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The second largest city of Russia and one of the world's major cities, St. Petersburg has played a vital role in Russian history since its founding in 1703. For two centuries (1712–1918) it was the capital of the Russian Empire. The city is particularly renowned remembered as the scene of the February (March, New Style) and October revolutions (November, New Style) Revolutions of 1917 and as the besieged and fiercely defended city of for its fierce defense while besieged during World War II. Architecturally, it ranks as one of the most splendid and harmonious congenial cities of Europe. Its historic central district was added to UNESCO's designated a UNESCO World Heritage List site in 1990.Physical and human geographyThe landscapeThe city
Area city, 550 square miles (1,400 square km). Pop. (2006 est.) 4,580,620.
St. Petersburg is a mecca of cultural, historical, and architectural landmarks. Founded by Tsar Peter I (the Great) as Russia's "window on Europe," it bears the unofficial status of Russia's cultural capital and most European city, a distinction that it strives to retain in its perennial competition with Moscow. Three distinctive characteristics of St. Petersburg engage attention. The first is the city's harmonious mix of western European and Russian architecture. Second is St. Petersburg's lack of an unequivocal city centre, which, in other Russian cities of medieval origin, is defined by a kremlin and its surrounding area. The third characteristic feature of the city is its many waterways. The short but full-flowing tributaries and canals of the Neva River that stretch to the Baltic coast are inseparable from St. Petersburg's panorama. Many of the city's most famed architectural sites stretch along the Neva's historic embankments. Moreover, the bridges and natural canals of the river have earned St. Petersburg the nickname "Venice of the North." Because of St. Petersburg's northerly location, the city enjoys the "White Nights," from June 11 to July 2, when daylight extends to nearly 19 hours—another of St. Petersburg's most acclaimed characteristics. Among the cultural events devoted to celebrating the White Nights are the festivals organized by the Mariinsky and Hermitage theatres and the Rimsky-Korsakov St. Petersburg State Conservatory. Each night during the White Nights, the bridges spanning the Neva are raised to let boat traffic through. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, St. Petersburg imbibed a new energy as crumbling facades, potholed roads, and cultural landmarks were renovated.
St. Petersburg is located on the delta of the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland. The city spreads acrossnearly
42 islands of the delta and across adjacent parts of the mainland floodplain. The very low and originally marshy site hasmade
subjected the citysubject
to recurrent flooding, especially in thefall
autumn, when strong cyclonic winds drive gulf waters upstream, and also at the time of the spring thaw. Exceptionally severe inundations occurred in 1777, 1824, and 1924,
; the last twobeing
were the highest on record andflooding
flooded most of the city. To control the destructive floodwaters, the citybegan construction
built in the 1980sof
an 18-mile- (29-km-) long dike across the Gulf of Finland. A number of canals also have been cut to assist drainage.These, together with the many natural channels, make St. Petersburg a city of waterways and bridges and have earned it the nickname "Venice of the North." (see photograph)
Greater St.Petersburg, the
Petersburg—the city itself with itssatellites,
satellite towns— forms a horseshoe shape around the head of the Gulf of Finland and includes the island of Kotlin in the gulf. On the north it stretches westward along theshores
shore for nearly 50 miles (80 km) to include Zelenogorsk. This northern extension is an area of dormitory towns, resorts, sanatoriums, and children's camps set among extensive coniferous forests and fringed by fine beaches and sand dunes. Someinfluential citizens
upper-class St. Petersburg residents also have summer cottages, or dachas, in this area. On the southern side of the gulf, the metropolitan limits extend westward to include Petrodvorets and Lomonosov. Eastward, Greater St. Petersburg stretches up the Neva River to Ivanovskoye.
The mitigating effect of the Atlantic Ocean provides St. Petersburg with a milder climate than might be expected for its far northern site. Nevertheless, winters are rather cold, with a mean January temperature of about18° F (−8° C
21 °F (−6 °C), a few degrees warmer than that for Moscow. Winter temperatures can drop below−40° F (−40° C
−40 °F (−40 °C), however. Snow cover lasts on the average about 132 days. The Neva begins to freeze normally about mid-November, and the ice is solid by the start of December; breakup begins in mid-April and usually is completed by the end of the month. Icebreakers prolong the navigation season. Summers are moderately warm, with an average temperature of64° F (18° C
65 °F (18 °C) in July.The mean
Mean annual precipitation amounts to about23
25 inches (584 millimetres
634 mm), with themaximum coming in summer. Because of St. Petersburg's northerly location, winter nights are long; in early summer, on the other hand, the city enjoys the half-light "white nights," one of its most renowned features.The city layout
summer being the wettest period.
In lieu of a distinctive city centre on the standard Russian medieval model, much of St. Petersburg's main thoroughfare, Nevsky Prospekt (avenue), particularly the stretch running from the Admiralty to the Moscow Railway Terminal, is considered the city's centre. Central St. Petersburg is divided into four sections bydistributaries of
the Neva Riverinto four sections
and its distributaries. The Admiralty Side lies along the left (south) bank of the Neva itself. Between the two major arms of the Neva,
, at this point called the Bolshaya (Great) Neva. Between the Bolshaya Neva and the river's other main arm, the Malaya (Little) Neva, is Vasilyevsky Island. The Malaya Neva and thedistributary known as
river's extreme right (north) distributary, the Bolshaya Nevka, enclose a group of islands known as the Petrograd Side, while east of the Bolshaya Nevka and north of the Neva proper lies the Vyborg Side.
Much of St. Petersburg's historical and cultural heritage is concentrated on the Admiralty Side. The district centres on the Admiralty. This, the nucleus of Peter's original city, was reconstructed in 1806–23 by Andreyan D. Zakharov as a development of the earlier building of Ivan K. Korobov, which itself had been remodeled in 1727–38,
retained the layout of the original. Its elegant spire, topped by a weather vane in the form of a ship, is one of the principal landmarks of the city. The building today houses a naval college.
Just to the east lies the great Palace Square, the city's oldest. The 600-ton granite monolith of the Alexander Column (1830–34), the tallest of its kind in the world and so finely set that its base is not fastened, thrusts up for 165 feet (50 metres) near the centre of the square.
Between the square and the river rises the huge and massive rectangle of the Winter Palace, the former principal residence of the tsars. The present structure, the fifth to be built, was the Baroque masterpiece of Bartolomeo F. Rastrelli. Construction of it began in 1754 and was completed in 1762. Both the exterior and the interior of the palace were designed in dazzlingly luxurious style. In 1837 the building was destroyed by fire, and only the adjoining Hermitage survived; the Winter Palace was recreated in 1839 almost exactly according to Rastrelli's plans. The striking appearance of the palace is highlighted by white columns against a green background, with golden stucco moldings; 176 sculptured figures line the roof. The whole complex, now called the Hermitage, or State Hermitage Museum, is atreasure-house of fine art
treasury of mostly western European painting and sculpture, an art collection of worldwide significance that originated in 1764 as the privatecollection
holdings ofthe tsarina
Tsarina Catherine II.
