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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Calcutta" redirects here. For other uses, see Calcutta (disambiguation).
Kolkata (কলকাতা)
City of Joy, City of Palaces, City of Stadiums, City of All Cities, and City of Bridges
— Metropolitan City —
Clockwise from top: Victoria Memorial, St. Paul's Cathedral, Downtown Kolkata, Howrah Bridge, Kolkata tram, Vidyasagar Setu Bridge
Kolkata (কলকাতা)
Location of Kolkata (কলকাতা)
in West Bengal and India
Coordinates 22°34′11″N 88°22′11″ECoordinates: 22°34′11″N 88°22′11″E
Former name Calcutta
Country India
State West Bengal
District(s) Calcutta †
Mayor Sovan Chatterjee[1]
• Density
• Metro
4,486,679[2] (5th) (2011)
• 27,462 /km2 (71,126 /sq mi)
• 15,644,040[3] (3rd) (2010)
Spoken languages
Ethnic groups
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
• Elevation
1,480 square kilometres (570 sq mi)
• 9 metres (30 ft)
Website Kolkatamycity.com
Kolkata (Bengali: কলকাতা [ˈkolkat̪a]), formerly known as Calcutta, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal and a Gamma World City. Kolkata is the commercial capital of East India, located on the east bank of the Hooghly River.[5] The Kolkata metropolitan area, including suburbs, has a population exceeding 15 million, making it the third most populous metropolitan area in India and the 13th most populous urban area in the world. The city is also classified as the eighth largest urban agglomeration in the world.[6]
Kolkata served as the capital of India during the British Raj until 1911 when due to geographical disadvantages and growing nationalism in Bengal the capital was shifted to New Delhi. The city is noted for its vibrant political culture, ranging from the Indian struggle for independence to contemporary politics. Once the center of modern education, science, culture and politics in India, Kolkata witnessed economic stagnation in the years following India's independence in 1947. However, since the year 2000, an economic rejuvenation has led to an acceleration in the city's growth. Like other metropolitan cities of India, Kolkata continues to struggle with urbanisation problems like poverty, pollution and traffic congestion.
Contents [hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
3 Geography
4 Urban structure
5 Climate
6 Economy
7 Civic administration
8 Utility services and media
9 Transport
10 Demographics
11 Culture
12 Education
13 Sports
14 Sister cities
15 See also
16 References
17 Further reading
18 External links
The name Kolkata and the anglicised name Calcutta have their roots in Kalikata, the name of one of the three villages (Kalikata, Sutanuti, Govindapur) in the area before the arrival of the British.[7] "Kalikata", in turn, is believed to be a version of Kalikshetra (Bengali: কালীক্ষেত্র, Kalikkhetro "Land of [the goddess] Kali"). Alternatively, the name may have been derived from the Bengali term kilkila ("flat area").[8] Again, the name may have its origin in the indigenous term for a natural canal, Khal, followed by Katta (which may mean dug).[9] There is also another theory that the place used to specialize in quicklime (kali chun) and coir rope (kátá) and hence the place was called Kalikátá.[10]
Thus the city's name was always pronounced "Kolkata" or "Kolikata" in the local Bengali language, its official English name was changed from "Calcutta" to "Kolkata" in 2001, reflecting the Bengali pronunciation. Some view this as a move to erase the legacy of British rule.[11] This change has not always been reflected by overseas media, but news sources like the BBC have opted to call Bombay Mumbai[12] and Calcutta Kolkata.[13]
Main article: History of Kolkata
Kolkata, shown here in 1945, was an important port during World War II.
The discovery of the nearby Chandraketugarh,[14] an archaeological site, provides evidence that the area has been inhabited for over two millennia.[15] The city's documented history, however, begins with the arrival of the English East India Company in 1690, when the Company was consolidating its trade business in Bengal. Job Charnock, an administrator with the company was traditionally credited as the founder of the city.[8] However some academics have recently challenged the view that Charnock was the founder, and in response to public interest, the High Court ruled in 2003 that the city does not have a specific founder.[16]
In 17th century Kolkata was under indirect rule of the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-Ud-Daulah, comprised three villages Kalikata, Gobindapur and Sutanuti. These villages were part of a khas mahal or imperial jagir or an estate belonging to the Mughal emperor himself, whose jagirdari rights were held by the Sabarna Roy Choudhury family. Against the wishes of this family and in spite of their protests, the rights over these villages were transferred to the East India Company in 1698.[17] The British in the late 17th century wanted to build a fort near Gobindapur in order to consolidate their power over other foreign powers — namely the Dutch, the Portuguese, and the French. In 1702, the British completed the construction of old Fort William,[18] which was used to station its troops and as a regional base. Calcutta was declared a Presidency City, and later became the headquarters of the Bengal Presidency.[19] Faced with frequent skirmishes with French forces, in 1756 the British began to upgrade their fortifications. When protests against the militarisation by the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-Ud-Daulah went unheeded he attacked and captured Fort William, leading to the infamous Black Hole of Calcutta incident.[20] A force of Company sepoys and British troops led by Robert Clive recaptured the city the following year.[20] Calcutta was named the capital of British India in 1772, and starting in 1864 during the summer months, the capital was temporarily shifted to the hill station of Shimla.[21] In the early 19th century the marshes surrounding the city were drained and the government area was laid out along the banks of the Hooghly River. Richard Wellesley, the Governor General between 1797–1805, was largely responsible for the growth of the city and its public architecture which led to the description of Calcutta as "The City of Palaces".[22] The city was a centre of the British East India Company's opium trade during the late 18th and 19th century.[23]
Horse drawn trams in British Calcutta (now Kolkata), India—Life size model at City Centre arcade
St. Paul's Cathedral was built in Calcutta during the British Raj
Victoria Memorial, built between 1906 and 1921
By the 1850s, Kolkata was split into two distinct areas — one British (known as the White Town) centred around Chowringhee, the other Indian centred around North Calcutta.[24] The city underwent rapid industrial growth from the early 1850s, especially in the textile and jute industries: this caused massive investment by British companies in infrastructure such as Howrah station and telegraph connections. The coalescence of British and Indian culture resulted in the emergence of a new Babu class of urbane Indians — whose members were often bureaucrats, professionals, newspaper readers, Anglophiles, and usually belonged to upper-caste Hindu communities.[25] Throughout the nineteenth century, a socio-cultural reform, often referred to as the Bengal Renaissance resulted in the general uplifting of the people. In 1883, Surendranath Banerjee organised a national conference — the first of its kind in nineteenth century India.[8] Gradually Calcutta became a centre of the Indian independence movement, especially revolutionary organisations. The 1905 partition of Bengal on communal grounds resulted in widespread public agitation and the boycott of British goods (Swadeshi movement).[26] These activities, along with the administratively disadvantageous location of Calcutta in the eastern fringes of India, prompted the British to move the capital to New Delhi in 1911.[27]
Map of Calcutta during 1784-85.
The city and its port were bombed several times by the Japanese during World War II,[28] the first occasion being 20 December 1942,[29] and the last being 24 December 1944.[30] During the war, millions starved to death during the Bengal famine of 1943, caused by a combination of military, administrative and natural factors.[31] In 1946, demands for the creation of a Muslim state led to large-scale communal violence resulting in the deaths of over 4,000 people.[32][33][34] The partition of India also created intense violence and a shift in demographics — large numbers of Muslims left for East Pakistan, while hundreds of thousands of Hindus fled into the city.[35] Over the 1960s and 1970s, severe power shortages, strikes and a violent Marxist-Maoist movement — the Naxalites — damaged much of the city's infrastructure, leading to a period of economic stagnation.[36] In 1971, Bangladesh liberation war led to the mass influx of thousands of refugees into Kolkata resulting in a massive strain on its infrastructure.[37] In the mid-1980s, Bombay, now Mumbai, overtook Kolkata as India's most populous city. In 1985 Rajiv Gandhi referred to Kolkata as a "dying city" because of the social and political traumas.[38] Kolkata has been a important base for Communism as West Bengal has been ruled by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M))-dominated Left Front for 34 years now — the world's longest-running democratically elected communist government.[39][40] The city's economic recovery gathered momentum after economic reforms in India introduced by the central government in the mid-1990s. Since 2000, Information Technology (IT) services have revitalized the city's stagnant economy. The city is also experiencing a growth in the manufacturing sector.[41]
Main article: Geography of Kolkata
Kolkata seen from Spot Satellite
Kolkata is located in the eastern part India at 22°33′N 88°20′E in the Ganges Delta at an elevation ranging between 1.5 m (5 ft) to 9 m (30 ft).[42] It is spread linearly along the banks of the River Hooghly in a north-south direction. Much of the city was originally a vast wetland, reclaimed over the decades to accommodate the city's burgeoning population.[43] The remaining wetland, known as East Calcutta Wetlands has been designated a "wetland of international importance" under the Ramsar Convention.[44]
Like the most of the Indo-Gangetic plains, the predominant soil type is alluvial. Quaternary sediments consisting of clay, silt, various grades of sand and gravel underlie the city. These sediments are sandwiched between two clay beds, the lower one at depths between 250 m (820 ft) and 650 m (2,133 ft) and the upper one ranging between 10 m (33 ft) and 40 m (131 ft) in thickness.[45] According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, the town falls under seismic zone-III, in a scale of I to V (in order of increasing proneness to earthquakes)[46] while the wind and cyclone zoning is "very high damage risk", according to UNDP report.[46]
[edit]Urban structure
Heart of the city
Kolkata city, under the jurisdiction of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC), has an area of 185 km2 (71 sq mi).[47] The Kolkata conurbation (Kolkata Metropolitan Area), however, is spread over 1,750 km2 (676 sq mi),[47] and comprises 157 postal areas, as of 2006.[48] The metropolitan area is formally administered by several local governments including 38 local municipalities. The urban agglomeration comprises 72 cities and 527 towns and villages.[47] The suburban areas of Kolkata metropolitan district incorporates parts of the districts North 24 Parganas, South 24 Parganas, Howrah, Hooghly and Nadia.
General Post Office
Red Road, one of the busiest thoroughfares of the city
The east-to-west dimension of the city is narrow, stretching from the Hooghly River in the west to roughly the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass in the east, a span of barely 5 km (3.1 mi)–6 km (3.7 mi).[49] The north-south expansion is roughly divided into North, Central and South Kolkata. North Kolkata locality is the oldest part of the city, with 19th century architecture and narrow alleyways. South Kolkata grew mostly after independence of India and consists of localities such as Ballygunge, Tollygunge, Alipore, and New Alipore. Ballygunge is an upmarket middle-class area where many classy shops and famous creative minds and artistic personalities congregate. Same applies to Alipore, which was a favorite for British colonial elites in 19th century.
Two recently-developed (and planned) areas of Calcutta are: Salt Lake City (Bidhannagar) to the northeast and Rajarhat, also called New Town, to the north of Bidhannagar. The former was developed between 1958 and 1965 to accommodate the burgeoning population of Kolkata. It is now hub of economic and social expansion and is famous as centre for IT in the city. Many high-profile industrialists of national and international standing are investing in Rajarhat. The place is an impressive information technology and computer engineering hub and is close to infrastructure like airport. The Sarsuna satellite township has also been developing rapidly. It was once a slum for refugees from East Pakistan in 1970s.
Central Kolkata houses the central business district around the B. B. D. Bagh area. The government secretariat, General Post Office, High Court, Lalbazar Police HQs and several other government and private offices are located here. The Maidan is a large open field in the heart of the city where several sporting events and public meetings are held. It is army property. Due to the freshness and greenery it provides to the metropolis, it has been referred to as the "lungs of Kolkata". It is a focal point of the city and many important buildings cluster around Maidan. It is also a center of statues of Britisher colonial officials and Indian freedom fighters and martyr. Legally also, the fort and the Maidan were excluded from the city as per Act 16 of 1847.[50] Central Park in Bidhanagar is another large park. Millenium Park was built besides the Hooghly to spruce up dirty area with amusement park and greenage. Several companies have set up their offices around the area south of Park Street which has become a secondary central business district. The residential buildings are mostly lowrise and are older colonial buildings and many new four storey apartment blocks. Ten to twelve storey apartment blocks have come up in large numbers in south of city. City has relaxed its rules on highrise construction recently and twenty storey buildings are becoming more common. The tallest residential towers of East India — the four thirty-five-storey towers of South City are on Prince Anwar Shah Road. Huge construction activity along the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass is altering the face of the city. Luxury hotels, convention centres, speciality hospitals, condominium complexes, malls and multiplexes are zooming up at a rapid pace.
Main article: Climate of Kolkata
