text:
|Hilary Swank
Yes, you need to actually be here for agents to take you seriously
I agree with what somebody said on page 1 about Stevens Group. At this point, it seems like he's just waiting to retire and the passion has been lost. I was with him for a year and while he was nice and I feel he meant well, he said all he does is just hit "submit" online and that nobody will take pitch calls anymore. He kinda seemed like the business has passed him by and he's longing for the old days. I wouldn't be surprised to hear he's retired any day now. That was my impression. I left on good terms.
Dude Teehee. I just wanted to give you a heads up. He wasn't being a jerk, but you have to realize, you are new to the boards, nobody knows you from dick to jane, and you are not only giving the hard info that you have, you are also throwing in connotations and in this particular instance, a negative one.
That's the primary issue. And to be honest, I appreciated your information, right up until you said they sound like they are going south. Reason being? What if I am repped by them? "I'm not". What if I am on the fence to sign with them, and simply because you decided to say they are going under, I choose not to sign and lose out on a good opportunity?
The point is, you are new around here and you haven't earned the stripes necessary to throw around a comment like that with any kind of authority. I know you meant no harm but see it that way and hopefully it helps you understand.
I'm new to posting as well...been reading for years though lol.This message has been edited. Last edited by: Maikerukun,
|Sean Penn
To HCIII-no you should submit in December and say you are relocating in January because Dec. is the slow month and best time for submissions. You are most likely not to get overlooked. Hopefully you are coming early January which will be better for meetings. The later the busier they will be.
|Denzel Washington
HCIII - Why not move in January, get settled in, learn your way around town, get new headshots, take an audition class, try to do some thesis projects and ulbs while everybody else is busy with pilot season and THEN worry about submitting to agents when they are on hiatus and actively looking for new talent in April and May if you can't scrounge up a referral by then?
|Johnny Depp
I was thinking of actually waiting till may. I would have more than enough funds to be starting out and can build a stronger resume. Although whose to say I won't have money like that in January tho. I really like your response gyokoren!
I realize Bobby Ball is on the list, but I just wanted to ask - theatrically, are they good? Anyone with them? I was wondering how often any clients go out. I've never had a theatrical agent- endlessly searching- their the first to respond to me, so I'm excited, but I'm also pacing myself- just in case I should wait for something else, like Media Artists group? Just asking. Bobby Ball- good theatrically? Thank you so much.
|Kevin Bacon
Well, this list of agencies is based on their theatrical department, so I would assume they're pretty good. Or else SAM wouldn't have listed it in the first place.
This isn't a hard and fast rule though. An agency with a solid reputation still won't get you out much if they're not passionate about you.
|Kevin Bacon
Can someone put up a list of the best youth agencies preferably better theatrically?
|Kevin Bacon
also around teenage
|Johnny Depp
Where does Brady, Brannon and Rich (BBR) fit on this list? I have 4 friends signed with this agency and only 1 is AEA.
Sorry for resurrecting this thread! Just looking for advice for someone coming fresh out of a BFA program...I've got a laundry list of theatre credits from school that's also associated with a major regional theater in the States as well as the Globe theater in London. And I've gotten some good response from my recent auditions with some respected repertory/shakespeare companies around the country (what I'm trying to say is I'm not the greenest of young 20somethings asking for help on the forums lol).
I'm pretty intent on moving back home to SoCal next month and working on getting on Film/TV instead of aiming to work in regional theatre, but I've got very little film/tv experience...nothing I'd willingly put on my acting resume. So my question is, who should I aim for as I begin to submit? Which of these agencies (probably tier 3-5?) respect classically trained theater kids? I'm a fairly good type--ethnic female. And most working actresses of my ethnicity/look I'm aware of have little training as actors, which I feel (correct me if I'm wrong) might give me a leg up on getting noticed when I get to LA.
Should I wait to submit and first worry about getting some student films under my belt and maybe taking a few LA classes? My plans within the next year are to get my butt to Lesly Kahn and the Groundlings...and probably an on camera class. Brett Rickaby is visiting my school this weekend to do a workshop with us, and so far I've enjoyed his style of teaching and may look into taking his on camera scene study class at some point. I know it may not be a known school, but Brett himself definitely works a lot as an actor so I'd trust taking class with him.
I've been told that asking for referrals probably is the easiest and best way, but my friends with agents are newly signed and don't have enough clout to feel comfortable referring me or they're with much bigger agencies that I personally wouldn't feel comfortable working with them should they be interested in me since I'm just so new to the LA game and would need time to wade through the waters before trying to hit up the big guys.
|Denzel Washington
Welcome to the world of the overtrained and undervalued! Seriously. Nobody cares if your BFA isn't from Juilliard or if you don't make everybody smell money at a showcase which you sadly do not get the opportunity to do if you are about to graduate from the school I am thinking. Brrrrrr, right? But that can be gotten around. It just takes a minute. Or more like six months to a year if you are really marketable AND bookable which usually takes a little more work.
First things first. Are you SAG-AFTRA eligible? If not, you might want to hold off on seeking theatrical rep until you are because the best you will be likely to get will be a starter agent that can't do you much good. I never see girls who are repped by those places at auditions for guest stars and up.
Decent commercial rep on the other hand might be more accessible so get thee to the Groundlings or one of the other well known improv places to revisit your freshman level theatre games stat because they will want to see it on your resume. A commercial auditioning class would be a good idea, too.
Here is a thread where I gave my stock spiel to a USC senior last August that I will also bump for you. http://bbs.backstage.com/group...=664105354#664105354
P.S. Some changes since SAM made this list are that Strain is no more thanks to Mr. Strain getting busted for stealing from clients, Gage Group merged with Bauman-Redanty & Shaul and is now BRS/Gage Talent Agency, Ilene Feldman closed IFA to become a manager and her associates are now at Paradigm, and KSR is now KMR since Mark Measures left Abrams to become a partner.This message has been edited. Last edited by: gyokoren,
|Johnny Depp
Here it is with Gyokoren's info and some more edits.
ICM Partners
Abrams Artists
Stone Manners
Greene and Associates
Amsel, Eisenstadt, Frazier & Hinojosa
BRS/Gage Group
David Shapira
House of Representatives
Global Artists
Pakula King
Angel City
Bobby Ball
Culbertson Group
Daniel Hoff
Defining Artists
Clear Talent Group
Coast to Coast
Connor Ankrum
Corsa Agency
Ellis Talent Group
Hervey Grimes
Mavrick Artists Agency
Media Artists Group
Rogers Orion
Cavaleri & Associates
Jamie Ferrar Agency
Additional Changes include:
-CESD added an adult theatrical division a year ago. There's been no signs of it being as great as its commercial, VO, and youth divisions.
-Osbrink hasn't had an adult theatrical division since 2009
-Steve Stevens is a has-been. He did represent some big shots during the 60s, 70s, and 80s. But he has lost his sizzle and has become one of those agents that people get with starting out and immediately drop.
-Baron Entertainment has ruined it's reputation with LA Casting, Casting Frontier, and Breakdown Services when Rod tried to create a competing company a year or two ago.
-Nancy Chaidez passed away recently.
-Clear Talent Group should be on the list. There's no way that it's lower than the lowest tier.
-Amsel, Eisenstadt, Frazier, AND Hinojosa. Long time Commercial agent Gloria Hinojosa has been added to the name.
|Johnny Depp
Where do you guys think Prestige would fall on this list? Especially with having Jay Schachter on their team from Mavrick? Starter since they're so new?
|Powered by Social Strata
|Page 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8


text:
This is mostly a question for Dushmaniac, but I figure there are a lot of ppl wondering the same.
I see on the XBMC road map that XBMC 12 (Frodo) will be the "PVR" build. It looks like there are a lot of exciting new features on the horizon, and I'm wondering when the existing PVR branch is going to get merged into the nightly build code.
Right now I'm using MediaPortal TV Server on a Windows machine as my back end, but I'm hoping that the official XBMC PVR will allow me to cut out that middle-man. I'm hoping that I can get a little more clarity on what's planned.
Currently my setup is utilizing as much functionality as I can figure out how to configure:
- MediaPortal Backend
- Live TV menu option which lives completely separate from my Videos menu within XBMC
- Recordings which don't easily integrate into my library (unless I tag, move, and re-scan)
- No Timeshifting
- No Series scheduling
- Complex process on my MediaPortal server to pull a good EPG nightly
- No easy way to configure coloring for categories within my EPG
Ideally, I'd love for XBMC to get to this point:
- No extra backend software needed. XBMC could pull directly from my HD Homerun tuners and the DVR functionality could be configured directly within XBMC
- No more Live TV standalone menu....would love this to be integrated into my Videos menu where I see a sub-menu for Live TV, TV Shows, Movies, etc.
- Recordings which can be configured with a name schema, then have metadata scraped. They would then seamlessly integrate into the Videos library in the appropriate location. I believe this is the whole universal front-end concept.
- Please enable reliable timeshifting. This is the single biggest current gap!
- Series scheduling would be awesome. More sophisticated series scheduling (where it looks for only new episodes, or actually looks for the name of the show instead of a straight-up recurring time slot) would be even sweeter
- Have XBMC offer a reliable and easy-to-configure EPG pull - is this even possible?
- Enable an easier way for the EPG to color by show category (without having to go to an XML config file)
I realize that some of these features are major re-works and coding additions, but I'm just looking for some clarity on what is planned. Will there be a lot more people working on the PVR development once it's integrated into the main branch? Also - a way to cut commercials out of recorded over-the-air programming would be a killer feature....maybe an add-on?
The PVR branch is working out great for me so far (I've finally cut the cable), so thanks very much for the work that's been done already!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
June 7, 2005
Statement of Families of September 11 on the9/11 Public Discourse Project's Series "Unfinished Agenda"Session 1: CIA and FBI ReformJune 7, 2005
Families of September 11 (FOS11) applauds the 9/11 Public Discourse Project for their dedication to protecting the safety of Americans by discussing the unfinished agenda of the 9/11 Commission. Monday's panel on CIA and FBI reform was enlightening. It demonstrated that more than 3 ½ years after the attacks, some remain resistant to changes that will make our nation safer.
These problems are not insurmountable. However, to fix them, we need leadership at the highest levels of government to support our call for an intelligence community focused on collaboration and effectiveness. We call on President Bush and National Intelligence Director Negroponte to use the authorities granted in their job descriptions to provide this leadership. They have the ability, working with Director Goss and Director Mueller, to create the type of intelligence community our nation needs and our citizens deserve. We remain hopeful that they also have the will.
• View a schedule of other upcoming panels.• Visit our Legislation/Policy page for the latest information.• 9/11 Public Discourse Project, www.9-11pdp.org• Learn how to contact your elected officials.


