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NRBSC Online Training: Digital Unix
This exercise is designed to introduce you to the Digital Unix operating system. This exercise is not a complete step-by-step example, you will have to think about the problem and what you are trying to acomplish before moving on to the next step. Please read the entire step before typing in anything on the computer. Also please make a printout of this web page and fill in the blank lines. Your responses will often be referred to in later steps.
Log in to Digital Unix
- Log into the Digital Unix system. Remember that the Digital Unix system is case sensitive. At the login: prompt enter your login ID. (This is on the separate sheet handed out to you.)
- At the password: prompt enter your password. (This is either the initial password supplied on the separate sheet handed out to you, or if you already changed your initial password, the new password.)
Directory Navigation
- Show your current working directory (this is your $HOME directory.) Issue the command pwd. Write your $HOME directory below:
- Create a subdirectory called UNIX. Enter mkdir UNIX
- To see that your directory has been created type in ls -CF. Note that the -C option lists information by column and the -F option appends a "/" after the directory name.
- Change your working directory to the UNIX subdirectory. Issue the command: cd UNIX
- Show your current working directory. Issue the command pwd. Write the directory name below.
Note the difference between the name above and the name in step 2.1.
Using the ls command, cp command, mv command, rm command,
and cat/more commands.
- Issue the command: cp /biomed/db/genbank/gbrel.txt gbrel.txt
This command will copy the document into your current directory.
- Issue the ls command, to list the files in your current directory. You will see that this file exists in your directory. Now try some of the ls command options. Type ls -l. Next type ls -lF. Then type in ls -laF.
- Browse through this document (you do not have to read it). Type in cat gbrel.txt. Next try using the more command. Enter more gbrel.txt. Then to quit the more command enter either q or Ctrl-c (Remember that the space key will show you the next screen of text.)
- Enter mv gbrel.txt genbankrelease.txt. Now type ls and note that the filename has changed, but the files contents have not.
- Now remove the file with the command rm genbankrelease.txt to clean up your directory. Again use the ls command to confirm that the file has been deleted from your directory.
- Issue the command: cp /biomed/lib/example/.login $HOME/.login
This command will copy the file that will be edited in step 5.
Using MAN
- Issue the man -k edits command to find some of the UNIX editors available.
- Next issue man vi to find out information about the vi editor. You can quit the man command by entering either q or Ctrl- c (Remember that the space bar will show you the next screen of text.)
Using VI
The Unix editor vi is a dual mode editor. This means , that unlike a word processor on a personal computer, the vi editor has a mode for inserting text and a separate mode for executing commands that remove, change, or otherwise operate on the text that was entered in the insertion mode. When you initially begin a session in the vi editor you are automatically in command mode.
- vi can be used to edit an existing file or to create a new file. In this case,we will be editing the .login file that we copied in step 3.6. Enter vi $HOME/.login
- The screen should look similar to the text below. Notice that the lines indicated in bold are missing from your file. You are to add these lines in this exercise. You will also have to remove the two # symbols.
setenv CLASSPATH /biomed/src/SeqSpace/SeqSpace.jar set prompt="`hostname`> " set path=(. $path /usr/sbin /usr/ucb /usr/psc/bin \ /usr/psc/gnu/bin /usr/local/bin /usr/bin/X11 \ /biomed/bin) set XGOBID=/biomed/src/XGobi/xgobi/ tty -s if ($status == 0) then stty intr '^C' set history = 30 stty dec tset -I -Q endif source /biomed/bin/gcg source /biomed/bin/emboss
- Position the cursor over the first # symbol. Remember you can move the cursor to the left using the LeftArrow or the letter h, to the right using the RightArrow or the letter l, up using the UpArrow or the letter k, and down using the DownArrow or the letter j).
- Enter x to delete the # character.
- Position the cursor over the second # symbol.
- Enter x to delete the second # character.
- Position the cursor over the first s on the set XGOBID=/biomed/src/XGobi/xgobi/ line.
- Enter i to place the editor into insertion mode at the cursor position.
- Enter /biomed/bin) followed by the Enter key.
- Enter Esc (or Ctrl [ ) to leave the insertion mode and enter the command mode.
- Position the cursor anywhere on the endif line.
- Enter o to place the editor into insertion mode on the line after the cursor line.
- Enter source /biomed/bin/gcg followed by the Enter key.
- Enter source /biomed/bin/emboss followed by the Enter key.
- Enter Esc (or Ctrl [ ) to leave the insertion mode and enter the command mode.
- Enter :wq to write the changes and leave the editor.
- # Execute your .login file. Enter: source $HOME/.login. If there are errors, now is the time to correct them. A common error message is too many parentheses, ')'. The cause of this error is usually either a.) the space character after the continuation character (\) in lines two and three or b.) Lack of spaces around the double equals sign at line 6. To correct an error:
1. Enter vi $HOME/.login
2. Make sure that you typed in exactly what was listed in step 5.2. If you spot a mistake, move the cursor directly over the mistake.
3. Enter x to delete the mistake.
4. Enter i and fix the mistake. When you are done typing enter: Esc (or Ctrl [ )
5. If there are more mistakes, Repeat steps 5.16.2 - 5.16.5.
6. Enter :wq
7. Repeat step 5.16
- To log off the system when you are done issue the command logout (or Ctrl+d).

