text:
The glory and misery of exile (1939-1946)
On the 25th of August 1939, the Chrobry leaves the port of Buenos Aires. Witold Gombrowicz learns of the endorsement of Hitler and Stalin's pact and the imminence of war in Europe and decides to stay in Argentina, presenting himself to the Polish Legation.
"I left for Argentina accidentally, for only two weeks, if by some quirk of fate the war had not broken out during those two weeks, I would have returned to Poland—but I did not conceal that when the door was bolted and I was locked in Argentina, it was as if I had finally heard my own voice."
—Diary, 1964 [Trans. Vallee]
From September to December, Witold Gombrowicz lives at tiny pensions in Buenos Aires's city center. Jeremi Stempowski introduces him to other Poles and well-known Argentinian authors Manuel Gálvez and Arturo Capdevila. Gombrowicz has only the 200 dollars brought with him from Poland to live on.
Poland falls on September 28th. A new frontier on the Bug-San line portions off the country to the occupying Soviet and Nazi forces. An immediate retaliation follows against the Polish and Jewish elites follows: they will be massacred and deported.
Witold Gombrowicz moves to Bacacay Street in the Flores district, far from the city center at the time.
Gombrowicz begins visiting the Capedevila family. He organizes a cycle of lectures for their daughter Chinchina and her friends.
"My friends and I, we wanted to hear about well-known authors in Paris, but Witold was scornful of European writers. He systematically demolished the writers we loved, like Huxley or Duhamel. 'But these are not writers!' he said. He plunged his knife into my enthusiasm and this made me despair. His favorite topic was 'the style of the Argentinan woman.' […] My father found these meetings very enjoyable and was saddened when he couldn't attend them because of his work."
—Chinchina Capdevila, Gombrowicz en Argentine (Gombrowicz in Argentina) by Rita Gombrowicz [Trans. Dubowski]
Arturo Capdevila recommends Gombrowicz to the journal Aquí Está, for which he will write under a pseudonym. Manuel Gálvez recommends him to La Naciòn, Buenos Aires's most prominent daily, where his articles are all rejected, as well as to the El Hogar, where he publishes one story under a pseudonym.
Witold Gombrowicz meets young Argentinian artists, for the most part Communist sympathizers: the writer Roger Pla; the painter Antonio Berni, at the home of which he will give a lecture; and Leonidas Barletta, director of the Teatro del Pubelo, where he give another talk on August 28, which will be considered a scandal among Poles in Argentina.
In July, Witold Gombrowicz's cousin Gustaw Kotkowski arrives in Buenos Aires.
"When Gombrowicz began to know writers and intellectuals, he garnered two reactions: the ones who said he was a snob, extravagant, nothing more. The others, like Mastronardi, became interested in him in a much more serious way."
—Roger Pla, Gombrowicz en Argentine (Gombrowicz in Argentina) by Rita Gombrowicz [Trans. Dubowski]
Witold now lives in utter destitution: The Furstembergs, who had ties to Gombrowicz's family in Poland, organize a collection for him. At the end of the year, he moves again, to the conventillo "El Palomar".
"The big building at Corrientes 1258 called 'El Palomar,' where more than a few devils nested, was where I lived out what was without a doubt the most painful of my eras, toward the end of 1940, sick and without a cent."
—Diary, 1963 [Trans. Dubowski]
Witold Gombrowicz allies himself with his friends Cecilia Benedit de Debenedetti, editor and patron of the arts, and Carlos Mastronardi, a writer and friend of Borges. Another source of support: Paulino Frydman, director of the chess club at Café Rex, which "Witoldo" (Gombrowicz's nickname) will frequent almost daily for the next eighteen years.
The Furstembergs, Cecilia Debenedetti, Stanisław Odyniec and M. Ruszkiewicz continue to help Gombrowicz financially.
"The war. It was a holiday, a holiday which had its moments of ghastly depression in the loneliness and humiliation beyond the ocean, when my black humour deserted me. Yes, I suppose it was painful, terrible, desperate. The war destroyed my family, my social position, my country, my future. I had nothing left, and I was nobody. And yet! And yet. And yet, the Argentine. What a relief! What a liberation! When I think of my hardest years in the Argentine the words of Mickiewicz come to mind:
'Born in bonds, wrapped in my swaddling clothes,
'I only knew one such spring in my life!' "
—A Kind of Testament: Interviews with Dominique de Roux [Trans. Hamilton]
Gombrowicz writes articles under pseudonyms in various journals with the help of Roger Pla, who corrects his texts in Spanish.
Witold Gombrowicz also frequents the area around Retiro Station, behind the port, where he has homosexual experiences.
"I, Mr. Gombrowicz, plunged into degradation with passion!"
—A Kind of Testament: Interviews with Dominique de Roux [Trans. Hamilton]
In December, when young émigrés are being mobilized to join the army in England, Witold Gombrowicz presents himself once again to the Polish Legation of Buenos Aires—but he is judged unfit for military service.
"Morally, he suffered from his situation. At every one of our meetings we discussed the war. We understood that Poland had been liquidated, that it was all over. Where is our country? we would ask. Witold was in despair, but didn't show it."
—Jeremi Stempowski, Gombrowicz en Argentine (Gombrowicz in Argentina) by Rita Gombrowicz [Trans. Dubowski]
Witold Gombrowicz lives at a pension at 242 Tacuari Street. He plays chess often, expands his circle of young Argentinian friends, and participates very little in Polish émigré life, leading a bohemian existence.
He survives thanks to the help of his young Polish and Argentinian friends, as well as a modest stipend from the Polish Legation. He suffers from insomnia and overall weakness.
In December, Gombrowicz takes a trip to the mountains, to Mendoza.
"America! In Argentina, the giganticness of the continent, its power, manifested themselves to me on two occasions: on the Parana and Uruguay rivers, which never finished, that never narrowed, like the dinosaurs of prehistory, and while approaching the Cordillera in the Andes. Embedded in the car or while walking, I look and I think of memories from long ago."
—Argentinian Peregrinations [Trans. Dubowski]
"More and more fascinated by South America, he writes little that is serious."
—Gombrowicz's personal chronology from the Cahier de l'Herne Gombrowicz [Trans. Dubowski]
In Poland, Bruno Schulz is killed in the Drohobycz ghetto by a civil servant of the Gestapo.
Paul O'Montis sings the Kaddish
"This little fellow [Schulz] was the most outstanding artist of all those I knew in Warsaw. […] The prose that came from his pen was imaginative and immaculate; amongst us he was the greatest European writer, with the right to take his place amongst the greatest intellectual and artistic aristocracy of Europe."
—Polish Memories [Trans. Johnston]
Stanisław Odyniec, an émigré friend, secures Gombrowicz a post at Solidaridad, a journal headed by Jesuits. He works with the catalogs and archives. Witold Gombrowicz also collaborates on the Catholic journal Criterio under the pseudonym Lenogiry, the name of one of the Lithuanian estates that once belonged to the Gombrowicz family.
After having left his pension on Tacuari Street, without paying, Witold Gombrowicz is invited by the Polish journalist M. Taworski to his villa in Morón, in the suburbs. He will sleep on the floor there for six months. At the end of the year, Gombrowicz falls ill.
"One night, he came to my house, pale, greenish, thin, coughing; he let himself fall heavily into a chair. 'Give me something to eat,' he asked me, 'I haven't swallowed a thing for two days.' I quickly made him a piece of meat. In my emotion, I had forgotten to salt it, but he didn't notice until the very last mouthfuls. He confessed to me that he had come from Morón by tram (Morón is at least 30 kilometers from the city), because he didn't have enough money for the train."
— Halina Nowińska, Gombrowicz en Argentine (Gombrowicz in Argentina) by Rita Gombrowicz [Trans. Dubowski]
In Europe, the Germans announce the discovery of a mass grave in Katyń, near Smolensk, containing the bodies of more than 20,000 Polish officers assassinated under Stalin's orders in 1940.
In Warsaw, the Jews of the largest ghetto in Europe created by the Nazis rise up on April 19, 1943.
"The immensity of the Crime perpetrated against the Jewish people pierced me, too, through-and-through, and forever."
— Diary, 1954 [Trans. Vallee]
"I continued to look and feel young until I was forty. I belong to that race of people who have never known middle age. I tasted age the moment I said farewell to youth."
—A Kind of Testament: Interviews with Dominique de Roux [Trans. Hamilton]
The poet Carlo Mastronardi introduces Gombrowicz to Victoria and Silvina Ocampo and the group of writers associated with the journal Sur.
Witold Gombrowicz meets Jorge Luis Borges, but the two men do not get on well at all. The scene of their meeting is described in Gombrowicz's Trans-Atlantyk.
Gombrowicz feels alien in the company of this Argentinian Parnassus for whom Borges serves as mentor.
"Bypassing technical difficulties, my unruly Spanish and Borges's faulty pronunciation—he spoke quickly and incomprehensibly—bypassing my impatience, pride, and anger, which were the consequence of painful egotism and restrictions in foreignness, what was the possibility of understanding between me and that intellectual, aesthetic, and philosophical Argentina? I was fascinated by the lower stratum in that country and this was the upper crust. I was enthralled by the darkness of the Retiro, they, by the lights of Paris. For me, that unconfessed, silent youth of the country swept me up like a melody or like the herald of a melody."
—Diary, 1955 [Trans. Vallee]
Witold Gombrowicz continues his work on Solidaridad and publishes articles in Spanish under his own name in Oceano and La Nación with the recommendation of Eduardo Mallea.
"Numerous are those who sometimes ask themselves, with sincere astonishment: Why has literature become so boring? And: Why, in a general sense, does what is written leave me cold and completely uninterested? These are two healthy questions worthy of consideration."
—"Art and Ennui", an article by Gombrowicz published in La Nación, June 11, 1944 [Trans. Dubowski]
Once again, Witold Gombrowicz inhabits the city center of Buenos Aires, in small pensions on Bartolome Mitré Street and Avenida de Mayo.
Gombrowicz's story Philidor's Child Within, published in Papeles in Buenos Aires, attracts the attention of Ernesto Sábato. This marks the beginning of a long friendship between the two writers.
In Poland, the Soviets install a provisional pro-Communist government in Lublin.
August 2 marks the outbreak of the Warsaw Uprising, which lasts two months and takes more than 220,000 victims, leaving the city ravaged.
Captured in these events, Janusz, Witold's older brother, along with Janusz's son Joseph, are deported to Auschwitz, then to Mauthausen. Irena and their mother take refuge in Kielce.
Incapable of writing during the war, Witold Gombrowicz seeks to reground himself in Buenos Aires. An apartment and more regular pay are required to re-dedicate himself to literature. He continues to write the Our Erotic Drama cycle for the journal Viva cien años.
In February, Witold Gombrowicz rents a room at 615 Venezuela Street, where he will live until the end of his time in Argentina. Once again, he receives subsidies from the Polish Legation.
"One day, I went to visit Witold at his home. And there, on Rue Venezuela, he had a painting I had made. It was a nude. But he had put it upside down: legs in the air, head below. I don't know if it was to hide that he liked it."
—Cecilia Benedit de Debenedetti, Gombrowicz en Argentine (Gombrowicz in Argentina) by Rita Gombrowicz [Trans. Dubowski]
In November, Cecilia Benedit de Debenedetti agrees to finance the translation of Ferdydurke into Spanish.
On May 8, the war in Europe ends. As a result of the Yalta Conference, Poland is now in the zone of Soviet influence.
"The end of the war did not bring liberty to the Poles. In that sad area of central Europe it was merely a question of changing Hitler's executioners for Stalin's. At a time when high-minded liberals, seated in Parisian cafés, greeted 'the emancipation of the Polish people from the feudal yoke' with a joyous anthem, in Poland the same lighted cigarette simply changed hands and continued to burn the human skin."
—A Kind of Testament: Interviews with Dominique de Roux [Trans. Hamilton]
1946 is dominated by work on the Spanish translation of Ferdydurke. Work sessions with a group of friends are organized at Café Rex almost daily.
The direction of the operations at Rex falls to "the Cubans": Humberto Rodriguez Tomeu, who arrives in Buenos Aires in February, and Virgilio Piñera, who arrives in May. Cecilia Benedit de Debenedetti finances this translation.
"Shortly thereafter the translation began to draw people. At some of the sessions at the Café Rex, there would be over a dozen people."
—Diary, 1955 [Trans. Vallee]
In April, Witold Gombrowicz meets Alejandro Rússovich, who will become one of his closest friends in Argentina.
"For me, Russo is the embodiment of the brilliant Argentine anti-brilliance. I admire him. His brain is flawless; his intelligence, marvelous. Quick, receptive. Imagination, imaginative flight, poetry, humor. Culture. An easygoing perception of the world, free of complexes…"
—Diary, 1954 [Trans. Vallee]
In August, Gombrowicz begins to write The Marriage.
Gombrowicz seeks to renew contacts with Poland, sending letters to his family and friends from before the war. He asks if a return home seems feasible.
In November, Editions Argos of Buenos Aires signs a contract for the publication of the Spanish translation of Ferdydurke.
"He must have been searching for a solution to a difficult chess problem, or lost in 'deep thoughts.' I found myself faced with a man who had already passed his fortieth birthday, but whose baby features, and, more than his face, the state of his spirit, gave him the air of a twenty-year-old. Once the presentations were over, he said to Obieta: 'How's it going, Adolfo? And "el hijo de la pampa?"' [Speaking about the Argentinian painter Luis Centurion.] Then he turned to me—holding his cigarette in that particular way, like a pipe-smoker, and his way of breathing, I realize he was asthmatic—and he said to me: 'So, you come from far-off Cuba. Everything's more tropical there, no? Caramba, the palm trees!'
This dialogue was the simple meeting of two dogs sniffing each other's asses to get to know each other. And so we sealed an eternal friendship, after recognizing each other as persevering in the face of maturity and cultural immaturity."
—Virgilio Piñera, Gombrowicz en Argentine (Gombrowicz in Argentina) by Rita Gombrowicz [Trans. Dubowski]
Writer and worker (1947-1955)
In April, Ferdydurke is published in Spanish, Ed. Argos of Buenos Aires.
On August 29, Gombrowicz gives his lecture "Against the Poets" at Fray Mocho's bookshop.
"If only a poet could treat his singing as a mania or ritual; if only he would sing as those who must sing even though they know they sing in a vacuum. If, instead of a proud 'I, the poet,' he were capable of saying these words with shame or fear . . . even with revulsion. . . ."
—Diary, 1956 [Trans. Vallee]
In September, the only issue of Aurora, the "Diary of the Resistance," comes out, drawn up by Witold Gombrowicz. Today, it can be found in the Varia.
"MANIFESTO. Because it is no longer possible to write in the literary press of the Surface, for everything shocks, we find ourselves obligated to descend beneath the subsoil to make, from time to time, the other clandestine voice of this Diary heard. Preserve the sacred flame of the Resistance! Support the warm Committee of Resistance and the slow, discreet, and subterranean Movement of Renovation!"
—Aurora [Trans. Dubowski]
In September, Witold Gombrowicz completes his drama The Marriage.
At the end of the year, he accepts a post at the Banco Polaco, directed by a friend, Juliusz Nowiński. He will work here for over seven years, until 1955.
Virgilio Piñera and Humberto Rodriguez Tomeu leave Argentina. They will sustain a correspondence with Witold Gombrowicz.
Upon completing The Marriage, Witold Gombrowicz sends a typewritten copy of the text to his family and several friends in Poland. Thanks to a subsidy granted by Cecilia Debenedetti, he begins translating it into Spanish with Alejandro Rússovich.
"We reread Hamlet together, and Gombrowicz took it as inspiration for El Casamiento because he wanted to create situations symmetrical to those in Hamlet, but on a formal level. At Rex, we worked out loud sometimes, with noise, on purpose. You spoke loud, and when silence came, you had to lower your voice."
—Alejandro Rússovich, Gombrowicz en Argentine (Gombrowicz in Argentina) by Rita Gombrowicz [Trans. Dubowski]
In Warsaw, the journal Nowiny Literackie, headed by Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz, a Skamander acquaintance, publishes his "Letter to the Ferdydurkists", addressed to Iwaszkiewicz's two daughters, admirers of Gombrowicz's subversive talent (published today in the Varia).