Kolkata has a tropical wet-and-dry climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). The annual mean temperature is 26.8 °C (80.2 °F); monthly mean temperatures range from 19 °C (66.2 °F) to 30 °C (86.0 °F).[51] Summers are hot and humid with temperatures in the low 30's and during dry spells the maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) during May and June.[51] Winter tends to last for only about two and a half months, with seasonal lows dipping to 9 °C – 11 °C (54 °F – 57 °F) between December and January. The highest recorded temperature is 43.9 °C (111.0 °F) and the lowest is 5 °C (41.0 °F).[51] On an average, May is the hottest month with daily temperatures ranging from a low of 27 °C (80.6 °F) to a maximum of 37 °C (98.6 °F), while January the coldest month has temperatures varying from a low of 12 °C (53.6 °F) to a maximum of 23 °C (73.4 °F). Often during early summer, dusty squalls followed by spells of thunderstorm or hailstorms and heavy rains with ice sleets lash the city, bringing relief from the humid heat. These thunderstorms are convective in nature, and is locally known as Kal baisakhi (Bengali: কালবৈশাখী, Nor'westers).[52]
Rains brought by the Bay of Bengal branch of South-West monsoon[53] lash the city between June and September and supplies the city with most of its annual rainfall of 1,582 mm (62 in). The highest rainfall occurs during the monsoon in August—306 mm (12 in). The city receives 2,528 hours of sunshine per annum, with the maximum sunlight occurring in March.[54] Pollution is a major concern in Kolkata, and the Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) level is high when compared to other major cities of India, leading to regular smog and haze.[55][56] Severe air pollution in the city has caused rise in pollution-related respiratory ailments such as lung cancer.[57]
Kolkata has been devastated by several cyclones, including a 1737 cyclone, which killed thousands of people, and another one in 1864, which killed 60,000 people. Because of its location, its geography, and its population, a category four or five cyclone there today would kill hundreds of thousands of people and cause devastation to many thousands of homes and many skyscrapers and tall buildings in Downtown Kolkata.
[hide]Climate data for Kolkata (1971–1990)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 26.4
(79.5) 29.1
(84.4) 33.5
(92.3) 35.3
(95.5) 35.4
(95.7) 34.0
(93.2) 32.3
(90.1) 32.1
(89.8) 32.4
(90.3) 32.3
(90.1) 30.3
(86.5) 27.0
(80.6) 31.7
Average low °C (°F) 13.8
(56.8) 16.9
(62.4) 21.7
(71.1) 25.1
(77.2) 26.0
(78.8) 26.5
(79.7) 26.1
(79) 26.1
(79) 25.8
(78.4) 23.9
(75) 19.6
(67.3) 14.5
(58.1) 22.2
Rainfall mm (inches) 11
(0.43) 30
(1.18) 35
(1.38) 60
(2.36) 142
(5.59) 288
(11.34) 411
(16.18) 349
(13.74) 288
(11.34) 143
(5.63) 26
(1.02) 17
(0.67) 1,800
Avg. rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 1.2 2.2 3.0 4.8 8.7 14.7 20.5 20.2 15.7 8.1 1.5 0.9 101.5
Sunshine hours 204.6 203.4 226.3 234.0 226.3 123.0 93.0 105.4 117.0 182.9 192.0 204.6 2,112.5
Source: HKO [58]
DLF Building - Heart of Kolkata IT Sector
Main article: Economy of Kolkata
Vendors selling flowers in a road-side market
Kolkata is the main business, commercial and financial hub of East India and the northeastern states. It is home to the Calcutta Stock Exchange — India's second-largest bourse.[59][60]
Until recently, flexible production had always been the norm in Kolkata, and the informal sector has comprised more than 40% of the labour force.[61] For example, roadside hawkers generated business worth Rs. 8,772 crore (around 2 billion U.S. dollars) in 2005.[62] State and federal government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce. The city has a large unskilled and semi-skilled labour population, along with other blue-collar and knowledge workers. As in many other Indian cities, information technology became a major growing sector in Kolkata since late 1990s, with the IT sector growing at 70% yearly — twice that of the national average.[41] In recent years there has been a surge of investments in the housing infrastructure sector with several new projects coming up in the city led by companies such as DLF Limited and Unitech Group. Kolkata is home to many industrial units operated by large Indian corporations with products ranging from electronics to jute. Some notable companies headquartered in Kolkata include ITC Limited, India Government Mint, Kolkata, Haldia Petrochemicals, Exide Industries, Hindustan Motors, Britannia Industries, Bata India, Birla Corporation, CESC Limited, RPG Group,Texmaco Limited,[63] Bengal Ambuja, Philips India, Eveready Batteries, Coal India Limited, Damodar Valley Corporation, PwC India, Peerless Group, United Bank of India, UCO Bank and Allahabad Bank. Recently, various events like adoption of "Look East" policy by the government of India, opening of the Nathu La Pass in Sikkim as a border trade-route with China and immense interest in the South East Asian countries to enter the Indian market and invest have put Kolkata in an advantageous position for development in future, particularly with likes of Myanmar.[64][65]
[edit]Civic administration
Kolkata City officials
Sovan Chatterjee[1]
Police Commissioner
Ranjit Kumar Pachnanda[66]
Main article: Civic administration of Kolkata
See also: Kolkata Municipal Corporation
Map showing the jurisdictions of Kolkata civic authorities
The civic administration of Kolkata is executed by several government agencies, and consists of overlapping structural divisions. At least five administrative definitions of the city are available; listed in ascending order of area, those are:
Kolkata District,
the Kolkata Police area,
the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) area ("Kolkata city"),
"Greater Kolkata", which includes the KMC area and a few neighbourhoods adjacent to it, and
the urban agglomeration or Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMDA) is responsible for the statutory planning and development of the metropolitan area).
Calcutta High Court
Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC)- The governance of the city proper—the area within which KMC has a directly elected council of 141 ward councilors who elect a council Chairman and an executive Mayor. The Mayor, in turn chooses a Deputy Mayor and not more than 10 elected councillors to form the Mayor-in-Council which works like a cabinet. In addition, there is a Municipal Accounts Committee (MAC)of five to seven elected councillors, other than the MiC, chosen through proportional representation, to act like a public accounts committee (PAC), usually headed by the Leader of Opposition. The MiC was introduced in 1980 and the system has been replicated in other Municipalities and Panchayats as Mayor/ Chairperson-in-council during 1981-1991. No other state in India has introduced a system of political executive in local government.
The main functions of the KMC are water supply, drainage and sewerage, sanitation, solid wastes management, streets and public places, street lighting, and building regulation. Fire services are handled by a state agency- Kolkata Fire Brigade. Similarly, for the river port services, there is a Kolkata Port Trust, an agency of the central government.[67]
Other authorities: the Collector of the Kolkata District, the Kolkata Police, the District Magistrate (DM) of South 24 Parganas District, and the (SP) of South 24 Parganas District.[68] As of 2010, the All India Trinamool Congress holds the power in KMC, its mayor is Sovan Chatterjee while the deputy mayor is Farzana Alam.[69] The city also has an apolitical titular post, that of the Sheriff of Kolkata.
As the capital of the state and the seat of the Government of West Bengal, Kolkata houses not only the offices of the local governing agencies, but also the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, the state Secretariat (Writers' Building) and the Calcutta High Court. Kolkata also has lower courts; the Small Causes Court for civil matters, and the Sessions Court for criminal cases. The Kolkata Police, headed by the Police Commissioner, comes under the West Bengal Home Ministry. The city elects three representatives to the Lok Sabha (India's lower house) and 21 representatives to the state Legislative Assembly.[70]
[edit]Utility services and media
See also: Kolkata in the media and List of Bengali language television channels
VSNL tower of Tata Communications (previously known as VSNL), a major telecom service provider in India
The KMC supplies potable water to the city, sourced from the River Hooghly. The water is purified and treated at Palta water pumping station located in North 24 Parganas. Almost all of Kolkata's daily refuse of 2500 tonnes is transported to the dumping grounds in Dhapa to the east of the town. Agriculture on this dumping ground is encouraged for natural recycling of garbage and sewer water.[71] Parts of the city still lack sewage facilities leading to unsanitary methods of waste disposal.[54] Electricity is supplied by the privately operated (CESC) to the city region, and by the West Bengal State Electricity Board in the suburbs. Frequent interruption of power supply was a problem until the mid 1990s; however the situation has since improved immensely with seldom power cuts occurring presently. The city has 20 fire stations (under West Bengal Fire Service) that attend to 7,500 fire and rescue calls on average per year.[72]
State-owned BSNL and private enterprises like Vodafone, Airtel, Reliance Communications, Uninor, Idea Cellular, Aircel, Tata DoCoMo, Tata Indicom, Virgin Mobile and MTS India are the leading telephone and cell phone service providers in the city. Cellular coverage is extensive with both GSM and CDMA services being available. Broadband Internet penetration has steadily increased with BSNL, Tata Indicom, Sify, Airtel, Reliance and Alliance being the leading service providers.
Bengali language newspapers like Anandabazar Patrika, Bartaman, Sangbad Pratidin, Jago Bangla, Aajkaal, Dainik Statesman ,Ganashakti,Ekdin are widely circulated. Popular English language newspapers published and sold in Kolkata include the Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Hindu, The Indian Express, The Statesman, The Telegraph and Asian Age. Some major periodicals are Desh, Sananda, Unish Kuri, Kindle, Anandalok and Anandamela. Being the biggest trading market in East India, Kolkata has a substantial readership of many financial dailies including The Economic Times, The Financial Express, Business Line and Business Standard.[73] Vernacular newspapers such as those in Hindi, Urdu, Gujarati, Oriya, Punjabi and Chinese are also read by a minority. (AIR), the state-owned radio broadcaster, airs several AM radio stations in the city. Kolkata has 12 local FM radio stations, including two from AIR. The state-owned television broadcaster Doordarshan provides two free terrestrial channels, while four MSO provide a mix of Bengali, Hindi, English and other regional channels via cable. Bengali 24-hour television news channels include STAR Ananda, Tara Newz, Kolkata TV, 24 Ghanta, Ne Bangla, News Time and Channel 10.
Main article: Transport in Kolkata
Kazi Nazrul Islam Sarani (VIP Road, a busy thoroughfare connecting the city with airport
Howrah Bridge, a major transport system.
Volvo City Service
Kolkata is the only Indian city with a tram system
Vidyasagar Setu (2nd Hoogly Bridge) connecting Kolkata with Howrah
Public transport is provided by the Kolkata suburban railway, the Kolkata Metro, trams and buses. The suburban network is extensive and extends into the distant suburbs.
The Kolkata Metro, run by the Indian Railways, is the oldest underground system in India since 1984.[74] It runs parallel to the River Hooghly and spans the north-south length of the city covering a distance of 22.3 km. There are several more lines being built for the metro to serve other areas of Kolkata such as Howrah and Bidhan Nagar. Buses are the preferred mode of transport and are run by both government agencies and private operators. Kolkata is India's only city to have a tram network, operated by Calcutta Tramways Company.[75] The slow-moving tram services are restricted to certain areas of the city. Water-logging due to heavy rains during the monsoon sometimes interrupts the public transport.[76][77]
Hired forms of mechanised transport include the yellow metered taxis, while auto rickshaws ply in specific routes. Almost all the taxis in Kolkata are Ambassadors. This is unlike most other cities where Tata Indicas or Premier Padminis are more common. In some areas of the city, cycle rickshaws and hand-pulled rickshaws are also patronised by the public for short distances. Private owned vehicles are less in number and usage compared to other major cities due to the abundance in both variety and number of public vehicles.[78] However, the city witnessed a steady increase in the number of registered vehicles; 2002 data showed an increase of 44% over a period of seven years.[79] The road space (matched with population density) in the city is only 6%, compared to 23% in Delhi and 17% in Mumbai, creating major traffic problems.[80] Kolkata Metro Railway and a number of new roads and flyovers have decongested the traffic to some extent. Kolkata has three major long distance railway stations at Howrah, Sealdah and Kolkata (Chitpur).[81] The city is the headquarters of two divisions of the Indian Railways — Eastern Railway and South Eastern Railway.[82]
The Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport at Dum Dum to the north of the city, operates both domestic and international flights. The airport is presently being upgraded to accommodate increased air traffic. Kolkata is also a major river port of East India. The Kolkata Port Trust manages both the Kolkata and Haldia docks.[83] There are passenger services to Port Blair in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and cargo ship service to various ports in India and abroad, operated by the Shipping Corporation of India. There are ferry services as well, connecting Kolkata with its twin city of Howrah.
The Chinese New Year celebrated in Chinatown. Unofficial estimates put the number of Chinese in Kolkata anywhere from 5,000 to 200,000, most of whom live in or near Chinatown in Tangra.[84][85]
See also: Ethnic communities in Kolkata
[show]Kolkata population
Religions in Kolkata[87]
Religion Percent
Residents of Kolkata are called Calcuttans. According to the provisional population of 2011, Kolkata city has a population of 4,486,679,[2] while the urban agglomeration had a population of 13,216,546 in 2001. The sex ratio is 928 females per 1000 males[88] – which is lower than the national average, because many working males come from rural areas and neighbouring states (mainly Bihar, UP, Orissa), where they leave behind their families. Kolkata's literacy rate of 81%[89] exceeds the all-India average of 66%.[90] Kolkata Municipal Corporation area has registered a growth rate of 4.1%, which is the lowest among the million-plus cities in India.[91]
Bengali comprise the majority of Kolkata's population , with Marwaris and Bihari communities forming a large portion of the minorities .[92] Some of Kolkata's minor communities include Chinese, Tamils, Nepalis, Oriyas, Telugus, Assamese, Gujaratis, Anglo-Indians, Armenians, Greeks, Tibetans, Maharashtrians, Konkanis, Malayalees, Punjabis and Parsis. Tibetans mostly came as traders. There were also many Armenians, Greeks and Jews, although these have declined in 20th century. After the establishment of Israel, many Jews left to live in Israel and the size of the Jewish community had a severe decrease.[93] Chinatown in the eastern part of the city of Kolkata is the only Chinatown in the country. The locality was once home to 20,000 ethnic Chinese, now the population has dropped to 2,000 or so. The traditional occupation of the Chinese community here had been working in the nearby tanning industry and the Chinese restaurants.[94]
