text:
Hynix Semiconductor has announced that it has begun mass producing 64Gb NAND flash chips using 20nm-class technology.
Hynix claimed its 20nm-class process provides a 60% increase in productivity over the existing 30nm-class node. The 20nm-class 64Gb NAND doubles the density in a package over the current 32Gb product, meeting the needs of advanced mobile solutions which require smaller size and higher density storage capacity.
- Wireless broadband developments in Southeast Asia markets
As of 2013, the 10 ASEAN nations had a total of over 700 million mobile subscriptions, with the CAGR from 2003-2013 reaching 24%. This Digitimes Research Special Report analyzes the various mobile broadband markets in ASEAN and looks at the respective trends in 4G LTE development for those markets.
- 2015 global tablet demand forecast
This Digitimes Research Special Report provides a 2015 forecast for the global tablet market and analyzes the strategies of key market players such as Google, Apple, Intel, and Microsoft.
- 2015 China smartphone panel trend forecast
This Digitimes Research Special Report analyzes the strategies of key China-based major panel makers BOE, Tianma and IVO for attacking the different market segments through technology and pricing, and their relationship to local vendors Huawei, Lenovo, ZTE, Xiaomi and Coolpad.


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Fit the decorating bag with tip 9 and fill 1/2 full with medium constistency icing. Hold the bag and tip at 90° angle to surface of your cake.
Squeeze the bag, applying steadily even pressure. As the icing begins to build up, raise the tip with it, but keep the tip buried in the icing.
Stop squeezing as you bring the end of the tip to the surface.
Lift the tip up and pull away from your piped ball. Use the edge of the tip to shave off any point so that your ball is nicely rounded.

subset: commoncrawl


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THE mysterious substance killing hundreds of seabirds off Dorset has been narrowed down to a 'refined mineral-based oil mixture'.
The Environment Agency released the findings tonight but is still not exactly sure where it came from.
Some 200 birds - mostly guillemots - are being treated at RSPCA centres along the southern coast after they were washed ashore covered in the white, sticky substance.
Many have been washed ashore at Portland and the death toll in total so far along the coast has reached 200.
Rescuers will be out again this weekend but fear that the figure may rise.
Environment minister Richard Benyon has also praised the rescuers and the operation/ He said: ''I have spoken with the Maritime and Coastguard Agency and every effort is being made to identify the cause of this problem.
''I'd like to thank everyone involved in helping the seabirds affected and it's thanks to their efforts that many have been cleaned up and now have a chance of survival.''
There was speculation the mystery substance may have been palm oil, but scientists working to identify it have since reported that it is a refined mineral oil.
Environment Agency staff took samples from the affected water in an effort to establish the cause of the pollution.
A spokesman for the Environment Agency said: ''The results show that it is a refined mineral-based oil mixture, but not from an animal or vegetable-based oil, which rules out palm oil.''
RSPCA deputy chief inspector John Pollock, who has been leading the rescue mission in Dorset, earlier described the substance as 'white, odourless and globular'.
He added: ''It is like a silicone sealer."
Staff at the RSPCA West Hatch centre near Taunton, Somerset, have been treating the birds using margarine and washing up liquid to clean the substance from their feathers.
Most of the birds - which have been coming into the RSPCA centre since Tuesday - were found at Chesil Beach, near Portland, but have also been found in west Sussex, Cornwall and the Isle of Wight.
RSPCA animal collection officers said they have seen hundreds of dead birds washed up in coves and beaches along the 200 miles of the southern coastline.
West Hatch wildlife centre are tonight caring for almost 170 birds and while the exact number of dead birds has not yet been confirmed, one RSPCA officer said that for every live bird that is taken off the beach there can be up to nine others that have died at sea.
Peter Venn, manager at West Hatch, said: ''What we are hearing are reports of birds showing up on the Sussex coast, so that may mean that the weather is pushing them more easterly.
''This certainly adds up from the basis that we were getting birds earlier in the week from Cornwall, Devon, then up through Dorset and have had birds from Hampshire today, so everything is certainly not over by any means.
''There were quite a lot of birds dead in the water this morning. One of our inspectors said that he would have estimated in one of the coves they were searching at least 100 birds were dead in the water.
''Obviously there are a lot of birds affected, what we don't know is what is still out there.''
The Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA) said it is regularly called upon to react to a wide range of incidents and to develop a response to deal with emergencies at sea that cause pollution or threaten to cause pollution.
A spokesman added: ''This occurrence of seabirds being washed up on south coast beaches contaminated with a product is rare and we are working with partner organisations and agencies to deal with this event.''
Wildlife staff are expecting to see more guillemots and razorbills come ashore over the weekend and say it is crucial that the source is found.
In the meantime they said they are doing all they can to help the birds already brought in to the centre at West Hatch, which earlier received a delivery of more than 500 bottles of washing up liquid.
Supervisor Paul Oaten has been washing the birds in the centre's dedicated cleaning room using vegetable oil and margarine, followed by washing detergent.
''They're coming up very well,'' he said.
''There's a couple of little patches that haven't proofed - where the water beads off the feathers - but we will do these birds in two washes, so we do a pre-clean to get the 99% off and then a final clean to get them 100% clean.''
RSPCA animal collection officer Steve Powell, 61, has been working with oiled birds for 25 years and took 23 birds in to West Hatch this morning.
''It initially started on Tuesday and has gradually increased on each day,'' he said.
''We saw quite a few birds waiting to be collected. They were just waiting for the tide to go out, but there were also a number of dead ones, unfortunately.
''The ones we've brought in today are a lot thinner than the ones we first collected on Tuesday. Whether they have been fighting at sea against the pollution, or how long they have been out there without feeding, I don't know. They are quite lively, but also quite thin.
''They do say that for every live bird that is taken off the beach there are probably nine others that have died at sea.''
The MCA confirmed the results from the sampling by the Environment Agency showed the pollutant is a refined mineral-based oil mixture.
Stan Woznicki, the MCA's head of counter pollution, said: ''We have not received any specific reports of pollution within the English Channel area, but today we sent one of our counter pollution surveillance aircraft to investigate. It covered the sea areas between Dover and the Isles of Scilly, but no pollution was detected.
''Initial analysis indicates that the contaminant is a refined mineral oil and further analysis results are awaited.''
The oil may have been discharged into the sea accidentally or deliberately, an expert said.
''Ships use lots of different mineral oils for working, you've got oil in the engines, a lot of hydraulic fluids, in the anchor winches, ship's cranes and so on,'' said Dr Simon Boxall, an oceanographer at the University of Southampton.
''Some kind of accident such as a leaky gearbox or a broken pipe is the most likely cause of a mineral oil spill, but it is unusual that it would cause this much havoc.
''So that makes one think it could be an illegal dump of cargo oil - oil that is being transported rather than used in the working of the ship.
''This could happen if there was illegal washing out of tanks at sea. Some unscrupulous operators, and they are rare, flush the tanks out there because it is cheaper and easier than doing it in dock. It is illegal and quite harmful.
''Until the Coastguard Agency can pinpoint the slick, and the size of the slick, it will be hard to know. Tracking it down is no easy task. A small slick is more likely to indicate an accident, a larger slick may mean oil has been dumped.''


text:
First Students Enter GSA's New Summer Internship Program Call Prompts Creation of Historically Black Colleges and Universities Initiative
July 26, 2002
Contact: Deborah K. Ruiz, (202) 501-1231
WASHINGTON, D.C. - The U.S. General Services Administration today announced the selection of Demetric Leeper and Melanie Thompson as the first two summer interns hired under the agency's new Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) internship program.
Mr. Leeper is a senior at Howard University in Washington, D.C. Ms. Thompson is a junior at Morgan State University in Baltimore, Maryland.
"As an HBCU beneficiary, I have a particular interest in this important initiative," said Boyd Rutherford, Associate Administrator for GSA's Office of Enterprise Development. Mr. Rutherford was recently selected to head GSA's Office of Performance Improvement as he continues to serve as head of GSA's Office of Enterprise Development.
"I am extremely pleased with the caliber of candidates who will join us this summer," Mr. Rutherford said. "We expect to provide these students with a good understanding of how government and business work together to deliver government services."
In an Executive Order issued February 12, 2002, President Bush called upon Federal agencies to strengthen the capacity of historically black colleges and universities; to provide the highest quality education and to increase opportunities for these institutions to participate in and benefit from Federal programs. GSA's HBCU internship program was created as a direct response to the President's call.
The HBCU Internship Program falls under the auspices of GSA's Office of Enterprise Development which serves as the agency's small and small disadvantaged business advocate, providing support to GSA's procurement activities by promoting the utilization of small, small disadvantaged, small women-owned, and other small businesses located in Historically Underutilized Business Zones (HUBZones), and small businesses owned by service-disabled veterans.
GSA is a centralized federal procurement and property management agency created by Congress to improve government efficiency and help federal agencies better serve the public. It acquires, on behalf of federal agencies, office space, equipment, telecommunications, information technology, supplies and services. GSA, comprised of 14,000 associates, provides services and solutions for the office operations of over 1 million federal workers located in 8,300 government -owned and leased buildings in 1,600 U.S. communities.