"If there is one among you still breathing, let him not lose courage, for me, I am not dead. Maybe a bit far away and pushed aside, I carry out an existence just as marginal and doubtful there, where America sticks its finger between three oceans. What is a Ferdydurkist but a man who asks art to be a creator?"
—Letter to the Ferdydurkists [Trans. Dubowski]
Also this year, the Literary Institute's journal Kultura is launched. This institution of Polish émigré culture, founded by a group of soldiers from General Anders's army—Jerzy Giedroyc, Józef Czapski, Zygmunt and Zofia Hertz, and Gustaw Herling-Grudziński—will quickly become a stronghold of the free thought and culture forbidden in Communist Poland.
In June, Alejandro Rússovich, who works with Witold Gombrowicz on the Spanish translation of The Marriage, moves to Venezuela Street, to a room neighboring his.
Witold Gombrowicz continues his work at the Banco Polaco—the first and last salaried work of his lifetime, which bores him to no end.
"In front of him, at his desk, a secretary worked, Mrs. H. Z., who could not stand him and pressed me to inform my husband of all the 'crimes' Mr. Gombrowicz was guilty of. He was late again, he dressed like a hobo; he ate oranges like a pig and spit the seeds out into the trash; his shirt was missing a button and—the worst—he had fallen asleep at his desk again."
Halina Nowińska, Gombrowicz en Argentine de Rita Gombrowicz
In October, Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz, a friend and fellow writer, comes to Buenos Aires. He and Witold Gombrowicz discuss the situation in Poland, as well as the possibility of publishing Gombrowicz's work in Warsaw.
El Casamiento, the translation of The Marriage, appears in November under Editions EAM of Buenos Aires, directed by Cecilia Benedit de Debenedetti, who assumes the fees.
"He definitively separated himself from the Argentinian literary milieu that he did not frequent much anyway, and mostly for economic reasons. His way of being, provocative and little serious, had never facilitated his relations with the cultivated spaces of the capital."
—Gombrowicz, Cahier de l'Herne [Trans. Dubowski]
This year is consecrated to Witold Gombrowicz's new novel, Trans-Atlantyk. He writes much of it during his hours at the Banco Polaco.
"Listen, this is how I cursed Poland:
'Drift, drift towards your country! Your holy and accursed country! Drift towards that Obscure Monstrous-Saint who has been dying for centuries but cannot give up! […] Drift towards your Raving Lunatic . . . so that his lunacy can torture you, your wife and your children, so that he can condemn and assassinate you in his agony, by his agony!'
"You could get beaten up for something like that. And, as I left the Banco Polaco after work, I glanced round discreetly because the Polish colony in Buenos Aires was large and quick on the draw.
"Nobody beat me up. My curse was decked in a buffoon's livery, thanks to which I could smuggle in a fair quantity of dynamite."
Testament. Entretiens avec Dominique de Roux
Witold Gombrowicz suffers from his liver and eczema of the scalp. He takes time off from the bank to rest at Mar del Plata and work on Trans-Atlantyk in peace.
In May, with Alejandro Rússovich, Witold Gombrowicz meets with two young French women to translate The Marriage into French, but this translation is never published.
"We dreamed, we fantasized. Witold kissed the hands of the young girls, who pulled them back quickly. It was an old Polish custom, he'd say. One was named Odile and Witold said to her: "Odile, ma sœur, de quel amour blessée, vous mourûtes au bord où vous fûtes laissée..." [1] He made all kinds of jokes of this manner. These young girls were rich, and Witold did not have money, but he found ways to repay them. One night, we found six little kittens in the street on the way to their house…. We put them in our pockets to give to them as a gift. Witold gave them one, and they replied, 'Thank you.' He pulled out another, a third…. They were completely stupefied."
— Alejandro Rússovich in Gombrowicz en Argentine (Gombrowicz in Argentina) by Rita Gombrowicz [Trans. Dubowski]
Witold Gombrowicz sends typewritten copies of Ferdydurke to France for publication—to Gallimard, among others—but with no success.
From Warsaw, Iwaszkiewicz encourages Gombrowicz to return to Poland, but Paris seems more appealing to him at this point, if a return to Europe is at all possible.
Iwaszkiewicz dedicates his Voyage to Patagonia to Gombrowicz, who translates his drama Summer at Nohant and takes steps to encourage its performance in Buenos Aires.
Witold Gombrowiczreceives a letter from his older brother, Janusz, and begins a regular correspondence with his family in Poland.
The year closes with Gombrowicz seeking an end to Trans-Atlantyk.
In May, disappointed at hearing no response from Poland about The Marriage, Witold Gombrowicz begins a correspondence with Jerzy Giedroyc, director of the journal Kultura in Paris.
Giedroyc complains of difficulties in finding an editor for the play among Polish émigré circles. However, Gombrowicz receives letters glowing with praise for the play from Polish writers such as Józef Wittlin and Maria Kuncewiczowa, who call it a "new Hamlet."
All year long, Witold Gombrowicz seeks publication for The Marriage in French.
En juillet, il donne sa pièce à lire à Jean-Louis Barrault qui fait une tournée en Amérique latine avec sa compagnie.
In November, Witold Gombrowicz sends the French text of The Marriage to André Gide and Albert Camus.
In June, Witold Gombrowicz writes his introduction to his novel Trans-Atlantyk, now complete.
Despite three weeks of vacation in Córdoba, Witold complains of his liver.
Witold lacks funds to make copies of The Marriage in Polish, which he had hoped to distribute according to his wishes.
"I see nothing before me . . . no hope. Everything is coming to an end for me and nothing wants to begin. An account? After so many tense years full of hard work, who am I? A clerk exhausted by seven hours of clerking, stifled in all writing ventures. I cannot write anything except for what I write in this diary. Everything suffers because for seven hours every day I commit murder on my own time."
—Diary, 1955 [Trans. Vallee]
Witold Gombrowicz sends the Polish text of The Marriage to Martin Buber, whose Problem of Man Gombrowicz has read, along with Alejandro Rússovich. Buber writes back, calling the play "of an exceptionally audacious experience."
In 1955, Martin Buber will send a letter of recommendation on Witold Gombrowicz's behalf to encourage his popularity among foreign editors.
Discouraged by the silence of editors, Witold Gombrowicz takes leave once again to rest at Mar del Plata.
From May to June, Kultura, in Paris, publishes extracts of Trans-Atlantyk, which provoke hostile and violent reactions from the Polish émigré community. Gombrowicz's criticism of a particular breed of Polish patriotism is considered scandalous.
"Trans-Atlantyk was such folly, from every point of view! To think that I wrote something like that, just when I was isolated on the American continent, without a penny, deserted by God and men! In my position it was important to write something quickly which could be translated and published in foreign languages. Or, if I wanted to write something for the Poles, something that wouldn't injure their national pride. And I dared—[…]
"That is what happens in the hour of defeat. One writes, in spite of everything, for one's own pleasure. What a luxury I permitted myself in my misery!"
—A Kind of Testament: Interviews with Dominique de Roux [Trans. Hamilton]
From 1950 on, Witold Gombrowicz begins the earliest sketches of the play that will become Operetta fifteen years later. He will return to this idea in 1958. A first, incomplete version, titled History, will be published posthumously in 1975.
Gombrowicz finishes a story, The Banquet, which he will include in his collection of short stories.
The Polish poet Czesław Miłosz seeks political asylum in Paris. He takes refuge in Maisons-Laffitte, home of Kultura.
This journal publishes Gombrowicz's "Against the Poets" for the first time. Miłosz responds with an open letter. Their polemic will extend through the following year, always in Kultura. Today, this correspondence can be found in the Varia.
Witold Gombrowicz's collaboration with Jerzy Giedroyc, editor of Kultura in Maisons-Lafitte, becomes more specific.
In his letters, Giedroyc encourages Gombrowicz to write a journal, to be published in Kultura. This marks the beginning of the Diary, a great work Gombrowicz will continue until his death.
At Giedroyc's request, Gombrowicz translates E. M. Cioran's "The Advantages and Inconveniences of Exile" into Polish, adding his own, highly critical commentary.
"Cioran's words reek of a basement coolness and the rot of a grave, but they are too petty. Who is he talking about? Who should one understand to be the 'writer in exile?"
—Diary, 1953 [Trans. Vallee]
Jerzy Giedroyc decides that the Literary Institute, the printing house of Kultura, will publish The Marriage and Trans-Atlantyk in the same volume, with a preface by the writer Józef Wittlin.
The book will appear in January 1953. This will be the first of Witold Gombrowicz's works published in Polish since the war, which marks the start of the exceptional history of Jerzy Giedroyc's publication of the Polish editions of his work. The French Literary Institute will remain Witold Gombrowicz's one and only editor in Polish.
On July 26, Evita Perón dies in Buenos Aires. With a lavish funeral and national mourning throughout Argentina, her legend is born.
In the context of the Cold War, the US-financed Radio Free Europe begins Polish-language emissions based in Munich, destined for Poland. Witold Gombrowicz hastens to collaborate with this institution.
After having received Polish copies of The Marriage and Trans-Atlantyk, Witold Gombrowicz begins editing his Diary.
"People buy a diary because the author is famous, while I wrote mine in order to become famous."
—A Kind of Testament: Interviews with Dominique de Roux [Trans. Hamilton]
In France, Preuves, the journal of the Congress for Cultural Freedom (Congrès pour la liberté de la culture), publishes a review of the Argentinian edition of Ferdydurke, signed by François Bondy, its director.
In December, the same journal publishes several excerpts of the text in French, translated and introduced by Konstanty "Kot" Jeleński. Bondy will not meet Witold Gombrowicz until several years later in Buenos Aires; the same will go for Kot Jeleński, who will then become Witold Gombrowicz's translator, his "invaluable partisan," and one of his closest friends.
"Ah, Jeleński, my friend!
"Oh, to finally get oneself out of this suburb, foyer, hutch and become not a—Polish, that is inferior, right?—author, but a phenomenon having its own meaning of justification!"
—Diary, 1954 [Trans. Vallee]
Witold Gombrowicz publishes his story "The Banquet" in Wiadomości, the Polish daily in London (and rival of Giedroyc's Kultura). Jerzy Giedroyc makes several acerbic remarks regarding this choice in his letters, but still seeks to help Witold Gombrowicz in finding the economic support that will allow him to quit his position at the bank. Kultura publishes his Diary regularly.
March 5, death of Stalin.
Despite the dictator's death, Poland, like all other Communist bloc countries, is at the height of Stalinism. A rupture will not come for three years.
In May, in Warsaw, the next-in-line to the Party, Prime Minister Józef Cyrankiewicz, publicly attacks Witold Gombrowicz, calling him a reactionary, an anti-Polish, and a degenerate—a pawn of American imperialism and "German revanchists." It is Gombrowicz's Diary, published by Kultura, however banned by the Communist regime, which prompts this attention from Cyrankiewicz.
Witold Gombrowicz's Polish friend, the painter Janusz Eichler, departs for the countryside, and leaves Gombrowicz his workshop in the district of the tango La Boca.
Witold Gombrowicz also receives a letter from Albert Camus, expressing his desire to help Gombrowicz achieve publication in France.
Exhausted, Witold Gombrowicz takes a three months' leave from the bank. He spends it in the countryside, first at Verientes, near Córdoba, at the home of his Polish friends the Lipowskis.
Next, he goes to Goya, in the Corrientes province, at the Rússoviches'. The previous year, Alejandro had married Rosa Maria Brenca and left Venezuela Street.
Witold Gombrowicz consecrates all of his time to writing.
"Tuesday. Nothing happened. If I am not mistaken, a whole herd of horses is watching me and cows, too, are looking at me in great numbers."
—Diary, 1954 [Trans. Vallee]
In October, the Polish Club of Buenos Aires organizes a debate centering around Witold Gombrowicz's work. His friend, Karol Świeczewski, introduces him.
"Yesterday at the Polish Club, I dropped by right at the end of the steamrollering of my soul and works. […] When I got to the auditorium, however, the majority greeted me in a friendly manner and I had the impression that that things had changed quite a bit since fragments of Trans-Atlantyk had appeared in Kultura."
—Diary, 1954 [Trans. Vallee]
By the year's end, Witold Gombrowicz begins to give philosophy courses to his Polish friends Maria Świeczewska, Krystyna Eichler and Halina Grodzicka. These courses continue successfully for six months.
"He spoke for about an hour and then we asked questions. After each course, he would pass around his hat. If his collection was meager, he would say: 'I am illuminating your heads and here you are, economizing on a poor genius.'"
— Maria Świeczewska, Gombrowicz en Argentine (Gombrowicz in Argentina) by Rita Gombrowicz [Trans. Dubowski]
Gombrowicz continues to send fragments of his Diary to Kultura. Thanks to Giedroyc, who acts as intermediary, Gombrowicz begins a correspondence with the directorate of Radio Free Europe's Polish wing.
In May, Witold Gombrowicz leaves his post at the Banco Polaco, where he has worked since 1947. He decides to consecrate himself entirely to literature. He will survive thanks to a small stipend from the American National Committee for a Free Europe (Radio Free Europe) and his philosophy courses "for Polish ladies."
In June, the "Revolución Libertadora" (Liberating Revolution) breaks out, ousting Juan Perón from power. Rioting in Buenos Aires's city center and bombardment of the Plaza de Mayo, near Venezuela Street. Witold Gombrowicz takes refuge with the Rússoviches.
"Thursday. Should I tell or not? A year ago, more or less, the following happened to me. I stopped in a café on Callao Street to use the bathroom. . . . All kinds of drawings and scribblings were on the walls. Yet, the unconscious urge would never have assailed me, like a poisonous dart, if I hadn't accidentally fumbled across a pencil in my pocket. The pencil turned out to be an ink pen. […] I wrote on the wall, high up so it would be hard to erase, I wrote something quite vulgar in Spanish […] I hid the pen. Opened the door. I walked through the whole café and mingled with the crowd on the street. And the graffito remained."
—Diary, 1955 [Trans. Vallee]
Witold Gombrowicz begins a new novel, Actaeon, the earliest version of Pornografia.
During his vacation in Goya, Witold Gombrowicz translates his story "The Banquet" into Spanish with Sergio Rússovich, Alejandro's older brother.
Witold visits a Polish friend, Stanisław Odyniec, at Mar del Plata.
Next, Witold Gombrowicz visits the estancia La Cabaña in Necochea, which belongs to Duś Jankowski, another Polish friend. He will make several return visits here.
"Sun, sun, it floods the beaches much deeper than the dirtied ocean water, it shines and sparkles around, it makes the eyes blink and plasters them with a subtle languidness. Without the sun, it is impossible to understand South America. One of my Polish friends couldn't understand why, in this country, a light clicking of the tongue means 'no.' After a few years, when the sun's ardor had roasted him to the marrow, he understood."
—Argentinian Peregrinations [Trans. Dubowski]
The road to fame (1956-1963)
Witold Gombrowicz writes for six hours a day. He works on his new novel, Pornografia, which he will finish in February 1958.
"'The Novel' (it is difficult to call my works novels) does not go well. Its language, which is too stiff, paralyzes me. I dread that everything that I have written up to now—about a hundred pages—is awful tripe. I am not in a position to judge this because in my long coexistence with the text, I lose all sense of it, but I am afraid . . . that something is warning me. . . . Will I, therefore, have to throw everything into the trash can, several months' work, to begin from the beginning? My God! And what if I have lost my 'talent' and will never write anything, anything, at least, on the level of my former works?"
—Diary, 1956 [Trans. Vallee]
Witold Gombrowicz's financial situation improves: He receives scholarships from Paris, from the Congress for Cultural Freedom and Radio Free Europe.
He buys himself a Remington typewriter.