text:
You can do a forced mount using ntfs-3g on ntfs partitions.
something like this i think:
Where hda2 is your desired harddisk/partition, so you put sdaX or hdaX..Code:~ maxe # mount /dev/hda2 -f ntfs-3g
(where X defines the number aka partition it is you want to mount.)
sda = S-ATA
hda = ATA
For USB drives, the KDE environment should be able to mount them automatic.
If not you should try mount it using vfat seeing as that was the best option that worked for me.
If you need more information about the mount command write:
Code:~ maxe # man mount


text:
Summit to showcase poets from across South Carolina
Acclaimed poet and human-rights activist Carolyn Forche will keynote the upcoming S.C. Poetry Initiative, hosted by the University of South Carolina Arts Institute on Oct. 30.
The initiative will bring noted poets from across the state to the South Carolina Poets Summit at the Columbia Museum of Art.
More than 30 poets will present during the event from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., focusing on the theme, "Poet as a Witness."
The summit is free and open to the public.
The summit's goal is to create a place where poets and those who enjoy poetry can come together and celebrate their passion and to learn about what is happening across the state in this specific art.
Forche, author of four acclaimed books of poetry, is the director of the Lannan Center for Poetry and Poetics at Georgetown University and winner of the Edita and Ira Morris Hiroshima Foundation for Peace and Culture Award in recognition of her human-rights work.
"Each year, we try to remind ourselves of why this summit was conceived in the first place," said Kwame Dawes, director of the Poetry Initiative and the Arts Institute, Distinguished Poet in Residence and Louis Frye Scudder Professor at the University of South Carolina. "To top it off, Carolyn Forche is coming and will help us understand the importance of poets as, first, citizens of this world and, secondly, as instruments to be used to find language for the things they have witnessed in their hearts and through their senses."
Noted poets representing the Upstate, Midlands and Lowcountry will present their work during sessions throughout the day. Winners of the 2010 Poetry Initiative Chapbook contest will be announced during a lunch ceremony.
For more information or to set up interviews, contact Jeffrey Day at the Arts Institute, firstname.lastname@example.com or 803 777-1731.


text:
Just wondering if anyone can recommend a good place for wrestling in or around the Manchester area. Not looking for Submission/Catch, more freestyle stuff, as want to improve that aspect of things for MMA.
The 2 I have found is the YMCA/Y-Club coach by Dale Murray and the City of Manchester Wrestling club coached Oleg Druzhynets.
Does any one know anything about these club or coaches? Or any other club around?


text:
Chris Brown hit-and-run case dismissed
Listen to Chris Brown on iHeartRadio
Chris Brown is off hook in his misdemeanor hit-and-run case.
A California judge has dismissed the charge against the singer, saying a "civil compromise" has been reached between Brown and the victim.
The charge stemmed from a May incident in which Brown reportedly struck another car with his vehicle in Toluca Lake. He was accused of leaving the scene without exchanging information.
The victim reportedly did not want Chris to be prosecuted, nor did she want any money because the damage was so minor. The Los Angeles City Attorney tried to move the case forward, despite the victims objection, but the judge dismissed the case Thursday.
Brown was booked at the Van Nuys Jail last week on one misdemeanor hit-and-run charge. He was released on his own recognizance shortly after, without having to post bail.
Photo Credit Getty Images


text:
The scope of this study is for roadway widening to a four-lane divided facility with 10-foot shoulders and an above-grade over pass at Union Pacific Railroad.
Current Conditions
The current road is undivided with two 12-foot travel lanes with 8-foot shoulders and an at-grade crossing at Union Pacific Railroad.
Proposed Improvements
This study is a partnership between TxDOT and the Federal Highway Administration.
Public Involvement
Texas Department of Transportation
Courtney Blechle
PO Box 1386
Houston, TX 77251-1386
Phone: (713) 802-5245


text:
Dolphin Artists :: Eric Singer
Eric Singer (born Eric Doyle Mensinger on May 12, 1958 in Cleveland, Ohio) is best known as a drummer for the rock band KISS. Singer had previously played in Paul Stanley's solo band, and sat in for drummer Eric Carr during KISS's recording of "God Gave Rock 'N' Roll To You II". Upon Carr's death, Singer joined KISS as a permanent member. He debuted with the band on the album Revenge. In 1996, Singer was replaced by original KISS drummer Peter Criss for a reunion tour with the original members. Read more on Last.fm more
Related News
Related Products
Zildjian Eric Singer Artist Series Drumstick
2B style stick with a long taper for response and fat tip for projection. Great for rock. U.S. Select Hickory. Specifications Category: Artist Series Length: 16 …
Web Price:9.99
Availability:Call 0844 815 0888


