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PART 1, StoryBoard, Due: Tuesday, Nov 25 - beginning of class - includes partner's name.
PART 2, Virtual World and Html, Due: Tuesday, Dec 2 - 11:59pm
Part 2 extended til Wednesday Dec 3 - 11:59pm
PART 3, DEMO your world, Final Exam Period Dec 13
30 points
Working with a partner means you should meet together when writing the code.
If you choose to work alone, you may talk to other students in the course about your design and for ideas, but you are to write the complete Alice program by yourself. You may receive help from the Professor, UTA's or TA.
These parts must be done in order! (Part 1 first, then Part 2, then Part 3).
Turn in a storyboard.
Your storyboard should have the following:
Implement your design and create an Alice world. Be sure your animation has all the requirements listed above.
This part will be turned in on blackboard under assignments in folder along with a README file and your web page files.
You must also create a web page describing your world with at least two snapshots of your worlds. If you have a partner, you can create one web page and both link to it. In addition, you will also turn in your web page and associated files (figures that the web page refers to).
Upload all these files and submit them OR put them in a folder, zip the folder and upload the .zipped folder.
You must explain and demo your animation during class. We will vote on the best interactive game and there will be fabulous prizes.


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If voters can be made to feel guilty about their economic success, they can be manipulated. This is why the politics of guilt manipulation is at the heart of the welfare state.
In a systematic political program to make people feel guilty, the Social Gospel movement within Protestantism has played an important role for over a century. Economist-historian Murray Rothbard in a 1986 essay, "The Progressive Era and the Family," described this development.
In many cases, leading progressive intellectuals at the turn of the twentieth century were former pietists who went to college and then transferred to the political arena, their zeal for making over mankind, as a "salvation by science." And then the Social Gospel movement managed to combine political collectivism and pietist Christianity in the same package. All of these were strongly interwoven elements in the progressive movement.
The Social Gospel movement, which began in the United States in the 1880's, shared an ethical principle with the Progressive movement, which began at the same time and in the same social circles. This ethical principle can be summarized as follows: Thou shalt not steal, except by majority vote.
The heart of the welfare state is theft. Rothbard described it accurately in a 1993 essay, "Origins of the Welfare State in America."
When the government, in short, takes money at gunpoint from A and gives it to B, who is demanding what? . . . Who are the demanders, and who are the suppliers? One can say that the subsidized, the "donees," are "demanding" this redistribution; surely, however, it would be straining credulity to claim that A, the fleeced, is also "demanding" this activity. A, in fact, is the reluctant supplier, the coerced donor; B is gaining at A's expense.
But the really interesting role here is played by G, the government. For apart from the unlikely case where G is an unpaid altruist, performing this action as an uncompensated Robin Hood, G gets a rake-off, a handling charge, a finder's fee, so to speak, for this little transaction. G, the government, in other words, performs his act of "redistribution" by fleecing A for the benefit of B and of himself.
Defenders of the welfare state may wax eloquent about justice and fairness and the moral high ground. But no matter how lofty the rhetoric may be, as you are listening, ask yourself these three questions:
1. Where is the gun?
2. Who is holding the gun?
3. At whom is the gun pointing?
Today, there is a small, dedicated movement within the evangelical Protestant camp that regards Federal tax increases and Federal welfare increases as crucial to extend the kingdom of God in history. This is a recent development.
Until about 1970, the Social Gospel was confined to the mainline Protestant denominations, which were run by theological liberals. These men were the theological representatives of the Progressive Movement. Their goal in life was two-fold: (1) to undermine orthodox Christianity; (2) to persuade their listeners that the kingdom of God is the welfare state.
From the 1890's until America entered World War I, the primary financier of the Social Gospel was John D. Rockefeller, Sr. He put up at least five percent of the seed money to launch the Federal Council of Churches in 1908. He was a staunch supporter of Social Gospel projects. This was due to the influence of his chief business adviser, Rev. Frederick T. Gates, a theological liberal and dedicated Progressive. He worked with John D. Rockefeller, Jr., to manage the charitable giving.
After 1917, the primary financier of the Social Gospel was John D. Rockefeller, Jr. The best study of his influence is The Rich Man and the Kingdom: John D. Rockefeller and the Protestant Establishment, the published version of Albert Shenkel's Harvard University Ph.D. dissertation. I have read both versions. He covered the subject well.
Rockefeller's main spiritual adviser was Harry Emerson Fosdick, the most influential American Protestant radio preacher for over two decades, from the mid-1920's until Billy Graham went on the air in 1950. Rockefeller put him on the Board of Trustees of the Rockefeller Foundation in 1917. Three years later, he hired Fosdick's brother Raymond to run the Foundation, which he did for the next four decades. Rockefeller built the famous Riverside Church for Rev. Fosdick after Fosdick, a Baptist, resigned from his pastorate in a large New York Presbyterian Church. Fosdick had been brought up on heresy charges after Rockefeller sent Fosdick's 1921 sermon, Shall the Fundamentalists Win?, to tens of thousands of pastors. His defense lawyer, John Foster Dulles, got him off on a technicality in a 1924 church trial, but Fosdick resigned anyway.
The Social Gospel movement was recognized by all parties as being grounded in theological and political liberalism. But this began to change sometime around 1970, when the Social Gospel was systematically imported into a small but vocal sector of Protestant evangelicalism. It was re-baptized with the language of evangelicalism. The goal was to get inside the non-mainline Protestant churches. Mainline churches have been losing members by the millions after 1960, the year of Rockefeller's death.
In 1977, the testament of the movement appeared, Ronald J. Sider's book, Rich Christians in an Age of Hunger. One of the chapters is "Is God a Marxist?" Sider was a bit evasive, but generally concluded that God is more like a fellow traveler. The book was co-published by the Protestant evangelical InterVarsity Press and the Roman Catholic Paulist Press — an extremely rare joint venture, then as now. The book sold over 300,000 copies. It became a brief fad. The fad faded rapidly with the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980. The neo-evangelical pastors who had thought Jimmy Carter was the incarnation of Christian politics in 1976 switched allegiance when their parishioners switched allegiance.
I had started the Institute for Christian Economics in 1976, but began publishing my newsletter, Christian Economics, in 1977. So, Sider and I appeared as rivals at the same time. Ironically, both of us had earned a Ph.D. in history.
In 1981, I hired David Chilton to write a critique of Sider's book. Chilton produced Productive Christians in an Age of Guilt-Manipulators in three months. Boxes of it arrived the day before I debated Sider at Gordon Conwell Theological Seminary. That had been my goal. Good timing! (If you know how printers work, this was nearly miraculous timing.)
Chilton's book was devastating. I have written my share of polemical books, but I have never seen anything to match it. He showed, point by point, that Sider was a bad theologian and a worse economist. Sider responded with an updated volume, in which the cover promised "With answers to my critics." One critic was missing: Chilton. "Chilton? Who's Chilton?" Chilton went down Sider's memory hole and has remained there ever since.
I had him write an updated response. Then I had him write another. Sider wrote two more updates, ending with 1997's 20th anniversary edition, in which he backed off from his socialist rhetoric and recommended about eight of Chilton's suggested free market economic reforms to reduce poverty. But he still failed to mention Chilton. Chilton died within weeks of the appearance of Sider's lukewarm backpedaling. I wrote an essay about his concealed renunciation: "The Economic Re-Education of Ronald J. Sider."
Sider's place was taken in the 1980's and early 1990's by a sociologist, Tony Campolo, who is a fine speaker with a sense of humor. His influence in evangelical circles suffered a major setback in 1998. He had been one of Bill Clinton's spiritual counselors. That seemingly exalted position of influence did not survive the Lewinsky scandal.
I never got around to writing my critique of Campolo. Too bad. I had the title: Campolo: Compassion or Compulsion? I also had a great idea for a cover. He is quite bald. So, the cover I had in mind featured two drawings of Campolo: one with a Van Dyke beard, right fist held high, and the other with him in a loin cloth in front of a spinning machine. It was a shame that the Lewinsky scandal broke when it did. I would have loved that cover.
The other tireless laborer in the evangelical Left's ideological field has been Jim Wallis, the head of Sojourners and the author of God's Politics. He lacks Sider's ability to deal with academic issues. He also lacks Campolo's sense of humor. But he makes up for it in outrageousness.
Let me give you a taste of Mr. Wallis' theology.
Overcoming poverty must be a bipartisan commitment and a nonpartisan cause. The religious community will ask Democrats to stand firm against this budget violence against poor people, to make the moral choice of favoring the poor over the rich — which is also a biblical choice. Democrats must get religion on the budget.
On Social Security as an application of "honor thy father and thy mother":
Social Security is an expression of national values — and for Christians, our biblical priorities. It is about protecting the American dream, but also honoring God's community by providing opportunity and dignity. Fostering dignity for families, children, and elders in need is the true measure of our compassion, the true measure of our commitment to — and covenant with — the common good. Those who want to radically change a system that has worked so well are saying, in principle, that "me" is better than "we," that private solutions are better than shared responsibility. They want to weaken and shrink the places where we solve problems in common. They would rather each of us seek our own private solution to the issues of security, which always works to the detriment of the most vulnerable.
Of course, there is no verse in the Bible proposing that the civil government provide either food for the poor or old age pensions. But this does not matter to Mr. Wallis. Why not? Because, he says, the Bible does not offer a system of economics.
The Bible doesn't propose any blueprint for an economic system, but rather insists that all human economic arrangements be subject to the demands of God's justice, that great gaps be avoided or rectified, and the poor are not left behind. ["Seattle: Changing the Rules," Sojourners Magazine (March-April 2000).]
According to the biblical prophets, the greatest moral offense of poverty is the inequality that often lies behind it. When poverty abounds and the wealthy refuse to share their prosperity, God gets mad. . . .
If the congressional leadership has its way, American inequality is about to take a giant step forward with their efforts to destroy or gut the estate tax — an effective measure to combat inequality that has been working for 100 years.
I have set up a department on my Website: Questions for Jim Wallis. I cite chapter and verse for a list of these and similar political assertions. Mr. Wallis has yet to respond.
Somehow, this does not surprise me.
Christian economist William Anderson has exposed Wallis for what he is: an apologist for raw Federal power, a man who "decided that an expanded, violent state was just fine, provided it was aimed at people who actually produced something." He put it this way in 2004
I have never read an issue of Sojourners without finding at least one (and usually many more than one) demand to increase the power and scope of the state. Yes, for all of your claims that you take a jaundiced view of state power, there is no one in the world of organized Christianity who has championed Leviathan more than you. I have come to believe that you oppose U.S. conflicts not so much because they are immoral, but rather because they take resources away from the government's being able to wage war on productive people at home.
I plan to edit a book by Christian economists on this baptized Social Gospel/Liberation Theology movement, which is aimed at nave and well-meaning evangelicals who barely know their Bibles and do not know economics. I hope there are some economists out there who would have as much fun as I would in producing such a book. For details, send an email to firstname.lastname@example.com.
Gary North [send him mail] is the author of Mises on Money. Visit http://www.garynorth.com. He is also the author of a free 20-volume series, An Economic Commentary on the Bible.