Opposite the Winter Palace, the great crescent ofCarlo
Karl Ivanovich Rossi's General Staff building (1811–29) dominates the square. The two wings of the building are joined by a huge triumphal arch,
topped by heroic figures and crowned by a chariot carrying a figure representing Glory, expressing the Russian victory against the invading army of Napoleon I in the campaign of 1812 (see French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars).
On the western (downstream) side of the Admiralty stretches the expanse that was called Senate Square when the Senate moved there in 1763; it is now called Decembrists' (orDekabrists'
Dekabristovs') Square in commemoration of the revolt in 1825. The buildings of the former Senate and Synod (now housing archives) dominate the western side of the square, their decorated facades dating from the 1830s and representing the last great work of Rossi. They are separated by an arch looking across to the centre of the square, where stands the equestrian statue of Peterthe Great
, known as the"Bronze Horseman" and
Bronze Horseman, created in 1782 by Étienne Falconet. Near the Senate and Synod buildings to the south rises theclassical
Neoclassical front of the Horse Guards Riding School, or Manezh (1804–07); beyond, dominating the south side of St. Isaac's Square, is the cathedral of the same name. An outstanding monument of lateclassical
Neoclassical Russian architecture built by Auguste Montferrand (1818–58), St. Isaac's is one of the largest domed buildings in the world; its golden cupola, gilded with about 220 pounds (100kilograms
kg) of pure gold, soars to 331 feet (101 metres) in height and is visible all over St. Petersburg. It is now a museum.
From the Admiralty and its surrounding squares radiate three great avenues, of which the most important and best known is the NevskyProspekt (see photograph)
. One of the world's great thoroughfares,the
Nevsky Prospekt cuts southeastward across the peninsula formed by the northward loop of the Neva to the vicinity of the Alexander Nevsky Abbey, crossing the smaller Moyka and Fontanka rivers. The Anichkov Bridge across the latter is graced by four sculptured horses. The street has a special beauty: the architecture is majestic, the buildings are graceful and finely proportioned, and the construction is complex. Onthe
Nevsky Prospekt stand the Stroganov, Shuvalov, and Anichkov palaces (former private residences of the nobility) and several churches, of which the most prominent are St. Peter's Lutheran Church (1833–38), St. Catherine's Roman Catholic Church (1763–83), and the Kazan Cathedral (1801–11). Thelatter
last edifice, undoubtedly the street's finest feature, was designed by Andrey Voronikhin in Russianclassical
Neoclassical style and has an interior rich in sculptures and paintingsbehind a
. A magnificent semicircularfrontal
Corinthian colonnade dominates its exterior. Another interesting building is the department store Gostiny Dvor (1761–85), originally designed by Jean-Baptiste M. Vallin de la Mothe. This building forms an irregular square and opens onto four streets; formerly it was a mercantile centre. Other department stores linethe
Nevsky Prospekt, as do many restaurants, cafés, and theatres—most notably the Pushkin Academic DramaTheatre—restaurants, and cafés
At the eastern end ofthe
Nevsky Prospekt, Alexander Nevsky Square fronts the main entrance to the abbey of the same name and its surrounding gardens. Beyond the square's main entrance lie, on the left and right, respectively, monuments and sculptures of the 18th-century Lazarus Cemetery (where Mikhail V. Lomonosov and many of the city's architects are buried) and the 19th-century Tikhvin Cemetery (containing the graves of such writers and composers as Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Modest Mussorgsky, and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky). Behind the cemeteries rise the spires and cupolas of the Church of the Annunciation (1720, designed by Domenico Trezzini), which is now a museum, and Holy Trinity Cathedral (1778–90, designed by Ivan Starov).
Through the Admiralty Side and intersecting the radial avenues cut the natural channels and canals that socharacterize
distinguish the city. The most important, in outward order from the Admiralty, are the Moyka and Fontanka rivers and the Griboyedov and Obvodny(Bypass)
canals. Downstream from the northern entrance of the Fontanka into the Neva lies the Field of Mars, one of the city's beautiful open spaces. Begun under Peterthe Great
(when it was known as the Field of Amusement), it was intended for popular festivities and fireworks. It was a favourite haunt of the 18th-century nobility, but its present name derives from a monument erected in 1801and portraying
, which portrays the great Russian military leader Aleksandr V. Suvorov (buried in the Church of the Annunciation) as the god of war. In the 19th century the space was used for military parades and exercises. The fallen of the February Revolution of 1917 and the defenders of the city during the civil war and foreign military intervention (1918–20) were buried there. They are commemorated by an eternal flame.
At the extreme eastern side of the central city, within the sharp bend of the Neva itself, lies the Smolny complex of buildings; these include a former convent, with the five-domed cathedral, designed by Rastrelli and begun in 1748, and the Neoclassical building of the Smolny Institute, constructed by Giacomo Quarenghi in 1806–08. The institute was used as Vladimir Ilich Lenin's headquarters in 1917 and is home to the city government.
Just to the east lies the Summer Garden. Founded on an island in 1704, it has parks and gardens that,
by the end of the 18th century,
contained more than 250 statues and busts, mostly the work of Venetian masters. The Summer Palace, Peter's first building project in the city, erected 1710–14 in early Russian Baroque style and designed by Trezzini, stands in the northeastern portion of the garden. The Neva embankment is fronted by a fence (1784), the iron grille of which is reputed to be among the world's finest examples of wrought-iron work. So light and delicate is its design that the grillwork almost seems to be suspended in air.
At the extreme eastern side of the central city, within the sharp bend of the Neva itself, lies the Smolny complex of buildings; these include the former convent, with the five-domed cathedral, designed by Rastrelli and begun in 1748, and the classical building of the Smolny Institute, constructed by Giacomo Quarenghi in 1806–08. The institute was used as Lenin's headquarters in 1917.
One of the first areas of St. Petersburg to be developed because of its defendable position, Vasilyevsky Island forms the northwestern corner of the central city. Opposite the Admiralty and Winter Palace, at the island's eastern tip, is the remarkable architectural complex known as the Strelka (literally,
"Pointer"), facing the bifurcation of the Neva. Behind the two great Rostral Columns, decorated by carved ships' prows, and across Pushkin Square, the point rises majestically to the former Exchange building (Thomas de Thomon, 1805–10), the city's finest example of early 19th-century style and reminiscent of aclassical
Classical Greek temple in appearance; it now houses the Central Naval Museum.
Farther back, the Twelve Colleges building (Trezzini, 1722–42), originally intended to house the supreme governmental bodies of Peterthe Great
, is now the home of the city's state university. The building is divided into 12 identical but independent sections and runs at right angles to the Neva embankment, which is fronted at that point by the facades of the main building of the Academy of Sciences, the Menshikov Palace, and the Academy of Arts. On the far, or northern, side of the Exchange is the Naval Customs House—now known as Pushkin House (now the literary museum and the
Institute of Russian Literatureknown as Pushkin House), designed
)—designed by Giovanni Luchini (1829–32).
