reemus games, Several Journeys Chapter 4 and Ballads of Reemus. That year we released
The Visitor: Massacre at Camp Happy
and finished
Several Journeys of Reemus Chapter 4
, which was released to Ballads pre-orderers, plus client games
Ugly Americans: Citizen Ugly
15 Ways to Sink your Small Business
- We released
Zee and the Alien Machine
Stake Your Claim
The Visitor Returns
, plus deployed some of our games to the BlackBerry Playbook. Major development effort goes into Ballads of Reemus and Jay starts our YouTube vlog.
Ballads of Reemus: When the Bed Bites
goes live in January along with Several Journeys of Reemus 4 to the general public, and
releases in June. Our Facebook page passes the 2,000 mark. We developed a number of games whose release dates were deferred until 2013, including adventure game Uncle Vince: Mission In-Vince-Able for comedian and voice actor Scary Pete, and a mostly finished top-down space adventure game. Finally, the latter half of the year was spent developing our first iPhone game called Escape the Titanic for FreshGames.
- Steve and Jay met up in person for the second time at the Newgrounds' Pico Day 2013 event in Philadelphia in April. We got a tour of the NG office and met our role model and long-time supporter, the founder of Newgrounds Tom Fulp, as well as the programmer for Journeys of Reemus 3 Aaron Worrall and lots of other cool people.
Major development on Escape the Titanic wrapped up by May and released for iPhone, iPad and iPod in July! Meanwhile, our
Kickstarter for A Small Favor
had reached a very encouraging $13,500, but still short of our $30k goal. As a result we took some new contract work to bring our funds back up, including a digital board game, another new game for Flash/iOS/Android, and some 3rd party digital game servicing projects. Jay presented Ballads of Reemus at Casual Connect's Indie Showcase in San Francisco and came home with the Indie Prize for Best Story for Ballads! In September, Jay launched the
Ballads of Reemus 2 kickstarter campaign
. October saw the release of
Uncle Vince's Mission In-VINCE-able!
Click here for our complete list of released games.
ClickShake Games, LLC © 2017 -
Contact Us
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text:
You might be surprised to know that corporations and medical schools are looking for history majors. According to published studies, many workplace leaders realize that they need what history majors have: the ability to think, analyze, and communicate.
What are the program strengths?Our faculty includes nationally recognized scholars with a wide range of expertise who actively mentor our students and help them apply for graduate programs or career opportunities. The Phi Alpha Theta Honor Society publishes its award-winning Vulcan Historical Review, a student-produced and written publication.
In addition to traditional academic courses, the department offers reenactment courses, study away opportunities, public history Internships in more than 20 museums and historic preservation venues in Birmingham and beyond, and honors programs. Students may also work with the Media Studies Program to create historic films or documentaries.
What sort of classes will I take?Along with required courses like Western Civilization, World History, and US History, you will be able to take classes like:
- Roman Republic
- African American History
- Social History of Crime
- Indie Rock from Punk to Post Modern
- Southern Labor History
- Modern East Asia
What can I do with this degree?Our graduates go on to careers in medicine, academia, business, communications, historic preservation, education, government, law, library science, and museums, just to name a few of the possibilities.
Where do I learn more?You can:
- Visit the Department of History website
- Look at requirements and courses in the UAB course catalog
- Explore the many career paths you'll be able to follow


text:
U.S. District Court
Federal prosecutors want former San Francisco Giants slugger Barry Bonds to serve 15 months in prison for obstructing their probe into the BALCO steroids scandal.
In documents filed late yesterday, the legal team that prosecuted baseball's home run king urged Judge Susan Illston to reject the recommendation of a probation officer who said Bonds should be sentenced only to community service.
After a three-week trial in April, the retired baseball star was convicted of obstruction of justice for giving evasive answers to a grand jury that was probing steroid dealing at the Bay Area Laboratory Cooperative in Burlingame. The jury deadlocked on charges that Bonds lied under oath when he denied that he used steroids and other banned drugs. Sentencing is set for next Friday in U.S. District Court in San Francisco.