subset: commoncrawl


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In the midst of a federal funding disaster, a good idea emerges.
Two words: tax carbon.
A lesson in range anxiety on the country's emerging Supercharger network.
Three major flaws with the idea that most city interstates are here to stay.
Despite modest success, most systems have neither increased mass transit commute share nor the vitality of city centers.
In a city where nine in ten drive to work, the answer could reshape the future.
A passive-aggressive awareness campaign.
Four charts that point to the merits of fix-it-first road funding.
The challenge is to design ways to soften the effects of these necessary evils.
As I-81 nears the end of its functional life, a city struggles to decide the best way forward.
From horse-drawn carriages to the resurgence of downtowns.
Understanding mistakes of the past can help guide U.S. transportation policy in the future.
The village of Long Grove considers privatizing its public streets.
Photographer Bryan Soderlind shares his collection of images from the infamous Orange Blossom Trail.
Two separate road networks: one running between cities and one running within them.
Paved mileage seems to have leveled off between 2008 and 2011.
It's not too soon to start discussing how to keep the Highway Trust Fund from bankruptcy.
How highway interchanges become beautiful color-coded open-source maps.
Trains may finally be able to compete with cars.
And that's a conservative estimate, writes Brookings economist Clifford Winston.


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Many of the scouts in attendance for Monday's senior professional workout at Appalachian State left extremely pleased with the confirmed numbers of one of the most underrated players in the country; safety Corey Lynch.
Measuring 6003 and weighing 202 pounds, the talented senior appeared un-phased by the harsh 28-degree North Carolina mountain weather while posting an impressive 4.54 and 4.58 times in the 40. Although his vertical jump of 34 ½ inches and long jump best of 9 feet, 3 inches were just adequate for the position, his 3.96-second short shuttle and 6.71-second three-cone drill were not only exceptional numbers, but matched up perfectly with his position drills which followed.
With pins in both shoulders, he's probably not going to pass every club's pre-draft physical, but believe me when I tell you, if he can hold up medically, he has the intelligence, instincts, toughness and experience to play this game for a very long time.
Dexter Jackson, possibly the fastest receiver in the country, ran the three-cone in 6.96 seconds and had 11 reps at 225 pounds, but is just not a natural pass catcher. When describing a receiver's pass catching skills, I once heard the great Charlie Joiner refer to a player as having 80/20 hands. His rational was simply for every hundred balls thrown in his direction, the player is going to catch 80. Using that same standard, I would look at this undersized, potential late-round pass catcher as having 60/40 type catching skills.
North Carolina State
The conditions at NC State's pro day last week were far from perfect due to wind gusts of 10 to 15 miles per hour. And due to the noticeable crown on the field at the practice facility, the players were literally forced to run both up and down hill in their 40s!
Darrell Blackman, who was not invited to the recent Combine in Indianapolis, measured 5103 and weighed in at 210 pounds. He impressed coaches and scouts alike with his natural ability to field punts, his catching skills and impressive workout numbers — 38 ½-inch vertical jump, 10-foot long jump, 4.37-second short shuttle, 11.60-second long shuttle and 6.91-second three-cone drill. But with 4.61 and 4.63 times in the 40, he just doesn't have the juice you look for at either the wide receiver or punt return position.
DaJaun Morgan chose not to run the 40, but physically is a very impressive looking individual (6002, 203 pounds). He also vertical jumped 37 ½ inches, long jumped 10 feet, 1 inch and ran both the short and long shuttles in 4.18 and 11.65 seconds respectively.
Cornerback Jimmie Sutton measured in at 5101 and 183 pounds. He posted a 36 ½-inch vertical jump, 10-foot, 6-inch long jump, 4.28-second short shuttle, 11.40-second long shuttle, and a 6.98-second three-cone. Backup safety Miquel Scott was 6001 and 190 pounds, and finished the day with a 38 ½-inch vertical jump, 10-foot, 4-inch long jump, 4.13-second short shuttle, 11.56-second long shuttle, 7.06-second three-cone. Both had solid workouts, but at 4.56 and 4.61 seconds for Sutton and 4.58 and 4.62 seconds for Scott in the 40, neither prospect has the type of speed that the scouts in attendance were looking for in potential free agent prospects.