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hey i was wondering if there was some way i could make a very fine tipped paint marker because i would like to do some graffiti on the side a pair of air force ones. thanx guys.
hey i was wondering if there was some way i could make a very fine tipped paint marker because i would like to do some graffiti on the side a pair of air force ones. thanx guys.
yeah. you go to michaels, grab some fine point decos put them in your pocket and walk out.
or jsut turn the nib around in the decos you have. i think it was oblong or psykoaz that taught me that. . . or you could try to get an airbrush but at the michaels by my place they locked em up
do what tony said..dont be like every1 else on here who fuking buys their markers
you will need to get proper leather ink or leather die paint stuff. Like what people you for making custom dunks.
site-photography.co .uk
Please Visit^^
what geezpot said.
monkey u fool haha.
u can make your own also. i dont know how fine tipped u want to go... its kinda hard to homemake some really really tiny shit.
but u can buy pentel white markers. they have some really thin ones that u can refill probably. not empty so i havent tried yet. and im not talking bout that tagging pentel white. they make different versions of it.
or u can take a thing of liquid paper in a pen and change the paint. not great great though.
for small shit the esiest by far is a paintbrush.

[CLICK CLICK ME!!]
------514 reprezent!------
[C]reating [A]rtistik [C]haos

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waste will you be my best friend?

QUOTE (msfyt)

"the last thing you need is more attention"
*closed*

hey thanx guys. i do have leather paint because i customize air force ones. i have paint markers and they are really good for shoes but they are really fat and they don't do details as fine as i would like them. thanks guys.
yeh take the funkin fine tip decos from michels and put that special paint u got in the deco
you laugh at me because im different i laugh at you because your all the same
post some flix of your custom shoes
In reply to the question of this thread, fine paint decos are good for shoes however they might be too fine for what your trying to do. I've seen people use fine tip sharpies for shoes and they look pretty good.
how are the sharpie paint markers ? are they good for black books?
You're better off sticking to decos or prisma's your choice, today I just figured out how good decos are for blackbook stuff, give both of em a try see which ones you like more.
yo...in the sunday paper, Michaels has 40% off coupons
thats only if u dont wanna rack em tho
3mpir3 "sdc"
yeah same they only sell canvasesOriginally posted by 3mpir3@Jan 27 2007, 10:15 PM
mickles got shitty ass markers were i live.
I write REZIST ONE or ZIST for short
deco makes fine tipped paint markers
decose are the sickest fine tips that you can gett just go to micheals and get some


text:
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Spectator Armless Recliner
Style Number: 40S784
Comfortable, functional and fully-loaded with options, Spectator makes relaxing more entertaining. When paired with other pieces, the armless recliner lets you create a custom arrangement to fit your space with convenient options including consoles with storage and cup holders. Great looking too, with a contoured back, chaise seat and single-needle topstitched detailing.
Body Depth: 39.5
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This is the battery-powered pendant light that installs anywhere without requiring hardwiring. As simple as installing a smoke detector, the pendant light affixes to a ceiling with the included mounting bracket and provides up to 100 hours of illumination on three D batteries (not included). Twenty-four 25,000-hour rated LED bulbs generate 170 lumens (equivalent to a 50-watt incandescent bulb) to illuminate a kitchen island, dining room, or hallway with bright white light. The pendant light adjusts to hang 18" to 48" from a ceiling and the LEDs turn on and off with the included remote control. The pendant light has a brushed nickel head and ceiling plate with a frosted marbleized glass shade. Includes AAA battery for remote. 14"-48" H x 8" Diam. (2 1/2 lbs.)
Lifetime Guarantee
The Battery Powered LED Pendant Light comes with The Hammacher Schlemmer Lifetime Guarantee. If this product ever disappoints you, for any reason, you may return your Hammacher Schlemmer purchase for exchange, credit, or refund.
Should you have any questions, we are available seven days a week (8:00 am – midnight EST). Please call 1-800-321-1484 to speak with a specialist or email us at email@example.com to receive a response within three business hours or less.
May we recommend:
(based on 6 reviews)
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(2 of 2 customers found this review helpful)
By MARTY
from FT. LAUDERDALE, FL
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
Was this review helpful? Yes / No
- flag this review
Great for old house with few outlets!
By Gail
from Ventura, CA
This is not a criticism, but we thought at first the light didn't work because the remote came with included batteries,but the light itself did not, so we thought the batteries were already in it. In your product description in the catalog, you might include, "requires 3 "D" batteries, not included".
awesome product i highly recommend
By johnny bushman
from northern ontario
really awesome at camp where there is no electricity.
(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
The Light is On!
By arbee1949
from Red Deer, Alberta, Canada
We live in a condo and can't just add fixtures wherever we want so this cordless, remote controlled light is perfect. We have this pendant hanging over our breakfast bar. It works beautifully. Now that the days are getting shorter, we need the light in this area as it is quite dark in the winter. Our new pendant really looks great and only took my husband a few minutes to install. The hardest part was finding the right spot to show it off. We are exceedingly pleased with the quality and styling - it looks like a far more expensive fixture! We have already shown this off to a few neighbours and I think they are also going to purchase.
Like it so much ordered 2 more have 3
By D-DAD - grandad
from Ooltewah TN
use it over counter and sink area in kitchen, didn't want to run wiring so this was great solution.love remote control . now have 3 of them so don't have to look all over for one
Quite simple to install except toggles
By Jenn
from Mongomeryville, PA
Other ones I had did not work, yours are wonderful
COPYRIGHT © 2017 HAMMACHER SCHLEMMER & COMPANY, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. W106147 E. 57th ST • NEW YORK, NY • 10022 • 1-800-_321-1484