Upstream of the bifurcation of the Neva is the Petrograd Side, where the great Peter-Paul Fortress faces the Strelka across the Malaya Neva. Founded in 1703, this fortification, the city's first structure, initially had earthen walls, but these were soon replaced by stone walls 40 feet (12 metres) high and 12 feet (4 metres) thick, with 300 cannons mounted on the bastions. Above the squat horizontal lines of the fortress's massive walls soars the slender,arrow-like
arrowlike spire of the Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, a golden landmark for the city. The cathedral was built in 1712–33 by Trezzini, and the tsars and tsarinas of Russia from the time of Peterthe Great
(except for Peter II and Nicholas II) are buried in it. Trezzini also designed St. Peter's (Petrovsky) Gate (1718) as the eastern entrance to the fortress. The Neva Gate, designed by Nikolay A. Lvov, dates from 1787. From the early 19th century the fortress was used as a prison, chiefly for political prisoners. Today it is a museum. At noon each day a cannon is fired from its battlements.
Just to the east of the Peter-Paul Fortress, where the Bolshaya Nevka River begins, the cruiser Aurora is permanently moored as a museum and training vessel for the Naval College(see photograph)
. It was the Aurora that in 1917 fired the blank shot that served as the signal to storm the Winter Palace during the October Revolution.
The northeastern part of the central city had by the late 19th century developed into an industrialsuburb
appendage, but by the end of the 20th century most of its industry had been replaced by office and apartment buildings and retail establishments. One of its most famous features is the Finland Railway Station, which faces the Admiralty Side across the Neva. Lenin returned to Russia in April 1917 via this station, and there he made his initial pronouncement of a new course that would bring the Bolsheviks to power. A major street of the Vyborg Side isthe
Bolshoi Sampsonievski ProspektKarla Marksa
, along which stand such buildings as the Cathedral of St. Sampson.
St. Petersburg now extends well to the north and south of the original delta site, with arms of growth extending westward along the banks of the Gulf of Finland. The newer outer suburbs include extensive open areas, which help to reduce the overall population density, and parts of the periphery are designated as greenbelt. Alongside the city's satellite towns, large-scale commercial agriculture and "agro-recreational" plots owned by residents of St. Petersburg (dachas, collective orchards, and vegetable gardens) extend 12 to 50 miles (20 to 80 km) from the city centre. However, the multiplicity of large housing blocks containing numerous two- or three-room apartments means that population densities in the built-up areas remain extremely high. As in virtually all modern cities, commuting over long distances is the price paid for more living space and the cleaner air of the suburbs. Among the suburbs noteworthy for their historic historical and cultural value are Petrodvorets, Pushkin, Pavlovsk, and Gatchina.
The most famous of the communities around St. Petersburg is Petrodvorets (called Peterhof before 1944 and still popularly called by this name), whose unique garden-park setting, stretching in terraces rising above the Gulf of Finland, contains representative works from two centuries of Russian architectural and park styles. The Great Palace, the former residence of Peter the GreatI, stands at the edge of the second terrace, its bright yellow walls contrasting with white stucco decorations and the gilt domes of its lateral wings. Built in the Baroque style (1714–28), it was reconstructed and expanded by Rastrelli from the mid-1740s to the mid-1750s. On the north the building commands a view of the Grand Cascade, a grandiose structure including a grotto, 64 fountains, and two cascading staircases, which lead to an enormous semicircular basin that contains a giant statue of Samson wrestling with a lion (see photograph). This statue, symbolizing the military glory of Russia, is a copy of the original statue by Mikhail I. Kozlovsky, which was carried off by the Nazis during World War II. In fact, much of the town's treasure was plundered, and this magnificent vista becomes all the more remarkable when it is remembered that much of it is a post-World War II restoration.
The town of Pushkin (called Tsarskoye Selo before 1917, Detskoye Selo in 1918–37) arose in the early 18th century as one of the tsarist residences. The Catherine Palace (1717–23; enlarged by Aleksey V. Kvasov and Savva I. Chevakinsky, 1743–48; rebuilt by Rastrelli, 1752–57) is notable for its dimensions, the beauty and majesty of its form, and the wealth of its sculptural decoration. The golden suite of splendid halls (including the Amber Room) exemplifies Russian Baroque at its peak. The community also is the site of the Chinese Village (1782–96) in Alexander Park and the gallery (1780–90) named after for its architect, Charles Cameron, the terraces of which contain more than 50 busts of figures from ancient Greek and Roman history. The Lycée, a school for the offspring of the nobility, had the great Aleksandr Pushkin as a student, and a famous statue of the poet stands near the town's Egyptian Gates. The town suffered severe damage during the German onslaught but has been restored.
Pavlovsk, a southern suburb, is the site of a late 18th- and early 19th-century palace and park in the classical Classical style that was created as a country residence for Tsar Paul I. The central Great Palace (1782–86; Cameron) is crowned by a dome supported by 64 columns. It was severely damaged by the Nazis and has been restored.
Another southern suburb, Gatchina, is noted for the palace built in 1766–81 by Antonio Rinaldi for Count Grigory Orlov, a favourite of Catherine II. Gatchina Park was created at the same time. Its monuments, sculptures, and gardens, like those of all of St. Petersburg, are preserved by the state.
population of St. Petersburg is overwhelmingly Russian. Before the Revolution the city had sizable Polish, Baltic, and German communities and smaller Tatar, Jewish, and Chinese communities. A disproportionate number of non-ethnic-Russian residents of St. Petersburg emigrated soon after the Revolution of 1917. Many of those who remained in the city were victims of purges during the rule of Joseph Stalin that sent millions of alleged "enemies" to prison camps in the 1930s. In the interwar periodit
St. Petersburg continued to act as a magnet for Russian peasant labour, and, even in the more homogeneous postwar city, newcomershave
tended tooutnumber
equal the number of those native to St. Petersburg; however, by the end of the 20th century more than half of the population was native to the city. Over the course of the post-Soviet period, hate crimes became common in St. Petersburg; those usually targeted were immigrants, mostly from Asia, Africa, and the former Soviet republics. Nevertheless, observers have commonly ascribed certain traits tothe people—politeness
St. Petersburg residents—politeness, a sophistication, a slight reserve—that have seemingly passed from generation to generation. The old intelligentsia is no more, but many people in St. Petersburg, living in a city designed as a cultural centre, consider themselves to be the most cultivated of Russians.
St. Petersburg isone of the major industrial centres in Russia, with
second only to Moscow among Russian cities in terms of industrial output. In the late Soviet era more than half ofits
the city's working population was employed in factories and the building trades; its products are distributed throughout Russia and beyond. The city also makes important contributions in scientific and technical research.Engineering accounts for more than half of the city's industrial output. Special emphasis is
. Following post-Soviet deindustrialization, about one-fifth of the working population was still employed in industry, and the city attracted more industry than Moscow. The majority of the remainder of the working class was employed in the service sector. Industrial output declined throughout the 1990s but bounced back and significantly exceeded its former levels by the beginning of the 21st century, by which time St. Petersburg's economy was growing faster than Russia's as a whole. New industries emerged, and older ones were revived. The real estate market experienced the largest growth, followed by transportation and manufacturing.
