text:
|Part of a series on
Conservatism as a political and social philosophy promotes retaining traditional social institutions. A person who follows the philosophies of conservatism is referred to as a traditionalist or conservative. Some conservatives seek to preserve things as they are, emphasizing stability and continuity, while others, called reactionaries, oppose modernism and seek a return to "the way things were".[1][2] The first established use of the term in a political context originated with François-René de Chateaubriand in 1818,[3] during the period of Bourbon restoration that sought to roll back the policies of the French Revolution. The term, historically associated with right-wing politics, has since been used to describe a wide range of views. There is no single set of policies that are universally regarded as conservative, because the meaning of conservatism depends on what is considered traditional in a given place and time. Thus conservatives from different parts of the world—each upholding their respective traditions—may disagree on a wide range of issues. Edmund Burke, an 18th-century politician who opposed the French Revolution but supported the American Revolution, is credited as one of the main theorists of conservatism in Great Britain in the 1790s.[4] According to Quintin Hogg, the chairman of the British Conservative Party in 1959, "Conservatism is not so much a philosophy as an attitude, a constant force, performing a timeless function in the development of a free society, and corresponding to a deep and permanent requirement of human nature itself."[5]
- 1 Development of Western conservatism
- 2 Forms of conservatism
- 3 Historic Conservatism in different countries
- 4 Modern Conservatism in different countries
- 5 Psychology
- 6 Notes
- 7 References
- 8 Further reading
- 9 External links
Development of Western conservatism[edit]
Great Britain[edit]
|Part of the Politics series on
In Britain conservative ideas (though not yet called that) emerged in the Tory movement, during the English Restoration period (1660–1688). Toryism supported a hierarchical society with a monarch who ruled by divine right. Tories opposed the idea that sovereignty was derived from the people, and rejected the authority of parliament and freedom of religion. Robert Filmer's Patriarcha: or the Natural Power of Kings, which had been written before theEnglish Civil War, became accepted as the statement of their doctrine. However, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 destroyed this principle to some degree by establishing a constitutional government in England, leading to the hegemony of the opposed Whig ideology. Faced with defeat, the Tories reformed their movement, now holding that sovereignty was vested in the three estates of Crown, Lords, and Commons[6] rather than solely in the Crown. Toryism became marginalized during the long period of Whig ascendancy in the 18th century.
Conservatives typically see Richard Hooker as the founding father of conservatism, along with the Marquess of Halifax, David Hume and Edmund Burke. Halifax promoted pragmatism in government, whilst Hume argued against political rationalism. Burke was the private secretary to the Marquis of Rockingham and official pamphleteer to the Rockingham branch of the Whig Party.[7] Together with the Tories, they were the conservatives in the late 18th century United Kingdom.[8] Burke's views were a mixture of liberal and conservative, with reference to the meaning of those terms in that time period (which was markedly different from their implications today). He supported the American Revolution but abhorred the violence of the French Revolution. He accepted the liberal ideals of private property and the economics of Adam Smith, but thought that economics should be kept subordinate to the conservative social ethic, that capitalism should be subordinate to the medieval social tradition and that the business class should be subordinate to aristocracy.[9] He insisted on standards of honor derived from the medieval aristocratic tradition, and saw the aristocracy as the nation's natural leaders.[10] That meant limits on the powers of the Crown, since he found the institutions of Parliament to be better informed than commissions appointed by the executive. He favored an established church, but allowed for a degree of religious toleration.[11] Burke justified the social order on the basis of tradition: tradition represented the wisdom of the species and he valued community and social harmony over social reforms.[12] Burke was a leading theorist in this early period, finding extreme idealism (either Tory or Whig) an endangerment to broader liberties, and (like Hume) rejecting abstract reason as an unsound guide for political theory. Despite their influence on future conservative thought, none of these early contributors were explicitly involved in Tory politics. Hooker lived in the 16th century, long before the advent of toryism, whilst Hume was an apolitical philosopher and Halifax similarly politically independent. Burke described himself as a Whig.
Shortly after Burke's death in 1797, conservatism was revived as a mainstream political force as the Whigs suffered a series of internal divisions. This new generation of conservatives derived their politics not from Burke but from his predecessor, the Viscount Bolingbroke, who was a Jacobite and traditional Tory, lacking Burke's sympathies for Whiggish policies such as Catholic Emancipation and American independence (famously attacked bySamuel Johnson in "Taxation No Tyranny"). In the first half of the 19th century there were many newspapers, magazines, and journals promoting loyalist or right-wing attitudes in religion, politics, and international affairs. Burke was seldom mentioned but William Pitt the Younger was a conspicuous hero. The most prominent journals were The Quarterly Review, founded in 1809 as a counterweight to the Whigs' Edinburgh Review, and the even more conservative Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine.Sack finds that the Quarterly Review promoted a balanced Canningite toryism; was neutral on Catholic emancipation and only mildly critical of Nonconformist Dissent; it opposed slavery and supported the current poor laws. It was "aggressively imperialist." The high church clergy of the Church of England read the Orthodox Churchman's Magazinewhich was equally hostile to Jewish, Catholic, Jacobin, Methodist, and Unitarian spokesmen. Anchoring the ultra tories was Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, which stood firmly against Catholic emancipation, and favoured slavery, cheap money, mercantilism, the Navigation acts, and the Holy Alliance.[13]
In the 19th century, conflict between wealthy businessmen and the aristocracy split the British conservative movement, with the aristocracy calling for a return to medieval ideas while the business classes called for laissez-faire capitalism.[14]
Although conservatives opposed attempts to allow greater representation of the middle class in parliament, in 1834 they conceded that electoral reform could not be reversed and promised to support further reforms so long as they did not erode the institutions of church and state. These new principles were presented in the Tamworth Manifesto which is considered by historians to be the basic statement of the beliefs of the new Conservative Party.[15]
Some conservatives lamented the passing of a pastoral world where the ethos of noblesse oblige had promoted respect from the lower classes. They saw the Anglican Church and the aristocracy as balances against commercial wealth.[16] They worked toward legislation for improved working conditions and urban housing.[17] This viewpoint would later be called Tory Democracy.[18] However since Burke there has always been tension between traditional aristocratic conservatism and the wealthy business class.[19]
In 1835, Tory Prime Minister Robert Peel issued the Tamworth Manifesto in which he pledged to endorse moderate political reform. This marked the beginning of the transformation of British conservatism from High Tory reactionism towards a more modern form based on 'conservation.' The party became known as the Conservative Party as a result, a name it has retained to this day. Peel, however, would also be the root of a split in the party between the traditional Tories (led by the Earl of Derby and Benjamin Disraeli) and the 'Peelites' (led first by Peel himself, then by the Earl of Aberdeen). The split occurred in 1846 over the issue of free-trade, which Peel supported, versus protectionism, supported by Derby. The majority of the party sided with Derby, whilst about a third split away, eventually merging with the Whigs and the radicals to form the Liberal Party. Despite the split, the mainstream Conservative Party accepted the doctrine of free-trade in 1852.
In the second half of the century it was the Liberals who were faced with political schisms, the most major being over Irish Home Rule. Leader William Gladstone (himself a former Peelite) sought to give Ireland a degree of autonomy, a move that was opposed by elements in both the left and right wings of his party. These split off to become the Liberal Unionists (led by Joseph Chamberlain), forming a coalition with the Conservatives before merging with them in 1912. The Liberal Unionist influence dragged the party towards the left; Conservative governments passing a number of progressive reforms at the turn of the 20th century. By the late 19th century, the traditional business supporters of the UK Liberal Party had joined the Conservatives, making them the party of business and commerce.[20]
After a period of Liberal dominance before the First World War, the Conservatives gradually became more influential in government, regaining full control of the cabinet in 1922. In the interwar period conservatism was the major ideology in Britain, as the Liberal Party vied with the Labour Party for control of the left. After the Second World War, the first Labour government under Clement Attlee embarked on a program of nationalization of industry and social welfare state. The policies were generally accepted by the Conservatives until the 1980s. Many of Labour's programs were reversed in the 1980s by the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher, which was guided by neoliberal economics.
Small conservative political parties (such as the United Kingdom Independence Party and the Democratic Unionist Party) began to appear, although they have yet to make any significant impact at Westminster (the DUP is currently part of a ruling coalition in theNorthern Ireland Assembly).
|This section requires expansion.(October 2012)
Conservative thought developed alongside nationalism in Germany, culminating in Germany's victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War, the creation of the unified German Empire in 1871, and the simultaneous rise of Otto von Bismarck on the European political stage. Bismarck's "balance of power" model maintained peace in Europe for decades at the end of the 19th century, and his "revolutionary conservatism" led to significant popular reforms in insurance law, labor, and wages. These and other policies made socialism seem less desirable to the average German family, and propelled Bismarck to high renown during his lifetime.
With the rise of Nazism in 1933, agrarian conservatism faded and was supplanted by a more command-based economy and forced social integration. Though Adolf Hitler succeeded in garnering the support of many German industrialists, prominent traditionalists openly and secretly opposed his policies of euthanasia, genocide, and attacks on organized religion, including Claus von Stauffenberg, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Henning von Tresckow, Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen, and the monarchist Carl Friedrich Goerdeler.
More recently, the work of conservative CDU leader Helmut Kohl helped bring about German Reunification, along with the closer integration of Europe in the form of the Maastricht Treaty. Today, German conservatism is often associated with Chancellor Angela Merkel, whose tenure has been marked by attempts to save the common European currency (EURO) from demise.
United States[edit]
|This section requires expansion.(June 2013)
In the United States, conservatism is rooted in the American Revolution and its commitment to republicanism, sovereignty of the people, and the rights and liberties of Englishmen while expelling the king and his supporters. Most European conservative writers do not accept American conservatism as genuine; they consider it to be a variety of liberalism. Modern American liberals in the New Deal do not disagree with that consensus view, but conservatives spend much more emphasis on the Revolutionary origins, with the Tea Partyadvocates using an episode from the 1770s for their name and some even dress in costumes from that era at their rallies.
