text:
10 March 2009
This weblog is maintained for ITU-D study group 2 Question 10. The members of the study group are welcome to register their e-mail address to the administrator below, and to make comments/contributions to this blog page by any of the following methods.
1 Sending your comments to the Question 10 participants.
Please send your comments by e-mail to the address: email@example.com
then the copies of your e-mail message will be disseminated to all the participants of Question 10 as well as to the rapporteur. Your comments also will be posted after the review by the rapporteur.
2 Uploading your comments onto this blog page.
Please send your comments by e-mail to the rapporteur: Kawasumi at firstname.lastname@example.com
or you can send them to the administrator of this blog page: Miyoshi at firstname.lastname@example.com
In either case, your comments will be posted after the review by the rapporteur.
3 Making short comments directly on the blog page by yourself.
Please click "Comments" link that is located at the right end of the bottom line of each article. A comment input form will appear below the article, please type in your comment. This may be good only for a short comment on the input article.
10 March 2009
This weblog is maintained for ITU-D study group 2 Question 10. The members of the study group are welcome to register their e-mail address to the administrator below, and to make comments/contributions to this blog page by any of the following methods.
1 Sending your comments to the Question 10 participants.
Please send your comments by e-mail to the address: email@example.com
then the copies of your e-mail message will be disseminated to all the participants of Question 10 as well as to the rapporteur. Your comments also will be posted after the review by the rapporteur.
Please send your comments by e-mail to the address: firstname.lastname@example.com
then the copies of your e-mail message will be disseminated to all the participants of Question 10 as well as to the rapporteur. Your comments also will be posted after the review by the rapporteur.
2 Uploading your comments onto this blog page.
Please send your comments by e-mail to the rapporteur: Kawasumi at firstname.lastname@example.com
or you can send them to the administrator of this blog page: Miyoshi at firstname.lastname@example.com
In either case, your comments will be posted after the review by the rapporteur.
Please send your comments by e-mail to the rapporteur: Kawasumi at email@example.com
or you can send them to the administrator of this blog page: Miyoshi at email@example.com
In either case, your comments will be posted after the review by the rapporteur.
3 Making short comments directly on the blog page by yourself.
Please click "Comments" link that is located at the right end of the bottom line of each article. A comment input form will appear below the article, please type in your comment. This may be good only for a short comment on the input article.
Please click "Comments" link that is located at the right end of the bottom line of each article. A comment input form will appear below the article, please type in your comment. This may be good only for a short comment on the input article.
The rapporteur is seeking the comments from the e-discussion participants on the following revised draft question 10-2/2 for 2010-2014 study period to be discussed during the forthcoming rapporteur's group meeting. The draft will be submitted to the SG2 September 09 meeting for its review and then submitted to the WTDC-09 for apporval. Please send your comments to my e-mail address at firstname.lastname@example.com, or by following "How to make comments" which is found in Navigation links to the right of this blog page.
Question 10-2/2 : Telecommunication for rural and remote areas
Rapporteur for Q10-2/2
Draft revised Question Q10-2/2 for 2010-2014
Action required: The Rapporteur's Group is requested to review for modification, if any, this draft revised question for the next study period.
Abstract: Draft revised question Q10-2/2 is submitted to the Rapporteur's group for its consideration and necessary modification for approval by SG2 in September 2009 for submission to WTDC-10.
In order to meet the objectives set by Geneva plan of action including those in Millennium development goals for improving connectivity and access in the use of ICT to be achieved by 2015 for all on this planet, the challenge of infrastructure development in the rural and remote areas of developing countries, where more than half of the world population are dwelling, is an essential foundation for providing valuable ICT applications outlined in C7 of Tunis agenda for quality of life of residents in the marginalized, harsh climate and difficult geographical terrain.
Rapid migration of population to urban areas of developing and least developed countries may cause the adverse effect to the poverty alleviation unless measures are taken to improve the environment of the life of rural and remote areas possibly by deploying ICT technologies.
¡°Connect villages with ICT and establish community access points¡± should be promoted more intensively by emerging broadband technologies for various e-application services to vitalize the social and economic activities of rural and remote areas. Multipurpose community telecenters (MCT), public call office (PCO), community access centers (CAC), e-posts are still valid for cost effectiveness for sharing infrastructure and facilities by the community residents leading to the goal of provision of individual telecommunication access.
Decisions that may drive first the examination and then the choice of particular techniques and solutions for the provision of multimedia services may be influenced by, inter alia, the following:
a) Increasing availability of technologies that provide broadband connectivity at progressively lower costs, lower energy consumption and lower emission of carbon oxide gas.
b) Experience gained since the previous study cycles in many parts of the world in developing, implementing and refining major rural telecommunications programmes, as more countries respond to particular situations and in-country demand using "best practices" as outlined in the work of ITU‑D.
c) The influence of cultural, social and other factors in producing differing and often creative responses to meeting the demand for multimedia services from residents of rural and remote areas of developing and least developed countries.
d) Progress being steadily made on human resource development/management issues which are fundamental to establishing sustainable telecommunication infrastructure.
There are a variety of issues that members will be interested in addressing within the four years of the Question. It is proposed that the key issue for study is the range and scope of techniques and solutions that are expected to play a significant role in the provision of e-application services for rural and remote areas. It is further proposed that the study should progress in stages to cover a four-year cycle in the following manner:
¨C Step 1 ¨C Identification of the full range of potential techniques and solutions that can significantly impact on the provision of e-application services in rural and remote areas, with emphasis on those that employ the latest technology designed to lower infrastructure capital and operating costs taking into ample consideration for protection of global warming.
¨C Step 2 ¨C Investigate and report on how the techniques identified above can be used to best deliver the range of services and applications required by rural and remote communities and adapted to the needs of users.
¨C Step 3 ¨C Make an assessment of the likely commercial viability or sustainability of the techniques and solutions identified in the above steps.
¨C Step 4 ¨C Report on a range of case studies that clearly demonstrate how a range of techniques, based on new technology aimed at providing reduced capital and operating cost solutions and enhancing community participation, can maximize the benefits of broadband ICT infrastructure in rural and remote areas.
In dealing with the above studies, the work under way in response to other Questions being dealt with in ITU‑D, and close coordination with relevant activities of the Questions, in particular Questions 18-1/2, 20-2/2 and also Questions 7-2/2 and 18-1/1 (Study Group 1), are highly relevant. In the same way, the studies shall take into account cases related to indigenous communities, isolated and poorly served areas and small islands, and highlight their particular needs and other particular situations which need to be considered in developing communications for these areas.
The output will be a report on the results of the work conducted for each step above, together with one or more recommendations at appropriate times, either during the course of or at the conclusion of the cycle.
Output will be generated on a yearly basis. The output from the first year will be analysed and assessed in order to update the work plan for the next year, and so on.
The Question was originally approved by WTDC‑94, revised by WTDC‑98, WTDC‑02, WTDC‑06 and WTDC-10
Contributions are required from Member States and Sector Members, as well as inputs from relevant BDT programmes, particularly those that have successfully implemented telecommunication programmes in rural and remote areas. These contributions will enable those responsible for work on the Question to develop the most appropriate conclusions, recommendations and output. The intensive use of correspondence and on line exchange of information and experiences is encouraged for additional sources of input.
Target audience
Developed countries
Developing countries
Least developed countries (LDCs)
Telecom policy‑makers
Telecom regulators
Service providers/operators
a) Target audience
Depending on the nature of the output, upper- to middle-level managers among operators and regulators in developing and least developed countries are the predominant users of the output.
b) Proposed methods for the implementation of the results
To be decided during the study period.
Within Study Group 2.
The ITU‑D study group dealing with this Question will need to coordinate with:
¨C Relevant focal points in BDT.
¨C Coordinators of relevant project and programme activities in BDT.
¨C Regional and scientific organizations with mandates covering the subject matter of the Question.
As may become apparent within the life of this Question.
Rapporteur Group meeting on Q10-2/2 will take place at ITU headquarters during March 18-19 am. Invitation letter and the agenda may be retrieved from the following URL:
The Rapporteur would like to invite the members of Q10-2/2 group to submit input contributions to the forthcoming meeting on the following agenda items in particular:
1) Agenda item 5; Individual country experiences (Case studies),
2) Agenda item 7; Report/Guidelines on Question 10-2/2,
3) Agenda item 8; Proposals for Recommendations on Q10-2/2 for WTDC-10,
4) Agenda item 9; Proposals for a revised Question 10-2/2 for WTDC-10.
The draft analysis report on case studies Doc. 2/178 (2006-10) is available from the URL and the rest of the case studies submitted after the completion of draft analysis report is also available on the case library of the ITU-D :
Rapporteur would also like as many members as possible to participate in the forthcoming meeting with input contributions on the above agenda items. The rapporteur will also prepare the draft report, recommendation and question for the WTDC10, however input from the members and vice-rapporteur will be much appreciated for productive meeting in March.
Yours faithfully,
Yasuhiko Kawasumi, ITU Association of Japan
Rapporteur for Q10-2/2 on
Telecommunication for rural and remote areas
The rapporteur would like to remind all the participants to refer to the ?Analysis of case studies on successful practices in telecommunications for rural and remote remote areas? published by the ITU as report of ITU SG2 for Q10-1/2 during 3rd study period (2002-2006). It gives under the annex from 47-53 on the ?Reducing Off-Grid Energy Costs for Small-Scale Rural ICT Projects?. The annex was provided by Ms. Rebecca Mayer of Winrock International (USA) to the rapporteur?s group meeting as their contribution and agreed to be included in the report. The following is the extracts from the annex. The complete text is downloadable free of charge from : http://www.itu.int/publ/D-STG-SG02.10.1-2006/en
The cost of providing electricity for small-scale ICT projects in off-grid and poorly electrified areas can consume as much as 80% of initial project funds if energy demand is not managed properly from the outset.
When on-site energy generation and storage systems are used, the selection of low-power ICT equipment such as notebook computers, low-power desktop computers, LCDs screens, and ink jet printers (Figure A-1) can result in significant net savings in initial project costs by reducing the need for energy. Simply using energy efficient notebook computers instead of desktop systems can reduce the upfront investment in an off-grid, solar-powered telecenter by over USD 30 000. One of the primary goals of this discussion is to raise awareness of the relationship between ICTs and energy, and the financial benefits of considering energy needs early in the process when planning ICT programs in unelectrified rural areas.
Figure A-1 ? Energy-Saving ICT Options for Off-Grid Projects
Even when grid power is available, low ICT power consumption may be beneficial if the grid is unreliable and subject to frequent power outages. When the grid has frequent outages, a back-up electricity generator and/or a battery system may be needed to ensure continuous availability of electricity. As with distributed energy generation systems, the cost of a back-up battery system typically increases with the capacity of the battery bank. In general, the less energy the ICTs are consuming, the less expensive it will be to supply any shortfalls that may arise during the lifetime of the project.
A variety of field tested, commercialized standalone power systems are available to provide electricity for small-scale rural ICT applications. Energy management is particularly important with the use of photovoltaic (PV) and small wind systems. An assessment of the availability, quality and reliability of access to electricity at the site of proposed information and communications facilities can be a valuable cost-saving tool when matched with an understanding of distributed energy options and the impact that ICT power requirements have on energy system size and cost.
Small-scale energy needs are defined in this paper as the consumption of no more than 10 or 12 kilowatt hours (kWh) of electricity per day. These needs can typically be met by power systems with rated capacities ranging from tens of Watts up to 2 to 3 kilowatts (kW) of peak power. In practical terms, power systems within this size range are capable of supporting applications such as battery charging for cell phones; a satellite dish, television and videocassette player for distance education; or a rural telecenter with eight to ten energy-efficient computers. Once the demand for electricity starts to exceed the range defined above, greater economies of scale in the purchase of energy system equipment begin to tip the balance of cost-benefit analyses toward different solutions and approaches.
Rural Energy Options
There are a number of ways to power small-scale ICT installations in locations that are not served by the electricity grid. Typically, the easiest and least expensive solution from the end user?s perspective is to arrange for the extension of the electricity grid to the project site. The cost of grid extension increases with the distance from the grid at a rate of several thousand U.S. dollars per kilometre (Table A-1). Therefore grid extension often starts to become economically prohibitive farther than three to five km from the grid.
When grid extension is not an option, a stand-alone or distributed power system can be installed to generate electricity at a location close to the site where the electricity is needed. Examples of small-scale, standalone power systems include generator sets powered by diesel, photovoltaic systems, small wind systems, and micro-hydro systems. Power systems based on renewable energy resources such as sunlight, wind and running water typically incur most of their costs up front with the initial purchase and installation of the system. On the other hand, power options based on fossil fuels tend to have lower initial investment costs and much higher running costs over time (Table A-1).
Table A-1 ? Costs of Energy Options for Off-Grid ICT Installations
Grid extension
Solar PV
Small wind
Capital costs2
USD 4 000 to
per km
USD 12 000 to
per kW
USD 2 000 to
USD 1 000 to
Operating costs4
USD 80 to
per 1 000 kWh
2 Capital costs include energy system components, installation, vendor markups, taxes and duties.
3 NRECA, February 2000.
4 Source: U.S. Office of Technology Assessment, 1992. Grid operating costs are based on retail electricity rates of USD 0.08 to
USD 0.12 per kWh. Generator operating costs include fuel at a price of USD 0.50/liter.
(End of Extracts)
(End of Extracts)
Yasuhiko Kawasumi, rapporteur
Facilitators for E-discussion topics Q10-2/2
29 March 2008
(Revised after the RGQ10 Geneva meeting
in September 2007)
Revised Topic
1 Rural Technology, Infrastructure and community participation
SANZ CABRERA Julian, email@example.com
HECTOR Paul, email@example.com
2 Rural community development
ANAGO Richard, email@example.com
JHUNJHUNWALA Ashok, firstname.lastname@example.com
BHATTI Mushtaq Ahmad, email@example.com
3 Rural projects, Economic Viability & Sustainability
Ms SHARMA Sapna, email@example.com
Ms. ALVAREZ Clara-Luz, firstname.lastname@example.com
4 Rural projects, Emergency Support and Environmental Monitoring
AGUNG Wiseto, firstname.lastname@example.com
SASTROKUSUMO Utoro, email@example.com
ROSE John, firstname.lastname@example.com
