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Five incumbents and one new board member have been elected directors of the Thoroughbred Owners of California. They will take office July 1.
Brian Boudreau is the newly-elected director. The TOC membership re-elected Bob Bone, Billy Koch, and Donald Valpredo, in the "owner" member category. Also re-elected were Ron Ellis and Phil Oviedo as "owner-trainer" member representatives.
Boudreau, an owner and breeder, has lived and worked on his Malibu Valley Farms in Calabasas since 1978. He bred California's champion 2-year-old filly of 2002, Humorous Lady, and Crackup, the runner-up for champion 2-year-old colt honors that same year. He also campaigned Sicy d'Alsca, Regal Thunder, and Hegemony.
Bone became an owner in 1990 and now has more than 50 horses with 10 different trainers. He was voted Owner of the Year by the TOC membership for 2003, 2004, and 2005, He serves on TOC's racing affairs committee.
Valpredo has been a TOC director since 2000 and involved in California breeding and racing since 1963. Valpredo serves on TOC's racing affairs committee and chairs the legislative and government affairs committee.
Koch has been a member of the TOC board for the past three years and currently serves on the executive committee as its secretary and as chairman of the owner relations, marketing, and industry affairs committee. In 2001, Koch created Little Red Feather Racing, which currently manages 19 horses.
Ellis has been training racehorses since 1980. His first horse, To B. Or Not, was a multiple stakes winner and launched him on a successful career. His other stakes winners include Twice the Vice, Exotic Wood, Pirate's Revenge, Benchmark, Atswhatimtalknbout, Don't Get Mad, and just retired national champion 2-year-old of 2003, Declan's Moon. Ellis serves on TOC's medication and integrity committee.
Oviedo has been training horses for 30 years, the last 12 in California. A native of Phoenix, he served on the Arizona HBPA board and was involved in establishing an extensive off-track wagering program. He currently serves on the Northern California subcommittee of the racing affairs committee.
An annual election is held to fill five of the 15 TOC board seats – four owner representatives and one owner-trainer representative – on a staggered term structure. This year, there were 11 candidates for six seats, due to an "owner-trainer" vacancy created mid-term.
The newly elected directors join Madeline Auerbach, Martin Bach, Tom Bachman, Bob Baffert, Kim Kuhlmann, Marsha Naify, Harry Pellman, Mace Siegel, and Pablo Suarez in comprising TOC's 2008-09 board.


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subset: commoncrawl


text: Jochen Schmitt wrote: > Am 01.07.2009 17:16, schrieb Kevin Kofler: >> Those people must be trusting their hardware and software (drivers in >> particular) a lot more than I do. ;-) > This behaviour is not right in the time of climatic change. Whose behavior? Turning the computer off completely definitely saves more power than suspend to RAM and on some machines also suspend to disk (hibernate). Kevin Kofler


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Give your hallway a style update with this Classic Stripe floor runner from Habitat. This hand-woven cotton rug comes in a range of timeless colour combinations, so you're sure to find a design that's perfect for your home.
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Enjoy $10.95 postage and packaging nationwide for standard goods. Please note that a small range of our goods fall into a bulky or oversize category. If this is the case the delivery charge will be displayed as per below:
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Check, Please! Arizona #311
Video duration: 26:46Video has closed captioning.
Each week, Check, Please! Arizona features a trio of guests who dine and then review three local restaurants they recommended to each other. James Beard award-winning chef Robert McGrath hosts the half-hour program. In this episode, guests review Pomo Pizzeria Napoletana, Coup Des Tartes and Tea Lite Café.


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New York, Jul 21: Brace yourselves for another page turner and another nail-biting action movie based on the true story of the Russian spy Anna Chapman.
Anna, who has lost all her income, seems to have figured out that the best way to make a living now is through a media deal. Besides her plan of trying to translate her story into a book and a movie, Anna is also set to pose for Playboy.
According to the New York Post, the spy is looking to seal a secret USD 250,000-deal to reveal her espionage adventure - the story on how she infiltrated American society.
She has reportedly asked a London-based friend to discreetly reach out to Crimethe media for a deal, the post reported quoting sources.
She also wants the money to be paid into the Swiss bank account of one of her associates.
"Anna has lost her income. She has had to leave her real-estate business, and won't be getting any more money from the Russian government. She knows a media deal is her best way of earning money. It has even been suggested to her that she might pose for Playboy.
"She hopes this translates into a book deal and movie rights, but how she is paid will have to be carefully controlled. The money cannot come directly to her; so she has suggested it goes to a friend's Swiss account," a source said.
Anna Chapman was arrested in United States and was sent back to Moscow in a spy-swap deal between the Russia and America just a few weeks back.
The spy had agreed not to profit from her story in her plea bargain. Any money she got would go to the US federal government.
This means that she can talk as restricting her freedom of speech would be a crime but she is required not to make money from her story and the details.
However, now that she is back in Russia, United States may not be able to run after her to grab the money she makes from this media deal.
OneIndia News


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Audrey Reid
Third World Cop
Capone (Paul Campbell), a tough undercover cop in Kingston, Jamaica, must steer an old friend away from a dangerous life in this colorful crime thriller. When Capone returns to his old neighborhood to find that his closest childhood pal Ratty (Mark Danvers) now works as a gun runner for a mob boss, he's torn between personal loyalty and professional duty. The jammin' reggae score includes Sly and Robbie, Beenie Man, the Marley Brothers and more.


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Tweets from @TBHomeTeam/writers
MORE from our HomeTeam writers.
Sat. November 16, 2013 | Mary Kenney
HOLIDAY — As the final minutes wound down, visiting fans began chanting, "Na na na na, hey hey hey, goodbye." The clock ran out Friday, and the song gave way to raucous cheering.
Tarpon Springs defeated Anclote 31-0 in a 5A region quarterfinal, shutting down the Sharks' ground attack as they did in their preseason matchup. The Spongers face Lakewood in the next round.
"It's the way we've played games all year," Spongers coach Ron Hawn said.
Hawn said his team typically controls the ball and creates turnovers. Though the Spongers didn't force any turnovers Friday, they held the Sharks to 45 rushing yards on 30 carries.
The teams seemed evenly matched going in. Both were notorious for their rushing attack and tight defensive lines, and neither was known for throwing the ball.
The loss was an echo of the Spongers' dominance over Anclote in the preseason, when Tarpon Springs won 28-3. The Spongers' stifled the Sharks' running game in that matchup, holding them to minus-13 yards.
The game started slowly for both teams. With 1:20 remaining in the first quarter, Louis Zervos kicked a 31-yard field goal for a 3-0 lead.
Tarpon's offense heated up in the second quarter. On the Spongers' first play Michael Ford ran 42 yards to the Sharks' 15. He raced in for the score on the next play.
Anclote gained just 8 yards on its next possession, and Tim Shumate's punt went only 17 yards.
Tarpon Springs seemed ready to give the ball right back, facing third and 15. But Jarrett Battyanyi found Montel Johnson for a 37-yard touchdown.
With a few minutes remaining in the quarter, the Spongers weren't done. Anclote fumbled a punt and Tarpon Springs recovered. On the next play, Johnson rushed 33 yards for another score.
Despite the preseason result, Anclote won its final five games of the regular season and earned the 5A-7 title.
A field-goal attempt went wide to end Tarpon Springs' first possession of the second half. Both sides held in the third quarter, and neither came close to the end zone.
The Spongers just needed to hold off the Sharks for the final quarter, but they added a touchdown on their first play. Battyanyi went in from 5 yards out to score.
The Sharks turned the ball over on downs 2 yards from the end zone on their next possession. The Spongers went 57 yards on the next drive before they let the clock run down.


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First emperor of Mexico. Born 1783 in Valladolid (Morelia); executed July 19, 1824, in Padilla, Tamaulipas. Iturbide joined the army in 1800, by 1810 was fighting with the royalists, and by 1820 held the rank of colonel.
In February 1821 he and Vicente Guerrero signed the Plan de Iguala and created the Ejército Trigarante. In August 1821 Iturbide and viceroy Juan O'Donoju signed the Tratado de Córdoba, ending the war and giving Mexico independence. Iturbide was proclaimed emperor in May 1822 but by October was forced to dissolve the national Congress because of resistance from the opposition. In March 1823 he reinstated Congress, then abdicated and fled to Italy.
In April 1824 the Congress, having already declared his administration void, revoked his pension and declared Iturbide a traitor. When he returned to Mexico in July 1824 he was apprehended on arrival in Tamaulipas and executed the next day. In 1838 Anastasio Bustamante declared Iturbide one of the "First Heroes of Mexican Independence."
Correspondence, printed material, official documents, and literary productions pertaining to Iturbide and Mexican political and military affairs from 1813 to 1838. Included are items concerning Antonio López de Santa Anna, Anastasio Bustamante and José Manuel de Herrera.
The Archives subgroup includes correspondence (bulk 1821) relating mostly to Iturbide's activities as Generalísimo Almirante (correspondents include political leaders such as Vicente Guerrero and Antonio Medina) and printed material, mostly proclamations issued by Iturbide's government but including leaflets from the opposition as well as periodicals and broadsides from 1838 announcing Iturbide's status as a "First Hero of Mexican Independence."
The Manuscripts subgroup comprises official documents including treaties and acts of Iturbide's government and of successor governments that relate to Iturbide (filed as G390); a photostat of a concordat between Iturbide and the Church (G406); a manuscript of Iturbide's memoir written in Italy, bound with leaflets and pamphlets relating to Iturbide (G414); and contemporary copies of letters from Juan Gómez Navarrete, Vicente Filisola, and José Dávila, among others (G388).
The materials are in Spanish.
Organized into two subgroups: I. Archives. II. Manuscripts.
Archives arranged chronologically; manuscripts arranged numerically.
The Agustín de Iturbide Collection collection forms part of the Genaro García Collection, which was purchased by the University of Texas in 1921 from the heirs of Genaro García.
The collection was described by the Benson's Mexican Archives Project in
Finding aid initially prepared by the Mexican Archives Project,
The collection is also available on microfilm.
Agustín de Iturbide Collection, 1813-1838, Benson Latin American Collection, General Libraries, University of Texas at Austin
The following guide is available in the Benson Latin American Collection Rare Books Reference:


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The lights are on
Ah, Dragonborn, the long awaited DLC for Skyrim that adds new areas to the game. My expectations for this particular DLC were heightened by the fact that I did not have enough money to buy it when it came out, and had to wait until Christmas to get it. All in all, I found this to be a rather pleasing edition to the masterpiece of fantasy role-playing that is Skyrim, definitely my favorite add-on to the game so far. So let's get down to business and go over the good and bad aspects of Dragonborn
One of the things that struck me most about Dragonborn is a surprisingly small detail, but made a large impact on me. This thing was the soundtrack, taken from the third installment in the Elder Scrolls series, Morrowind. Hearing this music sent me back to my childhood, when I fell in love with a game series called The Elder Scrolls. Anyone who has played Morrowind before they played Dragonborn will know what I mean when I say this DLC brings me back. The Silt Strider and the Telvanni settlement of Tel Mithryn also took me back. The nostalgia this DLC has for me, and would have for anyone who played Morrowind, is one of my favorite things about Dragonborn.
The main quest itself is satisfying, but shorter than it should have been. In case you didn't know already, it revolves around Miraak, the first Dragonborn (hence the title). The plot is well thought out for the most part, and the inclusion of Hermaeus Mora is intriguing, but it doesn't last long enough for you to get immersed in the game as much as you would come to expect from an Elder Scrolls game. I understand that Bethesda probably did this because they wanted a more detailed area and more side quests, but it feels like they were cutting corners, and I wouldn't have minded a larger download for a longer story.
There weren't many things wrong with Dragonborn, but there was one aspect of the game that disappointed me, even made me a little angry, was the dragon riding. When I first heard that Dragonborn was going to have Dragon riding, I almost jumped for joy. Dragon riding was something I thought Skyrim should have even before the game came out. Playing through the quest, I couldn't wait to ride a dragon, and when I finally did it, I could only think of one word to describe it: lacking. While you can technically ride dragons, the flight is on rails (usually the dragon just flies in a circle) and the combat is basically point and click. This brings me back to Bethesda cutting corners, and while it doesn't take away anything from the rest of the DLC, I don't see any reason that this couldn't have been done better.
The ability to use dragon souls to reset perk points was something that I found added to Skyrim's "no restrictions" play-style. If you get tired of playing as a mage, you can swap your perks onto the combat skills. Get tired of that, and you can move your perks onto the stealth skills. The perk resetting mechanic is a great way to add variety to your Skyrim experience.
The Black Books are also a very intriguing mechanic. You can use them to travel to Apothrica, Hermaeus Mora's plane of Oblivion. You go through very Lovecraftian levels and at the end, you get a perk that can effect your shouts, stats, or even give you a new ability.
All in all, Dragonborn is a solid addition to Skyrim. The world itself makes the game, and when you add on the quests, people, and gameplay, this DLC is well worth the twenty dollars it costs.
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Greenview Memories: Sinclair donates markers commemorating sites in long-standing community
By PATTI SELLS | News-Telegram Feature Writer
Aug 23, 2007 - Katie Sinclair of the Greenview community recently donated markers identifying the original sites of the old schoolhouses and other historical landmarks.
"Lots of people went to school out there and wonder where they were," said Sinclair, who went to school in the rural community from the time she was 5 years old until the ninth grade. "Everything looks so different now with Highway 19 and FM 1567 going through. Everything's all grown up with weeds — you can't hardly tell what's what."
A one-room schoolhouse was used from1888-1821, according to Sinclair, until a three-room facility was built and used from 1921-1947.
Sinclair also donated a marker for the Greenview Community House, built in 1887 at a cost of $106.60. It was a gathering place for non-denominational church gatherings, prayer meetings, Sunday school, cemetery meetings, funerals, revivals, singings, weddings, as well as pie, box and ice cream suppers.
"I used to run barefoot down this road. When I'd get close I'd stop and put on my hose and shoes," she recalled with a laugh.
Though no longer in use, the edifice still stands next to a new Greenview Community Center contracted by Sinclair in 2000 that can be leased for reunions and other such events.
Sinclair, the daughter of Jess and Alice Potts Freeman, said her family has a long history in the community. Her mother was one of several people who raised money for the sign at the Greenview Cemetery that dates back to 1848. Several years ago, Sinclair said, she sold her diamonds in order to have the picket fence that runs along the front side of the cemetery built.
At 92, Sinclair makes good use of her finances, donating to other worthy causes such as the Boys and Girls Club.
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Father: Hermas Jette b: NOV 1891 in St-Paul de Joliette, Quebec
Mother: Irma b: 17 JAN 1893 in St-Paul de Joliette, Quebec
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Originally part of the early 1960s British blues/R&B scene, the Rolling Stones rapidly ascended the heights of fame with a perfect combination of hit singles and media-grabbing scandals. By the '70s, Keith Richards had become a bona fide guitar hero, and Mick Jagger an unlikely sex symbol. The world became the Stones' stage, and their music continued to walk the line between blues, rock, and whatever lay around the next corner, be it reggae, funk, or disco. Despite the ravages of changing fashion, solo albums, and plain old age, the Stones persevered through the decades to become a venerable institution, refusing to relinquish their title as "The World's Greatest Rock & Roll Band."
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Limited 'tour edition' reissue of 2002 compilation is repackaged & includes one bonus track 'Sympathy For The Devil' (Neptunes Remix). Virgin. 2003.
The band that proclaimed itself "The Greatest Rock & Roll Band in the World" has long since represented rock's most overarching confluence of art and commerce--with a distinct emphasis on the latter in recent decades--a notion this 40-track, five-decade-spanning anthology can't completely escape. While this is the first anthology to gather hits from the band's entire career, it's the early tunes that highlight one of the Stones' central ironies: virtually their entire "bad boy" reputation was built working for The Man. That original '60s musical arc bounded from '50s rock and R&B revivalism ("Not Fade Away," "The Last Time") to anti-Mop Top aggression ("Satisfaction," "Get Off My Cloud," "19th Nervous Breakdown") to proto-goth cynicism ("Paint It Black," "Have You Seen Your Mother Baby") and psychedelic minstrelsy ("She's a Rainbow," "Ruby Tuesday") to the epitome of blues-based cock rock ("Street Fighting Man," "Jumpin' Jack Flash") in quick succession. Wresting control of their own destinies--and future copyrights--at the end of the '60s, they'd spend the next 30 years largely recycling their earlier incarnation ad infinitum--their music sprinkled with occasionally successful forays into contemporary club and disco fodder ("Some Girls," "Shattered")--and resting on their well-paid laurels. Unfortunately, the listless quartet of new tracks that flesh out this collection seems little more than another business deal to hype their 2002-03 world tour, with "Don't Stop" arguably the weakest in a long string of post-'80s Stones McSingles. If Jagger seems typically detached here, Keith Richards injects some welcome, craggy warmth into the closing barroom lament, "Losing My Touch." But it's also a performance that suggests his legendary band has become little more to him than "The Greatest Day Job in the World." --Jerry McCulley


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I predict that the slow falling away of a whole generation of evangelical young people from fundamentalist faith – and not a few older folks like me too – has just been exponentially accelerated. Thank you Jesus! Thank you Ted Cruz! The shutdown has not only laid bare the stupidity of the right wing hostage takers running and ruining the Republican Party, it's also exposed fundamentalist American religion to the harshest light of day as never before.The root cause of the shutdown is the evang … [Read more...]
The GOP Shutdown is a Godsend for the Emergent/Convergent Progressive Churches and Will Pay my Electric Bill Too!
Send the Bill For the Shutdown to the Evangelicals
Don't like the shutdown? Send the bill to the evangelicals. People schooled to live in a make-believe magical facts-be-damned world took over the Republican Party. The Tea Party is the pro-life evangelical subculture reborn with a few libertarian nuts thrown in. I'm talking about the bedrock mostly southern and mountain state evangelical conservatives that are anything but conservative. The pro-life, home-school, anti-government far right is the evangelical movement. And it's radically anti A … [Read more...]