Historian Gregory Schneider identifies several constants in American conservatism: respect for tradition, support of republicanism, "the rule of law and the Christian religion," and a defense of "Western civilization from the challenges of modernist culture and totalitarian governments."[21]
Latin Europe[edit]
Another form of conservatism developed in France in parallel to conservatism in Britain. It was influenced by Counter-Enlightenment works by men such asJoseph de Maistre and Louis de Bonald. Latin conservatism was less pragmatic and more reactionary than the conservatism of Burke.[citation needed] Many Continental or Traditionalist conservatives do not support separation of Church and state, with most supporting state recognition of and cooperation with theCatholic Church, such as had existed in France before the Revolution.
Eventually conservatives added patriotism and nationalism to the list of traditional values they support. German conservatives were the first to embrace nationalism, which was previously associated with liberalism and the Revolution in France.[22]
Forms of conservatism[edit]
Liberal conservatism[edit]
Liberal conservatism is a variant of conservatism that combines conservative values and policies with classical liberal stances.[23] As these latter two terms have had different meanings over time and across countries, liberal conservatism also has a wide variety of meanings. Historically, the term often referred to the combination of economic liberalism, which champions laissez-faire markets, with the classical conservatism concern for established tradition, respect for authority and religious values. It contrasted itself with classical liberalism, which supported freedom for the individual in both the economic and social spheres.
Over time, the general conservative ideology in many countries adopted economic liberal arguments, and the term liberal conservatism was replaced with conservatism. This is also the case in countries where liberal economic ideas have been the tradition, such as the United States, and are thus considered conservative. In other countries where liberal conservative movements have entered the political mainstream, such as Italy and Spain, the terms liberal and conservative may be synonymous. The liberal conservative tradition in the United States combines the economic individualism of the classical liberals with a Burkean form of conservatism (which has also become part of the American conservative tradition, such as in the writings of Russell Kirk).
A secondary meaning for the term liberal conservatism that has developed in Europe is a combination of more modern conservative (less traditionalist) views with those of social liberalism. This has developed as an opposition to the more collectivist views of socialism. Often this involves stressing what are now conservative views of free-market economics and belief in individual responsibility, with social liberal views on defence of civil rights, environmentalism and support for a limited welfare state. In continental Europe, this is sometimes also translated into Englishas social conservatism.
Conservative liberalism[edit]
Conservative liberalism is a variant of liberalism that combines liberal values and policies with conservative stances, or, more simply, the right wing of the liberal movement.[24][25][26] The roots of conservative liberalism are found at the beginning of the history of liberalism. Until the two World Wars, in most European countries the political class was formed by conservative liberals, from Germany to Italy. Events after World War I brought the more radical version of classical liberalism to a more conservative (i.e. more moderate) type of liberalism.[27]
Libertarian conservatism[edit]
Libertarian conservatism describes certain political ideologies within the United States and Canada which combine libertarian economic issues with aspects of conservatism. Its five main branches are Constitutionalism, paleolibertarianism, neolibertarianism, small government conservatism and Christian libertarianism. They generally differ from paleoconservatives, in that they are in favor of more personal and economic freedom.
Agorists such as Samuel Edward Konkin III labeled libertarian conservatism right-libertarianism.[28][29]
In contrast to paleoconservatives, libertarian conservatives support strict laissez-faire policies such as free trade, opposition to any national bank and opposition to business regulations. They are vehemently opposed to environmental regulations, corporate welfare, subsidies, and other areas of economic intervention.
Fiscal conservatism[edit]
Fiscal conservatism is the economic philosophy of prudence in government spending and debt.[30] Edmund Burke, in his Reflections on the Revolution in France, argued that a government does not have the right to run up large debts and then throw the burden on the taxpayer:
…[I]t is to the property of the citizen, and not to the demands of the creditor of the state, that the first and original faith of civil society is pledged. The claim of the citizen is prior in time, paramount in title, superior in equity. The fortunes of individuals, whether possessed by acquisition or by descent or in virtue of a participation in the goods of some community, were no part of the creditor's security, expressed or implied…[T]he public, whether represented by a monarch or by a senate, can pledge nothing but the public estate; and it can have no public estate except in what it derives from a just and proportioned imposition upon the citizens at large.
Green conservatism[edit]
Green conservatism is a term used to refer to conservatives who have incorporated green concerns into their ideology.[31] One of the first uses of the term green conservatism was by former United States Republican House Speaker Newt Gingrich, in a debate on environmental issues with John Kerry.[32][33] Around this time, the green conservative movement was sometimes referred to as the crunchy con movement, a term popularized by National Review magazine and the writings of Rod Dreher.[34] The group Republicans for Environmental Protection seeks to strengthen the Republican Party's stance on environmental issues, and supports efforts to conserve natural resources and protect human and environmental health.
National and traditional conservatism[edit]
National conservatism is a political term used primarily in Europe to describe a variant of conservatism which concentrates more on national interests than standard conservatism as well as upholding cultural and ethnic identity,[35] while not being outspokenly nationalist or supporting a far-rightapproach.[citation needed] In Europe, national conservatives are usually eurosceptics.[36][37]
National conservatism is heavily oriented towards the traditional family and social stability as well as in favour of limiting immigration. As such, national conservatives can be distinguished from economic conservatives, for whom free market economic policies, deregulation and fiscal conservatism are the main priorities. Some commentators have identified a growing gap between national and economic conservatism: "most parties of the Right [today] are run by economic conservatives who, in varying degrees, have marginalized social, cultural, and national conservatives."[38] National conservatism is also related to traditionalist conservatism.
Traditionalist conservatism is a political philosophy emphasizing the need for the principles of natural law and transcendent moral order, tradition,hierarchy and organic unity, agrarianism, classicism and high culture, and the intersecting spheres of loyalty.[39] Some traditionalists have embraced the labels "reactionary" and "counterrevolutionary", defying the stigma that has attached to these terms since the Enlightenment. Having a hierarchical view of society, many traditionalist conservatives, including a few Americans, defend the monarchical political structure as the most natural and beneficial social arrangement.
Cultural conservatives support the preservation of the heritage of one nation, or of a shared culture that is not defined by national boundaries.[40] The shared culture may be as divergent as Western culture or Chinese culture. In the United States, the term cultural conservative may imply a conservative position in the culture war. Cultural conservatives hold fast to traditional ways of thinking even in the face of monumental change. They believe strongly in traditional values and traditional politics, and often have an urgent sense of nationalism.
Social conservatism is distinct from cultural conservatism, although there are some overlaps. Social conservatives believe that the government has a role in encouraging or enforcing what they consider traditional values or behaviors. A social conservative wants to preserve traditional morality and social mores, often through civil law or regulation. Social change is generally regarded as suspect.
A second meaning of the term social conservatism developed in the Nordic countries and continental Europe. There it refers to liberal conservatives supporting modern European welfare states.
Social conservatives (in the first meaning of the word) in many countries generally favor the pro-life position in the abortion controversy and oppose human embryonic stem cell research (particularly if publicly funded); oppose both eugenics and human enhancement (transhumanism) while supporting bioconservatism;[41] support a traditional definition of marriage as being one man and one woman; view the nuclear family model as society's foundational unit; oppose expansion of civil marriage and child adoption rights to couples in same-sex relationships; promote public morality and traditional family values; oppose atheism,[42] especially militant atheism, secularism and the separation of church and state;[43][44][45] support the prohibition ofdrugs, prostitution, and euthanasia; and support the censorship of pornography and what they consider to be obscenity or indecency. Most conservatives in the U.S. support the death penalty.