By the end of the 20th century, the city's most prominent industries were mechanical engineering and metalworking (the city's main exports are machinery, industrial equipment, and metals as well as timber, coal, potassium salts, and pyrites). Special emphasis is still placed on those branches of engineering that require a skilled labour forceand relatively small quantities of metal
. St. Petersburg's original industry, shipbuilding, is still important and remains one of the largest of its kind in Russia; it produces icebreakers (some atomic-powered), tankers, timber carriers, and fishing vessels. Other sectors of heavy engineering make armaments and rolling stock. Of national importance are a plant producing nuclear reactors and others that manufacture electrical and power machinery, such as steam, hydraulic, and gas turbines, armatures, and generators.
Precision engineering includes tools and instruments, refrigerators, radios, televisions, and other electrical and electronic goods. Machinery is produced for automated factories and for the knitwear and footwear industries.Chemical-based industries rank second to engineering in importance. These make a wide range of items, such as superphosphate fertilizers (using apatite from the Kola Peninsula), tires and other synthetic rubber goods, plastics and plastic goods, artificial and synthetic fibres, paints, and pharmaceutical preparations. There are industries producing a wide range of consumer goods, with the city itself as their principal market. These include the production of
. Other factories produce cable, diesel engines, batteries, generators, medical equipment, cameras, elevator parts, and automotive machinery. Food processing became the second largest industry in St. Petersburg after large breweries and a dairy combine opened in the city.
By the turn of the 21st century, St. Petersburg was attracting a significant amount of foreign investment. Modern industrial zones developed, comprising Russian and international companies. The automotive industry especially contributed to international investment, as prominent car manufacturers set up plants in and around the city.
The city's banking network is well-developed and includes branches of many international banks. At the onset of the 21st century, services accounted for about three-fifths of the city's economic sector. St. Petersburg's flourishing retail trade focuses on a wide range of consumer goods such as cotton and woolen textiles, clothing, footwear, and tobacco products,beer, and foodstuffs. St. Petersburg has a long-established and sizable printing industry.
with the city itself as its principal market.
Electrical power forthese
the city's industries comes from hydroelectric plants on the Volkhov, Svir, and Vuoksa riversand, more recently, from nuclear power stations
. The most important nuclear power station for the metropolis is in nearby Sosnovyi Bor. Natural gas is piped to St. Petersburg from thesouthern regions of European Russia and Central Asia.
Volga-Ural field and from west Siberia.
After the fall of the Soviet Union, St. Petersburg experienced an increase in tourism, which became the fastest growing segment of economic activity. By the early 2000s the number of tourists visiting the city began to outpace that of Moscow's but still lagged behind those of other major eastern European cities. To attract more tourists, the city invested billions of dollars in the construction of hotels, a sea passenger terminal (including a yacht club and marina), highways, and football (soccer) stadiums, as well as theatres, shops, and restaurants. Much industry was relocated outside the city centre to preserve St. Petersburg's picturesque historic and cultural districts. Zoning laws were passed for the first time dividing city districts into residential, commercial, industrial, or historical areas.
St. Petersburg is one of Russia's most important hubs of transportation. Its port, thenation's
country's largest, is of international significance. The main harbour is protected by breakwaters and is reached by a dredged channel from Kronshtadt.Imports include metal pipes, factory equipment, chemicals, sugar, cotton, and fruit, while machinery, timber, coal, potassium salts, and pyrites form the bulk of exports. Passenger liners
Ferries maintain regular summer services toStockholm and to Tilbury, Eng
several western European ports. By 2000 St. Petersburg's seaport was receiving hundreds of foreign cruise ships annually; however, in the early years of the 21st century, port infrastructure was not sufficient for cruise vessels, and passengers had to pass through cargo facilities to board ships. Smaller seagoing ships have access by way of the Neva to Lake Ladoga and thence throughout the inland waterway system of European Russia. From Lake Ladoga the Svir River, Lake Onega, and the White Sea Canal (Belomor Kanal) lead to the White Sea and the Russian Arctic coast. From Lake Onega the Volga-Baltic Waterway system leads to the Volga basin and Caspian Sea and, via the Volga-Don Canal, to the Black Sea and the Sea of Azovseas
. The main airfield, Pulkovo International Airport, is located 11 miles (18 km) south of the city.
The city is a focus of rail routes, with trunk lines radiating to Helsinki, Fin.,
and Warsaw as well as to Moscow and other major Russian cities. There arefive
several principal passenger railterminals—the
terminals—including the Moscow, Vitebsk, Warsaw, Baltic, and Finland stations. A network of suburban electric services connects the outer parts of St. Petersburg and its satellite towns. Internal city traffic is carried by a subway system (opened in 1955) and a well-developed network of bus, streetcar, and trolleybus lines.
Like Moscow, St. Petersburg has since 1931 been designated a "city of republicansubordination"—that
subordination"; that is, its city council is directly subordinate to the government of the Russian republic. The council members are elected for two-year terms
, whereas elsewhere in Russia cities are subordinated to the oblast (province) or republic in which they are located. The city itself is divided into16 administrative wards. In addition to these, there are five towns in the outer part of Greater St. Petersburg administered by the local government, which have status equivalent to that of the administrative wards; these include Kolpino, Petrodvorets, Pushkin, Sestroretsk, and Kronshtadt, on the island of Kotlin. Two other towns, Zelenogorsk and Pavlovsk, and 17 urban districts are subordinate to the administrative ward councils. St. Petersburg is also the administrative centre of St. Petersburg oblast (province).
raions (districts), and there are also a number of suburban districts that are subordinate to the St. Petersburg city government. Most rural districts in the orbit of St. Petersburg are subordinate to the provincial government of the Leningrad oblast (which, unlike the city, retained its Soviet-era name). Although located in St. Petersburg and sharing some responsibilities and institutions with the city, the provincial government is itself a separate "subject" of the Russian Federation. As a residue of the city's former status as capital, certain organizations still maintain their national headquarters in St. Petersburg, among them theall-union
Russian geographic, chemical, and medical societies.
Despite the 900-day siege during World War II, much of the city's housing was not destroyedduring World War II and was replaced by massive postwar building programs
and is still in use. Massive postwar building programs significantly increased the housing stock, though not nearly on the scale accomplished in Moscow. As a result, while a large proportion ofthe people
St. Petersburg's residents live inrelatively new and
more modern apartments,
(some in high-rise buildings. Virtually all housing has
), about one-fifth of the city's population still live in communal apartments, a vestige of Soviet urban life (whereby several families share one apartment with a common kitchen and bathroom). A large share of housing stock, including many communal apartments, is located in the historical area of St. Petersburg. All housing has access to central heat and is tied to the city's sanitation and power services.
St. Petersburg is fully equipped with the health services of a modern city. There are several hundred
, but the overall quality of health care deteriorated in the 1990s along with the city's shrinking economy. Although many private health clinics opened whose quality of care surpassed that of the state-run facilities, the latter were still the only option for the majority of the population, who could not afford private care (as in the rest of Russia, public health care in St. Petersburg is free). At the beginning of the 21st century there were several hundred public and private clinics providing medical and dental care and maternity and nursing services. Medical care also is provided bymore than 150
the city's many general and specialized hospitals.As in the rest of Russia, health care in St. Petersburg is free.