In May, Witold Gombrowicz begins the French translation of Ferdydurke with Roland Martin, a journalist and translator based in Buenos Aires. This translation will be published in Paris in 1958 under the pseudonym "Brone."
"In Argentina, it wasn't often Gombrowicz had the occasion to speak French. While he had good pronunciation and knowledge of the language, his French was a bit 'rusty.' Sometimes he didn't understand certain words. I had to explain it to him in the clearest way possible, giving him examples. He never let any word he didn't know slip by. I always did the first draft alone, from the Spanish text only. I gave it to Gombrowicz, who passed it through a screen, in his way. We met after that."
—Roland Martin, Gombrowicz en Argentine (Gombrowicz in Argentina) by Rita Gombrowicz [Trans. Dubowski]
In July, Mundo Argentino, the journal directed by Ernesto Sábato, publishes the Spanish translation of the story "Philibert's Child Within."
From early 1956 on, the political situation in Eastern Europe changes. In Poland, de-Stalinization means hope for liberalization in the domain of culture.
Witold Gombrowicz and other Polish writers in exile see an opening emerge in the great ideological wall of their country. For some, this marks an occasion to return home; for others, like Gombrowicz, it means an opportunity to finally publish their works in Poland legally. Though the Association of Polish Writers in Exile explicitly forbids "all collaboration with institutions controlled by totalitarian powers," Gombrowicz signs contracts with editors in Poland for his novels Ferdydurke and Trans-Atlantyk, as well as his dramas Ivona, Princess of Burgundia and The Marriage.
At the end of December, Witold Gombrowicz leaves for Necochea, for a two-month vacation at Duś Jankowski's. Afterward, he goes to Goya and Mar del Plata. He writes intensively throughout this period.
In May, Jerzy Giedroyc's Literary Institute publishes the first volume of Witold Gombrowicz's Diary (1953-1956).
In Poland, this work will not see publication until 1986, and even then, certain passages will be censored.
By contrast, catching the wave of political liberalization, Ferdydurke (Ed. PIW, Warsaw), Trans-Atlantyk, The Marriage (Ed. Czytelnik, Warsaw), and Bacacay (Ed. WL, Kraków), as well as an expanded version of his collection of stories, Memoirs from a Time of Immaturity, are published in Poland.
The play Ivona, Princess of Burgundia appears in print for the first time since 1938, in an edition with illustrations by Tadeusz Kantor.
"My brother wrote my from Poland that several theaters wanted to put on "Ivona, Princess of Burgundia" and that there was also a possibility to play "The Marriage". They expected me to join the Union of Authors and composers for the stage, as otherwise, I would have no way of defending myself against various abuses."
—Letter from Witold Gombrowicz to Jerzy Giedroyc, March 7, 1957 [Trans. Dubowski]
The world premiere of Witold Gombrowicz's Ivona, Princess of Burgundia takes place in November in Warsaw at Teatr Domu Wojska Polskiego (today known as Teatr Dramatyczny), directed by Halina Mikołajska, with Barbara Krafftówna in the title role. This was the first stage production of one of Gombrowicz's plays in any language. There would not be a second Polish production of the play until 1975 (which would take place on the same stage in Warsaw). The stage production was adapted for broadcast on Polish television in April 1958. Witold Gombrowicz's other theatrical projects were never realized professionally in Poland before his death.
Witold Gombrowicz finishes the French translation of Ferdydurke, which he then sends to Konstanty "Kot" Jeleński.
In Paris, François Bondy publishes a flattering review of Ferdydurke, prompting Maurice Nadeau to publish the book the following year in his series Les Lettres nouvelles.
Throughout 1957, Witold Gombrowicz also continues to work on his novel Pornografia.
Witold Gombrowicz takes his first trip to Tandil. He will return here often, creating a new circle of young Argentinian friends.
"From here, from the mountain, Tandil looks surrounded by prehistory—shattered mountains of rock. I ate a delightful breakfast in the sun, trees, flowers.
"But I feel uncertain, alien, this unknown life is bothering me. . . ."
—Diary, 1958 [Trans. Vallee]
"On 4 February of this year ('58) I finished Pornografia. This is what I have called it for the time being. I am not promising that the title will stay. I am in no hurry to publish it. Too many of my books have appeared in print lately."
—Diary, 1958 [Trans. Vallee]
At the end of January, Witold Gombrowicz's play Ivona, Princess of Burgundia is released in Polish. However, in February, Teatr Dramatyczny in Warsaw is forced to stop playing it.
The Warsaw production of Ivona, Princess of Burgundia, directed by Halina Mikołajska, is broadcast on Polish television in April.
In May, Witold Gombrowicz learns via letter from his brother Janusz that his work has once again been banned in Poland, where the regime has hardened.
Witold Gombrowicz passes the first four months of the year in Tandil, where his young Argentinian friends await him: Mariano Betelú (Flor di Quilombo), Jorge di Paola (Dipi), and Jorge Vilela (Marlon).
In March, Gombrowicz's first serious asthma attack sends him to a clinic.
"In Tandil I am the most illustrious of men! No one equals me here! There are seventy thousand of them—seventy thousand inferiors. . . . I carry my head like a torch. . . ."
—Diary, 1958 [Trans. Vallee]
"Witoldo was a formalist. He was distant and sarcastic. He was thin and wore an old-fashioned dark vest with very thin white stripes and a poor-quality tie. I never saw him again in this suit. After that, he wore an old raincoat, and, on his head, a cap in Tandil, a hat in Buenos Aires. There was a pipe and an inhaler for his asthma on the table."
—Mariano Betelú, Gombrowicz en Argentine (Gombrowicz in Argentina) by Rita Gombrowicz [Trans. Dubowski]
From May to October, weak and tired, Witold Gombrowicz rests at Santiago del Estero.
"Sunday. Beauty! You will rise where you are sown! And you will be as you were sown! (Do not believe the beauty of Santiago. It is a lie. I have made it up!) Monday. The sunlight is blinding and full of colors, as if filtered through stained glass. It seems to saturate objects with colors. Light and shadow. The aggressive blue of the sky. Trees laden with golden and enormous pomedos, blooming red... yellow... People walk around without jackets."
—Diary, 1958 [Trans. Vallee]
In Santiago, Witold Gombrowicz works the second draft (the first dating from 1950-1951) of what will later become Operetta. These sketches, titled History, will be published in 1975. He continues work on his Diary, introducing his double.
In October 1958, Ferdydurke, translated by "Brone," a pseudonym for Witold Gombrowicz Gombrowicz and Roland Martin, appears in French with a preface by Konstanty "Kot" Jeleński.
Upon returning to Buenos Aires, Witold Gombrowicz records extracts from his Diary for the Polish wing of Radio Free Europe, for which he also works on Argentinian Peregrinations and Polish Memories, which are never aired. These texts will only be discovered and published after Witold Gombrowicz's death.
The year begins and ends in Tandil, where Witold Gombrowicz vacations for the fifth time. He suffers from the heat and worries about the economic crisis in Argentina. He begins to think of moving to another country.
Witold Gombrowicz invests his revenues in a semi-automatic machine that produces small plastic objects in his friend Karol Świeczewski's plastic factory.
He sends money to his family in Poland and awards a scholarship to Mariano Betelú.
In April, Witold Gombrowicz is nominated for a prize for the best foreign writer. However, Lawrence Durell ultimately wins.
Italian, American, English, and German writers become interested in Witold Gombrowicz's work. In September, he signs a contract with the American publisher Harcourt Brace for Ferdydurke.
Following edits for Argentinian Peregrinations, Witold Gombrowicz begins to write Polish Memories - also for Radio Free Europe - which he will finish in the spring of 1961.
"'I sing for myself and the Muses,' all right. But while singing, I remain implanted in you and I am obligated to acquire, by the sweat of my brow, my proper place in the society in which I live. It will not be unhelpful to introduce you through the backdoor into my theater, and that is exactly the use which my "Diary" serves."
—Argentinian Peregrinations
Witold Gombrowicz continues his Diary, which is still published regularly by Kultura.
In 1959, he will work on, among others, pages dedicated to the Skamander poet Jan Lechon and to the dwarf waiter at Café El Querandi.
The journal Preuves publishes extracts of the Diary, preceded by an article by Konstanty "Kot" Jeleński: "Witold Gombrowicz, or Adult Immaturity." Witold Gombrowicz sends Jeleński his manuscript of Pornografia, which sustains Jeleński's enthusiasm. In October, Jerzy Giedroyc proposes the publication of this new novel by Kultura.
In the summer of 1959, Gombrowicz's mother dies in Kielce, Poland, at the age of 87. Witold asks his sister Rena to destroy the letters he has written to her.
"As for Mother, like I said to Rena, I am less subject to complaining about the terrible tortures that she certainly inflicted upon me with her disastrous form (without a doubt I am not the only one), because it is certainly what awakened my artistic dispositions. In any case, our mother was the most striking element that contributed to the fashioning of our spirits."
—Letter from Witold Gombrowicz to his brother Janusz, August 9, 1959
Witold Gombrowicz regularly listens to music, buys new recordings, and works on his gramophone. Beethoven and other 19th- and 20th-century composers will continually inspire him.
"Music absorbed two hours a day for me: I abandoned the quartets to plunge myself into Schönberg and Bartók, Brahms, Debussy, etc. Very instructive."
—Letter from Gombrowicz to his sister Rena, 1960
In April, the first stage production of Witold Gombrowicz's The Marriage takes place in a student theater in Gliwice in Silesia, directed by Jerzy Jarocki and designed by Krystyna Zachwatowicz. The production was closed by government censors after only a few performances. Zachwatowicz would later design the French premiere of the play directed by Jorge Lavelli in 1963-64 as well as the Polish professional premiere of the play in Warsaw in 1974, directed by Jarocki. Jarocki would eventually stage more productions of The Marriage than any other director, doing the play both in Poland and abroad.
Witold Gombrowicz continues work on his Diary and texts for Radio Free Europe.
In June, Kultura publishes the Polish edition of Pornografia. This same month, Witold Gombrowicz signs a contract with Juilliard in Paris for the French translation of the novel.
In September, Ferdydurke is published in Germany, in a translation by Walter Tiel. In November, Witold Gombrowicz agrees to the publication of the novel the Netherlands and Belgium.
During this year, Gombrowicz leaves Buenos Aires frequently. He spends the beginning of the year in Tandil; in May, he returns to Mar del Plata, where he meets Polish director Andrzej Wajda at a film festival. In October, he spends two months in Montevideo, Uruguay.
"Wednesday, Montevideo. I stroll in a tidy city, with odd balconies and congenial people. Montevideo. Here the old decorum still reigns after having been expelled from many other parts of South America. Kind faces, rich apparel, a beach twenty minutes away by bus, this is the life! And if I moved here permanently?"
—Diary, 1960 [Trans. Vallee]
In November, François Bondy, director of the French journal Preuves, pays Gombrowicz a visit in Buenos Aires.
"Bondy probably (I know him very little) is one of those people whose strength lies in his absence; he is always removed from what he is doing, keeping at least one foot somewhere else, his wisdom is the wisdom of a calf that suckles two mothers."
—Diary, 1961 [Trans. Vallee]
In January, Gombrowicz's sister Irena dies of an asthma attack in Radom, Poland. At her request, he destroys their correspondence, which she had deemed "too intimate."
In February, Witold Gombrowicz begins to write Cosmos. He listens to Mozart frequently.
"[…] For me, Cosmos is black, primarily black, something like a black stream, turbulent, full of whirlpools, obstacles and flooded areas, carrying a mass of refuse, and in this stream a besotted man, at the mercy of the waters, trying to decipher and to understand so that he can assemble what he sees into some whole. Blackness, terror and night. Night crossed by a violent passion, an unnatural love. What do I know? It seems to me that this dramatic aspect of Cosmos will only be fully perceptible in many years' time. It is an austere book, and I have less fun in it than in my other works."
—A Kind of Testament: Interviews with Dominique de Roux [Trans. Hamilton]
Witold Gombrowicz continues his Diary, returning to the topic of his relationship with Bruno Schulz.
He complains that having to correct the French translation of Pornografia by Jerzy Lisowski distracts him from his work on Cosmos.
Ferdydurke is published in London in January and in April in New York, in a translation by Eric Mosbascher; in August, a translation by Sergio Miniussi is published in Italy.
At the end of the year, Walter Tiel publishes his translation of the Diary (1953-1956) in Germany. Witold Gombrowicz modifies the passages concerning Heidegger at his editor's suggestion.
"To enjoy the beauty and the drama, we don't have to 'publish,' it's enough to have something inside of one's self. Try to understand the importance that joy, cordiality, good humor, a sense of the comic, of the ironic, etc. have for an artist. All of this signifies that artist's independence from the world. This independence also signifies victory. The more infantile you will be, the more victorious; the more serious you will be (in the sense of worldly matters), the more conquered."
—Letter from Witold Gombrowicz to Mariano Betelú, November 19, 1960
This year is dominated by work on Cosmos. Witold Gombrowicz will publish the first excerpts of the novel in the anniversary volume of Kultura in May.
Kultura's Literary Institute also publishes his Diary (1957-1961).
Pornografia comes out in France and Italy.
Ferdydurke is published in the Netherlands in a translation by Willem A. Maijer.
In May, Witold Gombrowicz is nominated for the Formentor Prize.
Witold Gombrowicz reads much Sartre, whose works in French are sent to Gombrowicz by Jerzy Giedroyc, his editor in Polish.
"This Sartre has tormented me for so long, for there is a curious mix of things of an extraordinary value and relevance and a marvelous nonsense of Cartesian abstractions which, 'nota bene,' like 'phenomenological ontology,' holds to an equilibrium."
—Letter from Witold Gombrowicz to Jerzy Giedroyc, August 16, 1962 [Trans. Dubowski]
In October, Witold Gombrowicz participates in the Congress of the Pen Club in Buenos Aires, sitting in a folding chair.
"Madariaga, Silione, Wiedlé, Dos Passos, Spender, Butor, Robbe-Grillet, etc.—all of them are in Buenos Aires, invited by the local PEN Club. The sessions lasted about five days and were a nagging pain on the subject of the Word, the Writer, Culture, Spirit, etc., as always."
—Diary, 1962 [Trans. Vallee]
On March 28, Argentina is taken by the fall of the Frondizi government. Political crisis breaks out; strikes multiply.
From February to December, Witold Gombrowicz stays in Buenos Aires. He suffers from the cold and falls ill.
He begins to think of moving to a better climate for the sake of his asthma.
He begins to meet his friends at Café La Fragata.
Witold Gombrowicz spends the early months of the year in Piriapolis: He recopies Cosmos, works on the next part of his Diary, and plays checkers in Bar San Sebastián.
On February 28, Witold Gombrowicz receives a telegram from the Ford Foundation inviting him to spend a year in Berlin as a writer in residence. He accepts the proposal.
Upon returning to Buenos Aires, Witold Gombrowicz receives news from London that Wiadomości, the Polish émigré review that, up until this point, had been only hostile toward him, has awarded him its prestigious literary prize.
Upon returning to Buenos Aires, Witold Gombrowicz receives news from London that Wiadomości, the Polish émigré review that, up until this point, had been only hostile toward him, has awarded him its prestigious literary prize.
In Paris, Jadwiga Kukułczańka finishes the French translation of The Marriage.
All month, Witold Gombrowicz prepares for his departure for Europe: He gives away books and recordings, buys a whole new wardrobe, and says his goodbyes to his Polish and Argentinian friends.
On April 8, Gombrowicz departs on the transatlantic liner Ferderico Costa bound for Cannes, France.
He has no idea that he will never see Argentina, which he now considers a second home, again.
"When I boarded the Federico off Buenos Aires I had behind me twenty-three years and two hundred and twenty-six days of the Argentine (I counted them) and with me, in my suitcase, the text of an unfinished novel: Cosmos."
—A Kind of Testament: Interviews with Dominique de Roux [Trans. Hamilton]