Religious conservatism[edit]
Religious conservatives principally seek to apply the teachings of particular religions to politics, sometimes by merely proclaiming the value of those teachings, at other times by having those teachings influence laws.[46]
Progressive conservatism[edit]
Progressive conservatism incorporates progressive policies alongside conservative policies. It stresses the importance of a social safety net to deal with poverty, support of limitedredistribution of wealth along with government regulation to regulate markets in the interests of both consumers and producers.[47] Progressive conservatism first arose as a distinct ideology in the United Kingdom under Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli's "One Nation" Toryism.[47][48]
There have been a variety of progressive conservative governments. In the UK, the Prime Ministers Disraeli, Stanley Baldwin, Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill, Harold Macmillan,[49]and present Prime Minister David Cameron are progressive conservatives.[50][51] The Catholic Church's Rerum Novarum (1891) advocates a progressive conservative doctrine known associal Catholicism.[52] In the United States, the administration of President William Howard Taft was progressive conservative and he described himself as "a believer in progressive conservatism"[53] and President Dwight D. Eisenhower declared himself an advocate of "progressive conservatism".[54] In Germany, Chancellor Leo von Caprivi promoted a progressive conservative agenda called the "New Course".[55] In Canada, a variety of conservative governments have been progressive conservative, with Canada's major conservative movement being officially named the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1942 to 2003.[56] In Canada, the Prime Ministers Arthur Meighen, R.B. Bennett, John Diefenbaker, Joe Clark, Brian Mulroney, and Kim Campbell led progressive conservative federal governments.[56]
Historic Conservatism in different countries[edit]
Conservative political parties vary widely from country to country in the goals they wish to achieve. Both conservative and liberal parties tend to favor private ownership of property, in opposition to communist, socialist and green parties, which favor communal ownership or laws requiring social responsibility on the part of property owners. Where conservatives and liberals differ is primarily on social issues. Conservatives tend to reject behavior that does not conform to some social norm. For many years[quantify], conservative parties[which?] fought to stop extension of voting rights to groups such as to non-Christians, non-whites and women. Modern conservative parties often define themselves by their opposition to liberal or labor parties. The United States usage of the term conservative is unique to that country.[57]
According to Alan Ware, Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Finland, France, Greece, Iceland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK retained viable conservative parties into the 1980s.[58] Ware said that Australia, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Malta, New Zealand, Spain and the US had no conservative parties, although they had either Christian Democrats or liberals as major right-wing parties. Canada, Ireland, and Portugal had right-wing political parties that defied categorization: the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada;Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael, and Progressive Democrats in Ireland; and the Social Democratic Party of Portugal.[59] Since then, the Swiss People's Party has moved to the extreme right and is no longer considered to be conservative.[60]
Klaus von Beyme, who developed the method of party categorization, found that no modern Eastern European parties could be considered conservative, although the communist and communist-successor parties had strong similarities.[61]
In Italy, which was united by liberals and radicals (risorgimento), liberals not conservatives emerged as the party of the Right.[62] In the Netherlands, conservatives merged into a new Christian democratic party in 1980.[63] In Austria, Germany, Portugal and Spain, conservatism was transformed into and incorporated into fascism or the far right.[64] In 1940, all Japanese parties were merged into a single fascist party. Following the war, Japanese conservatives briefly returned to politics but were largely purged from public office.[65]
Louis Hartz explained the absence of conservatism in Australia or the United States as a result of their settlement as radical or liberal fragments of Great Britain. Although he said English Canada had a negligible conservative influence, subsequent writers claimed that loyalists opposed to the American Revolution brought a Tory ideology into Canada. Hartz explained conservatism in Quebec and Latin America as a result of their settlement as feudal societies.[66] The American conservative writer Russell Kirk provided the opinion that conservatism had been brought to the US and interpreted the American revolution as a "conservative revolution".[67]
Conservative elites have long dominated Latin American nations. Mostly this has been achieved through control of and support for civil institutions, the church and the armed forces, rather than through party politics. Typically the church was exempt from taxes and its employees immune from civil prosecution. Where national conservative parties were weak or non-existent, conservatives were more likely to rely on military dictatorship as a preferred form of government. However in some nations where the elites were able to mobilize popular support for conservative parties, longer periods of political stability were achieved. Chile, Colombia and Venezuela are examples of nations that developed strong conservative parties. Argentina, Brazil, El Salvador and Peru are examples of nations where this did not occur.[68] The Conservative Party of Venezuela disappeared following the Federal Wars of 1858-1863.[69] Chile's conservative party, the National Party disbanded in 1973 following a military coup and did not re-emerge as a political force following the subsequent return to democracy.[70]
The conservative Union Nationale governed the province of Quebec in periods from 1936 to 1960, in a close alliance with English Canadian business elites and the Catholic Church. This period, known as the Great Darkness ended with the Quiet Revolution and the party went into terminal decline.[71]
Founded in 1945 as the Christian People's Party, the Flemish Christian Democrats (CD&V) dominated politics in post-war Belgium. In 1999, the party's support collapsed and it became the country's fifth largest party.[72]
Canada's Conservatives had their roots in the Loyalists – Tories – who left America after the American Revolution. They developed in the socio-economic and political cleavages that existed during the first three decades of the 19th century, and had the support of the business, professional and established Church (Anglican) elites in Ontario and to a lesser extent in Quebec. Holding a monopoly over administrative and judicial offices, they were called the "Family Compact" in Ontario and the "Chateau Clique" in Quebec. John A. Macdonald's successful leadership of the movement to confederate the provinces and his subsequent tenure as prime minister for most of the late 19th century rested on his ability to bring together the English-speaking Protestant oligarchy and the ultramontane Catholic hierarchy of Quebec and to keep them united in a conservative coalition.[73]
The Conservatives combined pro-market liberalism and Toryism. They generally supported an activist government and state intervention in the marketplace, and their policies were marked bynoblesse oblige, a paternalistic responsibility of the elites for the less well-off.[74] From 1942, the party was known as the Progressive Conservatives, until 2003, when the national party merged with the Canadian Alliance to form the Conservative Party of Canada.[75]
The Colombian Conservative Party, founded in 1849, traces its origins to opponents of General Francisco de Paula Santander's 1833–37 administration. While the term "liberal" had been used to describe all political forces in Colombia, the conservatives began describing themselves as "conservative liberals" and their opponents as "red liberals". From the 1860s until the present, the party has supported strong central government, and supported the Catholic Church, especially its role as protector of the sanctity of the family, and opposed separation of church and state. Its policies include the legal equality of all men, the citizen's right to own property and opposition to dictatorship. It has usually been Colombia's second largest party, with theColombian Liberal Party being the largest.[76]
Founded in 1915, the Conservative People's Party of Denmark. was the successor of Højre (literally "right"). In the 2005 election it won 18 out of 179 seats in the Folketing and became a junior partner in coalition with the Liberals.[77] The party is preceded by 11 years by the Young Conservatives (KU), today the youth movement of the party. The Party suffered a major defeat in the parliamentary elections of September 2011 in which the party lost more than half of its seat and also lost governmental power.
The conservative party in Finland is the National Coalition Party (in Finnish Kansallinen Kokoomus, Kok). The party was founded in 1918 when several monarchist parties united. Although in the past the party was right-wing, today it is a moderate party. While the party advocates economic liberalism, it is committed to the social market economy.[78]
Following the Second World War, conservatives in France supported Gaullist groups and have been nationalistic, and emphasized tradition, order, and the regeneration of France. Gaullists held divergent views on social issues. The number of Conservative groups, their lack of stability, and their tendency to be identified with local issues defy simple categorization. Conservatism has been the major political force in France since the second world war.[79] Unusually, post-war French conservatism was formed around the personality of a leader, Charles de Gaulle, and did not draw on traditional French conservatism, but on the Bonapartism tradition.[80] Gaullism in France continues under the Union for a Popular Movement.[81] The word "conservative" itself is a term of abuse in France.[82]
The main interwar conservative party was called the People's Party (PP), which supported constitutional monarchy and opposed the republican Liberal Party. It was able to re-group after the Second World War as part of a United Nationalist Front which achieved power campaigning on a simple anticommunist, ultranationalist platform. However, the vote received by the PP declined, leading them to create an expanded party, the Greek Rally, under the leadership of the charismatic General Alexandros Papagos. The conservatives opposed the far right dictatorship of the colonels (1967–1974) and established the New Democratic Party following the fall of the dictatorship. The new party had four objectives: to confront Turkish expansionism in Cyprus, to reestablish and solidify democratic rule, to give the country a strong government, and to make a powerful moderate party a force in Greek politics.[83]
The Independent Greeks, a newly formed political party in Greece has also supported conservatism, particularly national and religious conservatism. The Founding Declaration of the Independent Greeks strongly emphasises in the preservation of the Greek state and its sovereignty, the Greek people and the Greek Orthodox Church.[84]
Founded in 1926 as the Conservative Party, Iceland's Independence Party adopted its current name in 1929. From the beginning they have been the largest vote-winning party, averaging around 40%. They combine liberalism and conservatism, supporting nationalization and opposed to class conflict. While mostly in opposition during the 1930s, they embraced economic liberalism, but accepted the welfare state after the war and participated in governments supportive of state intervention and protectionism. Unlike other Scandanivian conservative (and liberal) parties, it has always had a large working-class following.[85]
After WW2 in Italy the conservative theories were mainly represented by the Christian Democracy, which government form the foundation of the Republic until party's dissolution in 1994. Officially DC refused the ideology of Conservatism, but in many aspects, for example family values, it was a typical social conservative party.
In 1994 the media tycoon and entrepreneur Silvio Berlusconi founded the liberal conservative Forza Italia movement. Berlusconi won three elections in 1994, 2001 and 2008 governing the country for almost ten years as Prime Minister.
Besides FI, now the conservative ideas are mainly expressed by the New Centre-Right party led by Angelino Alfano, former Berlusconi's protégé who split from the reborn Forza Italia founding a new conservative movement. Alfano is the current Minister of the Interior in the government of Matteo Renzi.
Luxembourg's major conservative party, the Christian Social People's Party (CSV or PCS) was formed as the Party of the Right in 1914, and adopted its present name in 1945. It was consistently the largest political party in Luxembourg and dominated politics throughout the 20th century.[86]
The Conservative Party of Norway (Norwegian: Høyre, literally "right") was formed by the old upper class of state officials and wealthy merchants to fight the populist democracy of the Liberal Party, but lost power in 1884 when parliamentarian government was first practised. It formed its first government under parliamentarism in 1889, and continued to alternate in power with the Liberals until the 1930s, when Labour became the dominant political party. It has elements both of paternalism, stressing the responsibilities of the state, and of economic liberalism. It first returned to power in the 1960s.[87] During Kåre Willoch's premiership in the 1980s, much emphasis was laid on liberalizing the credit- and housing market and abolishing the NRK TV and radio monopoly, while supporting law and order in criminal justice and traditional norms in education[88]
Sweden's conservative party, the Moderate Party, was formed in 1904, two years after the founding of the liberal party.[89] The party emphasizes tax reductions, deregulation of private enterprise, and privatization of schools, hospitals and kindergartens.[90]
There are a number of conservative parties in Switzerland's parliament, the Federal Assembly. These include the largest, the Swiss People's Party (SVP),[91] the Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP),[92] represented in the Federal Council or cabinet by Doris Leuthard (in 2011), and the Conservative Democratic Party of Switzerland (BDP),[93] which is a splinter of the SVP created after a failed attempt to expel Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf from the SVP.[93]
The Swiss People's Party (SVP or UDC) was formed from the 1971 merger of the Party of Farmers, Traders, and Citizens, formed in 1917 and the smaller Swiss Democratic Party, formed in 1942. The SVP emphasized agricultural policy, and was strong among farmers in German-speaking Protestant areas. As Switzerland considered closer relations with the European Union in the 1990s, the SVP adopted a more militant protectionist and isolationist stance. This stance has allowed it to expand into German-speaking Catholic mountainous areas.[94] The Anti-Defamation League has accused them of manipulating issues such as immigration, Swiss neutrality and welfare benefits, awakening anti-Semitism and racism.[95] The Council of Europe has called the SVP "extreme right", although some scholars dispute this classification. Hans-Georg Betz for example describes it as "populist radical right".[96]
United Kingdom[edit]
|This section may be too long and excessively detailed. (September 2012)
Conservatism in the United Kingdom is related to its counterparts in other Western nations, but has a distinct tradition. Edmund Burke is often considered the father of conservatism in the English-speaking world. Burke was a Whig, while the term Tory is given to the later Conservative Party. One Australian scholar argues, "For Edmund Burke and Australians of a like mind, the essence of conservatism lies not in a body of theory, but in the disposition to maintain those institutions seen as central to the beliefs and practices of society."[97]
The old established form of English and, after the Act of Union, British conservatism, was the Tory Party. It reflected the attitudes of a rural land owning class, and championed the institutions of the monarchy, the Anglican Church, the family, and property as the best defence of the social order. In the early stages of the industrial revolution, it seemed to be totally opposed to a process that seemed to undermine some of these bulwarks. The new industrial elite were seen by many as enemies to the social order. Robert Peel was able to reconcile the new industrial class to the Tory landed class by persuading the latter to accept the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846. He created a new political group that sought to preserve the old status quo while accepting the basics of laissez-faire and free trade. The new coalition of traditional landowners and sympathetic industrialists constituted the new Conservative Party.