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24 Spine Devices Receive FDA 510(k) Clearance in October FeaturedWritten by Laura Dyrda | Monday, 19 November 2012 14:25
The Food and Drug Administration granted 24 510(k) clearances in October
1. Reverse Stabilization System from Globus Medical.
2. CD Horizon Spinal System from Medtronic Sofamor Danek.
3. Tryptik CC Anterior Intersomatic Cervical Cage from Spineart.
4. Tiger Spine System from Corelink.
5. Archon Anterior Cervical Plate System from NuVasive.
6. Capsure PS System from Spine Wave.
7. VisuALIF Challenging Access Plate form Spine Smith Partners.
8. iFuse Implant System from SI-BONE.
9. Asfora Anterior Cervical Plate System from Medical Design.
10. Towerlox Pedicle Screw System from Captiva Spine.
11. Stingray Cervical Cage from Omni Surgical.
12. Cougar LS 15 Lateral Cage System from Medos International.
13. 4-Web Cervical Spinal Truss System from 4-Web.
14. Venus Facet Screw System from Apollo Spine.
15. Resolute Facet Screw System from Neurostructures.
16. Fortex Pedicle Screw System from X-Spine.
17. NuVasive Sage Lateral Plate System from NuVasive.
18. Biomet Lateral Spacer System from Biomet Spine.
19. Reliance Posterior Cervical-Thoracic System from Reliance Medical Systems.
20. Anchor-L Lumbar Cage from Stryker Spine.
21. FuseLox Lumbar Interbody Fusion Device from Captiva Spine.
22. Rex Anterior Cervical Plate System from Dio Medical.
23. Canopy Laminoplasty Fixation System from Globus Medical.
24. Certex Spinal Implant System from X-Spine Systems.
More Articles on Orthopedic Devices:
13 Spine Devices Receive FDA 510(k) Clearance in September
23 Spine Devices Receive FDA 510(k) Clearance in August
20 Spine Devices Receive FDA 510(k) Clearance in June
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Blu Dot Drift Four Door Console
Blu Dot's Drift Four Door Console is like a perfectly put together puzzle of woodgrain pieces. I am a total sucker for beautiful woodgrain. As a matter of fact, if I could I would fashion my home in variety of woodgrain furniture including wallpaper. Then again, I guess the adage "variety is the spice to life" has some serious meaning behind it so perhaps I'll stick to one or two perfectly put together woodgrain puzzle pieces.


text: Arthur Boers writes compelling about living more purposefully in "Living into Focus: Choosing What Matters in an Age of Distractions." In this new book, he encourages us to find those activities that "center us" and pursue them. ,The media bombards us every second of the day in this modern world, he explains. But he encourages us to slow … [Read more...]


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FC Bayern Training From Doha - Relive
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Ever wondered why towns and cities flood so easily? Take a ride in a plane – or helicopter – and have a look from above at the amount of concrete and bitumen, which means the water has nowhere to soak in, as it otherwise would. Simple, isn't it?
Lindon Litchfield Southport, Qld , Letters


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Christmas is still THE holiday chez nous, but Halloween is pushing a close second. Even before the new backpacks and school shoes have lost their sheen, my kids start planning their Halloween ensembles and the countdown to trick-or-treating begins.
The Web is a useful resource for finding costume, decorating and party ideas and all sorts of Halloween-themed stuff, including stories, games and whatever it takes to keep your kids pacified until Oct. 31. There are also lots of Halloween zealots with too much time on their hands creating spooky Web sites. Visit one or two a day, and before you know it, Halloween will be here.
Here are some good, family-friendly Web sites to get you started. But beware: You and your children can get lost in Halloween on the Web. (Of course, parents should always sit with their kids when they are searching the Web because the content of Web links change, even those listed on "safe" sites.) Happy haunting.
FAMILY FUN, www.familyfun.go.com
Type "Halloween" into the search box and you'll be rewarded with a plethora (612 when I checked) of designs for costumes, crafts, stickers and decorations as well as jokes, riddles, games, party ideas and recipes. The site, from Family Fun Magazine, makes loads of spooky stuff easily accessible right from your computer. It's nearly ad-free (the only ads are for the magazine) and easily navigable by younger kids. We found designs for simple crafts such as bats to cut out on black paper or foam, recipes for pumpkin cupcakes and candy corn-shaped pizza, Halloween coloring pages to print out, intricate pumpkin carving templates (such as a haunted house), bone shapes to print for making a skeleton costume, a design for a huge Frankenstein lawn decoration made from a picnic table, a recipe for green slime and loads more. Here you can learn how to play party games such as mummy wrap or zombie tag or how to dress your child as, say, a pink unicorn or a traffic light.
KIDS DOMAIN HALLOWEEN FUN, www.kidsdomain.com/holiday/halloween/index.html
Planning a ghoulish get-together? You'll find a one-stop planning guide at this site for a kids' Halloween party, including suggestions for invitations, food, games, decorations and costumes. The site is easy to navigate and full of ideas, but it does have kid-oriented ads, which I find annoying. (My kids have trouble telling the difference between advertising and "content.") That quibble aside, it's a great place to find all things Halloween.
For overachieving parents, there are dozens of clever costumes to make. Dress your child as Scooby Doo (a brown sweat suit and baseball cap, some felt and lots of sewing) or a box of popcorn (my kind of costume because it requires little more than paint, popcorn, an old box and imagination). On the party page you'll find "putrid party games" such as the eyeball relay (painted ping-pong balls) and "revolting recipes" (Dracula's blood pudding or spider ice cubes). If your time is limited (whose isn't?) and you don't mind the ads, this one site will keep your kids busy at least until next Halloween.
TRICK OR TREAT FOR UNICEF, www.unicefusa.org
Amid all the candy, costumes and party planning it's a good idea to remember that lots of children around the world don't have shoes to wear or enough food to eat, much less Frankenstein flip-flops or creepy-crawly cupcakes. At this site, kids can order a free orange Trick or Treat for Unicef box to collect loose change all monthlong to send to Unicef.
Many schools participate in this annual fundraiser, but if yours doesn't, you'll find information about it here for schools, groups and individuals. When your kids are clamoring for Halloween candy, remind them that raising just $10 will buy enough high-protein biscuits to feed three hungry children for a month.
NASA KIDS: HALLOWEEN FUN, http://kids.msfc.nasa.gov/events/halloween.html
When I think of NASA, Halloween doesn't immediately spring to mind, yet the National Aeronautic and Space Administration has a fun Halloween page on its NASA Kids Web site. At this ad-free site there's a haunted house activity that will appeal to school-age children and younger ones with parental help. Kids click around the outside of the haunted house to figure out how to enter. Once they've solved a matching game (involving evil pumpkins) and put together the puzzle door, kids can enter the house and begin collecting clues to solve a mystery. Spooky sound effects add to the creepy (but not scary) atmosphere of this entertaining Halloween game. The site also includes Halloween stories by kids who visit the NASA Web site, a spooky word puzzle, an educational-but-not-quite Halloween story about Echo the bat and a board game about black holes to print out and play.
BLACK DOG'S HALLOWEEN, www.blackdog.net/holiday/halloween/index.html
Get kids into the spooky holiday spirit by playing games at this kid-friendly site. The games, such as Witch Hunt or Monster Match, are simple and silly, but engaging for younger children. My 8-year-old liked the word puzzles and the mazes in Halloween shapes such as a spooky spider or haunted house, which you can print out and play. You can also download screen savers, such as flying witches or bouncing pumpkins, to put your computer in the right Halloween mood.
Jane Huth lives in the north suburbs with her husband, a second-grader, a kindergartner and a newborn.
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text:
You remember Foucault—who was one of the best thinkers of his generation—he supported ayatollah khomeini!
The ayatollah khomeini famously called the United States the Great Satan.
"ayatollah khomeini had a stroke in 1986 and became comatose," says Khalaji.
For Pawlenty, evidently, Thomas Jefferson and the ayatollah khomeini saw government pretty much the same way.
Wallace had secured the first-ever television interview with the new supreme leader, the ayatollah khomeini.
ayatollah khomeini is best known as the stern face of the Islamic Revolution that took over Iran in 1979.
This was the model used by ayatollah khomeini, who spearheaded the 1979 revolution from suburban Paris.
Even when our navy had sunk most of theirs, Iran kept fighting, and the Iranian people rallied behind ayatollah khomeini.
There is no ayatollah khomeini or league of extreme Islamic clerics leading this opposition.
The shah returned to become even more despotic until his own overthrow in 1979 by ayatollah khomeini.


text:
On 08/21/2013 12:47 PM, Gold Dragon Inc. wrote:
> Hi all
> Can someone confirm me if what I did is correct?
If you are not sure, use the wizard. It will make ration default
choices for you and give you a very good starting point. All you have
to do is say how big you pipe is. (Not how big it can be, as in
burstable, but what it IS after being loaded a while)
Also check "Share bandwidth evenly on LAN" as it makes a big difference,
but do not worry about "Set P2P traffic to lowest priority" as it is
port based, and most p2p clients are not anymore.
Then you can create new pipes and shove the pigs into them if you need,
but you may find that it is not an issue anymore.