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Parkinson's disease
An in-depth report on the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of Parkinson's disease.
What Is Parkinson's Disease?
Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder that affects movement, muscle control, and balance. Parkinson's diseasemost commonlyaffects people 55 - 75 years old, but it can also develop in younger people. The disease is usually progressive, with symptoms becoming more severe over time.
Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's diseasemay bedifficult to diagnose in its early stages. The disease is generally diagnosed on the basis ofsymptoms, which may include:
- Tremors (shaking) in the hands, arms, legs, and face
- Slowness of movement, especially when initiating motion
- Muscle rigidity
- Difficulty with walking, balance, and coordination
- Difficulty eating and swallowing
- Digestive problems
- Speech problems
- Depression and difficulties with memory and thought processes
There is no cure for Parkinson's disease. Treatments focus on controlling symptoms and improving quality of life.
- Lifestyle Changes. Good nutrition, regular exercise, and stress management can make living with Parkinson's easier.
- Rehabilitation Therapy. Physical therapy is an important part of Parkinson's treatment. Speech and occupational therapy are also helpful. Rehabilitation can help improve balance, mobility, speech, and functional abilities.
- Medications. Because Parkinson's disease symptoms are due to a deficiency of the brain chemical dopamine, the main drug treatments help increase dopamine levels in the brain. Levadopa, usually combined with carbidopa, is the standard drug treatment. Other types of medication may also be used. Unfortunately, many of these drugs can cause side effects and lose effectiveness over time.
- Surgery. In some cases of advanced-stage Parkinson's disease, surgery may help to control motor problems. Deep brain stimulation is currently the preferred surgical method.
Research News
- Deep brain stimulation may be appropriate for patients with earlier stage Parkinson's, according to a study in the New England Journal of Medicine. This surgical approach is currently recommended for select patients with advanced Parkinson's.
- Low-intensity treadmill exercise –walking on a treadmill at a slow, comfortable speed-- helps improve gait speed as well as cardiovascular fitness, suggests a study in JAMA Neurology. Researchers found that stretching and resistance exercises were best for improving muscle strength.
- Physical therapy can help provide short-term benefits for patients with Parkinson's, according to a report in the British Medical Journal. The researchers used a variety of techniques (hands-on exercises, treadmill training, dance, tai chi) to evaluate physical therapy's effects on walking speed, mobility, balance, and falls.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a slowly progressive neurological disorder that affects movement, muscle control, and balance. Parkinson's disease is part of a group of conditions called motor system disorders, which are associated with the loss of dopamine-producing brain cells. These dopamine-associated motor disorders are referred to as parkinsonisms.
Parkinson's Disease and Dopamine Loss
Parkinson's disease occurs from the following process in the brain:
- PD develops as cells are destroyed in certain parts of the brain stem, particularly the crescent-shaped cell mass known as the substantia nigra.
- Nerve cells in the substantia nigra send out fibers to the corpus stratia, gray and white bands of tissue located in both sides of the brain.
- There the cells release dopamine, an essential neurotransmitter (a chemical messenger in the brain). Loss of dopamine in the corpus stratia is the primary defect in Parkinson's disease.
Dopamine deficiency is the hallmark feature in PD. Dopamine is one of three major neurotransmitters known as catecholamines, which help the body respond to stress and prepare it for the fight-or-flight response.
Loss of dopamine impairs the nerves and muscles controlling movement and coordination, resulting in the major symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Dopamine also appears to be important for efficient information processing, and deficiencies may also be responsible for the problems in memory and concentration that occur in many patients.
The causes of Parkinson's disease are unknown. A combination of genetic and environmental factors likely plays a role.
Genetic Factors
Specific genetic factors appear to play a strong role in early-onset Parkinson's disease, an uncommon form of the disease. Multiple genetic factors may also be involved in some cases of late-onset Parkinson's disease.
Environmental Factors
Environmental factors are probably not a sole cause of Parkinson's disease, but they may trigger the condition in people who are genetically susceptible.
Some evidence implicates pesticides and herbicides as possible factors in some cases of Parkinson's disease. A higher incidence of parkinsonism has long been observed in people who live in rural areas, particularly those who drink private well water or are agricultural workers.
Risk Factors
The average age of onset of Parkinson's disease is 55. About 10% of Parkinson's cases are in people younger than 40 years old. Older adults are at higher risk for both parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease.
Parkinson's disease is more common in men than in women.
Family History
People with siblings or parents who developed Parkinson's at a younger age face an increased risk for the condition. However, relatives of patients who developed Parkinson's at an older age appear to have an average risk.
Race and Ethnicity
African-Americans and Asian Americans appear to have a lower risk than Caucasians.
Possible Protective Factors
Both smoking and coffee drinkingare associated with a lower risk for PD.
Smoking and Nicotine. Cigarette smokers appear to have a lower risk for Parkinson's disease, indicating possible protection by nicotine. This finding is, of course, no excuse to smoke. The few studies on nicotine replacement as a treatment for Parkinson's have not provided any strong evidence that nicotine therapy provides benefits.
Coffee Consumption. Some studiessuggest that the risk for PD in coffee drinkers is lower than for non-coffee drinkers. In a 30-year study of Japanese-American men, coffee consumption was associated with a lower risk for Parkinson's disease, and the more coffee they drank, the lower their risk became.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is not fatal, but it can reduce longevity. The disease progresses more quickly in older patients, and may lead to severe incapacity within 10 - 20 years. Older patients also tend to have muscle freezing and greater declines in mental function and daily functioning than younger people. If PD starts without signs of tremor, it is likely to be more severe than if tremoris present.
Parkinson's disease can seriously impair the quality of life in any age group. In addition to motor symptoms (motion difficulties, tremors), Parkinson's can cause various non-motor problems that have significant physical and emotional impacts on patients and their families.
Swallowing Problems
Swallowing problems (dysphagia) are sometimes associated with shorter survival time. Loss of muscle control in the throat not only impairs chewing and swallowing, which can lead to malnourishment, but also poses a risk for aspiration pneumonia. Swallowing problems can also interfere with adequate consumption of fiber and fluid, which can worsen constipation.
Emotional and Behavioral Problems
Depression is very common in patients with Parkinson's. The disease process itself causes changes in chemicals in the brain that affect mood and well-being. Anxiety is also very common and may present along with depression.
Some drug treatments, particularly dopamine agonists, can cause poor impulse control and compulsive behaviors, such as gambling, shopping, and increased sexuality. Patients who have pre-existing tendencies for novelty-seeking behavior, or a family or personal history of alcohol abuse, may be more likely to develop these problems. Deep brain stimulus (DBS) surgery may also increase the risk for compulsive gambling in patients who have a history of gambling.
Cognitive and Memory Problems
Impaired Thinking (Cognitive Impairment). Defects in thinking, language, and problem solving skills may occur early on or later in the course of the disease. These problems canarise from the disease process or from side effects of medications used to treat Parkinson's. Patients with PD are slower in detecting associations, although (unlike in Alzheimer's disease) once they discover them they are able to apply this knowledge to other concepts.
Dementia. Dementia occurs in about two-thirds of patients with Parkinson's, especially in those who developed Parkinson's after age 60. Dementia is significant loss of cognitive functions such as memory, judgment, attention, and abstract thinking. It is most likely to occur in older patients who have had major depression. PD marked by muscle rigidity (akinesia), rather than tremor, and early hallucinations also increase the risk for dementia. (Visual hallucinations can also occur as a side effect of dopamine medication.) Unlike Alzheimer's, language is not usually affected in Parkinson's-related dementia.
Sleep Disorders
Excessive daytime sleepiness, insomnia, and other sleep disorders are common in PD, both from the disease itself and the drugs that treat it. Bladder problems can also contribute to sleep disturbances. Many patients also suffer from nighttime leg cramps and restless legs syndrome. Some of the medications used for Parkinson's may cause vivid dreams as well as waking hallucinations.
Sexual Dysfunction
Although Parkinson's disease and its treatments can cause compulsive sexual behavior, the disease can also cause a loss of sexual desire in both men and women. For men, erectile dysfunction can be a complication of Parkinson's.
Bowel and Bladder Complications
Constipation is a common complication of Parkinson's disease. It is often caused by muscle weakness that can slow down the action of the digestive system. Weakness in pelvic floor muscles can also make it difficult to defecate. In addition, swallowing problems associated with muscle weakness may make it difficult to eat enough fiber-rich foods and drink enough fluids, which can also cause constipation. Constipation may also occur as a side effect of some medications.
Patients with Parkinson's disease frequently experience urinary incontinence, including increased urge and frequency. Parkinson's can also cause urinary retention (incomplete emptying of the bladder).
Sensory Problems
Decreased Sense of Smell. Many patients experience an impaired sense of smell.
Vision Problems. Vision may be affected, including impaired color perception and contrast sensitivity.
Pain. Painful symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease include muscle numbness, tingling, and aching. Pain in Parkinson's is often a result of dystonia, involuntary muscle contractions and spasms that can cause twisting and jerking.
Skin Problems
Patients with PD often develop skin problems, including excessively oily, dry, or flaking skin. Of greatest concern, Parkinson's disease appears be associated with a higher risk for developing melanoma (an aggressive skin cancer). Patients with Parkinson's disease should have regular screenings with a dermatologist to check for skin changes that may indicate melanoma.
Parkinson's disease (PD) symptoms often start with tremor, which may occur in the following ways:
- Tremors may be only occasional at first, starting in one finger and spreading over time to involve the whole arm. The tremor is often rhythmic, 4 - 5 cycles per second, and frequently causes an action of the thumb and fingers known as pill rolling.
- Tremors can occur when the limb is at rest or when it is held up in a stiff unsupported position. They usually disappear briefly during movement and do not occur during sleep.
- Tremors can also eventually occur in the head, lips, tongue, and feet. Symptoms can occur on one or both sides of the body.
About a quarter of patients with Parkinson's do not develop tremor.
Motion and Motor Impairment
ManyPD symptoms involve motor impairment caused by problems in the brain nerves that regulate movement:
- Slowness of motion, particularly when initiating any movement (a condition called akinesia or bradykinesia), is one of the classic symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
- Patients may eventually develop a stooped posture and a slow, shuffling walk. The gait can be erratic and unsteady. After several years, muscles may freeze up or stall, usually when a patient is making a turn or passing through narrow spaces, such as a doorway. Patients' posture can be unstable, and they have an increased risk for falls.
- Intestinal motility (the ability to swallow, digest, and eliminate) may slow down, causing eating problems and constipation.
- Muscles may become rigid. This symptom often begins in the legs and neck. Muscle rigidity in the face can produce a mask-like, staring appearance.
- Motor abnormalities that limit action in the hand may develop in late stages. Handwriting, for instance, often becomes small.
- Normally spontaneous muscle movements, such as blinking, may need to be done consciously.
- Patients may develop speech problems, including soft voice or slurred speech.
Other Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's disease also causes non-motor symptoms, including sleep problems, gastrointestinal and urinary disorders, sexual dysfunction, decreased sense of smell, and depression and anxiety. [See Complications section of this report.]
Sialorrhea (drooling) is a common and bothersome symptom for those with Parkinson's disease. It can cause chapped skin and lips around the mouth, dehydration, an unpleasant odor, and social embarrassment.
Parkinson's disease can be difficult to diagnose in its early stages. Doctors base their diagnosis on the patient's medical history and symptoms evaluated during a neurological exam. No laboratory or imaging tests can diagnose Parkinson's, although brain scans such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or positron-emission tomographic (PET) may be used to rule out other neurological disorders.
Medical History
A medical and personal history should include any relevant symptoms as well as any medications taken, and information on other conditions the patient may have.
Neurological Exam
In a neurological exam, the doctor will ask the patient to sit, stand, walk, and extend their arms. The doctor will observe the patient's balance and coordination. Parkinson's may be suspected in patients who have at least two of the following four symptoms, especially if they are more obvious on one side of the body:
- Tremor (shaking) when the limb is at rest
- Slowness of movement (bradykinesia)
- Rigidity, stiffness, or increased resistance to movement in the limbs or torso
- Poor balance (postural instability)
Drug Challenge Test
A levodopa challenge test may confirm a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. If patients' symptoms improve when they take levodopa, they likely have Parkinson's, ruling out other neurological diseases.
Tests for Depression and Dementia
The American Academy of Neurology (AAN) recommends the Beck Depression Inventory or the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale to screen for depression in patients with Parkinson's disease. The AAN recommends the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG) tests to screen for dementia. During these tests, the patient answers a series of questions.
Ruling out Conditions that Mimic Parkinson's Disease
Parkinsonism Plus Syndromes. Parkinson's disease is the most common type of parkinsonism. Parkinsonism refers to a group of movement disorders that share similar symptoms with Parkinson's disease, but also have unique symptoms of their own. About 15% of parkinsonism cases are due to conditions called Parkinson's plus syndromes (PPS) or atypical parkinsonism. These syndromes include:
- Corticobasal degeneration. Marked by apraxia (inability to perform coordinated movements or use familiar objects), stiffness that is more severe than typical Parkinson's disease, and twitching or jerking in the hand.
- Lewy body dementia. One of the most common types of progressive dementia. Symptoms include visual hallucinations and loss of spontaneous movement.
- Multiple system atrophy. Symptoms include fainting, constipation, erectile dysfunction, urinary retention, and loss of muscle coordination.
- Progressive supranuclear palsy. Marked by frequent falls, personality changes, and difficulty focusing the eyes.
Patients with PPS often have earlier and more severe dementia than those with Parkinson's disease. In addition, they do not usually respond to medications that are used to treat Parkinson's disease.
Other Neurologic Conditions. Many medical conditions may cause some symptoms of Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism. Hardening of the arteries (arteriosclerosis) in the brain can cause multiple small strokes, which can produce loss of motor control. Alzheimer's disease can share similar symptoms with Parkinson's and the conditions can exist together.
Medications. Several drugs, including antipsychotic and antiseizure medications, can cause Parkinson's-type symptoms.
There is no cure for Parkinson's disease, but drugs, physical therapy, lifestyle changes, and surgical interventions can help control symptoms and improve quality of life.
Treatment for Parkinson's Disease
Treatment for this complicated condition must be individualized. Patients must work closely with doctors and therapists throughout the course of the disease to tailor a treatment program to their particular and changing needs. No treatment method, including drug therapy, has been proven to change the course of the disease or slow disease progression. But many treatments can help ease symptoms and restore normal functioning for long periods of time.
Drug Therapy
The decision to start drug therapy usually arises when motor symptoms (movement problems, muscle rigidity, tremors) begin to interfere with daily functioning. The main types of drugs for treating Parkinson's disease are:
- Levodopa/carbidopa
- Dopamine agonists
- MAO-B inhibitors
- Anticholinergics
- Amantadine
All of these drugs have side effects. Your doctor will discuss with you the risks and benefits of various drugs, and will take into consideration such factors as your overall health, age, symptoms, stage of Parkinson's, and other medical conditions you may have.
In general, levodopa/carbidopa is the standard drug for treating Parkinson's throughout its disease course, but other drugs may be used for its earlier stages. When levodopa is used for many years, it can "wear off" and symptom improvement ("on" time) may decrease while symptom worsening ("off" time) increases. Motor symptoms may also fluctuate unpredictably. Your doctor may adjust the dosage or add another drug to your regimen to help boost levodopa's effectiveness.
Treatment for Advanced Parkinson's
For patients with advanced Parkinson's disease whose symptoms can no longer be controlled by medication, surgical treatment with deep brain stimulation may be an option. (Some recent research suggests this treatment may also be helpful for patients in earlier stages of the disease). Home modifications (wheelchair ramps, grab bars and handrails) can help improve functional abilities and independent living. Treatment goals for all stages of Parkinson's disease should focus on providing patients with safety, comfort, and quality of life.
Treatments for Other Symptoms of Parkinson's
Conditions associated with non-motor impairment symptoms of Parkinson's disease may need a variety of treatments.
Depression. Medications for PD-associated depression include older drugs such as the tricyclic amitriptyline (Elavil) as well as newer antidepressants, including selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepeinephrine reuptake inhibtors (SNRIs) such as fluoxetine (Prozac, generic), sertraline (Zoloft, generic), paroxetine (Paxil, generic), and venlafaxine (Effexor, generic). Doctors need to monitor antidepressants to make sure they do not worsen motor symptoms. .
Psychotic Side Effects. Psychosis in Parkinson's disease is often a side effect of medication. Doctors first try to adjust the dose of PD medications to see if psychotic side effects decrease without motor symptoms increasing. In some cases, a doctor may prescribe an antipsychotic drug, usually quetiapine (Seroquel). The antipsychotic clozapine (Clozaril, generic) is also considered appropriate for patients with Parkinson's but it can have a serious side effect of lowering white blood cell count. Certain types of antipsychotic medications, such as olanzapine (Zyprexa) and risperidone (Risperdal), should not be used for patients with PD because they can worsen Parkinson's symptoms.
Dementia. The cholinesterase inhibitor drugs donepezil (Aricept) and rivastigmine (Exelon) are used to treat Alzheimer's disease and are sometimes used for Parkinson's. (Rivagstigmine is FDA-approved for treatment of Parkinson's dementia.) These drugs typically have only a very modest benefit on cognitive function. .
Daytime Sleepiness and Fatigue. Modafinil (Provigil), a drug used to treat narcolepsy may be helpful for patients with sleepiness related to their disease. Methylphenidate (Ritalin, generic) may be considered for patients who experience fatigue.
Erectile Dysfunction. PDE5 inhibitor drugs such as sildenafil (Viagra), tadalafil (Cialis), vardenafil (Levitra), and avanafil (Stendra) can be helpful for men with Parkinson's disease who suffer from erectile dysfunction. However, these drugs may worsen orthostatic hypotension (lightheadedness or dizziness that occurs when suddenly standing up), a side effect of some PD medications.
Constipation. Dietary changes should be the first step for addressing constipation. It is important to increase overall fiber and fluid consumption, but this can be difficult for patients who have swallowing problems. Taking a stool softener such as docusate (Colace, generic) on a daily basis may help with bowel movements. For laxatives, bulk-forming fiber laxatives are considered the safest and are not habit-forming. They include psyllium (Metamucil, other brands, generic) and wheat dextrin (Benefiber, generic). Stimulant laxatives should be avoided as they can worsen bowel problems if used on a long-term basis. Check with your doctor for advice about using other types of laxatives, suppositories, and enemas. Regular exercise is also helpful for constipation.
Drooling. Glycopyrrolate, scopolamine, and injections of botulinum toxin may be used to relieve drooling symptoms.
Levodopa, also called L-dopa, which is converted to dopamine in the brain, remains the gold standard for treating Parkinson's disease symptoms. The standard preparations (Sinemet, Parcopa) combine levodopa with carbidopa, which improves the action of levodopa and reduces some of its side effects, particularly nausea. Sinemet is swallowed as a pill. Parcopa is a tablet that dissolves under the tongue.
Dosages vary, although the preparation is usually taken in three or four divided doses per day. This medication works best on an empty stomach, but some patients find this causes nausea and prefer to take it with a light meal or snack. If taking levodopa/carbidopa along with food, it is important to avoid high-protein foods as they can interfere with drug absorption.
Levopdopa/carbidopa helps improve mobility for many patients. It works best for treating difficulties with movement (akinesia) and muscle stiffness. It may be less effective for treating tremor, balance, coordination, and posture.
Levodopa/carbidopa does not prevent Parkinson's disease progression. Over time, the dose of the drug has to be increased to be effective.
Side Effects. Many side effects of levodopa/carbidopa can be minimized by adjusting dosage. The most common side effects include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, low blood pressure, dizziness, and confusion.
Serious side effects include:
- Dyskinesia refers to unvoluntary muscle movements. Dyskinesia can take many forms, most often uncontrolled flailing of the arms and legs or chorea, rapid and repetitive motions that can affect the limbs, face, tongue, mouth, and neck. Dyskinesia may develop after long-term use of levodopa.
- Serious psychiatric side effects include agitation, hallucinations, delusions, and psychosis.
"Wearing-Off" Effect and "On-Off" Time. After several years of taking levodopa, many patients find that the drug's helpful effects last for shorter periods of time and that symptoms return before the next dose is due to be taken. When the medication "wears off" in between doses, patients may find their symptoms suddenly worsen ("off-time"). At other times of the day, symptoms may be well- controlled ("on-time"). Wearing off can develop gradually during the day, or it can occur intermittently and unpredictably.
An increase in dyskinesia (involuntary movements) and other motor symptoms (muscle stiffness, rigidity, slowness, cramping) are most commonly associated with the wearing-off effect. Some patients may also experience non-motor symptoms such as difficulty concentrating, anxiety, insomnia, fatigue, sweating, and trouble breathing. If symptoms improve when the next dose of levodopa/carbidopa is taken, this is a clear sign of the wearing-off effect.
There are different approaches for managing wearing off and off-time. Your doctor may recommend:
- Using a controlled-release formula of levodopa/carbidopa (Sinemet CR), which slowly releases the drug into your bloodstream throughout the day
- Switching to Stalevo, a levodopa/carbidopa drug that also includes COMT inhibitor entacaopone
- Adding another drug such as a COMT inhibitor, MAO-B inhibitor, or dopamine agonist to your current medication regimen.
Making some adjustments to your food schedule may also help with wearing off. Try to take levodopa/carbidopa on an empty stomach, at least 30 minutes before eating. High-protein foods can especially interfere with levodopa absorption.
Dopamine Agonists
Levodopa is converted into dopamine in the brain. In contrast, dopamine agonists mimic the action of dopamine by stimulating dopamine receptors in the brain. A dopamine agonist drug may be used as an initial medication in the early stages of PD to delay the need for levodopa, or it may be used along with levodopa/carbidopa in later stages of the disease. .
When used alone, these drugs are less likely to cause dyskinesia than levodopa, but they may be less effective than levodopa for controlling motor symptoms. There is debate about the value of dopamine agonists as first-line therapy for Parkinson's disease. Some research suggests that early treatment with dopamine agonists may not provide any long-term advantages compared with starting treatment with levodopa/carbidopa.
Brands. Pramipexole (Mirapex, generic) and ropinirole (Requip, generic) are the most commonly prescribed oral dopamine agonists. Rotigotine (Neupro) is a skin patch that is applied once a day. Apomorphine (Apokyn) is a self-injectable dopamine agonist that is used as a rescue medication for quickly treating "off time" motor symptoms in advanced PD.
Side Effects. Common side effects of dopamine agonists include nausea, confusion, and leg swelling. More serious concerns include:
- Orthostatic hypotension (sudden drop in blood pressure upon standing up)
- Nightmares, hallucinations, and psychosis especially for patient with advanced disease
- Excessive sleepiness and sudden "sleep attacks". Patients should be aware of this side effect, particularly if they drive.
- Compulsive behaviors. These are associated with a loss of impulse control and include compulsive gambling, sexual behavior, shopping, and eating.
- Heart failure may be a possible concern. In 2012, the FDA announced it was reviewing whether pramipexole may increase the risk for heart failure.
Monoamine Oxidase B (MAO-B) Inhibitors
MAO-B inhibitor drugs block monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), an enzyme that inactivates dopamine. Selegiline (Eldepryl, Zelapar) and rasagiline (Azilect) are MAO-B inhibitors used for treating Parkinson's disease. These drugs may be used alone in the early stages of PD to treat mild symptoms (such a tremor) and delay the need for levodopa. They may also be used in combination with levodopa in later stages to enhance the effects of levodopa and help manage motor fluctuations. Many patients notice only small benefits.
Side Effects. Common side effects of MAO-B inhibitors include flu symptoms, dizziness, and insomnia. More serious side effects may include agitation, confusion, and hallucination.
Talk with your doctor about any other medications (both prescription and over-the-counter) and supplements you are taking. MAO-B inhibitors can interact with a number of medications including narcotics, pain relievers, cough suppressants, and antidepressants (including the herbal remedy St. John's wort). Foods high in the amino acid tyramine may cause a dangerous increase in blood pressure, particularly if you are taking a high dose of this medicine. Foods to be avoided include processed lunch meats, soy sauce, aged cheeses, and beer.
Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase (COMT) Inhibitors
Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitor drugs are used along with levodopa/carbidopa to increase and prolong levodopa's effectiveness and prevent "wearing off." Entacapone (Comtan, generic) is the standard COMT inhibitor. Stalevo (generic) is a pill that combines entacapone, levodopa, and carbidopa.) A third COMT inhibitor, tolcapone (Tasmar), is only rarely prescribed due to its risks for liver damage.
Side Effects. COMT inhibitors are always used in combination with levodopa/carbidopa and may increase levodopa's dyskinesia side effects. Other side effects may include low blood pressure when standing up (orthostatic hypotension), nausea, dizziness, diarrhea, and urine discoloration.
Since 2010, the FDA has been reviewing whether Stalevo may increase the risk for heart attack and stroke. The FDA is also reviewing whether Stalevo may increase the risk of prostate cancer.
Anticholinergic Drugs
Anticholinergics were the first drugs used for PD, but they have largely been replaced by dopamine drugs. They are generally used only to control tremor in the early stages. Among the many anticholinergics are trihexyphenidyl (Artane, Trihexane, generic) and benztropine (Cogentin, generic.
Side Effects. Anticholinergics commonly cause dryness of the mouth (which can actually be an advantage in some people who experience drooling). Other side effects are nausea, urinary retention, blurred vision, and constipation. These drugs can increase heart rate and worsen constipation. Anticholinergics can sometimes cause significant mental problems, including memory loss, confusion, and even hallucinations. People with glaucoma should use these drugs with caution.
Amantadine (generic) stimulates the release of dopamine and may be used to provide temporary relief of early mild symptoms such a tremor and rigidity. It is sometimes prescribed along with levodopa/carbidopa for advanced PD to help control motor fluctuations and dyskinesia.
Side Effects. Side effects are similar to those of anticholinergic drugs and may include swollen ankles and, in rare cases, mottled skin. Amantadine can also cause visual hallucinations, confusion, and memory loss.
Surgical procedures are recommended for specific patients with advanced Parkinson's disease whose symptoms are not controlled by drug treatments. Surgical treatment cannot cure Parkinson's disease, but it may help control symptoms such as motor fluctuations and dyskinesia.
Deep brain stimulation is the current standard surgical approach for Parkinson's disease. It has largely replaced pallidotomy and thalamotomy, older operations that destroy tissue in certain parts of the brain.
Deep Brain Stimulation
In deep brain stimulation (DBS), also called neurostimulation, an electric pulse generator controls symptoms such as severe tremors, wearing-off fluctuations, and dyskinesia. The generator is similar to a heart pacemaker. It sends electrical pulses to specific regions of the brain. Candidates most likely to benefit from DBS are those who have advanced Parkinson's, have responded well to levodopa drug treatment, are younger age, and do not have significant cognitive or psychiatric problems. Some recent research suggests that DBS may also benefit patients in earlier stages of the disease who have early signs of motor symptoms.
For treatment of motor symptoms, DBS usually targets one of two areas of the brain: the subthalamic nucleus (STN) or the globus pallidus pars interna (GPi). Research indicates that both areas equally likely torespond well to DBS. DBS targeting the STN mayallow patients touse less medication, but treatment of this brain area may worsen depression, apathy, impulsivity, ease of using words, and falls.
For treatment of disabling tremors, DBS may be used to target the STN, GPi, or the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus.
DBS should be performed by an experienced neurosurgeon who is trained in stereotactic neurosurgery (surgery that uses three-dimensional imaging to help target specific areas of the brain).
The procedure is performed as follows:
- Before the procedure, the neurosurgeon uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), or other types of imaging techniques to pinpoint the exact areas of the brain where the DBS electrodes will be inserted.
- The neurosurgeon implants a tiny pulse generator near the collarbone, which is connected to four electrodes that have been implanted in the target area in the brain.
- The generator delivers programmed pulses to this area, which the patient can turn on and off using a magnet held over the skin. When on, the pulses suppress symptoms.
- The most common complication is infection at the surgical site.
The benefits of DBS appear to be long lasting, but it may take 3 - 6 months to achieve results. During this time, doctors may need to adjust the implanted device. Researchers are still trying to determine the best surgical techniques for implanting the DBS device, and how to best select the patients who are most likely to benefit.
Pallidotomy and Thalamotomy
Pallidotomy and thalamotomy are surgical procedures that destroy brain tissue in regions of the brain associated with Parkinson's symptoms, such as dyskinesia, rigidity, and tremor. In these procedures, a surgeon drills a small hole in the patient's skull and inserts an electrode to destroy brain tissue. Pallidotomy targets the global pallidus area. Thalamotomy targets the thalamus. Because these procedures permanently eliminate brain tissue, most doctors now recommend deep brain stimulation instead of pallidotomy or thalamotomy.
Surgical complications may include behavioral or personality changes, trouble speaking and swallowing, facial paralysis, and vision problems. Weight gain after surgery is also common.
Stem Cell Implantation
Scientists are investigating whether stem cells may eventually help treat Parkinson disease. Experimental surgery has shown promise using fetal brain cells rich in dopamine implanted in the substantia nigra area of the brain. Because the use of embryonic stem cells is controversial, researchers are studying alternative types of cells, including stem cells from adult brains and cells from human placentas or umbilical cords. All of this research is still preliminary.
Lifestyle Changes
No special diets or foods can slow the progression of Parkinson's disease, but certain dietary strategies may help with managing symptoms.
Protein. High levels of proteinscan affect how much levodopa can reach the brain and can, therefore, reduce the drug's effectiveness. Avoiding protein altogether is not the solution, since malnutrition can result. Most doctors recommend reducing protein or eating most of your protein at the evening meal. Patients should discuss a low-protein diet and other nutritional strategies with their health team.
Good control of protein intake may help minimize fluctuations and wearing-off and may allow some patients to reduce their daily levodopa dosage.
Fruits, Vegetables, and Fiber. Eating whole grains, fresh fruits, and vegetables is the best approach for any healthy life. A diet rich in fruits and vegetables may help protect nerve cell function. Many of these foods are also often rich in fiber, which is particularly important for helping to prevent constipation.
If you are used to eating a low-fiber diet, you should try to gradually increase the amount of fiber. It is best to obtain dietary fiber, soluble or insoluble, in the natural form of whole grains, nuts, legumes, fruits, and vegetables. If it proves difficult to do so, psyllium, (found in products such as Metamucil), is an excellent soluble fiber supplement. Drinking lots of fluids is particularly important in preventing constipation.
Weight Loss. For reasons that are not completely understood, many patients with Parkinson's disease experience weight loss. Parkinson's disease can affect a person's sense of smell and taste, which may make food lessappetizing. Tremors (shaking) and swallowing problems can make it more difficult and tiring to eat. If you find that you are losing weight without trying, talk with your doctor or a dietician about developing a diet plan that will meet your caloric needs.
Herbs and Supplements. There is currently no evidence for the effectiveness of any herb or dietary supplement in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Coenzyme Q10 is the most-studied supplement for PD. A high-quality study was unable to demonstrate benefits for patients with early-stage PD, although more research is being conducted.
Ginger is one natural remedy that has well-established properties for easing nausea. A simple tea made from boiling ginger root may help alleviate nausea symptoms associated with many Parkinson's disease medications.
Be sure to let your doctor know about any herb or dietary supplement you are taking, or considering taking. Some products, such as St. John's wort, can interact and interfere with the effectiveness of medications.
Regular exercise is important for patients in all stages of Parkinson's disease. Exercise has a wide range of benefits. It can improve muscle strength and agility, which helps promote better walking and balance. Exercise can also help with controlling symptoms such as fatigue, constipation, and depression.
Types of Exercise. Doctors recommend that patients incorporate stretching, resistance, and aerobic exercise into their routine. Some suggestions include:
- In the gym, walking on a treadmill, even at low intensity, can help improve walking gait and speed as well as cardiovascular fitness. Cycling on a stationary bike is also good aerobic exercise.
- Stretching and resistance exercise is the best way to build muscle strength. Weight training is a type of resistance exercise.
- Tai chi, a Chinese martial art that emphasizes slow flowing motions and gentle movements, may help patients with mild-to-moderate Parkinson's improve strength and balance and reduce the risk of falls. Yoga is also an excellent and gentle exercise for stretching, strengthening, and relaxation.
- Music helps patients move more smoothly and easily. Dance is an excellent way to increase flexibility and endurance.
For patients with more advanced Parkinson's, certain exercise techniques can help with managing rigidity and gait issues. Patients should continually make efforts to practice movement, even simple ones, such as marching in place, making circular arm movements, and raising the legs up and down while sitting.
Reducing Muscle Freezing. Try to practice regular daily activities that simplify actions and reduce the incidence of muscle freezing. Most often, freezing occurs when a patient begins to move or is presented with an obstacle. The following tips may be helpful:
- Rock from side to side.
- If the legs feel frozen, lift the toes. This simple action may free spasm in some cases.
- Hum marching tunes. In fact, music helps patients to move and even to get out of bed in the morning.
- Divide actions into separate components, which may prevent freezing that occurs from trying to coordinate too many physical operations at one time. For instance, when going through a doorway, approach the door, stop at the door, open it, stop, and then walk through the doorway.
- Simply being touched by another person can sometimes release muscle freezing (although a patient with PD should never be pulled or pushed).
Gait Training. Practicing new methods for standing, walking, and turning may help retain balance and reduce the risk of falls. The following tips may be helpful:
- Take large steps when walking forward, raising the toes at the forward step, and hitting the ground with the heel.
- Take small steps while turning.
- When walking or turning, have the legs 12 - 15 inches apart to provide a wide base.
- Do not wear rubber or crepe-soled shoes because they grip the floor and may cause you to fall forward.
- Using devices that keep a rhythmic beat, such a metronome (a simple device used by musicians to keep time), may help to walk faster and take longer steps.
Rehabilitation Therapies
Patients with Parkinson's can benefit from working with rehabilitative therapists. They include physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy. Patients may also find arts therapy (including dance therapy and music therapy) to be helpful.
Physical Therapy. Exercise is an important component of rehabilitation. Physical therapy can help with physical function and quality of life. It usually includes active and passive exercise, gait training, and practice in normal activities. A physical therapist can help with passive exercise, to stretch and manipulate muscles to help prevent deterioration and shortening. Active exercises are used to help range-of-motion, coordination, and speed. A physical therapist can also advise on how to best use mobility aids (such as canes, crutches, and scooters) and other assistive devices.
Speech Therapy. Speech therapy may help those who develop a monotone voice and lose volume. Certain techniques, such as the Lee Silverman Voice Technique, are designed specifically to help patients with Parkinson's disease speak louder. A speech therapist can also help evaluate and monitor swallowing issues.
Occupational Therapy. Occupational therapists help patients learn how to improve their functioning and independence within their home and workplace environments. They can help patients better manage activities of daily living including bathing, dressing, and grooming. Occupational therapists can provide professional advice on what sort of adaptive tools, such as grab bars, should be used in the bathroom, bedroom, and kitchen. They can advise on mobility devices such as wheelchairs and scooters.
Stress Management
Relaxation techniques and staying mentally active are important for managing stress and dealing with feelings of depression and anxiety:
- Stress management techniques include deep breathing and other relaxation modalities, meditation, biofeedback, music therapy, yoga, tai chi, and massage therapy. Exercise is also an excellent way to reduce stress and can be incorporated into activities such as gardening and golf.
- Find new hobbies. Patients may find that symptoms interfere with activies they once enjoyed. Developing new hobbies can help you stay positive and keep you mentally alert.
- Caregivers need to evaluate and manage their own stress and fatigue levels. There are many support organizations and resources available to help caregivers deal with the challenges of caring for a loved one with Parkinson's. Psychological counseling is also appropriate.
- www.ninds.nih.gov -- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
- www.aan.com -- American Academy of Neurology
- www.apdaparkinson.org -- American Parkinson's Disease Association
- www.pdf.org -- Parkinson's Disease Foundation
- www.michaeljfox.org -- Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research
- www.wemove.org -- Worldwide Education and Awareness for Movement Disorders
- www.parkinsonsaction.org -- Parkinson's Action Network
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Advanced Studyec
Related Informationec
Review Date: 9/16/2013�
Reviewed By: Harvey Simon, MD, Editor-in-Chief, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.