subset: commoncrawl


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30 Points ARTICLE (5 points Draft Review + 25 points Final Draft)
The ability to communicate in writing is a vital skill in healthcare. In the workplace weak written communication skills will make you seem unprofessional and can negatively impact your career. This article paper and the other writing assignments in this class will give you the opportunity to practice the art of writing.
Select a SCHOLARLY ARTICLE in the professional healthcare management field i.e., The Journal of Health Administration Education, Journal of Healthcare Management, Healthcare Executive, Modern Healthcare, etc., that is not older than 3 months from the assignment due date (points will be deducted for older articles). White papers and blogs are not acceptable as articles so make sure that what you have is correct or it will have a negative effect on your grade. Your article should highlight a principle discussed in class. An example of a topic might be based on some aspect of cultural competency in health care; another example might be motivation as it relates to the manager and his team within the work environment. Yet another might focus on the importance of conflict resolution in the healthcare workplace. If you do not know how to do an article search then meet with our Health Sciences Librarian, Mrs. Marcia Henry, for help (http://library.csun.edu/mhenry).
Write a 2-2.5 page paper APA formatted (word-processed, 12 pt Times New Roman font style, 1-inch margins all around, double spaced), STAPLED (NOT PAPER CLIPPED!) that includes: (1) a brief summary of the article; (2) 1-2 paragraphs on whether the principle in the article reflects good or bad management practice; (3) 1-2 paragraphs on why you feel this is an important article to healthcare management and include why you selected the article. You must include a maximum of 2 direct quotes from your article in your paper and, of course, these quotes should be correctly cited. Include an APA cover sheet that has a running head, title of the paper, your name, and the name of the university . An abstract is not needed. You are required to use APA format to cite your references within the body of your paper as well as use the APA style for your reference page . The reference page is not a part of the page count. If you write over 2 ½ pages or under 2 pages you will lose points for not following instructions. Finally, staple a copy of the article to the back of your paper. Be certain to staple your article so it is not lost and I can reference your article to your paper.
The goals of the library sessions are:
Learn How to do Library and Internet research: determine information need, choose best resources, develop a search strategy, understand keyword and subject searching, how to use boolean operators and truncation symbols, how to cite sources, and more.
Learn how to use:
- Find Articles by Subject:Health Sciences + Nursing to identify useful databases. Most databases offer Find Text link for each record which helps you identify is CSUN owns the item. If CSUN does not own the item, it will offer a link to the ILL loan service.
OneSearch to search over 150 databases simultaneously.
PubMed - includes Medline, MedlinePlus, and several other databases. Learn about MeSH subject headings, and creating a NCBI account
ABI Inform (Proquest) - has several health administrations journals
Health Reference Center Academic (Gale) and General OneFile (Gale)- its subject headings, its citation tools for help with APA6th style .
Library Catalog and the Library Catalog Periodical Search to find books and journals on your topic.
Register for CSUN's Interlibrary Loan
Citing your sources:
Many of our databases and the Find Text menu (save citation information) offer help in How to cite.
Library also has extensive help at Citing Your Sources
Registered students also can open a free Endnote web account
Class Exercise: Look up the following 5 periodical titles, and identify (circle Yes or No), for each title and each of these three questions: Does CSUN have a current subscription? Do we get the periodical in print? Do we get it online?
OneSearch allows you to search, at this time, 150 databases as well as the Oviatt Library catalog. Although 150 databases, many indexes (e.g. PubMed, PsycInfo, Physical Education Index, LLBA...), full text databases (e.g. ScienceDirect, Sage Journals, JSTOR, Springer, Taylor & Franics...) are a lot of databases, OneSearch does NOT contain the contents of all our databses yet. OneSearch does offer a consistent way to save the records you want to keep, and if you view your saved records, on the right there is a "Export to EndNoteWeb" command where you can easily send the bibliographic information on the source you are viewing into your personal (editable) citation management database.
OneSearch is very useful to look up scholarly article citations (use quick keyword search author surname key words in title, or type in the article Doi if your citation offers a Doi), or do a simple keyword search on topic. You can identify academic articles easily, often be advised article is "peer reviewed" and see lots of hints on other keywords you can use for your search strategy.
Visit the OneSearch FAQ to learn all about how to use the library's new online OneSearch tool to find articles, books and more. Or, watch the How to Use OneSearch video:
APA Style
- APA Quick Guide (PDF) by Eric Garcia
- APA Style Guide (PDF) by Eric Garcia
- Citing Archival Materials in APA
- Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (print version)
Citing your sources EndNote Web
- Learn how to sign up and use Endnote Web . You can import bibliographic records from a variety of resources to create your own personal database of articles, books, websites. Use EndNote Web to collect, manage, and create a bibliography or works cited list from your citations.
Registration is free while you are a student. First time, to sign up for your EndNoteWeb account, you can connect directly to http://library.csun.edu/restricted/endnote.scr. In addition to asking Marcia Henry and other librarians for help, Endnote Web will also answer your questions about installing the Cite While you Write plugin for Microsoft Word on your own computer. If you install Cite While You Write plugin on your own computer in your MicroSoft Word, be sure to set Preferences so it goes to the url:
on your own computer you can put in the working email address you used to sign up with EndNoteWeb, your password, and check Keep me logged in.
Tutorials for Endnote Web are provided at library.csun.edu/FindResources/i-Endnoteweb
Endnote Web technical support's telephone number is (800)336-4474
Call Monday-Friday 6:00am-5:00 pm (Pacific Coast Time)


text:
can u email me the 77kg fighter thanks.
can u email me the 77kg fighter thanks.
Looking forward to fighting this show come 26th, going to be a blast!
I have a fighter at that weight Ian, call me.
The Managers Handbook:
'Let us never negotiate out of fear and let us never fear to negotiate.'
'The cunning warrior attacks neither body or mind'
TNA Sports Agency
Team Hellboy Hansen MMA
Team Carvarlho
Team Bruckmann Martial Arts
Big Mikes Gym


text:
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HRSA and ACF Release Introductory Information on New Home Visiting Program
May 11, 2010
On May 7th, the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) and the Administration on Children and Families (ACF) released introductory information on implementation of the new home visiting program that was included as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.
Importantly, the release makes clear that, at the federal level, policy and program decisions will be made jointly between HRSA and ACF. Collaboration between child-serving agencies is also expected at the state level. Collaboration and coordination between agencies that serve children and their families is critical in designing effective state programs that will help ensure positive outcomes for children and families across a broad array of domains, including improved maternal and newborn health, greater school readiness and reduced child maltreatment.
Recognizing that the new law requires states to complete a new needs assessment to receive their Maternal and Child Health Block Grant funds and to apply for funding under the new home visiting program, the release indicates that information on the needs assessment is forthcoming. In the meantime, HRSA and ACF encourage states to start preparing by:
• Reading Section 2951 of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
• Gathering the information required for the needs assessment as detailed in the law
• Thinking about how agencies in the state can collaboratively develop a needs assessment that coordinates the Title V needs assessment, the community-wide strategic planning and needs assessments under the Head Start Act, and the inventory of unmet needs and current community-based and prevention-focused activities under the Community Based Child Abuse Prevention Program (CAPTA)
The release also reiterates that states must select program models that are linked to benchmark areas specified in the law. HRSA and ACF will develop criteria to identify evidence-based models. Since the law sets forth important detail about the meaning of evidence-based models, states intending to apply for grants can begin thinking about what models make sense for them, prior to the notice of funding announcement, by reviewing section 511(d)(3)(A) of title V of the Social Security Act.


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This unofficial site is designed to provide statistical information and background detail on the Shrimpers from their formation in 1906 to the start of the 2015/16 season. It lists every first team player after 1920, every football league and cup match and more. Work commitments mean it is currently not being updated
Southend finished the season in 14th place in League 1 on 59 points, lost 2-1 away to League 1 Scunthorpe in the Emirates FA Cup 1st round, lost 0-1 at home to Championship Brighton and Hove Albion in the 1st round of the Capital One Cup and lost 0-2 at home to League 1 Millwall in the Johnson's Paint Trophy 4th round (having been given a bye in the 1st round) .
If you want more Southend United information check out the official club website, the Shrimperzone forums, the Sky Bet League site, the Southend Evening Echo site or the BBC Essex Radio site.
Southend lost 0-2 to Blackpool in their first ever major cup final at the Millenium Stadium, Cardiff on Sunday 21 March 2004
There are no records of any Southend players having a birthday today.1973: Airdrieoneans 1 Southend 5 : Scotland Tour
1979: Aldershot 0 Southend 3 : Friendly
1985: Dulwich Hamlet 1 Southend 5 : Friendly
1987: Basildon Utd 0 Southend 3 : Friendly
1992: St Albans City 0 Southend 1 : Friendly
1994: Worthing 1 Southend 2 : Friendly
2008: Chelmsford City 0 Southend 1 : Friendly
2009: Barnet 0 Southend 1 : Friendly
2015: Southend 2 Charlton Athletic 1 : Friendly