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Please help me. I have found a pill in my home after my teen age granddaughter spent the night..It is a long oval white pill with
5113 inprinted on it with a V under the numbers. Does anyone know what it is
Diane Collins
Results 1 to 2 of 2
White Pill 511


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Meal Makeovers: Healthy Menus for a Week (cont.)
Trail mix - 1/4 cup raisins, 1 tablespoon M&Ms, and 1 tablespoon mixed nuts
4 oz grilled mahi mahi with mango salsa
4 oz yogurt mixed with 1/2 cup fresh pineapple
2 scrambled eggs mixed with 1 oz low-fat cheese and sliced mushrooms
Grilled chicken Caesar salad with 2 teaspoons light Caesar dressing
Diet gelatin with 1 tablespoon lite whipped topping
Fajitas with 4 oz lean grilled meat
8 oz yogurt mixed with 1 teaspoon diet lemonade mix and 1 teaspoon slivered almonds
1 cup plain unsweetened oatmeal with 3/4 cup fresh raspberries
Lean burger with lettuce, tomato, onion on whole-grain bun
Baby carrots, jicama, and celery with 'free' ranch dip
Roasted pecan salmon
Marble mousse (vanilla and chocolate)
1 cup whole-grain cereal
Entree salad with grilled fish, veggies, and light dressing
4 oz pork tenderloin
2 egg spinach omelet
Entree salad with grilled zucchini, mushrooms, tomatoes, onions and shrimp on a bed of fresh spinach leaves and light dressing
Oven sea bass
Fruit and yogurt parfait
1 waffle with 1 tablespoon chopped pecans and light syrup
Chicken broth with chopped veggies
Boneless chicken breast with barbecue sauce
1/2 cup lemon or vanilla low-fat yogurt with artificial sweetener and 1/2 cup raspberries
Menu Planning Is the Key
When you take the time to plan out menus, you can creatively use leftovers, buy only the food you need, and save time and money. Meal planning also makes you think about foods that will satisfy your needs. Stock up on foods that are "free," veggies, vegetable juice, and light desserts so it is easy to find healthy options in your kitchen. Bon appetite!
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|Company Facts Report Help
It couldn't be easier to find the help notes for each individual section of the Company Facts report, just click on the area you want on the below picture. The individual section help notes highlight what each figure or information is, what they can be used for in the investment valuation process and a technical definition for how we calculate each ratio or figure.
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As.s.ell known, the meaning of this rubric has long been a matter of diNpute. He questioned "the populist and parliamentary basis of the Reformation Church" and unsettled to a great extent "the consensual accommodation of Anglicanism" Davies 1992, p. 2,3 and this led to the Civil War and republican Commonwealth . All rights reserved. purr gives the following breakdown for the period 1660–63: Total ministers forced out of English parishes about 1760. English Prayer Book during the reign of Mary I edit The 1552 book, however, was used only for a short period, as Edward VI had died in the summer of 1553 and, as soon as she could do so, Mary I, restored union with Rome. The Prayer Book "…was a masterpiece of Miracle Healing Prayer theological engineering," arc. Hubble, Zed Starkovich Stars: Christina Hendricks, Joaquin de Almeida, geisha Hadley Three suburban mobs travel to New York City to visit their sons. The original book, published in 1549 Church of England 1957, in the reign of Edward VI, was a product of the English Reformation following the break with Rome . This now declared that kneeling in order to receive communion did not imply adoration of the species of the Eucharist nor "to any Corporal Presence of Christ's natural Flesh and Blood"which, according to the rubric, were in heaven, not here. It is a complex story full of flashbacks and real time events that are sp It seems to me that Joan Didion's fiction is much more hit and miss than her non-fiction writing.
Background Guidelines On Vital Issues Of Book Of Common Prayer
"The.rder of the Visitation of the Sick" contains matters of grave importance. French: La liturgies Cu Formulaire Les Prières Publiques à l'usage Cu collage Royal et Les Eccles rationales d'Haiti / The Liturgy or Form of Common Prayer for the Use of the Royal College and National Schools of Hoyt i c. 1815 This first translation into French of Anglican liturgical material for use in what is now Haiti was published through the encouragement of King Henry I of Haiti . If you are just getting started with J.D., go to the non-fiction shelves first. …more May 04, 2009 noris rated it liked it Easily the most depressing thing I've read in years with the possible exception of the collected stories of Amy hempen, which, as the NT review says, should not be read all in one go. What makes the Book of Common Prayer a distinctively evangelical form of worship? Palo contrário, o romance de 1977, de Joan Didion, é ambicioso, politico e brilhante – coco sempre, se tratando Vesta aurora. Many changes were made in the rubrics and the shapes of the services, which were generally made for both the traditional and contemporary language versions. In addition 200 non-parochial ministers from lectureships, universities and schools, and 120 in Wales were excluded. By far the most common form, or "use", found in Southern England was that of arum Salisbury.


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Anne Hathaway's Makeup at the 2009 Oscars
How-To: Anne Hathaway's Makeup at the 2009 Oscars
According to the polls, you were loving Anne Hathaway's classic look on the red carpet. The red lips, porcelain complexion, and black liner complemented her sparkling Armani Privé gown. Do you like Anne's makeup? Check out the details below and find out which Lancôme products were used to create her look:
- Eyes: Lightly sweep Color Design Eye Shadow in Ciel du Soir ($16.50) on the eyelid and apply Le Crayon Khôl in Black Ebony ($23.50) to the upper lash line. Smudge to blend any harsh lines and then add several coats of Lancôme Ôscillation Mascara ($34) to the lashes.
- Cheeks: Apply Blush Subtil in Sheer Amourose ($29.50) to the apples of the cheeks for a splash of color.
- Lips: For a stained lip, use Color Fever Lipstick in Brickhouse ($25).


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1The Muslim who was spared a speeding ban arguing that he needed to drive between his two wives
His lawyer told a Scottish court the Muslim restaurant owner has one wife in Motherwell and another in Glasgow - he is allowed up to four under his religion - and sleeps with them on alternate nights. Anwar was caught driving at 64mph in a 30mph zone in Glasgow, fast enough to qualify for instant disqualification. Anwar admitted the offence, but Sheriff John C. Morris accepted his plea not to be banned and allowed him to keep his license. Instead, he was fined £200 and given six penalty points. Anwar was on his way home from Falkirk to his Glasgow wife on August 21, 2007, when he was caught by city police using a hand-held speed camera.
Anwar's successful plea joins a long list of unusual excuses heard in the courts down the years. Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson was cleared of illegally driving on a motorway hard shoulder because he said he was rushing to a toilet. David Beckham also escaped a ban after arguing he had to break the speed limit to escape a photographer. (Source)
2The woman whose defense was that her breasts were too big for her to be able to commit the crime
3The barmaid who stabbed her co-worker to death and blamed it on PMS
4The teenagers who claimed they were hypnotized by Geto Boys' music when they committed a crime
5The woman who used oral-sex as a defense
6The man who claimed that he suffered from sexsomnia to escape from rape charges
7The man who wanted to use a Parrot as a murderer witness
8The AWOL soldiers who blamed the Ouija Board
As their defense, Davis later said that the reason they left their Army Intelligence posts was simple: Ouija Board spirits said they were needed to help lead the world through an impending cataclysm. (Source)
9The convicted molester claimed he was a victim of Bigfoot
Defense Attorney Terrence Patton cited Morrill's mental health issues in seeking leniency from Judge J. Howe Brown. Morrill reportedly told an investigator preparing his pre-sentence report that he had been sexually assaulted by the legendary Bigfoot. Patton said Morrill really believes the assaulted happened. However, Morrill was determined to be mentally competent to stand trial. The judge also couldn't have been impressed with Morrill's criminal record, which includes a rape conviction involving a child in New Hampshire. Morrill was convicted of five counts of attempting to take indecent liberties with a child, five counts of using electronic equipment to solicit a juvenile and 10 counts of reproducing child pornography. (Source)
10The man who claimed he couldn't have committed a sexual crime because it was Ramadan and he was fasting
The woman got into Qazizada's taxi to go home after going out with friends. During the short ride home, she felt at first "a little scared", then later "very worried", when Qazizada repeatedly told her: "You're a lovely lady." After parking in the driveway of her home, Qazizada told the woman he would help her get out of the taxi. As she struggled to get out of his taxi, Qazizada squeezed the woman's breasts several times. Throughout the assault, he asked the woman: "Are you all right?". Each time she replied: "No." Qazizada eventually left, saying: "Have a good night." The woman immediately went to her neighbour's home to report the attack. (Source)


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Today is Earth Day (and I have a surprise for you)! Do you already have a day full of Earth loving fun planned? Just in case you don't I have put together a list of some awesome Earth Day Pinterest Boards that will surely get you on the right track to celebrating our lovely planet. Before you hop around in search of the perfect project let me tell you what the surprise is.... are you on the edge of your seat? I need a week off, sort of... so that I can work on something behind the scenes! You know me, I would never leave you hanging. So I asked a few of my favorite bloggers to come and guest post. THEY almost ALL SAID YES!!! I Continue Reading
Home - Earth day


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Rutger Hauer Autographed Rare Original Dutch ''Veronica'' Magazine!
Here we have a rare original issue of the Dutch magazine 'Veronica'!
It is the issue no. 36 dated September 7, 1985.
There are articles talking about 'Turks Fruit' ('Turkish Delight') and 'Flesh & Blood, with color and b/w photos.
This magazine measures approx. 11" x 8" (27 cms x 20 cms).
Rutger has autographed the cover of the magazine in light blue permanent ink.
Thank you for your support to Rutger's Starfish!
The Rutger Hauer Starfish Association is the real source for Rutger's autographed items. Fans and autograph collectors can find here the widest choice of original autographed materials, all coming directly from Rutger's own archives:


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Perth-based internet service provider
NBN Co's interim satellite agreement was meant to provide 3 per cent of Australian homes and businesses with NBN services until the company launched its own satellites in 2015.
But the interim service provided by SingTel-Optus and IPStar has been more popular than expected and has almost reached full capacity.
iiNet said NBN Co had ruled out purchasing any more satellite capacity under the interim agreement, forcing it to cut the sales of new services.
"iNet has announced the withdrawal of all NBN Interim Satellite plans from new sale, effective immediately," the company said. "Existing iiNet Group satellite customers will not be affected by this move and will remain on their current services.
"With 42,000 people already connected to the NBN Interim Satellite, transmission capacity constraints are resulting in severe service quality issues."
iiNet chief executive
The Australian Financial Review


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Family Law
Family Law Questions? Ask a Family Lawyer Online.
Hi - my name is XXXXX XXXXX I'm a Family Law litigation attorney here to assist you.
Is there any debt against the property - like a mortgage?
Ok. Thanks.
In that case, he can transfer or donate the property to anyone he wants. The tax debt will follow the property and the new owner would be responsible for the real estate taxes.
If you don't transfer the property, the city and county will continue to assess taxes, and after 2-3 years, the property can be transferred to a purchaser for taxes due to the city and county.
The city and county cannot sue you for the debt. Instead, the property stands as security for the taxes.
When property taxes are not paid by the landowner, the city/county sells the taxes at public sale to a buyer at an auction. That person/purchaser has a lien against the property, and after 2-3 years, that buyer at the auction can apply for a deed to the property and state an ownership claim to the property.
If there are problems with the property, your husband would be required to disclose any issues to anyone that he deeds/donates the property to. As long as he does that, he is fine.