text:
Springville • Diana Lauritzen, the Springville Museum of Art's interim art curator, wears an aged white "Hunger Banquet" T-shirt with Spalding Gray paint haphazardly flecked across it.
Today employees are painting the museum's East Gallery 2,300 square feet of wall space in preparation for the new exhibit "Voices: People, Places, and Ideas in Utah Art." The exhibit represents the new, the familiar and the turning of a page for the Utah County museum.
It's a subtle change a maturing, if you will in the museum's presentation of works: Pieces will be placed to evoke a "conversation" between them, said museum director Rita Wright.
Wright, the museum's director since late 2012, succeeded Vern Swanson, who had been in the position for 32 years. She brings a fresh perspective and a curator's hand to the works to be displayed.
For instance, among the museum's treasured works is Avard Fairbanks' "Mother and Child," a sculpture of white carrara marble that depicts a mother Fairbanks' young wife serenely breastfeeding her infant.
It also includes "Grief Portrait of Lillie Annetta Huish Fairbanks," a sculptured bust by Fairbanks' brother, J. Leo, which depicts his mother's anguish. The piece, according to stories, represents J. Leo's heartache: When he was an infant, his mother was carrying him in one arm, a lamp in the other, as she walked down the stairs only to lose her balance and, to save him, fall in such a way that she hit her head. She died from the resulting trauma.
An oasis of fine art, the Springville Museum is a far cry from its small beginnings of two donated works, which were given not to an art museum, but to Springville High School at the turn of the 20th century.
Beginnings • If the community was to appreciate art, argued then-school Superintendent Lars Eggertsen, this love would be best developed in Springville's youth. With this in mind, John Hafen and Cyrus Dallin, art missionaries for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints who studied in Paris, each donated a work to the high school in 1903.
Dallin's work was a plaster of Paul Revere; Hafen's an oil painting titled "The Mountain Stream."
Hafen's Parisian training in impressionistic art is evident in "The Mountain Stream." The edges of the peaceful scene painted in muted greens are less defined in the foreground; the more detailed images of trees in the background "bring the eye backwards," noted the museum's associate director, Natalie Petersen.
It is this work, outlined in an ornate gold frame, that Hafen hoped would be the piece around which a collection would be built, Petersen said.
According to Swanson, in his official history of the museum, Hafen's enthusiasm, along with that of a few other visionaries, inspired an art movement and talk of a gallery. But an art collection would need funds, and in 1907 the Springville City Council instituted a tax for that purpose. The Springville School Board, as well as teachers and students, also donated funds.
The auditorium of the brand new Springville High School was the site of the gallery, which opened in 1907. Named the Art Institute of Springville, it opened its doors with 15 works of art, and the community became Art City.
Springville High School also began its Art Queen popularity contest that simultaneously raised funds and interest in the acquisition of new pieces. Art Queen candidates were nominated, and students cast "penny votes" for their favorite nominee. The pennies were then used to purchase a piece for the collection.
Influence • Springville Museum of Art volunteer Collette Binks has been intertwined with the museum for 67 years. Her first interaction with the museum was in sixth grade when she and her classmates trekked to the museum to choose a work of art to write about. Binks, with a laugh, remembers choosing a work by painter Marguerite Pearson. "It was a lady in front of the piano," she said.
Binks remembers the museum's addition of Fairbanks' "Mother and Child" and the piece her Class of 1953 purchased. The painting of a coal miner is "dark and sad," she said, a story of "toil and labor."
Springville's art has left its indelible imprint on her life, as it has for the entire community. The Spanish colonial revival building the museum's home at the corner of 100 East and 400 South was constructed during the Great Depression for $104,011, according to Swanson's history.
Several sources helped cover the cost, including $54,000 Works Progress Administration grant, $25,000 donation from Springville City and the LDS Church, and an additional $25,000 donated by the townspeople through fundraising.
Through the years, the museum's exhibits have featured the work of American painter Wayne Thiebaud, beloved American painter and illustrator Norman Rockwell and even turn-of-the-20th-century French painter William-Adolphe Bouguereau, as well as works collected by internationally known Australian businessman John Schaeffer.
Perhaps the museum's greatest influence has been its impact on the lives, and work, of Utah artists.
That is the case for Utah artist Frank McEntire, whose first individual exhibition at the Springville Museum was in 1989. "Divining," as it was called, offered a large gallery in which to display his work, and McEntire created works specifically for the showing.
"It offered me the freedom to explore and experiment," McEntire said. The museum's invitation not only was a form of encouragement but helped him set a path for his work. "With all of the work in one place, it helps you to see the direction you're headed it informs the next step."
The Springville museum also is a "breakout venue" for talented Utah artists, said Brigham Young University Museum of Art director Mark Magleby. A museum showing can "jump-start a career."
It is continued high praise for a museum that, despite or perhaps because of its small beginnings, is considered, in Swanson's words, "a Mecca of art in the Rockies."
Voices: People, Places, and Ideas in Utah Art
When • Through 2016
Where • Springville Museum of Art, 126 E. 400 South, Springville; 801-489-2727
Hours • Tuesday, Thursday-Saturday, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.; Wednesday, 10 a.m. to 9 p.m.; Sunday, 3 to 6 p.m. Closed Mondays and holidays. The first Monday of the month is Community & Family Night, when the museum stays open from 6 to 8 p.m.
Tickets • Free; smofa.org