Benjamin Disraeli gave the new party a political ideology. As a young man, he was influenced by the romantic movement and medievalism, and developed a devastating critique of industrialism. In his novels, he outlined an England divided into two nations, each living in perfect ignorance of each other. He foresaw, like Karl Marx, the phenomenon of an alienated industrial proletariat. His solution involved a return to an idealised view of a corporate or organic society, in which everyone had duties and responsibilities towards other people or groups. This "one nation" conservatism is still a significant tradition in British politics.[citation needed] It has animated a great deal of social reform undertaken by successive Conservative governments.[citation needed]
Although nominally a Conservative, Disraeli was sympathetic to some of the demands of the Chartists and argued for an alliance between the landed aristocracy and the working class against the increasing power of the middle class, helping to found the Young England group in 1842 to promote the view that the rich should use their power to protect the poor from exploitation by the middle class.[citation needed] The conversion of the Conservative Party into a modern mass organization was accelerated by the concept of Tory Democracy attributed to Lord Randolph Churchill, father of Britain's wartime Prime Minister Winston Churchill.[citation needed]
A Liberal-Conservative coalition during World War I, coupled with the ascent of the Labour Party, hastened the collapse of the Liberals in the 1920s. After World War II, the Conservative Party made concessions to the socialist policies of the Left. This compromise was a pragmatic measure to regain power, but also the result of the early successes of central planning and state ownership forming a cross-party consensus. This was known asButskellism, after the almost identical Keynesian policies of Rab Butler on behalf of the Conservatives, and Hugh Gaitskell for Labour.
However, in the 1980s, under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher, and the influence of Keith Joseph, there was a dramatic shift in the ideological direction of British conservatism, with a movement towards free-market economic policies.[citation needed] As one commentator explains, "Theprivatization of state owned industries, unthinkable before, became commonplace [during Thatcher's government] and has now been imitated all over the world."[98] Some commentators have questioned whether Thatcherism was consistent with the traditional concept of conservatism in the United Kingdom, and saw her views as more consistent with radical classical liberalism. Thatcher was described as "a radical in a conservative party",[98] and her ideology has been seen as confronting "established institutions" and the "accepted beliefs of the elite",[98] both concepts incompatible with the traditional conception of conservatism as signifying support for the established order and existing social convention.
Modern Conservatism in different countries[edit]
While conservatism has been seen as an appeal to traditional, hierarchical society, some writers, such as Samuel P. Huntington, see it as situational. Under this definition, conservatives are seen as defending the established institutions of their time.[99]
The Liberal Party of Australia adheres to the principles of social conservatism and liberal conservatism.[100] It is Liberal in the sense of economics. The party is considered to be more right-wing than the Conservative Party (UK).[101] Other conservative parties are the National Party of Australia, a sister party of the Liberals, Family First Party, Democratic Labor Party, Shooters Party and the Katter's Australian Party.
The second largest party in the country, the Australian Labor Party's dominant faction is Labor Right, a socially conservative element. Australia is generally considered one of the most conservative western nations.[102] Australia undertook significant economic reform under the Australian Labor Party in the mid-1980s. Consequently issues like protectionism, welfare reform, privatization and deregulation are no longer debated in the political space as they are in Europe or North America. Moser and Catley explain, "In America, 'liberal' means left-of-center, and it is a pejorative term when used by conservatives in adversarial political debate. In Australia, of course, the conservatives are in the Liberal Party."[103] Jupp points out that, "[the] decline in English influences on Australian reformism and radicalism, and appropriation of the symbols of Empire by conservatives continued under the Liberal Party leadership of Sir Robert Menzies, which lasted until 1966."[104]
Bosnia and Herzegovina[edit]
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (October 2012)
Founded 1990 as Party of Democratic Action. It's one of the first Conservative parties in Bosnia after Yugoslavia collapse. It is also known as Bosniak Conservative Party. There is also Croatian Democratic Community of Bosnia and Herzegovina (HDZBIH) which is considered Croatian Conservative Party and Serbian Democratic Party as Serbian Conservative Party. Conservativism is very popular in Bosnia.
South Korea[edit]
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (August 2012)
South Korea's major conservative party, the Saenuri Party or 새누리당, changed its form throughout its history. First it was the Democratic-Republican Party(1963~1980); its head was Park Chung-hee who seized power in a 1961 military coup d'état and ruled as an unelected military strongman until his formal election as president in 1963. He was president for 16 years, until his assassination on October 26, 1979. The Democratic Justice Party inherited the same ideology as the Democrati-Republican Party. Its head, Chun Doo-hwan, also gained power through a coup. His followers called themselves the Hanahoe. The Democratic Justice Party changed its form and acted to suppress the opposition party and to follow the people's demand for direct elections. The party's Roh Tae-woo became the first president who was elected through direct election. The next form of the major conservative party was the Democratic-Liberal Party. Again, through election, its second leader, Kim Young-sam, became the fourteenth president of Korea. When the conservative party was beaten by the opposition party in the general election, it changed its form again to follow the party members' demand for reforms. It became the New Korean Party. It changed again one year later since the President Kim Young-sam was blamed by the citizen for the IMF[clarification needed]. It changed its name to Grand National Party (Hannara-dang) (1998~2011). Since the late Kim Dae-jung assumed the presidency in 1998, GNP had not been the ruling party until Lee Myung-bak won the presidential election of 2007. It renamed to Saenoori Party (새누리당) in 2011.
United States[edit]
The meaning of "conservatism" in America has little in common with the way the word is used elsewhere. As Ribuffo (2011) notes, "what Americans now call conservatism much of the world calls liberalism or neoliberalism."[105] Since the 1950s conservatism in the United States has been chiefly associated with the Republican Party. However, during the era of segregation many Southern Democrats were conservatives, and they played a key role in the Conservative Coalition that controlled Congress from 1937 to 1963.[106]
Major movements within American conservatism include support for tradition, law-and-order, Christianity, anti-communism, and a defense of "Western civilization from the challenges of modernist culture and totalitarian governments."[21] Economic conservatives and libertarians favor small government, low taxes, limited regulation, and free enterprise. Some social conservatives see traditional social values threatened by secularism, so they supportschool prayer and oppose abortion and homosexuality.[107] Neoconservatives want to expand American ideals throughout the world and show a strong support for Israel.[108] Paleoconservatives, in opposition to multiculturalism, press for restrictions on immigration.[109] Most U.S. conservatives prefer Republicans over Democrats, and most factions favor a strong foreign policy and a strong military. The conservative movement of the 1950s attempted to bring together these divergent strands, stressing the need for unity to prevent the spread of "Godless Communism", which Reagan later labeled an "evil empire".[110] During the Reagan administration, conservatives also supported the so-called "Reagan Doctrine" under which the U.S., as part of a Cold War strategy, provided military and other support to guerrilla insurgencies that were fighting governments aligned with the Soviet Union.
Other modern conservative beliefs include opposition to a world government and skepticism about the validity of evidence-based conclusions on various environmental issues.[111]
Most recently, the Tea Party movement, founded in 2009, has proven a large outlet for populist American conservative ideas. Their stated goals include rigorous adherence to the U.S. Constitution, lower taxes, and opposition to a growing role for the federal government in health care. Electorally, it was considered a key force in Republicans reclaiming control of the U.S. House of Representatives in 2010.[112][113]
Following the Second World War, psychologists conducted research into the different motives and tendencies that account for ideological differences between left and right. The early studies focused on conservatives, beginning with Theodor W. Adorno's The Authoritarian Personality (1950). This book has been heavily criticized on theoretical and methodological grounds, but some of its findings have been confirmed by further empirical research.[114]
In 1973, British psychologist Glenn Wilson published an influential book providing evidence that a general factor underlying conservative beliefs is "fear of uncertainty".[115] A meta-analysis of research literature by Jost, Glaser, Kruglanski, and Sulloway in 2003 found that many factors, such as intolerance of ambiguity and need for cognitive closure, contribute to the degree of one's political conservatism.[114] A study by Kathleen Maclay stated these traits "might be associated with such generally valued characteristics as personal commitment and unwavering loyalty." The research also suggested that while most people are resistant to change, liberals are more tolerant of it.[116]
According to psychologist Bob Altemeyer, individuals who are politically conservative tend to rank high in Right-Wing Authoritarianism on his RWA scale.[117] This finding was echoed byTheodor Adorno. A study done on Israeli and Palestinian students in Israel found that RWA scores of right-wing party supporters were significantly higher than those of left-wing party supporters.[118] However, a 2005 study by H. Michael Crowson and colleagues suggested a moderate gap between RWA and other conservative positions. "The results indicated that conservatism is not synonymous with RWA."[119]
Psychologist Felicia Pratto and her colleagues have found evidence to support the idea that a high Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) is strongly correlated with conservative political views, and opposition to social engineering to promote equality, though Pratto's findings have been highly controversial.[120] Pratto and her colleagues found that high SDO scores were highly correlated with measures of prejudice. They were refuted in this claim by David J. Schneider, who wrote that "correlations between prejudice and political conservative are reduced virtually to zero when controls for SDO are instituted".[121] Kenneth Minogue criticized Pratto's work, saying "It is characteristic of the conservative temperament to value established identities, to praise habit and to respect prejudice, not because it is irrational, but because such things anchor the darting impulses of human beings in solidities of custom which we do not often begin to value until we are already losing them. Radicalism often generates youth movements, while conservatism is a condition found among the mature, who have discovered what it is in life they most value."[122]
A 1996 study on the relationship between racism and conservatism found that the correlation was stronger among more educated individuals, though specifically anti-Black racism did not increase. They also found that the correlation between racism and conservatism could be entirely accounted for by their mutual relationship with social dominance orientation. The authors concluded that opposition to affirmative action, especially among more highly educated conservatives, was better explained by social dominance orientation than by principled conservatism.[123]
A 2008 research report found that conservatives are happier than liberals, and that as income inequality increases, this difference in relative happiness increases, because conservatives (more than liberals) possess an ideological buffer against the negative hedonic effects of economic inequality.[124]
- Jump up^ Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan, "Conservatism", Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics, Third Edition, "Sometimes it (conservatism) has been outright opposition, based on an existing model of society that is considered right for all time. It can take a 'reactionary' form, harking back to, and attempting to reconstruct, forms of society which existed in an earlier period.", Oxford University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-920516-5.