Bengali is the dominant language spoken in Kolkata, which also serves as the Official State Language. English is also used, particularly by the white-collar work force.[4]
According to the census, 73% of the population in Kolkata is Hindu, 23% Muslim, 2% Christian and 1% Jains. Other minorities such as Sikhs, Buddhist, Jews and Zoroastrian constitute the rest of the city's population.[87] 1.5 million people, who constitute about a third of the city's population, live in 2,011 registered and 3,500 unregistered (occupied by squatters) slums.[95]
Kolkata reported 67.6% of total Special and Local Laws (SLL) crimes registered in 35 Indian mega cities in 2004.[96] Kolkata police district registered 10,757 IPC cases in 2004, which was 10th highest in the country.[97] The crime rate in the city was 71 per 100,000 against the national rate of 167.7 in 2006, which is the lowest among all the mega cities in India.[98] Some estimates state that there are more than 60,000 brothel-based women and girls in prostitution in Kolkata.[99] [100] The population of prostitutes in Sonagachi constitutes mainly of Nepalese, Indians and Bangladeshis.[100] Some sources estimate there are 60,000 women in the brothels of Kolkata.[101] The largest prostitution area in city is Sonagachi.[100]
Main article: Kolkata culture
See also: List of notable Calcuttans
Dakshineswar Kali Temple near Kolkata.
Indian Museum Kolkata
A Murti (representation) of the goddess Durga, during the festival of Durga Puja.
The Kolkata Book Fair, one of the largest book fairs in India.
Kolkata has long been known for its literary, artistic and revolutionary heritage. As the former capital of India, Kolkata was the birthplace of modern Indian literary and artistic thought. Kolkatans tend to have a special appreciation for art and literature; its tradition of welcoming new talent has made it a City of Furious Creative Energy.[102] For these reasons, Kolkata has often been dubbed as the Cultural Capital of India or the Literary Capital of India.[103]
A characteristic feature of Kolkata is the para or neighbourhoods having a strong sense of community. Typically, every para has its own community club with a clubroom and often, a playing field. People here habitually indulge in adda or leisurely chat, and these adda sessions are often a form of freestyle intellectual conversation.[104] The city has a tradition of political graffiti depicting everything from outrageous slander to witty banter and limericks, caricatures to propaganda.
Kolkata has many buildings adorned with Gothic, Baroque, Roman, Oriental and Indo-Islamic (including Mughal) motifs. Several major buildings of the Colonial period are well maintained and have been declared "heritage structures", while others are in various stages of decay. Established in 1814, the Indian Museum is the oldest museum in Asia and houses vast collections of Indian natural history and Indian art. Marble Palace is classic example of European mansion in the city. Netaji Bhawan is museum and shrine dedicated for honor of Netaji, Indian freedom fighter of World War II.[105] The Victoria Memorial, one of the major tourist attractions in Kolkata, has a museum documenting the city's history. The National Library of India is India's leading public library. Academy of Fine Arts and other art galleries hold regular art exhibitions.
The city has a tradition of dramas in the form of jatra (a kind of folk-theatre), theatres and Group Theaters. Kolkata is the home of the Bengali cinema industry, dubbed "Tollywood" after Tollygunj, the location of Bengali movie studios. Its long tradition of Art-Film making includes globally acclaimed directors such as Academy Award winning director Satyajit Ray, Mrinal Sen, Tapan Sinha, Ritwik Ghatak and contemporary directors such as Aparna Sen, Buddhadeb Dasgupta and Rituparno Ghosh.
Key elements of Kolkata's cuisine include rice and Machher jhol (fish curry),[106] with roshogolla, sandesh and mishti dohi (sweet yoghurt) as dessert. Bengal's vast repertoire of fish-based dishes includes various eelish preparations (a favorite among Bengalis). This is due to location of Bengal at nexus of great rivers of India, leading to extraordinary abundance of all types of freshwater fish, such as catfish, bass, shad or mullet and these are prepared in all maner of ways. Due to immense and incredible variety of fruits and vegetables that Bengal has to offer is incredible, a host of gourds, roots and tubers, leafy greens, succulent stalks, lemons and limes, green and purple eggplants, red onions, plantain, broad beans, okra, banana tree stems and flowers, green jackfruit and red pumpkins are to be found in the markets or anaj bazaar as popularly called, and are very popular with city residents. Vegetarian cuisines are sometimes without onion and garlic. Street foods such as beguni (fried battered eggplant slices), kati roll (flatbread roll with vegetable or chicken, mutton, or egg stuffing), phuchka (deep fried crêpe with tamarind and lentil sauce) and Indian Chinese cuisine from China Town in the eastern parts of the city are quite popular.[107][108] Sweets occupy an important place in the diet of Kolkatans and at their social ceremonies. It is an ancient custom among both Hindu and Muslim Bengalis to distribute sweets during festivities. The confectionery industry has flourished because of its close association with social and religious ceremonies. Competition and changing tastes have helped to create many new sweets, and today this industry has grown in the city and in the disapora.
Bengali women commonly wear the shaŗi as per tradition and global/western outfits. Among men, western dressing has greater acceptance, though the traditional dhoti and panjabi/kurta comes to life on festivals.
Durga Puja is the most important and the most glamorous event in Kolkata. More than two thousand pandals are set up, all clamoring for the admiration and praise of the populace. The city is adorned with lights. People from all over the country visit the city at this time, and every night is one mad carnival where thousands of people go 'pandal-hopping' with their friends and family. Traffic comes to a standstill, and indeed, most people abandon their vehicles to travel by foot after a point. A special task force is deployed to control law and order. Durga Puja in Kolkata is often referred to as the Rio Carnival of the Eastern Hemisphere. The oldest puja are in North Kolkata, like Baghbazar Sarbojonin, Kumartuli, Ahiritola, Md. Ali Park, College Square [109] It usually takes place in the month of October, although it can also fall in September or November, depending on the traditional calendar. Other notable festivals include Jagaddhatri Puja, Diwali, Saraswati puja, Eid, Holi, Christmas, poila boishak (new year), Rath Yatra and Poush parbon (harvest festival). Some of the cultural festivals are Kolkata Book Fair, Dover Lane music festival, Kolkata Film Festival and National Theatre Festival. In the former, theme change annually and number of people increase without fail each year. The fair typically overlaps with the Hindu festival of Saraswati Puja. Saraswati is the Goddess of Learning.
Bengal has been nourished with a rich heritage of literature. In the nineteenth and twentieth century, Bengali literature was modernized in the works of authors such as Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Rabindranath Tagore, Kazi Nazrul Islam and Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay. The rich literary tradition set by these authors has been carried forward in the works of Jibanananda Das, Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay, Tarashankar Bandopadhyay, Manik Bandopadhyay, Ashapurna Devi, Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay, Buddhadeb Guha, Mahashweta Devi, Samaresh Majumdar, Sanjeev Chattopadhyay and Sunil Gangopadhyay among others. Tagore is regarded as the best poet ever produced by India, and he is celebrated across the world. His legacy permeates all parts of society.[110]
The city is also noted for its appreciation of Rabindrasangeet and Indian classical music as well as Bengali folk music such as baul and kirtans and gajan, and modern songs including Bengali adhunik songs. From the early 1990s, there has been an emergence of new genres of music, including the emergence of what has been called Bengali Jeebonmukhi Gaan (a modern genre based on realism) by artists like Anjan Dutta, Kabir Suman, Nachiketa and folk/alternative/rock bands like Moheener Ghoraguli, Chandrabindoo, Bhoomi, Cactus and Fossils. Dutta's songs are influenced by classical music, and especially country music and blues and Bob Dylan and Leonard Cohen which he fused with Bengali tradition of east west, as did Suman. American urban folk and grunge are can also be an inspiration for this generation.
The city was also the workplace of several social reformers, like Raja Ram Mohan Ray, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar, and Swami Vivekananda. These social reforms have eventually led to a cultural atmosphere where practices like sati, dowry, and caste-based discrimination or untouchability, the evils that crept into the Hindu society, were abolished. The last was one of the most famous religious teacher of India and made nation well-known in western society before independence era.
Main article: Education in Kolkata
The Indian Institute of Management, one of the best business schools in India,It is situated in Joka.
University of Calcutta, a renowned seat of learning, and the oldest western style university in South Asia
Science City Kolkata
Kolkata is a centre of culture in India. Shown here is the National Library.
Kolkata's schools are either run by the state government or by private (many of which are religious) organisations. Schools mainly use Bengali or English as the medium of instruction, though Urdu is also used, especially in Central Kolkata. The schools are affiliated with the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education, the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), the National Institute of Open School (NIOS) and the A-Level (British Curriculum). Under the 10+2+3 plan, after completing their secondary education, students typically enroll in a 2 year junior college (also known as a pre-university) or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education, ICSE or CBSE. Students usually choose from one of three streams — liberal arts, commerce, or science, though vocational streams are also available. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enrol in general or professional degree programmes.
Kolkata houses twelve universities and numerous colleges affiliated to them or to other universities located outside. The University of Calcutta (founded in 1857) has 153 affiliated colleges.[111] The Calcutta Madrasa College, which was founded in 1781 by Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General of India, has been recently upgraded as a university. The Bengal Engineering & Science University and Jadavpur University are notable engineering universities. Calcutta Medical College is the first institution teaching modern medicine in Asia.[112] Other notable institutions are Presidency College, St. Xavier's College, Bethune College (the first women's college in India), and Scottish Church College. Some institutions of national importance are the Asiatic Society, Bose Institute, S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, the Indian Statistical Institute, the Indian Institute of Management, the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, the Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, the Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta, the West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences, the Marine Engineering and Research Institute, the Rabindra Bharati University, the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, the Calcutta Mathematical Society, the Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management, the West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, the West Bengal University of Technology and the National Institute of Fashion Technology. IIM Calcutta was inaugural IIM of country and has produced leading business minds in the nation. It is one of the toughest business exams in the world.
Kolkata has also produced the likes of physicists Satyendra Nath Bose and Jagadish Chandra Bose,statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis also mathematician Raj Chandra Bose. All were famed members of Calcutta University, leading university in India.
Salt Lake Stadium, second largest stadium in the world.
The most followed sports in Kolkata are football and cricket. Kolkata, a major centre of football activity in India and home of top national football clubs such as East Bengal, Mohun Bagan AC, Chirag United S.C., and Mohammedan Sporting Club is known as Mecca of Indian Football.[113] Calcutta Football League, which started in 1898, is the oldest football league in Asia. Mohun Bagan AC, one of the oldest football clubs in Asia, is the only club to be entitled 'National Club of India'. Kolkata is also home to Kolkata Knight Riders IPL cricket team franchise.
As in the rest of India, cricket is extremely popular and is played throughout the city in its grounds and streets. Tournaments, especially those involving outdoor games like cricket, football, and badminton or indoor games like carrom are regularly organized on an inter-locality or inter-club basis. The maidan area hosts several minor football and cricket clubs and coaching institutes.
Notable sports stars from Kolkata include former Indian national cricket captains Sourav Ganguly and Pankaj Roy, as well as current players Ashok Dinda, Wriddhiman Saha, Laxmi Ratan Shukla and Manoj Tiwary. Olympic tennis bronze medallist Leander Paes. Former football stars include Sailen Manna, Chuni Goswami, P.K. Banerjee, and Subrata Bhattacharya.
The city is known for its large stadia. The Eden Gardens is one of only two 100,000-seat cricket stadiums in the world.[114] It hosted final of 1987 World Cup but was stripped of matches in 2011 to building issues. It is home to Bengal cricket team and Kolkata Knight Riders in IPL. Salt Lake Stadium (also known as Yuva Bharati Krirangan)—a multi-use stadium—is the world's second largest capacity football stadium.[115][116] Calcutta Cricket and Football Club is the second-oldest cricket club in the world.[117] Kolkata has three 18-hole golf courses at the Royal Calcutta Golf Club (the first golf club in the world outside Britain),[118] Tollygunge Club and Fort William. The Royal Calcutta Turf Club (RCTC) holds regular equestrian races and polo matches. The Calcutta Polo Club is now considered as the oldest polo club of the world.[119] The Calcutta South Club is the venue for some national and international tennis tournaments. From 2005, Sunfeast Open, a Tier-III tournament of Women's Tennis Association Tour, takes place in Netaji Indoor Stadium. The Calcutta Rowing Club hosts regular rowing races and training. Although it is a minor sport, Kolkata is considered the "capital" of rugby union in India. The city also gives its name to the name of the oldest international tournament in rugby union, the Calcutta Cup, which is of Indian workmanship.Recently Soft Tennis is also introduced in the city by west bengal soft tennis association and is played in central kolkata near red road