text:
Head over to Amazon to share what you think the ultimate care package should include & in return you'll be rewarded with a Free $2 Amazon MP3 Credit! Will only take you a moment. You'll need a Facebook account in order to participate in this promotion. Credit must be redeemed by 10/23.
Upon successful completion of the Share & Claim action, a $2 Amazon MP3 credit will be automatically applied to your Amazon account. Promotional credits must be redeemed by 11:59 p.m. PST on October 23, 2012. Amazon MP3 music is available to customers located and with billing addresses in the United States. You must have an Amazon.com account and accept the Amazon MP3 Service Terms of Use to redeem your credit. Limit one promotional credit per customer.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Biblical Angels – Black and White Art
Angels are messengers of God in the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament and the Quran. The term "angel" has also been expanded to various notions of spiritual beings found in many other religious traditions. Other roles of angels include protecting and guiding human beings, and carrying out God's tasks. The theological study of angels is known as angelology. In art, angels are often depicted with wings, ultimately reflecting the descriptions in the Hebrew Bible, such as the chayot in Ezekiel's Merkabah vision or the Seraphim of Isaiah. The word angel in English is a fusion of the Old English word engel (with a hard g) and the Old French angele. Both derive from the Latin angelus which in turn is the romanization of the ancient Greek "angelos", "messenger". The earliest form of the word is the Mycenaean a-ke-ro. (source: wiki)
Ella Fournier – "The Two Angels"
"Saint Michael Slaying the Dragon"
Charles Errard – "Angel"
Karl Brulloff – "Flying Angel"
"Praying Angel"
Gustave Dore – "The Angel appearing to Balaam"
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn – "The Angel appearing to the shepherds"
"Michael and Angels Fighting Dragon"
Gerbrand Van Der Eeckhout -"Gideon Visited by the Angel"
"Jacob wrestles the Angel on his knees"
Leon Bonnat – "Jacob Wrestling with the Angel"