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First of all, I'm danish and hence my English is not perfect, and sorry if this is posted in the wrong section.
I'm an university student and currently working on an exam project where I have to make an evaluation of resistance against penetration for a company.
The 3 main focus areas for my project is:
- 1) Poor network security
- 2) Known security vulnerabilities
- 3) Exploits of a login-system
* Numbers used as reference throughout the post.
The project is due 19th of December and I've scheduled time with the company I'm evaluating from 9th of December till 12th of December, where I'm to do the penetration testing.
I'm running Backtrack 5 r3 and I have an AirPCap wireless adapter.
My question to you guys is, which tests should I run to get the best results?.
I've already done a list of programs/methods I've thought of using:
1) As for the wireless protection I'm doing a scan with airmon/airodump to hack the WPA encrypted network. I have an OK wordlist, but will also be creating my own based on the company. If the airmon-set is wont work, I'll try others like wifi-honey, cowpatty etc.
2) To scan for known security vulnerabilities on the system I'll be using OpenVAS/Greenbone and Nessus. Think that'll be fine, but if some of you know of some other good programs or a hint for me, I'd be pleased to know.
3) On the company homepage there's a login-page for the intranet. I've created a user-list of logins I think they're using (like the initials of their e-mail, ex.: firstname.lastname@example.com - I will try gh) + brute-force/dictionary attack the password. For the dictionary attack I will add/create specific words and compositions of words that would fit the company (ex.: If the company is making cars, perhaps some passwords contain names of cars etc.)
For brute-forcing/dictionary attacking I'll use hydra and the firefox plugin FireForce.
This is actually the one I'm the most concerned about. Haven't been able to find that much on brute-forcing/dictionary attacking, so help here would be appreciated.
The webserver runs Apache, haven't checked the version yet since I'm still awaiting approval from the network-manager, though I'm 100% sure he'll say yes (Made an agreement with the CEO of the company).
This means I've not done any research yet, since I need an approval (Don't want to do any illegal).
I won't be doing any social engineering or backdooring (manually planting backdoors etc.) on their system, since I wont have enough time. Perhaps planting an automatic created backdoor from metasploit just to check their anti-virus, but nothing more than that.
If you have any questions regarding this project I'd be glad to give you a link, but it's in danish so you'd probably not understand much of it.
I hope you can give me some advice on this.
Doing a security penetrating test on a company and need help with hints/tips/program advice.
Thank you in advance,


text:
40 Shot, 4 Killed This Weekend in Chicago
(NEWSER) – On Friday night, 11-year-old Shamiya Adams was prepping s'mores at a sleepover party at her friend's apartment in Chicago when, as the girls were about to put the s'mores in the microwave, a stray bullet flew across a vacant lot, through an open window, then through a wall, and finally struck her in the head, reports the Chicago Sun-Times. She became the first of four people killed (and dozens more shot) over the weekend in Chicago, and the 33rd child victim of homicide in the city so far this year.
Read the full story on Newser.com
PHOTO: Getty Images


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Nicki Minaj slams Mariah Carey on Twitter
Listen to Nicki Minaj on iHeartRadio | Listen to Mariah Carey on iHeartRadio
Nicki Minaj is taking her feud with fellow "American Idol" judge Mariah Carey to the social media masses. Following some biting exchanges with Mariah on Wednesday's "Idol," Nicki followed up with gossip blogger Perez Hilton with a few more zingers on Twitter.
She tweeted:
What u SHOULD be doing (wit your messy ass) is asking why a woman SO successful at her age, is still so INSECURE, and bitter @perezhilton— Nicki Minaj (@NICKIMINAJ) May 2, 2013
Nicki also referenced the fact that she recently tied Mariah in having 44 Billboard Hot 100 entries "in only three years of being in the game."
Bwaha! Burn? Shes sad i tied her record for Hot 100 entries in only 3 years of being in the game. Yep, a black female rapper @perezhilton— Nicki Minaj (@NICKIMINAJ) May 2, 2013
The rapper also acknowledged the reports of "Idol" seeking to replace Mariah with Jennifer Lopez next season. She wrote:
All dem #1s but JLo phone ringin? Lol. I guess having a personality, being a secure woman, and giving genuine critique still trumps that.— Nicki Minaj (@NICKIMINAJ) May 2, 2013
Photo Credit Getty Images


text:
Bookmark this site
RALEIGH, NC -- The constitutionality of a 2010 law banning sweepstakes videogames will be put to the test this week as the North Carolina Supreme Court hears arguments in two related cases.
The law was voided in March by the North Carolina appeals court. | SEE STORY
Texas-based sweepstakes game manufacturer Hest Technologies, software maker International Internet Technologies and operator Sandhill Amusements are among the plaintiffs in the case.
The size of North Carolina's sweepstakes videogame industry has been estimated at 1,000 locations generating between $1 billion and $2 billion a year. In June, Gov. Bev Perdue -- an opponent of electronic sweepstakes -- proposed a tax on the devices. But the state's General Assembly adjourned without acting on a tax measure.
The Internet Based Sweepstakes Organization, headed by operator Chase Brooks of Front Edge Marketing (Chapel Hill), has long advocated a tax and regulation framework.
The June 2011 decision by the U.S. Supreme Court affirming free-speech constitutional protection for videogames might play a part as a key precedent in the final decision by North Carolina's high court.
Arguing for the government, the state solicitor general's office will defend the law by asserting sweepstakes videogames are illegal gambling.
Sweepstakes operator Tony Whisnant of the Joker's Wild, a sweepstakes café in Hudson, has predicted that regardless of which side prevails in the North Carolina Supreme Court, the losing side will appeal the case to the U.S. Supreme Court.


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Cynthia Riley discusses her daughter's tragic death
Cynthia Riley speaks at the Second Annual Rural Summit held at the Florida Public Safety Institute.
Stormy weather doesn't dampen these Fourth of July events
Events held across county.
Residents want soccer field moved
A small group of residents from Ashton Court Road off State Road 12 between Quincy and Havana were back again in front of the county commission
Two arrested for soliciting teenagers
Two men, Kenny Cox, 41, and Elizah Hall, 67, have been arrested after asking teens for sex.
County to test privatization of mowing services
After a lengthy debate county commissioners approved sending out for bid the privatization of part of the county's road-side grass cutting.
AAA All Stars play Saturday
Saturday, July 13th, the Havana Dixie Youth AAA All Stars will be in Freeport to play in the Florida Dixie Youth AAA State Tournament. They are representing District V as its district tournament runner-up.
Rain dampers Bears' schedule
The Big Bend Bears baseball team saw all six of their games wiped out last week due to the rainy weather.
Headlines July 9, 2013
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text:
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Heart disease can be improved — or even prevented — by making certain lifestyle changes. The following changes can help anyone who wants to improve heart health:
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Foods To Avoid During Government Shutdown
Be careful what you eat during a government shutdown.
A former FDA official says if the furlough continues, he has concerns about certain foods that need to be as fresh as they can be.
William Hubbard says you should be very careful about some foods, like seafood, fruits and vegetables, especially if they come from countries with poor sanitation records.
Watch out for imported fish, such as shrimp, tilapia and salmon - and be cautious with any brand of cheap, frozen fish.
He says it's best to stick with domestic products, and double check the freshness of fruits and vegetables you pick up at the market.
--Rob Archer