text:
Unwritten history is not easy to interpret, and, although much may be learned from a study of the drawings, bony remains, and surgical tools of early manhuman beings, it is difficult to reconstruct his their mental attitude toward the problems of disease and death. It seems probable that humans, as soon as they had reached the stage of reasoning, discovered , by the process of trial and error , which plants might be used as foods, which of them were poisonous, and which of them had some medicinal value. Folk medicine or domestic medicine, consisting largely in the use of vegetable products, or herbs, originated in this fashion and still persists.
But that is not the whole story. Man Human beings did not at first regard death and disease as natural phenomena. Common maladies, such as colds or constipation, were accepted as part of existence and dealt with by means of such herbal remedies as were available. Serious and disabling diseases, however, were placed in a very different category. These were of supernatural origin. They might be the result of a spell cast upon the victim by some enemy, visitation by a malevolent demon, or the work of an offended god who had either projected some object—a dart, a stone, a worm—into the body of the victim or had abstracted something, usually the soul of the patient. The treatment then applied was to lure the errant soul back to its proper habitat within the body or to extract the evil intruder, be it dart or demon, by counterspells, incantations, potions, suction, or other means.
One curious method of providing the disease with means of escape from the body was by making a hole, 2.5 to five centimetres 5 cm across, in the skull of the victim—the practice of trepanning, or trephining. Trepanned skulls of prehistoric date have been found in Britain, France, and other parts of Europe and in Peru. Many of them show evidence of healing and, presumably, of the patient's survival. The practice still exists among primitive some tribal people in parts of Algeria, in Melanesia, and perhaps elsewhere, though it is fast becoming extinct.
Magic and religion played a large part in the medicine of prehistoric or primitive manearly human society. Administration of a vegetable drug or remedy by mouth was accompanied by incantations, dancing, grimaces, and all the tricks of the magician. Therefore, the first doctors, or "medicine men," were witch doctors or sorcerers. The use of charms and talismans, still prevalent in modern times, is of ancient origin.
Apart from the treatment of wounds and broken bones, the folklore of medicine is probably the most ancient aspect of the art of healing, for primitive physicians showed their wisdom by treating the whole person, soul as well as body. Treatments and medicines that produced no physical effects on the body could nevertheless make a patient feel better when both medicine man healer and patient believed in their efficacy. This so-called placebo effect is applicable even in modern clinical medicine.
The establishment of the calendar and the invention of writing marked the dawn of recorded history. The clues to early knowledge are scanty, consisting of clay tablets bearing cuneiform signs and seals that were used by physicians of ancient Mesopotamia. In the Louvre there is preserved a stone pillar on which is inscribed the Code of Hammurabi, who was a Babylonian king of the 18th century BC BCE. This code includes laws relating to the practice of medicine, and the penalties for failure were severe. For example, "If the doctor, in opening an abscess, shall kill the patient, his hands shall be cut off"; if, however, the patient was a slave, the doctor was simply obliged to supply another slave.
The Greek historian Herodotus stated that every Babylonian was an amateur physician, since it was the custom to lay the sick in the street so that anyone passing by might offer advice. Divination, from the inspection of the liver of a sacrificed animal, was widely practiced to foretell the course of a disease. Little else is known regarding Babylonian medicine, and the name of not a single physician has survived.
When the medicine of ancient Egypt is examined, the picture becomes clearer. The first physician to emerge is Imhotep, chief minister to King Djoser in the 3rd millennium BC BCE, who designed one of the earliest pyramids, the Step Pyramid at Ṣaqqārah, and who was later regarded as the Egyptian god of medicine and identified with the Greek god Asclepius. Surer knowledge comes from the study of Egyptian papyri, especially the Ebers and Edwin Smith papyri discovered in the 19th century. The former is a list of remedies, with appropriate spells or incantations, while the latter is a surgical treatise on the treatment of wounds and other injuries.
Contrary to what might be expected, the widespread practice of embalming the dead body did not stimulate study of human anatomy. The preservation of mummies has, however, revealed some of the diseases suffered at that time, including arthritis, tuberculosis of the bone, gout, tooth decay, bladder stones, and gallstones; there is evidence too of the parasitic disease schistosomiasis, which remains a scourge still. There seems to have been no syphilis or rickets.
The search for information on ancient medicine leads naturally from the papyri of Egypt to Hebrew literature. Though the Bible contains little on the medical practices of Old Testament timesancient Israel, it is a mine of information on social and personal hygiene. The Jews were indeed pioneers in matters of public health.
Indian medicine has a long history. Its earliest concepts are set out in the sacred writings called the Vedas, especially in the metrical passages of the Atharvaveda, which may possibly date as far back as the 2nd millennium BC BCE. According to a later writer, the system of medicine called Āyurveda Ayurveda was received by a certain Dhanvantari from the god Brahma, and Dhanvantari was deified as the god of medicine. In later times his status was gradually reduced, until he was credited with having been an earthly king who died of snakebite.
The period of Vedic medicine lasted until about 800 BC BCE. The Vedas are rich in magical practices for the treatment of diseases and in charms for the expulsion of the demons traditionally supposed to cause diseases. The chief conditions mentioned are fever (takman), cough, consumption, diarrhea, dropsy, abscesses, seizures, tumours, and skin diseases (including leprosy). The herbs recommended for treatment are numerous.
The golden age of Indian medicine, from 800 BC BCE until about AD 1000 CE, was marked especially by the production of the medical treatises known as the CarakaCharaka-saṃhitāsamhita and SuśrutaSushruta-saṃhitāsamhita, attributed , respectively , to CarakaCharaka, a physician, and SuśrutaSushruta, a surgeon. Estimates place the CarakaCharaka-saṃhitāsamhita in its present form as dating from the 1st century AD CE, although there were earlier versions. The SuśrutaSushruta-saṃhitāsamhita probably originated in the last centuries BC BCE and had become fixed in its present form by the 7th century AD CE. Of somewhat lesser importance are the treatises attributed to Vagbhata. All later writings on Indian medicine were based on these works.
Because Hindus were prohibited by their religion from cutting the dead body, their knowledge of anatomy was limited. The SuśrutaSushruta-saṃhitāsamhita recommends that a body be placed in a basket and sunk in a river for seven days. On its removal the parts could be easily separated without cutting. As a result of these crude methods, the emphasis in Hindu anatomy was given first to the bones and then to the muscles, ligaments, and joints. The nerves, blood vessels, and internal organs were very imperfectly known.
The Hindus believed that the body contains three elementary substances, microcosmic representatives of the three divine universal forces, which they called spirit (air), phlegm, and bile (comparable to the humours of the Greeks). Health depends on the normal balance of these three elementary substances. The seven primary constituents of the body—blood, flesh, fat, bone, marrow, chyle, and semen—are produced by the action of the elementary substances. Semen was thought to be produced from all parts of the body and not from any individual part or organ.
Both Caraka Charaka and Suśruta Sushruta state the existence of a large number of diseases (Suśruta Sushruta says 1,120). Rough classifications of diseases are given. In all texts, "fever," of which numerous types are described, is regarded as important. Phthisis (wasting disease, especially pulmonary tuberculosis) was apparently prevalent, and the Hindu physicians knew the symptoms of cases likely to terminate fatally. Smallpox was common, and it is probable that smallpox inoculation was practiced.
Hindu physicians employed all five senses in diagnosis. Hearing was used to distinguish the nature of the breathing, alteration in voice, and the grinding sound produced by the rubbing together of broken ends of bones. They appear to have had a good clinical sense, and their discourses on prognosis contain acute references to symptoms that have grave import. Magical beliefs still persisted, however, until late in the classical period; thus, the prognosis could be affected by such fortuitous factors as the cleanliness of the messenger sent to fetch the physician, the nature of his conveyance, or the types of persons the physician met on his journey to the patient.
Dietetic treatment was important and preceded any medicinal treatment. Fats were much used, internally and externally. The most important methods of active treatment were referred to as the "five procedures": the administration of emetics, purgatives, water enemas, oil enemas, and sneezing powders. Inhalations were frequently administered, as were leeching, cupping, and bleeding.
The Indian materia medica was extensive and consisted mainly of vegetable drugs, all of which were from indigenous plants. Caraka Charaka knew 500 medicinal plants, and Suśruta Sushruta knew 760. But animal remedies (such as the milk of various animals, bones, gallstones) and minerals (sulfur, arsenic, lead, copper sulfate, gold) were also employed. The physicians collected and prepared their own vegetable drugs. Among those that eventually appeared in Western pharmacopoeias were cardamom and cinnamon.
As a result of the strict religious beliefs of the Hindus, hygienic measures were important in treatment. Two meals a day were decreed, with indications of the nature of the diet, the amount of water to be drunk before and after the meal, and the use of condiments. Bathing and care of the skin were carefully prescribed, as were cleansing of the teeth with twigs from named trees, anointing of the body with oil, and the use of eyewashes.
In surgery, ancient Hindu medicine reached its zenith. Operations performed by Hindu surgeons included excision of tumours, incision and draining of abscesses, punctures to release fluid in the abdomen, extraction of foreign bodies, repair of anal fistulas, splinting of fractures, amputations, cesarean sections, and stitching of wounds.
A broad array of surgical instruments were used. According to Suśruta Sushruta, the surgeon should be equipped with 20 sharp and 101 blunt instruments of various descriptions. The instruments were largely of steel. Alcohol seems to have been used as a narcotic during operations, and bleeding was stopped by hot oils and tar.
In two types of operations especially, the Hindus were outstanding. Stone in the bladder (vesical calculus) was common in ancient India, and the surgeons frequently removed the stones by lateral lithotomy. They also introduced plastic surgery. Amputation of the nose was one of the prescribed punishments for adultery, and repair was carried out by cutting from the patient's cheek or forehead a piece of tissue of the required size and shape and applying it to the stump of the nose. The results appear to have been tolerably satisfactory, and the modern operation is certainly derived indirectly from this ancient source. Hindu surgeons also operated on cataracts by couching, or displacing the lens to improve vision.
The Chinese system of medicine is of great antiquity and is independent of any recorded external influences. According to legendtradition, Emperor Huang Ti Huangdi (the Yellow Emperor) "Yellow Emperor"), one of the legendary founders of Chinese civilization, wrote the canon of internal medicine called the Nei ching Huangdi neijing (Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic) in the 3rd millennium BC BCE; but there is some evidence that in its present form it dates from no earlier than the 3rd century BC BCE. Most of the Chinese medical literature is founded on the Nei ching Huangdi neijing, and it is still regarded as a great authority. Other famous works are the Mo ching Mojing (known in the West as the "Pulse Classic"), composed about AD 300 ; CE, and the Yuzhuan yizong jinjian ("Imperially Commissioned Golden Mirror of the Orthodox Lineage of Medicine," also known in English as the Golden Mirror), a compilation , made about AD 1700, made in 1742 of medical writings of the Han dynasty (202 BC–AD 220 BCE–220 CE). European medicine began to obtain a footing in China early in the 19th century, but the native system is still widely practiced.
Basic to traditional Chinese medicine is the dualistic cosmic theory of the yin and the yang yinyang. The yang, the male principle, is active and light and is represented by the heavens; the . The yin, the female principle, is passive and dark and is represented by the earth. The human body, like matter in general, is made up of five elements: wood, fire, earth, metal, and water. With these are associated other groups of five, such as the five planets, the five conditions of the atmosphere, the five colours, and the five tones. Health, character, and the success of all political and private ventures are determined by the preponderance, at the time, of the yin or the yang; , and the great aim of ancient Chinese medicine is to control their proportions in the body.
The teachings of the religious sects forbade the mutilation of the dead human body; hence, traditional anatomy rests on no sure scientific foundation. One of the most important writers on anatomy, Wang Ch'ing-jenQingren, gained his knowledge from the inspection of dog-torn children who had died in a plague epidemic in AD 1798 CE. Traditional Chinese anatomy is based on the cosmic system, which postulates the presence of such hypothetical structures as the 12 channels and the three so-called burning spaces. The body contains five organs (heart, lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys), which store up but do not eliminate; , and five viscera (such as the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and bladder), which eliminate but do not store up. Each organ is associated with one of the planets, colours, tones, smells, and tastes. There are 365 bones and 365 joints in the body.
According to the physiology of traditional Chinese medicine, the blood vessels contain blood and air, in proportions varying with those of the yin and the yang. These two cosmic principles circulate in the 12 channels and control the blood vessels and hence the pulse. The Nei ching Huangdi neijing says that "the blood current flows continuously in a circle and never stops. It may be compared to a circle without beginning or end." On this insubstantial evidence it has been claimed that the Chinese anticipated Harvey's discovery of the circulation of the blood. Traditional Chinese pathology is also dependent on the theory of the yin and the yang; this led to an elaborate classification of diseases in which most of the types listed are without scientific foundation.
In diagnosis, detailed questions are asked about the history of the illness and about such things as the patient's taste, smell, and dreams. Conclusions are drawn from the quality of the voice, and note is made of the colour of the face and of the tongue. The most important part of the investigation, however, is the examination of the pulse. Wang Shu-hoShuhe, who wrote the "Pulse Classic," lived in the 3rd century BC BCE, and innumerable commentaries were written on his work. The pulse is examined in several places, at different times, and with varying degrees of pressure. The operation may take as long as three hours. It is often the only examination made, and it is used both for diagnosis and for prognosis. Not only are the diseased organs ascertained, but the time of death or recovery may be foretold.
The Chinese materia medica has always been extensive and consists of vegetable, animal (including human), and mineral remedies. There were famous herbals from ancient times; , but all these, to the number of about 1,000, were embodied by Li Shih-chen Shijen in the compilation of Pen-ts'ao kang-mu Bencao gangmu (the "Great Pharmacopoeia") in the 16th century AD CE. This work, in 52 volumes, has been frequently revised and reprinted and is still authoritative. The use of drugs is mainly to restore the harmony of the yin and the yang and is also related to such matters as the five organs, the five planets, and the five colours. The art of prescribing is therefore complex.
Among the drugs taken over by Western medicine from the Chinese are rhubarb, iron (for anemia), castor oil, kaolin, aconite, camphor, and Cannabis sativa (Indian hemp). Chaulmoogra oil was used by the Chinese for leprosy from at least the 14th century, and about a century ago it began to be used for this purpose by Western physicians. The herb mahuang (Ephedra vulgaris) has been used in China for at least 4,000 years, and the isolation of the alkaloid ephedrine from it has greatly improved the Western treatment of asthma and similar conditions.
The most famous and expensive of Chinese remedies is ginseng. Western analysis has shown that it has diuretic and other properties but is of doubtful value. In recent years reserpine, the active principle of the Chinese plant Rauwolfia, has been isolated; it is now effectively used in the treatment of high blood pressure and some emotional and mental conditions.
Hydrotherapy is probably of Chinese origin, since cold baths were used for fevers as early as 180 BC BCE. The inoculation of smallpox matter, in order to produce a mild but immunizing attack of the disease, was practiced in China from ancient times and came to Europe about 1720. Another treatment is moxibustion, which consists in making a small, moistened cone (moxa) of powdered leaves of mugwort, or wormwood (Artemisia species), applying it to the skin, igniting it, and then crushing it into the blister so formed. Other substances are also used for the moxa. Dozens of these are sometimes applied at one sitting. The practice is often associated with acupuncture.
Acupuncture consists of the insertion into the skin and underlying tissues of a metal needle, either hot or cold. The theory is that the needle affects the distribution of the yin and the yang in the hypothetical channels and burning spaces of the body. The site of the insertion is chosen to affect a particular organ or organs. The practice of acupuncture dates from before 2500 BC BCE and is peculiarly Chinese. Little of practical importance has been added since that date, although there have been many well-known treatises on the subject.
A bronze model, c. AD 860 CE, shows the hundreds of specified points for the insertion of the needle; this was the forerunner of countless later models and diagrams. The needles used are three 3 to 24 centimetres cm (about one 1 to nine 9 inches) in length. They are often inserted with considerable force and after insertion may be agitated or screwed to the left or right. Acupuncture, often combined with moxibustion, is still widely used for many diseases, including fractures. Recently people in the Western world have turned to acupuncturists for relief from pain and other symptoms. There is some speculation that the treatment may trigger the brain to release morphinelike substances called endorphins, which presumably reduce the feeling of pain and its concomitant emotions.
The most interesting features of Japanese medicine are the extent to which it was derivative and the rapidity with which, after a slow start, it became westernized Westernized and scientific. In the early pre-Christian Era times disease was regarded as sent by the gods or produced by the influence of evil spirits. Treatment and prevention were based largely on religious practices, such as prayers, incantations, and exorcism; at a later date drugs and bloodletting were also employed.
Beginning in AD 608 CE, when young Japanese physicians were sent to China for a long period of study, Chinese influence on Japanese medicine was paramount. In 982, Tamba Yasuyori completed the 30-volume Ishinhō, the oldest Japanese medical work still extant. This work discusses diseases and their treatment, classified mainly according to the affected organs or parts. It is based entirely on older Chinese medical works, with the concept of yin and yang concept underlying the theory of disease causation.
In 1570 a 15-volume medical work was published by Menase Dōsan, who also wrote at least five other works. In the most significant of these, the Keitekishū (1574; a manual of the practice of medicine, 1574), diseases—or sometimes merely symptoms—are classified and described in 51 groups; the work is unusual in that it includes a section on the diseases of old age. Another distinguished physician and teacher of the period, Nagata Tokuhun, whose important books were the I-no-ben (1585) and the Baika mujinzo (1611), held that the chief aim of the medical art was to support the natural force and, and consequently, that it was useless to persist with stereotyped methods of treatment unless the physician had the cooperation of the patient.
European medicine was introduced into Japan in the 16th century by Jesuit missionaries and again in the 17th century by Dutch physicians. Translations of European books on anatomy and internal medicine were made in the 18th century, and in 1836 an influential Japanese work on physiology appeared. In 1857 a group of Dutch-trained Japanese physicians founded a medical school in Edo (later Tokyo) that is regarded as the beginning of the medical faculty of the Imperial University of Tokyo.
During the last third of the 18th century it became government policy to westernize Westernize Japanese medicine, and great progress was made in the foundation of medical schools and the encouragement of research. Important medical breakthroughs by the Japanese followed, among them the discovery of the plague bacillus in 1894, the discovery of a dysentery bacillus in 1897, the isolation of adrenaline (epinephrine) in crystalline form in 1901, and the first experimental production of a tar-induced cancer in 1918.
The transition from magic to science was a gradual process that lasted for centuries, and there is little doubt that ancient Greece inherited much from Babylonia and Egypt , and even from India and China. Twentieth-century Modern readers of the Homeric tales the Iliad and the Odyssey may well be bewildered by the narrow distinction between gods and men human beings among the characters and between historical fact and poetic fancy in the story. Two characters, the military surgeons Podaleirius and Machaon, are said to have been sons of Asclepius, the god of medicine. The divine Asclepius may have originated in a human Asclepius who lived about 1200 BC BCE and is said to have performed many miracles of healing.
Asclepius was worshiped worshipped in hundreds of temples throughout Greece, the remains of which may still be seen at Epidaurus, Cos, Athens, and elsewhere. To these resorts, or hospitals, sick persons went for the healing ritual known as incubation, or temple sleep. They lay down to sleep in the dormitory, or abaton, and were visited in their dreams by Asclepius or by one of his priests, who gave advice. In the morning the patient often is said to have departed cured. There are at Epidaurus many inscriptions recording cures, though there is no mention of failures or deaths.
Diet, baths, and exercises played their part in the treatment, and it would appear that these temples were the prototype of modern health resorts. Situated in a peaceful spot, with gardens and fountains, each had its theatre for amusements and its stadium for athletic contests. The cult of incubation continued far into the Christian Eraera. In Greece, some of the Aegean islands, Sardinia, and Sicily, sick persons are still taken to spend a night in certain churches in the hope of a cure.
It was, however, the work of the early philosophers, rather than that of the priests of Asclepius, that impelled Greeks to refuse to be guided solely by supernatural influence and moved them to seek out for themselves the causes and reasons for the strange ways of nature. The 6th-century philosopher Pythagoras, whose chief discovery was the importance of numbers, also investigated the physics of sound, and his views influenced the medical thought of his time. In the 5th century BC BCE Empedocles set forth the view that the universe is composed of four elements—fire, air, earth, and water; water—and this conception led to the doctrine of the four bodily humours: blood; phlegm; choler, or yellow bile; and melancholy, or black bile. The maintenance of health was held to depend upon the harmony of the four humours.
Medical thought had reached this stage and had partially discarded the conceptions based upon magic and religion by 460 BC BCE, the year that Hippocrates is said to have been born. Although he has been called the father of medicine, little is known of his life, and there may , in fact , have been several men of this name; , or Hippocrates may have been the author of only some, or none, of the books that make up the Hippocratic Collection (Corpus Hippocraticum). Ancient writers held that Hippocrates taught and practiced medicine in Cos, the island of his birth, and in other parts of Greece, including Athens, and that he died at an advanced age.
Whether Hippocrates was one man or several, the works attributed to him mark the stage in Western medicine where disease was coming to be regarded as a natural rather than a supernatural phenomenon and doctors were encouraged to look for physical causes of illness. Some of the works, notably the Aphorismi (Aphorisms), were used as textbooks until the 19th century. The first and best-known aphorism is, "Life is Short, Art long, Occasion sudden and dangerous, Experience deceitful, and Judgment difficult" (often shortened to the Latin tag, "Ars "Ars longa, vita brevis"brevis"). This is followed by brief comments on diseases and symptoms, many of which remain valid.
The thermometer and the stethoscope were not then known; , nor , indeed , did Hippocrates employ any aid to diagnosis beyond his own powers of observation and logical reasoning. He had an extraordinary ability to foretell the course of a malady, and he laid more stress upon the expected outcome, or prognosis, of a disease than upon its identification, or diagnosis. He had no patience with the idea that disease was a punishment sent by the gods. Writing of epilepsy, then called "the sacred disease," he said, "It is not any more sacred than other diseases, but has a natural cause, and its supposed divine origin is due to man's human inexperience. Every disease," he continued, "has its own nature, and arises from external causes."
Hippocrates noted the effect of food, of occupation, and especially of climate in causing disease, and one of his most interesting books, entitled De aereaëre, aquis et locis (Air, Waters and Places), would today be classed as a treatise on human ecology. Pursuing this line of thought, Hippocrates stated that "our natures are the physicians of our diseases" and advocated that this tendency to natural cure should be fostered. He laid much stress on diet and the use of few drugs. He knew well how to describe illness clearly and concisely and recorded failures as well as successes; he viewed disease with the eye of the naturalist and studied the entire patient in his environment.
Perhaps the greatest legacy of Hippocrates is the charter of medical conduct embodied in the so-called Hippocratic oath, which has been adopted as a pattern by physicians throughout the ages:
I swear by Apollo the physician, and Asclepius, and Health, and All-heal, and all the gods and goddesses . . . to goddesses…to reckon him who taught me this Art equally dear to me as my parents, to share my substance with him, and relieve his necessities if required; to look upon his offspring in the same footing as my own brothers, and to teach them this art, if they shall wish to learn it, without fee or stipulation; and that by precept, lecture, and every other mode of instruction, I will impart a knowledge of the Art to my own sons, and those of my teachers, and to disciples bound by a stipulation and oath according to the law of medicine, but to none others. I will follow that system of regimen which, according to my ability and judgment, I consider for the benefit of my patients, and abstain from whatever is deleterious and mischievous. I will give no deadly medicine to any one if asked, nor suggest any such counsel; and in like manner I will not give to a woman a pessary to produce abortion. . . . Into abortion…Into whatever houses I enter, I will go into them for the benefit of the sick, and will abstain from every voluntary act of mischief and corruption; and, further from the seduction of females or males, of freemen and slaves. Whatever, in connection with my professional practice or not, in connection with it, I see or hear, in the life of men, which ought not to be spoken of abroad, I will not divulge, as reckoning that all such should be kept secret.