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Side-Dominance of Periplaneta americana Persists Through Antenna Amputation
- First Online:
- Revised:
- Accepted:
- Citations
- 305 Downloads
While brain lateralization is widely studied for vertebrates, only a few studies have been performed on insects. In the present research, we investigated the behavior of the common American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, to determine if such lateralization is evident through their decision making process. The roaches were allowed to run through a y-tube and make a decision on which direction to take. Vanilla and ethanol were randomly placed at the ends of the y-tube to entice the roaches to reach the end of the tubes. Tests were repeated by severing one antenna on each roach in different configurations which were expected to alter the decision of the insect. Through a simple statistical analysis we determined that the odors of vanilla and ethanol play an insignificant role in the decision making. We found that injury to the antenna indeed affected their decision, However, similar injury to either antenna showed an innate bias for turning right. Our research supports the hypothesis that Periplaneta americana is right-side dominated in their tactile and odor senses.


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Name: Christy Lyn Garrard
Case Classification: Endangered Missing
Missing Since: August 14, 1998
Location Last Seen: Boaz, Marshall County, Alabama
Date of Birth: May 16, 1974
Age: 24 years old
Race: White
Gender: Female
Height: 5'5"
Weight: 110 lbs.
Hair Color: Reddish brown, but may be blonde.
Eye Color: Green
Distinguishing Marks/Features: She has a tattoo of Mickey Mouse on her left shoulder and pierced ears.
Dentals: Not available.
Fingerprints: Not available
DNA: Not available
Clothing: A white cut-off T-shirt, black shorts, and white tennis shoes.
Jewelry: Unknown
Additional Personal Items: Unknown
Christy Lyn Garrard, also known as Christy Morrison, was last seen on Roden Avenue in a white pickup around 9:00 a.m. with a male friend with whom she had spent the night with at his home. The friend states that he took Christy to her aunt's house, but Christy was never seen by any family members at her aunt's house.
Christy was divorced and described as a free spirit who went her own way. She was the mother of two children whom she loved and always made sure they were cared for.
Christy often stayed with friends and relatives but always called her parents every few days. She called and talked to her son just two days before she disappeared, telling him she would be back the next day and they would go bowling. But Christy never showed up, and after no word from her for a week, her parents called the police.
In January 1999, a 16-year-old DeKalb County boy told Boaz police and DeKalb County authorities that he knew where she was killed. Authorities searched an area near Cross Creek in the Aroney community of DeKalb County but they determined the boy was lying. The following November, authorities acting on a tip, searched in the Point of Pines community near Guntersville but failed to find anything.
Agency Name: Boaz Police Department
Agency Contact Person: Investigator Gary Stanfield or Chief Scott Farish
Agency Phone Number: 256-593-6812
Agency Case Number: MP0898470
Agency Name: Alabama Department of Public Safety
Agency Contact Person: N/A
Agency Phone Number: 800-228-7688 or 256-593-6812
Agency Case Number: Unknown
NCIC Case Number: M149277159
NamUs Case Number: 2360
Alabama Department of Public Safety
National Center for Missing Adults
Waff News Archive
The Huntsville Times - 8/15/02
Boaz Police Department
Added: 2/24/07; Last Updated: 10/16/15
Submit an update to this case file.
Questions or comments? Please contact appropriate member of the Area Team
** Listed information is from the time of disappearance.
Return Home


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"The take-up for tickets through our club priority system and through pre-registration for the public has meant, for the second season in a row, we are able to announce a sell out months in advance," said WRU group head of marketing Gwyn Dolphin.
"This shows that the appetite is there in Wales for more top class rugby, hot of the back of a Lions victory which saw many of our star players and coaches excell themselves and fans are hungry for more.
"Warren Gatland will be looking to meet the Southern Hemisphere superpowers head on, but both Argentina and Samoa will also relish the challenge of coming to Wales, so it all adds up to the prospect of another exciting series at the Millennium Stadium this autumn."


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At first glance, Cesare Bonizzi looks like the archetypal Capuchin monk - round-faced, stout, with twinkling eyes and a long flowing white beard. But beneath his robes beats a heart of metal.
Brother Cesare is the lead singer in a heavy metal band which has just released its second album.
A former missionary in the Ivory Coast, he lives in a small friary in the Milan hinterland.
Heavy metal monk in second album
Current Status: Blessed (1)
Seeded on Sat Jul 19, 2008 3:14 AM
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I am mostly done with bugs I need to fix for MacPerl 5.6.1r2. Matthias is needed to fix a few others, and he is on vacation for a couple of weeks, so now I need to move on to either 5.8.0 bugs (moving toward either a third alpha, or a beta), or to something else.
I am toying with porting some of the Mac:: XS modules, primarily so I can use Mac::Glue in Mac OS X. I have a plan, and it just might work.


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Butler's Tincha a pleasant surprise for Grove City basketball team
Hard work and dedication continue to pay off for Luke Tincha.
Both traits helped land the Butler graduate an opportunity to contribute as a freshman for the Grove City College men's basketball team. He continues to make the most of it.
The 6-foot-5 center is one of the team's top reserves — the first "big man" off the bench for the Wolverines.
"Luke has gradually improved. Like any freshman, he's making his share of freshman mistakes, which is to be expected," Grove City College coach Steve Lamie said.
"We have a certain standard, and he has bought into that. He has gained the respect of his teammates and the coaching staff. He's trying to do things our way. He bought in early, and that's why we trust him. We trust him to do the right things out on the floor."
Through Tincha's first 18 games played for Grove City, he averaged 13.9 minutes and 2.3 points.
"Actually, yeah, I was very surprised at the beginning to get an opportunity to contribute a lot," Tincha said.
"I was a little unsure about it. I am excited about it. I like to work hard every day at practice. I like to do everything I am told. I just like to work the hardest I can at basketball and be the best I can be. As the season went on, I felt my confidence building and felt better about getting in and doing what I needed to do.
"There was a lot of learning I had to do. I did a lot of work on my skills because the speed of the game is much greater.
"Everybody makes mistakes, and everybody can't play their best every game," he continued. "Working hard is something everybody can do, though. I like to be defined by working hard. Working hard always has been a part of me. It's just in my blood."
Tincha's work ethic is what made Lamie take notice.
"It's a good success story. We did not recruit him at all, honestly, until maybe the last week of the regular season last year," he said.
"I had seen Butler play on maybe three occasions.
"We were actually recruiting the guy playing in front of Luke, who was a senior and moved into the district. Luke was on the bench, and we didn't see him play. We didn't get that other young man.
"But, (Butler coach) Matt Clement called me and told me that Luke was really coming along and that he stuck with the program, kept plugging away and he thought he deserved a look.
"I came down and saw him a little bit. I was intrigued. He plays so hard. He has good size. I like his attitude," Lamie said.
"Luke probably never started and maybe always had been that afterthought. Now, he is coming into his own through a lot of sacrifice and patience. Now, he is starting to reap the benefits of perseverance of staying with it. He has been a pleasant surprise."
Tincha was thrilled to get a chance to continue his basketball career at Grove City.
"Actually, I wasn't looking at many schools to play basketball," he said. "This was one of a very few, and it turned out that I really like the school and campus. It turned out to be a good fit. This school is great for academics. Being able to play basketball is a plus."
The college basketball season can be a grind, especially for a freshman who is not used to a longer schedule. But Tincha is not bothered by it.
"Getting the minutes I have as a freshman has definitely made me work harder and efficiently to prepare for next year and the years to come," he said. "I want to extend my shooting range and work on my all-around game and increase my skills."
Lamie, who estimates Tincha shed around 20 pounds last summer in preparing for the college game, can't wait to see Tincha's development continue.
"If last summer and this year is any indication, he will get better because he wants it," he said.
"If he doesn't come back in better shape and a better player, I'd be shocked."
Joe Sager is a freelance writer.