text:
Student Body President Has Much to Accomplish Before His Term Ends
BY CHRISTIANNA CASALETTO // OCT. 3, 2016 // Student Body President Cameron Hoyt is five weeks into his final semester in his position. However, he still has a lot he'd like to accomplish before he steps down. Hoyt is a senior Psychology major and has been an active member of the Student Government Association for the last 3 ½ years.Read more


text:
Lynn aeronautics students still landing internships with Spirit Airlines, Jet Blue
Published Apr. 30, 2009
Students in Lynn's Burton D. Morgan School of Aeronautics are still landing internships despite the dwindling job market and economic recession. "Airlines are belt-tightening," said Jeff Johnson, dean of Lynn's School of Aeronautics, "but the aviation industry is still strong." Lynn's School of Aeronautics enrolls approximately 50 undergraduate students and 35 master's and continuing education students, and many of them are enrolled in summer internships with major airlines and airports.
"Pilots have been furloughed," said Johnson, "but companies are still hiring qualified people for administrative positions. That includes several of our student interns." Jordan Greene, a sophomore from Scarsdale, N.Y. will be interning for Jet Blue Airways; Adam Trematore, a sophomore from Chester, N.J., has an internship lined up with the Morristown Municipal Airport Authority; and graduating senior, Emma Roberts, will continue her airline internship with Spirit Airlines.
Roberts, originally from Hampton Cove, Ala., has been interning with Spirit since January of 2008. "I'm a flight operations intern. I really enjoy my position," said Roberts. "I do a little bit of everything from updating manuals in the cockpit to assisting crew members with special projects. My position is very flexible, and it allows me to get to know all aspects of the airline."
Roberts will continue her internship with Spirit throughout the summer. "I would love to get a full-time position," said Roberts, "but for now, the internship is helping me figure out exactly which department I'd like to work with. Ideally, I'd like to work in the operations and pilot side of the organization."
"Aviation employers are looking for experience and education," said Johnson. "They want to hire someone with at least a bachelor's degree, but an M.B.A. is preferable. When students graduate from Lynn with a degree in aviation management, they have both education and experience through internships, flight training programs and classroom exercises."
"Lynn has helped me a lot," said Roberts. "Learning the business side of aviation and applying time management skills were the most beneficial."


text:
Different kinds of Sit Up Exercises
On March 6 2002, Edmar Freitas, a weight-training instructor, did 111,000 sit-ups in twenty-four hours. Freitas ate an energy bar and drank a glass of coconut milk to keep up his energy and strength while performing the sit-ups. He was also allowed a five minute break every four hours so he could go to the bathroom.
While doing Sit Ups, you can vary the hand position to increase the difficulty and intensity of the exercise. Both the hand positionsbelow, target the upper abdominal muscles.
Inclined boards are great ways to increase the intensity in a sit up. Just make sure the board is securely fastened before you start. Nothing worse than injuring yourself trying to get fit !
Unmercifully intense !
Sensei Oscars favourite. Rating - Pure hell ! Surprisingly popular with kids too, when they do this with a partner.
This is hard and a lot of fun. Its like doing the wave at a sports stadium, only harder.


text:
Lily Collins Talks 'Snow White' & Taylor Lautner With ASOS [PHOTOS]
Lily Collins, Taylor Lautner's gorgeous girlfriend and Abduction co-star, covers the new October 2011 issue of ASOS Magazine. The daughter of pop star Phil Collins career is currently on the rise thanks to her appearances in The Blind Side and Priest.
She's set to break through with her starring roles in Abduction and The Brothers Grimm: Snow White alongside the "evil queen," Julia Roberts. Here are a few of the highlights from the interview.
About filming Snow White: "It is so surreal. Everyone calls me "Snow" on-set and I'm working with Julia Roberts!"
PHOTOS: Lily Collins At The 2011 MTV Movie Awards
About her upcoming film Abduction: "I never thought in a million years I'd be doing stunts, flying off trains, setting people on fire, running through swamps at night, but it's fun and I love taking chances."
About Taylor Lautner: "I was blown away. People know him from Twilight and see him as Jacob, but Jacob is not in this movie. I've heard him be compared to Tom Cruise – which is cool."
More from Lily…
About The Blind Side: "When I got that movie, no one on-set expected it to do what it did, so there wasn't that pressure of it being a huge budget movie. It's almost better that I didn't get cast in something that had so many expectations from the get-go."
About Karl Lagerfeld: "I heard talk at the table he was leaving and I hadn't met him yet. So I grabbed the PR person, and remember sprinting through the Met Museum in my Chanel dress and huge Chanel shoes just to say hello to him."
About fall fashion: "I'm into big sweaters, and cool combat boots. I love mixing and matching things. Autumn/winter is great, because you're able to mix feminine and masculine. Cool army jackets with dresses, tights and boots. I love having that masculine, edgy touch but being flirty and fun at the same time."
Check out behind the scenes footage at ASOS.com and look for the iPad version of the magazine to launch this Friday, September 2, 2011.


text:
Today, YSTV brings you the man who wears the shoes that every entrepreneur in the software services industry in India wants to be in. Senapathy 'Kris' Gopalakrishnan, one of the Infosys's 6 co-founders, currently co-chair's the software behemoth. One of India's first big success stories from the software industry, we got the veteran to share his views on the opportunities for technology startups in India and on the one thing that has made Infosys the $7 Billion corpus that it is today; leadership –
Kris first shares his views on the opportunities that the Indian startup ecosystem presents for technology businesses and what it takes to make it big, "There are numerous opportunities with respect to technology in India, there is a long runway ahead. Second is that you have to think big and you have to be audacious. You have to really think that you are going to change the world and just go for it. Some will succeed, some won't, but the successes are what is needed. Thirdly, while everyone says think global, but I also feel that you must define your focus and your own metrics for success."
Stay tuned to YSTV for more insights from the Industry's best.