- Jump up^ "Conservatism (political philosophy)". Britannica.com. Retrieved on 1 November 2009.
- Jump up^ Jerry Z. Muller (1997). Conservatism: An Anthology of Social and Political Thought from David Hume to the Present. Princeton U.P. p. 26. ISBN 0691037116. "Terms related to 'conservative' first found their way into political discourse in the title of the French weekly journal, Le Conservateur, founded in 1818 by François-René de Chateaubriand with the aid of Louis de Bonald."
- Jump up^ Frank O'Gorman (2003). Edmund Burke: His Political Philosophy. Routledge. p. 171.ISBN 9780415326841.
- Jump up^ Quintin Hogg Baron Hailsham of St. Marylebone (1959). The Conservative Case. Penguin Books.
- Jump up^ Eccleshall, pp. ix, 21
- Jump up^ Stanlis, Peter J. Edmund Burke: selected writings and speeches. New York: Transaction Publishers (2009), p. 18
- Jump up^ M. Morton Auerbach. The Conservative Illusion. Columbia University Press (1959). p. 33.
- Jump up^ Auerbach, The Conservative Illusion. (1959), p. 40
- Jump up^ Auerbach, The Conservative Illusion. (1959), p. 37
- Jump up^ Auerbach, The Conservative Illusion (1959), pp. 52–54
- Jump up^ Auerbach, The Conservative Illusion, (1959), p. 41
- Jump up^ J.J. Sack, "The Memory of Burke and the Memory of Pitt: English Conservatism Confronts Its Past, 1806-1829," Historical Journal (1987) 30#3 pp. 623-640; in JSTOR; quote on p 627
- Jump up^ Auerbach, M. Morton The Conservative Illusion. Columbia University Press (1959), pp. 39–40
- Jump up^ Eccleshall, pp. 79–80
- Jump up^ Eccleshall, p. 83
- Jump up^ Eccleshall, p. 90
- Jump up^ Eccleshall, p. 121
- Jump up^ Eccleshall, pp. 6–7
- Jump up^ Feuchtwanger, p. 273
- ^ Jump up to:a b Gregory Schneider, The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution (Rowman & Littlefield. 2009) p. xii
- Jump up^ ams, Ian Political Ideology Today (2nd edition), Manchester University Press, 2002, p. 46
- Jump up^ Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Political Science Ellen Grigsby, Cengage Learning, 2008 ISBN 978-0-495-50112-1, ISBN 978-0-495-50112-1 pp. 108, 109, 112, 347
- Jump up^ (French) Ipolitique.fr
- Jump up^ Parties-and-elections.de
- Jump up^ M. Gallagher, M. Laver and P. Mair, Representative Government in Europe, p. 221.
- Jump up^ Allen R.T., Beyond Liberalism, p. 13.
- Jump up^ "New Libertarian Manifesto".
- Jump up^ "Interview With Samuel Edward Konkin III".
- Jump up^ Freeman, Robert M. (1999). Correctional Organization and Management: Public Policy Challenges, Behavior, and Structure. Elsevier. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-7506-9897-9.
- Jump up^ Gray, John (1995). Beyond the New Right. Routledge. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-415-10706-8.
- Jump up^ We Can Have Green Conservatism – And We Should – HUMAN EVENTS. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
- Jump up^ The Case for Green Conservatism – Redstate. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
- Jump up^ Dreher, Rod (2006). Crunchy Cons: The New Conservative Counterculture and Its Return to Roots. Random House. ISBN 1-4000-5065-0.
- Jump up^ Mandal, V.C. (2007). Dictionary Of Public Administration. Sarup & Sons. p. 306. ISBN 978-81-7625-784-8.
- Jump up^ http://www.parties-and-elections.de/content.html
- Jump up^ Traynor, Ian, The EU's weary travellers The Guardian, April 4, 2006
- Jump up^ National questions – conservatives fragmenting as liberals unite, National Review, June 30, 1997
- Jump up^ Frohnen, Bruce, Jeremy Beer, and Jeffrey O. Nelson, ed. (2006) American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, pp. 870–75.
- Jump up^ Seaton, James (1996). Cultural Conservatism, Political Liberalism: From Criticism to Cultural Studies. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-10645-5.
- Jump up^ The Next Digital Divide (utne article)
- Jump up^ "No, I don't know that atheists should be considered as citizens, nor should they be considered patriots. This is one nation under God." President George H. W. Bush,http://www.positiveatheism.org/writ/ghwbush.htm
- Jump up^ The World & I.: Volume 1, Issue 5 (1986). The World & I.: Volume 1, Issue 5. Washington Times Corp. Retrieved 19 August 2011. "militant atheism was incompatible with conservatism"
- Jump up^ Peter Davies; Derek Lynch (2002). The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-21494-0. Retrieved 19 August 2011. "In addition, conservative Chrsitians often endorsed far-right remines as the lesser of two evils, especially when confronted with militant atheism in the USSR."
- Jump up^ Peter L. Berger; Grace Davie; Effie Fokas (2008). Religious America, Secular Europe?: A Theme and Variations. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-6011-8. Retrieved 19 August 2011. "If anything the reverse is true: moral conservatives continue to oppose secular liberals on a wide range of issues."
- Jump up^ Andersen, Margaret L., Taylor, Howard Francis. Sociology: Understanding a Diverse Society Cengage Learning, 4th Ed. (2005), pp. 469–70. ISBN 978-0-534-61716-5
- ^ Jump up to:a b Patrick Dunleavy, Paul Joseph Kelly, Michael Moran. British Political Science: Fifty Years of Political Studies. Oxford, England, UK; Malden, Massachusetts, USA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2000. pp. 107–08.
- Jump up^ Robert Blake. Disraeli. Second Edition. London, England, UK: Eyre & Spottiswoode (Publishers) Ltd, 1967. p. 524.
- Jump up^ Trevor Russel. The Tory Party: its policies, divisions and future. Penguin, 1978. p. 167.
- Jump up^ David Marr. "Power Trip: The Political Journey of Kevin Rudd", Issue 38 of Quarterly Essay Series. Black Inc., 2010. p. 126. (British Conservative Party leader David Cameron launched the Progressive Conservatism Project at Demos.)
- Jump up^ Ruth Lister. Understanding Theories and Concepts in Social Policy. Bristol, England, UK; Portland, Oregon, USA: The Policy Press, 2010. p. 53.
- Jump up^ Emile F. Sahliyeh. Religious resurgence and politics in the contemporary world. Albany, New York, USA: State University of New York Press, 1990. p. 185.
- Jump up^ Jonathan Lurie. William Howard Taft: The Travails of a Progressive Conservative. New York, New York, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2012. p. ix.
- Jump up^ Günter Bischof. "Eisenhower, the Judiciary, and Desegregation" by Stanley I. Kutler,Eisenhower: a centenary assessment. p. 98.
- Jump up^ John Alden Nichols. Germany after Bismarck, the Caprivi era, 1890–1894: Issue 5. Harvard University Press, 1958. p. 260.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Hugh Segal. The Right Balance. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: Douglas & McIntyre, 2011. pp. 113–48.