5 Broadband + NGN for Rural and Remote Areas
Ms. PATNAIK Laboni, firstname.lastname@example.com
6 Regulatory Matters for Rural and Remote Areas
MUNIKUNDA MUSATA Oscar,
7 E-healthcare
NATENZON Mikhail, firstname.lastname@example.com
Yasuhiko KAWASUMI, Rapporteur
Revised Topic 3. Rural Projects, Economic Viability & Sustainability
Access to reliable power for electricity generation has been and continues to be a challenge for small-scale rural and remote communities. Today, the rising cost of petro-fuels is clearly another wake-up call to redouble efforts aimed at ensuring that the energy needs of these communities are being met.
Renewable energies provide one means of addressing this challenge, particularly for those communities which are not on the national power grid. Possible technologies include wind turbine, micro-hydro, solar and human/animal powered equipment.
Equally important though is to note that by employing devices which themselves have low-power consumption levels, the power requirement needs of communications can be reduced. Consequently, more devices can be powered with a given level of power generating capacity. An example, which comes immediately to mind are energy-saving bulbs, however, a variety of electrical components ranging from computers to radio transmission/receiving equipment are being designed with built-in power saving and low-power consumption features.
The following websites provide some examples of projects and products that incorportate low-energy and low-cost ICT devices as well as information on renewable energy generating equipment that can be developed and installed by rural and remote communities.
1. Ugandan experiences using low-cost Internet for rural schools
Deploying Low-Energy ICT ? A technical overview:
Low-energy Internet for Education ? Where Electricity is a Challenge
2. A list of global organizations and products that offer low cost and low-energy ICT devices for the developing world
3. Scoraig Wind Electric - a number of do it yourself plans for building small scale wind turbines
4. Information on micro-hydro turbines
5. A rural India micro-hydro project
6. ICT infrastructure projects for rural and remote communities in Africa and Asia
Paul Hector, Topic 3 Facilitator
Cher Monsieur Manga,
WiMax ce n'est pas du tout une espèce de WiFi, et ca parce que du point de vue théorétique la rase d'action pour un système WiMax c'est environs 40 km, si on utilise comme système radiant un système d'antennes intelligentes "smart antenna". En plus si on développe un logiciel de type Mobile IPv6, comme méthode d'accès alors vous avez déjà un système vraiment mobile. Ca veut dire que je peut m'inscrire dans le système WiMax avec mon terminal de n'importe quel réseaux et ca fonctionnera super grâce aux algorithmes qui sont développés par Mobile IPv6. Je parle ici de la vraie mobilité et pas de celle prévue par un réseau 3G ou 2G, ou je suis seulement nomade dans mon réseau mère, car si je quitte ce réseau en 2G ou 3G il faudrait des accords de "roaming" entre les opérateurs, tandis qu'ici en WiMax ca marche, n'importe quelle sera mon réseau mère.
Vous trouvez comme pièce jointe quelques précisions de plus sur le système qui engendre Mobile IPv6.
Je parle d'un vrai mobilité alors de je serai servi n'importe quelle sera mon réseau, je serai en "roaming" partout, en plus je suis IP, alors des liaison de données sans peine. Super bonne idée comme technologie je ne serai lié de l'opérateur que pour des raisons de tarifications.
Amicalement votre,René ANDREESCUPrésident de l'Association "Ecole Polytechnique de Bucarest"
Dear Mr. Manga,
WiMax it's not a really WiFi modified. That because cell radius can bee 40 km if we use a smart antenna area, theoretical speaking. Otherwise if we use also a Mobile IPv6 access protocol will have a really mobile network. That means I can login in the system with my terminal coming-up from any network. That doesn't works in 2G or 3G networks if only the operators have roaming accord. In our case will work fine because of Mobile IPv6 algorithms, for any host network.
You find attached small presentations, where you can find the principle of Mobile IPv6.
I talk here about a truly mobility and not only about nomadic situation in my home network, like in 2G or 3G cases. In this situation I will be in "roaming" in any network and more than that I have an IP link, which will work fine. Great technological idea! The only raison for I have a home network it's the billing.
Sincerely yours,René ANDREESCUPresident of "Polytechnic School of Bucharest" Association
Thank you very much for your message asking whether WiMax technology should be regulated in your coutry.
In my country or in any other country, I think at least the use of radio frequencies, power emission of radio signals, conditions for deployment of the technology for fixed or mobile services should be prescribed by the radio regulation. The study of regulation is now under way in our country.
I wish to seek the views of other e-discussion members in this respect.
Regards, Kawasumi
----- Original Message ----- From: Roger MANGASubject: règlementation du Wimax
je voudrais vous poser un problème qui n'a pas un lien direct avec la question 10-2/2.
En effet un débat sur la règlementation du Wimax divise en ce moment les responsables en charge des télécommunications dans mon pays. Certains sont pour la règlementation de cette technologie d'autres sont contre.
J'aimerais connaitre la vision de votre pays à ce sujet.
salutations, Roger MANGA
Dear Mr. Kawasumi,
As far as USO policy in India is concerned, initially the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF) was providing support for public access through Village Public Telephones (VPTs), Rural ommunity Phones (RCPs) and individual access through provision of individual household telephones (RDELs) i.e. basic services. Recently, the Government is working to provide support for creation of infrastructure for provision of mobile services in specified rural and remote areas. In addition, USO policy also intends to support provision of e-governance and other data services to the rural masses. For the same a proposal is under consideration of the Government to provide subsidy support for Broadband connectivity in rural and remote areas of the country in phased manner by utilizing the infrastructure created for provision of mobile services. The broad parameters under which the connectivity is required to be provided are being worked out.
2. In India, the Corporates, State Governments and NGOs have launched several rural initiatives based on latest ICTs and of different scales. Some pilot projects carried out in rural areas of India include the following:
(a) Profit Driven Projects:
Ø ITC e-chaupal Ø N-Logue Ø Drishtee (using existing telecom infra-structure)
(b) Grant/aid driven:
Ø MS Swaminathan Center (in Pondichery, focused on agriculture and fishing applications). Ø Tara-haat (focus on rural enterprises) Ø Akshaya (in Kerala with Government support). Ø Gyandoot (in M.P. with focus on e-Governance)- operated by n-Logue. Ø Rural e-Seva (in East Godavari District of AP with focus on e-governance) Ø Warana Village (in Maharashtra by NIC) ? operated by n-Logue
(c) Application Development initiatives:
Ø Bhoomi
(d) State Government driven:
Ø Andhra Pradesh Broadband Network ? Broadband connectivity available across the state ? for offices, institutions and homes ? at affordable costs.
3. In these pilot projects the main services that are being provided include the following:
(a) Information about agricultural product (b) market information (c) weather information (d) e-education (e) e-medicine (f) exam results (g) e-payments (h) video conferencing (i) cyber chatting (j) ecommerce (k) email (l) voice mail (m) e-governance, etc.
Best regards Sapna
On 4/9/07, KAWASUMI Yasuhiko wrote:
Dear Ms. Sharma, I think your message is based on the real policy and its practice. Thank you for your useful input. We would like to know what e-services are aimed for the rural and remote areas in India and Pakistan or implemented.
Regards. Kawasumi
Dear Mr. Bharti,I agree with Mr. Gupta. When I visited rural village centers in India two years ago,rural intreprueners explained to me that video-conferencing through the MCT facilitieswere pupular service among the village people. 256Kbps may be more confortable forthe users than 128 for the image or video transmission( video-conferencing, medicalconsultation services, and tele-education services etc).Regards.Kawasumi------------------------------------------------------Dear Mr. Bhatti,Though 128KBPS for rural area may be a goodbeginning,it cannot support Video(Entertanment) aswell as e-learning which are considered to be veryimportant applications to make the Broadbandaffordable as well as popular in rural areas. also any mandate for lower speeds in rural areas vis-a-vis urban may widen the digital divide further. For consideration please.Satyen Gupta
Dear all,
1. In India, Broadband policy 2004 defines Broadband connectivity as an 'always-on' data connection that has the capability of the minimum download speed of 256 kilo bits per second (kbps) to an individual subscriber.
2. As per commission of the European communities "Digital divide forum report: Broadband access and public support in under-served areas" dated 15.07.2005:
Speeds in rural areas tend to be lower than average. Download speeds between 144 kbps and 512 kbps have been the most common speeds rural users have subscribed to in the past two years (55-56% of users).
At the national level, in July 2004 the percentage of subscriptions to this bracket of speeds is down to 39%, and a similar percentage is registered for speeds up to 1 Mbps. Since 2003, at the national level, the share of low speeds has been declining, while higher speeds above 1 Mbps have increased their share. The share of high speeds in rural areas has remained overall constant.
Best regards Sapna
Facilitators for E-discussion topics
9 April 2007
1 Community Development
ANAGO Richard
2 Developing Support for Small Businesses
JHUNJHUNWALA Ashok
3 Rural technology for Social infrastructure
SANZ CABRERA Julian
4 Emergency Support & Disaster Mitigation
HASAN Taufik
Co:SASTROKUSUMO Utoro
5 Sustainability, Reliability & Effectiveness
Ms SHARMA Sapna
6 Environmental Monitoring & Protection
ROSE John
7 Economical Viability
HECTOR Paul
8A Indices in rural area
ALVAREZ Rodolfo
8B Community participation in infrastructure
9 NGN for rural and remote areas
AGUNG Wiseto
10 Broadband for rural and remote areas
Ms GRAIG Samantha
11 Regulatory Matter for rural and remote areas
MUNIKUNDA MUSATA Oscar
12 E-Services planned or implemented in rural and remote areas
BHATTI Mushtaq Ahmad
* updated after Bandung RQG10 meeting in March 2007.
Dear Mr. Bhatti,It was so nice to meet you during the RGQ10-2/2 meeting in Bandung last week. Thank you for your input on the topic of requirements for broadband and NGN.128Kbps and the 256Kbps are the target suggested at this time. During the Bandung meeting you suggested the new topic of e-services over the broadband for the rural and remote areas for the e-discussion and you kindly volunteered to be the facilitator for this topic.Can you lead the topic by providing the e-services planned or implemeted in rural and remote areas of your country.Regards. Kawasumi
Dear Mr.Mushtaq Ahmad Bhatti,Too, I fully agree with Hendrik Prins, your definition seem very realistic and deserve to be studied in depth
Yours sincerely Michel LEMAITRE
Dear Mushtaq Ahmad Bhatti
This is a realistic entry point in my view (same as 2x64 ISDN).
Regards Hendrik Prins Australia
Dear All,High data rates provision for rural areas is a bottleneck for rural areas as these areas lack in back bone facilities and content requirement is also limited. Keeping in view these constraints, Pakistan has defined 128 kbps always on connection as broad band which will meet most of the requirements/applications of rural areas. Regards, Mushtaq Ahmad Bhatti Director Telecom, Ministry of IT
Thanks Wiseto,As mentioned in my earlier comments,TRAI reccomendations for Unified licence is yet to be accepted by Govt. and therefore enough incentive is not there for operators to deploy NGN in rural areas. But main operators are in planning stage for NGN deployment for NGN. I will get some more details for that.Regards, Satyen
--- Wiseto Agung <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote:Dear Satyen, Many thanks for your comments. As NGN promises new services possibilities as well as the cost reduction (both capex & opex), I have the same opinion with you that this technology might support the affordability aspect. Perhaps you could inform us the real case in India of the NGN implementation ? Kind regards, Wiseto
Dear Wiseto,
Thanks a lot for initiating the discussion on NGN in Rural area. There appears to be no killer application for NGN in rural areas but one very compelling application appears to be Triple-Play ie. all voice,internet and video through same infrastructure bundled with the single bill for all this services. This will take care of the affordability angle in the rural area as other wise people there can not afford the cost of individual service through separatre networks(infrastructre).Also rural area being a green field environment in most of the developing countries,deployment of NGN there makes an ideal choice.The main requirement for motivating the operators to deploy NGN in rural areas will be an Unified licence which should be technology neutral and service agnostic, enabling the operator to deploy any technology and provide all type of services by obtaining the single unified licence. In india the regulator(TRAI) has already reccomended a similar licencing regime to the Govt.Regards, Satyen
It seems to me that we are getting things a little out of order here and that is creating a problem.
I believe the situation is quite straight forward. User requirements are established first whether they be for individuals, households, businesses, Government entities, Hospitals, schools etc.
These requirements will vary greatly depending on the services and applications sought under a host of different scenarios depending on location, level of economic development and will tempered by the ability to fund/pay. We can try to determine a set of so called typical scenarios to be used for modelling and then do some straw man technical solutions and costing. If the network architecture is to be based on a shared and thus contended access model, we need to start from average date rates to dimension the network and then depending on the traffic flow dynamics make some predictions about likely peak data rates for individual connections.
There is nothing new in any of this. Thousands of networks have already been deployed in rural areas based on wireless to offer voice and more recently higher speed packet data access. Whether these or future ones are deemed broadband or not is a moot point and not even very important as long as the user needs are satisfied in my view. Furthermore how all this actually relates to NGN in a practical is still not even certain in my mind.
The above view are based on nearly 40 years of practical and theoretical experience in wireless communications, including intimate involvement with wireless broadband network system design and deployment in rural areas.
For consideration by the group.
Regards Hendrik
Hendrik, Michel: I agree that everyone should be very careful before drawing any conclusions from our discussions on this forum. We are in a very early stage in the deployment of broadband in rural areas, and it is not even clear what questions need to be asked - let alone answered - in order to provide a foundation for decisions at many levels. Ashok's suggestion to set targets for average or effective bandwidth rather than peak rates helps define the policy question in a certain direction, but there are still a lot of unanswered questions in my mind about what the implications of such an approach would be in terms of cost and feasibility. I think that discussions like this are useful for bridging the gap between technical standards debates (particularly in ITU fora) and more practical considerations such as: what are the actual service features that rural populations experience using this infrastructure, what are the service models through which broadband is reaching or will reach the end user, and how do we abstract the economic and cost principles behind infrastructure deployment that are needed by policymakers to make choices about how to allocate limited resources. As for Michel's objection to my relaying an anecdote from a vendor about product functionality, I purposely did not mention the vendor's name or product line so there could be no question of promoting commercial interests. A lot of people have practical questions about what today's commercial technology can offer LDCs. An informed consumer has the best chance of protecting their own interests! Regards, Rebecca
dear all,
I fully agreed with Hendrik point of view: the most important point is this of users not vendors!! it is not a commercial forum; we are required for helping the LDC !!!
Regards and good week end!
michel lemaitre
Rebecca (re: starting input)
I respectfully disagree with the statements from the vendor re guarantees for end users unless the configuration is a point to point link using one of the WiMAX profiles. In fact I find that this whole debate lacks technical rigour and the conclusions arrived at need to be carefully scrutinised.
Regards Hendrik
© Copyright 2017, ITU
The information presented within this blog comes from various organizations around the world. ITU encourages users to seek more detailed information from the original source through the links provided.
Links to third-party websites are provided for the convenience of all users. The ITU is not responsible for the accuracy, currency or the reliability of the content on these third-party websites. ITU does not offer any guarantee in that regard nor does ITU endorse the third-party organizations, their sites or content.