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Fulltime here at Suncorp. Not quite the hiding that the Rabbitohs put on but it was very ugly for the Titans. Brisbane belt them 32-6 on the back of a 24-0 first half, where the Titans at one point conceded 10 penalties to Brisbane's none. Parker, Gillett, Wallace, Hunt all good for Brisbane. The Titans were caught in the headlights and never recovered.
There is bad news for the Broncos however with David Stagg suffering a potentially serious knee injury.
Matt Gillett has been very good for Brisbane tonight. Just cut Idris in half there as the big fella tried to bust the line. He's a quality young backrower and absolute certainty for the Maroons. Taylor makes a late bust but that's game over.
I think this is a try for Idris. He's come down with that kick and it's.... no try. Just came up short and that's probably the right call, although I wouldn't have been outraged if that call had gone the other way. Nothing in it really. Brisbane hold on to the 32-6 lead. The penalty count is 13-6 now so the Titans have found some favour this half.
Is this a try for Brisbane? This will be some sort of offload. It was in fact a great offload from Kahu but Maranta's foot was on the line as he caught the ball. No try. Score is still 32-6 in favour of Brisbane.
The Titans show some promise at last but the kick as poor and it goes dead. Brisbane scrambled very well there though as Kelly found a few mini gaps. Score remains 32-6. There's 10 minutes to play.Back to top
The Titans get away with what looked like another forward pass there but drop it anyway. Heart just not in it tonight, nor their head. Granville looking sharp for the Broncos. They have a real dilemma now with McCullough and Hunt also on the books. He's the kind of kid who will get snapped up if he can't fit in the rotation at Red Hill. Broncos lead 32-6. There's 12 minutes to play.
TRY Brisbane. Granville with the little chip ahead and the Titans fall over themselves trying to clean it up. Lachlan Maranta gets the simple bounce and scores under the sticks. Zillman just plain stacked it trying to field the kick. Like a dog on ice skates. That didn't look very good. But nice touch from Granville. Parker makes it eight from eight. Broncos lead 32-6.
Nate Myles late on Wallace and the halfback goes down. He's been hit hard late a few times tonight. Myles thinks the Brisbane half has gone down a bit easy there and tells him all about it. Penalty though and Parker makes it 26-4. Brisbane in cruise control with 20 minutes to play.
Sezer tries the cross-kick on the 50m line. It goes out on the full. Best forget that ever happened.
Uh-ohhhh. David Stagg clutching the knee, which is already heavily taped, and he knows he's in very big trouble here. The look on his face says it all. He's helped off the field and that's him for the night and quite possibly the season.Back to top
My twitter feed is a cross between NRL and eurovision at the moment. Only making a strange night stranger. Anyone see how Estonia went? In other news, the Titans go close but two of those passes are clearly forward. they end up making the mistake as Granville flies out of the line to pressure Bailey. Brisbane lead 24-6.
Sezer's kick is too deep and the Broncos bring it back to their 20m line for a restart. Jarrod Wallace warming up and now Jake Granville getting ready to make his NRL debut. Really looking forward to this - and he knocks on with his first touch. Weeeeee! Brisbane lead 24-6.
Reed still being seen by the doctor. An eye injury I think, a stray finger I think. He's coming off now as McGuire, who also bad a bad eye injury earlier in the year, takes his place.
TRY to the Titans and that was one hell of a reply. Idris with the offload, Kelly in support and Mead puts on the finishing touches. Broncos lead 24-6 as Jack Reed gets some treatment.
We're back on for the second half. Lordi (eurovision reference) knows what John Cartwright said at halftime to the Titans. But they need early points here to be a quarter of a chance.Back to top
If the first half in Sydney wasn't so extraordinary, you'd think this game was right out of the box. The Broncos in complete command, taking a 24-0 lead into the second half on the back of a whopping 10-2 penalty count in their favour. The Titans saw Greg Bird go to the bin, Dave Taylor go on report and Jamal Idris almost decapitate Peter Wallace. They are a mess the Gold Coast and will need to turn things around dramatically to even feature in this one.
The Titans get their first bit of quality ball and look semi-dangerous. They even manage to avoid giving away a penalty. In fact, that count has squared up a touch to 10-2 to Brisbane. The Broncos well in control here, leading 24-0 with a few seconds left in the half.
Parker from the sideline again. It's 24-0. Funny old game, football.
Super finish from Reed. Makes the spectacular put down in the corner and Brisbane extend the lead. It's now 22-0 with a kick on the way and I cannot remember a stranger half from the Titans. If this was bush footy they'd have about six blokes in the bin. Discipline out the window folks. OUT THE WINDOW.
Make it 10-0 in the penalty column. Dave Taylor on report with a late and reckless high shot on Peter Wallace after the kick. I can confirm the Titans have LOST THE PLOT. Brisbane lead 18-0 with six minutes to play in the second half.Back to top
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text: World Bank Issues Alarming Climate Report News & Features NPR · Dec 7, 2012 Listen Story audio 5min 22sec Copyright 2017 NPR. Stay Informed The news on your schedule from MPR News Update Email Address* Zip Code MPR News Update AM Edition MPR News Update PM Edition See our Privacy Policy. Must be age 13.


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January 19, 2007
One of the more intriguing statistics in demography is migration among the 50 states. And especially revealing is the data on "out-migration," or those residents of a state who flee to what they must figure will be better climes, says the Wall Street Journal.
- The Empire Center, a New York think tank, has inspected the latest Census Data on migration, and finds that two of the three biggest losers of people from 2005 to 2006 were California and New York.
- Louisiana was the biggest net loser, as 241,000 fled the state for a rate of 54.85 per 1,000 residents, but it is a special case after Hurricane Katrina.
New York, which finished second, has no such act-of-God excuse, says the Journal:
- It lost more than 225,000, or a rate of 11.69 per 1,000 from 2005 to 2006, and more than 1.2 million New Yorkers have moved out since 2000.
- California lost the most people (287,000) of any state from 2005 to 2006, but because it is the most populous state its out-migration rate was a merely dreadful 7.92.
Without immigrants who have made up some of the difference, both states, and especially New York, would have declining overall populations and thus shrinking tax bases.
Authors E. J. McMahon and Kathryn McCall point out that no single cause can explain these migration trends:
- Housing costs, New York's stagnant upstate economy and heavy tax burdens no doubt play a role.
- On the other hand, weather probably counts for less, since Alaska, New Hampshire, Maine, Wisconsin and Minnesota have all added population even as New Yorkers have left by the tens of thousands.
According to the Journal, taxes and economic opportunity are decisive in many cases, especially for the mobile young and the well-to-do old.
Source: Editorial, "The Biggest Losers," Wall Street Journal, January 18, 2007; based upon: E.J. McMahon and Kathryn McCall, "Migrating New York Residents Still Heading for the Exits,"Empire Center, Research Bulletin No. 2, January 2, 2007.
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Browse more articles on Government Issues