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The season has just begun, but the Jazz may already seemed destined for a headache in the offseason. As many as nine members of the current roster will be free agents at the end of the year and it's almost unthinkable that the Jazz can or would keep all of them. What evil scientist would put a team in that position?
Kevin O'Connor, of course.
The Jazz's executive vice president said he and the folks he works with in the Jazz's front office built a roster that will give the team maximum flexibility when the new, punitive luxury tax kicks in after the season, when other teams may be trying to shed contracts.
"It wasn't [by coincidence]," O'Connor said in a wide-ranging interview with media Wednesday. "When we signed guys two years ago and this year, we looked at that."
The Jazz are only committed beyond this season to Gordon Hayward, Derrick Favors, Enes Kanter, Alec Burks and Jeremy Evans, the young core of the Jazz of the future.
O'Connor said the Jazz were able to build a team capable of winning now and do it with players who have expiring contracts.
"I don't think you want to go with expiring contracts as king," O'Connor said, "because that means you're not dealing with players. And you have to have to players to win, but I think what you might see is a pretty good player at a price you might like that another team can't afford."
It explains how guys like Mo Williams and Marvin Williams wound up in Utah.
"Hopefully we put ourselves in a pretty good position," O'Connor said. "I'm not smart enough to write all the numbers down, but [Chief Financial Officer] Bob Hyde did and looked at it and said, 'Here's what it should look like.' "
When the offseason comes around, the Jazz are expected to be able to compete for any free agent, at least financially. The Jazz will also likely try to reach extension agreements with Hayward and Favors, on whom the team exercised options for the 2013-14 season last week.
Shape-shifting Favors
Third-year power forward Derrick Favors entered the season with high expectations of improvement. Before the year even began, he'd upped one key statistic: His weight. After being listed at 248 pounds last year, Favors bulked up to 263 this year, adding extra layers of muscle.
In his chat with the media, O'Connor said he felt Favors, despite flagging offensive productivity in the preseason, had shown great improvement. Any holdups, he said, may have been related to that weight.
"I don't think he came in the shape he wanted to," O'Connor said. "I think he got a little surprised at how quick we were going to play this year."
The 21-year disagreed with the Jazz's top executive, saying, "I was in good shape" and that "my legs left me for a while, so I just knew I had to get them back."
The truth probably lies somewhere in the middle. Coach Tyrone Corbin said Favors just "had to get used to a bigger body."
"Over the next few years," Corbin said, "maybe he'll go through some changes and try to figure out what's the best weight for him. He's worked his butt off to get his game better and I expect him to continue."
Twitter: @oramb