text:
USC students take top honors in clean-energy competition
The University of South Carolina has won a top prize in the "Great Power Race," an international clean-energy competition among students in China, India and the United States.
A team from the USC Green Quad's Learning Center for Sustainable Futures finished first among 997 teams in the points race by documenting the wide array of student initiated climate- and energy-related programs and projects at USC.
USC and the University of California-Berkeley were recognized Dec. 9 as the two winning institutions from the United States. The global winner was the Indian Institute of Technology in Delhi, India. The awards were presented in Cancun, Mexico.
The USC team was led by Anjana Sukumar and Myoung Su Ko, graduate students in environmental resources management. Ko also is a graduate intern in the Green Quad Learning Center. Michael Koman, director of the Office of Sustainability, served as the team adviser.
"The Green Quad's mission is to promote collaborative relationships among students, faculty, staff and community members for exploring the changes required to create a sustainable society," said Dr. David Whiteman, Green Quad faculty principal. "This recognition points out the progress we are making in improving sustainability through actions large and small each day at USC."
Organizers of the Great Power Race included 350.org, the Chinese Youth Climate Action Network, the Indian Youth Climate Network, the Energy Action Coalition, Golden Bridges, the Green Student Forum and AIESEC China. They created the competition to highlight the central role played by China, India and the United States in climate negotiations. As part of the competition, registered teams earned points by documenting the climate and clean-energy solution projects taking place on campus. At USC, those included activities such as workshops, seminars and hands-on learning.
For more information, see http://www.greatpowerrace.org/.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Shane Doan deserves better ending to free agency
PHOENIX – C'mon, LA, keep your grubby mitts away, won't you? Isn't pilfering one athletically gifted, civic-minded Canadian away from Phoenix enough already?
On the heels of Steve Nash's departure to Los Angeles comes word that nearly a dozen suitors are courting Shane Doan, including the Kings, according to several reports, should the Coyotes captain choose to leave the Valley.
MORE: NHL free agent tracker
That isn't the lament of a homer sportswriter. It is the reaction of a journalist who has spent several decades covering the games people play and knows how unique Doan is. Rarely does an athlete come along who spends his entire career with one organization and in the process serves as leader, scorer, mentor, promoter.
Yet his 16-year stay in Arizona is at risk of ending because of an ownership mess that appears to be growing more complicated by the minute. And it's not just the Kings who appear to have interest in Doan. Eleven teams have inquired about the player, his agent, Terry Bross, said Friday. The New York Rangers, Detroit Red Wings and Montreal Canadiens are among the group, according to various reports.
Doan deserves better.
"It's heartbreaking for him," Bross said. "Heartbreaking."
Bross reiterated Doan wants to stay with the Coyotes. He loves it here, his family loves it here and he has developed a profound connection with the organization.
"He's such a loyal guy," Bross said. "He views the team like it's his own franchise, from the equipment manager to the trainer to the people taking tickets."
Bross and Coyotes general manager Don Maloney speak almost daily. Doan had set a deadline for Monday to make a decision, but that could change as the team's ownership issues grows more complicated.
Monday is the day Glendale, Ariz., said signatures are due for a petition to make potential owner Greg Jamison's lease agreement a referendum on the November ballot. However, organizers now say they have until July 16 to submit the signatures.
Further clouding resolution is a sales-tax initiative petition recently presented to the city to make it a referendum on the November ballot. The fear is if the tax hike doesn't go through, the city might not be able to finance the Jamison deal.
How much more patience can Jamison exercise?
What is the Goldwater Institute's next move?
And how much more can the city of Glendale withstand?
Meanwhile, a group of citizens known as "Glendale First!" has formed to help educate the public about what they believe is "misinformation and exaggerated numbers" being distributed by the petition gatherers, according to its website, and to get the word out about the positive impact a professional sports team has on a city.
The problem with the uncertainty is that Doan, 35, understandably wants to sign a multiyear agreement. But if he does that with the Coyotes and the team relocates after next season because of unresolved ownership, he could end up in a city in which he has no interest in finishing his career.
And if Doan deserves anything, it is calling the shots about where he plays as his career winds down.
The idea of Doan signing a one-year deal with the Coyotes that includes an understanding that it will extend longer if the team stays won't cut it either. The NHL's collective-bargaining agreement is less flexible than those of other professional leagues in that regard. True player options aren't in the mix.
Additionally, because of Doan's age, a contract set up next season vs. this year would have a greater impact on a team's salary cap.
"Believe me, we've explored every angle," Bross said.
The agent said he has been very clear with teams that Doan's heart is in Phoenix and that he will stay here if something can be worked out.
"I've told them, if you want to wait for Shane, understand you may be waiting in vain," Bross said. "Shane would wait until the cows come home.
"Unfortunately with these things, there is a business aspect to all of this and, at some point, Shane is going to have to fish or cut bait."
The strong interest in Doan, who will be 36 in October, says a lot about what he contributes on and off the ice.
He has scored 20 or more goals 11 of the past 12 seasons and had 22 goals and 28 assists in 2011-12, plus nine more points in the postseason.
His leadership is also one of his great selling points and integral to the team advancing to the Western Conference final.
It is rare in sports when a star plays stays with an organization his entire career. Doan started with the Winnipeg Jets a year before the team moved to Arizona for the 1996-97 season.
Who knew the marriage would be such a successful one?
Who knew it might end in a divorce?
Posted | Updated