text:
All you have to do is click "Join Chat" from the Forums Page and that will bring you into the Chat Room.
Note: You may want to try and enter the Chat Room during the day to make sure your computer doesn't need to download Java.
For more on LSU sports and recruiting visit the TSD Forum


text:
Graduate Enrolled Student Surveys
MIT periodically invites enrolled graduate students to participate in surveys that contained questions about: satisfaction with various academic and non-academic experiences, how students' skills have been enhanced while at MIT, workload, obstacles to academic progress, usage of and satisfaction with various resources, and perceptions of climate.
|2015 Enrolled Graduate Student Survey
|43% Overall
(38% Masters,
47% Doctoral)
|Overall Results
|2011 Enrolled Graduate Student Survey
|Web Preview | PDF
|Highlights & Results
|2009 Graduate Women Support Survey
|Web Preview | PDF
|Survey Highlights, Overall Report &
Open Comments, Themes and Highlights
|2003-2007 Graduate Student Surveys
|2005-2006 Graduate Student Exit Survey
|Trend Report by Highest Degree: 2005-06 & 2006-07
|2004 Graduate Student Survey
|Overall Results
|2001 Graduate Student Survey
|Overall Results
Recent Findings (2011 Enrolled Graduate Student Survey)
- Respondents said they were quite satisfied overall being a graduate student at MIT (88% somewhat or very satisfied).
- Slightly fewer students reported being satisfied with their life outside MIT (81% somewhat or very satisfied).
- Fewer still reported being satisfied with their ability to integrate the needs of their academic work with the needs of their personal/family life (65% somewhat or very satisfied).
- Graduate students were asked to rate the overall quality of their academic and student life experience at MIT. 78% of students rated their academic experience as very good or excellent, while 56% of students gave the same rating for their studentlife experience.
- Skill Development: When asked how their graduate education at MIT enhanced various skills, master's students and doctoral students rated the items quite differently. Master's students tended to assign higher values (than doctoral students) to items related to working
with other people ("Working in a team," "Leading a team," "Negotiating with people in a position of authority," "Supervising others"). On the other hand, doctoral students stressed skills related to research and teaching ("Becoming an expert in my field,"
"Knowing the latest research techniques," "Writing papers for publication," "Teaching," etc.).
- More than 60% of graduate students said that the reasonableness of their workload was about right. Only 5% said their workload was much too heavy.
- Nearly half of graduate students reported having a spouse or partner. The vast majority of graduate students do not have children (91%).
- More than half of graduate students reported living in off-campus housing (60%).
- 52% of graduate students were born in the U.S.
- Read more in the 2011 Highlights.