text:
SUPPORT OF PROGRAM PROJECT GRANTS NIH GUIDE, Volume 21, Number 34, September 25, 1992 P.T. 34 Keywords: Grants Administration/Policy+ Biomedical Research, Multidiscipl National Institute of General Medical Sciences PURPOSE This announcement updates and summarizes the policy of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) regarding program project grants (P01). IT IS NOT AN ANNOUNCEMENT OF ANY NEW PROGRAM OR INITIATIVE. Rather, it represents a clarification of existing policies. Since many investigators have inquired about the intent and purposes of NIGMS-supported program project grants and their relationships to other support mechanisms, the following description and summary is intended to be helpful to potential applicants. The NIGMS supports research in the areas of Cellular and Molecular Basis of Disease, Genetics, Pharmacological Sciences, and Biophysics and Physiological Sciences. Program project grants are investigator-initiated, but because of budgetary constraints may be restricted to areas of special interest to the individual programs within the NIGMS. Potential applicants are advised to contact the NIGMS program staff listed at the end of this announcement for guidance in the areas appropriate for program project grant applications and the preparation of the application itself. ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS Applications may be submitted by domestic, for-profit and non-profit organizations, public and private, such as universities, colleges, hospitals, laboratories, units of State and local governments, and eligible agencies of the Federal government. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The program project mechanism is designed to support research in which the funding of several projects as a group offers significant scientific advantages over support of these same projects as individual research grants. Successful program projects generally bring together scientists in diverse fields, who might not otherwise collaborate, to work on a well-defined problem or goal. As a result, an environment for interdisciplinary research is created. In addition, the program project can facilitate the support of essential shared core facilities, e.g., major equipment, although the need of a group of investigators for a major piece of equipment or a core facility does not in itself provide sufficient justification for a program project grant. Usually, a program project consists of three to five individual projects. The scientist designated by the applicant institution as the Principal Investigator bears responsibility for the overall scientific leadership and fiscal management of the program project grant. It is expected that each of the collaborating scientists responsible for the individual projects will be independent investigators. Investigators from more than one department, administrative unit, or institution (through a sub-contract mechanism) are commonly included. The program project grant is not intended to be a vehicle for departmental support, nor is the research support of one senior investigator and several postdoctoral and research associate-level scientists appropriate under this mechanism. In addition, the program project and each individual project must represent a significant effort on the part of the participating scientists and should be distinct from their other funded efforts. If individuals have substantial support in areas closely related to the program project and cannot fold this support into the program project, they may participate as associate members. Associate members have full use of, for example, core facilities, and contribute to the overall collegiality of the project, but derive no financial support from it. APPLICATION PROCEDURES There is an upper limit to the budget that may be requested in a competing program project grant application to the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. This limit (exclusive of subcontractual indirect costs) over a five-year period is given in the table below: Direct Costs Receipt Date FY 93 $ 3,600,000 February 1, 1992 and later FY 94 $ 3,750,000 February 1, 1993 and later FY 95 $ 3,900,000 February 1, 1994 and later FY 96 $ 4,000,000 February 1, 1995 and later Under certain circumstances, additional funds may be provided for major pieces of equipment. Because individual programs have different scientific and budgetary priorities, applicants are urged to consult NIGMS staff prior to submission of a program project grant application. Requests for details of research areas supported by the NIGMS and inquiries exploring the suitability of the program project grant mechanism may be directed to the program staff listed at the end of this announcement. Applications are to be prepared using form PHS 398 (rev. 9/91 and available at most institutional business offices and from the Division of Research Grants, NIH) and the additional guidelines stated below. The receipt dates for new and renewal program project grant applications are February 1, June 1, and October 1. The earliest possible award dates will be approximately nine months after the receipt dates. Applications received too late for one cycle of review will be held for the next. The program project grant application is to be structured as a series of separate but related project proposals. The following format is to be used: Overall Proposal: An introductory section must contain justification for the program project grant mechanism and describe those goals that are not readily attainable through individual research project grants. This section must include: o a face page; o an abstract; o a description of the objectives of the program as a whole, the relationship of the individual research projects to the entire program project, and the special benefits to be achieved by funding as a program project grant rather than as a series of individual research grants; o a list of participating personnel; o the consolidated budget for the program project grant (summarizing budgets for the component parts and core); o a description of facilities available, including major instruments and special program resources; o administrative arrangements for overall scientific leadership, quality control, and management of the program project grant; and o a separate, overall listing of the proposed percent effort on the program project grant and actual and pending research support from all sources for each participating investigator (including percent effort devoted to each project). This section must also detail the relationship of existing support to the proposed program project and describe planned modification to that support in the event of funding, for example, folding in support for related funded research. Component Projects: Each individual project of a program project grant must represent an independent as well as an interdependent research effort, and must be prepared in the format of an individual research grant application. The face page, abstract, budget pages, biographical information, a detailed description of the research to be conducted, and any justification for human and animal experimentation, if applicable, must be included. If support of core resources is requested, a separate component describing and justifying these must be included. The completed original application and five legible copies must be sent or delivered to: Division of Research Grants National Institutes of Health Westwood Building, Room 240 Bethesda, MD 20892** REVIEW CONSIDERATIONS Program project grant applications are reviewed by either the Division of Research Grants or the NIGMS Office of Review Activities, depending on the subject. The applicant should not assume that a site visit will accompany the review of a program project grant application. Therefore, the application must be sufficiently complete so that it can be reviewed without a site visit. The individual projects within a program project grant, as well as the program project grant as a whole, must meet the same standards of scientific merit as those required of individual research project grants. The scientific merit of the entire program project grant application, as well as its coherence as a program, will be assessed. In addition, the scientific merit of each individual project will be assessed and a priority score assigned. This assessment will be based both on the scientific merit of the individual project as an independent effort and on its potential importance to the success of the total effort. AWARD CRITERIA Final review and recommendations by the National Advisory General Medical Sciences Council will take into account the scientific merit of both the individual projects and the program project as a whole. It is possible that funding for some of the individual projects or core components favorably recommended by the initial review group may be deleted by Council or by NIGMS staff prior to award of a grant, based on the scientific merit of these components or the lack of coherence with the rest of the program project. The Council will also judge the appropriateness of the application to the mission of the programs within the NIGMS, taking into account the budgetary situation at the time of funding. In addition, the total support of the Principal Investigator, the group of investigators as a whole, or any individual investigator may be considered in funding the entire program project or any part thereof. INQUIRIES For further information, applicants are advised to contact the NIGMS program staff listed below: Biophysics and Physiological Sciences: Dr. James Cassatt, (301) 496-7463 Trauma and Burn Injury Research: Dr. Lee Van Lenten, (301) 496-7001 Cellular and Molecular Basis of Disease: Dr. Bert I. Shapiro, (301) 496-7518 Genetics: Dr. Judith Greenberg, (301) 496-7175 Pharmacological Sciences: Dr. Christine Carrico, (301) 496-7707 Anesthesiology: Dr. Alison Cole (301) 496-7707 Biorelated Chemistry: Dr. Michael Rogers, (301) 496-7181 All correspondence may be addressed to: National Institute of General Medical Sciences Westwood Building 5333 Westbard Avenue Bethesda MD 20892 For general information, applicants may contact Dr. W. Sue Shafer, (301) 496-7061 and for business management aspects, Ms. Carol Tippery, (301) 496-7746. AUTHORITY AND REGULATIONS This program is described in the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance Nos. 93.862, 93.821, 93.863, and 93.859. Awards are made under authorization of the Public Health Service Act, Title IV, Part A (Public Law 78-410, as amended by Public Law 99-158, 42 USC 241 and 285) and administered under PHS grants policies and Federal Regulations 42 CFR 52 and 45 CFR Part 74. This program is not subject to the intergovernmental review requirements of Executive Order 12372 or Health Systems Agency review. .
Return to 1992 Index
Return to NIH Guide Main Index
Office of Extramural
Research (OER)
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9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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and Human Services (HHS)
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text:
How to Contour
18 comments
- Brittany Lew Whoo said...
i never really realized how simple my makeup routine is! i don't even have bronzer!
- January 29, 2013 at 9:03 AM
- eryka {from abcde} said...
Can you just be my personal make up artist?! haha!
- January 29, 2013 at 9:05 AM
- KylaFord said...
i love this. and you are BEAUTIFUL! <3
- January 29, 2013 at 9:12 AM
- KylaFord said...
I love this. and you are BEAUTIFUL <3
- January 29, 2013 at 9:12 AM
- Laura said...
what brand and color did you use for your contouring? I use a bronzer, same bronzer for years Physicians formula (it has like 500 colors in the bronzer that you blend when you brush over it) but for contouring better I was thinking I should buy a straight one color
- January 29, 2013 at 9:44 AM
- Rachel Sayumi. said...
I wish I knew how to apply makeup!!! All I do is put some foundation on my face, blush on the cheeks, then make sure i don't poke my eye out with my mascara wand haha. i'll need to try some of your tutorials!
- January 29, 2013 at 10:32 AM
- Amy Lynn said...
i have never worn any kind of face make up besides for my eyes. i need to learn this stuff haha thanks for sharing :)
- January 29, 2013 at 10:40 AM
- Lisa said...
yes!!! thanks for the information!
- January 29, 2013 at 11:54 AM
- Marsa said...
okay so i need to ask, how are you so good at makeup? did you just pick it up? im thinking about going to cosmetology school after i graduate :)
The DayLee Journal
$50 KooDeKer Boutique Giveaway
- January 29, 2013 at 12:45 PM
- Nelle Creations said...
Hope you can check out my blog and enter my giveaway to win an $80 MsDressy.com Gift Card! www.nellecreations.com
- January 29, 2013 at 1:41 PM
- The Egg said...
instantly losing 5 lbs sounds good to me
love your make up tips because, seriously...i'm clueless
xo the egg out west.
- January 29, 2013 at 1:46 PM
- ohseems said...
I never understood contouring! Thanks for this post!!
- January 29, 2013 at 2:41 PM
- Because of Jackie said...
I love your makeup tutorials, they are so informative and really help make up challenged gals like me! LOVE your eyeliner, too:)
- January 29, 2013 at 2:56 PM
- Kelly said...
Thanks! I *kind of* knew how to contour...but I love how straight forward and easy you've made it and taught me how to perfect it :)
- January 29, 2013 at 6:09 PM
- Jessi said...
I'm so glad you posted this! I knew most of it but it's good to have a step by step and your face is always flawless so I know it works! :)
- January 29, 2013 at 9:21 PM
- Sara SHOEmaker said...
love it! I am in dire need of makeup advice. I wish we lived closer then you could help me!!
The House of Shoes
- January 29, 2013 at 10:50 PM
- Janette said...
What do I have to do so it looks like I lost 20lbs instantly? Make it darker?? lol I'm jk.. (sort of!) This is cool. I have to try this technique.. I've tried others and I always look like I have dirt on my face.. I think I need to get a kabuki(sp?) brush! Haha! I'm so bad with makeup stuff.. Honestly. I STINK!
Janette Lane Blog
- January 29, 2013 at 10:59 PM
- jennifer lane designs said...
trying this tomorrow :)
- January 31, 2013 at 7:32 PM