text:
Keeping families together would be a top priority for attorneys representing children during removal proceedings under a bill passed Tuesday by the Utah House.
Rep. Paul Ray, R-Clearfield, sponsored SB255 with Sen. Wayne Harper, R-Taylorsville, after an audit released two weeks ago revealed guardians ad litum were sometimes at odds with the courts and the Division of Child and Family Services when it came to recommendations on where to place the children.
"We're trying to coordinate things ... so we're all on the same page," Ray said.
The measure passed 66-5.
The training would have guardians ad litum lawyers appointed to independently represent children look at a list of options starting with the most favorable, which would be keeping a family together. If that option isn't available, the child would go with kin and if that wasn't possible, the child would be placed for adoption.
Only after those possibilities had been exhausted would the agencies coordinate to arrange permanent guardianship.
Also under the proposal, the measure would also unify the time-frame for adopting children. Under the current law, children under the age of three must wait eight months to begin adoption proceedings while children over 3 years old have a one-year wait. Under the bill, both wait times would be 12 months.
Harper said that was done in an attempt to keep siblings together when being placed.
Twitter: @davemontero


text:
'Thomas Vanek is worth more than this season's $942,000 salary. Center Derek Roy (career-high 21 goals and 63 points) was a bargain, given his $627,000 salary. Forward Dainius Zubrus will be highly coveted, meaning he should earn more than this year's $1.85 million. Adam Mair and Daniel Paille were key role players making a combined $1.35 million. So let's do the math. That's five forwards capable of making $1 million or more apiece per season, another two worthy of $5 million apiece. Total minimum price, $15 million. Cap room left, less than $4 million.'
Sabres have some expensive decisions to make
May 24, 2007 Submitted by
Via: Erie Times News


text:
You've already got 5 items in your shopping cart, so there's no room to reserve another one. If you'd like, you can take something out of your cart to make room for this one.
Movie & Video Game Rentals at Kum & Gosearch locations browse by state
Redbox at Kum & Go
2506 W College Rd
Springfield, MO 65802-4572
Browse available movies and video games at the Redbox location in your local Kum & Go. You can reserve your rentals online and pick them up when it's convenient for you.
Movies & Games Available at This Location: ·
The Lost City of Z (Blu-ray) CHiPs (Blu-ray) Smurfs: The Lost Village (Blu-ray) Logan (Blu-ray) Beauty & the Beast (2017) (Blu-ray)
Sorry, no results match what you're searching for.
LEGO Star Wars: The Force Awakens PS4 LEGO Star Wars: The Force Awakens Xbox One Micro Machines World Series PS4 Micro Machines World Series Xbox One LEGO Worlds PS4


text:
Note: This message is displayed if (1) your browser is not standards-compliant or (2) you have you disabled CSS. Read our Policies for more information.
(1968) Geohydrology and Ground-Water Potential of Lake County, Indiana
Interpretive report by J. S. Rosenshein and J. D. Hunn about ground-water resources of Lake County. Includes descriptions and maps of the principal water-bearing units in the county. Includes information (maps, data, interpretations) about aquifer coefficients, water levels, water quality, recharge, discharge, and development potential. Does not include water well records.