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by Staff Writers
Cairo (AFP) Sept 15, 2013
An Egyptian journalist on Sunday appeared before a military court, accused of spreading lies about the army's campaign against militants in the Sinai Peninsula.
The court in the Suez canal city of Ismailiya adjourned Ahmed Abu Deraa's hearing to September 18.
Abu Deraa, who writes for the independent daily Al-Masry Al-Youm, was detained on September 4 in north Sinai over published reports that army raids had hit a mosque and houses and also injured civilians.
Authorities say they are targeting "terrorists" in the peninsula that borders the Palestinian Islamist-run Gaza Strip.
Media watchdog Reporters Without Borders and rights activists have condemned his detention.
But military spokesman Ahmed Ali justified the journalist's detention and military trial.
"Investigations showed that Mr Abu Deraa spread lies, saying that the Egyptian armed forces were attacking mosques, women and children. He deliberately spread false news," Ali told reporters.
"He also entered military zones."
Ali said the charges against Abu Deraa came under the jurisdiction of the military, and therefore required a military trial.
Several civil society groups have slammed the increasing number of military trials of civilians since the army ousted Islamist president Mohamed Morsi on July 3.
Related Links
Democracy in the 21st century at TerraDaily.com
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This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Five representative terrestrial analogs of lunar craters are detailed relevant to Precambrian fumarolic activity. Fumarolic fluids contain the ingredients for protolife. Energy sources to derive formaldehyde, amino acids and related compounds could be by flow charging, charge separation and volcanic shock. With no photodecomposition in shadow, most fumarolic fluids at 40 K would persist over geologically long time periods. Relatively abundant tungsten would permit creation of critical enzymes, Fischer-Tropsch reactions could form polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and soluble volcanic polyphosphates would enable assembly of nucleic acids. Fumarolic stimuli factors are described. Orbital and lander sensors specific to protolife exploration including combined Raman/laser-induced breakdown spectrocsopy are evaluated.
This paper is limited to volcanic processes and is tied in to terrestrial analogs modified by lunar environmental constraints. As with many geological systems, the fumarolic environment represents an open system—the broken test tube, the defective blast furnace. Moreover, pure reagents are virtually unknown in nature and variability is the rule. Tidal and gravity effects may have played a major role in intensifying Hadean-Archean lunar volcanism [
The author believes lunar protolife was created on the early Precambrian. As defined by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (of the International Union of Geological Sciences), the Precambrian time period is honored but actually has no rank. It is simply the time period before the Cambrian. This time period is formally broken down into the Proterozoic (0.540 – 2.5 billion years), the Archean (2.5 – 4.0 billion years) and the Hadean (4.0 – 4.6 billion years). For the beginning of lunar protolife, this paper considers the time period since lunar differentiation through the Hadean and into the early Archean. This period is based on the assumption that the earth-moon system differentiated at about the same time because the oldest terrestrial rocks based on zircon ages is 4.404 billion years old and the oldest lunar highland rocks are 4.46 billion years old. Accepting the possibility of lunar protolife, the writer does not speculate on the following issues: (1) the timing of when protolife first appeared on the moon, (2) the timing of when protolife first appeared on the earth and (3) any progression of lunar protolife beyond self-replicating DNA. The author defines lunar protolife as the assemblage of volcanic compounds via lipids, catalysts, linkages and templates through organic entities capable of self-replication and progression.
Finally the goals of this paper are clear. The author details favorability criteria of fumaroles for protolife at every step in the progression of amino acids to DNA. Energy sources for protolife were available and fumarolic fluids could be retained in lunar shadow. Certainly a major goal was to highlight the remarkable combination of circumstances that prevailed in the early Precambrian environment – the soluble polyphosphates, the tungsten catalysts, the clay and pyrite templates and the eH, pH and temperature changes within meters.
The threefold sections of this paper includes: (A) target sites for lunar protolife exploration, (B) evolution of protolife from Hadean-Archean lunar fumarolic fluids and (C) selected remote sensors for evidence of protolife. Only a brief review of tidal and gravity factors intensifying lunar volcanism is covered. The major part of section A deals with potential fumarolic sites in shadow or under dust. Several terrestrial analogs of these sites are presented. In section B, the discussion excludes exotic source compounds such as silanes, but instead emphasizes fumarolic fluids found on earth. Modifications to terrestrial volcanic fluids are based on reasonable extrapolations to the Hadean and Archean. Energy sources, protolife building blocks, Fischer-Tropsch reactions, enzymes, condensation, encapsulation mechanisms, biofilms and unique aspects of lunar environments are covered. A stimulus concept for creating protolife in lunar fumaroles is detailed. In section C, selected remote sensing instruments are described with emphasis on their ability to penetrate dust and to detect and record organic compounds.
Protolife loci would logically occur in volcanic areas of the moon because fumarolic fluids and sublimates contain the ingredients for protolife. For the purposes of this paper, protolife includes specified compounds evolving to and including self-replicating DNA. Shadowed volcanic sites are prime protolife exploration sites and include the following:
Volcanic vent interiors, especially breached volcanoes within calderas. Volcanic domes, especially dimpled domes and others within calderas. Dark spots at fracture intersections often with small summit vents. Polar shadowed zones, including those with intermittent sunlight on caldera floors. Aligned craterlets in grabens, on "loops" or on tangents to calderas. Fractures in shadow, especially at intersections on fractured caldera floors some coincident with documented endogenic transients.
Volcanic vent interiors, especially breached volcanoes within calderas.
Volcanic domes, especially dimpled domes and others within calderas.
Dark spots at fracture intersections often with small summit vents.
Polar shadowed zones, including those with intermittent sunlight on caldera floors.
Aligned craterlets in grabens, on "loops" or on tangents to calderas.
Fractures in shadow, especially at intersections on fractured caldera floors some coincident with documented endogenic transients.
Also, the younger the feature, the lesser thickness of impact and pyroclastic dust cover. High slope angles would also contribute to a lesser thickness of dust.
Regarding target site #1, we note the lunar-terrestrial analog of the Aniakchak caldera in Alaska with that of Regiomontanus on the moon; diameters in kilometers are 9.7 and 108, respectively. A well-formed volcano-like structure occurs on the floor of Schrödinger near the South Pole imaged in target site #4. The breached mountain of the multiple central mountain complex in Copernicus (97 km in diameter) (
The lunar crater Alphonsus is presumed to be a caldera. The crater contains a median ridge which extends into the polygonal wall of the adjacent crater Ptolemaeus. The ridge has a central mountain interpreted as a volcano, the summit of which exhibited activity in 1958. The "eruption" was spectroscopically documented by N. Kozyrev on November 3rd as a verified lunar transient where carbon-bearing gases were released. The vent on this mountain would be an excellent target for protolife exploration. A terrestrial analog of Alphonsus is the Mokuaweoweo caldera in Hawaii. The caldera has a near median floor fissure which was active in 1940 and on which a large volcanic cone was formed. See oblique U.S. Navy photograph across Mokuaweoweo floor January 7, 1949.
In volcanic site #2, we include domes, many of which have summit dimples. Some low albedo domes occur within the Copernicus "loop". Those of the Marius Hills are well documented. An interesting cluster of domes occurs within a polygonal rampart in the Aitken crater. An analog of the domes in Aitken may be those of the Central Crater Complex of Diamond Craters, Oregon (
Another lunar crater with a well documented curving arc of interior domes is Zucchius; it is 64 km in diameter and 3.2 km deep. Although Zucchius, imaged by Smart-1 (European Space Agency) has been interpreted as an impact crater, the author believes it to be a caldera with internal volcanic domes similar to those in the Valles caldera, New Mexico and the Amealco caldera, Mexico. Note the arcuate pattern of the domes in Zucchius similar to the arcuate pattern of volcanic domes on fracture systems in the Valles and Amealco calderas in New Mexico and Mexico respectively (
Domal mountains are common in many tens of lunar craters and have been interpreted as caused by meteorite rebound. How to create multiple rebounds by impact requires unreasonable mechanisms. In Copernicus, for example, rebound would produce fayalitic olivine typical of deep-seated dunite. However, inspection of telescopic near infrared spectra shows the olivine to be forsteritic (Mg-rich) typical of spinifex mineralogy of komatiitic lavas.
Regarding target site 3, dark spots with summit pits at fracture intersections in caldera-like craters such as Alphonsus may be younger than the crater floor fractures which in turn are younger than the host crater. Vents on dark spots, assumed to be associated with fumaroles, are common in many other craters on the moon. Note that Alphonsus is the site of a documented endogenic transient (
Target site #4 would be fumaroles in shadowed or intermittently shadowed polar crater floors at either lunar pole. Temperatures, in shadow, would be about 40 Kelvin resulting in the possible accumulation of fumarolic ices either disseminated or in isolated patches under unknown thicknesses of impact or pyroclastic dust. A sizeable literature exists for this type of target.
In target site #4, volatiles produced by volcanic and volcano-tectonic processes would seek out polar cold traps. Volatiles generated by other mechanisms (icy comet impacts, solar wind, carbonaceous chondrite impacts) would likewise seek the shadowed crater floors of the poles. However, volatiles of any origin probably would not reach the poles, based on data by Hodges [
Target site #5 would be fumaroles in fused craterlets or craterlets in chains, some of which are tangential to larger craters as at Müller or at Langrenus F, the latter near a well documented transient in Langrenus [
Finally, fractures which would be shadowed in the near subsurface constitute target site #6. Some fractures form polygonal craters such as Janssen, or are within craters as floor-fractured craters such as at Lavoisier (70 km diameter) where pyroclastic deposits [
As a preface to the formation of protolife in fumarolic systems on the moon, certain facts or concepts bear emphasizing:
Fumarolic fluids, prebiotic compounds, clay templates, catalysts and enzymes must react or "brew" within an enclosure such as in a double membrane micelle of a lipid or fatty acid. Pure fatty acid micelles are only stable above pH 7, but if 20 mole percent of the equivalent-chain-length fatty alcohol is present, the resulting micelles are stable from pH 7 to pH 11 [ Only nanoconcentrations and nanocurrents are all that may be required to initiate protolife reactions in fumaroles. Fumarolic fluids contain tungsten for the formation of certain catalysts, soluble polyphosphates for the formation of RNA or its precursors and boron compounds to stabilize ribose. "Spark" genesis and Fischer-Tropsch catalysis for the generation of Archean prebiotic compounds may have operated contemporaneously in shadow on the moon. Fumaroles with associated sublimates represent non-dispersed systems hosting multiple variables over distances of only a few meters. Special physical attributes of fumaroles such as spatter can possibly result in a version of a polymerase chain reaction creating exponential replication of nucleotides. Vapor pressures of fumarolic ices in shadow (40K) are so low that a centimeter thickness of these ices would persist for hundreds of millions to billions of years.
Fumarolic fluids, prebiotic compounds, clay templates, catalysts and enzymes must react or "brew" within an enclosure such as in a double membrane micelle of a lipid or fatty acid.
Pure fatty acid micelles are only stable above pH 7, but if 20 mole percent of the equivalent-chain-length fatty alcohol is present, the resulting micelles are stable from pH 7 to pH 11 [
Only nanoconcentrations and nanocurrents are all that may be required to initiate protolife reactions in fumaroles.
Fumarolic fluids contain tungsten for the formation of certain catalysts, soluble polyphosphates for the formation of RNA or its precursors and boron compounds to stabilize ribose.
"Spark" genesis and Fischer-Tropsch catalysis for the generation of Archean prebiotic compounds may have operated contemporaneously in shadow on the moon.
Fumaroles with associated sublimates represent non-dispersed systems hosting multiple variables over distances of only a few meters.
Special physical attributes of fumaroles such as spatter can possibly result in a version of a polymerase chain reaction creating exponential replication of nucleotides.
Vapor pressures of fumarolic ices in shadow (40K) are so low that a centimeter thickness of these ices would persist for hundreds of millions to billions of years.
There are several sources of energy available for the evolution of Archean lunar protolife in the form of sonic shock and electrical potentials. Sonic shock waves were first observed at Vesuvius on April 7, 1906 (
Electrical potentials in fumaroles can result from flow charging [
The author assumes an early a Hadean-Archean thermodynamically stable (non-reactive) anoxic and transient atmosphere of methane, ammonia, water and hydrogen [
Major volcanic fluids include: ammonia, ammonium cyanide, carbon disulfide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonyl sulfide, chlorine, cyanogen, methane, nitrogen, sulfur, sulfur monochloride and water. Traces of ammonia plus ferrous iron oxides can form today at Mount Etna and Vesuvius by the reaction of the iron nitride siderazote (Fe5N2) with steam in high temperature fumaroles and on associated hot lavas. On the moon, larger amounts of ammonia would probably be produced in this way (in addition to magmatic ammonia) by more abundant iron nitrides in the reducing environments of Hadean volcanism. Inorganic methane is typically enriched in fluids from hydrothermal environments. Interestingly, the highest concentrations of methane on Mars [
Regarding the abundance of water in the early Hadean of the moon, O'Hara [
Arguments against volcanic or endogenic water are that the majority of large lunar craters are not calderas and that the fugacity or partial pressure of oxygen in lunar melts is too low to permit hydrous environments. Most publications assume that the oxygen fugacity of terrestrial magmas is 10−9 atmospheres. Since oxygen is related to how hydrous a melt might become, the low fugacity of lunar rocks of 10−13 atmospheres has been a powerful argument against the possibility of "wet" rocks on the moon and hence a water resource. The basis for the claim that lunar rocks are dry is the measurement of fugacity of the areally abundant returned samples and not of lunar rocks collected at volcanic vent sites. Also note that Saal
Volcanic rocks at vent sites on earth are invariably more hydrothermally altered and "wetter" than distal lavas or ash flows. Are all lunar rocks low in oxygen fugacity? Mao
Both electric discharge and Fischer-Tropsch catalysis were probably contemporaneous in creating prebiotic building blocks leading to the creation of RNA and DNA. Both mechanisms create lipids [
In the 1953 Miller experiment, [
Both hydrogen cyanide and formaldehyde would be stable in fumaroles in lunar shadow. Matthews [
On the other hand, during the transient elevated temperatures when fumaroles were thermally active, ribose (with formose) can be formed in Fischer-Tropsch reactions by passing formaldehyde over hot kaolinite under low hydrogen cyanide concentrations. Although ribose is relatively unstable [
Concentration of all protolife components in fumarolic environments include several processes. Reflux in the vent enhanced possibly by magnified tidal cycles can concentrate fumarolic compounds analogous to telescoping and enrichment of ore deposits. According to Barnes [
Although ammonia dissolved in water will increase the viscosity of water, the concentration of ammonia is too low in fumarolic fluids to significantly affect the viscosity. Magmatic ammonia is concentrated in several volcanic centers on earth such as White Island in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. Ammonia is an integral component of many cyanogen-based prebiotic compounds. Brandes
Episodic freezing is another concentration mechanism and is fundamental to the origin of protolife in lunar shadow zones. Eutectic freezing of fumarolic fluids would result in ices of extremely low vapor pressure. If one cm thick at 40K, the ices would persist in shadow for hundreds of millions to billions of years. Freezing of ammonium cyanide and ammonium thiocyanate in the presence of formaldehyde creates proteinoid microspheres. (This is a different process than that used by Fox [
A discussion of the chirality of prebiotic compounds is beyond the scope of this paper. There is a suggestion that an external magnetic field might bias chemical processes in favor of enantiomers—sugars on earth being dextrorotary (right handed) and biological amino acids being levorotary (left handed) [