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Statement by Bill Schneider on Al Qaeda comments
Research ››› ››› MEDIA MATTERS STAFF
Subject: from CNN/Bill Schneider
Date: Thu, 23 Sep 2004
From: Edna Johnson
To: Media Matters for America
A story on your site, "Osma bin Laden .... would very much like to defeat President Bush", references CNN analyst Bill Schneider.
Mr. Schneider provided a statement in response to a similar story in the Columbia Journalism Review campaign desk yesterday. I thought your readers would find it useful. Would you please post the response, attributed to him, in an appropriate place on your site? Thank you.
Edna Johnson
CNN Public Relations
from Mr. Schneider:
"I am not a Bush supporter or a Kerry supporter. I have done plenty of stories critical of both candidates.
"In answering a question about Speaker Hastert's remarks, I was trying to make the point that, if al Qaeda wants to defeat President Bush, another attack on the U.S. would probably do just the reverse. I entertained the possibility that an attack might allow Democrats to argue that Bush's policies have made the U.S. more vulnerable. But I think the immediate reaction -- fear and anger -- would drive voters to Bush. The terrorists might believe otherwise because of their misreading of what happened in Spain.
"I was arguing by analogy to the 1980 campaign, when the Iranian hostage-takers aimed to defeat President Carter. I do not believe their goal in 1980 was to elect Ronald Reagan. It was to defeat the President of the United States because of his symbolic value, not because of any partisan preference. The day Carter left office and Reagan took over, the hostages were released.
"I believe al Qaeda may have similar goals: to defeat the President of the United States because of his symbolic value, especially one who has waged war against two Muslim regimes. Some viewers took that to mean al Qaeda favors Kerry -- something I did not say and do not believe. I never imagined I was making any kind of partisan statement and would not intentionally do so."
- Posted In
- National Security & Foreign Policy, Terrorism
- Stories/Interests
- 2004 Elections
Instructions for signing up and claiming your comment history are located here.
Updated rules for commenting are here.