text:
Houston, TX (Sports Network) - Matt Moore tossed seven scoreless innings as the Tampa Bay Rays blanked the Houston Astros, 12-0, in the opener of a four- game set at Minute Maid Park.
Moore (11-3) allowed just two hits, walked three and struck out eight to win his third straight start. Cesar Ramos worked two perfect innings in relief.
Sean Rodriguez went 4-for-6 with two doubles and three RBI, Ryan Roberts hit a two-run homer and drove in three runs and Sam Fuld added three hits and a pair of RBI for the Rays, winners in six of their last eight games.
Dallas Keuchel (4-5) was charged with five runs on eight hits and five walks over 4 2/3 innings to absorb the loss.
Original Document:
Display Section:
MLB Teams:


text:
The Expressive Therapies Continuum (ETC) offers a way to understand how people have the abilities to take in, process, and share information through six equally important channels. Usually people only use a small portion of these abilities and find their lives constricted and their self-expression stifled. This lecture offers easy ways to increase your awareness, open all ETC channels, and enrich your life.
This lecture should be of interest to art therapists, artists, psychologists, counselors, social workers, teachers, graduate level students, and others would like to learn more about visual media or who are interested in understanding and developing personal awareness and self-expression.
Lecture is on April 20th, 6:00pm-7:30pm
Dr. Hinz' book, Expressive Therapies Continuum: A Framework for using Art in Therapy will be available from Marwil's during the lecture and booksigning at a discounted price.


text:
Charles Häberl wrote a new blog post, about a connection between the traditions of the Yazidi and the Mandaeans, noting that both groups have been in the news lately because of their persecution by ISIS in Iraq. Click through to read his post, including a transcription and translation of part of the Mandaean Book of John. Of [Read More…]
The Peacock's Lament
August 14, 2014 by Leave a Comment


text:
Including all Public Local Laws enacted by the General Assembly which are applicable in Carroll County and Ordinances
adopted by the Board of County Commissioners of Carroll County
Edited by: The Department of the County Attorney for Carroll County
The new version of the Carroll County Code of Public Local Laws and Ordinances will be effective MAY 1, 2014.
Please note that some of the older references on the County website along with agency pages and ordinances with
older code sections are being updated manually and will be corrected to reflect this change soon. Thank you for
your patience.
ccgovernment.carr.org |
Comments to Webmaster |
ADA Policy
Carroll County... a great place to live, a great place to work, a great place to play!


text:
UCLA's Brett Hundley Earns Manning Player of the Week Honor
Thursday, September 13, 2012
Freshman quarterback Brett Hundley from UCLA has been selected as the Manning Award Player of the Week. Hundley earns the honor over seven other Manning Award Stars of the Week in the Allstate Sugar Bowl's Facebook contest.
The Manning Award was created by the Allstate Sugar Bowl in 2004 to honor the college football accomplishments of Archie, Peyton and Eli Manning. It is the only quarterback award that includes the candidates' bowl performances in its balloting.


text:
Ever thought of taking your Bears pride to another level? Adorn your desktop or nightstand with the mini Revolution Pocket Pro replica helmet from Riddell and watch how many rivals envy your fanaticism. Featuring a Chicago wordmark on the side, this mini helmet is designed to replicate the helmets worn by the Bears players. This detailed 2" helmet makes an excellent accent to your home or office, but you can always carry it around in your pocket and keep the action with you wherever you go!
Enter full name. We'll ask for delivery information at checkout.
There are currently no items in your shopping cart.
Your web browser's "cookie" feature must be enabled to use the shopping cart. If you added an item and received this message, it is possible the cookie is being blocked. Please adjust your browser's privacy settings to allow acceptance of 1st party cookies and try again.
Web Development by Americaneagle.com 2017


text:
Burton Snowboard Pants - MensBurton Snowboard Pants are off price and ready to ship out of our warehouse with free shipping when ordered at Proboardshop. Mens Burton Snowboard Pants are industry leading technical pieces. Rocking dope colorways and high-tech fabrics, Burton is in it to win it. Proboardshop has the world's largest selection of snowboard gear. All gear shipped within 24 hours Monday-Friday. Wapow!
Please refine here
- Color: Black
- Price: 140.00 - 169.99
Burton Snowboard Pants
Burton Thirteen Hawker (Japan) Snowboard Pants
Size: LargeReg: $210.00 On Sale: $147.00
Burton Thirteen Verville (Japan) Snowboard PantsReg: $210.00 On Sale: $147.00
Size: Large
Burton Vent Snowboard PantsReg: $199.95 On Sale: $149.95
Size: Small, Medium, Large, X-Large


text:
Product Information
Take me out to the ball game or give me a comfy place to rest while watching the game! Dogs will love this bed.
Why We Love It:
Sporty dogs need a snuggle spot, too! Our Slumber Pet Superstar Nappers Dog Bed are designed with sports dogs in mind. They feature a super soft faux suede outer shell with an anti-skid bottom. Easy to clean removable cover. Machine wash in cold water on gentle cycle. Line dry.
Sizing Information:
Baseball Bed measures 28"D


text:
- Admissions
- Academics
- Campus Life
- Athletics
- Cost & Aid
- News & Events
- About Plattsburgh
Payroll is responsible for assisting employees and departments with processing the payroll information. We currently pay over 1000 employees and 800 students biweekly. Payroll also handles the following functions:
The following forms are required before you may start working. To make Payroll more convenient for employees the following forms are available for you to print, complete and return to the Payroll Department:
Note: These documents require Adobe Acrobat Reader. If you have problems viewing the documents, we suggest that you install the most recent version of Acrobat Reader, which is available as a free download.
Find more information about attendance and leave benefits at theCivil Service Department web site.
For more information about SUNY Plattsburgh Payroll guidelines, procedures and policies, please contact
Cassandra Burl
Office: Kehoe 904
Phone: (518) 564-3113
Fax: (518) 564-4600
Email: email@example.com
Hours of Operation
Monday - Friday: 8:00 a.m. - 4:30 p.m.


text:
Educational Background
- Postdoctoral Fellow, Cognitive Evolution Lab in the Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 2001-2004
- Ph.D., Cognitive Developmental Psychology, Johns Hopkins University, 2001
- M.A., Psychology, Johns Hopkins University, 2001
- B.A., Honors Psychology and Linguistics Wayne State University, 1995
Research Interests
I investigate how infants understand words before they can talk. Currently, I am focused on the role of caregivers' resources and beliefs about infants, and separately, on the role of infants' developing motor exploration abilities. In related collaborations, I am working with Dr. Amanda Seidl and Dr. Alejandrina Cristia to examine how caregivers coordinate speech and touch and how infants might use this information to find and learn words. I am also involved in an NSF grant-funded project with Dr. Rochelle Newman, Dr. Elizabeth Johnson, and Dr. Kris Onishi to examine differences in language processing in infants learning one language compared to infants learning two languages.
Bucknell undergraduates collaborate with me on this research to recruit families from the local community, collect data, analyze and summarize the results in APA-style reports, and present their research at campus, regional, and national conferences. Bucknell Baby Lab training also includes topics in infant development and language development, professional skills development, improving self-assessment abilities, effective collaboration, professional ethics, active listening skills when communicating with parents, community outreach, and technical skills.
Our research has been featured in the media:
Baby Talk, Bucknell alumni magazine
How much do babies understand?, Daily Item local newspaper
Are babies like eggplants?, Huffington Post Parents Blog
Local families who want to help us learn more about babies can fill in this form, call 570-577-1787, or email firstname.lastname@example.com. More information is on our website, bucknell.edu/BabyLab, and our Facebook Page.
Students interested in research experience should contact Prof. Tincoff for information and an application.
Courses Taught
- Introductory Psychology
- Cognition
- Developmental Psychology (participant-observation at Sunflower Child Care)
- Language Development
- Infancy (community-based learning on home nurse visits with Nurse-Family Partnership)
I regularly supervise students in Psyc229 Directed Study and Psyc329 Independent Study. Well-prepared and particularly self-motivated students might be interested in Psyc360 Honor Thesis.
Selected Publications
Seidl, A., Tincoff, R., Baker, C., & Cristia, A. (2014). Why the body comes first: Effects of experimenter touch on infants' word finding. Developmental Science. doi: 10.1111/desc.12182
Tincoff, R. & Jusczyk, P.W. (2012). Six-month-olds comprehend words that refer to parts of the body. Infancy, 17(4), 432-444. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-7078.2011.00084.x
Tincoff, R., Hauser, M., Tsao, F., Spaepen, G., Ramus, F., & Mehler, J. (2005). The role of speech rhythm in language discrimination: Further tests with a nonhuman primate. Developmental Science, 8(1), 26-35. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00390.x
Tincoff, R. & Jusczyk, P. W. (1999). Some beginnings of word comprehension in six-month-olds. Psychological Science, 10, 172-175. doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.00127. Reprinted in D. Muir & A. Slater (Eds.), Infant development: The essential readings (pp. 270-278). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 2000.
Recent Conference Presentations
(*Bucknell student collaborators)
Soderstrom, M., Aslin, R. N., Tincoff, R. J., Frank, M. C., & Tsuji, S. (March, 2015). Improving and standardizing infant speech perception methods: Can and should it be done? Conversation Roundtable at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research on Child Development, Philadelphia, PA.
*Buckley, L., Tincoff, R., Seidl, A., & Cristia, A. (March, 2015). Infants' responses to caregiver talk and touch during a word game. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Philadelphia, PA.
Tincoff, R., *Slaboden, A., & *Schindelheim, S. (October, 2013). Parent-toddler interactions during motor play: Implications for developing verb comprehension. Poster presented at the Eighth Biennial meeting of the Cognitive Development Society, Memphis, TN.
*Snider, M., Tincoff, R., *Gates, B., & *Rambo, L. (May, 2013). Six-month-olds' comprehension of words referring to objects and events. Poster presented at the Annual Convention of the Association for Psychological Science, Washington, DC.