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The 2012 Olympic Marathon Course is that of both the men's and women's marathon races at the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games in London.
The 42.195-km (26.219-mile) route consists of one short circuit of 3.571 km (2.219 miles) followed by three circuits of 12.875|km|abbr=off|1}}. The course, which was designed to pass many of London's well-known landmarks, starts and finishes on The Mall, within sight of Buckingham Palace, and extends as far as the Tower of London in the east and the Victoria Memorial in the west.
The route of the marathon had been changed, for various logistical reasons, from that originally envisaged in London's original 2005 bid for the Games and now breaks with the normal Olympic tradition that the race finishes inside the main Olympic Stadium.
The 2012 Summer Olympics is the third to be held in London. The stated distance of the marathon at the London 1908 Summer Olympics – 26 miles and 385 yards, later converted to metric units as 42.195 kilometres – formed the basis of the standard distance adopted by International Association of Athletics Federations in 1921.
The course Edit
The route, as confirmed in October 2010, starts on The Mall about 350 metres from the Victoria Memorial[nb 1] and has four laps, finishing at the start point. It follows the Victoria Embankment towards the City of London where it takes a winding route and continues eastwards to Tower Hill. At this point there is a U-turn and the route heads westwards, again using the Embankment as far as the Palace of Westminster and thence back to The Mall. The last three laps are identical and are exactly 8 miles (12.875 km) each. The first lap, which only incorporates the south-western section of the route, is 2 miles and 385 yards (3.571 km) long.[2][3]
A summary of the course and associated distance points is given below:
|Mile points
|Kilometre points
[nb 2]
|3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
|5, 10, 15
|11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18
|20, half-way, 25
|19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26
|30, 35, 40
Route descriptionEdit
Runner's World described the course as "picturesque" as well as "labyrinthine", noting that included among the 111 turns or bends are four U-turns.[4]
The marathon route starts part way along The Mall and, heading away from Buckingham Palace proceeds through Admiralty Arch and past Nelson's Column in Trafalgar Square. A slight turn to the right onto Northumberland Avenue which drops down to near river-level over a distance of 350 metres (a little under a quarter of a mile).[5] On the first lap the runners turn right and continue along the Victoria Embankment, on subsequent laps they turn left and pass under the Hungerford Bridge and follow the River Thames on its downstream path. The Embankment is the longest "straight"[nb 3] stretch in the race, about 1,500 m (nearly a mile) on the outbound leg and 2,100 m on the return leg. It leads the runners past Cleopatra's Needle and the heraldic lions that symbolically defend the limits of the City of London.
After Blackfriars station (at the end of the Embankment), the course climbs Puddle Dock, a short but steep 16 metre hill[6] from Upper Thames Street to Queen Victoria Street[7] which is paved with cobblestones, before reaching the race's highest point of 18 metres[6] on Ludgate Hill close to the south portal of St Paul's Cathedral.
The route passes around the west end of the cathedral, across Paternoster Square, behind St Bartholomew's Hospital and eventually along a winding route including St. Martin's Le Grand, onto Cheapside. On the third lap, runners cross the half way mark within sight of St Mary-le-Bow and within earshot of the "Bow Bells". Leaving Cheapside, the route then goes through the heart of the City, past the offices of many of the world's best known (and lesser known) banks into the Guildhall Yard, home of the Corporation of London. From the Guildhall, the route passes the Bank of England at Bank junction and down Cornhill, passing the Royal Exchange. At the end of Cornhill, continuing onto a small portion of Leadenhall Street, a right-turn takes the runners into the covered Leadenhall Market. Competitors then make their way onto Eastcheap, via Fenchurch Street and Gracechurch Street, and on towards the Tower of London.
On Tower Hill, a short distance from the Tower's moat, the course makes a U-turn back to Lower Thames Street at the start of the return leg. Leaving Lower Thames Street, the route reaches The Monument dedicated to the Great Fire of London. After The Monument, the return leg has far fewer bends than the outward leg, as it takes the runners along the relatively straight and flat 1,600 m stretch following Cannon Street and back onto Queen Victoria Street. An S-bend takes the runners back onto the Victoria Embankment, at the far end of which are the Houses of Parliament. About 600 m before the end of the Embankment they rejoin the route taken on the first lap and pass the London Eye on the opposite side of the river. On the first lap, runners turn left onto Westminster Bridge, making a U-turn on the bridge before rejoining the main route. On the other laps, runners turn right at the end of the Embankment, and continue past Big Ben and Parliament Square and towards Buckingham Palace via Birdcage Walk on the periphery of St. James Park. As the runners approach the palace, another right turn brings the Victoria Memorial into view. The memorial, at the south-western end of the kilometre-long Mall, brings them past the start line which, on the last circuit, is also the finish line.
The distances relative to the lap start point of various prominent landmarks passed on the route are shown in the table below:[3]
|Landmarks passed relative to lap start point
|The Mall near Marlborough Road
|Trafalgar Square
|Cleopatra's Needle (outbound leg)
|St Paul's Cathedral
|St Mary-le-Bow
|Bank of England
|Leadenhall Market
|Tower of London from Tower Hill
|The Monument
|Cleopatra's Needle (return leg)
|Across from the London Eye
|Palace of Westminster
|Victoria Memorial
|The Mall near Marlborough Road
Changes to original proposalEdit
When London submitted its bid for the Olympic Games in 2004, the bid chairman Sebastian Coe said: "The marathon course has been designed to include as many of the city's landmarks as possible".[8] Although the final route is different from the one proposed in the bid, it still passes many notable landmarks.
Originally the route was planned to start at Tower Bridge, run through Tower Hamlets and finishe at the Olympic Stadium.[9] It would have had a 580 m "run-in", three laps of 11.61 km circuiting central London and passing through or close to the Tower of London, the Victoria Embankment, the Palace of Westminster, Parliament Square, Westminster Abbey, Birdcage Walk, Green Park, Buckingham Palace, the Mall, Trafalgar Square, Strand, St Paul's Cathedral, and the City of London. After the final circuit, the route would then have headed east for 7.34 km, along Whitechapel Road and Mile End Road, towards the Olympic Park and a finish in the Olympic Stadium.[10][11]
In September 2010 it was reported that the London Organising Committee were considering alternative routes for the 2012 Olympic Marathon as the original route would not be "television-friendly" in London's East-end.[12][13] After details of the new route had been published, the organisers defended their decision on grounds that the original route would have potentially disrupted other events due to road closures.[14] The changes rerouted the section between Trafalgar Square and St Paul's Cathedral from The Strand to the Victoria Embankment (past Cleopatra's Needle) which would then be bi-directional. It also removed Whitechapel Road and Tower Bridge from the route, while adding the Guildhall Yard and Leadenhall Market. The removal of The Strand from the route allows Waterloo Bridge and Blackfriars Bridge to remain open to traffic.
On 27 May 2012, less than two months before the event, The Sunday Times reported another potential logistical problem facing games organisers. In light of the size of the crowds turning out to watch the torch relay, estimates of crowd sizes for the marathon were revised and now suggest that up to 1.5 million people might turn up to watch the event. As there is only a pavement capacity of about 150,000 along the key streets of the event, contingency plans to avoid dangerous overcrowding are being considered.[15]
Official measurement of the course Edit
The official measurement of the course took place at 2 a.m. on 13 June 2012.[16] It was carried out by David Katz, a member of the IAAF Technical Committee, using a bicycle fitted with a Jones Counter. He was accompanied by two other measurers: Hugh Jones of London, who had been over the course more than 20 times in the last 10 years since London first started assembling its bid, and Mike Sandford.
Compliance with international rules and testing Edit
All international competitions in athletics, including the Olympic games, are governed under the rules of the International Association of Athletics Federations.[17][18] The IAAF rules define the standard length of the marathon as 42.195 km and specifically state that the course must not be less than this distance.Template:Sfn The rules further state that in Olympic competition the standard distance may not be exceeded by more than 0.1%.Template:Sfn In order for a marathon performance to be ratified as a world record by the IAAF, the course must also meet other criteria that rule-out "artificially fast times" produced on courses aided by downhill slope or tailwind: the distance between start and end points when measured in a straight line should not exceed 50% of the length of the course (21.092 km in the case of the marathon); and the difference in altitude between the start and end points should be no more than 0.1% of the course length (42.19 m).Template:Sfn World records for intermediate distances (i.e. 5 km, 10 km, 20 km, and 30 km) must meet similar requirements.Template:Sfn The rules also state that "the distance in kilometres on the route shall be displayed to all athletes"Template:Sfn and require that water and refreshments be provided at approximately 5 km intervals.Template:Sfn
A successful test of the course, its technology and technical aspects, was completed in May 2011 when a test event of the full marathon distance was held. The event included thirty-nine elite athletes.[19]
Performances on the courseEdit
The Daily Telegraph reported that runners, who took part in the test event in May 2011, said that a world record would not be set on the course due to its windy layout and the later start times,[19] a view echoed in reports in Competitor and Runner's World magazines.[7][20] Commentators also noted that the cobblestones on the "brief but steep" hill in the vicinity of St Pauls would present further challenges to the runners.[20]
In the women's marathon that took place on Sunday 5 August 2012, Tiki Gelana of Ethiopia set a new women's marathon Olympic record of Template:Nowrap,[21] clipping 7 seconds off the previous record. The new Olympic record was 7min 42sec slower than Paula Radcliffe's world record set in 2003 during the London Marathon.
The winning time of 2:08:01 by Stephen Kiprotich of Uganda[22] in the men's marathon, on 12 August 2012, was Template:Nowrap outside the Olympic marathon record and Template:Nowrap outside the world marathon record.
The winners of the paraolympic marathon events were:[23]
- T54 Women's Marathon - Shirley Reilly - 1:46:33, 8:01 slower than the world record of 1:38:32 set in 2001.
- T54 Men's Marathon - David Weir - 1:30:20, 10:06 slower than the world record of 1:20:14 set in 1999.
- T12 Men's Marathon - Alberto Suarez Laso - 2:24:50, a new world record.
- T46 Men's Marathon - Tito Sena - 2:30:40, 3:37 slower than the world record of 2:27:04 set in 2008.
Comparisons with the London Marathon course Edit
The 2012 Olympic route differs significantly from that of the long-established annual London Marathon. Although both events do finish in The Mall, and have a section along the Victoria Embankment in common,[24] the Olympic event also starts in The Mall whilst the London Marathon starts in Greenwich, and the two events follow completely different courses. The logistical problems behind the design of the London Marathon course (35,000 runners of mixed ability) are very different from those behind the design of the London Olympic Marathon course (100 top-class runners) and therefore it is highly unlikely that the London Marathon would follow the Olympic route,[25] as happened in Atlanta from 1997 to 2009. Then, the Atlanta Marathon followed most of the Olympic route except for the start and finish which were in the car park of the stadium, which had since been converted to baseball use.
London 2012 Paralympic Marathon comparison Edit
The course planned for the Paralympic Marathon[26] also has four laps which are nearly identical to the 2012 Olympic Marathon course, but avoids certain cobbled areasTemplate:Spaced ndash notably Paternoster Square, the Guildhall Yard, Leadenhall Market and the Monument.[27] The start and finish lines on The Mall are separated.
Previous London Olympic routesEdit
London has hosted the Olympic games on two previous occasionsTemplate:Spaced ndash in 1908 and in 1948. The marathon route was different on both occasions and the 2012 route follows yet another route.
1908 routeEdit
- Main article: Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon
The 1908 games were originally to have been held in Rome, but in April 1906 Mount Vesuvius erupted causing damage to nearby Naples. Italy did not have the resources to stage the games and to rebuild Naples, so London was asked to stage the games.[28] At this time there was no standard length for a marathon, and the 1908 marathon course was originally to have been 25 miles, passing through Uxbridge, Ruislip, Harrow-on-the-Hill before ending at the White City Stadium.[29] It was extended to 26 miles and 385 yards (42.195 km) to avoid troublesome cobbles and tram lines, because of access restrictions at Windsor Castle and to improve visibility to the spectators, including Queen Alexandra, for the finishing stretch inside the stadium.[30] This distance subsequently became the official length of the marathon.
1948 routeEdit
- Main article: Athletics at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon
In 1948, London hosted the first Olympic Games to be held after World War IITemplate:Spaced ndash the "austerity games". The marathon started and ended at the Wembley Stadium. It was only three years since the end of the war and London still had considerable bomb damage. Unlike the 2012 games, where the route was chosen to show off central London, the 1948 marathon was run along a route that took the runners from Wembley, through Mill Hill, the towns of Borehamwood, Elstree and Radlett and back to Wembley, thereby avoiding the bomb damage in central London.[31][32]
Other eventEdit
On 2 June 2012, the BBC reported that Lloyd Scott, wearing a 130 lb (59 kg) diving suit, was the first person to complete the 2012 Olympic Marathon Course in a time of six days.[33]
See AlsoEdit
- Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's marathon (5 August 2012)
- Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon (12 August 2012)
- 2012 Summer Paralympics (9 September 2012)
- ↑ This reference shows the 26 mile mark as being in front of the Victoria Memorial leaving 385 yards (350 metres) to the end point (which is also the start point).
- ↑ The time taken to cover intermediate distances as measured at the midway point and at the 5 km splits may be eligible for recognition by the IAAF as world records.
- ↑ In reality this section follows a meander of the Thames of radius 500 m.
- ↑ Marathon route map (May 2012 version). London 2012 Committee (May 2012). Retrieved on 30 June 2012.
- ↑ London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Marathons to start and finish in The Mall. London 2012 Organising Committee (4 October 2010). Retrieved on 2 January 2011.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 London Olympic Games 2012 Marathon Route. London Olympic Committee. Retrieved on 21 May 2012.
Offsets from markers on map calculated by interpolation.
- ↑ Template:Cite journal
- ↑ Computed from Google Earth on 31 May 2012; cross-checked on Template:Cite map
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 2012 London Olympic Games - Elevation profile of the Marathon Route.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Olympic Marathon Course Goes Round & Round. 2012 Competitor Group, Inc (24 April 2012). Retrieved on 9 July 2012.
- ↑ "2012 Marathon Route Announced", 17 November 2004. Retrieved on 24 May 2012.
- ↑ London Landmarks To Star in Olympic Marathon Spectacular. The London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Limited (17 November 2004). Retrieved on 10 April 2010.
- ↑ London 2012 Marathon Route. The London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Limited. Archived from the original on 23 September 2008. Retrieved on 20 August 2008. Template:Fix
- ↑ Marathon Stars Endorse 2012 Route. The London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Limited (15 April 2005). Retrieved on 10 April 2010.
- ↑ John Hyde. "Fight Begins To Bring 2012 Olympic Marathon to East London", 22 September 2010. Retrieved on 27 September 2010.
- ↑ Mathew Beard and Ross Lyndall. "2012 chiefs accused of betrayal after ditching East End Marathon route", 27 September 2010. Retrieved on 27 September 2010.
- ↑ Gibson, Owen. "Protests fail to sway Coe over change of London Olympic marathon route", 19 November 2010. Retrieved on 25 May 2012.
- ↑ "Marathon crush fear", 27 May 2012, p. 11.
- ↑ Robinson, Joshua. "A Marathon of Measurements", 20 June 2012.
- ↑ International Association of Athletics Federations (1 November 2009). IAAF Competition Rules 2012–2013 (pdf) pp. 19, 113. International Association of Athletics Federations. Retrieved on 8 June 2012.
- ↑ Olympic Charter in force as from 8 July 2011. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved on 13 June 2012.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Magnay, Jacquelin. "London 2012 Olympics: Inspiring Marathon Course Given Thumbs Up by Athletes After Test Event", 30 May 2011.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Olympic Marathon Course Has Lots of Turns. Runner's World (24 April 2012). Retrieved on 9 July 2012.
- ↑ Olympics marathon: Ethiopia's Tiki Gelana wins gold in record time. BBC Sport Olympics (5 August 2012). Retrieved on 6 August 2012.
- ↑ "Men's Marathon Results", BBC Sports, 12 August 2012. Retrieved on 13 August 2012.
- ↑ Template:Citre web
- ↑ London gets set for Marathon. The London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Limited (20 April 2007). Archived from the original on 21 August 2008. Retrieved on 20 August 2008.
- ↑ Beard, Mathew. "A Glimpse of the London Olympic Marathon Course?", 24 May 2010. Retrieved on 26 July 2010.
- ↑ Paralympic Marathon route map (May 2012 version). London 2012 Committee (May 2012). Retrieved on 1 July 2012.
- ↑ Travel in City of London Will Be Affected During the Games: Plan Ahead for Easier Journeys. Mayor of London and Transport for London (June 2012). Retrieved on 11 July 2012.
- ↑ Template:Cite journal
- ↑ Burns, Peter (2008). The Centenary MarathonTemplate:Spaced ndash Windsor to White City. Road Runners Club. Retrieved on 28 May 2012.
- ↑ Wilcock, Bob (March 2008). "The 1908 Olympic Marathon". Journal of Olympic History. Volume 16 Issue 1.
- ↑ Athletics at the 1948 London Summer Games: Men's Marathon. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved on 28 May 2012.
- ↑ Edwards, Sarah. "A Trip Down Marathon Lane", 8 July 2008. Retrieved on 28 May 2012.
- ↑ "London 2012: Olympic marathon course finished by diving suit man Lloyd Scott", BBC, 2 June 2012. Retrieved on 30 June 2012.
External linksEdit
- London Olympic Games 2012 Marathon Route. Official site of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Retrieved on 12 January 2012.