- Jump up^ Ware, Alan. Political Parties and Party Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.ISBN 978-0-19-878076-2, pp. 31–33
- Jump up^ Ware, Alan. Political Parties and Party Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.ISBN 978-0-19-878076-2
- Jump up^ Ware, Alan. Political Parties and Party Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.ISBN 978-0-19-878076-2, p. 44
- Jump up^ Flecker, Jörg. Changing working life and the appeal of the extreme right. Hampshire, UK: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007 ISBN 978-0-7546-4915-1, p. 19
- Jump up^ Lewis, Paul G. Political parties in post-communist Eastern Europe. Routledge, 2000. ISBN 978-0-415-20182-7 pp. 54-55
- Jump up^ Smith, Denis Mack. Modern Italy: a political history. University of Michigan Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0-472-10895-4 p. 31
- Jump up^ Daalder, Hans and Irwin, Galen A. Politics in the Netherlands: how much change? Routledge, 1989. ISBN 07146336 pp. 154-57
- Jump up^ Blinkhorn, Martin. Fascists and conservatives. Routledge, 1990. p. 7
- Jump up^ Takemae, Eiji, and Ricketts, Robert. The allied occupation of Japan. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003. ISBN 978-0-8264-1521-9 pp. 262–63
- Jump up^ Fierlbeck, Katherine. Political thought in Canada: an intellectual history. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006. ISBN 978-1-55111-711-9 pp. 87–88
- Jump up^ Kirk, Russell. The Conservative Mind. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2001. ISBN 978-0-89526-171-7, 2001. ISBN 978-0-89526-171-7 pp. 6, 63
- Jump up^ Middlebrook, Kevin J. Conservative parties, the right, and democracy in Latin America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000 ISBN 978-0-8018-6386-8 pp. 1-52
- Jump up^ Peeler, John A. Latin American Democracies: Colombia, Costa Rica, Venezuela. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1985. p. 79
- Jump up^ Oppenheim, Lois Hecht. Politics in Chile: socialism, authoritarianism, and market democracy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-8133-4227-6 pp. 151–52
- Jump up^ Conway, John Frederick. Debts to pay: the future of federalism in Quebec. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company, 2004. ISBN 978-1-55028-814-8 pp. 57, 77
- Jump up^ Annesley, Claire. A political and economic dictionary of Western Europe. London: Routledge, 2005. ISBN 978-1-85743-214-5, p. 124
- Jump up^ Kornberg, Allan and Mishler, William. Influence in Parliament, Canada. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1976. p. 38
- Jump up^ Schultze, Rainer-Olaf; Sturm, Roland and Eberle, Dagmar. Conservative parties and right-wing politics in North America: reaping the benefits of an ideological victory?. Germany: VS Verlag, 2003. ISBN 978-3-8100-3812-8 p. 15
- Jump up^ Panizza, Francisco. Populism and the mirror of democracy. London: Verso, 2005. ISBN 978-1-85984-489-2 p. 180
- Jump up^ Osterling, p. 180
- Jump up^ Annesley, Claire. A political and economic dictionary of Western Europe. London: Routledge, 2005. ISBN 978-1-85743-214-5, p. 68
- Jump up^ Siaroff, Alan. Comparative European party systems: an analysis of parliamentary elections since 1945. New York and London: Garland Publishing Inc., 2000. ISBN 978-0-8153-2930-5, p. 243
- Jump up^ Viereck, Peter and Ryn, Claes G. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2005. ISBN 978-0-7658-0576-8 p. 205
- Jump up^ Ware, Alan. Political Parties and Party Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.ISBN 978-0-19-878076-2, p. 32
- Jump up^ Hauss, Charles. Comparative Politics: Domestic Responses to Global Challenges. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning, 2008. ISBN 978-0-495-50109-1 p. 116
- Jump up^ Knapp, Andrew and Wright, Vincent. The government and politics of France. New York: Routledge, 2006. ISBN 978-0-415-35733-3 p. 211
- Jump up^ Penniman, Howard Rae. Greece at the polls: the national elections of 1974 and 1977. Washington: American Enterprise Institute, 1981. ISBN 978-0-8447-3434-7 pp. 49–59
- Jump up^ Founding Declaration of Independent Greeks
- Jump up^ Grofman, Bernard and Lijpart, Arend, editors. The evolution of electoral and party systems in the Nordic countries. New York: Agathon Press, 2002. "The Icelandic electoral system 1844–1999" by Olafur Th. Hardarson ISBN 978-0-87586-138-8, pp. 107–08
- Jump up^ Urwin, Derek W. A Dictionary of European History and Politics, 1945-1995. London: Pearson UK, 1996. ISBN 978-0-582-25874-7 p. 76.
- Jump up^ Heidar, Knut. Norway: elites on trial. Boulder Westview Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8133-3200-0, pp. 66–67
- Jump up^ Francis Sejersted Høyrebølgen Store norske leksikon. Retrieved 18 December 2013(Norwegian)
- Jump up^ Grofman, Bernard and Lijpart, Arend, editors. The evolution of electoral and party systems in the Nordic countries. New York: Agathon Press, 2002. "The Icelandic electoral system 1844-1999" by Olafur Th. Hardarson ISBN 978-0-87586-138-8, pp. 107–235
- Jump up^ Thomas, Clive S. (editor). Political Parties and Interest Groups: Shaping Democratic Governance. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2001. ISBN 978-1-55587-978-5 "Sweden: Weakening Links Between Political Parties and Interest Organizations" by Anders Widfeldt
- Jump up^ Ziebertz, Hans-Georg (2011). How Teachers in Europe Teach Religion: An International Empirical Study: An International Empirical Study in 16 Countries. Lit Verlag. p. 237. ISBN 978-3-643-10043-6.
- Jump up^ Juravich, Tom (2000). Ravenswood: The Steelworkers' Victory and the Revival of American Labor. Cornell University Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-8014-8666-1.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Schwok, René (2009). SWITZERLAND – EUROPEAN UNION: AN IMPOSSIBLE MEMBERSHIP?. Peter Lang. p. 143. ISBN 978-90-5201-576-7.
- Jump up^ Siaroff, Alan Comparative European Party Systems. New York: Garland, 2000. ISBN 0-8153-2930-X p. 446
- Jump up^ The Stephen Roth Institute. Anti-semitism worldwide Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002 ISBN 0-8032-5943-3 p. 120
- Jump up^ Hainsworth, pp. 44, 74
- Jump up^ Worthington, Glen, Conservatism in Australian National Politics, Parliament of Australia Parliamentary Library, 19 February 2002
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Davies, Stephen, Margaret Thatcher and the Rebirth of Conservatism, Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs, July 1993
- Jump up^ Winthrop and Lovell, pp. 163–66
- Jump up^ Barns, Greg. Wanted:genuine liberal party for political scene. Sydney: Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2011
- Jump up^ Barns, Greg (15 November 2011). "Wanted: genuine liberal party for political scene". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
- Jump up^ After Howard's decade is Australia more conservative? Australian Review of Public Affairs Gabrielle Meagher and Shaun Wilson
- Jump up^ David Mosler; Robert Catley (1998). America and Americans in Australia. p. 83.ISBN 9780275962524.
- Jump up^ James Jupp (2004). The English in Australia. p. 172. ISBN 9780521542951.
- Jump up^ Leo P. Ribuffo, "20 Suggestions for Studying the Right now that Studying the Right is Trendy," Historically Speaking Jan 2011 v.12#1 pp. 2–6, quote on p. 6
- Jump up^ Kari Frederickson, The Dixicrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South, 1932–1968, p. 12, "…conservative southern Democrats viewed warily the potential of New Deal programs to threaten the region's economic dependence on cheap labor while stirring the democratic ambitions of the disfranchised and undermining white supremacy.", The University of North Carolina Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-8078-4910-1
- Jump up^ Cal Jillson (22 February 2011). Texas Politics: Governing the Lone Star State. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780203829417. Retrieved 19 January 2012. "Social conservatives focus on moral or values issues, such as abortion, marriage, school prayer, and judicial appointments."
- Jump up^ Bruce Frohnen, ed. American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia (2006) pp. ix–xiv
- Jump up^ Michael Foley (25 October 2007). American credo: the place of ideas in US politics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191528330. Retrieved 18 January 2012. "Against accusations of being pre-modern or even anti-modern in outlook, paleoconservatives press for restrictions on immigration, a rollback of multicultural programmes, the decentralization of the federal polity, the restoration of controls upon free trade, a greater emphasis upon economic nationalism and isolationism in the conduct of American foreign policy, and a generally revanchist outlook upon a social order in need of recovering old lines of distinction and in particular the assignment of roles in accordance with traditional categories of gender, ethnicity, and race."
- Jump up^ Paul Edward Gottfried, Conservatism in America: Making Sense of the American Right, p. 9, "Postwar conservatives set about creating their own synthesis of free-market capitalism, Christian morality, and the global struggle against Communism." (2009); Gottfried, Theologies and moral concern (1995) p. 12
- Jump up^ Peter J. Jacques; Riley E. Dunlap; Mark Freeman, The organisation of denial: Conservative think tanks and environmental scepticism, Environmental Politics. v12 m3 (2008), pp. 349–85
- Jump up^ Theda Skocpol and Vanessa Williamson, The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism (2012) pp. 45–82
- Jump up^ "Katie Couric interviews Tea Party Leaders", CBS News, January 25, 2010.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Jost, J.J, Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A.A., & Sulloway, F.J. (2003). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 129(3), 339–75.
- Jump up^ Wilson, G.D. (Ed.)(1973) The Psychology of Conservatism, London: Academic Press.
- Jump up^ Berkeley.edu
- Jump up^ Altemeyer, B. (1981). Right-wing authoritarianism. Winnipeg, Canada: University of Manitoba Press.
- Jump up^ Rubinstein, G. (1996). "Two Peoples in One Land: A Validation Study of Altemeyer's Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale in the Palestinian and Jewish Societies in Israel". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 27 (2): 216–30. doi:10.1177/0022022196272005.
- Jump up^ Crowson, H. Michael, Stephen J. Thoma, and Nita Hestevold. "Is political conservatism synonymous with authoritarianism?." The Journal of Social Psychology 145.5 (Oct 2005): 571(22). Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale. Remote Access. 20 May 2009 Galegroup.com
- Jump up^ Pratto, Felicia; Sidanius, Jim; Stallworth, Lisa M.; Malle, Bertram F. (1994). "Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 (4): 741–63. doi:10.1037/0022-35188.8.131.521.
- Jump up^ The psychology of stereotyping, David J. Schneider, Guilford Press, 2005 ISBN 978-1-59385-193-4, ISBN 978-1-59385-193-4. p. 275
- Jump up^ The Social science encyclopedia, Jessica Kuper, Taylor & Francis, 1985 ISBN 978-0-7102-0008-2, ISBN 978-0-7102-0008-2. pp. 155–56
- Jump up^ Sidanius, J; Pratto, F; Bobo, L (1996). "Racism, conservatism, affirmative action, and intellectual sophistication: A matter of principled conservatism or group dominance?" (PDF).Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 (3): 476–90. doi:10.1037/0022-3518.104.22.1686.
- Jump up^ Napier, J. L.; Jost, J. T. (2008). "Why Are Conservatives Happier Than Liberals?".Psychological Science 19 (6): 565–572. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02124.x.PMID 18578846.