text:
Study reveals cancer diagnosis is more deadly in blacks
A study on deaths among people diagnosed with cancer gives a grim picture of survival among African Americans, according to researchers at the University of South Carolina's Arnold School of Public Health.
One of the nation's first studies to track the ratio of deaths based on the incidence of specific cancers, the report in the June 1, 2009, issue of the journal Cancer yields a powerful measure of the scope of the cancer problem among men and women, whites and blacks.
Researchers examined the eight public-health regions in South Carolina for the number cancer deaths among people diagnosed with cancer from 2001 to 2005 and then compared these numbers to corresponding national rates.
Although the study was done in South Carolina, it could be replicated in other states or regions by using cancer incidence and death data, said James Hebert, the study's lead author and a professor in the Arnold School.
Comparing and mapping race- and sex-specific cancer "mortality-to-incidence ratios" (MIR) provide a powerful method to observe the scope of the cancer problem, he said.


text:
John Raymond, MA, MS, LPC
Licensed Professional Counselor
160 Warrior Dr., Stephens City, Virginia 22655
Families have as many dynamics as there are members. Each family has its own system to handle life's challenges. Sometimes, some of these systems do not operate effectively. The goal of family therapy is to help families understand the systems used, how they are not helping, and learn new skills to better equip the family to provide a safe and secure home for all to thrive


text:
In January, the American Institute of Architects' Architecture Billings Index marked its sixth consecutive month of growth in the demand for architectural design services. With a national score of 54.2, up significantly from December's score of 51.2, the architecture industry is seeing continued strength as we begin to come out of the winter. (Each January, the AIA revises its previous year's numbers. Last month, we reported the national billings score as 52.0, but the AIA has revised that number down to 51.2.)
The national score for project inquiries came in at 63.2, which is also up—significantly—from the AIA's revised score of 57.9 in December. This represents the 48th straight month that project inquiries have shown growth. (A score above 50.0 means that demand is increasing.)
January was a good month for the architectural profession, possibly the best month since the beginning of the financial crisis and recession. The 54.2 score for billings is the highest score, meaning the fastest rate of growth, since November 2007. The 63.2 for project inquiries is the highest score since July 2007. The six-month run of billings scores above 50 is the longest such run since 2007.
We will still be watching to see if the upward swing in business continues or if the industry cools off again come spring, as it has the past couple of years. But the upward trends are hopeful. The AIA's revised data even suggest that the past couple of years were worse that had been previously thought. Whereas the old data showed that there had been a five-month run of positive billings in the fall to spring in 2010 and 2011, the AIA new data suggest that the period from fall 2010 to spring 2011 only saw a two-month string of positive growth; during the same period one year later, the growth spurt lasted only four months. All of this makes the 2012–2013 run of good numbers even more impressive.
In addition, January's ABI data contradict the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics' January employment report. Two weeks ago, BLS reported that the economy lost 300 architectural and engineering services jobsweaetxdyvaydzcwq in January, which seems contradictory to the AIA's numbers that indicate an economic segment that is growing faster than it has in nearly six years. The AIA's data does make sense as a logical extension of the BLS's previously reported figures of 3,800 architectural and engineering jobs added to the economy in December, 2,400 in November, and 1,500 in October. The job surveys don't always tell the full story, as National Association of Home Builders economist Robert Dietz told ARCHITECT back in December.
Also, all four of the nation's four regions and all four of the industry's sectors all also showed growth.
National Highlights:
Billings: At 54.2, this is the highest billings score since November 2007, and the sixth straight month of growth.
Inquiries: At 63.2, this is the highest score for project inquiries since July 2007. Inquiries have now been over 50 each month for 48 consecutive months.
Regional Highlights:
Northeast: At 50.3, this is down slightly from December, but is the fifth straight month above 50.
Midwest: At 54.5, this is the highest score since March 2006, and the fourth straight month above 50.
South: At 51.7, this is up from December and the seventh straight month above 50.
West: At 53.4, this is the highest since August 2007 and the sixth straight month above 50.
Sector Highlights:
Multifamily Residential: At 54.5, this is the ninth straight month above 50, and the sector has been above 50 for 15 of the past 16 months. Multifamily has consistently been the most productive sector for the past few years.
Mixed Practice: At 54.9, this is the highest score since November 2007, and the fifth straight month above 50.
Commercial: At 52.0, this is the fourth straight month above 50.
Institutional: At 50.2, this is the sixth straight month above 50.


text:
Worldwide Locations
NEW YORK, April 7, 2011 - Biographer Joseph Lelyveld discusses the life and career of Mahatma Gandhi with Arjun Appadurai. (1 hr., 21 min.)
Read the program summary
Watch the highlights
©2017 Asia Society | Privacy Statement | About AsiaSociety.org | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap | Contact
Asia Society takes no institutional position on policy issues and has no affiliation with any government. All views expressed in its publications and on its website are the sole responsibility of the author or authors.


text:
|This company has recently been acquired or received a credible acquisition offer.
On June 23, 2008, Allied was purchased by its smaller competitor Republic Services for $6.1 billion. As a result, the information in this article is out of date.
Allied Waste Industries (NYSE: AW) is the second largest trash company in the United States. The company operates a network of 161 transfer stations, 168 active landfills, and 57 recycling facilities located in throughout the U.S. and Puerto Rico. [1]. Because Allied picks up the majority of its waste directly from customers, sorts it in Allied transfer stations, and then deposits the waste in Allied Waste landfills, the company is able to avoid paying fees to use other waste management companies' facilities. More than 70% of the waste picked up by Allied Waste is deposited in company-owned landfills[2].
The company has a heavy debt burden and spends nearly 60% of operating income on interest and other related expenses[3]. As a result the company is particularly vulnerable to swings in interest rates.
In FY 2006, Allied's revenue grew 6.7% to $6.028 billion; up from a 4% revenue increase during the previous year[4]. A stable market and increasingly favorable pricing contributed to consistent revenue growth over the last 3 years years[5]. In 2006, revenue grew 6.7%, but an increase in income tax expenditures resulted in a decrease in net income compared to FY 2005. The company's operating margin in FY 2006 was 16.4%[6].
Allied Waste is the second largest waste management company in the United States (based on revenue). Its main corporate competitors are Waste Management (WMI) and Republic Services (RSG). Additional smaller competitors exist in individual markets, such as Waste Connections (WCN) in the Southern and Western United States, and certain counties operate their own municipal waste management systems.
Waste Management (WMI) offers a broader range of services and products including: hazardous waste landfills and disposal, renewable energy harvested from its landfills (natural gas), and other alternative energy options[15].
Republic Services (RSG) is the smallest of the three companies with the least overall market penetration and the fewest facilities [16]
|Waste Management (WMI)[17]
|Allied Waste (AW)[18]
|Republic Services (RSG)[19]
|Collection Companies
|Active Landfills (Non-active)
|283 (187)
|168 (112)
|Transfer Stations
|Recycling Facilities
|Revenue - FY 2006 ($ mil)
Waste collection operations for each company are carried out by an alliance of subsidiary "collection companies" that are responsible only for the collection phase of the waste management process[20].
The waste management industry is split between publicly-traded companies, municipal services, and privately-held companies; publicly-traded companies generate 60% of the industry's overall revenue. Local regulations concerning waste management vary widely from place to place and as such, Allied Waste and its competitors must tailor its services to the specific needs and regulations in each market. The best indicator of overall market share available is the approximate number of customers served.
|Waste Management (WMI)[21]
|Allied Waste (AW)[22]
|Republic Services (RSG)[23]
|Customers Served (approx. million)