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Children can explore in free, 7-week science investigators club
Ant farms, dinosaur bones and metamorphic rocks are just a few of the things children can encounter this summer, when the Northland Public Library offers a free, seven-week summer program called the Children's Science Investigators, or CSI, Club. Designed for children ages 5 to 8, the program will be held every Wednesday from 4:30 to 5:30 p.m., from July 3 through Aug. 14, at the library, located at 300 Cumberland Road in McCandless.
Through hands-on exploration and experiments, children will learn to think like scientists by asking questions; participating in investigations; analyzing the information they gather; and communicating their findings to peers, teachers and parents. Topics include animals, plants, dinosaurs, insects, fossils and rocks, said Kim Englert, a librarian assistant at Northland Public Library and coordinator of the CSI Club.
"We're really excited about this program," said Englert, 53, of Franklin Park.
"We're engaging teachers from local school districts to help young children discover how fun and exciting science can be. It's a real community collaboration."
Englert has planned creative ways to illustrate how things work. For example, animal camouflage will be brought to life as handfuls of colored paper clips are scattered on the floor, and the children are asked to determine which colors are the easiest to spot.
To demonstrate how rocks change under the heat and pressure from the earth, the children will be asked to use the heat from their hands to change the shape of a Starburst candy.
Children will unearth plaster dinosaur bones using a brush and a simple grid.
The process of pollination will be demonstrated using a bag of crunchy, cheesy snacks.
Laura Senneway, 24, of McCandless, is a kindergarten teacher at McIntyre Elementary School in Ross Township and is certified to teach middle school science, as well. She is one of the teachers who will be helping Englert conduct the program.
"Science has always been a passion of mine," Senneway said. "I hope that this program will inspire children to be curious, to never be afraid to ask the question 'Why?'"
Registration begins June 20 for residents in Bradford Woods, Franklin Park, McCandless, Marshall Township and Ross and June 27 for other Allegheny County residents. Space is limited to the first 25 registrants.
Families can get a sneak peek of what the program will be like on June 29, when parents and children can explore science together in one of the library's two Family Science Olympiads.
The first session will be from 10 a.m. to 12:30 p.m., and the second will be from 1:30 to 4 p.m.
Participants will engage in eight hands-on experiments to learn more about magnetics, aerodynamics, buoyancy, sound and other topics. Each family will receive a lab booklet in which to record their findings and get scientific explanations of each topic, Englert said.
The Family Science Olympiads is free and open to families with children ages 5 to 8. Space is limited to the first 25 families who register for each session.
Registration opens Saturday for residents of Bradford Woods, Franklin Park, McCandless, Marshall and Ross and June 24 for other Allegheny Country residents.
These science programs have been made possible through a grant from the Northland Public Library Fund.
To register in person for either program, sign up at the Children's/Young Adult Services Desk on the ground floor of the library.
To register by phone for either program, call 412-366-8100, ext. 123. For more information, call Englert at that number.
To participate in either of the science programs, children also must be registered in the library's summer reading program.
Laurie Rees is freelance writer for Trib Total Media.