text:
「Ultra-wideband (UWB) Respiration/ Heart Rate/ Body Movements Monitor」is based on [ultra-wideband non-contact physiological monitoring technology]. By non-contact detection technology to detect the body's breathing and heartbeat is extremely convenient and minimizes potential hazards on the human body from long-term contacts.
The [ultra-wideband non-contact physiological monitoring technology] is designated for measuring physiological parameters, the device emits a low-powered pulse wave on the human body to detect signals from the frequency of movements or vibrations of human organs and thereby effectively measure physiological parameters accurately regardless of the positions of the subject. Also, the device is suitable for use on various daily life occasions for its small size, low power consumption and low cost.
UWB Non-Contact Sensor
SR-20 can monitor vital sign from patient remotely
Monitoring breathing and heart rate
Vital Sign Monitor
Display breathing and heart rate signal
※ This product's sales is not authorized to any distributor in China.


text:
(if this is a private computer)
Yes please, register now!
Start a Conversation
Add A Photo
When you purchase a digital subscription to Cake Central Magazine, you will get an instant and automatic download of the most recent issue.
An 8in. round made at my sister's request for her co-worker.
Buttercream with fondant accents and golf balls. Got the inspiration for the name on the balls from right here on CC.


text:
How to use " ip identd" to check the incoming user ?
I configurate the command "ip identd" in routers. How to get the information from the port (113) in routers. I had used the access-list to check the telnet session between two routers but could n't view anything.
please advise.
best regards