St. Petersburg is one of Russia's most important centres for education and scientific research; a sizable proportion of the employed population is engaged in education, the arts, and the sciences.Heading the educational establishments is the city's state university, founded in 1819. No less renowned and even older
There are dozens of public and private universities in St. Petersburg, which has the second largest concentration of institutions of higher education in Russia. Heading the list is St. Petersburg State University, founded in 1724 as the University of St. Petersburg. No less renowned and nearly as old are the Academy of Arts, founded in
(1757), the Institute of Mines (1773), and the Military Medical Academy (1798).St. Petersburg also has a polytechnic institute (1899), as well as numerous other higher educational establishments, general schools, and specialist and technical secondary schools.
A focus for research is the library of the Russian Academy of Sciences (from 1925 to 1991,
the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.), which remained in the city when the academy's headquarters moved back to Moscow after the Revolution. The research establishments of the Academy of Sciences in the city include the Pulkovo Observatory, along with the Botanical, Geological, Forestry, and Zoological institutesas well as the Pulkovo Observatory
, among many others. The city is the principal centre in Russia for Arctic research, notably at the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute and the Institute for the Study of Permafrost.
St. Petersburg evolved as a city of culture, and the number and quality of its cultural institutions remain one of its enduring attractions. It has many large and grand, as well as small but reputable, theatres and auditoriums. The Mariinsky Theatre (called the Kirov State Academic Theatre of Opera and Ballet during the Soviet period) has long enjoyed an international reputation, and its resident company is frequently on tour abroad. Other important theatres are the Maly(Little)
Tovstonogov, Pushkin, and Musical Comedy theatres. The largest of several concert halls is the October Great Concert Hall, which seats some 4,000 people. The city's musical tradition has been enhanced by the Rimsky-Korsakov Conservatory. Notable museums include the Hermitage and the State Russian Museum,which specializes in Russian painting
both of international prominence. The latter museum traces the history of Russian art from the 10th century to the present. St. Petersburg is a significant centre of the country's motion-picture industry and has been host to the annual Kino Expo International Convention for Russian cinema at its exhibition centre on the waterfront.
There are a large number of libraries in the city, headed by the Saltykov-Shchedrin Public Library onthe
Nevsky Prospekt, established in 1795;among
of all the libraries in Russia, it is second only to Moscow's Russian State Library (formerly the V.I. Lenin Library). Another important specialized collection isin
the Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkin Houseliterary museum
), on Vasilyevsky Island.
St. Petersburg has abundant recreational facilities and green spaces for such a large city. Among the notable stadiums in the area is Kirov Stadium, which seats approximately 100,000 spectators
. Other opportunities for outdoor recreation are provided by the Kirov Park of Culture and Rest, the zoo, the botanical gardens, and numerous other smaller parks and gardens.
Settlement of the region around the head of the Gulf of Finland by Russians began in the 8th or 9th century AD. Known then as Izhorskaya Zemlya or, or more commonly, as Ingermanland , or Ingria, the region came under the control of Novgorod, but it long remained thinly populated. In the 15th century the area passed , with Novgorod , into the possession of the grand princes of Moscow. Sweden annexed Ingria in 1617 and established fortresses along the Neva River. During the Second Northern War (1700–21), Peter I (the Great), seeking a sea outlet to the west, constructed a fleet on the Svir River (which connects Lakes Onega and Ladoga) and, sailing across Lake Ladoga, launched an attack on the fortress of Noteburg (now Petrokrepost), where the Neva flows out of Ladoga. In 1703 Noteburg fell to Peter; afterward he captured the Swedish fortress of Nienshants on the lower Neva, thus gaining control of the delta.
On May 16 (May 27, New Style), 1703, shortly after the fall of Nienshants, Peter himself laid the foundation stones for the Peter-Paul Fortress on Zayachy Island. This date is taken as the founding date of St. Petersburg. In the spring of the following year, Peter established the fortress of Kronshlot , (later Kronshtadt), on Kotlin Island in the Gulf of Finland, to protect the approaches to the delta. At the same time, he founded the Admiralty shipyard on the riverbank opposite the Peter-Paul Fortress; in 1706 its first warship was launched. Around the fortress and shipyard Peter began the building of a new city to serve as his "window on Europe." Just upstream of the Peter-Paul Fortress, the city's first small house , was built for Peter himself in during the early days of the city's construction, St. Petersburg's construction (it is preserved as a museum).
Although the first dwellings were single-storied and made of wood, it was not long before stone buildings were erected. The first stone palace , (still preserved, ) was completed in 1714 for Prince Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov, first governor of the city. From the start the city was planned as an imposing capital, on a regular street pattern, with spacious squares and broad avenues radiating out from the Admiralty. Architects, craftsmen, and artisans were brought from all over Russia and from many foreign countries to construct and embellish the new town. In 1712 the capital of Russia was transferred there from Moscow, although it was not until 1721 that Sweden, in the Peace of Nystad, formally ceded sovereignty of the area to Russia. Members of the nobility and merchant class were compelled by Peter to move to the new capital and to build houses for themselves. Government buildings and private palaces and houses arose swiftly; among the earliest buildings were the Merchants' Exchange (now the Naval Museum), the Naval Customs House (now the Museum Pushkin House, or Institute of Russian Literature), and marine hospital, together with the Summer Palace. Canals for drainage were cut through the marshy left bank of the Admiralty Side. The first floating bridge over the Neva was constructed in 1727, and soon more than 370 bridges had been built across the many canals and river channels. Marshy, flood-prone land and an inhospitable climate made construction expensive in terms of human life; St. Petersburg, it was later suggested, rested on a swamp of human bones.
A harbour was constructed, and Peter took measures to curtail traffic through Arkhangelsk on the White Sea, previously Russia's major port. In consequence, as early as 1726 St. Petersburg was handling 90 percent of Russia's foreign trade. In 1703 work began on the Vyshnevolotsky Canal in the Valdai Hills, the first link in a chain that by 1709 gave the capital a direct water route to central Russia and all of the Volga River basin. Industry soon began to develop. The original and flourishing Admiralty shipyard was joined by enterprises to supply its needs and those of the growing fleet—a foundry to produce cannons, a gunpowder factory, and a tar works. Merchantmen as well as warships were built, and, before the end of the 18th century, papermaking, printing, and food, clothing, and footwear industries had been were established; as early as the 1740s a factory was set up to make china. By 1765 the population numbered 150,300, and by the end of the century it had reached 220,200, of whom more than a third were in the armed forces or the administration.
The growing city displayed a remarkable richness of architecture and harmony of style. Initially the style was one of simple but elegant restraint, represented in the cathedral of the Peter-Paul Fortress and in the Summer Palace. In the mid-18th century an indelible stamp was put on the city's appearance by the architects Bartolomeo F. Rastrelli, Savva I. Chevakinsky, and Vasily P. Stasov, working in the Russian Baroque style, which combined clear-cut, even austere lines with richness of decoration and use of colour. To this period belong the Winter Palace (see photograph), the Smolny Convent, and the Vorontsov and Stroganov palaces, among others; outside the city were built the summer palaces of Peterhof (now Petrodvorets) and of Tsarskoye Selo (now Pushkin). After a transitional period , dominated by the architecture of Jean-Baptiste M. Vallin de la Mothe and Aleksandr Kokorinov, toward the end of the 18th century a pure classical Neoclassical style emerged under the architects Giacomo Quarenghi, Carlo Rossi, Andrey Voronikhin, and others. The Kazan and St. Isaac's cathedrals, the Smolny Institute, the new Admiralty, the Senate, and the Mikhaylovsky Palace (now the State Russian Museum) are representative of the splendid buildings of this period.