subset: commoncrawl


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- Buy New
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Item Note:
This product has been discontinued but may be available as a Open Box item.
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A bold and aggressive bass built to shred at an incredible price.
The ESP AX-104 bass not only looks wicked, its 34" scale and ESP-designed SB-4 pickups lend themselves especially well to an aggressive sound. Features a boldly sculpted agathis body, bolt-on maple neck, rosewood fingerboard, dot fretboard inlays with the model name at 12th fret, 24 extra-jumbo frets, and black nickel hardware.
Case sold separately.
- Shape:U
- Wood:Maple
- Neck joint:Bolt-on
- Scale length:34"
- Truss rod:Yes
- Finish:Info not available
- Pickups
- Active or passive pickups:Passive
- Pickup configuration:SS
- Neck:ESP-designed SB-4N
- Middle:Not applicable
- Bridge:ESP-designed SB-4B
- Brand:ESP
- Series or parallel:Parallel
- Active preamp:ABQ-2 2-band EQ
- Special electronics:Not applicable
- Fretboard
- Material:Rosewood
- Radius:15.75 in. (400 mm)
- Fret size:Extra-jumbo
- Number of frets:24
- Inlays:Dot
- Nut material:Plastic
- Nut width:1.575 in. (40 mm)
- Neck width at 12 fret:Info not available
- Body
- Cutaway:Double cutaway
- Construction:Solidbody
- Body wood:Agathis
- Top wood:Not applicable
- Body finish:Info not available
- Orientation:Right handed
- Controls
- Control layout:Master volume, balance, 2-band EQ
- Pickup switch:No
- Coil tap or split:Not appicable
- Tone switching:No
- Special switching:Not applicable
- Hardware
- Bridge type:Fixed
- Bridge design:4-Saddle adjustable
- Tailpiece:Not applicable
- Tuning machines:Open-geared
- Color:Chrome
- Other
- Number of strings:4
- Pickguard:No
- Special features:Not applicable
- Case:Sold separately
- Accessories:Info not available
- Country of origin:Info not available
Call or click to order today!
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Reviewed by 4 customers
Comments about ESP LTD AX-104 Bass:
This is Esp Ltd Bass is great for all types of music. With active pickups you can form your sound to anything you like. This bass is highly recommended, The 24 XJ frets gives you a lot of range and more dynamics. I have not had a problem with fret buzz or any part of this bass. Esp has out done them selves with this LTD model. Surprisingly the Esp Tuners stay in tune and you really have to knock this Axe around for it to D-tune or Up-tune. Overall I give the Esp Ltd AX-104 Bass a 9/10 and is highly recommended.
Comments about ESP LTD AX-104 Bass:
i just got this bass a few weeks ago, and it is AMAZING!! it has a very metal and rustic sound to it, but the knobs allow you to change it to a smoother jazzy type of tone. its a great bass for all around bass players from beginner to pros - you will love this bass!!!
Comments about ESP LTD AX-104 Bass:
This ESP bass ROCKS! Super easy to play and sounds fantastic. The active EQ is very flexable too. I can not believe the high quality out of this for the low end price!
Comments about ESP LTD AX-104 Bass:
I've owned one of these babies for about 2 months now, and I love it. I only put it down to eat and sleep. But honestly, this thing is an awesome bass. It's got a low number price tag, but the quality is top notch. It's got perfect tone, decent sustain, and it's an easy play machine. I'd recomment this to all experience levels, from beginners to professionals. Try it, and you'll agree. This think ROCKS, end of story.