Not strictly an oath, it was, rather, an ethical code or ideal, an appeal for right conduct. In one or other of its many versions, it has guided the practice of medicine throughout the world for more than 2,000 years.
In the following century the work of Aristotle, regarded as the first great biologist, was of inestimable value to medicine. A pupil of Plato at Athens and tutor to Alexander the Great, Aristotle studied the entire world of living things. He laid what can be identified as the foundations of comparative anatomy and embryology, and his views influenced scientific thinking for the next 2,000 years.
After the time of Aristotle, the centre of Greek culture shifted to Alexandria, where a famous medical school was established in about 300 BC BCE. There , the two best medical teachers were Herophilus, whose treatise on anatomy may have been the first of its kind, and Erasistratus, regarded by some as the founder of physiology. Erasistratus noted the difference between sensory and motor nerves but thought that the nerves were hollow tubes containing fluid and that air entered the lungs and heart and was carried through the body in the arteries. Alexandria continued as a centre of medical teaching even after the Roman Empire had attained supremacy over the Greek world, and medical knowledge remained predominantly Greek.
Asclepiades of Bithynia (born 124 BC BCE) differed from Hippocrates in that he denied the healing power of nature and insisted that disease should be treated safely, speedily, and agreeably. An opponent of the humoral theory, he drew upon the atomic theory of the 5th-century Greek philosopher Democritus in advocating a doctrine of strictum et laxum—the attribution of disease to the contracted or relaxed condition of the solid particles that he believed make up the body. To restore harmony among the particles and thus effect cures, Asclepiades used typically Greek remedies: massage, poultices, occasional tonics, fresh air, and corrective diet. He gave particular attention to mental disease, clearly distinguishing hallucinations from delusions. He released the insane from confinement in dark cellars and prescribed a regimen of occupational therapy, soothing music, soporifics (especially wine), and exercises to improve the attention and memory.
Asclepiades did much to win acceptance for Greek medicine in Rome. Aulus Cornelius Celsus, the Roman nobleman who wrote De medicina about AD 30 CE, gave a classic account of Greek medicine of the time, including descriptions of elaborate surgical operations. His book, overlooked in his day, enjoyed a wide reputation during the Renaissance.
During the early centuries of the Christian Eraera, Greek doctors thronged to Rome. The most illustrious of them was Galen, who began practicing there in AD 161 CE. He acknowledged his debt to Hippocrates and followed the Hippocratic method, accepting the doctrine of the humours. He laid stress on the value of anatomy, and he virtually founded experimental physiology. Galen recognized that the arteries contain blood and not merely air. He showed how the heart sets the blood in motion in an ebb and flow fashion, but he had no idea that the blood circulates. Dissection of the human body was at that time illegal, so that he was forced to base his knowledge upon the examination of animals, particularly apes. A voluminous writer who stated his views forcibly and with confidence, he remained for centuries the undisputed authority from whom no one dared to differ.
Another influential physician of the 2nd century AD CE was Soranus of Ephesus, who wrote authoritatively on childbirth, infant care, and women's diseases. An opponent of abortion, he advocated numerous means of contraception. He also described how to assist a difficult delivery by turning the fetus in the uterus (podalic version), a life-saving technique that was subsequently lost sight of until it was revived in the 16th century.
Although the contribution of Rome to the practice of medicine was negligible compared with that of Greece, in matters of public health the Romans set the world a great example. The city of Rome had an unrivaled water supply. Gymnasiums and public baths were provided, and there was even domestic sanitation and adequate disposal of sewage. The army had its medical officers, public physicians were appointed to attend the poor, and hospitals were built; a Roman hospital excavated near Düsseldorf, Ger.Germany, was found to be strikingly modern in design.
After the fall of Rome, learning was no longer held in high esteem, experiment was discouraged, and originality became a dangerous asset. During the early Middle Ages medicine passed into the widely diverse hands of the Christian Church church and Arab scholars.
It is sometimes stated that the early Christian Church church had an adverse effect upon medical progress. Disease was regarded as a punishment for sin, and such chastening demanded only prayer and repentance. Moreover, the human body was held sacred and dissection was forbidden. But the infinite care and nursing bestowed upon the sick under Christian auspices must outweigh any intolerance shown toward medicine in the early days.
Perhaps the greatest service rendered to medicine by the church was the preservation and transcription of the classical Classical Greek medical manuscripts. These were translated into Latin in many medieval monasteries, and the Nestorian Christians (an Eastern church) established a school of translators to render the Greek texts into Arabic. This famous school, and also a great hospital, were located at Jundi Shāhpūr in southwest Persia, where the chief physician was Jurjīs ibn Bukhtīshūʿ, the first of a dynasty of translators and physicians that lasted for six generations. A later translator of great renown was Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq, or Johannitus (born AD 809), whose translations were said to be worth their weight in gold.
About this time there appeared a number of saints whose names were associated with miraculous cures. Among the earliest of these were twin brothers, Cosmas and Damian, who suffered martyrdom (c. AD 303) and who became the patron saints of medicine. Other saints were invoked as powerful healers of certain diseases, such as St. Vitus for chorea (or St. Vitus' Vitus's dance) and St. Anthony for erysipelas (or St. Anthony's fire). The cult of these saints was widespread in medieval times, and a later cult, that of St. Roch for plague, was widespread during the plague-ridden years of the 14th century.
A second reservoir of medical learning during those times was the great Muslim empire, which extended from Persia to Spain. Although it is customary to speak of Arabian medicine in describing this period, not all of the physicians were Arabs or natives of Arabia. Nor, indeed, were they all Muslims: some were Jews, some Christians, and they were drawn from all parts of the empire. One of the earliest figures was Rhazes, a Persian born in the last half of the 9th century near modern Tehrān, who wrote a voluminous treatise on medicine, Kitāb al-hāḳī ("Comprehensive Book"), but whose most famous work, De variolis et morbillis (A Treatise on the Smallpox and Measles), distinguishes between these two diseases and gives a clear description of both.
Of later date was Avicenna (980–1037), also a Persian, who has been called the prince of physicians and whose tomb at Hamadan has become a place of pilgrimage. He could repeat the Qurʾān before he was 10 years old and at the age of 18 became court physician. His principal medical work, alAl-Qānūn fī aṭ-ṭibb (The Canon of Medicine), became a classic and was used at many medical schools—at Montpellier, Fr.France, as late as 1650—and reputedly is still used in the East.
The greatest contribution of Arabian medicine was in chemistry and in the knowledge and preparation of medicines. The chemists of that time were alchemists, and their pursuit was mainly a search for the philosopher's stone, which supposedly would turn common metals into gold. In the course of their experiments, however, numerous substances were named and characterized, and some were found to have medicinal value. Many drugs now in use are of Arab origin, as are such processes as distillation and sublimation.
At that period, and indeed throughout most historical times, surgery was considered inferior to medicine, and surgeons were held in low regard. The renowned Spanish surgeon Abū al-Qāsim (Albucasis), however, did much to raise the status of surgery in Córdoba, an important centre of commerce and culture with a hospital and medical school equal to those of Cairo and Baghdad. A careful and conservative practitioner, he wrote the first illustrated surgical text, which held wide influence in Europe for centuries.
Another great doctor of Córdoba, born in the 12th century, just as the sun of Arabian culture was setting, was the Jewish philosopher Moses Maimonides. Banished from the city because he would not become a Muslim, he eventually went to Cairo, where the law was more lenient and where he acquired a reputation so high that he became physician to Saladin, the Saracen leader. (He was the original of El Hakim in Sir Walter Scott's Talisman.) A few of his works, written in Hebrew, were eventually translated into Latin and printed.
At about the same time that Arabian medicine flourished, the first organized medical school in Europe was established at Salerno, in southern Italy. Although the school of Salerno produced no brilliant genius and no startling discovery, it was the outstanding medical institution of its time and the parent of the great medieval schools soon to be founded at Montpellier and Paris, in France, and at Bologna and Padua, in Italy. Salerno drew scholars from near and far. Remarkably liberal in some of its views, Salerno admitted women as medical students. The school owed much to the enlightened Holy Roman emperor Frederick II, who decreed in 1221 that no one should practice medicine until he had been publicly approved by the masters of Salerno.
The Salernitan school also produced a literature of its own; the . The best-known work, of uncertain date and of composite authorship, was the Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum ("Salernitan Guide to Health"). Written in verse, it has appeared in numerous editions and has been was translated into many languages. Among its oft-quoted couplets is the following:
Use three physicians still, first Doctor Quiet,
Next Doctor Merryman, and Doctor Diet.
Salerno yielded its place as the premier medical school of Europe to Montpellier in about 1200. John of Gaddesden, the model for the "doctour of physick" in Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, was one of the English students there. That he relied upon astrology and upon the doctrine of the humours is evident from Chaucer's description:
Well could he guess the ascending of the star
Wherein his patient's fortunes settled were.
He knew the course of every malady,
Were it of cold or heat or moist or dry.
Medieval physicians analyzed symptoms, examined excreta, and made their diagnoses. Then they might prescribe diet, rest, sleep, exercise, or baths; , or they could administer emetics and purgatives or bleed the patient. Surgeons could treat fractures and dislocations, repair hernias, and perform amputations and a few other operations. Some of them prescribed opium, mandragora, or alcohol to deaden pain. Childbirth was left to midwives, who relied on folklore and tradition.
Great hospitals were established during the Middle Ages by religious foundations, and infirmaries were attached to abbeys, monasteries, priories, and convents. Doctors and nurses in these institutions were members of religious orders and combined spiritual with physical healing.
Among the teachers of medicine in the medieval universities there were many who clung to the past, but there were not a few who determined to explore new lines of thought. The new learning of the Renaissance, born in Italy, grew and expanded slowly. Two great 13th-century scholars who influenced medicine were Roger Bacon, an active observer and tireless experimenter, and Albertus Magnus, a distinguished philosopher and scientific writer.
About this time Mondino dei Liucci taught at Bologna. Prohibitions against human dissection were slowly lifting, and Mondino performed his own dissections rather than following the customary procedure of entrusting the task to a menial. Although he perpetuated the errors of Galen, his Anothomia, published in 1316, was the first practical manual of anatomy. Foremost among the surgeons of the day was Guy de Chauliac, a physician to three popes at Avignon. His Chirurgia magna ("Great Surgery"), based on observation and experience, had a profound influence upon the progress of surgery.
The Renaissance in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries was much more than just a reviving of interest in Greek and Roman culture; it was rather a change of outlook, an eagerness for discovery, a desire to escape from the limitations of tradition and to explore new fields of thought and action. In medicine, it was perhaps natural that anatomy and physiology, the knowledge of the human body and its workings, should be the first aspects of medical learning to receive attention from those who realized the need for reform.
It was in 1543 that Andreas Vesalius, a young Belgian professor of anatomy at the University of Padua, published De humani corporis fabrica ("On the Structure of the Human Body"). Based on his own dissections, this seminal work corrected many of Galen's errors. By his scientific observations and methods, Vesalius showed that Galen could no longer be regarded as the final authority. His work at Padua was continued by Gabriel Fallopius and, later, by Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapendente; it was his work on the valves in the veins, De venarum ostiolis (1603), that suggested to his pupil William Harvey his revolutionary theory of the circulation of the blood, one of the great medical discoveries.
Surgery profited from the new outlook in anatomy, and the great reformer Ambroise Paré dominated the field in the 16th century. Paré was surgeon to four kings of France, and he has deservedly been called the father of modern surgery. In his autobiography, written after he had retired from 30 years of service as an army surgeon, Paré described how he had abolished the painful practice of cautery cauterization to stop bleeding and used ligatures and dressings instead. His favourite expression, "I dressed him; God healed him," is characteristic of this humane and careful doctor.
In Britain during this period, surgery, which was performed by barber-surgeons, was becoming regulated and organized under royal charters. Companies were thus formed that eventually became the royal colleges of surgeons in Scotland and England. Physicians and surgeons united in a joint organization in Glasgow, and a college of physicians was founded in London.
The 16th-century medical scene was enlivened by the enigmatic physician and alchemist who called himself Paracelsus. Born in Switzerland, he traveled extensively throughout Europe, gaining medical skills and practicing and teaching as he went. In the tradition of Hippocrates, Paracelsus stressed the power of nature to heal; , but, unlike Hippocrates, he believed also in the power of supernatural forces, and he violently attacked the medical treatments of his day. Eager for reform, he allowed his intolerance to outweigh his discretion, as when he prefaced his lectures at Basel by publicly burning the works of Avicenna and Galen. The authorities and medical men were understandably outraged. Widely famous in his time, Paracelsus remains a controversial figure to this day. Despite his turbulent career, however, he did attempt to bring a more rational approach to diagnosis and treatment, and he introduced the use of chemical drugs in place of herbal remedies.
A contemporary of Paracelsus, Girolamo Fracastoro of Italy was a scholar cast from a very different mold. His account of the disease syphilis, entitled Syphilis sive morbus Gallicus (1530; "Syphilis or the French Disease"), was written in verse. Although Fracastoro called syphilis the French disease, others called it the Neapolitan disease, for it was said to have been brought to Naples from America by the sailors of Christopher Columbus. Its origin is still questioned, however. Fracastoro was interested in epidemic infection, and he offered the first scientific explanation of disease transmission. In his great work, De contagione et contagiosis morbis (1546), he theorized that the seeds of certain diseases are imperceptible particles transmitted by air or by contact.
In the 17th century the natural sciences moved forward on a broad front. There were attempts to grapple with the nature of science, as expressed in the works of thinkers like Francis Bacon, Descartes, and Newton. New knowledge of chemistry superseded the theory that all things are made up of earth, air, fire, and water, and the old Aristotelian ideas began to be discarded. The supreme 17th-century achievement in medicine was Harvey's explanation of the circulation of blood.
Born in Folkestone, Eng.England, William Harvey studied at Cambridge University and then spent several years at Padua, where he came under the influence of Fabricius. He established a successful medical practice in London and, by precise observation and scrupulous reasoning, developed his theory of circulation. In 1628 he published his classic book Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (Concerning the Motion of the Heart and Blood), often called De Motu Cordis.
That the book aroused controversy is not surprising. There were still many who adhered to the teaching of Galen that the blood follows an ebb-and-flow movement in the blood vessels. Harvey's work was the result of many careful experiments, but few of his critics took the trouble to repeat the experiments, simply arguing in favour of the older view. His second great book, Exercitationes de generatione animaliumGeneratione Animalium ("Experiments Concerning Animal Generation"), published in 1651, laid the foundation of modern embryology.
Harvey's discovery of the circulation of the blood was a landmark of medical progress; the new experimental method by which the results were secured was as noteworthy as the work itself. Following the method described by the philosopher Francis Bacon, he drew the truth from experience and not from authority.
There was one gap in Harvey's argument: he was obliged to assume the existence of the capillary vessels that conveyed the blood from the arteries to the veins. This link in the chain of evidence was supplied by Marcello Malpighi of Bologna (who was born in 1628, the year of publication of De Motu Cordis). With a primitive microscope, Malpighi saw a network of tiny blood vessels in the lung of a frog. Harvey also failed to show why the blood circulated. After Robert Boyle had shown that air is essential to animal life, it was Richard Lower who traced the interaction between air and the blood. Eventually, the importance of oxygen, which was confused for a time by some as phlogiston, was revealed, although it was not until the late 18th century that the great chemist Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier discovered the essential nature of oxygen and clarified its relation to respiration.
Although the compound microscope had been invented slightly earlier, probably in Holland, its development, like that of the telescope, was the work of Galileo. He was the first to insist upon the value of measurement in science and in medicine, thus replacing theory and guesswork with accuracy. The great Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek devoted his long life to microscopical studies and was probably the first to see and describe bacteria, reporting his results to the Royal Society of London. In England, Robert Hooke, who was Boyle's assistant and curator to the Royal Society, published his Micrographia in 1665, which discussed and illustrated the microscopic structure of a variety of materials.
Several attempts were made in the 17th century to discover an easy system that would guide the practice of medicine. A substratum of superstition still remained. Richard Wiseman, surgeon to Charles II, affirmed his belief in the "royal touch" as a cure for king's evil, or scrofula, while even the learned English physician Thomas Browne stated that witches really existed. There was, however, a general desire to discard the past and adopt new ideas.
The view of the French philosopher René Descartes that the human body is a machine and that it functions mechanically had its repercussions in medical thought. One group adopting this explanation called themselves the iatrophysicists; another school, preferring to view life as a series of chemical processes, were called iatrochemists. Santorio Santorio, working at Padua, was an early exponent of the iatrophysical view and a pioneer investigator of metabolism. He was especially concerned with the measurement of what he called "insensible perspiration," described in his book De statica medicinaStatica Medicina (1614; "On Medical Measurement"). Another Italian, who developed the idea still further, was Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, a professor of mathematics at Pisa University, who gave his attention to the mechanics and statics of the body and to the physical laws that govern its movements.
The iatrochemical school was founded at Brussels by Jan Baptist van Helmont, whose writings are tinged with the mysticism of the alchemist. A more logical and intelligible view of iatrochemistry was advanced by Franciscus Sylvius, at Leiden; , and in England a leading exponent of the same school was Thomas Willis, who is better known for his description of the brain in his Cerebri anatome nervorumque descriptio et ususAnatome Nervorumque Descriptio et Usus ("Anatomy of the Brain and Descriptions and Functions of the Nerves"), published in 1664 and illustrated by Christopher Wren.
It soon became apparent that no easy road to medical knowledge and practice was to be found along these channels and that the best method was the age-old system of straightforward clinical observation initiated by Hippocrates. The need for a return to these views was strongly urged by Thomas Sydenham, well named "the English Hippocrates." Sydenham was not a voluminous writer and, indeed, had little patience with book learning in medicine; nevertheless, he gave excellent descriptions of the phenomena of disease. His greatest service, much needed at the time, was to divert physicians' minds from speculation and lead them back to the bedside, where the true art of medicine could be studied.
Even in the 18th century the search for a simple way of healing the sick continued. In Edinburgh the writer and lecturer John Brown expounded his view that there were only two diseases, sthenic (strong) and asthenic (weak), and two treatments, stimulant and sedative; his chief remedies were alcohol and opium. Lively and heated debates took place between his followers, the Brunonians, and the more orthodox Cullenians (followers of William Cullen, a professor of medicine at Glasgow), and the controversy spread to the medical centres of Europe.
At the opposite end of the scale, at least in regard to dosage, was Samuel Hahnemann, of Leipzig, the originator of homeopathy, a system of treatment involving the administration of minute doses of drugs whose effects resemble the effects of the disease being treated. His ideas had a salutary effect upon medical thought at a time when prescriptions were lengthy and doses were large, and his system has had many followers.
By the 18th century the medical school at Leiden had grown to rival that of Padua, and many students were attracted there from abroad. Among them was John Monro, an army surgeon, who resolved that his native city of Edinburgh should have a similar medical school. He specially educated his son Alexander with a view to having him appointed professor of anatomy, and the bold plan was successful. Alexander Monro studied at Leiden under Hermann Boerhaave, the central figure of European medicine and the greatest clinical teacher of his time. Subsequently , three generations of Alexander Monros taught anatomy at Edinburgh University over a continuous period of 126 years. Medical education was increasingly incorporated into the universities of Europe, and Edinburgh became the leading academic centre for medicine in Britain.
In 18th-century London, Scottish doctors were the leaders in surgery and obstetrics. The noted teacher John Hunter conducted extensive researches in comparative anatomy and physiology, founded surgical pathology, and raised surgery to the level of a respectable branch of science. His brother William Hunter, an eminent teacher of anatomy, became famous as an obstetrician. Male doctors were now attending women in childbirth, and the leading obstetrician in London was William Smellie. His well-known Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Midwifery, published in three volumes in 1752–64, contained the first systematic discussion on the safe use of obstetrical forceps, which have since saved countless lives. Smellie placed midwifery on a sound scientific footing and helped to establish obstetrics as a recognized medical discipline.
The science of modern pathology also had its beginnings in this century. Giovanni Battista Morgagni, of Padua, in 1761 published his massive work De sedibus Sedibus et causis morborumCausis Morborum (The Seats and Causes of Diseases Investigated by Anatomy), a description of the appearances found by postmortem examination of almost 700 cases, in which he attempted to correlate the findings after death with the clinical picture in life.
On the basis of work begun in the 18th century, René LaennecLaënnec, a native of Brittany, who practiced medicine in Paris, invented a simple stethoscope, or cylindre, as it was originally called. In 1819 he wrote a treatise, De l'auscultation médiate ("On Mediate Auscultation"), describing many of the curious sounds in the heart and lungs that are revealed by the instrument. Meanwhile, a Viennese physician, Leopold Auenbrugger, discovered another method of investigating diseases of the chest, that of percussion. The son of an innkeeper, he is said to have conceived the idea of tapping with the fingers when he recalled that he had used this method to gauge the level of the fluid contents of his father's casks.
One highly significant medical advance, late in the century, was vaccination. Smallpox, disfiguring and often fatal, was widely prevalent. Inoculation, which had been practiced in the East, was popularized in England in 1721–22 by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, who is best known for her letters. She observed the practice in Turkey, where it produced a mild form of the disease, thus securing immunity , although not without danger. The next step was taken by Edward Jenner, a country practitioner who had been a pupil of John Hunter. In 1796 Jenner began inoculations with material from cowpox (the bovine form of the disease); and when . When he later inoculated the same subject with smallpox, the disease did not appear. This procedure—vaccination—has been responsible for eradicating the disease.
Public health and hygiene were receiving more attention during the 18th century. Population statistics began to be kept, and suggestions arose concerning health legislation. Hospitals were established for a variety of purposes. In Paris, Philippe Pinel initiated bold reforms in the care of the mentally ill, releasing them from their chains and discarding the long-held notion that insanity was caused by demon possession.
Conditions improved for sailors and soldiers as well. James Lind, a British naval surgeon from Edinburgh, recommended fresh fruits and citrus juices to prevent scurvy, a remedy discovered by the Dutch in the 16th century. When the British navy adopted Lind's advice—decades later—this deficiency disease was eliminated. In 1752 a Scotsman, John Pringle, published his classic Observations on the Diseases of the Army, which contained numerous recommendations for the health and comfort of the troops. Serving with the British forces during the War of the Austrian Succession, he suggested in 1743 that military hospitals on both sides should be regarded as sanctuaries; this plan eventually led to the establishment of the Red Cross organization in 1864.
Two pseudoscientific doctrines relating to medicine emerged from Vienna in the latter part of the century and attained wide notoriety. Mesmerism, a belief in "animal magnetism" sponsored by Franz Anton Mesmer, probably owed any therapeutic value it had to suggestions given while the patient was under hypnosis. Phrenology, propounded by Franz Joseph Gall, held that the contours of the skull were a guide to an individual's mental faculties and character traits; this theory remained popular throughout the 19th century.
At the same time, sound scientific thinking was making steady progress, and advances in physics, chemistry, and the biological sciences were converging to form a rational scientific basis for every branch of clinical medicine. New knowledge disseminated thoughout throughout Europe and traveled across the sea, where centres of medical excellence were being established in America.