Within this grand architectural setting, cultural life developed and flourished. In 1773 the Institute of Mines was established. The University of St. Petersburg was founded in 1819. 1724. In 1773 the Institute of Mines was established. Many of the most celebrated names in Russia in the spheres of learning, science, and the arts are associated with the city: Mikhail V. Lomonosov, Dmitry I. Mendeleyev, Ivan Pavlov, Aleksandr Pushkin, Leo Tolstoy, and Fyodor Dostoyevsky, among others. Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment was set in the city, and the buildings described in the novel are a focus of tourism. As early as 1738 the first ballet school in Russia was opened in St. Petersburg; in the 19th century, under Marius Petipa, the Russian ballet rose to worldwide renown and produced such dancers as Vaslav Nijinsky, Tamara Karsavina, and Anna Pavlova. In 1862 the first conservatory of music in Russia opened its doors, and there the premieres of works by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov, Sergey Rachmaninoff, and other composers were performed. Over all, as Overall, the imperial court stood as the focus and patron of the city's cultural life, stood the imperial court; its ostentatious splendour and wealth were legendary throughout Europe.
The imperial magnificence, centred on the tsarist autocracy, was in sharp contrast to the other side of St. Petersburg's development, the growth of its industrial proletariat. During the 19th century there was much industrial growth in the city, accelerated by improvements in communications and extension of trade. Navigation was opened on the Mariinsky (1810) and Tikhvin (1811) canal systems, which replaced an old and inadequate system. In 1813 the first Russian steamship was built in St. Petersburg, and in 1837 the first Russian railway was constructed from the city to the Summer Palace in Tsarskoye Selo (now Pushkin). Five years later work started on the railway to Moscow, opened to traffic in 1851. A line to Warsaw was built in 1861–62, followed by still others. In particular, the cotton textile and metalworking industries flourished, the former using imported raw materials. By the 1840s more than 60 percent three-fifths of Russian imports were entering by way of St. Petersburg. In 1885 a channel was dredged to give larger ships access to the port. City growth and industrialization were stimulated by the emancipation of the Russian serfs in 1861, which allowed far greater mobility of labour. From 539,400 inhabitants in 1864, the population rose to about 1,500,000 in 1900, largely by migration from rural areas (as late as 1910 only one-third of the population had been born in the city). By 1917 the total had risen to about 2,500,000.
The factory environment in St. Petersburg became a breeding ground for revolution. With the development of metalworking and engineering as the primary industries, there arose a skilled labour force, increasingly alert politically. Moreover, the factory workers, who numbered nearly 250,000 in 1914, tended to be concentrated in plants of far larger size than was usual in Russia; the Putilov (later renamed Kirov) armaments works alone employed about 13,000. It was thus easier for revolutionaries to spread their ideas and for workers' groups to organize than it was elsewhere in Russia. At the same time, the growth of the city was characterized by a belated and slow development of public transport, making it necessary for workers to live close to their place of work, in conditions of appalling overcrowding (more than 180,000 per square mile in the centre), squalor, and lack of sanitation. Throughout the period before 1917 the city administration was lacking in efficiency and often in funds, and the provision of all public services—even a water supply—was inadequate. Outbreaks of serious epidemics were commonplace.
The first serious revolutionary outbreak in St. Petersburg came on Dec. 14 (Dec. 26, New Style), 1825: the Decembrist insurrection, organized largely by liberal aristocrats and army officers seeking a liberal constitution and an end to serfdom. It was ruthlessly suppressed. During the rest of the 19th century, workers' revolutionary activity and unrest steadily increased, with ever more frequent strikes and outbreaks of violence. These culminated in the general strike of January 1905, when some 150,000 workers took part. On what became known as Bloody Sunday, January 9 (January 22, New Style), a mass march to the Winter Palace, bearing a petition to the tsar, was met by troops , who opened fire; more than 100 people were killed and hundreds more wounded. The situation developed into revolution, spreading throughout Russia. Although it was again crushed, underground revolutionary activity continued.
The outbreak of World War I in 1914 brought an upsurge of patriotic fervour centred on the tsar. The Germanic form of the city's name was changed to its Russian version, Petrograd. The military disasters of the war and the worsening economic situation, however, revived and intensified discontent. Transport inefficiencies led to severe shortages of food and other supplies. On Feb. 26 (March 11, New Style), 1917, with a general strike in effect, disorder broke out. The authorities were slow to act and lost all control. The Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies was formed on February 27 (March 12, New Style). On March 2 (March 15, New Style) the tsar abdicated. A provisional government was set up, eventually under the premiership of Aleksandr Kerensky. On April 3 (April 16, New Style) Vladimir Ilich Lenin returned to Petrograd from Switzerland and set about organizing the overthrow of the provisional government. Demonstrations in July were suppressed, but on October 25 (November 7, New Style) Bolshevik-led workers and sailors stormed the Winter Palace, deposing the provisional government and establishing the Bolshevik Party in power.
The Russian Revolution of 1917, which changed the course of history, was spearheaded by the Petrograd proletariat and the sailors from Kronshtadt. In January 1918 a Constituent Assembly met in Petrograd, but the Bolsheviks, who had won only a minority of seats, dispersed it and consolidated their authority.
Civil war reigned in Russia from 1918 to 1920, during which the Bolsheviks successfully defended their government against various Russian and foreign elements. In March 1918 the capital of the young Soviet state had been moved back to Moscow. The years of the civil war after the Revolution had a disastrous effect on the city's economy. Industry came very nearly to a standstill. The population fell sharply to 722,000 in 1920, a mere third of the pre-Revolutionary size. Many died of starvation. Recovery began when the war ended. In 1924, following Lenin's death, the city was renamed Leningrad. When in 1928 the era of five-year plans began, much of the initial burden of developing the national economy fell on the city and its established industrial plant and work forceworkforce, especially in the provision of power equipment and machinery. This stimulated further growth; by 1939 the city was responsible for 11 percent of all Soviet industrial output, and its population had passed exceeded three million.