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>Basically it means unpacking the compressed filesystem image, mounting
it (on another FreeBSD machine), making
>changes, unmounting it, and repacking it.
:( Well I don't have a spare PC lying around to do this with. It would
be nice if m0n0wall had a shell in which you could upload files to it to
test stuff out.
NetBoz has a feature where you can save your files onto the floppy disk
and once the firewall was up and running, you could make it run a script
off the floppy which would say, copy your files from the floppy to the
ram disk.
This way you could extend the features without having to write a new ISO
I really need to get this DHCP lease extended ... it's either that or
I'll have to remove m0n0wall and replace it with NetBoz. NetBoz when
acting like a DHCP server - we never had any dropouts ... so I don't
know if they implement DHCP differently.
Phil Greenway


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The legendary Shelby GT350H Mustang, originally released as a limited edition for rental company Hertz's "Rent-a-Racer" program forty years ago, will return in modern form as the Ford Shelby GT-H. Only about 500 GT-Hs will be built, exclusively for rental through Hertz locations in California, Florida, and Hawaii, plus Denver, Phoenix, and Las Vegas–approximately fourteen in all.
All the cars will wear black paint with gold stripes, the most famous of the original car's color schemes. A number of performance enhancements will ensure that folks who pony up approximately $100 per day get their money's worth. Using the Mustang GT as their starting point, Ford's engineers hit the Ford Racing catalog hard, adding a cold-air intake and tweaking the engine-management and exhaust systems to up the 4.6-liter V-8's output to 325 hp and 330 lb-ft of torque–boosts of 25 hp and 10 lb-ft. A Ford Racing handling package includes new dampers, springs, and antiroll bars; a strut-tower brace and a 3.55:1 rear axle round out the mechanical upgrades. Exterior changes include a different hood, a new front fascia, and side air scoops.
All GT-Hs will have a five-speed automatic transmission, likely because someone at Hertz remembers the cost of replacing all the burned-out clutches in stick-shift GT350Hs. Most GT350Hs were rented for track use–or at least a hard night of street drag racing. Will this program carry on the "Rent-a-Racer" tradition and name? "Absolutely not," says Hertz. "We don't want to give the impression that that sort of driving is acceptable." So, remember, keep any track use to yourself, and make sure you don't leave your helmet in the back seat. (The optional insurance is probably also a good idea.)
Hertz plans to remove the cars from service after 16,000 to 18,000 miles, at which point the company will then sell them wholesale via auction houses. The program will roll out gradually, with all cars expected to be in rental fleets by early summer.


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Salt River Bay offers opportunities for recreation and relaxation. Ask your lodging hosts for information about guided land tours. Scuba diving, snorkeling, kayaking, and hiking tours can also be arranged. When the visitor contact station at Salt River Bay is closed, information may be obtained at the National Park Service visitor contact station at Fort Christiansvaern, Christiansted National Historic Site. The site is open from 8 a.m. to 4:45 p.m. Monday through Friday, and 9:00 a.m. to 4:45 p.m. on weekends and holidays.
Outdoor Activities
Last updated: April 14, 2015


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Citi Financial, Real Estate - Loans, listed under "Real Estate - Loans" category, is located at 3746 E 120th Ave Denver CO, 80233 and can be reached by 3032559184 phone number. Citi Financial has currently 0 reviews.This business profile is not yet claimed, and if you are the owner, claim your business profile for free. If you are not the owner you can invite this business to join by email or by phone.Browse all Real Estate - Loans in Denver CO. Discover census data for Denver, CO.
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222 N Hickory St
Commute to Downtown Chattanooga
Most errands require a car.
Mostly flat, minimal bike lanes.
About your score
222 N Hickory St has a Walk Score of 45 out of 100. This location is a Car-Dependent neighborhood so most errands require a car.
This location is in the Bushtown - Highland Park neighborhood in Chattanooga. Nearby parks include Orchard Knob Reservation, Warner Park and Franklin Field (historical).
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 222 N Hickory St.
View all Bushtown - Highland Park apartments on a map.
222 N Hickory St is in the Bushtown - Highland Park neighborhood. Bushtown - Highland Park is the 4th most walkable neighborhood in Chattanooga with a neighborhood Walk Score of 49.


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The Deal
- Timex men's and women's Ironman watches, starting at $15.99
- Click here to view an image and detailed specifications for each of the 23 options.
"It takes a licking and keeps on ticking," ads for the new Timex watch proclaimed. The mechanical wristwatch starred in every commercial. It was frozen in an ice-cube tray and suspended in the chamber of a vacuum cleaner. It cliff-jumped in Acapulco. It attended a batting practice strapped to Mickey Mantle's bat. An Air Force sergeant volunteered to crash a plane while wearing the watch. By the end of the 1950s, one in three watches sold in the US was a Timex.
Today, the 150-year-old brand continues to sell high-performance athletic and everyday watches around the world. Innovations abound, such as the interchangeable strap—which turns a single watch face into a wardrobe's worth of accessories—as well as the Indiglo light-up feature. The timepieces appear in the press more regularly than gossip about the queen's fallen soufflé—with multiple plaudits in GQ, In Style, and Elle just this year.
- Sporty Timex watches
- Digital display
- Stopwatch for timing workouts or the goldfish's laps around its bowl
- Ideal for runners, bikers, and other athletes
- Assorted colors and styles available
How to get your goods: by purchasing this Groupon and providing your name and shipping address, your order is complete!
For questions pertaining to this deal, please visit the deal Q&A on this page. For post-purchase inquiries, please contact Groupon customer service.
View the Groupon Goods FAQ for additional information, including how list price is determined.
Like Groupon Goods on Facebook for hand-picked deals, product giveaways, and more Goods stuff.


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Ascentt is a leader in delivering information solutions, setting industry standards for best practices in business transformation through effective technology frameworks. Since 2004, we have built a reputation for helping businesses master information across a variety of industries. Our professionals represent the domain expertise on the following Industries.
- Media and Entertainmentt
- Aviation and Automotive
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- Financial Services
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How close are we to you?
Click on this link and put your town and state or zip code in the box at the bottom of the page then click on the Get Directions button.
Cockers needing homes in Spanaway, WA
American Cocker Spaniel Rescue
624 191st Street Court East
Spanaway, WA 98387
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Cockers needing homes in Milton, WA
Compassioned Animal Rescue and Education
PO Box 943
Milton, WA 98354
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Cockers needing homes in Bellevue, WA
The Humane Society for Seattle/King County
13212 S.E. Eastgate Way,
Bellevue, WA 98005
Directions available on our Website
Main Number (425) 641-0080
Fax (425) 747-2985
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Cockers needing homes in Kent, WA
Angel Paws Pet Rescue
Kent, WA
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Cockers needing homes in Vashon Island, WA
Vashon Island Pet Protectors
PO Box 245
Vashon Island, WA 98070
Phone: 206-389-1085
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Cockers needing homes in Sultan, WA
Pasado's Safe Haven
Sultan, WA, 98294
P.O. Box 171
Sultan, WA 98294
Phone: 360-793-9393
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Cockers needing homes in Arlington, WA
Humane Society at Happypaws Farm
19933 Old Burn Road
Arlington, WA 98223
Phone: 360-652-5844
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Cockers needing homes in Prosser, WA
A Paw Up Rescue
Prosser, WA 99350
Phone: Email contact only please!
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Save Wonderful Animals Team
P.O. Box 2847
Walla Walla, WA 99362
(509) 522-5050
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Cockers needing homes in Kennewick, WA
Benton-Franklin Humane Society
8620 W. Gage Blvd
Kennewick, WA 99336
Phone: (509) 374-4235
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Cocker Spaniels Needing Homes in OH, OR, NV, FL, NJ, VA, ME, GA English Cocker Spaniel Club of America Rescue
The dog rescue organisations on this web site are totally independent of each other and cannot be held responsible for the actions of any other rescue listed here. The webmaster cannot be held responsible for any problems arising from the information displayed on this web site or the actions of the rescue organisations listed here.
E-Mail address: We occasionally have problems with our e-mail addresses so please send your message to both our addresses. On the To line put email@example.com and on the Cc line put email@example.com Hopefully we will be able to read at least one of them!
Page updated: July 2nd 2009


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Logan Boulevard by Sarah B. Abram
Welcome! You are browsing as a guestWould you like to see 22 projects made from this pattern and much more? create a free account What am I missing?
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© Sarah B. Abram
Logan Boulevard
This pattern is available for $5.50 USD buy it now
Like the street in Chicago, this hat starts in the round, then changes directions. This pattern is made especially for variegated yarns, giving them a beautiful, painterly feel.
Skills Needed: Knitting, purling, working in the round, increases and double-decreases, provisional cast-on, turning work, kitchener stitch.