text:
Small Business Set-Aside is Part of GSA Alliant Strategy
February 11, 2005
Contact: Viki Reath (202) 501-1231
Washington, D.C. – The U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) today announced its strategy for two government-wide acquisition contracts (GWAC) for information technology (IT) services, which includes awarding one contract, Alliant, that will be open to all bidders – small, medium, and large –and another contract, Alliant Small Business, that will be set aside for small businesses.
Next month, GSA expects to submit its business case to the Office of Management and Budget for the two 10-year contracts, valued at a total $65 billion. Soon thereafter GSA will issue draft requests for proposals (RFP) for Alliant and Alliant Small Business. Final RFPs are expected to be issued this summer for both contracts, which will provide a full range of world-class IT solutions to federal agencies.
"Consistent with our 'Get It Right' initiative to achieve excellence in federal acquisitions, we have worked with stakeholders to develop the best approach," said GSA Administrator Stephen A. Perry. "We have taken all the necessary steps up front, so that as many issues as possible will be resolved, even before we issue the draft RFP."
The proposed Alliant contracts will be awarded to multiple companies for information technology services. Under this approach, agencies will have options to consider for the work they need accomplished. These contracts are the so-called "Multiple Award/Indefinite Delivery/ Indefinite Quantity" (ID/IQ) contracts. GSA provides this type of contract for federal agencies when the government knows it will need a variety of services, but cannot immediately specify the required services. When agencies identify their requirements, they award specific "task orders," under the contract terms. The agency task orders include final prices.
"This is an important win for small business that will help to advance President Bush's small-business agenda, as it relates to federal procurement," said Small Business Administration (SBA) Administrator Hector V. Barreto. "The SBA is also gratified by GSA's efforts to provide opportunities for this vital sector of the U.S. economy. The dual tracks will give small business prime contractors their own contract vehicle, and will go along way toward helping federal agencies achieve their small business contracting goals."
Donna Bennett, Commissioner of GSA's Federal Supply Service, which developed the Alliant contracts, said, "GSA has listened to our customers, vendors and other interested parties, and we have made changes that will improve Alliant. Our goal is to deliver best value to the American taxpayer, and we will continue to engage stakeholders to ensure we meet their needs with these important new contract vehicles."
Felipe Mendoza, GSA Associate Administrator, Office of Small Business Utilization, said "Engaging stakeholders results in win-win solutions for small businesses, federal agencies and the taxpayer," said Mendoza. The GSA process that led to the Alliant proposals demonstrates that GSA is committed to listening to small businesses, customer agencies and other interested parties.
GSA's Enterprise GWAC Center in San Diego manages the Alliant procurement. The Small Business GWAC Center in Kansas City, Mo., manages the Alliant Small Business procurement. Online information is available at http://www.gsa.gov/alliant and http://www.gsa.gov/sbgwac
GSA is a centralized federal procurement, property management, and policy agency, created by Congress to improve government efficiency and help federal agencies better serve the public. It acquires, on behalf of federal agencies, office space, equipment, telecommunications, information technology, supplies and services. It also plays a key role in developing and implementing government-wide policies. GSA's 13,000 associates provide services and solutions for the office operations of more than one million federal workers located in more than 8,000 government-owned and leased buildings in 2,000 U.S. communities.