Then once again the city was struck by a period of loss and destruction. It was one of the initial targets of the German invasion in 1941; by September of that year, German troops were on the outskirts of the city and had cut off communication with the rest of the U.S.S.R., while Finnish troops advanced from the north. Many of the inhabitants and nearly three-quarters fourths of the industrial plant were evacuated eastward ahead of the German advance. The remainder of the population and the garrison then began to endure what has become known as the 900-day siege; the German blockade in fact lasted 872 days, from Sept. 8, 1941, to Jan. 27, 1944. Leningrad put up a desperate and courageous resistance in the face of many assaults, constant artillery and air bombardment, and appalling suffering from shortages of supplies. An estimated 660,000 people died, a very high proportion from scurvy and starvation. In particular, the exceptionally bitter winter of 1941–42, when temperatures fell to −40° F (−40° C−40 °F (−40 °C), was one of extreme hardship and loss of life. The only route for supplies was the "road of life" across the ice of Lake Ladoga; later an oil pipeline and electric cables were laid on the lake bed. The blockade proper was broken in January 1943, but it was another year before the Germans had been driven back from the outskirts. Enormous damage had been caused by the bombardment, and, before retreating, the Germans destroyed the palaces at Petrodvorets and Pushkin. For its role in the war, Leningrad was honoured with the title of "Hero City," a special defense medal, and the Order of Lenin. Not until the 1960s did the city regain its prewar size of three million; by the 1980s the population had passed the four million mark.
The first postwar Soviet five-year plan was devoted in part to reconstruction of the city's industry and restoration of its architectural heritage. In the late 1950s a program of housing construction in the new suburbs city's periphery got under way; renovation of highly sought-after inner-city apartments began in the 1970s. In the face of continuing construction and expansion, maintenance of the old city and modernization of the infrastructure became major problems. In response the city planners pioneered new forms of industrial administration, drawing on the city's strength as a scientific and technical centre and emphasizing the need to preserve its unique cultural heritage.
Major changes in the city's political life began to occur in the late 1980s, when the central government of the U.S.S.R. introduced reforms that encouraged greater democratization and openness. The nationwide legalization in March 1990 of political parties other than the Communist Party had an especially sharp impact on Leningrad, as two months later elections for the city council gave a group of reform-minded Communists and reformers outside the Communist Party a substantial majority of the council seats. The council quickly pushed for a variety of free-market measures and initiated a process of stripping the Communist Party of assets and privileges in the city. Reflecting this movement away from the city's Communist past, voters in a June 1991 citywide referendum chose to restore the city's name of St. Petersburg.
After the fall of the Soviet Union later that yearlate in 1991, the 1990s brought the city remainder of the decade saw an increase in crime and governmental corruption. Assassinations and kidnappings became common. Also during the decade the financial and economic focus of the country turned more toward Moscow and away from St. Petersburg. In 1994 election turnout was so poor that the city spent most of the year without a council; meanwhile, mayor Anatoly Sobchak (elected in 1990) hosted the Goodwill Games and lavish state visits. Sobchak was defeated in 1996. The city was hard hit by the 1998 Russian financial crisis.
in the city. The assassinations of several prominent politicians, including a vice-governor and a member of parliament, made headlines. Popular television crime series such as Ulitsy razbitykh fonarei ("Streets of Broken Lights"; 1998–2001) and Banditsky Peterburg ("Bandit Petersburg"; 2000) contributed to the image of the city as the crime capital of Russia. Although the city's economy was expanding faster than the Russian economy as a whole in the early 21st century, unemployment in St. Petersburg was higher than it was in 1990, mainly because of deindustrialization and an aging population.
Like all of Russia, post-Soviet St. Petersburg experienced drastic overhaul. New cafés and restaurants were opened, bridges and landmarks were illuminated, and cultural venues were constructed. Former communal apartments have been remodeled, and many are now owned by the new elite. On the other hand, homeless people and beggars, never a feature of St. Petersburg in late Soviet decades, became fairly widespread. However, in the early 2000s, more St. Petersburg natives were serving in influential posts in the national government than ever before in the city's history, including Russia's president Vladimir Putin. In 2006 St. Petersburg hosted the Group of Eight annual summit.
Colin Amery, Brian Curran, and Yury Molodkovets, St. Petersburg (2006), is an illustrated work that describes the city's 300-year history through its architecture, literature, and art. William Craft Brumfield, A History of Russian Architecture (1993, reissued 2004), surveys types of Russian architecture, including many of St. Petersburg's structures, dating from the 10th century through modern-day construction.
Arthur L. George and Elena George, St. Petersburg: Russia's Window to the Future—The First Three Centuries (2003), narrates the city's history and includes biographies on some of its most famous residents. Historical background is provided in James H. Bater, St. Petersburg: Industrialization and Change (19671976); and E.M. Almedingen, Tomorrow Will Come (1941, reprinted 1983), a memoir spanning the revolutionary Revolutionary period. On the The Siege of Leningrad , see is the subject of Harrison E. Salisbury, The 900 Days (1969, reprinted 1985). An account of the city government is provided by David T. Cattell, Leningrad: A Case Study of Soviet Urban Government (1968). For politics , is an account of the city government. Politics and city planning in the 1970s , see are covered in Denis J.B. Shaw, "Planning Leningrad," Geographical Review, 68(2):183–200 (April 1978); and Blair A. Ruble, "Romanov's Leningrad," Problems of Communism, 32(6):36–48 (Nov.–Dec. 1983). The cultural history November–December 1983), and Leningrad: Shaping a Soviet City (1990). James H. Bater, "Central St. Petersburg: Continuity and Change in Privilege and Place," Eurasian Geography and Economics, 47(1)4–27 (January–February 2006), examines St. Petersburg's population patterns during three major periods of its political history. Cultural history is discussed in John Gregory and Alexander Ukladnikov, Leningrad's Ballet: Maryinsky to Kirov (1980). Logan Robinson, An American in Leningrad (1982), is an account by a Harvard law student.
Works in Russian include L.S. Shaumian (ed.), Leningrad: entsiklopedicheskiĭ spravochnik (1957), a survey of the city's history, economics, public education, cultural and educational institutions, architecture and construction, public health service, science, literature, and art; S.M. Serpokryl (compiler), Leningrad: Dostoprimechatel'nosti, 3rd enlarged ed. (1974), on the basic architectural aggregations, squares, embankments, avenues, and suburban parks; and M.P. Viatkin (ed.), Ocherki istorii Leningrada, 6 vol. (1955–70), an analysis of the development of the city and its construction, with an account of the stages of its revolutionary development. See also IuriĬ P. Seliverstov (ed.), Leningrad: istoriko-geograficheskiĭ atlas (1981), a historical-geographic atlas.


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Study: Tasers, properly used, limit injury
Conducted electrical devices (CEDs), such as Tasers, limit injury to police officers and suspects if used properly, according to a three-year study released by researchers at the University of South Carolina and funded by the U.S. Department of Justice.
Geoff Alpert
The study, one of the largest epidemiological studies to look at injuries from police use of force, comes at a time when more than 10,000 U.S. police agencies now use Tasers as one method to control suspects. The study also provides valuable understanding of injuries that result from other less lethal devices, such as pepper spray and batons, as well as firearms.
Dr. Geoff Alpert, a criminal justice professor and one of the nation's leading authorities on policing, said the study is particularly important for its findings on the use of pepper spray and CEDs, which have generated controversy and been linked to deaths, overuse and abuse.
"We found that the use of pepper spray and CEDs, such as Tasers, reduced the likelihood of injuries to both officers and assailants," said Dr. Geoff Alpert, principal investigator of the study.
Alpert said the study, which included the review of 24,000 cases as well as national data, provides a much-needed picture of police use of force in America. Conducted from 2005 - 2008, the study was funded by a $650,000 grant from DOJ's National Institute of Justice.