Evolution of lunar protolife would require soluble polyphosphates which are found today in fumaroles at Mount Usu, Japan [
Regarding ATP, adenosine triphosphate assists in the polymerization of amino acids to proteins possibly by the addition or subtraction of phosphate groups: ATP to ADP to AMP. ADP is adenosine diphosphate and AMP is adenosine monophosphate. A considerable amount of energy is released when ATP splits back to ADP. ATP also promotes the formation of bilipid cell membranes.
The literature is burgeoning with other precursor mechanisms for the assembly of RNA, many of which are interrelated and all of which are amenable to a fumarolic environment. De Duve [
The stage was now set for the appearance of an early version of RNA oligomers with its fumarolic components of purines,
The single strand now self-replicating RNA according to Sukumaran [
Enzymes probably played a role in the origin of protolife prior and subsequent to RNA. For example, the proto-enzyme histidyl-histidine may have been fundamental during wet-dry cycles in fumaroles promoting peptide bond catalysis [
Formaldehyde, sufficiently concentrated, is a frothing agent and promotes bubble formation with a colloidal iron sulfide membrane surface, i.e., a biofilm. Troilite is a common iron sulfide on the moon. In an aqueous medium FeS (troilite) + H2S → FeS2 (pyrite) + H2. This reaction has a large negative free energy of −41.9 kJ/mole assuring the viability of the reaction [
All parameters vital to the evolution of protolife, both on the moon and the earth, are available in fumarolic systems within vertical and lateral distances of meters. These parameters include Eh, pH, pressure, temperature, wet/dry cycles, freeze/thaw cycles, and hot-cold fluid mixing involving glycine [
Lathe [
In drying environments characterized by high soluble cation concentrations, the phosphate charges would be neutralized and inter-strand hydrogen bonding would promote association of the two polymer strands favoring DNA replication. Bernal [
Lathe's rapid tidal cycle concept can possibly be applied to the moon. He recognizes that his mechanism would be effective with DNA precursors such as dsRNA. Fumarolic monovalent ion concentrations such as ammonium or lithium enhance the folding and activity of catalytic RNA molecules [
Regardless of this possibility, rapid tidal cycling of fluids in fumarolic vents would accentuate reflux phenomena in the vent. Such agitation can create phospholipids under favorable conditions [
Spatter in mud fumaroles (
Thus, there would be a wide area in fumarole fields in shadow on the moon permitting dryout on both hot and cold surfaces with increasing distance from the vent. With spatter landing on cold clay, concentrations of pyrimidines including cytosine on drydown may result as has been postulated for a desiccating lagoonal environment in the Archean on earth [
Two uniquely lunar parameters favoring protolife in fumaroles are (1) low atmospheric surface pressure on the moon during the Hadean-Archean and (2) low lunar gravity. Low atmospheric pressure would reduce boiling points of prebiotic compounds such as formic acid (HCOOH), the most abundant product (255 × 105 moles or 4%) in the original Miller experiment. Under hydrothermal conditions, formic acid is a precursor of lipids by thermocatalytic reactions [
Lower lunar gravity would result in a deeper nucleation of bubbles in the volcanic vent [
No attempt will be made to review the literature on lunar remote sensing. Some of the instruments on Chandrayaan-1 launched in September 2007 such as the Moon Mineralogy Mapper and sensors on the Chinese Orbiter Chang'e-l launched December 2006 and terminated in March 2009 are peripherally related to protolife detection. This in no way minimizes the excellence of proposed instrumentation for forthcoming missions. The objectives of remote sensing for protolife ideally require one meter resolution from orbit and centimeter resolution from surface sensors. Features of interest are (1) primary fluids from fumaroles H2O, CH4, CO2 and S and C compounds, (2) the presumed resulting building blocks for protolife, such as amino acids, ATP, RNA and DNA, and (3) intermediate products at the target sites noted in the text. Active sensors would need to be power limited (gated) as manned surface exploration evolves.
The addition of neutron spectroscopy to the CdZnTe gamma ray spectrometer [
An orbiting sensor not yet instrumented would be an active (but gated) microwave laser to warm suspected accumulations of ices under dust followed by conventional lidar scanning such as a modified TIMS (thermal imaging mapping spectrometer). Other active orbiting sensors, not yet instrumented, could include an active orbiting linear accelerator for recording gamma backscatter from frozen volatiles, especially a 2.22 gamma signal specific to H-bearing ices or sublimates. An active orbiting CO2 laser (likewise gated) could be used for spot ablation of possible fumarole sites also followed by spectrometric vapor phase analysis.
An altitude sensor of merit relative to exploration for protolife is the P-band radar system which shows excellent surface penetration of unconsolidated material. The P-band synthetic aperture radar has been proposed for Mars exploration by Paillou
Several sensors have been proposed for the detection and analysis of organic biomarkers on Mars. The most recent is the Urey Instrument for the 2013 Exomars Rover Mission described by Aubrey
The author proposes a simple instrument for detection of volatiles in polar craters. Recognizing that numerous polar craters have intermittent sunlight [
Also, the 0.8 Kg Martian CHEMIN XRD/XRF instrument for
An example of its application would be in the investigation of the interior of the directed blast volcano (?) in Copernicus. Raman spectroscopy as applied to Martian soft lander or rover exploration [
The realization that: (1) some elements in fumarolic ices or sublimates are high or relatively high in their neutron capture cross section [
The lunar space elevator [
Many terrestrial analogs of lunar features have been presented to document the likelihood of early Precambrian fumarolic activity on the moon.
The moon in its early history, when tides and orbit were more extreme than now, may have been more environmentally favorable to the origin of protolife than on the earth. This is because: (1) shadowed sites on the moon would preserve critical fumarolic fluids as ices isolated from photodecomposition and (2) lower gravity and surface atmospheric pressures would enhance probabilities of fumarolic fluid reactivities. There are numerous factors promoting enhanced volcanism on the moon from the theoretical (tides and gravity) to the observational (lunar-terrestrial analogs). Lunar volcanic and volcano-tectonic features would have a meteoritic impact overprint. Favorable lunar volcanic sites for protolife exploration include: (1) shadowed vents, both in polar areas and in central mountains in presumed calderas, (2) in fractures, (3) within floor- fractured craters, (4) within dimpled domes and (5) at endogenic transient areas.
Once fumarolic activity was initiated at these sites, reactions stimulated by thermal and electrical energy and probably within amphiphilic micelles, presumably formed the building blocks of protolife (amino acids, purines and pyrimidines) from fumarolic fluids (H2O, CO2, NH3, HCHO, and S and C compounds). A chain of reactions probably involving (1) Fischer-Tropsch catalysis, (2) boron stabilization of ribose, (3) tungsten catalysts and (4) soluble polyphosphates led to precursor versions of RNA and then via ATP to DNA. It is important to note that fumarolic fluids can contain adequate concentrations of boron, tungsten, and soluble polyphosphates as well as phospholipids as micelles which can enlarge to vesicles, the latter vital as "reaction chambers". Equally important are biofilms of iron sulfide to which polar organic molecules could attach and receive energy.
The physical attributes of fumaroles as non-dispersed systems provide a serial or fluctuating change in pH, Eh, temperature, clay types and wetness and dryness within distances of meters. Dripping or spatter phenomena can possibly create a version of a polymerase chain reaction by spatter droplets falling onto hot montmorillonite. Here flash evaporation would concentrate enzymes, catalysts and most importantly divalent ions common in fumarolic fluids such as Ca, Mg, Ba and Zn. These ions could neutralize the divalent PO4 radicals making up the backbone of double strand RNA or DNA causing the released nucleotide strands to associate. This process would possibly produce exponential replication of the RNA or DNA molecule. Thus, the fumarolic environment is replete with stimuli favoring the origin of protolife especially when combined with the uniquely lunar conditions of lesser gravity and lower surface atmospheric pressures. Lower gravity would produce a deeper nucleation of biofilm bubbles and a slower rise rate promoting higher probabilities of reactivities. Lesser atmospheric pressures would lower boiling points of prebiotic fluids to temperatures more hospitable for protolife.
Searching for protolife on the moon can utilize specific remote sensing instruments some already designed for use on Mars and the outer planets. In addition to spectral reflectance measurements by the Lunar Mineral Mapper, altitude measurements using P-band radar holds promise for imaging through a dust cover over buried fumaroles. Orbiting active but power limited neutron sensors could analyze a 2.22 gamma backscatter specific to H-bearing sublimates. Surface analyses could benefit from the already designed 10 m standoff laser ablation and Raman spectrometers, the latter being well suited for analysis of fumarolic organic compounds and sublimates. An important altitude or surface probe would be a nuclear spectrometer to detect elements of high neutron capture cross section such as boron and chlorine in possible brines. Finally, for heavy or high power sensors such as differential absorption lidar, their emplacement at appropriate levels on a lunar space elevator might be considered.
In overview, the implications of lunar protolife are profound. The exploration of space has the search for life as one of its main goals. Some of the emphasis of the Mars program deals with finding evidence for life in volcanic vents. Witness the discovery of what appear to be ancient hot springs in the Vernal Crater (Arabia Terra) on Mars [
Protolife target site #1 – Breached volcano and associated features.
Interior of Copernicus (97) km diameter) showing (a) possible breached volcano produced by a directed volcanic blast, (b) multiple volcano-like structures on crater floor similar to multiple volcanoes on the floor of the Tengger caldera in west Java, (c) sinuous leveed channels similar to pyroxene andesite lava levees in the Gedeh caldera, west Java, (d) horizontal terraces of different ages similar to terraces in the Fernandina caldera, Galapagos Islands, and (e) apparent low dip angles of rim rocks as in calderas on earth. Photo of Lunar Orbiter II, Frame 162 H3 courtesy of the National Space Science Data Center and principal investigator Mr. L.J. Kosofsky.
Protolife target site #2 – Volcanic domes.
Domes in the Aitken crater. Aitken is located on the northern border of a major basin on the farside of the moon. The crater is about 150 km in diameter. An arrow in the upper Orbiter image points to a crater cluster within ramparts containing what appear to be volcanic domes. Another image of Aitken showing these domes is the Apollo 17 photograph AS17-151-23210. A high resolution Orbiter II image Frame 33 H shown on the bottom left is compared with a ramparted volcanic dome and crater cluster at Diamond Craters, (Central Crater Complex), Oregon. The approximate width of the dome cluster in Aitken is about 4.5 kilometers; that of Diamond Craters is about a kilometer. Hundreds of domal features occur on the moon, some with dimpled summits as in Euler, Alphonsus and near Hevelius and others within angular ramparts as in Barbier (60 km diameter). Shown is lunar Orbiter II photo (Frame 33H) courtesy of the National Space Science Data Center and principal investigator Mr. L.J. Kosofsky.
Comparison of arcuate central mountains in Zucchius (Smart-1 Imagery) with arcuate rhyolitic domes in the Valles caldera (NASA photo STS 062-100-195) and arcuate rhyolitic and trachyandesitic domes in the Amealco caldera, Mexico. Amealco imagery by CARDI (Mexico Digital Cartography) provided to CENAPRED (Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres). North to top for Zucchius and Amealco and bottom for Valles.
Protolife target site #3 – Dark spots on crater floors.
Dashed lines enclose dark spots with small summit pits on the floor of Alphonsus. Some of the dark spots which may host buried fumarolic vents are named. Solid lines enclose craterlets except for "P" which is the central peak that was the source of carbon-bearing gases in a November 1958 lunar transient event recorded by N. Kozyrev in Russia. Dr. Nikolay A. Kozyrev, a Soviet astronomer, told the author in 1960 that he keenly wished to meet Dr. D. Alter, an American astronomer, who observed a haze in Alphonsus on October 26, 1956 that led to Kozyrev's concentration on Alphonsus. Kozyrev (deceased February 27, 1983) was never able to travel to the United States. Dr. Dinsmore Alter died on September 20, 1968. For the purposes of this paper, the author calls the central ridge in Alphonsus, "Alter Ridge" and the central peak, "Kozyrev Peak." Thus Kozyrev meets Alter. The map is based on 3.0-cm wavelength high resolution radar images and orbital photographs [
Protolife target site #4 – Polar shadowed zones.
Lunar South Pole region imaged by the Clementine probe of over 1500 UV-Visible images produced by the U.S. Geological Survey. Resolution is 200 meters. Crater in lower right-hand corner is Schrödinger (diameter is 320 km). Clementine mosaic is courtesy of the Naval Research Laboratory.
The black spot in Schrödinger is believed to be one of the largest volcanoes on the moon. Note the summit pit in Schrödinger about 2 km in diameter and the interior partially concentric ring structure. Schrödinger is considered by this author to be a caldera.
Protolife target site #5 – Crater flanks of Copernicus (top, north to right) exhibit well-defined "loop" patterns analogous to "loop" patterns [
Protolife target site #6 – Ring fractures in calderas.
Shadowed portions of fractures in the Lavoisier group of craters. Lavoisier has a diameter of 70 km. An arrow in this crater points to a small double ringed feature similar to craters C and M to the east with diameters of 35 and 18 km respectively. Other floor-fractured craters (H, E, and D) are shown as well as an unlettered crater on the western border. Crater D has been re-named "Von Braun". Gaddis
April 7, 1906 eruption of Vesuvius showing shock waves observed by Dr. F. Perret. Obviously, in 1906, cameras could not record this phenomenon. Perret drew them in. However, these waves are real.
Unpolarized absorption spectra of "fire fountain" Apollo 17 orange and green glass from Apollo sample 74220.61 compared with synthetic glasses quenched at log Po2 at −9.1 (at 1350°C) and −8.1 (at 1400°C) modified after Mao
Fumarolic fluids may be enriched in ammonia. NH3/NH4 equilibria are governed by eH-pH relationships which vary widely in fumarolic/hot spring systems, the ammonium ion prevailing at higher temperatures and lower pH's.
In both the original plot and the one shown in this figure, the curves approximate straight lines which extrapolate from room temperatures up to the critical point value of unity (Log 0) at 374°C.
Red tagged RNA molecule bound to montmorillonite encapsulated in a lipid vesicle. Photo courtesy of Dr. M. Hanczyc, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Molecular Biology, Mass. General Hospital, Boston, Mass. Bar scale is one micron.
Idealized uncoiled helix of DNA. Reprinted from Lathe, R., "Fast tidal cycling and the origin of life",
Desiccation and zoning features of an extinct fumarole in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska. Width of fumarole is 2.5 meters. Photo by the author.
Spatter in boiling mud fumarole, Bumpass Hell, Lassen National Park, California. Image width is about 2.5 meters. Photo by the author.
Slower rise rate of bubbles under low gravity modified after Usiskin and Siegel [
Raman spectrometry of important gases [
Craters and other features on the moon and earth cited in the text. Exact locations are given by latitude and longitude.
Products produced in spark discharge experiments using CH4, NH4, H2O and H2 (Miller [
|Yields from spark discharge experiments using CH4, NH4, H2O, and H2
|Glycolic acid
|Lactic acid
|α-Amino-n-butyric acid
|α-Aminoisobutyric acid
|α-Hydroxybutric acid
|Succinic acid
|Aspartic acid
|Glutamic acid
|Iminodiacetic acid
|Iminoaceticpropionic acid
|Formic acid
|Acetic acid
|Propionic acid
The Stimulus Concept.
|A. Abrupt Environmental Changes
Hot to cold over meter distances and hot-cold interfaces [
Intermittent sunlight (on polar crater floors)
Freeze-thaw phenomena
Wet-dry cycles
pH changes
Redox potential
Conductivity changes
Vapor pressure changes with temperature
Flash evaporation of droplets containing pre-biotic compounds falling onto hot fumarolic clay, enhancing concentrations
Variations in clay types
|B. Catalysts
Possible proflavine (PAH) for nucleotide assembly into RNA
Tungsten for critical tungsto-enzymes
Homoionic montmorillonite [
|C. Electrical Surges
Nanocurrents by flow charging processes
Nanocurrents by freezing certain fumarolic compounds
|D. Concentration of protolife Constituents Versus Oceanic Environments
Organic (including PAHs)
Reflux mechanisms
|E. Availability of Multiple Templates and Cages
Clay (montmorillonite, kaolinite, etc.)
Green rust
|F. Fluctuating Hydrothermal Environments [
|G. Iron Sulfide Biofilms as an Energy Source and Platform for Organic Molecule Attachment
|H. Lipid Synthesis by Fischer-Tropsch Reactions
|I. Zonation of All Parameters within Distances of Meters
|J. Lower Gravity and Surface Pressure
|K. Tidal Forces