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I hope this thread can be used for discussion, comment, suggestion and support for add-on web interface wTouch.
Basic idea: wTouch is gesture based remote control for XBMC.
I prefer gesture based for remote on touch based devices, as we lost the feel of physical button. We could not just feel where is the center button, then move finger for arrows, we need to see the devices to tap the right point. With gesture based remote, we does not need to care where we start to touch and were end, just how we move our finger.
Since version 0.4, I implement new gesture based on gyroscope in iOS devices.
Tap the screen and hold and move/rotate the device in front of your TV.
Pausing media while it play is so easy, just put the device up-side-down with screen facing your table.
When the device turned back, it will automatically play the media
Gyroscope based gesture only supported on iPhone 4/4s, iPod Touch 4th Generation, and iPad 2.
- You need to have at least XBMC 11 Eden beta.
- Webkit based browser with touch capability, like iOS and Android (partial function work).
I'm never test it under Android
- Installation:
- Make sure that you have at least XBMC 11 Eden Beta or later.
- On XBMC goto Setting -> Network -> Services
- Make sure to check "Allow control of XBMC via HTTP"
- You can leave the default setting for port, username, password
- Enter on "Web interface"
- Select "Get More..."
- Select "wTouch" (Or other addons that you want to install)
- Select Install
- Open safari on iPhone/iPod Touch, browse to http://(yourip):8080/
- Tap on (+) sign and select, to Home Screen, and put desired icon name.
This will give the webapp as full screen, no more url bar, no bottom tool bar.
- Usage:
Press the help button on the app for more usage
Basically, you just need to swipe up,down,left,right,tap, tap+hold.
There is 2 additional gesture that I define myself:
- Swipe Left then Right (as one touch) mimicking Escape Key
- Swipe Right then Left (as one touch) mimicking Tab Key
- If there are any media played, there is Media Info Panel on the bottom bar. You can tap on it to show Player Control on XBMC
On device that support gyroscope, you can just tap,hold, and moving your device to make the up,down,left,right,
and also while have media played, put the device up-side-down (screen face to bottom), it will pause the media until turned up.
- You have to know your XBMC IP address/name at first.
As we could not use the ZeroConf/Bonjour for auto discovery in mobile safari.
- If you have more than 1 XBMC machine, you may have multiple same icon on your home screen.
- Official news site:
Thank you
- Official news site:
- You have to know your XBMC IP address/name at first.
- If there are any media played, there is Media Info Panel on the bottom bar. You can tap on it to show Player Control on XBMC
- Usage:
- Installation:


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I am new to PHP programming language and want some guidance related to it. I know that today majority of the worldwide websites are developed in PHP and it is quite flexible too. It can be even clubbed with different softwares and databases. So please provide me some fruitful guidance whether I should commence in PHP development or not ? Thanks
I'm not sure about any of that, but here is a picture of a cute kitten:
Because it's such a generic question that there's no point asking it.


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Court Strikes Florida's 'Docs vs. Glocks' Law
Doctors in Florida are now free to ask patients about guns in their home despite protests from the National Rifle Association. A federal appeals court struck down a provision of the so-called "Docs vs. Glocks" law barring doctors from asking patients about gun ownership unless the information is medically relevant in a 10-1 decision Thursday, noting it violates a doctor's right to free speech. The provision was included in 2011's Firearm Owners' Privacy Act after a few incidents: In one, a couple complained their doctor refused to see them because they wouldn't discuss guns, per the Miami Herald.
The Washington Post puts some doctors' position thusly: That it's "within the bounds of ethical medical care for doctors to ask about gun safety at home, in the way a physician might ask parents of small children if they have a backyard pool."
Read the full story on Newser.com
Photo: Getty Images