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We will be posting and answering Frequently Asked Questions about topics related to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer.
Cancer is a complicated disease. And hereditary cancers are different than other cancers. Many articles about cancer are not focused on hereditary cancers. It can be confusing determining which facts apply to you. We will be posting and answering Frequently Asked Questions about topics related to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. Check back frequently for more questions and answers.
Below is the list of questions, you can click on each to read the answers or scroll down to review the entire list.
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Genetics is a rapidly changing and improving area of medicine. Before taking a genetic test to learn if you are at high risk for cancer risk, it is recommended that you speak with an expert who specializes in cancer genetics. This is the best way to make sure that you receive the most up-to-date information in order to make informed medical decisions. They will evaluate your family medical history and assure the proper test is ordered and results are interpreted correctly. A genetics expert will be able to determine the best person in your family to have testing.
It is difficult to make an informed decision about genetic testing unless you receive up-to-date and credible information from an expert. A genetic expert will not try to talk you into or out of genetic testing but will look at your family history and educate you about your cancer risk and risk-management options. Once you understand your risks and options, the decision to undergo genetic testing is up to you. You can find a genetics expert through the finding experts section of our website.
Cancer is a common disease, so most families will have some members who have had cancer. Hereditary cancers occur when a person is born with changes or mutations in certain genes which normally protect against cancer. In the majority of these cases, the changes were inherited from the mother or father. These changes can increase the risk for cancers in different parts of the body. The changes do not increase the risk for every type of cancer and not everyone who is born with a gene change will develop cancer. These inherited gene changes can be passed down to children, with a 50% chance to pass them to each child. The main hereditary breast cancer gene changes—caused by mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes—are also associated with an increased risk for ovarian, fallopian tube, and other cancers. Other cancer syndromes can be associated with other types of cancers.
We don't know the cause of most cancer, but we do know that most cancer is not due to a single inherited change in one gene. Cancer that is not due to an obvious inherited pattern is called "sporadic cancer." Experts believe that most cancers are sporadic. So even if cancer does not run in your family, you and your relatives can still be at risk for some type of cancer.
Hereditary cancers are unique from other cancers because the risk can be passed on to children. The cancers caused by BRCA mutations are adult onset. For this reason genetics experts recommend against BRCA testing minors unless it will change medical care.
Although experts recommend against genetic testing of minors, children are frequently aware of the serious and inherited nature of cancer in their families leading parents to wonder what is the best age to share information with children, how to share information, and what information is appropriate to share. Although it is natural for parents to want to protect their children from difficult topics, children are already exposed to the disruption that cancer causes in families: the agonizing decision making, family members undergoing treatment and surgery, or loss of a family member to cancer. FORCE has several resources about informing children about cancer risk including a free, on-demand webinar, and we have developed a free, downloadable booklet with the National Society of Genetic Counselors with information for sharing genetic information with children.
Genetic testing can be complex, there are different types of BRCA tests, and interpretation of test results depends on several factors including your family history of cancer and which test was ordered. Test results are often used to make health care decisions. For these reasons, it is important to speak with a specialist in cancer genetics such as a genetic counselor, before and after BRCA testing. These experts will interpret your results and explain what they mean for cancer risk for you and your relatives, and recommend strategies to reduce your risks for cancer.
Mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 that are classified as "deleterious" are known to cause Heredity Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome. Test results also include the identity of your exact mutation. Each mutation is identified by a specific set of letters and numbers. The numbers describe where in the BRCA gene the mutation occurred, while the letters describe the change that occurred. Results specify the type of change: for example, some mutations involve the insertion of extra DNA (ins) others involve the deletion (del) of DNA and some mutations involve DNA being rearranged or substituted with incorrect DNA. Each of these changes can lead the gene to not function properly. Armed with information about the specific test results, family members can be tested for the exact mutation that runs in their family rather than having the entire gene sequenced. Our Genetics 101 Webinar provides information on genetic testing interpretation.
Men can inherit a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation and pass their mutation on to their sons and daughters. A man with a BRCA mutation has an increased risk for male breast cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, and melanoma. FORCE has a brochure with information about BRCA testing for men.
The lifetime risk for certain cancers is higher in people with either a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation than the risk for people who do not have a mutation. The cancer risks are different in people with BRCA1 mutations compared to people with BRCA2 mutations.
Breast cancer
Ovarian/fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer
Women with mutations in BRCA1 have a higher risk of ovarian cancer (up to 40% lifetime risk) which tends to be younger onset than women with BRCA2 mutations (up to 20% lifetime risk).
Prostate Cancer
Men with BRCA2 mutations are at higher risk of developing prostate cancer than men with BRCA1 mutation. Men with BRCA2 mutations are also more likely to develop prostate cancer at a younger age.
Pancreatic cancer
BRCA mutation carriers are at an elevated risk of developing pancreatic cancer. People with BRCA2 mutations have up to a 5% lifetime risk, while people with BRCA1 mutations have up to a 3% lifetime risk.
People with BRCA2 mutation are at an elevated risk of developing melanoma. Although data is limited, people with BRCA1 mutation may also be at elevated risk for melanoma.
Beyond which gene your mutation is on, experts believe that the type of mutation, the location on the gene, and other aspects of the mutation may influence risk. Researchers are studying individual mutations to link them to risk but this research is not completed, and current guidelines do not specify level of risk based on exact mutations.
Read our review of Dr. Tim Rebbeck's presentation on personalizing risk from our 2012 Joining FORCEs Conference.
Experts estimate that 1 out of every 300 - 500 people carries a BRCA mutation. BRCA mutations are more common in people of certain ethnic backgrounds, however, mutations have been found in people of every ethnicity. Experts believe that among people of Ashkenazi (Eastern European) Jewish descent, that 1 out of every 40 people carries a BRCA mutation.
Although uncommon, it is possible for someone to inherit a mutation in both the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Because it is unusual, there is little research on the related cancer risks. Experts will often use the higher risk estimates for each cancer. For ovarian cancer experts may use risk estimates similar to estimates for people with a BRCA1 mutation and for pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, and melanoma, experts may use estimates similar to those for people with a BRCA2 mutation.
BRCA testing performed by reputable labs is very accurate, and incorrect test results are very rare. However, interpretation of the test results can be complex and depends on which test was ordered. For this reason it is important to speak with a qualified genetics expert before and after BRCA testing to assure that the proper test was ordered and results were interpreted correctly.
If you are concerned that your test results may be incorrect, speak with your genetic counselor about second opinion genetic testing.
There is a large body of research behind the recommendation that women with BRCA mutations remove their ovaries and tubes. Much less research has been done on the benefits and risks of removing the uterus at the same time. The issue is complicated: some surgeons feel very strongly one way or the other about this surgery. Several factors play a role in this decision.
Risk for uterine cancer
Research suggests that there is a very small increased risk for aggressive types of uterine cancer in women with BRCA 1 mutations. BRCA 2 mutations have not been linked to increases in uterine cancer risk. Women who have a mutation that causes Lynch Syndrome (HNPCC) have an increased risk for uterine cancer and ovarian cancer and therefore a prophylactic hysterectomy is recommended along with BSO. You can read more in our section on uterine cancer risk.
Other factors that might affect this decision include:
You can read more in our section on hysterectomy.
New research suggests that many ovarian cancers in BRCA gene mutation carriers may actually start in the distal fallopian tube (part of the tube closest to the ovary), causing researchers to question whether salpingectomy (removal of the fallopian tubes alone) might reduce ovarian cancer risk.
Current expert guidelines recommend that women with BRCA mutations undergo bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes) between the ages of 35 - 40 or after childbearing is completed. Research has shown that this surgery improves survival in mutation carriers.
Based on the emerging fallopian tube research, some gynecologic oncologists have proposed that interval salpingectomy—removing the fallopian tubes and leaving the ovaries intact until after natural menopause—might lower risk for ovarian cancer in high-risk women while avoiding the negative side effects and long-term health consequences associated with oophorectomy at a young age. After menopause women would then undergo a second procedure to remove their ovaries. Research studies are being designed to confirm this theory. Before the medical community can accept salpingectomy as a risk-reducing option, much more research is needed to show that this option is safe and effective.
Decisions regarding whether or not to take hormone replacement therapy after risk-reducing surgery are individual and personal. Menopausal symptoms and effects vary from woman to woman. Some of the consequences of menopause are more serious and long-term than others. Symptoms may include hot flashes, joint pain, loss of libido, vaginal dryness, and weight gain. Long-term health consequences of menopause may include increased risk for heart disease, bone density loss, and memory changes