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Tailgate Burger Bar
Serves 8. Recipe is from The Southern Tailgating Cookbook: A Game-Day Guide for Lovers of Food, Football, & the South" by Taylor Mathis, who writes, "Burgers are a staple of tailgates everywhere. A homemade patty cooked up over a hot grill is hard to resist. Topping possibilities for burgers seem limitless, but there's something said for keeping it simple. all you need is the Tailgate Burger, buttered buns, lettuce, tomato, cheese and maybe a pickle slice or two."
11/4 lbs. ground sirloin
11/4 lbs. ground round
2 tbls. grated yellow onions
1 tsp. Worchestershire sauce
2 tsps. salt
1/4 tsp. black pepper
1/4 tsp. Tabasco sauce
4 tbls. unsalted butter, softened
8 buns
8 slices of your favorite cheese, optional
Lettuce, tomatoes and pickles for garnish
1. The night before the tailgate, place the ground sirloin and the ground round in a large bowl. Sprinkle with the onions, Worchestershire, salt , pepper and Tabasco. Using your hands, mix all the ingredients together and form the mixture into eight equally sized patties. Stack the patties with waxed paper in between each. Store in a sealable container and refrigerate. Transport to your tailgate in a cooler.
2. At the tailgate, grill the patties to desired doneness. While the paddies are cooking, spread an even layer of butter on the cut-side of each bun half. When there's room on the grill, lay the buns down on the hot grill and toast them. Allow guests to assemble their burgers however they like best.