text:
View: YMCA announcement
ONTARIO - Due to declining membership and sluggish financials, the West End Ontario-Montclair YMCA facility will close Feb. 1 after 67 years in operation.
The 21,000-square-foot building at 215 W. C St. has been losing money for the past five years, officials said.
About 14 employees will either be terminated or transferred when the facility shuts down.
"We've been running at a loss every month ... it's been a trickle down type of thing and we've been trying to hold it together as long as we can," said Tim Walborn, West End YMCA's branch director.
West End YMCA, which is an association of several YMCA branches in the Inland Valley, has operated the facility in downtown since 1945.
The building has been getting more expensive to maintain in recent years and has about $100,000 in yearly maintenance fees.
"Like many businesses and other nonprofit organizations in the area, the Ontario-Montclair YMCA has been adversely affected in recent years by the economic downturn," said Debra Anderson, president and CEO of the West End YMCA.
West End YMCA officials said they began to see a drop in membership when the economy started to struggle in 2008.
The association in the 1990s had about 1,000 members, but now has about 575 monthly or yearly members. It also had a 40 percent drop in membership over the past three years, Walborn said.
The facility would need about 500 new members to break even.
After the closure, West End YMCA members will able to use the Scheu Family YMCA of Upland and the Chino Valley YMCA facilities for free for two months.
"After that, the next four months they'll be charged the current (Ontario-Montclair YMCA) fee, then they'll have to transfer their membership to either facility," Walborn said.
Once the Ontario facility closes, Walborn will begin organizing files and records that will either be stored or taken to the Upland YMCA.
The building's initial structure was built in 1945 and included meeting rooms, offices, a gym and downstairs' locker room. More offices, cafeteria, chapel room and large meeting room were added in 1965.
The Ontario Lion's and Kiwanis clubs as well as the Community Christian Fellowship and Living Truth in Love Ministries, both based in Ontario, utilize West End YMCA's rooms. The churches will be able to continue conducting services for six month, but the Kiwanis and Lion clubs will have to stop their meetings by March.
West End YMCA will continue to offer all off-site programs, including child care programs at two Ontario elementary schools as well its Silver Stars Senior Transportation.
"I've been coming here since I was a teenager," said Rene Arreola, 39, of Chino, who plays pickup basketball games in the gymnasium four days a week.
"It's a loss for everyone, a lot of the same guys come here and you get to know them too."
The West End YMCA is an association of YMCA branches that serves Chino, Chino Hills, Ontario, Montclair, Upland, Rancho Cucamonga and Fontana.
Reach Canan via email, call her at 909-987-6397 ext. 425, or find her on Twitter @ChinoValleyNow.