text:
Get an overview of this hotelHotel in Arkadelphia with free breakfast and outdoor pool
Popular property highlights
Situated in Arkadelphia, this hotel is within 6 mi (10 km) of Arkadelphia Central Park, Reynolds Science Center Planetarium, and Turtle Pointe Golf Club. Arkadelphia Aquatic Park and River Park Amphitheatre are also within 6 mi (10 km).
Hotel Features
An outdoor pool, coffee/tea in a common area, and a seasonal outdoor pool are available at this hotel. Free WiFi in public areas and free self parking are also provided. Additionally, laundry facilities, a 24-hour front desk, and express check-out are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 54 rooms provide conveniences like refrigerators and coffee makers, plus free WiFi and cable TV.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Opens in a new window
Americas Best Value Executive Inn & Suites
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
A complimentary breakfast is offered. Wireless Internet access is complimentary. This Arkadelphia hotel also offers an outdoor pool, multilingual staff, and coffee/tea in a common area. Onsite self parking is complimentary.
- 24-hour front desk
- Express check-out
- Laundry facilities
- Free breakfast
- Total number of rooms - 54
- Outdoor seasonal pool
- Number of floors - 2
- Free self parking
- Coffee/tea in common areas
- Free WiFi
- Multilingual staff
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Outdoor pool
- Television in common areas
Family Friendly Amenities
- Outdoor pool
- Free Wi-Fi
- Laundry facilities
- Refrigerator
- Microwave (on request)
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- Refrigerator
- Coffee/tea maker
- Microwave (on request)
- Phone
- Free local calls
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Shower/tub combination
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
- Cable TV service
- Free WiFi
Where to Eat
A complimentary breakfast is offered.
Nearby Things to Do
Recreational amenities at the hotel include an outdoor pool.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Golfing nearby
- Kayaking nearby
- Rafting nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Scooter/moped rentals nearby
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Check-out time is 11 AM
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Rollaway/extra beds are available for USD 10 per night.
- Pets allowed for an extra charge of USD 10 per pet, per night (maximum USD 30 per stay)
- Restrictions apply
- For more information contact the property at the number on the booking confirmation
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
Optional extras
- Pet fee: USD 10 per pet, per night (maximum USD 30 per stay)
- Rollaway bed fee: USD 10 per night
Hotel Name
- Americas Best Value Inn Arkadelphia
- Americas Best Value Inn Hotel Arkadelphia
- Americas Best Value Executive Inn Arkadelphia
- Americas Best Value Executive Inn
- Americas Best Value Executive Arkadelphia
- Americas Best Value Executive
We should mention
Guests can arrange to bring pets by contacting the property directly, using the contact information on the booking confirmation (surcharges apply and can be found in the Fees section).


text:
shitster.de is a P2P (Peer-to-Peer) music-sharing website accessible in Grand Theft Auto IV and is a parody of the original Napster service. No content can be shared as the service has been suspended due to numerous copyright violations. In lieu of its regular service, the site discusses, from a digital pirate's point of view, the issues of sharing music via P2P and DRM (Digital Rights Management) imposed on digital media.
- Shitster is the only website in GTA IV which uses a country code top-level domain; ".de" is the top-level domain for Germany (Deutschland). It is also one of the few domains not registered by Rockstar.
- The Shitster logo features a fox head, which parodies Napster's head logo, in front of a mound of fecal matter.
- There are links to Pink Torpedo and Eunux at the bottom of the webpage.


text:
Yu-Guo Guo
Photograph by Jin-Song Hu
Would you choose to walk out the door, buckle your seat belt, and drive away in an electric car? If and when you do, it may be because of Yu-Guo Guo. The innovative nanostructures he has invented could transform the practicality of electric car batteries, making them smaller, more powerful, and less expensive than ever before.
"There is a serious need for sustainable energy sources to power electrical devices," says Guo. "Traditional sources such as fossil fuels cannot satisfy ever growing demands, and the carbon emissions associated with their use raise great environmental concerns."
Electric vehicles (EVs) attempt to answer those environmental concerns. The trick is finding a way to produce a better battery pack, the most important and expensive part of any EV. Batteries powerful enough to push cars long distances are big and heavy, and drive prices out of reach for most consumers. Alternatively, lowering the price by using smaller battery packs means limiting the car's range—another trade-off drivers balk at making.
The low cost and environmentally friendly features of lithium-ion batteries spark interest from automakers, yet lack the capability to quickly charge and effectively power electric vehicles. Guo believes the key to improving performance and lowering costs of those batteries lies in nanoparticles that can quickly absorb and store vast numbers of lithium ions, enhancing capacity and high-rate performance without causing deterioration in the electrode.
The idea of using nanostructures to make batteries isn't brand new, but the novel way Guo applies it means cars can take off fast when you accelerate, without draining energy storage capacity. The nanostructures he has invented at the Chinese Academy of Sciences significantly boost the performance of high-power lithium-ion batteries by enabling a more efficient flow of electric current. He calls them "3-D conducting nanonetworks," a dense network of high-conducting material that lets electrons reach every lithium storage particle for a far more powerful result.
"Compared with traditional lithium-ion batteries, this new high-power technology means batteries can be fully charged in just a few minutes, as quickly and easily as you can fill your car with gas," he says. "The advanced batteries recover more energy when cars stop, deliver more power when cars start, and enable vehicles to run longer."
Guo made it possible by finding a unique way to make a leading electrode material-lithium iron phosphate—easier and less expensive to work with for manufacturers. When milled into powder, lithium iron phosphate is a safer, more stable, better conductor, but the unruly powder flies into the air, making it harder and more expensive to deal with in manufacturing. Guo's approach corrals the particles by embedding them into larger particles made of porous carbon to maximize conductivity of electricity. He has since expanded the concept into other promising electrode materials, including lithium manganese oxide, lithium titanate, and silicon.
His innovation also helps solve the problem of big, heavy battery packs that have plagued the EV industry's ability to produce affordable vehicles. While a little more expensive to produce, his material will likely reduce battery costs per watt-hour since it is easier to incorporate into battery cells and doubles energy storage capacity by making full use of each storage particle. Guo says it's currently being used in electric cars and bikes, and he reports that cells using his solution could power about 3,000 car battery packs this year.
"Nanoscale isn't just small, it's a special kind of small," he explains. To put it into perspective, a nanometer is one billionth of a meter. It's the unit reserved for measuring the very tiniest parts of our world—molecules and atoms—visible only by extremely powerful microscopes. Nanotechnology turns nano-size structures into useful devices. For Guo, those practical applications are most fascinating in the fields of energy conversion and storage.
Life at this nanoscale may be impossible to see, but not to feel. Guo notes, "If you rub your finger along a surface, it's easy to distinguish velvet from steel, or wood from tar, because the different materials exert different forces on your finger. It's easier to slide it across a satin sheet than across warm tar because the tar exerts a stronger force, dragging your finger back. This is the idea behind the scanning force microscope, one of the tools that helped launch the nanoscience revolution. Its tiny mechanical probe gathers information by 'feeling' the surface of nanoscale matter, allowing it to be imaged, measured, and manipulated."
Can technology based on thinking smaller and smaller rescue a world growing bigger and bigger? With the majority of the planet's seven billion people now living in urban areas, interest in ways to expand the clean green car economy has shifted into high gear. "I am glad to be part of work that can help reduce carbon emissions and use our planet's resources more sustainably," Guo states.
Looking into the future, he predicts that, "Five years from now, the electric vehicle market should be well established. In cities, up to 10 percent of cars could be EVs." His own contributions won't stop with better batteries. "I'm also interested in creating nanostructured materials for advanced energy conversion devices such as fuel cells and solar cells. Soon, I plan to combine a lithium-ion battery with a solar cell to invent a movable energy storage system."
The scale may be nano, but his thinking? It's huge.
Latest Explorer News
- What 'Planet of the Apes' & Caesar Show Us About Our Own Evolution
- The Camargue: Wild West of France
- Everglades Restoration: Alterations of Downstream Biodiversity
- Exploring Everglades National Park by Kayak
- Bald Eagle Celebrated by National Geographic Photo Ark for Independence Day
- Paddleboarding with Polar Bears & Contributing to Conservation
- A Family of Explorers in Search of Some of Earth's Oldest Fossils
- Hōkūleʻa Returns Home
- Should we attempt to set up a self-sustaining city of a million people on Mars?
- Using Positive Feedback for Training Elephants in Thailand
In Their Words
Nanotechnology can revolutionize our ability to make powerful, affordable electric vehicles and lower carbon emissions around the world.
Yu-Guo Guo
Commercial Interests for Nanoparticles in Li-Ion Batteries for Electrical Vehicles Heats Up
In the commercial world of batteries for electrical vehicles (EVs), lithium-iron-phosphate batteries are the popular approach among lithium-battery technologies because of their safety and durability.
Our Explorers in Action
Famous Women Explorers
Meet female explorers who have pushed the limits in adventure, science, and more.
Meet All Our Explorers
Explorers A-Z
At the heart of our explorers program is the quest for knowledge through exploration and the people who make it possible.
Explorers by Category
Browse our different areas of exploration and discover the fascinating people behind the projects.