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Hover to view/zoom, click to enlarge.
5 (3)
90% Nylon/10% Spandex; Lining: 90%Polyester/10% Spandex
This information is shown as a guide only and not a guarantee.Actual fitting may vary.
Do you think your friend would like to know that DDS has this item? Just fill in the following information and we will let them know!
If you do not have perfectly toned upper thighs that are hard as a rock i would not get these!! they ride up and do not look good when dancing in them! I would NEVER buy these again!
Age: 15-18
Was this review helpful to you? YES (
I purchased these shorts for a performance. I had to purchase this exact style to match the other people performing with me. I was a little bit worried because the shorts looked so little and I thought that they might ride up. However, these shorts stayed in place very well throughout the performance. They are very short but they fit very comfortably. They also stretch a lot. I ordered a small and it fit perfectly.
Age: 30-39
Fit: Runs small
I bought these in a size M for my 10 year old daughter, 5 feet 108 lbs. She already has several capezio shorts that fit perfect in the same size and these are very different. The fabric is the same high quality as other capezio shorts but the hem around the thigh is really tight and does not stretch at all. I would not recommend these unless you like paying return shipping.
I love these shorts. They are super comfortable and I can really move in them.
I got these in red and love the color!!! They fit nice cover my butt. Aren't thin at all which I was hoping they wouldn't be!! Very comfy. Definitely gonna order in another color.
Some reviews said these shorts fit great but others say they were very small. How should I decide what size to get?
We would recommend that you follow the manufacturer provided sizing chart. This can be found under the "Sizing" tab, in the box under the "Add to Cart" button.- DDS Customer Service (02/25/2014)
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For Marrero, a perfect home in Lowell
Spinners serve as proving ground for Red Sox's future stars
By Benjamin Hill / MLB.com | July 13, 2012 6:04 AM ET
And then there are clubs such as the New York-Penn League's Lowell Spinners, a Boston Red Sox affiliate located in the heart of Red Sox Nation. Amid such a passionate fan base, even those on the lower rungs of the Minor League ladder are going to get a thorough looking-over. There is no escape.
But this isn't necessarily a bad thing. Far from it, in fact. Every player's goal is to get to the Major Leagues, and part of being a Major Leaguer is knowing how to deal with fan and media attention on a day-in and day-out basis. Spinners players learn that from day one.
"Playing [in Lowell] is a great way to get the feel of what it's going to be like [in Boston]," said Jon Boswell, the Spinners' director of media relations. "You're going to have to deal with that pressure, so you may as well start learning to deal with it now. We're here for development -- not just on the field but off the field, in the clubhouse, with the media, every step of the way."
Boswell remarked that the attention surrounding the Spinners received a noticeable uptick during the 2003 season, the first after a new ownership group took over the Red Sox. That year, David Murphy was the team's first-round Draft pick, and he started his professional career in Lowell.
"From there on, people really started to pay attention," he said. "Our fans will talk about Murphy, about [Jonathan] Papelbon, about [Will] Middlebrooks. They remember seeing them in Lowell to start their careers. And this season, not a day has gone by without people asking me when they're going to see [supplemental first-round Draft pick] Pat Light. He hasn't pitched at home yet, but the fans, they want to see that first-rounder on the mound."
But even once Light does make his Lowell debut, it'll be for a frustratingly short amount of time.
"These guys are on strict pitch counts, so the fans will only be getting to see them for two innings at most. So when you look back at the top pitching prospects who have been here, guys like Justin Masterson, you'll see that they didn't get any wins with us because they were never in line for the decision," said Boswell. "In time, our fans came to understand this -- that's it's always about development here -- although that can be tough to take when you're in the middle of an 11-game losing streak."
Farm's Almanac
The Week That Was
Shipers stumps 'Caps
Jordan Shipers turned in Clinton's first no-hitter since 2003 on Wednesday, a 10-0 win over West Michigan.
Rahl's crane shot
Chris Rahl won the EL's All-Star Home Run Derby Tuesday, scoring 340 points in Reading's unique event.
Zephyrs zap HR record
Chris Coghlan and Luke Montz each slugged two of New Orleans' Zephyr Field-record seven homers Sunday.
On Deck
Feliz rocks rehab
Watch Neftali Feliz rehab with Round Rock, throwing two innings at home Sunday and three July 18 in Nashville.
Zunino in spotlight
No. 3 overall Draft pick and Golden Spikes winner Mike Zunino is set to make his pro debut for Everett Friday.
Moylan on the mend
Check out former Atlanta Braves pitcher Peter Moylan, who's slated to rehab with the Rome Braves this weekend.
Big man on campus
Light is one of two supplemental first-round Draft picks on this year's Spinners squad, along with southpaw Brian Johnson. But the biggest name on the roster is Deven Marrero, a shortstop out of Arizona State University who was taken by the Red Sox with the 24th overall pick of this year's First-Year Player Draft.
"Every afternoon, when I take that turn into the clubhouse, [Marrero] instinctively looks up," said Boswell. "Because he knows that it's going to be him, getting asked to do another interview. Every year the top guy is going to have that weight on his shoulders."
After visiting Lowell earlier this month, and, following established media protocol, this writer requested to do an interview with Marrero. He answered my questions -- variations of which he'd surely been asked many times before -- good-naturedly.
"Life is definitely different, after coming from college where you only play four games a week. This is the everyday grind," said Marrero, who hit .282 and stole five bases over his first 17 games. "But it's been awesome. These fans just love their baseball, and they love their Red Sox. ... [The media and fan attention] is what I'm going to go through throughout my career. I just take it all in."
And, really, that's a large component of playing baseball at this level -- simply taking it all in.
"I just want to get my timing down and see how this Minor League life is," he said. "Just go out there and have fun. ... that's all I can ask for."
The Spinners will do everything they can to facilitate this, with the goal of creating relationships that will last throughout the player's career and beyond.
"Every time we do a bobblehead giveaway here, we tell our current players, 'Remember, this is gonna be you one day, and we want you to come back and be a part of it,'" said Boswell. "Hopefully, in 2015, we'll be able to put a Deven Marrero bobblehead on the schedule."
Benjamin Hill is a reporter for MLB.com and writes Ben's Biz Blog. This story was not subject to the approval of the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues or its clubs.View More


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Corinne Bailey Rae Medium Curly Hairstyle - Black
Description(Added: 13th February 2012 )
- Hair Category: Alternative
- Hair Length: Medium
- Hair Elasticity: Curly
- Gender: Women
- Face Shape: Oval, Oblong, Square, and Diamond
- Hair Density: Medium/Thick
- Hair Texture: Medium/Coarse
- Age: Under 21, 21 - 30, and 31 - 40
- Height: Any
- Weight: Thin/Average/Large
- Glasses: Suits with and without
- Styling Time: 20 minutes
- Products: Mousse and Hair Spray
- Styling Tip: Direct your hair into position while applying the finishing products.
Styling Steps
1 . Apply Mousse
Apply styling mousse to damp hair, using your palm as a measuring guide, and evenly distribute it along the hair shaft. Styling mousse will add hold and can help achieve better results.
2 . Scrunch Hair Dry with a Diffuser and Fingers
Lift your hair up with your fingers and move the diffuser up to the ends, motioning the diffuser to the scalp in circular movements. Make sure the blow-dryer speed is on low and try not to completely dry the hair off. Leaving a little bit of moisture will allow the hair to dry naturally.
3 . Apply Hairspray
To finish, apply a minimal amount of hairspray from an arms length distance to the top, sides and back. Take care not to use too much or you will end up with a white, flaky residue which looks like dandruff.


text:
Minmore is a 7000 hectare beef producing property with a hectare of gardens, a tennis court and abundant wildlife. It's only a 45 minute drive to the Bunya Mountains and close to fruit growing area, wineries and the golf course. There is gliding available at the Kingaroy airport. Activities include feeding the animals, gathering eggs, bush walks and picnics. It's ideal for bird watchers and pets welcome, small dogs only.
Accommodation is available both within the homestead and the two bedroom cottage is perfect for families.
Fully self contained two bedroom cottage with a gas stove, refrigerator, microwave, heaters, fans, television and compact disc radio cassette. All linen is supplied. Use of the tennis court free of charge. Meals are available on request.
Activities include feeding the animals, gathering eggs, bush walks and picnics. The homestead is ideal for bird watchers.
Note: Information on listed products and services are provided by the operator and were correct at the time of publishing. Rates are indicative based on the minimum and maximum available prices of products and services. Please visit the operator's website for further information. All prices quoted are in Australian dollars (AUD).


text:
no code required
some exclusions apply
after discounts
Stand up straight with feet flat on the floor, arms relaxed at sides. For accuracy, measure over undergarments & keep the tape measure parallel to the floor.
Measure around the fullest part of the chest/bust, while keeping the tape under the arms and around the shoulder blades.
Bend to one side to find the crease of your natural waistline and measure at that point, keeping your measuring tape comfortably loose. If you are between sizes, order a size up.
Measure around the fullest part of your hips, 7-9 inches below your natural waistline.
Measure similar pants that fit well. Lay them flay with the front and back creased smooth. Measure from the top of the inside seam to the bottom of the hem.
Dresses are measured from the highest point of the shoulder to the bottom of the hemline.
Size charts are to be used as a guide and provide general body measurements. Sizing and fit may vary by brand and/or body type.
Freshly styled capris are a must-have for every warm-weather wardrobe! Resort capri pants by Alia feature a mock fly and elastic waistline for a comfortable fit.
Web Id: P000071943
An oversized item surcharge may apply to some heavy or bulky items due to size, weight or special handling required. This item surcharge is in addition to standard shipping rates and not included in shipping promotions.


text: http://walterfootball.com/draft2013_1.php 1st round - Barrett Jones C/G Alabama 2nd round - Margus Hunt DE SMU 3rd round - Devin Taylor OLB South Carolina First 2 rounds i absolutely love and couldn't draw up a better scenario. Don't particularly care for Taylor. He's a 4-3 DE right now in college and while he is very athletic, given his size (listed by USC as 6-8 267), i don't think he projects well as a 3-4 OLB. Interesting that they have the Giants taking Dysert who is someone that was brought up on this forum recently in regards to the Cowboys. Like the player, don't think taking a QB who will never start for you that early. I'm still looking for guys to make an immediate impact in the 3rd round.