text:
I have re-worked your code to fix some of the issue I was having.
For interested folks (Require .NET Framework v4):
- Added a Notification Area Icon to control the Listener
- Several change on the Thread Side of the code.
- Fixed Crash when XBMC was already running
- Other bugs fix.
- Filter request using Mac address on multi XBMC environment in order to avoid all XBMCs to fire up at once (now Proper MAC need to be setup on the remote).
- Feature: Allow to Launch XBMC as "TOP MOST" windows. This is a work around to avoid Windows task bar to stay on top after XBMC's startup on certain configuration. Although I haven't figured out why it seems to be more related to XBMC itself. As suggested by Pieh check <settings -> system -> "Use a fullscreen window rather than true fullscreen">.
- Feature: Start XBMC directly from the notification Icon by double clicking on it or within the menu.
- Feature: Enable/Disable the listener.
- Feature: Change XBMC Path from within the menu.
- I've open a Google Code Project for it.
- I've open a Google Code Project for it.


text:
Hell Baby
Think a "Rosemary's Baby" comedy
From the creators of "Reno 911" and the writers of "Night At The Musuem", Tom Lennon and Ben Garant create a horror comedy starring Leslie Bibb and in his first leading role ever, Rob Corddry as expectant parents of twins who buy a haunted fixer-upper in New Orleans, aiming to flip it to make a steal. Living in the crawl space is Keegan-Michael Key as a crazy homeless guy who positively steals the movie. In fact, Lennon and Garant say they wrote the movie as a showcase for him. So on that level, job well done.
This is a very uneven crude, goofy, raunchy gross out comedy that's part slapstick and part parody. The quips come fast and furious but this one is more of a giggler than a laugh out louder.
No surprise with the set up that the very pregnant Leslie Bibb quickly becomes possessed, smoking and not only drinking wine, but paint thinner. Corddry is her perfect straight man. If only the material was more consistantly funny. Lennon and Garant star as well, as priests sent by the Vatican to exorcise the haunted house.
This is one huge mash-up: not just comedy and horror but gore, nudity while taking shots at yuppies.
So much potential. I hope for more the next time from the great team of Lennon-Garant.