- Eccleshall, Robert. English Conservatism since the Restoration: An Introduction and Anthology. London: Unwin Hyman, 1990 ISBN 978-0-04-445346-8
- Hainsworth, Paul. The extreme right in Western Europe, Abingdon, OXON: Routledge, 2008 ISBN 0-415-39682-4
- Osterling, Jorge P. Democracy in Colombia: Clientelist Politics and Guerrilla Warfare. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1989 ISBN 0887382290, 9780887382291
- Winthrop, Norman and Lovell, David W. "Varieties of Conservative Theory". In Winthrop, Norman.Liberal Democratic Theory and Its Critics. Beckenham, Kent: Croom Helm Ltd., 1983 ISBN 0-7099-2766-5, 9780709927662
Further reading[edit]
- Blee, Kathleen M., and Sandra McGee Deutsch, eds. Women of the Right: Comparisons and Interplay Across Borders (Penn State University Press; 2012) 312 pages; scholarly essays giving a global perspective on women in right-wing politics.
- Theodore Dalrymple. Our Culture, What's Left of It: the Mandarins and the masses /, 2005
- Blinkhorn, Martin. Fascists and conservatives : the radical right and the establishment in twentieth-century Europe / 1990
- The Superfluous Men: Critics of American Culture, 1900–1945 / Robert Crunden., 1999
- Recent conservative political thought : American perspectives / Russell G. Fryer., 1979
- The Conservative Movement / Paul E. Gottfried., 1993
- The British Right : Conservative and right wing politics in Britain / Neill Nugent., 1977
- America alone: the neo-conservatives and the global order / Stefan A. Halper., 2004
- Conservatism / Ted Honderich.
- The Conservative Mind / Russell Kirk., 2001
- The Politics of Prudence / Russell Kirk., 1993
- The conservative press in twentieth-century America / Ronald Lora., 1999
- From the New Deal to the New Right: race and the southern origins of modern conservatism / Joseph E. Lowndes., 2008
- Conservatism / Jerry Z. Muller.
- Right-wing women: from conservatives to extremists around the world / P. Bacchetta., 2002
- Unmaking law: the Conservative campaign to roll back the common law / Jay M. Feinman., 2004
- Radicals or conservatives?: the contemporary American right / James McEvoy., 1971
- Conservatism: Dream and Reality / Robert Nisbet., 2001
- Ought the Neo-Cons be Considered Conservatives?: a philosophical response / AQ: Journal of Contemporary Analysis. 75(6):32–33/40. 2003
- Conservatism in America since 1930: a reader / Gregory L. Schneider., 2003
- Conservatism / Noel O'Sullivan.
- The new racism : conservatives and the ideology of the tribe / Martin Barker., 1982
- A time for choosing: the rise of modern American conservatism / Jonathan M. Schoenwald., 2001
- The Meaning of Conservatism / Roger Scruton.
- Facing fascism: the conservative party and the European dictators, 1935–1940 / N. J. Crowson., 1997
- The End of Politics: triangulation, realignment and the battle for the center ground / Alexander Lee and Timothy Stanley., 2006
- Liberty, Equality, Fraternity / James Fitzjames Stephen.
- The Graphic Guide to Conservatism: a visual primer on the conservative worldview / Olivier Ballou. [1]. 2011
- Conservatism / Kieron O'Hara / Reaktion Books, 2011 (Reviewed in The Montreal Review)
- Carey, George (2008). "Conservatism". In Hamowy, Ronald. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute. pp. 93–5. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4.LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.
External links[edit]
|Find more about Conservatism at Wikipedia's sister projects
|Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
|Media from Commons
|Quotations from Wikiquote
|Source texts from Wikisource
|Textbooks from Wikibooks
|Learning resources from Wikiversity


text:
This week long program was developed for security directors, managers and supervisors to improve leadership and operational skills for today's security professional. The course is designed for the new or seasoned manager to enhance their management abilities in a variety of areas important to the successful operation of a gaming security function.
DAY 1: Managing a Casino Security Department
- The challenging aspects of administration
- Cost saving and managing capital budgets
- Conducting an internal risk assessment
- Vulnerability and threat assessments
- Effective security leadership and communication
DAY 2: Operational Security Techniques
- Patrol tactics and effective gaming patrol
- Managing security at special events and venues
- Public relations and minimizing customer complaints
DAY 3: Developing Policies and Procedures and Professional Staff Training
- Legal standards of care
- Emergency operations and critical response planning
- Maintaining a well trained staff
- Developing and implementing an effective training program
DAY 4: Reporting, Documentation and Conducting Investigations
- Effective documentation techniques
- Report writing skills
- Conducting investigations
DAY 5 (Half Day): Trends and the Future of Security
- Current and future technology
- Electronic patrol and reporting
- Trends in casino crime
Who Should Attend:
Security supervisors, managers and directors; surveillance professionals; training personnel; and risk and safety managers.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Washington : Government Printing Office
|Public Law 91-224
|Federal Water Pollution Control Act, amendments.
|Sec. 101
|Citation of title.
|Sec. 101
|Sec. 101
|Report to Congress.
|Sec. 101
Page 1182
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
Page 1183
This title may be cited as the "Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970".
"SEC. 20. (a) The Secretary is authorized to enter into agreements with the State of Alaska to carry out one or more projects to demonstrate methods to provide for central community facilities for safe water and the elimination or control of water pollution in those native villages of Alaska without such facilities. Such projects shall include provisions for community safe water supply systems, toilets, bathing and laundry facilities, sewage disposal facilities, and other similar facilities, and educational and informational facilities and programs relating to health and hygiene. Such demonstration projects shall be for the further purpose of developing preliminary plans for providing such safe water and such elimination or control of water pollution for all native villages in such State.
"(b) In carrying out this section the Secretary shall cooperate with the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare for the purpose of utilizing such of the personnel and facilities of that Department as may be appropriate.
"(c) The Secretary shall report to Congress not later than January 31, 1973, the results of the demonstration projects authorized by this section together with his recommendations, including any necessary legislation, relating to the establishment of a statewide program.
"(d) There is authorized to be appropriated not to exceed $1,000,000 to carry out this section."
Approved, April 3, 1970.


text:
Another method of inducing sleep is delivered in a very ingenious work lately published by Dr. Beddoes.
I have said already that the genius of Beddoes is not dramatic, but lyrical.
It is clear, therefore, that there is no one living to whom lovers of Beddoes owe so much as to Mr. Gosse.
If a poet must be a critic of life, Beddoes was certainly no poet.
"You will ride back to your post at once, Beddoes," he commanded.
At any rate, Beddoes is among the roses: it is in his expression that his greatness lies.
But Beddoes was attending to some sight down the corridor; and suddenly he pointed in fright.
As a portion of the column, the company of Pioneers under the command of Captain Beddoes did a great deal of very important work.
It is easy to believe that Beddoes was always ready to begin a new play rather than finish an old one.
Dr. Beddoes has always ridiculed the "Tractors," in common with all other reasonable men.


text:
With tears that frighten and a cackling from crows...
My Drawings
- by angel plant
- Rating:
- Published: 14 Nov 2015
- Updated: 9 Dec 2015
- Status: In Progress
I love to draw and paint and color. So I am putting my drawings on here. Hope you like them. I have not been drawing to long but find it quite exciting.
Join MovellasFind out what all the buzz is about. Join now to start sharing your creativity and passion
Loading ...


text:
My guess is that your computer over-heated. Might want to look into that first, before you go wasting your time doing cpu intensive tasks such as cracking passwords.
Hi, I was trying to crack my wpa network and during my crack, my computer just randomly shut down so I booted it back up, and wanted to know how to continue with the wpa crack without having to do everything again. there are already all those files on my desktop still such as password-01.cap and password-01.cvs and etc...
The last command i used was aircrack-ng password-01.cap -w /root/wpa.txt
It doesn't bother me having to start from the beginning of the dictionary, I just want to know how to do it without having to get the handshake and everything else again.
My guess is that your computer over-heated. Might want to look into that first, before you go wasting your time doing cpu intensive tasks such as cracking passwords.
To be successful here you should read all of the following.
If you are new to Back|Track
Back|Track Wiki
Failure to do so will probably get your threads deleted or worse.
if you have already captured the handshake and where in the middle of trying to crack it
the capture file has the handshake no need to restart the procedure again
as arch angel says I would run memory and cpu test while doing your cracking to see
if it is overloading if you find your computer is very slow while cracking its time to get a new computer and give that one back to scientist's so they can study how man first built computers
try using one on the mods websites and send your capture file $10.00 wont break the bank
read up on wpa beore you start getting excited about trying to crack it
No, I figured out why it turned off, it is because somebody had picked it up and the battery had been knocked out lol so I got the clip fixed now so that won't happen anymore. But how do I continue with aircrack? I don't want to have to get the handshake and everything else again and everything is still on my desktop that I think I require.
also one last question, I have a large 30 gb dictionary and was wondering how to split it up so that aircrack will be able to use it, and after it is split up do I have to do aircrack for each dictionary, or will it automatically do the other parts as well.
just start aircrack again
split -b 2048m filename this will split it into 2gb files as aircrcak has a limit on file size 2gb is its max the file names will be renames as xaa,xab etc etc


text:
As is often the case, some symbols are more commonly known than others within the iconography of any religion or magical tradition, and in this regards the Northern Tradition is no different. The Vegvísir, is a magical symbol of navigation and may also be connected with actual compasses. The Vegvísir literally means in Icelandic 'guidepost' and is sometimes [Read More…]
Wyrd Designs: Understanding the Symbols Part 6 – Vegvísir
August 13, 2010 by wyrddesigns 2 Comments
Filed Under: asatru, magick, symbols, witchcraft Tagged With: compass, galdrabok, iceland, magic, navigation, northern tradition, runic compass, sun, sun compass, sunstone, symbol, vegvisir, viking, viking compass 2 Comments


text:
In addition to our top-notch winemakers and viticulturalists, Raymond has also tapped into a world-renowned winemaker, Phillipe Melka, to assist on our high-end Cabernets and complement the inherent strengths of the team.