text:
prostate-specific antigen
出典: meddic
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2015/12/22 22:54:44」(JST)
wiki en[Wiki en表示]
|Kallikrein related peptidase 3
Crystallographic structure of human prostate-specific antigen (green/gold cartoon) covalently attached to an substrate acyl intermediate (multicolor sticks, carbon = white, nitrogen = blue, oxygen = red) and an glucosamine–manose disaccharide (spheres, carbon = yellow and oxygen = red).[1]
|KLK3 ; APS; KLK2A1; PSA; hK3
|External IDs
|OMIM: 176820 MGI: 892021 HomoloGene: 68141 ChEMBL: 2099 GeneCards: KLK3 Gene
|EC number
|RNA expression pattern
|More reference expression data
|RefSeq (mRNA)
|RefSeq (protein)
|Location (UCSC)
|Chr 19:
50.85 – 50.86 Mb
|Chr 7:
44.11 – 44.12 Mb
|PubMed search
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), also known as gamma-seminoprotein or kallikrein-3 (KLK3), is a glycoprotein enzyme encoded in humans by the KLK3 gene. PSA is a member of the kallikrein-related peptidase family and is secreted by the epithelial cells of the prostate gland. PSA is produced for the ejaculate, where it liquefies semen in the seminal coagulum and allows sperm to swim freely.[2] It is also believed to be instrumental in dissolving cervical mucus, allowing the entry of sperm into the uterus.[3]
PSA is present in small quantities in the serum of men with healthy prostates, but is often elevated in the presence of prostate cancer or other prostate disorders.[4] The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF, 2012) does not recommend PSA screening for prostate cancer, noting that the test may result in "overdiagnosis" and "overtreatment" because "most prostate cancer is asymptomatic for life" and treatments involve risks of complications including impotence (erectile dysfunction) and incontinence. The USPSTF concludes "the potential benefit does not outweigh the expected harms."[5] PSA is not a unique indicator of prostate cancer, but may also detect prostatitis or benign prostatic hyperplasia.[6] 30 percent of patients with high PSA have prostate cancer diagnosed after biopsy.
- 1 Medical uses
- 1.1 Prostate cancer
- 1.1.1 Screening
- 1.1.2 Risk stratification and staging
- 1.1.3 Post-treatment monitoring
- 1.1.4 Histology
- 1.2 Forensic identification of semen
- 1.1 Prostate cancer
- 2 Mechanism of action
- 3 Biochemistry
- 4 History
- 5 Serum levels
- 5.1 PSA velocity
- 5.2 Free PSA
- 5.3 Inactive PSA
- 6 PSA in other biologic fluids and tissues
- 7 Interactions
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 Further reading
- 11 External links
Medical uses
Prostate cancer
Clinical practice guidelines for prostate cancer screening vary and are controversial due to uncertainty as to whether the benefits of screening ultimately outweigh the risks of overdiagnosis and over treatment.[7] In the United States, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the PSA test for annual screening of prostate cancer in men of age 50 and older. The patient needs to be informed of the risks and benefits of PSA testing prior to performing the test (see below). PSA levels between 4 and 10 ng/mL (nanograms per milliliter) are considered to be suspicious and consideration should be given to confirming the abnormal PSA with a repeat test. If indicated, prostate biopsy is performed to obtain tissue sample for histopathological analysis. In the United Kingdom, the National Health Service (2005) does not mandate, nor advise for PSA test, but allows patients to decide based on their doctor's advice.[8]
A review commissioned by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force concluded that "Prostate-specific antigen-based screening results in small or no reduction in prostate cancer-specific mortality and is associated with harms related to subsequent evaluation and treatments, some of which may be unnecessary,"[5] or more simply, "[t]he potential benefit does not outweigh the expected harms" in patients not already diagnosed or being treated for prostate cancer.
While PSA testing may help 1000 in 1,000,000 avoid death due to prostate cancer, 4000 to 5000 in 1,000,000 would die from prostate cancer after 10 years even with screening. This means that PSA screening may reduce mortality from prostate cancer by up to 25%. Expected harms include anxiety for 100 – 120 receiving false positives, biopsy pain, and other complications from biopsy for false positive tests. Of those found to have prostate cancer, frequent overdiagnosis is common because most cases of prostate cancer are not expected to cause any symptoms. Therefore many will experience the side effects of treatment, such as for every 100 men screened, 2.9 will experience erectile dysfunction, 1.8 will suffer urinary incontinence, .2 will have serious cardiovascular events, .1 will suffer pulmonary embolus or deep venous thrombosis, and .1 perioperative death. Since the expected harm relative to risk of death are perceived by patients as minimal, men found to have prostate cancer usually (up to 90% of cases) select to receive treatment.[5]
Risk stratification and staging
Men with prostate cancer may be characterized as low-, intermediate-, or high-risk for having/developing metastatic disease or dying of prostate cancer. PSA level is one of three variables on which the risk-stratification is based; the others are the grade of prostate cancer (Gleason grading system) and the stage of cancer based on physical examination and imaging studies. Criteria for each risk category are as follows:
- Low-risk: PSA < 10, Gleason score ≤ 6, AND clinical stage ≤ T2a
- Intermediate-risk: PSA 10-20, Gleason score 7, OR clinical stage T2b/c
- High-risk: PSA > 20, Gleason score ≥ 8, OR clinical stage ≥ T3
Post-treatment monitoring
PSA levels are monitored periodically (e.g., every 6–36 months) after treatment for prostate cancer - more frequently in patients with high-risk disease, less frequently in patients with lower-risk disease. If surgical therapy (i.e., radical prostatectomy) is successful at removing all prostate tissue (and prostate cancer), PSA becomes undetectable within a few weeks. A subsequent rise in PSA level above 0.2 ng/mL[9] L[disputed – discuss] is generally regarded as evidence of recurrent prostate cancer after a radical prostatectomy; less commonly, it may simply indicate residual benign prostate tissue.[citation needed]
Following radiation therapy of any type for prostate cancer, some PSA levels might be detected, even when the treatment ultimately proves to be successful. This makes it more difficult to interpret the relationship between PSA levels and recurrence/persistence of prostate cancer after radiation therapy. PSA levels may continue to decrease for several years after radiation therapy. The lowest level is referred to as the PSA nadir. A subsequent increase in PSA levels by 2.0 ng/dL[disputed – discuss] above the nadir is the currently accepted definition of prostate cancer recurrence after radiation therapy.[citation needed]
If recurrent prostate cancer is detected by a rise in PSA levels after curative treatment, it is referred to as a "biochemical recurrence". The likelihood of developing recurrent prostate cancer after curative treatment is related to the pre-operative variables described in the preceding section (PSA level and grade/stage of cancer). Low-risk cancers are the least likely to recur, but they are also the least likely to have required treatment in the first place.[citation needed]
PSA is produced in the epithelial cells of the prostate, and can be demonstrated in biopsy samples or other histological specimens using immunohistochemistry. Disruption of this epithelium, for example in inflammation or benign prostatic hyperplasia, may lead to some diffusion of the antigen into the tissue around the epithelium, and is the cause of elevated blood levels of PSA in these conditions.[10]
More significantly, PSA remains present in prostate cells after they become malignant. Prostate cancer cells generally have variable or weak staining for PSA, due to the disruption of their normal functioning. Thus, individual prostate cancer cells produce less PSA than healthy cells; the raised serum levels in prostate cancer patients is due to the greatly increased number of such cells, not their individual activity. However, in most cases of prostate cancer, the cells remain positive for the antigen, which can therefore be used to identify metastasis. Since some high-grade prostate cancers may be entirely negative for PSA, however, histological analysis to identify such cases usually uses PSA in combination with other antibodies, such as PSAP and CD57.[10]
Forensic identification of semen
PSA was first identified by researchers attempting to find a substance in seminal fluid that would aid in the investigation of rape cases.[11] PSA is now used to indicate the presence of semen in forensic serology.[12] The semen of adult males has PSA levels far in excess of those found in other tissues; therefore, a high level of PSA found in a sample is an indicator that semen may be present. Because PSA is a biomarker that is expressed independently of spermatozoa, it remains useful in identifying semen from vasectomized and azoospermic males.[13]
PSA can also be found at low levels in other body fluids, such as urine and breast milk, thus setting a high minimum threshold of interpretation to rule out false positive results and conclusively state that semen is present.[14] While traditional tests such as crossover electrophoresis have a sufficiently low sensitivity to detect only seminal PSA, newer diagnostics tests developed from clinical prostate cancer screening methods have lowered the threshold of detection down to 4 ng/mL.[15] This level of antigen has been shown to be present in the peripheral blood of males with prostate cancer, and rarely in female urine samples and breast milk.[14] No studies have been performed to assess the PSA levels in the tissues and secretions of pre-pubescent children. Therefore, the presence of PSA from a high sensitivity (4 ng/mL) test cannot conclusively identify the presence of semen, so care must be taken with the interpretation of such results.
Mechanism of action
The physiological function of KLK3 is the dissolution of the coagulum, the sperm entrapping gel composed of semenogelins and fibronectin. Its proteolic action is effective in liquefying the coagulum so that the sperm can be liberated. The activity of PSA is well regulated. In the prostate it is present as an inactive pro-form which is activated through the action of KLK2, another kallikrein-related peptidase. In the prostate, zinc ion concentrations are ten times higher than in other bodily fluids. Zinc ions have a strong inhibitory effect on the activity of PSA and on that of KLK2, so that PSA is totally inactive. Further regulation is achieved through pH variations. Although its activity is increased by higher pH, the inhibitory effect of zinc also increases. The pH of semen is slightly alkaline and the concentrations of zinc are high. On ejaculation, semen is exposed to the acidic pH of the vagina, due to the presence of lactic acid. In fertile couples, the final vaginal pH after coitus approaches the 6-7 levels, which coincides well with reduced zinc inhibition of PSA. At these pH levels, the reduced PSA activity is countered by a decrease in zinc inhibition. Thus, the coagulum is slowly liquefied, releasing the sperm in a well regulated manner.
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA, also known as kallikrein III, seminin, semenogelase, γ-seminoprotein and P-30 antigen) is a 34-kD glycoprotein produced almost exclusively by the prostate gland. It is a serine protease (EC 184.108.40.206) enzyme, the gene of which is located on the 19th chromosome (19q13) in humans.[16]
The discovery of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is beset with controversy; as PSA is present in prostatic tissue and semen, it was independently discovered and given different names, thus adding to the controversy.[17]