text:
http://www.eliterestaurantequipment.com/benchmark-usa-11060-street-vendor-popcorn-popper.html http://www.eliterestaurantequipment.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/265x/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/b/e/benchmarkusa_11060.jpg 11060 Benchmark USA
Benchmark USA 11060 - Street Vendor Popcorn Popper
Shop With Confidence
We have one goal in mind: provide food service professionals with all the products they need under one roof at affordable prices. Since then we have succeeded in creating an innovative, easy to use website that meets the needs for food service professionals throughout the United States and Canada. Food service experts, programmers, developers, content writers, technical support staff, and warehouse employees work together to make certain that we provide the best service and industry knowledge on the web.
Return Policy: All stocked items may be returned to us if the item has not been used and is in original packaging. In order for returns to be accepted, your items must be returned within 30 days from receipt. Please note when placing an order you agree to our return policies. Please contact a customer solutions specialist before returning an item. We will create a return authorization for you and send you an e-mail with instructions on how to complete the return. You will be credited 24-72 hours upon receipt and inspection of returned product(s). Products returned may be subject to restocking fees. All parts are non-refundable.
Ask A Question Benchmark USA 11060 - Street Vendor Popcorn Popper
You will receive a phone call and/or email answering the question above as soon as possible. Questions are generally answered same business day. If time is of the essence please call us: (888) 886-7279.
Your information is protected by high security encryption and is 100% confidential
Quick Overview
This Benchmark USA 11060 - Street Vendor Popcorn Popper Concession equipment is a great addition to all restaurant all restaurant supplies. These items are very popular in movie theatres all over the world. This gives the entrepreneur the ability to make extra revenue on items like popcorn machines, hot dog machines, snow cone stands, cotton candy stands, nacho concessions, and more. Heated warming deck keeps popcorn at the ideal serving temperature. Old-maid drawer catches all unpopped kernels that fall through perforations in the bottom to ensure that customers get only popped popcorn. Elite Restaurant Equipment ensures that this product is easy to use and install.
Product Description
|Benchmark USA
|Ship Weight:
|66 lbs.
|Dimensions (H x W x D):
|34" x 21" x 18"
|Popper Capacity:
|40 oz.
|Kettle Capacity (oz.):
|6 oz.
|1 oz. Serving/Hour


text:
By Diana Hefley and Rikki King Herald Writers
EVERETT — The 87-year-old man accused of shooting an employee at a Stanwood assisted living facility has died.
Arthur Hames was moved Feb. 15 from the Snohomish County Jail to a local hospital. The Medical Examiner's Office was notified Tuesday that Hames died at the hospital.
The medical examiner isn't investigating. That indicates Hames' death is being attributed to natural causes.
Prosecutors already had dismissed the assault charge against Hames after it became apparent that he wasn't expected to recover from his health problems. He was no longer under police custody when he died, sheriff's officials said.
Hames was living at Josephine Sunset Home on Feb. 4 when he reportedly walked into a supervisor's office and fired two rounds.
The victim, Roger Holbrook, was hit in the stomach by one of the bullets.
The men struggled over the gun until other employees were able to restrain Hames.
Holbrook, 59, was flown by medical helicopter to Harborview Medical Center in Seattle. He was released later that night.
Hames was jailed for investigation of first-degree assault. He made a brief court appearance the following day. A judge ordered him held on $200,000 bail. He also was banned from returning to Josephine. Hames appeared frail on the video feed from the jail.
A prosecutor said in court that Hames admitted to police that he intended to kill the victim.
The elderly man allegedly said, "I have something for you," before he drew a small handgun and began firing, court papers said. Hames had retrieved the gun from his room.
He told detectives that he had been bullied and physically abused for months. He said after he killed Holbrook he planned to turn the gun on himself, court papers said.
Terry Robertson, chief executive officer of Josephine, said there is no evidence that Hames was mistreated. He had been living at Josephine for about six months.
The state Department of Social and Health Services opened an investigation into the circumstances of the shooting. The agency oversees licensing for assisted living centers. It wasn't immediately clear if that investigation has been finished.
Firearms are prohibited at Josephine, Robertson said.
Diana Hefley: 425-339-3463; firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley today announced that 21,936,461 commercial passengers flew through Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport in 2010. This figure, an increase of 4.7% over 2009, is a new all-time record for annual passenger traffic at BWI Marshall.
BWI Marshall marked a number of traffic milestones in 2010. The Airport has seen consistent passenger growth since the spring of 2009, with increases in 18 of the past 19 months. As of December, the Airport recorded eight consecutive monthly records, including July 2010, the busiest month ever at BWI Marshall. The previous annual traffic record at BWI Marshall was 21,044,384 passengers, set in 2007.
"This new record is an important milestone that reflects the strength and the success of Maryland," said Governor Martin O'Malley. "BWI Marshall Airport is a valuable transportation and economic development asset for the State of Maryland and the entire National Capital region. This record passenger traffic demonstrates that our investments in airport facilities and our focus on customer service continue to produce substantial dividends for Maryland."
Southwest Airlines, BWI Marshall Airport's leading carrier, served more than 11.7 million passengers in 2010, a 7.4% increase over 2009. That figure represented 53.5% of the Airport's passenger market share for 2010. Southwest provided 182 daily departures from BWI Marshall during the peak summer months of 2010, a new record. Southwest offered new markets during 2010 including Los Angeles, Panama City (FL), and Seattle.
AirTran Airways, the second leading carrier at BWI Marshall Airport, reported nearly 3.6 million passengers for the year, an increase of 7.4% from 2009. AirTran's market share increased to 16.2% of the Airport's total passengers. The airline added several new destinations from BWI Marshall, including Montego Bay, Grand Rapids, Jacksonville, and Huntsville.
"BWI Marshall Airport continues to attract passengers by offering excellent customer service, affordable airfares, and the benefits of an efficient travel experience," said Paul J. Wiedefeld, Executive Director of BWI Marshall. "We remain committed to serving our travelers with outstanding service and friendly facilities."
Other airlines at BWI Marshall Airport that had significant increases in passenger traffic for 2010 included Air Canada, American Airlines, JetBlue Airways, and US Airways.
Cargo shipments at BWI Marshall Airport also increased in 2010. Total cargo rose 2.0% to 225,706,183 pounds.
In February 2010, BWI Marshall Airport was recognized by Airports Council International (ACI) as the top performing airport in the Airport Service Quality (ASQ) survey program among worldwide airports with 15-25 million passengers. In November 2010, BWI Marshall Airport received a second place award in the "Best Food and Beverage Program" category at the Excellence in Airport Concessions Contest, sponsored by Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA).
In 2011, Southwest Airlines will provide increased service at BWI Marshall Airport. In March, the airline will introduce service between BWI Marshall and both Charleston and Greenville/Spartanburg, South Carolina. The airline will begin service to Newark in June, and the airline will increase service in other markets over the summer. Southwest currently plans to provide 195 daily departures from BWI over the peak summer months, the most ever offered by the airline.
AirTran Airways will also increase service at BWI Marshall in 2011. The airline will start seasonal service to Bermuda in April, and the airline recently announced that seasonal service to San Francisco will begin in May.
Jonathan Dean


text:
I use w3af_gui and w3af_console as well for webapp testing. Before every test I issue a 'svn up' command to update the w3af framework, have you tried this? If not give it a shot and I bet it will fix the errors you are getting.
Also is it just the gui that errors or the console as well?


text:
LOUISVILLE, Ky.: There would be no magic for Kent State University's baseball team at Jim Patterson Stadium at the University of Louisville.
After the Golden Flashes took a 2-0 lead that held through the top of the ninth inning the Kentucky Wildcats rallied for four runs to win 4-2.To read more or comment...
LOUISVILLE, Ky.: If Kent State is to take a stab at matching the magical run that earned them a spot in the College World Series in 2012, they're going to have to recover from the beating they received at the hands of the University of Louisville Friday night at Jim Patterson Stadium.
The No. 1 seeded Cardinals (46-15) came out and capitalized on early Kent State (36-22) mistakes in a 5-0 victory that put the Golden Flashes in a win-or-go-home situation for an early game today.
A two-run fielding error provided the only scoring that the Cardinals needed, but for good measure they scored runs in the game's first three innings.
"They got a lot of momentum in those first three innings," KSU coach Jeff Duncan said, "and we really had a tough time coming back from it."To read more or comment...
LOUISVILLE, Ky.: Upon arriving at the University of Louisville to watch as Mother Nature flipped the proverbial bird at baseball teams, fans and media.
After dining on the sumptuous cuisine at one local (not really, it was a chain) establishment near Jim Patterson Stadium, I walked out the door to be greeted by a torrential downpour. That subsequently delayed the 2 p.m. game between the Kansas Jayhawks and Kentucky Wildcats by 1:58 with the score tied at 6 at the bottom of the fifth. Oh, lucky me. The game, which started at 2:25 p.m. lasted 6 hours and 36 minutes and delayed the 6 p.m. start of the Kent State Golden Flashes and Louisville Cardinals – obviously, duh!!!
Yes, I know it's a privilege to get to write about sports for a living. It's something I do enjoy, but like anyone who's endured a six-hour drive from home hoping that games start on time, I was a bit, shall we say, miffed? Yes, I'm being polite.
The game whose start had already been delayed prior to the first rain delay (forgot that little tidbit, didn't I?), didn't crank back up until 7:10 or so. Rain delays - 3 hours 26 minutes. Players , coaches, fans and reporters – beleaguered.To read more or comment...


text:
Thank you for your interest in the Robert Morris University Nursing Program. Please view the presentation below for details on the RMU nursing program. You may also request additional information by completing the form at the bottom of this page.
Complete the following form if you would like to receive additional information about the College of Nursing and Health Studies.
Robert Morris University Illinois is a private, not-for-profit associate, baccalaureate, and master's degree-granting institution, accredited by the Higher learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools (230 South LaSalle Street, Chicago, Illinois 60604, 312.263.0456) and authorized by the Illinois Board of Higher Education (1 N. Old State Capitol Plaza Suite 333, Springfield, Illinois 62701-1377, 217.782.2551, IBHE Feedback). Robert Morris serves over 4500 students interested in getting an education that meets the demands of today's business, graphic arts, health care, culinary and technical world at its main campus in Chicago as well as at locations in Arlington Heights, DuPage, Elgin, Orland Park, Schaumburg, Springfield, Peoria and Lake County.
Copyright ©2013 Robert Morris University