text:
924972 wrote:Pick a different third party library. If none exist, create your own. Seriously there is no best way when you want to continue with a broken library, whatever you can come up with will suck.
What is the best way to overcome this? I am very new to java. I have just come across the custom classloader thing, which appears to be very complicated for my level. Is that the only way to solve this issue?


text:
Recent Connections by shaelyn2447
1–1 of 1 results
Related Fold3 Member
Adrian Coogie Brittle, Jr to shaelyn2447
Connection made 21 Dec 2011.
What are Connections?
Fold3 members can easily connect and make relations between documents or images. For example:
- Photos to photos—Abraham Lincoln photos
- Connect photos to documents—Abraham Lincoln letter and photo
- Documents to documents—Newspaper articles
- Member uploads to any documents—Vietnam wall example
- and more
Popular Titles
Civil War Pensions Index
Missing Air Crew Reports, WWII
WWII "Old Man's Draft" Registration Cards
Vietnam Veterans Memorial Free
Brady Civil War Photos Free
WWII US Air Force Photos Free
Revolutionary War Service Records
Civil War "Widows' Pensions"
War of 1812 Pension Files Free
Revolutionary War Pensions


text:
|Story Views
|Last Hour:
|Last 24 Hours:
DEBKAfile was founded by a team of journalists in June 2000 as an independent Internet Web site, providing an intelligence and security news service. January 8, 2017, 1:51 PM (IDT)
According to initial reports, a truck plowed into a group of people getting out of a bus at the promenade in Jerusalem's Armon HaNatziv neighborhood early Sunday afternoon. There are at least 15 casualties, including some trapped under the wheels of the truck. Israel's Magen David Adom emergency service has declared a multiple casualty incident.
Our unique angle on these subjects – and strong intelligence dimension – has earned DEBKAfile a global reputation and a steady readership – which skyrockets in times of crisis.
Mark of the Beast Now - Nations New Law Bans Cash - Employees Getting Chipped 2017
Bill Cooper Tells All About the JFK Assassination, Aliens and the Illuminati Conspiracy
Military Industrial Complex Undermining US National Security
The Case for Saul Alinsky (A Champion of Liberty?)
Endgame Begins in America as Final Takedown of Trump Begins.
Firing Sessions is a Terrible Idea
N Korea Threatens 'Nuclear Hammer' After CIA Proposes 'Regime Change'
Opening Day Ohio State Fair Fatality: 1 Dead, 7 Injured After Ride Malfunctions - Stunning Footage as it Happened (Video)
How the Government "Works" – A Visual Model
The Most Precious Metals Bullish I've Ever Been
Violent hailstorms hit Italy, covering beaches in white
Close all McDonald's in Russia…
Russia posts troops 8km from the Israeli Golan
US Navy Ship Fires Warning Shots at Iranian Patrol Boat
Declassified Memos Show Obama NSA And FBI Violated American Civil Liberties By Spying On US Citizens
Hillsong-Connected Rivers Sandton Church In South Africa A Laodicean Nightmare That's Actually A Shopping Mall
Trump's Ohio Rally Message: Iran's Military Buildup Linked to Obama's 'Generosity' +Video
The Wealthy's Secret Health Plan, Tesla Research Being Used Against You
New Russian Sanctions, Ride 'Em Cowboy…
BIBLE BELIEBER? Rumors Fly That Justin Bieber Cancelled World Tour To Start His Own Church With Hillsong
Peru Snake-Man Aliens
Trump Is a Genius – But That's Just His IQ
Justin Bieber Caught On Camera Hitting Cameraman With Car (Videos)
Is the US Trying to Start a Hot War with Russia?
7 "Weird" Things We All Do (But Won't Admit)
Get a Rope! Scaramucci: Treasonous Leakers Would Have Been Hung Centuries Ago (Videos)
The Conclusion of Humanity as We Know it Is 'Coming in 2045' and Google Is Getting Ready for It
WTH is Going on With MSNBC? This is Very Bizarre!
Horrifying Live Video Reveals What Really Happened In Controversial Crash! Warning! Graphic Content!
The Truth Behind Linkin Park's Frontman Revealed 2017 (His Last Concert)


text:
Accident de parcours (2011)
An investigative journalist uncovers the truth behind a fatal accident in the French TV movie Accident de Parcours. A driver is speeding through a sleepy provincial village when he (or she) hits and kills a small child. No one is around to witness the incident, and the perpetrator flees before the police arrive. Then Emmanuel (Patrick Dell'Isola), a local journalist, takes it upon himself to solve the case that is the talk of the town. Everyone is a suspect, and Emmanuel is eager to remove...Join Mr. Skin for the full review >>


text:
I agree with pretty much everything Gruber has to say, except the footnote:
A Nintendo mobile phone might kick some iPhone ass. ↩
Anyone who has ever tried to navigate through the "Virtual Console Store" on the Wii would beg to differ.
Beyond that minor nitpick, I've always agreed that Nintendo and Apple were kindred spirits -- and that strategic partnering would be a huge asset to both companies. (Apple could use Nintendo's gaming experience [and catalog] and Nintendo could certainly use Apple's GUI experience -- most notably the iTunes Store.)


text:
Swiss watchdogs catch a fallen star
Page Tools
It's no wonder the former Zurich branch manager for Israeli Bank Leumi, Ernst Imfeld, became a star within the bank.
"He was treated like a God," said one lawyer who previously worked for Bank Leumi and met Imfeld at his apogee.
Evidence to the Israeli High Court shows Imfeld's foreign exchange transactions over almost a decade through just one account came to $US7.1 billion. For the bank, this meant commission, estimated at 0.2 per cent a year, of about $US14 million from that account alone.
The embezzlement - which has already taken Swiss Government investigators three years to piece together - centred on a series of concealed accounts. As director of private banking, Imfeld concentrated in his hands about half the private clients of Bank Leumi (Schweiz), court records show.
The evidence so far indicates that, for many of those clients, Imfeld set up several portfolios within each master account.
He then dealt through those portfolios, which were identified by codenames or numbers.
In at least one case, he systematically forwarded falsified statements that revealed only part of the activities in the account to the legal representative of the client.
Usually the statements went to the office of an intermediary, who filed them unquestioningly. At times they were a print-out, which on closer examination appeared to be missing the bottom portion, where details of the false portfolios might have been recorded for Imfeld's own records.
The clients in one case eventually discovered that a series of concealed portfolios, registered in their name, were in huge debt as a result of complicated and high-risk transactions - including taking loans that obligated them.
It appears that whenever there was a gap in an account, Imfeld would cover it by shifting money from another client's account or by generating profits through trading shares among accounts.
Imfeld's testimony appears to have made untangling the mess he created somehow even more complicated.
In their statement of claim lodged in Israel, the clients note that when the unauthorised trading was exposed, the Swiss branch "didn't hesitate, and prepared a set-off action between the credit balances found in the clients' 'overt' accounts and the enormous indebtednesses found in the series of concealed accounts in the name of the petitioners, while cancelling the majority of their capital".
The damages claim is by far the biggest against Bank Leumi. But the bank has suggested some clients are taking advantage of the situation to claim for losses resulting from the market downturn. It has settled with some smaller clients, but an inquiry by the Swiss Federal Banking Commission into the unauthorised dealings under the country's mutual funds law could result in further action against the bank.
For his part, Imfeld admits he made the unauthorised transactions using clients' accounts over more than 10 years. But he denies he profited personally.
His testimony to investigators over his dealings on behalf of his clients appears to have made untangling the mess he created somehow even more complicated. As one lawyer noted: "His evidence is not really helpful. He likes to talk, and to convince people of what he is saying."


text:
Charlotte Lagarde
- Username
- clagarde
- Website
- swellcinema.blogspot.com/
Public bio
Born in France, documentary filmmaker Charlotte Lagarde's producing credits include In the Matter of Cha Jung Hee (POV) and Academy Award-winning Reporter Zero. She directs poignant and intelligent portraits of women; Heart of the Sea (PBS Independent Lens Audience Award) about Hawaiian surfing legend and breast cancer survivor, Rell Sunn, which was broadcast in over 30 countries, Zeuf (Sundance Channel) and Swell (CINE Golden Eagle Award). She has received funding from ITVS, NEA and NEH. She is a Sundance and BAVC fellow, is on the Executive Committee of New Day Films and is a 2015 artist-in-residence at Proteus Gowanus in Brooklyn, where she lives.


text:
We're sorry, this listing is off the market. Try these listings instead:
Atlanta "JV"- High Volume Water Vending Bus. #385875 posted Jul 17, 2015
- Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- $849,900
This totally absentee and turn-key business sells highly purified water in high traffic locations. These machines also have digital advertising capabilities. Clean water vending machine Manufacturer is expanding its interests quickly, and is seeking financial partners to invest 850,000 in order to...
Pepperidge Farm Bread Route, Decatur #454145 posted Sep 19, 2016
- Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- $185,000
Pepperidge Farm Bread route for sale $185,000! Financing with an estimated $43,000 down! Currently grossing $463,216 per year in sales and nets $84,063. Distributorship and territory is purchased through seller and contracted through Pepperidge Farm. Pepperidge Farm currently distributes it's well known...
Mission's Tortilla Route, Memphis #452960 posted Sep 1, 2016
- Memphis, Tennessee, United States
- $115,900
Mission's Tortilla Route for sale $115,900! Currently generating an estimated $448,835 in yearly sales and nets $77,175. Distributorship and territory are purchased through seller and contracted through Mission Foods. Mission Foods currently distributes its well-known brand of tortillas, chips, and...
Did you know that social networking is a great way to buy a business? Sign up now and we'll show you how.
Suggested Searches
Disclaimer: DealStream has not independently verified any of the information in this listing and makes no warranty as to its accuracy or completeness.


text:
You might roll your eyes at the prospect of an all-porn-star band (until you land a backstage pass, anyway), but XXX rocker chick Tuesday Cross is the real deal. Not only did she appear in over 40 adult films before landing a gig playing bass on the reality series Tight (2012), she's also an experienced musician who has toured alongside former porn star Nikita (Kitty) La Tijera in the heavy metal band Hear Kitty Kitty. Tuesday is the new humpday!Join Mr. Skin for the full bio >>
Tight (2011) - as Herself


text:
Diets and Weightloss
When you think of a "diet", you normally think of losing weight. However, the truth of the matter is, your diet is whatever you are eating. This is your daily diet. People link diet with weight loss, because if you watch what you eat, then you can indeed lose weight.Thus, there are a lot of diet plans out there that can help you to lose weight without putting yourself in harm's way. A lot of things that they tell you to do to lose weight, however, need to be used with some kind of workout plan. Today we are going to talk about what to do with diet plans to make them work better.
First of all, how many people out there use diet plans? The truth of the matter is, a lot of people do. However, a lot of people use different diet plans, because there are so many out there. Some of them work better than others, but there is normally some truth to all of them. Two of the most famous diet plans that are out right now is the Atkins diet and South Beach diet pills. These both have different ways that they help you, but in the end, they do help you lose weight.
So what kind of symptoms can diet plans help? Well first of all, they are going to help you lose weight. By losing weight, you can heal a lot of problems. For example, this is going to put less pressure on your body while you are up and moving. Thus, you are putting less pressure on your joints, and you are going to be better off. On top of that, when you lose weight, you have a decreased change of heart failure and heart disease. There are a lot of benefits that come out of using a diet plan. All you have to do is make sure that you are losing weight healthily. Losing weight too fast is never good for your body either.
A doctor may tell you that you need to go on some kind of diet plan, depending on how overweight you are. Based on your height and age, there is a certain weight that you should be. Fitting into that weight range is very important in this day and age. Not only is it going to make you healthier, but it is going to make you feel better about yourself as well.
Diet plans are used for treatment in lots of things. The truth of the matter is that doctors do not normally tell you to go on the Atkins diet or on South Beach diet pills, but they will give you a diet plan to go on. This diet plan is going to give you a range of how many calories you should be eating a day. Not only that, but it is going to give you ways that you can go about burning calories during the day. Most people are suppose to be on a 2000 calorie diet, but most people are not.
Home Remedies
Home remedies for diet plans come in a lot of different shapes and forms. Really, the trick to finding diet plan home remedies is to find something that works perfectly for you. Each person normally needs something that other people do not. For example, someone may be eating healthy, but they are not working out enough. Thus, you do not need to change your diet, but you need to get out there and move around. Also, people may be eating too many calories or fattening foods. Most of these diets tell you that to lose weight, you should not eat meat with carbohydrates. This is hard for a lot of people to do. Thus, you will notice that most diets involve cutting out all the carbohydrates you can.
There are some other important things that you should keep in mind, however. First of all, you have to be willing to work out while on this diet. The pounds are not just going to melt off when you start eating right. Next, you should not skip meals. People think that by skipping meals, they can burn off weight quicker. However, what really happens is that the body starts to hold onto the fat that it has. It is better to eat a lot of smaller meals a day than it is to eat just three big ones. Also, eating smaller ones throughout the whole day may make you feel like you are getting more to eat.
Diet plans do work for everyone, however, you have to put some effort behind them. You can not just go on a diet plan, and expect all the weight to just fall off. This is not how it works, although a lot of people wish it did. Start eating right and working out, and your extra pounds will just start falling off.
More Information About Diets and Weightloss
Each year more than 45 million Americans take to the ...
» Home Cholesterol Testing Kits
It goes without saying that the home testing cholesterol kits ...
» Home Remedies for Colon Cleansing
Colon cleansing, colonic irrigation or colonic hydrotherapy is a procedure ...
» Home Remedies for Excessive Eating
It is very common for people to emotionally eat and ...
» Home Remedies for Indigestion
Indigestion, otherwise known as dyspepsia is one of the most ...
It happens when you do not have regular bowel movements ...
» Home Remedy for Eating Disorders
Eating disorders remain a large concern for kids, teens and ...
» Natural Laxatives Home Remedies
Laxatives, also known as purgatives are forms of compounds, foods ...
|Showing (1-8) of 8
|First « 1 » Last