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DPT welcomes students to orientation
Posted on January 3, 2014 in Physical Therapy, Public Health, Students
Forty of the newest Camels on campus entered Carrie Rich Memorial Hall on Campbell's main campus today to begin their journey as the inaugural Doctor of Physical Therapy class.
The idea of creating a physical therapy program at Campbell University began in the 1990's when the first feasibility study was initiated. However, the idea was put on hold to continue to focus on the then-newly opened pharmacy school and other programs. With the recent creation of a physician assistant program and a school of osteopathic medicine, physical therapy was brought back into the picture and the timing could not be more perfect.
"You're coming to Campbell University at a marvelous time," said Jerry Wallace, president of the University, at the opening remarks during the program's orientation. "Through our success in pharmacy, we have been able to open our doors to the future of healthcare and to you."
The Doctor of Physical Therapy degree is a three-year program offered through the College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences. It boasts an evidence-supported curriculum centered on the patient and clinical practice in rural healthcare.
According to the American Physical Therapy Association, or APTA, patients will have direct access to physical therapists by 2020 for management, prevention and wellness services. With the increased access to patients, APTA forecasts the need to train more physical therapists. APTA also bases the growing projection for physical therapists on the demands of the aging population.
"I encourage you to accept the responsibility you've been given to distinguish yourselves and the program," said Ron Maddox, vice president for health programs, addressing the students. "Throughout the College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences' history, precedents have been set. I urge you to build upon the great reputation your predecessors have built."
"The bottom line is that we want to create competent physical therapists with big hearts and a strong purpose," said Wallace. "And in all things, to give glory to God."
The one-day orientation concluded with an overview of the policies and procedures of the program and meetings with faculty advisors. Classes will begin on Monday, January 6.
Photo: President Jerry Wallaces addresses the DPT Class of 2016


text: [ Zac Brown Band Does The #IceBucketChallenge [VIDEO] By "Brother" Lou Roberts August 19, 2014 I think almost everyone has heard of the Ice Bucket Challenge. Read More Category: Country Music News Tags: als association, ice bucket challenge, spac, zac brown band Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


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Don't read just any blog. Why not read a blog filled with inspirations and ideas from a writer and interior design consultant herself? Holly Becker launched her blog over five years ago and has been inspiring designers ever since! You will always find up–to–date information (pictures, articles, contests, projects) because the site is updated daily. Holly also writes a weekly column for Real Simple and participates in other blogs on the internet. The pictures are amazing, and the advice is great. Be prepared to be sucked into a world of design!
Some key features of this site include:
Looking at this blog from a technical and visual perspective, it is very appealing. Even though there are several posts loading on the welcome page, the blog does not overload your computer or your senses. The colors used are very calm and soothing, and the pictures make you want to scroll farther down the page. You can spend a lot of time browsing through the "Faves" section, going from one category to another. You will leave feeling inspired and probably have a few ideas, so it is not a waste of time! The only potential downside to the blog is if you like a different design style. Her blog does seem to stick to a very Anthropologie-like color scheme and style. Nonetheless, the blog is worth a look and may even make a spot in your favorites!
Reviewed by Library Staff Member – Valerie Muscarella – OC


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They say only love can break your heart. Since I first got the news of Richard's heart attack, like you, my heart has been broken. But, it also feels like my whole life has been broken, or like one of my legs has been cut off. Richard's Lakota name was translated "He Stands With His People" but there were many ways in which Richard helped me to stand.We began phone calls and emails 16 years ago. We were both very critical of each other in our approach to Native American culturally contextu … [Read more...]
Richard Twiss' Memorial Talk by Randy Woodley
Poetry : Randy Woodley, The Haunting (A Tribute to Richard Twiss)
Over the next several months I will be posting some of my poetry every Wednesday. Why? I feel like too many words are going out all around us with too little credence given them. It is difficult to hear through too many words, which often excuses us from doing. Sometimes a song or a poem can change the way we hear things or even change a life. For now, I'll keep my songs hidden and just share poetry. My poetry covers a wide variety of topics, all I feel are relevant to Emergence and the churches … [Read more...]


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This Promotional Whistle with Coiled Wristband ensures that they won't miss their keys or your logo!
This sturdy Great Lakes promotional ice scraper is the new standard for ice scrapers.
A custom keychain stress ball that features a happy mood expression is the perfect employee gift to help express their feelings.
Build up your relationship with potential clients with our hard hat shaped custom keychain stress ball!
Show support for your favorite sport or player by giving out this fun tennis ball shaped custom keychain stress ball.
Giving out this fun light bulb shaped custom keychain stress reliever to your customer is a bright idea!
Star shaped custom keychain stress ball imprinted with your custom logo is a great giveaway for any event.
These promotional products from ePromos are ready to ship in 24 hours. Rush promotional items for a last minute event or if you're other supplier fell through.


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North Carolina quarterback Cam Sexton and Virginia Tech defensive end William Wall share ACC Rookie of the Week honors. Sexton, a 6-1, 185-pound freshman from Laurinburg, N.C., made his first career start Saturday and completed 14 of 20 attempts for 265 yards and two touchdowns as the Tar Heels defeated Furman 45-42. (Tar Heel Blue)
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Larry Fedora's Offense Built to AdjustMonday July 24, 2017


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>Off the Beaten Path>Arrest made
Prince of Fatness
Supposedly #2 is down. We shall see.
Rightly so, they are proceeding with caution. If it is in fact him and he is surrounded there is no rush.
Proboscis Colossus
Got 'im alive, according to multiple sources.
"God guides us on our journey, but careful with those feet." - David Lee Roth, of all people
This guy was pretty prophetic!
Running is stupid
Alive, hiding in a boat. I'm still not sure if it's better they caught him alive or dead. Time will probably tell.
'No matter how slow you go, you're still lapping everyone on the couch'
"Running is a big question mark that's there each and every day. It asks you, 'Are you going to be a wimp or are you going to be strong today?'" - Peter Maher
"Running long and hard is an ideal antidepressant, since it's hard to run and feel sorry for yourself at the same time. Also, there are those hours of clearheadedness that follow a long run." -Monte Davis


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Sorry, the book that you are looking for is not available right now.
We did a search for other books with a similar title, and found some results for you that may be helpful.
Collected by editor Michael Rosen from London school children or discovered in the country of origin by Oxfam field workers, the international stories in this dazzling anthology - from countries including Botswana, Indonesia, Jamaica, Vietnam, India and Brazil - have been illustrated by contemporary artists, capturing the distinctive flavour of each tale.
"* "A kaleidoscopic collection... An unusually vivid experience." The Guardian * "Jewel-like tales... each in their own way fascinates and delights." Books For Keeps"
Audience: Children
For Ages: 5 - 7 years old
For Grades: K - 3
Format: Paperback
Language: English
Number Of Pages: 96
Published: 1st August 2007
Country of Publication: GB
Dimensions (cm): 26.1 x 21.5 x 0.8
Weight (kg): 0.4
Edition Type: New edition


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I am confused as to what you are trying to do, as that affects how you do it.
I am curious what preventative measures one can take to hide all personal/identifying information while being online. For instance, if someone was cracking WEP keys or attempting to infiltrate servers what could they do to hide who they are?
Any links or information sources would be greatly appreciated.
I am confused as to what you are trying to do, as that affects how you do it.
im smelling somethin fishy but maybe im alone....
you want we explain you how you can hide yourself when injecting on an AP ? .......
Be more clear please......
Watch your back, your packetz will belong to me soon... xD
BackTrack : Giving Machine Guns to Monkeys since 2006
So let me see if I understand you.. there is some wep you would like to break so you could have the internet .right? and you want to make sure you can't be caught.
A third party security audit is the IT equivalent of a colonoscopy. It's long, intrusive, very uncomfortable, and when it's done, you'll have seen things you really didn't want to see, and you'll never forget that you've had one.
That's so yesterday Streaker...
The cool way to do it is pull the screws out of the bottom of your laptop and open up the case. Start prying off chips and parts till you get down to the little switch that's labeled '733tm0d3' and switch it to true. Don't worry about putting all the stuff you just pulled out back in...those are all just extra parts laptop manufactures put inside laptops to jack the price of them up...they aren't really needed.
Its right next to the big red h4x0r button


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The FT's Francesco Guerrera reports on Goldman's defence against the SEC's fraud charge. It was all a matter of buyer beware, says the bank in submissions to the regulator, and there was nothing underhand.
In Goldman's view, it "defies credulity" that ACA, the independent manager of the CDO that also invested in the security, would have taken Paulson's suggestions on the loans if it had any concerns…
"There was nothing unusual or remarkable about the transaction or the portfolio of assets it referenced," Goldman writes. "There is no basis to suggest that the portfolio would have performed any differently or that the economic outcome for the participants would have changed in the least had Paulson's role and interest been more transparent."
Here are the documents in question.
Look out, Wall Street, the lawyers are coming, says Frank Partnoy in an excellent column. The implications of the case are far-reaching. Litigators can go where regulators fear to tread.
[T]he case demonstrates a more effective way to police bankers, because Wall Street cannot outrun a judge. That simple point has been part of Anglo-American common law jurisprudence for centuries. The US judge Oliver Wendell Holmes advised that the law was a prediction about what a judge would do. If bankers consider only whether they are complying with specific legal rules, they will create "alegal" transactions – deals that fit the letter of the law but violate its spirit. But they cannot be certain about how a judge might assess their conduct. That worry, not a rule, is what will make bankers tell clients about the presence of a fox.