Flocks was the first to experiment with antigens in the prostate[18] and 10 years later Albin reported the presence of precipitation antigens in the prostate.[19]
In 1971, Hara characterized a unique protein in the semen fluid, gamma-seminoprotein. Li and Beling, in 1973, isolated a protein, E1, from human semen in an attempt to find a novel method to achieve fertility control.[20][21]
In 1978, Sensabaugh identified semen-specific protein p30, but proved that it was similar to E1 protein, and that prostate was the source.[22] In 1979, Wang purified a tissue-specific antigen from the prostate ('prostate antigen').[23]
PSA was first measured quantitatively in the blood by Papsidero in 1980,[24] and Stamey carried out the initial work on the clinical use of PSA as a marker of prostate cancer.
Serum levels
PSA is normally present in the blood at very low levels. The reference range of less than 4 ng/mL for the first commercial PSA test, the Hybritech Tandem-R PSA test released in February 1986, was based on a study that found 99% of 472 apparently healthy men had a total PSA level below 4 ng/mL—the upper limit of normal is much less than 4 ng/mL.[25]
Increased levels of PSA may suggest the presence of prostate cancer. However, prostate cancer can also be present in the complete absence of an elevated PSA level, in which case the test result would be a false negative.[26]
Obesity has been reported to reduce serum PSA levels.[27] Delayed early detection may partially explain worse outcomes in obese men with early prostate cancer.[28] After treatment, higher BMI also correlates to higher risk of recurrence.[29]
PSA levels can be also increased by prostatitis, irritation, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and recent ejaculation,[30][31] producing a false positive result. Digital rectal examination (DRE) has been shown in several studies[32] to produce an increase in PSA. However, the effect is clinically insignificant, since DRE causes the most substantial increases in patients with PSA levels already elevated over 4.0 ng/mL.
The "normal" reference ranges for prostate-specific antigen increase with age, as do the usual ranges in cancer:[33]
|50 - 59
|60 - 69
|No cancer
|No cancer
|No cancer
|No cancer
|5th percentile
|95th percentile
PSA velocity
Despite earlier findings,[35] recent research suggests that the rate of increase of PSA (e.g. >0.35 ng/mL/yr, the 'PSA velocity'[36]) is not a more specific marker for prostate cancer than the serum level of PSA.[37]
However, the PSA rate of rise may have value in prostate cancer prognosis. Men with prostate cancer whose PSA level increased by more than 2.0 ng per milliliter during the year before the diagnosis of prostate cancer have a higher risk of death from prostate cancer despite undergoing radical prostatectomy.[38] PSA velocity (PSAV) was found in a 2008 study to be more useful than the PSA doubling time (PSA DT) to help identify those men with life-threatening disease before start of treatment.[39]
Free PSA
Most PSA in the blood is bound to serum proteins. A small amount is not protein bound and is called 'free PSA'. In men with prostate cancer the ratio of free (unbound) PSA to total PSA is decreased. The risk of cancer increases if the free to total ratio is less than 25%. (See graph at right.) The lower the ratio is, the greater the probability of prostate cancer. Measuring the ratio of free to total PSA appears to be particularly promising for eliminating unnecessary biopsies in men with PSA levels between 4 and 10 ng/mL.[40] However, both total and free PSA increase immediately after ejaculation, returning slowly to baseline levels within 24 hours.[30]
Inactive PSA
The PSA test in 1994 failed to differentiate between prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and the commercial assay kits for PSA did not provide correct PSA values. [41] Thus with the introduction of the ratio of free to total PSA, the reliability of the test has improved and measuring the activity of the enzyme could add to the ratio of free to total PSA and further improve the diagnostic value of test.[42] Proteolytically active PSA has been shown to have an anti-angiogenic effect [43] and certain inactive subforms may be associated with prostate cancer, as shown by MAb 5D3D11, an antibody able to detect forms abundantly represented in sera from cancer patients. [44] The presence of inactive proenzyme forms of PSA is another potential indicator of disease.[45]
PSA in other biologic fluids and tissues
|PSA (ng/mL)
|amniotic fluid
|breast milk
|female urine
|female serum
It is now clear that the term prostate-specific antigen is a misnomer: it is an antigen but is not specific to the prostate. Although present in large amounts in prostatic tissue and semen, it has been detected in other body fluids and tissues.[14]
In women, PSA is found in female ejaculate at concentrations roughly equal to that found in male semen.[46] Other than semen and female ejaculate, the greatest concentrations of PSA in biological fluids are detected in breast milk and amniotic fluid. Low concentrations of PSA have been identified in the urethral glands, endometrium, normal breast tissue and salivary gland tissue. PSA also is found in the serum of women with breast, lung, or uterine cancer and in some patients with renal cancer.[47]
Tissue samples can be stained for the presence of PSA in order to determine the origin of malignant cells that have metastasized.[48]
Prostate-specific antigen has been shown to interact with protein C inhibitor.[49][50]
See also
- Tumor markers
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Further reading
- De Angelis G, Rittenhouse HG, Mikolajczyk SD, Blair Shamel L, Semjonow A (2007). "Twenty Years of PSA: From Prostate Antigen to Tumor Marker". Reviews in Urology 9 (3): 113–23. PMC 2002501. PMID 17934568.
- Henttu P, Vihko P (Jun 1994). "Prostate-specific antigen and human glandular kallikrein: two kallikreins of the human prostate". Annals of Medicine 26 (3): 157–64. doi:10.3109/07853899409147884. PMID 7521173.
- Diamandis EP, Yousef GM, Luo LY, Magklara A, Obiezu CV (Mar 2000). "The new human kallikrein gene family: implications in carcinogenesis". Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 11 (2): 54–60. doi:10.1016/S1043-2760(99)00225-8. PMID 10675891.
- Lilja H (Nov 2003). "Biology of prostate-specific antigen". Urology 62 (5 Suppl 1): 27–33. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(03)00775-1. PMID 14607215.
External links
- The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: S01.162
- American Cancer Society: Detailed Guide: Prostate Cancer Can Prostate Cancer Be Found Early?
- National Cancer Institute: The Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: Questions and Answers
- Prostate-Specific Antigen at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Prostate UK Help us stop prostate diseases ruining lives
- PSA at Lab Tests Online
UpToDate Contents
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- 1. 前立腺特異的抗原(PSA)の測定 measurement of prostate specific antigen
- 2. 前立腺癌のスクリーニング screening for prostate cancer
- 3. 前立腺癌に対する局所療法に伴う血清PSAの上昇:定義、自然経過、およびリスク層別化 rising serum psa following local therapy for prostate cancer definition natural history and risk stratification
- 4. 前立腺癌治療中および治療後のフォローアップにおけるサーベイランス follow up surveillance during and after treatment for prostate cancer
- 5. 前立腺癌に対する局所療法に伴う血清PSAの上昇:診断評価 rising serum psa following local therapy for prostate cancer diagnostic evaluation
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- Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2015 Jul;230(7):1594-606. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24906.
- We previously encountered regulatory processes wherein dihydrotestosterone (DHT) exerted its inhibitory effect on parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) gene repression through the estrogen receptor (ER)α, but not the androgen receptor (AR), in breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Here, we investigated
- Label-free electrochemical detection of prostate-specific antigen based on nucleic acid aptamer.
- Souada M1, Piro B2, Reisberg S1, Anquetin G1, Noël V1, Pham MC1.
- Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2015 Jun 15;68:49-54. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.12.033. Epub 2014 Dec 16.
- We report a label-free aptasensor to make direct detection of prostate specific antigen (PSA, a biomarker of prostate cancer) using a quinone-containing conducting copolymer acting as redox transducer and grafting matrix for immobilization of the short aptamer strands. It is shown that capture of PS
- Androgens and obesity in male adolescents.
- Vandewalle S1, De Schepper J, Kaufman JM.
- Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity.Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes.2015 Jun;22(3):230-7. doi: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000160.
- PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Data on sex steroid levels and pubertal development in obese adolescent boys are scarce and contrasting. The present review summarizes the most recent results obtained with improved methodology to measure low sex steroid levels in children.RECENT FINDINGS: Obese pubertal boys have
- Understanding prostate-specific antigen dynamics in monitoring metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: implications for clinical practice
- Asian journal of andrology 19(2), 143-148, 2017-03-01
- 前立腺肥大症患者の前立腺癌罹患リスク
- 日本保険医学会誌 = Japanese journal of insurance medicine 115(1), 36-42, 2017-03
- Clinical and histopathological characteristics of patients with prostate cancer in the BioBank Japan project
- Journal of epidemiology 27(3), S65-S70, 2017-03
- Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), also known as gamma-seminoprotein or kallikrein-3 (KLK3), is a glycoprotein encoded in humans by the KLK3 gene. PSA is a member of the kallikrein-related peptidase family and is secreted by the epithelial ...
|「specific」「antigen」「prostate」「specific antigen」
- 前立腺上皮細胞から分泌されるキニン-カリクレインファミリーに属する分子量33~34kDaの糖蛋白で、セリンプロテアーゼの一種である。
- 精液中に含まれ、精子運動性の亢進および精漿の液状化に関与するといわれている。
- 血液中では10-20%がfree PSAとして存在するが、多くはα1-アンチキモトリプシン(ACT)と結合している。
- 前立腺癌の診断や治療経過をみる腫瘍マーカーとして用いられているが、生理的、あるいは他の疾患でも上昇することがある。
- Tandem-Rキットでの基準値が臨床では良く用いられている、らしい。(ガイドラインにも記載があった気がした)
- 正常:4ng/ml以下(IRMA法) (参考1)
- グレーゾーン:4-10 ng/ml
- 高値:10ng/ml
- 加齢により増加するため、年齢階層別基準値が定められている。
- 尿路・前立腺の炎症:急性前立腺炎
- 機械的刺激:長時間のサイクリング、前立腺マッサージ、前立腺生検、尿道カテーテル留置、膀胱鏡検査、前立腺手術
- その他:急性尿閉、射精後
- 1. 体外診断用放射性医薬品/タンデム-R free PSA
[★] 前立腺特異抗原 prostate-specific antigen
- adj.
- (~に関して)明確な、はっきりとした(exact precise)、具体的な(in, about)
- (比較)(限定)特定の(particular)、一定の(⇔general)
- (~に)特有の、独特の(to)
- (比較)(医学)(~に)渡航のある(for)。特殊な
- (生物)(生物)種の
- 医学)特異の
- (物理)比の。物質固有の。単位質量・長さ・面積・容積で
WordNet [license wordnet]「stated explicitly or in detail; "needed a specific amount"」
PrepTutorEJDIC [license prepejdic]「《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『特定の』,一定の・『明確な』,明白な・(そのものに)『特有の』,独特の《+『to』+『名』》・〈C〉(…の)特効薬《+『for』+『名』》・《複数形で》明細,細部(details)」
WordNet [license wordnet]「a medicine that has a mitigating effect on a specific disease; "quinine is a specific for malaria"」
WordNet [license wordnet]「(sometimes followed by `to'」
WordNet [license wordnet]「being or affecting a disease produced by a particular microorganism or condition; used also of stains or dyes used in making microscope slides; "quinine is highly specific for malaria"; "a specific remedy"; "a specific stain is one having a specific affinity for particular structural elements"」
WordNet [license wordnet]「relating to or distinguishing or constituting a taxonomic species; "specific characters"」
- n.
WordNet [license wordnet]「any substance (as a toxin or enzyme) that stimulates an immune response in the body (especially the production of antibodies)」
PrepTutorEJDIC [license prepejdic]「抗原(生物の体内にはいって免疫体を作る物質)」
WordNet [license wordnet]「relating to the prostate gland」
PrepTutorEJDIC [license prepejdic]「前立腺(せん)」
「specific antigen」