text:
Estate and letting agents in Wareham
Featured agents
1 South Street, Wareham, BH20 4LR - We also cover BH16 and BH19
Award-winning estate agency Connells was founded in 1936 and is one of the country's leading ... more
Fox & Sons
40 South Street, Dorchester, DT1 1DF - We also cover BH20 and DT2
Whether your looking to buy, sell, rent or let, we can help. Fox & Sons estate agents ... more
Lentonville House, Sansome Walk, Worcester, WR1 1LX - We also cover BH13, BH14, BH15, BH16, BH19, BH20, IP14, IP33, NG3, NG4, S81, SW5, W11 and W14
Trustworthy, forward thinking, modern estate agents. HomeXperts are a network of local ... more
Lettings in Dorset
10a South Street, Wareham, BH20 4LT
We believe that the key to a successful let is matching the right tenant with the right ... more
Bullock & Lees Wareham Ltd
10 North Street, Wareham, BH20 4AF
Lulworth Estate
The Estate Office, Lulworth Castle, Wareham, BH20 5QS
Purbeck Lettings
The Estate Office South Street Kingston, Wareham, BH20 5LQ
Purbeck Lettings is an independent lettings agency with a wealth of knowledge in the rentals ... more
Row and Co
4 North Street, Bere Regis, Wareham, Dorset, BH20 7LA
Row & Co is an independent family run estate agency specialising in central London property. We ... more


text:
Astro® Original Vanilla Cream/Cappuccino/Caramel 12 x 100g
Astro Original yogourt, now available in a NEW multipack of indulgent flavours! Caramel, Cappuccino and Vanilla Cream.
Smooth, creamy and delicious, Astro Original yogourts are made from natural ingredients, contain no gelatin and are Kosher.
Astro Original yogourt, a perfect snack at any time of the day!
The Original Taste of Yogourt.
Skim Milk, Cream, Sugar, Skim Milk Powder, Natural Flavour, Natural Colour, Agar, Active Bacterial Cultures.
Contains: Milk


text:
Time Schedule:
Robert Holzworth
Seattle Campus
Survey of various phenomena occurring in outer regions of Earth's atmosphere, ionosphere, magnetosphere, and Van Allen radiation belts. Laboratory applications include plasma thrusters and fusion. Concepts include charged particles in magnetic fields, drift motion, plasma, magnetohydrodynamic waves. Prerequisite: PHYS 321.
Class description
Beginning plasma physics. Single particle motion in electric and magnetic fields. Collective plasma phenomena/'fluid theory' Introduction to plasma waves
Student learning goals
General method of instruction
Text (Parks (2004) Physics of Space Plasmas, Westview/Perseus Books Group) Chapters 1 - 5 plus parts of 6 - 9.
Recommended preparation
Physics 321 and 322. Upper division E&M.
Class assignments and grading
homework weekly; lots of problem sets.
Homework (7 problem sets) - 50% of grade Midterm - 20% Final - 30% Extra credit: 10 page paper - up to 15% (note, 415 and 515 have the same lectures, but undergraduates will be graded separately from the grad students.)


text:
My first talk for LUV was held last night, it seemed to go fairly well, based on the comments afterwards. I'll have to figure out some good 'Hey, Shaddap, I'm talkin' here!' lines before the next one though.
Lisa and I went to see Charlie and the Chocolate Factory a couple of hours before the talk was held; I really liked it, as is generally the case with me and Tim Burton films. Johnny Depp makes a nutty Wonka. (PUN!)
( 2 comments — Leave a comment )
Your puns are baaaaad. You fruitcake.
My puns are good, like an everlasting gobstopper. You haggis.


text:
Results 1 to 2 of 2
Thread: 2014 Mercedes-Benz C-Class Spied
10-31-2012, 09:39 PM #1Member
- Join Date
- Oct 2012
- Posts
- 13
- Rep Points
- 14.6
- Mentioned
- 0 Post(s)
- Rep Power
- 0
2014 Mercedes-Benz C-Class SpiedThe next generation Mercedes-Benz C-Class is still in the development stages, and we managed to grab some new spy photos of the upcoming refresh.
New styling on the C-Class will probably not be radical, but look for the front end to take some cues from the F800 concept. Interior photos of the C-Class reveal the tablet like infotainment system as well as SLS look-alike air-outlets that are finding there way into many of Mercedes cars. A large panoramic roof will also be available for C-Class buyers that should include magic sky control.
Gasoline, diesel and hybrid powertrain variants will all be available mated to a new nine-speed transmission on the C-Class. Along with the many engine variants, the car will start as a sedan, but eventually offer a wagon, coupe and a convertible option. A midsize sports tourer body may also be available, and would like something like a small R-Class crossover.
Moved to C-Class W205. Plenty of spy pics have already been posted btw.


text:
Pilates combines mental toughness with physical strength, much like solving a sudoku puzzle engraved in stone. Fortify mind and body with this Groupon.
Choose Between Two Options
- $30 for 10 Pilates mat classes (a $60 value)
- $55 for 20 Pilates mat classes (a $110 value)
Click here to view the class schedule.
Pilates on 3rd
Wellness is about more than just exercise. That's why Pilates on 3rd offers a wide array of classes to reduce stress and flexibility while toning the physique. Clients may tackle a high-energy Zumba or mat Pilates workout or request a personalized one-on-one training with Pilates reformer technology, which uses spring-and-pulley resistance to isolate and tone specific areas of the body. Pilates on 3rd also offers barre classes, which sculpt muscles into curves of chiseled excellence.


text:
German artists have tried their hand at illustrating Ossianic scenes and depicting Gaelic heroes.
A number of Ossianic songs with the following titles: Die Nacht.
But his opinion on the Ossianic question, expressed in his letter, constrains me to oppose him.
The melancholy of Novalis sought consolation in the Ossianic joy of grief.
They are seldom without a natural and original poetic sense,—and their language has a wild Ossianic music.
Ossianic touches also occur in the poems that have been added to the fifth volume.
And so when he wrote of Ireland's dead, he did not see them entering into some Ossianic land of dead warriors.
It is written in the bardic spirit with here and there an Ossianic touch.
This epic is very Ossianic in style, is full of beauties, and is most interesting.
Nay, for what I saw, the compositions might be fairly classed as Ossianic.
1808, in reference to Oisin, name of a legendary Gaelic bard, literally "little fawn;" James Macpherson claimed to have collected and translated his works (1760-1763) under the name Ossian, and the poetic prose sparked a Celtic revival and fascination with the glamor of the lost world of the bards. The work turned out to be Macpherson's forgery, and the style later was regarded as bombastic, but the resulting swerve in European literature was real.


text:
Seattle WA (SPX) Jun 12, 2006
It has been 2.3 billion years since Earth's atmosphere became infused with enough oxygen to support life as we know it. About the same time, the planet became encased in ice that some scientists speculate was more than a half-mile deep.
That raises questions about whether complex life could have existed before "Snowball Earth" and survived, or if it first evolved when the snowball began to melt.
New research shows organisms called eukaryotes - organisms of one or more complex cells that engage in sexual reproduction and are ancestors of the animal and plant species present today - existed 50 million to 100 million years before that ice age and somehow did survive.
The work also shows that the cyanobacteria, or blue-green bacteria, that put the oxygen in the atmosphere in the first place, apparently were pumping out oxygen for millions of years before that, and also survived Earth's glaciation.
The findings call into question the direst models of just how deep the deep freeze was, said University of Washington astrobiologist Roger Buick, a professor of Earth and space sciences. While the ice likely was widespread, it probably was not consistently as thick as a half-mile, he said.
"That kind of ice coverage chokes off photosynthesis, so there's no food for anything, particularly eukaryotes. They just couldn't survive," he said. "But this research shows they did survive."
Buick and colleagues studied droplets of oil encased in rock crystals dating from 2.4 billion years ago, recovered from the Elliot Lake area near Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada. The oil, essentially chemicals left from the breakdown of organic matter, contained biomarkers, or molecular fossils, that can be structurally identified as having come from specific types of life.
"It's the same thing as looking at dinosaur fossils, except these fossils are at the molecular scale. You are looking at the molecular skeletons of carbon molecules, such as cholesterol, held within oil droplets," he said.
This is not the first time biomarkers indicating that eukaryotes and cyanobacteria were alive before "Snowball Earth" have been found in ancient rocks. A paper reaching the same conclusion was hailed as one of the top science breakthroughs of 1999. Buick did some of the research for that paper and was a co-author.
But almost from its publication, detractors have said what was seen were not really ancient biomarkers but rather some kind of contamination that got into the samples being studied, possibly from oil flowing through shale rocks at a much later time or modern fossil fuel pollution.
"The contamination idea has always been nattered about in corridors or talked about in meetings, but never put down in print," Buick said. "What this new paper does is confirm these as being very, very old biomarkers."
The lead author of the paper, published in the June edition of Geology, is Adriana Dutkiewicz of the University of Sydney in Australia, for whom Buick served as a postdoctoral mentor. Other authors are Herbert Volk and Simon George of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization in Australia and John Ridley of Colorado State University.
The researchers examined rock samples obtained from an outcrop near Elliot Lake, which then were fragmented into pieces less than one-tenth of an inch in diameter. The particles were cleaned thoroughly and checked for contamination throughout the process. The crystal fragments contained numerous minuscule pockets of fluid mostly consisting of water but also containing small amounts of oil, usually in a thin film around a bubble of water vapor. The oil resulted from decaying organic matter, probably of marine origin.
"A drop of oil is a treasure trove. It is highly concentrated molecular fossils," Buick said.
The biomarkers contained in the oil indicate that both eukaryotes and cyanobacteria first appeared before the planetary glaciation, rather than evolving at the same time or later, he said. The samples also suggest that oxygen was being produced long before the atmosphere became oxygenated, probably oxidizing metals such as iron in the Earth's crust and ocean before the atmosphere began filling with oxygen.
Related Links
Daily science news about life on Earth
Early Life Was Abundant
Canberra, Australia (SPX) Jun 12, 2006
Life on Earth may well have flourished on Earth 3.43 billion years ago in an environment not too different to the warm little pond that Darwin imagined: a quiet shallow marine environment sandwiched in time between two active volcanic periods.
|The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2006 - SpaceDaily.AFP and UPI Wire Stories are copyright Agence France-Presse and United Press International. ESA PortalReports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additionalcopyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. Advertising does not imply endorsement,agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by SpaceDaily on any Web page published or hosted by SpaceDaily. Privacy Statement