Some women find hormone supplementation alleviates their menopausal symptoms. However, research on hormone replacement is inconclusive regarding the health benefits and risks to menopausal women. Much of the research has been conducted on women who experienced natural menopause, and experts are not certain how much the research on natural menopause applies to women experiencing early surgical menopause. It is important for each woman to discuss menopausal symptoms with their doctor and to weigh the potential benefits and relief from hormone replacement vs. their individual risks from hormone replacement or other menopausal treatments. Women who have had breast cancer are usually recommended to avoid hormone replacement therapy.
You can read more about the medical consequences of surgical menopause and the research on hormone replacement therapy in our section on menopause.
Premenopausal women natural have varying amounts of estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and other hormones. Several hormone replacement options are available for women with surgical menopause containing varying amounts of these hormones alone or in combination.
Studies have shown that hormone replacement that combines estrogen and progesterone increase the risk for breast cancer. These studies were done on average risk women who went through natural menopause and were older than most BRCA mutation carriers who have BSO. Similar studies have shown that hormone replacement using estrogen alone (without progesterone) is not associated with a higher risk for breast cancer. Studies specifically looking at previvors with a BRCA mutation who undergo early surgical menopause do not show an increase in breast cancer risk in women who take any type of hormone replacement therapy.
Hormones come in several different types of preparations including as pills, in patches, or as cream. There is very little research to suggest that one form of hormones is better or safer than others.
You can read more about the research on hormone replacement therapy in our section on menopause.
Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is the most effective way to lower the risk for ovarian cancer but it does not eliminate the risk completely. After prophylactic oophorectomy, there is still a small risk for developing a type of cancer of the "peritoneum," which is the lining of the abdomen. This cancer, called "primary peritoneal cancer," is related to ovarian cancer. Although the risk remains, it is quite small. Currently there is no proven method of preventing or screening for primary peritoneal cancer.
Bilateral mastectomy is the most effective way to lower the risk for breast cancer, decreasing the risk by about 95%, but it doesn't lower the risk to zero. Even the most experienced breast surgeon cannot remove all breast tissue, a small risk of developing breast cancer remains after prophylactic mastectomy.
Nipple-sparing mastectomy is a type of skin-sparing procedure that allows a woman to retain her own areola and nipple. In the nipple-sparing procedure, the nipple-areola is completely removed from the breast, scraped clean of tissue and regrafted back onto the breast. During the surgery, a sample of the patient's tissue beneath the nipple is tested. If cancer cells are found, the entire nipple-areolar complex is removed. Removing and regrafting the nipple usually causes it to lose most, if not all of its normal sensation and can change and flatten its shape. Complications from nipple-sparing mastectomy include nipple necrosis, which can lead to partial or complete loss of the nipple after surgery.
There have been very few reported cases of cancer developing in a nipple after mastectomy. A recent study has shown that the amount of tissue left behind in nipple-sparing mastectomy is extremely small. More long-term studies are needed to calculate the actual risk.
Choosing a method of reconstruction is very personal. Each procedure has advantages and disadvantages. Not all surgeons perform all procedures, and often, surgeons recommend only the techniques they perform. The most important actions a woman considering reconstruction can take is to learn about her options, decide which is best for her, then consult with and choose a surgeon who is experienced and expert in the technique she prefers. The Breast Reconstruction Guidebook by Kathy Steligo, is an excellent source of credible and balanced information on the different options after mastectomy.
If your health care provider has ordered screening tests and your insurance won't pay, there are resources that can help you with appealing these decisions. The Patient Advocate Foundation provides services to help patients work with their insurance companies to get the care they need. The Center for Consumer Information and Insurance Oversight (CCIIO) at CMS is the agency consumers can contact for help when they feel they have been inappropriately denied services or were inappropriately charged a co-pay or deductible counter to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.
GINA does not cover life or disability insurance, and there are no federal laws that prohibit genetic discrimination for these types of insurance and companies can use a genetic test result to deny people policies.
The cost of genetic testing ranges from several hundred to several thousand dollars. Costs vary according to factors including whether a mutation has already been identified in your family, which test is ordered, and which laboratory is used. Most insurance companies will cover the cost of genetic testing in individuals who have either a personal history or family history of cancer and who meet certain guidelines. Insurance plans under the Affordable Care Act must cover the entire cost of genetic counseling and BRCA testing in women with a family history of cancer as outlined by the United States Preventive Services Task Force.
Consulting with a genetics expert is the best way to assure that the proper test is ordered and covered by insurance.
You can read more about insurance coverage for genetic testing in our information section on insurance coverage.
Financial assistance for BRCA testing is sometimes available. A genetic counselor or expert can also help you identify local or national resources to help pay for genetic testing. Many of the laboratories that offer testing have financial assistance programs for people who meet their criteria. The Cancer Resource Foundation offers co-pay assistance for cancer genetic testing.
If your health care provider feels you should have genetic testing and your insurance won't pay, there are resources that can help you with appealing these decisions. The Patient Advocate Foundation provides services to help patients work with their insurance companies to get the care they need. The Center for Consumer Information and Insurance Oversight (CCIIO) at CMS is the agency consumers can contact for help when they feel they have been inappropriately denied services or were inappropriately charged a co-pay or deductible counter to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.
The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) is federal legislation that prohibits health insurance and employment discrimination on the basis of genetic information or a genetic test result. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act eliminates the use of pre-existing conditions to deny or impose waiting periods on insurance coverage, therefore you cannot be denied health insurance based on a cancer diagnosis or genetic test result.
You can learn more about both laws and how they affect access to care in the insurance section of our website.
Cancer genetic counselors, geneticists, and risk assessment counselors are health care providers who are specialists in hereditary diseases. They can help individuals more clearly understand their risk for hereditary cancer, assure that the most appropriate genetic tests are ordered and properly interpreted. Geneticists are physicians with specialized expertise in hereditary diseases. Certified genetic counselors are health care professionals who have had specialized training and have earned a Master's degree in genetic counseling.
The National Society of Genetic Counselors website offers a lookup tool for finding a certified genetic counselor by state and specialty (to find a genetic counselor who specializes in cancer genetics, choose "cancer" under the options "Area of Practice/Specialization"). InformedDNA provides genetic counseling consultations by telephone with board-certified genetic counselors. The Gene Tests website which is maintained by the National Library of Medicine, has a section with links to a searchable databases for locating genetics clinics by area of specialization and by state, zip-code, or professional affiliation.
A high-risk woman undergoing prophylactic oophorectomy is at risk for ovarian cancer being found at the time of surgery, even when she shows no signs of ovarian cancer. Therefore the surgeon should follow a special protocol to identify any abnormalities and also be prepared to perform full staging if an ovarian cancer is seen.
Although an experienced gynecologic surgeon can perform an oophorectomy, it is important for a surgeon to be familiar with this high-risk protocol and have experience in prophylactic oophorectomy for high-risk women. Many facilities refer high-risk women to specialists known as gynecologic-oncologists: although these specialists often treat ovarian cancer, they are also trained in spotting abnormalities that might indicate cancer, are familiar with the high-risk protocol which should be followed for prophylactic surgery and can perform full staging if a cancer is found. Some facilities will schedule prophylactic oophorectomy with a gynecologist, but will have a gynecologic-oncologist available in case an abnormality is found. You can find a gynecologic-oncologist near you through Foundation for Women's Cancer website.
The North American Menopause Society (NAMS) sets standards and offers certification for experts who provide healthcare for women through perimenopause and beyond. To help women find a menopause clinician who is right for them, NAMS has assembled a search tool that includes those NAMS members and NAMS Certified Menopause Practitioners (NCMPs).
BART stands for BracAnalysis Rearrangement Test. This is an expanded panel looking for additional mutations in BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 that were not found in Myriad's "comprehensive" BRCA test. BART looks for specific mutations known as large rearrangements.
On both sides of the body. For instance, 'bilateral mastectomies' means the removal of both breasts.
Bilateral mastectomy or Bilateral prophylactic (or preventive) mastectomy.
The two genes most commonly associated with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer are called BRCA1 and BRCA2 (for Breast Cancer 1 and Breast Cancer 2 genes). Inherited mutations in these genes increase the risk for breast, ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate cancers.
Hereditary cancers or inherited cancers are caused by a genetic mutations that can be passed from one generation to the next; mothers and fathers can pass these mutations to sons and daughters.
A person who inherits a genetic mutation from their parent will have a higher lifetime risk for certain types of cancer. A family with hereditary cancer may have many family members who have been diagnosed.
Many different genes have been identified that can increase the risk for different types of cancer. Genetic testing on blood or saliva can tell if a person has inherited a gene mutation that increases cancer risk.
Randomized research studies are a type of research or clinical trial that compares two or more different types of intervention (treatment, prevention, screening, or other intervention). In a randomized trial, participants are sorted into the different groups by chance. With randomized studies, neither the patient nor their doctor get to choose which group the participant will be in. Often the choice is made by a computer program.
Joining FORCEs is the FORCE newsletter with news, views and supportive information for individuals concerned about hereditary breast and ovarian cancer.
The Understanding HBOC & BRCA section of this website has a comprehensive collection of information on a variety of topics, and includes links to further in-depth articles, books and websites.