In their filing, the prosecutors said Bonds' offense was too serious to merit what the probation officer suggested – probation with community service.
When Bonds testified before the BALCO grand jury in 2003, he intended to "obfuscate and distract the grand jury from its role in getting to the truth," they wrote.
"His answers that he did not know he was taking steroids and human growth hormone were patently false, and the United States' allegation that he lied when he said he had not been injected by anyone other than a doctor was proven at trial through the testimony of Kathy Hoskins."
At the trial, Hoskins, Bonds' former personal shopper, said she saw Greg Anderson, Bonds' weight trainer and a confessed steroid dealer, inject the baseball star in the navel. The jury deadlocked 11 to 1 in favor of convicting Bonds of perjury for that testimony.
In their pleading, the government acknowledged that the judge had granted probation to three other sports figures for lying about steroids in the BALCO case: bicycle racer Tammy Thomas, elite track coach Trevor Graham and former NFL lineman Dana Stubblefield.
But the government argued that Bonds' conduct was more serious, and his case more similar to two other BALCO defendants: Olympic star Marion Jones, who was sentenced to six months in prison for lying about her use of banned drugs and her participation in an unrelated check forgery scheme, and defense lawyer Troy Ellerman, who confessed to providing San Francisco Chronicle reporters with sealed grand jury testimony that became the basis for news stories. Ellerman was sentenced to 30 months in prison, the most meted out to any defendant in the BALCO case.
Like Jones and Ellerman, Bonds should go to prison, the prosecutors argued.
"Bonds' efforts were a corrupt, intentional effort to interfere" with the BALCO probe, they wrote, and should be punished with 15 months in prison.
Bonds holds baseball's single-season and career records for home runs. He was indicted after the 2007 season and hasn't played since.


text:
Regional Reviews: Albuquerque/Santa Fe
Regional Reviews
Wonder and Comedy of Childhood Come to Life in
Also see Rosemary's review of Jacob Marley's Christmas Carol
Is it me, or is it true that just as an adult begins to love and cherish his or her childhood, suddenly, they wake up and that innocence is gone and those memories are a blur? Ask anyone if they'd like to repeat their childhood, and they'll probably tell you "No." After all, why would anyone want to go through being picked on by their older sister, lose another baseball game for the team, try to stop sucking his thumb, or even attempt to live without his precious "blankie" for even one second all over again? Reminiscence, though, is good, and that is what the production of You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown currently playing at Albuquerque's Adobe Theater is all abouthelping people find and relive their inner child. Fortunately for the audience, there is a capable, believable cast of young actors who, in life years, are still close to their childhoods. This helps them put it all together to make magic as they present the reality of being a child in all its comic glory.
Written by Clark Gesner (with additional music by Andrew Lippa), You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown is a musical blast into pop culture of bygone days when people frequently said "Good grief!" and so did kids, eliciting condescending, but adoring, parental laughs at their attempts to be more grown-up. The fact is, the musical is a series of vignettes (reminding us of some of the scenarios from Charles M. Schulz's Peanuts comic strip and holiday television specials), with no real plot and adult actors doing what they are trained to doplay! And play they do, making us believe that they are, indeed, the young characters we remember: Charlie Brown, Lucy, Schroeder, Sally, Linus and Snoopy. Frieda exists, but we never see or hear her. Adults of a certain age grew up identifying with all of these characters in some form or another. I'm almost positive some of the stereotypes still ring true today: the nonathletic, socially inept nerd; the know-it-all bossy girl who's popular but really knows less than she thinks she does; the nerdy but, because-he's-passionate-about-classical-music, less nerdy and more alluring pianist; the immature yet thoughtful thumb-sucking boy who's trying to break the habit of carrying a security blanket; and the over-analytical, somewhat manic depressive cute girl who jumps on the bandwagon for every fad, which changes daily, or dare I say, moment to moment.