text:
Business Savings
After a good harvest, it's wise to save something for next season. This account allows you to do just that.
- Interest paid quarterly
- Free online banking
- Free ATM card
Money Market Savings
Place your larger balance in this account to make the most of your funds without putting them out of reach.
- Tiered rate structure
- Check writing privileges
- Interest paid monthly
Certificates of Deposit (CDs)
Get a guaranteed return with a First State Bank Southwest CD. It's a solid investment without the risk.
- Fixed interest rates
- Terms up to 60 months
- Insured up to $250,000
Health Savings Account (HSA)
Help your employees save money now to be used for medical expenses later by offering this free account.
- Additional benefit
- Employee maintained
- No administration fees
Offer this employee salary deferral plan and give your staff another way to save for retirement.
- Lower maintenance costs
- Self-employed are eligible
- Maximum 100 employees
Simplified Employee Pension (SEP)
Help you and employees save for retirement with this account that makes long-term planning easier.
- Higher contribution limits
- Tax advantages
- All companies are eligible


text:
Mountain High continues its tradition of being the first Southern California resort to open, and this year they have achieved their largest opening day on record. With three lifts and four trails now open, Mountain High continues snowmaking and hopes to open more trails by the weekend.
More from Mountain High below:
The 2012/13 ski season got under way today as Mountain High opened to the screams and cheers of Southern California skiers and snowboarders. For the past 16 years Mountain High has been the first regional resort to open top to bottom and this season the excitement is evident. Winter enthusiasts packed the Wrightwood Resort making it their largest opening day on record. Thanks to recent snowmaking expansions and favorable weather, Mountain High also opened with the most acreage in recent history. Snowmaking will continue as conditions permit and Mountain High hopes to open several more trails by the weekend.
Says Karl Kapuscinski, President and CEO, "We are very excited to lead Southern California into winter again. It's going to be a great season with the return of El Nino, significant base area improvements, and the addition of our value-added sister resorts, Stevens Pass, WA, Sierra At Tahoe, and China Peak, CA, where pass holders ski for free."
Today also marks the last day of Mountain High's Freedom Pass sale. Skiers and snowboarders who were energized by the early opening can save up to 57% on an adult, anytime season pass. Benefits include FREE admission to the North Pole Tubing Park, $10 Off Adult Ski & Snowboard Lessons, 10% Off non-sale retail items, and the ability to track your days ridden, runs per day, and vertical feet. Visit http://www.mthigh.com/
Operating hours are 8:30am to 4:00pm through Thanksgiving and tickets will be $45 for adults (Regularly $69) and $25 for children ages 7 to 12. Kids six and under ski FREE with a paying adult. Ticket sales will be limited. Please arrive early for the best experience. Prices are subject to change without notice.
Up to three lifts are now available accessing four trails with a good combination of beginner and intermediate terrain. This means there is something for every member of the family including top to bottom terrain features for freestyle skiers and snowboarders. Mountain High offers a full line of rental and retail products along with repair services and food & beverage. The Winter Sports School will be open with its early-season $99 Special consisting of a lift ticket, rentals, and one hour private lesson for both children and adults ($140 Value).


text:
All Android applications categories
it is add supported application so please cooperate with EULA and accept or neglect as ur wish.
It is locker app with transparent screen.so u can make fool to ur friends by showing them wallpaperof ur device..
there is option for font selection...
download and enjoy it...rate if its worth that..
Tags: transparent lock , transparent app lock , transparent lock for s3 , transparent locker , transparent screen theme lock
from 121 reviews
Download Transparent Lock
Free - V1.0 - 708K
Sorry ...
This app is no longer available.
Share this app


text:
Product Reference: 44087
Why not View a video about this product?
Protect your Moto G's Screen
The official Motorola Moto G flip Cover offers great protection for your Moto G's screen. The cover will protect your phone's beautiful display against everyday scratches and scrapes, keeping it looking as sharp as it did the day you bought it.
Personalise your Moto G
Add a touch of style and sophistication to your Moto G with the official Motorola flip cover case.
Specifically designed for the Moto G
This case is an official Motorola product, so you can be assured of a great fit with access to all of the Moto G's ports and functions.


text:
When the Astros' Jason Castro hit a game-tying double in the ninth inning last night, Pirates manager Clint Hurdle had a flashback to July 24, 1983.
Castro's hit came with two outs in the ninth inning and scored Jed Lowrie from first base. "I knew the run would score, so I immediately walked down to the lineup card to see who's in my bullpen, what's my next move," Hurdle said. Then Hurdle noticed how the crowd of 21,516 at PNC Park, which had been roaring just moments earlier, had gone eerily silent. It reminded Hurdle of a game from his playing days, when George Brett smacked a two-run, game-winning homer with two outs in the ninth off Rich Gossage at Yankee Stadium.
"Never had I been in a venue when it was that quiet as it was that night (in New York)," Hurdle said. "Last night, it was deathly still, which is kind of a cool sound because it was so electric when the pitch was out of the hand. We went from standing up and 'Let's go, Bucs' and all heck breaking loose to … nothing. I'm thinking, 'This is pretty cool.'" Hurdle paused and grinned. "That's how weird I am."
»»» When we met with Hurdle at 11 a.m., the Pirates still were waiting on the results of Alex Presley's concussion test results. Presley, who was injured trying to make a diving catch last night, is not in the lineup today. MLB has a special, seven-day DL for concussion victims. "There's a battery of tests that we follow explicitly," Hurdle said. "The player really has to interact honestly with the questioning process. This is not a test you want to cheat on. It's amazing what kind of feedback you can get from the battery of tests."
Game 81: Astros @ Pirates, 1:35 p.m. ET
Astros (32-49): 1. Jordan Schafer cf, 2. Jose Altuve 2b, 3. Jed Lowrie ss, 4. Carlos Lee 1b, 5. Scott Moore 3b, 6. Juan Castro c, 7. J.D. Martinez lf, 8. Brian Bogusevic rf, 9. Dallas Keuchel lhp (1-0, 1.35)
Pirates (44-36): 1. Drew Sutton lf, 2. Neil Walker 2b, 3. Andrew McCutchen cf, 4. Garrett Jones rf, 5. Casey McGehee 1b, 6. Pedro Alvarez 3b, 7. Michael McKenry c, 8. Clint Barmes ss, 9. Kevin Correia rhp (4-6, 4.32)


text:
Irreconcilable Differences [Blu-Ray]
- Director(s):Charles Shyer
- Actors:Shelley Long, Ryan O'Neal, Drew Barrymore
- Rated:PG
- Languages:English
- Regional Code:Region 1
- Screen:Color, Anamorphic Widescreen
- Length:113 minutes
- Year Filmed:1984
Reg: $29.95 YOUR PRICE: $21.99
Availability: Usually ships in 2 business days.
In this bittersweet comedy, aspiring writers Albert (Ryan ONeal) and Lucy (Shelley Long) meet on a rainy night and fall head-over-heels for each other. Happily married with a beautiful little daughter, their simple life starts crumbling down as Alberts career in Hollywood prospers and he falls in love with his leading actress (Sharon Stone). Growing up and seeing her loving parents go from love to hate, nine-year old Casey (Drew Barrymore) has had enough and is tired of being emotionally and physically ignored by her parents - she hires a lawyer (Allen Garfield) and tries to divorce them on Irreconcilable Differences grounds. Written by Nancy Meyers (Private Benjamin) and Charles Shyer (Father of the Bride) and directed by Shyer, his directorial debut.
SPECIAL FEATURES: Audio Commentary with director Charles Shyer and film historian Bruce A. Block The video of Charles Shyer introducing the film A slide show of photos set to music from the film A split screen version of film played side-by-side with the original storyboards Theatrical Trailer


text:
At the 2010 SURFER Poll, Derek Dunfee received the Worst Wipeout award, a double-edged validation for his relentless charging. After the last few tumultuous years—which included a horrific wipeout in Tavarua that left him with a broken leg and months of painful rehabilitation, a win at the Billabong XXL Awards, the firsthand loss of close friend and fellow big-wave surfer Noel Robinson at Puerto Escondido, and finally the success of his film, Down with the Ship—it's fair to say the under-the-radar La Jolla charger has some experiential wisdom to impart.
I didn't go left at all for 10 months after I broke my leg. I was over it. It's been almost three years since I broke my leg and I'm like still really nervous backside.
When Noel drowned, he was grabbing rail going backside—just like how I broke my leg. And he broke his board in three or four places—just like how I broke my board. The way it happened looked exactly like when I broke my leg, so it's really hard you know, just dealing with it all. I still get real upset. I think about him every single day.
I've been doing a lot of spiritual reading, trying to deal with death and just living in the now and the present. And I've been doing a lot of writing too, just for my emotions, because for me, as a big-wave surfer, Noel's was one of the first real deaths of our generation.
I'm used to riding bigger, thicker boards, so that's kind of how my surfing has kind of gone for the last few years. When I was in Hawaii, on a big day at Backdoor, I was out on this big, thick 7'6″ and everybody is riding 7'2″s and 7'4″s—Josh Kerr was even on a 6'3″ round-nose board. I remember Reef McIntosh and a couple guys were like, "Oh, are you on your Mavericks gun or something?"
I try not to get super emotional when I see a swell. I try to wait until three days before to see what it looks like. Otherwise I'd be an emotional wreck, because I'd get so pumped and then bummed.
I've never been too critical of my technique for aerial surfing. My job is to surf big waves. I don't get paid to do airs or anything like that. That's never been my thing. Before I could really even do floaters and tail slides I was pulling into big tubes.
It used to be, however I did on the last session was how I gauge my life, which for a while was ruining my life. I was either really happy because I got a good one or really bummed because I didn't get one. Now I'm just trying to stay more level.
Even if I stopped getting paid to surf right now and had to work a nine-to-five job, I would still be tracking every swell and trying to get that day off if the swell was coming.
I'm super in-tuned with how I feel, like my energies and everything. That sounds weird, but some days I'll accept that I don't feel right, and I won't even paddle out into the lineup.
Accepting death is part of what I do.