text:
- BT4 final and BT4 R1 (on bootable USB)
- all drivers out-of-the-box, no extra drivers installed
- Wepbuster
- Grim WEPA 1.10 alpha 6 (installed)
- Topcom webracer 1004
- Linksys WAG325N
Encryption: WEP 64bit
Attack methods
- arp-replay
- chop-chop
- fragmentation
- cafe-latte
- p0841
(can't seem to find a decent way to insert a table, so I'll attach an image) Rightclick "view image" for full size
Hope that helps anyone looking for an adapter.
20/9: added both TP-Link version nrs, layout changes
22/9: added adapter Netgear WG111v2 (just got in) and what a contender!
20/11: added Asus WL-167G and TP-link WN312G adapter, totalling 12 now. Moved to a scale for the support.


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'Dr. Diddy' receives honorary degree at Howard University
Listen to Diddy on iHeartRadio
A man of many aliases, Sean "Diddy" Combs is now adding "Doctor" to the list of names you can call him.
The college dropout-turned-hip-hop mogul and entrepreneur was welcomed back to his old stomping grounds at Howard University Saturday where he was presented with an honorary Doctorate of Humanities.
Diddy also delivered Howard's 146th Commencement Speech amid some criticism about his dropout status and party reputation. Graduates in attendance still gave Diddy a warm welcome and standing ovation, some calling out his name at random moments during his address.
Diddy called on graduates to tap into their inner strength and make their dreams a reality sharing the story of how he pushed himself through the New York City Marathon ten years ago and raised $2 million for the public school system.
Combs was one of a number of honorary degree recipients at Howard University's commencement ceremony Saturday. CNN's Wolf Blitzer was also among the honorees along with jazz legend Benny Golson.
Photo Credit Getty Images