I have to admit that I identify most with Lucy's character, especially at the end of act two, when she tries to write a book report on "Peter Rabbit" and is more concerned about getting the right word count than writing anything the slightest bit insightful. That was me at that age. Everyone will find him or herself in this production, and I mean this very, very, very, very, very, very sincerely.
In terms of set, be prepared for minimal. That's fine considering that the star of this show is the ensemble of actors. Designer Bob Byers' set includes a holiday light matrix backdrop which silhouettes the band. Moveable set pieces, such as an impressive large school bus cutout, a scaled down grand piano that almost touches the floor, a larger than life "Edith Ann" red comfy chair, and, of course a less traditional Snoopy's doghouse which sports a "Snoopy's Casa" sign out front (reminding the audience where this production takes place), create ample environs in which the characters can come to life. The cactus on the side of Snoopy's abode is also a clever and subtle touch. Michael Girlamo's lighting, while effective, leaves some of the actors in partial darkness in some cases. Beverly Herring and Judi Buehler's costumes are spot-on and provide the color needed to remind us that these characters are all supposed to be animated.
Dan Martinez, making his Adobe debut in the title role, has some lovely moments as our favorite blockhead, especially in the show's final number, "Happiness." He is definitely sincere, natural, sweet and empathetic in a way that we have come to expect from Charlie Brown. Martinez really hits his stride in the second act. Amanda Morales, a multi-talented and charming performer, does a good job as Lucy, but lacks the bite that her pen and ink counterpart always possessed. I would have loved to see her go from zero to mean in far fewer seconds and really milk it. She does manage to channel "crabby" momentarily but drifts into more sweetness than angst, more often than not. Her interactions with Schroeder, however, are hilarious, so it's hard not to enjoy her energy. Leonard Hughes is very loveable as Schroeder. He looks the part, he acts the part, and his air piano playing is excellent. Jonathan Gallegos brings his own style to Linus, and he's easy to believe as a child as he leaps about the stage sucking and smelling his thumb and dragging his security blanket behind him. Jon is a true triple threat who always gives audiences more than one-hundred percent. His rendition of "My Blanket and Me" is wonderful.
The glue that binds this production of Charlie Brown is the performance level of Gilbert Sanchez as Snoopy. This uncommon pooch's main goal is to be understood and find "advancement," of which there is very little for a dog. Sanchez is as fine a dancer and singer as he is an actor and he thoroughly entertains the audience with his Red Baron monologue as well as his performance of the hunger-pain inducing "Suppertime." He completely suspends audience disbelief and brings us into his world of canine oppression. He is an actor to watch and I wouldn't be surprised to see him one day on the Broadway boards. In the dictionary next to "ray of sunshine," there is a picture of Christy Burbank. Breaking onto the Albuquerque theatre scene nearly two years ago, this Canadian actress/singer/dancer transplant is as delicious as poutine and has the professionalism of a Broadway performer. As Charlie Brown's little sister Sally, she gives the ensemble numbers the perfect amount of pouty mania and sparkle to make them show stoppers. "My New Philosophy," her solo number, displays Burbank's bubbly personality and thoughtfulness as an actor and is one of the best numbers in the show. Her rabbit-hunting vignette with Snoopy is also a highlight, inducing genuine cackles ... at least I think so. I couldn't hear over mine!
It's the small details in this show that make it enjoyable theatre. Director Daryl Streeter has brought together a troupe of some of Albuquerque's best up-and-coming actors to give Charlie Brown life. As is sometimes the case in community theatre, the transitions between scenes could be a little tighter, and the director might have considered body mikes. The band, especially in the opening number, "You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown," and some other group numbers, tends to overpower the actors' voices.
Overall, You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown is a cute production to which parents will feel certain they can bring their kids. The show runs through Sunday, December 19 at the Adobe Theater, located at 9813 Fourth Street in Albuquerque. Tickets are $16 and $14 for students and seniors. For reservations or more information, visit www.adobetheater.org or call the Adobe box office at 505-898-9222.
See the schedule of theatre productions in the Albuquerque area
-- Paul Niemi