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Sleepwalking Dog Will Make You Feel Bad For Laughing [VIDEO]
I can't believe I somehow went this long in life without seeing this video, but when I saw it today I had to share. Meet Bizkit, he's a tired little dog, but he must have some vivid dreams.
Subscribe to 102.3 The Bull on
That first video wasn't the only one, this must be a common occurrence, cause here's another video of him not just sleepwalking, but also barking.
Subscribe to 102.3 The Bull on
But don't worry, if he goes off and runs into anymore walls, he will now be protected.
Subscribe to 102.3 The Bull on


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Awesome Country Cover Of 'Sexy And I Know It' [VIDEO]
Apparently this guy named only1noah on YouTube has been around for a long time and is an internet sensation. His country cover of LMFAO's 'Sexy And I Know It' has over 20 million views.
His voice is amazing! When the video begins you wouldn't think he could sing at all, but he has one of the best cover voices I have heard. Check it out for yourself.
only1noah – 'Sexy And I Know It' (Cover Song)
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text: Well, he went on to explicitly say not so much Garrett or Wilson, but Callahan and "some of the other new coaches we hired," so, I'd start there. But the point is, this is how Jerry Jones says the team is about to give Tony Romo a lot of money. It's not necessarily an indictment on the previous offense. It's him setting expectations high over breakfast in order to make it clear that he expects performance when he gets out his checkbook.


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Remembering those who served their fellow man during World War II, a new memorial to honor veterans who had attended Clark School will be dedicated Sunday.
The memorial will be unveiled at a special service at 2 p.m. at the school.
The new memorial replaces one that was removed from in front of the school more than 30 years ago, according to Clark native Helen Morris. The old wooden memorial built by Jake Brenely was erected in 1944 to honor the 62 men and two women from Clark who served in World War II. After being damaged in the 1969 flood, the memorial was taken down.
Recently Vietnam veteran Gary Wagers and Brenely's son, Carl, a WWII vet, took on the job of replacing the memorial.
"(Wagers and Brenely) thought it would be nice to replace the memorial with a new one, and honor all the men and women who served, active or non-active, who have attended Clark School," Morris said. "So with a little work and a lot of prayers, they have accomplished what they set out to do."
A stone monument already has been placed next to the flag pole outside the school. It reads: "Dedicated To All Of The Veterans Who Attended Clark School."
Sunday's ceremony will mark the unveiling of a large maple-framed glass case. Mounted inside the case are black name plates engraved in gold with the names of the original 66 veterans. Also on the memorial are laser engraved images of the original memorial, the cover of the program used at the 1944 dedication ceremony and a poem included on the back of the same. Engraving services were donated by Bloomfield Engraving of Coshocton.
The project to create a new memorial was born on Veterans Day last year. And, once an copy of the original program was located -- containing the names of all 66 original honorees -- the task became a more realistic one, Wagers said.
The maple 3- by 4-foot memorial will be hung in the atrium of the school and was handcrafted by Carol Brenely, just as his father had done with the original memorial.
In keeping with tradition, Shirley Jeane (Lowe) Starker and Janet Seidner will sing the same duet the two piped out at the 1944 dedication. And, as before, the ceremony will conclude with the singing of "God Bless America."
After the memorial is dedicated, the Morrises, Brenelys and Wagerses will begin to collect names and addresses of veterans from Clark to add to those already being honored. Additional sections will be added for those who have fought in subsequent wars.
Anyone with information on any of these veterans is urged to contact Morris at 8707 Township Road 92, Killbuck, 44637. Anyone wishing to assist with the expenses also may contact Morris or send donations to Killbuck Savings Bank/Clark Veterans' Memorial.


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CORNWALL, Ont.–The St. Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation (SLSMC) announced that Gerald Carter has been appointed to its Board for a three-year term. He replaces Ralph Mercier as the representative for the Québec Provincial Government.
Gerald Carter comes to the Seaway with a long history in marine transportation . He is a past President of Canada Steamship Lines Inc. (CSL), a major player in the Great Lakes / St. Lawrence Seaway system. Carter joined CSL in the early 1990s as Director of Information Systems. This appointment was followed by a series of progressively more responsible roles, leading to his nomination as president, a position he held from 2002 to 2012.
During his time with CSL, Carter also served on various boards and committees of maritime-based organizations, including the Canadian Shipowners Association and the Chamber of Marine Commerce.
Terence Bowles, President and CEO of the SLSMC, welcomed the appointment. "Gerry Carter's vast experience and expertise in the marine industry will be a valuable addition to the Seaway Board", said Mr. Bowles.


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Tag: Nagase Nagase
The body that have accumulated libido in job hunting – Nagase Nagase
7.12K Views0 Comments2 Likes
JAV HD | NAGASE | JAV UNCENSORED Nagase-chan in this job hunting. Niki seems to have come to remove the stress and frustration of not deciding is quite a job. But it must seriously look at me matching job hunting, ...


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Hollywood producer Chuck Roven will testify tomorrow. Maybe now we'll find out what really happened between director John McTiernan and Roven over the movie Rollerball.
Pellicano Trial: Chuck Roven Up Tuesday
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Rumor has it, after his testimony, Roven was called back to court to explain why he allowed productions such as Scooby Doo, Bullet Proof Monk and Rollerball to even be made.


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Sonnenzimmer and Hometapes are teaming up to produce Free Jazz Bitmaps, Volume One, a process-based publication in the form of a series of lathe-cut 7" records culminating in a 12" vinyl release. The architecture of this inaugural volume is provided by Nick Butcher: songs created by Butcher will come to life on extremely limited edition lathe-cut records throughout 2011. The collection will then be featured on 12" LP alongside reinterpretations of those songs by renowned Chicago improvisers Jason Adasiewicz, Tim Daisy, Keefe Jackson, Mike Reed, Jason Reobke, and Jason Stein.
Free Jazz Bitmaps: Volume One will roll out in two phases, embracing the neighboring sonic and visual art processes that have defined Butcher's career. Sonnenzimmer and Hometapes will co-release a series of limited edition lathe-cut 7" records in 2011, beginning in February and continuing bi-monthly for a total of six releases. These hand-cut 7" records will be housed in screen printed sleeves featuring cover art by Nadine Nakanishi. They will also include a screen print specific to the record by Nakanishi and Butcher. These releases are limited to just ten copies per release, providing a direct window into Butcher's creative process throughout the year: the music will be made one release at a time. The final collection, paired with the song-reinterpretations of Adasiewicz, Daisy, Jackson, Reed, Reobke, and Stein, will take on new (and more widely-available) life in its compiled form of February 2012's Free Jazz Bitmaps: Volume One LP. The artwork will have a similar function, as the LP art will be a composite of the art created for each 7" release. The end of the road will merely be the beginning of a new one.
"With the music for Free Jazz Bitmaps 4, my intention was to explore both house music's and free jazz's ability to stretch our perception of time. Each genre achieves this in different ways, house music with it's endless repetition and condensed pallet and free jazz with its blurred tones and bending and collapsing measure. With these songs, i've taken elements of each to achieve very different results." -Nick Butcher
released September 27, 2011
avant garde
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all rights reserved
Nick Butcher
Chicago, Illinois
Free Jazz Bitmaps Vol. 2
Nov 2014
Free Jazz Bitmaps Vol. 1
Nov 2013
Bee Removal
Dec 2008
The Complicated Bicycle
Jun 2010
Free Jazz Bitmaps, Volume 1, I of VI
Feb 2011
Free Jazz Bitmaps, Volume 1, II of VI
Apr 2011
Free Jazz Bitmaps, Volume 1, III of VI
Jun 2011
Free Jazz Bitmaps, Volume 1, IV of VI
Sep 2011
Free Jazz Bitmaps, Volume 1, V of VI
Nov 2011
Free Jazz Bitmaps, Volume 1, VI of VI
Nov 2011
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text:
Pedicure spa cleaning logs are mandatory in California and Texas, and they're a good idea no matter where your salon is located. Create your own format or borrow one from the Lone Star state.
From clients to the media to your friendly salon inspector, salon sanitation is on everyone's mind. It's in your best interest to keep a detailed written record of your pedicure spa sanitation routine whether or not it's required in your state. A written log will reassure clients you are scrupulously following your state board's guidelines and industry best practices. You may even want to post a sign reaffirming your commitment to a safe and sanitary salon and inviting clients to view your daily cleaning logs.
These records act for your legal protection as well. In the unlikely event you are the target of a client lawsuit, a log can prove you took all required precautions to protect your clients' health.
Click here for a printable copy of a Whirlpool Footspa Cleaning and Disinfection Record. This log follows the format required by the Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation.
Becky Bence, an Austin,Texas-based salon owner and nail instructor, concedes Texas's form can be confusing to use at first. But, she says, once you get into the habit, the recordkeeping and the cleanings themselves don't take long. "People do notice the extra effort and it's great peace of mind to know you are not passing along any diseases," she says.
Additional cleaning and disinfection resources for your review are: NMC's "Pedicure Equipment Cleaning and Disinfecting Procedures" (also available in multiple languages at www.nailsmag.com; click on "Resources," then "Handouts"), and NAILS' State By State Guide to Disinfection Regulations.
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