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Anthony Vaccarello Spring 2012
All this fifties and flappers and flora for next spring; what's a girl to do if she wants to wear something cool that fits like a second skin? That is, sorry to be blunt, hot? In fashion land, things are not what they used to be, heatwise, so praise be for the presence of the young Belgian-Italian designer Anthony Vaccarello, who ramped the Fahrenheit way up on Tuesday, the first day of Paris Fashion Week. Expectations were high because Vaccarello, a Fendi alum, had won this year's ANDAM prize, which brings all sorts of pressure to bear when you're still a relatively unknown name. Backstage, though, he didn't look too flustered, minus a minor shoe drama, and took a second to explain the thinking behind his collection: "Herb Ritts in the nineties, the way he captured the beauty of the body," he said. "And the idea of a dress that's like a swimsuit, and a swimsuit that's like a dress—and wearing them in a pool at night, with the moon on the water."
From these starting points, Vaccarello worked a silhouette that was fluid and flowing, tight and tempered with all manner of bandeau binding; a silhouette that was also, appropriately given his theme, as high as a bikini. A series of looks in gleaming black with a tint of the deepest purple and midnight blue to it, blended body-conscious form with utilitarian/sportif detail, turning a trench into a tiny dress, or sliced the sleeve off an expertly cut shorts jumpsuit. He played up the idea of rippling shadowy water by using wave-etched silk devoré for the sleeves of a curvilinear gazar jacket worn with rolled-up shorts, or as a panel placed into cutaway dresses where the contrast between opacity and the body beneath was worked to startling and striking effect.
With all of this, Vaccarello engaged in the conversation about how to best represent the eternal concept of "sexy" now. Referencing Ritts, a photographer extraordinaire at capturing a woman's physicality and sensuality, and the unfettered, playful pleasure she took in them, isn't so different from the empowering pride a woman should be taking in her body as projected through the sittings that Hans Feurer is currently doing for French Vogue. Clearly, something new is in the air (or in Vaccarello's case, the water) in Paris, one a million miles away from the controversy-seeking erotic froideur of old.
But Vaccarello's also conversing with who he is as a designer. Thus far, he's evolved what he can do the three years he has been in business, and there were more "clothes" here: a great snakeskin-fronted tank with cool utility pants, for instance, or a sinuous longer-length draped dress that put swaths of Karlie Kloss's skin on show. Actually, maybe the presence of so many big-name models—Karlie and Joan and Anja among them—is the real gauge of just how hot Anthony Vaccarello is right now.


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It is a little confusing your post..Perhaps that is the reason why noone has post help....You need to be more specific as long as failure...Encrypt?..Well, it is up to you but you can be scratched off the list..
I do not get it yet. You installed BT in a 20Gb? You had already a linux partition?..and a 380Gb fat32 partition?and you have left 20098Mb at the end?..
Please, use fdisk -l and post results...Or use gparted and post results..This is a better way to know what you have and explain what you did before and after....