As for a specific style, the team aims for the three B's – Big, Bold, Balanced – yet with refinement and elegance. This philosophy lends itself well to the underlying principal of terroir that dates back thousands of years where the interrelationship between soil, climate, and plant are enhanced by the passion of people to convey an authentic sense of place. Our winemaking team allows the purest expression of the fruit to reign, with aromas and flavors that fill your glass and your palate with wines that are unmistakably powerful, intriguingly complex, and beautifully integrated. View all Raymond Vineyard Wines
About Napa ValleyView a map of Napa Valley wineries
It's hard not to think of Napa Valley when thinking of California wines. The region is, after all, the one that brought world recognition to California wine making. The area was settled by a few choice wine families in the 1960's who bet that the wines of the area would grow and flourish. They were right. The Napa wine industry really took off in the 1980's, when vineyard lands were scooped up and vines were planted throughout the county. A number of wineries emerged, from large conglomerates to small boutiques to cult classics. Cabernet Sauvignon is definitely the grape of choice here, with many winemakers also focusing on Bordeaux Blends. Whites are usually Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc.
Notable FactsWithin the Napa Valley lie smaller sub-AVAs that lend even more character specifics to the wines. Furthest south is Carneros, followed by Yountville, Oakville & Rutherford. Above those two is St.-Helena and finally, just granted an AVA, Calistoga. These areas are situated on the valley floor and are known for creating rich, smooth Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Chardonnay. There are a few mountain regions as well, nestled on the slopes overlooking the valley AVAs. Those include Howell Mountain, Stags Leap and Mount Veeder. Wines from the mountain regions are often more structured and firm, benefiting from more time in the bottle to evolve and soften.
About California
The most famous of the California wine regions is Napa Valley, and these wines are certainly outstanding – but it's not as broad and diverse as its larger neighbor, Sonoma County. Down south, Santa Barbara's Santa Maria Valley is well-known for its Rhône blends, as well as cool-climate varieties like Pinot and Chardonnay. The Central Coast, the largest California AVA, has many different microclimates that lead to a wide range of wines with many sub-AVAs.


text:
2. The 30th annual Burton US Open of Snowboarding
PHOTOS: Nick Hamilton
This years Open will go down in history. Not only was it the last year that it will be Stratton, Vermont. But there was just something in the air that made this open special. While it will be missed on the East coast, we know that it will be amazing at its new home in Vail, Colorado.


text:
A Celebration of Crafts & Cultures
Enjoy food, dance, crafts & music from around the world.
Mark your calendar for the 2016 Vermont International Festival
Friday December 2 to Sunday December 4, 2016
Vermont Chamber of Commerce Top Ten Winter Event Award Winner 2016-2017
The Vermont Performing Arts League proudly presents its 24th Vermont International Festival, an annual celebration of cultures from around the world, bringing their crafts, foods, music and dance to our doorstep.
The Vermont International Festival will be held at the Champlain Valley Exposition, Route 15/Pearl Street, Essex Junction, Vermont. The Champlain Valley Expo has unlimited free parking, is on the CCTA bus line and is handicapped-accessible.
Come and enjoy our bustling international marketplace:
Festival Hours
Festival Admission
Purchase Tickets
Special Programs
What would you like to see at this year's festival? email us with your ideas.
Check out our video on YouTube!
Like us on Facebook!
Channel 17 Festival 20th Anniversary Show


text:
By Eric Stevick Herald Writer
EVERETT — The way Gloria Savinski sees it, she now has two birthdays to celebrate: the day she was born and the day she was brought back to life.
It was Sunday morning July 26, 2009, when the Marysville woman suffered cardiac arrest and collapsed during a church service in Everett.
Over the past four years, Savinski had been able to thank members of her congregation for their quick actions that saved her life.
On Wednesday, she dropped by an Everett Fire Station in the 3600 block of Rucker Avenue. She brought a fruit tray, cookies and other goodies.
It was time to express her gratitude to firefighters and paramedics whose faces she didn't recognize. They were the ones who got to the church in less than five minutes and brought her back from the dead.
"I have wanted to do this for a long time," she said.
Savinski, 66, hugged firefighters Elliott Ward, Rich Smith and Mike Bedard as well as paramedic Travis Gamm. All were part of a larger team on the call to the View Ridge Community Church that day.
A battle with breast cancer and other family illnesses got in the way of an earlier visit.
It was a joyous reunion.
Savinski brought an entourage, including her husband, son, daughter, three grandchildren and members of her church who had come to her aid in her moment of peril.
Among them was Jackie Davis, an emergency medical dispatcher who was sitting in a second row pew when Savinski buckled and fell to the floor. Davis instantly recognized the danger and started CPR.
"She was gone," Davis recalled Wednesday. "She was ashen. Her lips were blue. She was gone."
That day, Davis recited the instructions she had given people so many times over the phone as an emergency dispatcher.
She told the church's bass player, who also rushed to help and is trained in CPR, to make sure he pushed down hard on Savinski's chest.
Davis tilted Savinski's head back and gave her breath.
Gamm, a paramedic for 13 years, remembers the call well.
Four years ago, parishioners held hands and prayed for Savinski in the back of the church as the aid crew took over.
Medics shocked her three times before they found a pulse.
"You came back quickly," Gamm told Savinski Wednesday.
Savinski's pulse stopped again in the ambulance on the way to the hospital. It stopped a third time after she arrived at the emergency room of Providence Regional Medical Center Everett.
Each time, it was restored.
"It was scary," said Savinski's husband, Darrell, who raced to her side, "The priest was standing there doing the crisscross motion. I thought she was dead."
The Everett Fire Department gets about 19,000 emergency calls each year.
Ones like Savinski's stand out, Gamm said.
The teamwork, from the church to the fire department to the hospital emergency room, was impressive, he said.
It also was reassuring.
"Once you care for somebody, you have a connection and you wonder how they did later on," Gamm said. "It is so nice to see a good outcome."
The visit from Savinski was a good reminder to firefighters and paramedics about why they are in their chosen profession, said Joe Paterniti, the department's medical services officer.
"I'm so proud of them," he said. "I spend my career walking among giants. These people are bigger than life."
Although the main purpose of Savinski's visit was to express her thanks, she also was looking to fill in gaps of what happened to her.
She has no memory of her collapse, the aid crew, the ambulance or the three days she spent on a ventilator.
She underwent triple bypass surgery and spent 11 days in the hospital. She said she was discharged with a greater appreciation for life.
Savinski counts her blessings.
She gets to spend precious time with her grandchildren. She successfully fought breast cancer. A cardiologist has told her that her heart is strong enough that she won't need to replace a defibrillator that was removed during her cancer treatment.
"Ornery as ever," she said with a smile.
"I figure that's a good thing."
Eric Stevick: 425-339-3446; email@example.com.


text:
What activity will help me meet women- working out or partner dancing?
Started by
62 posts in this topic
Create an account or sign in to comment
You need to be a member in order to leave a comment
Create an account
Sign up for a new account in our community. It's easy!
Register a new account
Sign in
Already have an account? Sign in here.
Sign In Now
Recently Browsing 0 members
No registered users viewing this page.


text:
Discover a selection of top forums fighters eberron on the internet. Come to share your passion on forums fighters eberron and meet other fans of fighters eberron. Then, why don't you create your own forum of fighters eberron ?
A pack built upon nameless fighters who must prove their worth.
Welcome young fighters! This is the internal workings of the FiCA system! Here you will see everything that makes you a fighter!
cardfight, vanguard, hero, generation!, young, fighters!, internal, workings, fica, system!, fighter!
Free forum : Good triumphs over evil. We are a elite team of fighters who will save the universe. The Cybertron Army is our only way to win the battle. ALL HAIL OPTIMUS 2 PRIME!
Official forums for the Freedom Fighters gaming community. We play games.
A Gundam RPG based on the Gundam Build Fighters anime.
Free forum : Motto: You pray for mercy? Your god has failed to answer. 50 Strong fighters. Trained to kill in the art of steel. Trained for nothing, but violence and destruction
starvalian, constellation, tsvc, valia, mercy?, failed, answer, strong, #fighters, trained, kill, steel, violence, destruction
fazed, #fighters
Join The Z Fighters & Defend The Universe or Gain Power and Chase Your Ambitions The Forum Is Yours .!
dragonball, zeno, join, #fighters, defend, universe, gain, power, chase, ambitions
Clan FOF
Battlefield 4
freedom, #fighters, battlefield
Free forum : Pokemon Clan Final Fighters


text:
Joanne Scott was appointed as Professor of European Law in 2005, having previously been a Reader in the Faculty of Law at the University of Cambridge. Her main areas of expertise are European Union Law and WTO Law. She has published extensively on law and new modes of governance, environmental law and policy and on the intersections between different sub-national, national and international legal orders.
She was recently awarded a Leverhulme Trust Major Research Fellowship for her research on the global reach of EU climate change law (2012-2014). She was a member of the UCL/Lancet Commission on Managing the Health Effects of Climate Change and of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution (2009-2011). Joanne was awarded a grant of £168.693 in 2013 as part of an inter-disciplinary team investigating the climate change dimensions of shipping (see: https://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/energy/news/shipping-changing-climates).
She has been a Visiting Professor at Columbia Law School and Harvard Law School and was a Jean Monnet Fellow at the European University Institute in Florence. She was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 2012 and as a Fellow of the British Academy in 2013.
Joanne is a member of the editorial boards of: International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Journal of Environmental Law, Journal of International Economic Law and Transnational Environmental Law.
Download Joanne's CV here.
Recent Publications
[For a full list see: https://iris.ucl.ac.uk/research/publication/index?upi=JSCOT26]
Current Teaching
Joanne Scott contributes to the undergraduate EU Law course.
Joanne Scott contributes to postgraduate courses on EU Environmental Law and
WTO Law.
PhD Supervision
Joanne Scott's PhD students have written on diverse topics including new modes of governance in the EU, the international aspects of EU food safety regulation, the precautionary principle, regime interaction in international fisheries governance and EU regulation of genetically modified organisms. Joanne welcomes approaches from potential students, particularly in the area of European/transnational environmental law and governance, including climate change.
page updated on
10 February, 2014