text:
In a brilliant polished chrome finish paired with frosted glass, this clean bath sconce design from the Arches Collection will add new light and style to your bathroom decor.
Since its founding in 1983, E.L.K. lighting has had a commitment to making innovative, high quality products. Located in the beautiful mountains of Eastern Pennsylvania, the company employs an award-winning team of international product designers. Company designs include sconces, outdoor lighting, chandeliers, close-to-ceiling fixtures, and bathroom wall lights. E.L.K. lighting has been used at the George Vanderbilt Biltmore Estate and The Historic Royal Palaces of England. You can find their high-quality, modern designs in almost every category of lighting.
Our team has over 100 years combined experience with contemporary lighting.
Every EuroStyleLighting.com order is backed by our 100% Satisfaction Pledge.
Shipping and Delivery Information - For item EUK5098 if ordered by 1 pm Pacific Time


text:
After almost two years here, the term 'colleague' has gradually transformed to 'friend' and 'mentor'.
I was an Economics major with a minor in Psychology and Mathematics at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire.
During one of the phone interviews, I was asked to predict whether the US stock markets will open up or down in the next 30 minutes. I was rather surprised by the question, since the stock markets are driven by many factors and it is not easy to come up with an answer.
I tried to think through the major factors that affect the markets and quickly came up with a logical answer. In my mind, I went through the macro news and performance of the European and Asian markets overnight, and I also reviewed the performance of the markets in the last few days. It turned out that my prediction was right, but my interviewer later told me that the accuracy of the prediction didn't matter—he cared more about my thought process.
When I first joined the firm, I was very impressed by how the people in my team helped me get up to speed. My team members were extremely nurturing. Instead of just giving me instructions to follow (which would have been the fastest way to get work done), they patiently spent time with me, going through the backgrounds and rationales of the transactions.
Working in Equity Capital Markets, I feel like I am at the forefront of the Asian markets. I was involved in several very exciting transactions here in the past year.
I feel like my team and I have made an impact on the transformation of the markets. During two particular transactions, our team has set records in both Hong Kong and Southeast Asia, proving that the Asian equity markets have the capacity to digest large size transactions.
We have also witnessed the transformation of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange from a listing platform mainly for regional companies to a global platform for foreign issuers. I am really excited to be part of these changes.
A friend that I made during my summer internship has influenced the path I have taken at Goldman Sachs. She gave me advice on how to excel as a summer analyst, encouraged me to meet different people within the firm and helped me make the decision to join the group full time after I got my return offer. She has been very helpful to my career here.
My teammates were very mindful of the importance of maintaining work-life balance. Even though everyone works very hard in our team, they respect each other's outside work interests and hobbies. Since middle school, I have been an orienteer. On weekends, I tried to join the orienteering races in Hong Kong. My team members were very supportive of this.
I have a great mentor who has been guiding me through my career at Goldman Sachs. She is not from my team, but from one that I often work with within the Investment Banking Division. This is good because she can always give me advice from another perspective. Having the right mentor is one of the most important elements for a successful career at Goldman Sachs.
It is always hard to predict the future, but I think that my next year at Goldman Sachs will open up more opportunities for me to develop my professional skills and I can see myself taking up new responsibilities and challenges.
To keep pace with the fast changing markets. One of the biggest challenges is to be able to come up with solutions to meet various financing needs of clients quickly. The ability to learn things quickly, pick up new information and efficiency are essential.
People at Goldman Sachs are nurturing and willing to invest in my professional development. When I first started working at Goldman Sachs, I would use the word "colleague" to define people whom I work with. After almost two years here, the term "colleague" has gradually transformed to "friend" and "mentor".
I have participated in several Community TeamWorks events, both in Hong Kong and in New York when I was in training. I am always amazed by the program. People take it very seriously and are willing to make time for it, even on weekends.
Last summer, I spent time with some primary students at the Outward Bound leadership program in Sai Kung, in the Hong Kong countryside. Community TeamWorks is something that I look forward to every summer—it takes you out of the hectic work schedule and allows you to make a social impact.


text:
Strongsville HS evacuated
(Strongsville) -- Students at Strongsville High School started their school week by being evacuated Monday morning to Pat Catan Stadium.
School leaders are confirming there was a bomb threat, and have sent home students, but are not yet giving more details. Strongsville police had little more to say than to confirm there had been an evacuation.
We'll have confirmed details as soon as they're available.
Get breaking news sent to your mobile phone.Text "news" to 21095.
(Copyright 2013 Clear Channel, all rights reserved.)


text:
Quality CareFind out why Mayo Clinic is the right place for your health care. Make an appointment.
Meet the StaffFind a directory of doctors and departments at all Mayo Clinic campuses. Visit now.
Research and Clinical TrialsSee how Mayo Clinic research and clinical trials advance the science of medicine and improve patient care. Explore now.
Visit Our SchoolsEducators at Mayo Clinic train tomorrow's leaders to deliver compassionate, high-value, safe patient care. Choose a degree.
Professional ServicesExplore Mayo Clinic's many resources and see jobs available for medical professionals. Get updates.
Give to Mayo ClinicHelp set a new world standard in care for people everywhere. Give now.
Mayo Clinic offers appointments in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota and at Mayo Clinic Health System locations.
Subscribe to Housecall
Our general interest e-newsletter keeps you up to date on a wide variety of health topics.
Sometimes you may feel helpless when facing ulcerative colitis. But changes in your diet and lifestyle may help control your symptoms and lengthen the time between flare-ups.
There's no firm evidence that what you eat actually causes inflammatory bowel disease. But certain foods and beverages can aggravate your signs and symptoms, especially during a flare-up.
It can be helpful to keep a food diary to keep track of what you're eating, as well as how you feel. If you discover some foods are causing your symptoms to flare, you can try eliminating them. Here are some suggestions that may help:
Although stress doesn't cause inflammatory bowel disease, it can make your signs and symptoms worse and may trigger flare-ups.
To help control stress, try:
Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission.
Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic.
Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below.
A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.
We comply with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here.


text:
Coffee Books
Coffee Books and More!
If you're going to crack a book, it might as well be a romance about your first love-- coffee! Want to learn more about the history of the bean, updated brewing techniques and coffee flavor profiles? Enjoy our fine selection of curated books on the subject. This plus a bag of fresh roasted local coffee makes a perfect gift for anyone you know who's crazy for caffeine. Need more gift ideas? Check out Gift Ideas Under $99 located on the On Sale tab!
The Professional Barista's Handbook: An Expert's Guide to Preparing Espresso, Coffee and TeaConsidered by many to be the definitive guide to learning basics around espresso, coffee and tea preparation, Scott Rao's handbook is a comprehensive primer that teaches everything from the theory behind extraction to best practices behind the barista counter. Learn More$45.00
Coffee with Tim WendelboeTim Wendelboe walks you through everything from selecting raw beans to brewing, with plenty of detailed photography to accompany informative text. While his opinion is laid out, this book certainly touches on the importance of finding your own personal preference when it comes to enjoying the little brown bean. Learn More$70.00


text:
Was $59.95 NOW $24.95
This is the handheld game that challenges youngsters to answer multiplication questions with vigorous slams of its nine answer buttons. Ideal for self-directed practice at home or school, five games reinforce multiplication concepts such as multiples, multiplication facts, factors, factor pairs, and sequencing. Factor problems appear in a central display (e.g. ?_ x _ = 18?) while another button begins an elapsed time countdown. LCDs built into the remaining buttons display the possible factors players must slam to arrive at the product (e.g. 5, 3, 6, or 7). Multiple problems display nine multiples of a number across all nine buttons - choosing "3" as the multiple displays 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27 randomly and encourages players to slam each multiple in sequential order as fast as possible. Challenges are accompanied by encouraging audio from the game's speaker (includes headphones jack). Requires three AA batteries. Ages 8 and up. 9" W x 6" D x 2 1/2" H. (1 lb.)
Lifetime Guarantee
The Handheld Multiplication Slammer Game comes with The Hammacher Schlemmer Lifetime Guarantee. If this product ever disappoints you, for any reason, you may return your Hammacher Schlemmer purchase for exchange, credit, or refund.
Should you have any questions, we are available seven days a week (8:00 am – midnight EST). Please call 1-800-321-1484 to speak with a specialist or email us at firstname.lastname@example.com to receive a response within three business hours or less.
Sale item quantities are limited — please order soon.
Shipping charges noted in parentheses apply in addition to our standard shipping & service.
We're sorry, but gift wrap is not available. Please call 1-800-395-7006 for Premium or Express delivery rates.
Oversized items scheduled for expedited delivery (Premium or Express) may incur additional shipping and services charges because of their unusual size. Please call 1-800-321-1484 for an estimate of S&S charges. International callers, please call 1-513-860-3397.
We're sorry, but gift wrap is not available for oversized items.
Shipped via truck and may require customer assistance upon delivery. You will be contacted to make an appointment for delivery.
We're sorry, but gift wrap and gift cards are not available.
GST still applies and will be charged upon processing. For complete shipping & service charges please call Customer Service at 1-800-321-1484.
May we recommend:
(based on 5 reviews)
Ratings Distribution
5 Stars
4 Stars
3 Stars
2 Stars
1 Stars
of respondents would recommend this to a friend.
Best Uses
Reviewed by 5 customers
Displaying reviews 1-5
Back to top
(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
purchase by internet
By weaving zammy
from Dorval, Qc. Canada
This is a product I found in the catalogue and I purchased for my 13 year old grand-son, who has HAADD. His mother approved for he is crazy with DS and other similar toys.In general, what I like best about Hammacher, is the facility to talk with a representative, the clear and concise précisions and the fast shipping that is done.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
Was this review helpful? Yes / No
- flag this review
an educational fun game
By Lou S.
from Cromwell, CT
A great concept with a keenness for learning
Great teaching tool!!!
By intuition121
from peoria,az
Any person that buys this product for their child's development should be proud of them self for making a wise decision.
incredibly entertaining !!!!!!!!
By good dad
Great product!!!!!
Great educational item
By kokomomike
from Athens, NY
Very good product.
COPYRIGHT © 2017 HAMMACHER SCHLEMMER & COMPANY, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. W108147 E. 57th ST • NEW YORK, NY • 10022 • 1-800-_321-1484