The research team also comprised Dr. Michael Smith and Dr. Robert Kaminski, University of South Carolina; Dr. Lorie A. Fridell, University of South Florida; Dr. John MacDonald, University of Pennsylvania; and Bruce Kubu, Police Executive Research Forum.
The team's findings were based on data from a national survey of law enforcement policies and practices on use of force and statistics from law enforcement agencies in Miami, Fla., Seattle, Wash., Columbia, S.C., Austin, Texas and Orlando Fla. They also interviewed more than 250 officers and citizens.

subset: commoncrawl


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Weather Board: Accoya is a sustainably sourced softwood treated via an acetylation process that, the manufacturer says, greatly increases its dimensional stability and lifespan, making it suitable for both structural and finish applications. Brach says Accoya siding performs as well as or better than non-wood alternatives. "It arrives on the site very straight, it takes paint and stain very well, and it doesn't shrink and swell," he says. Accsys Technologies, accoya.com
Open Season: Brach specifies German-made Unilux windows (shown here in a firm project) for their flexible configurations, vaultlike construction, and high energy-efficiency. The company offers the same tilt-turn operation in four different materials, but Brach prefers the wood-aluminum version. His favorite features: "large sizes, great U-value, and wood interiors." Unilux, unilux.de
Comfort Zone: Brach finds Mitsubishi Electric's split-system heat pumps perfect for the low-load houses he designs. Their simplicity—they require no separate air handler or ductwork—saves space, installation time, and expense. "Everyone knows about them for cooling, but they're so efficient now for heating too," he says, "down to minus 10 degrees Fahrenheit." Mitsubishi Electric, mitsubishicomfort.com
Watershed Moment: Boat builders have proved the durability of epoxy-coated marine plywood in damp environments, so Brach feels comfortable using this combination for wet-duty assemblies such as this custom hand basin. "I have done this several times to make wood sinks," he says, "and so far, so good." Needless to say, the results are as beautiful as they are durable. Wolstenholme International, www.wolstenholme.com
Air Force: Energy-recovery ventilation is a must in Brach's supertight Passive House projects, and he calls UltimateAir's RecoupAerator 200DX "the de facto cost-effective Passive House ERV in North America." The unit exchanges the air in an average house about once every two hours at a 95 percent heat recovery rate, while also providing humidity control and MERV 12-level filtration. UltimateAir, ultimateair.com
Power Windows: In a highly efficient building, passive ventilation can replace tons of air conditioning capacity, but only if you remember to open the windows. Functional Fenestration's electric operators and remote actuators put windows and skylights under the control of a building automation system. "You can link them to an evaporative cooler or HRV," Brach says. "They're handy." Functional Fenestration, fenestration.net
Wish List
Fuel Gauge: With sensors installed inside a house's electrical panel, eMonitor measures the energy use of every circuit and appliance in the building. The system communicates via Wi-Fi with a programmable thermostat and can be controlled via any Internet-connected device. "You can see in real time how much energy things are using," Brach says. "You can validate your energy model and identify problems." Powerhouse Dynamics, powerhousedynamics.com
Strategic Reserve: Designed to fit unobtrusively between attic joists or inside stud walls, PCmat thermal storage mats are filled with a renewable, plant-based phase-change material that stores and releases heat more efficiently than concrete or water. "It's a wax that's calibrated to melt and absorb heat at a specific temperature," Brach says. "So you essentially get thermal storage without thermal mass." Phase Change Energy Solutions, phasechange.com
See all the entriesweaetxdyvaydzcwq in Architects' Choice 2013.


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- Locations & Hours:
- Redwood City 650.367.8181
- Take A Tour!
Cappuccino Laptop Armoire
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Cappuccino laptop armoire. Features dark distressed birch with espresso finish. Slate accents on front. Two storage utility drawers and one letter/legal file drawer all on full extension ball bearing drawer glides. Front flips down to use as writing or laptop computer desk. Dovetail drawer construction. Fully assembled. Manufacturer: Sunny Design
More about Sunny Designs
Sunny Designs is a manufacturer and wholesale distributor of furniture and accessory items. Our goal is to provide the best value and satisfaction possible for our customers. Sunny Designs has manufacturing facilities in Indonesia and China and is headquartered in California.


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William E. Bard Collection
Finding Guide to Resource Materials on Mirabeau B. Lamar and Other Texas Topics
Biographical Note
Taken from Bard, W.E. Time in Your Hand c.1977
William E. Bard, one of Texas most distinguished poets, came to Texas as a child in 1895. He grew up in Galveston County and started married life as a Methodist minister. A few moves and six children later, he retired from the ministry and was employed by the Veterans Administration in Dallas
Mr. Bard's first book published in 1933 was A Little Flame Blown. In more recent years he authored Feather in the Sun, This Land This People, Burning Embers, and As a Wild Bird Returning. His poems have appeared in scores of yearbooks, anthologies, and other publications; many winning poetry awards including the Texas Centennial Award and a Presidential Citation from Avalon. He is a charter member of the Texas Institute as wll as past president and life member of the Poetry Society of Texas.
Mr. Bard was Poet Laureate of Texas in 1966, is cited in the International Who's Who in Poetry, and is a recipient of an honorary Doctor of Human Letters from the President of the Philippines. In 1968, Mr. Bard was a delegate to the First World Congress of Poets convening in Manila, Philippine Islands. Mr. Bard died July 23, 1978.
Scope and Contents
In addition to poetry, W.E. Bard was an avid researcher of Texas History with a special interest in Mirabeau B. Lamar. This collection contains spiral notebooks of research notes taken from various resources concerning the life and career of Lamar, his ancestors and descendants and correspondence from Lamar family members. Other topics of Texas interest are also represented. This collection arrangement was created from the original order kept by Mr. Bard, no chronological order exists for correspondence; the folders were topically arranged by Mr. Bard. The notebooks and folder headings were kept as close to the original labels as possible. Staples and other metal attachments were removed where possible and retained when necessary. It is apparent that Mr. Bard intended to write either a biography of Lamar or a book on Texas History; however, no manuscript or published materials other than poetry titles exist in this collection.
Administrative Information
Preferred Citation
MA85-10 William E. Bard Collection Texas/Dallas History & Archives Division, Dallas Public Library
Processing Information
Processed by Cindy C. Smolovik, Archivist
Detailed Description of the Collection


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LONG BEACH — Rancho Los Cerritos held a retirement party Thursday to honor Steve Iverson, who has worked as curator at the Rancho for 23 years.
As curator, Iverson oversaw the museum's collections, managed its research library and archives, developed new exhibits and researched the history of the rancho, which was built in 1844.
Iverson was always seen as someone who wore "many hats," said Ellen Calomiris, the rancho's executive director and historic sites officer. "Steve has impacted the Rancho because of all of his dedication, knowledge and passion for history."
The rancho has received national, state and local historic landmark designations and is owned by the city and operated through the Department of Parks, Recreation and Marine.


text: The Oklahoma tornado that ripped through the Oklahoma City area on May 20 killing 20 -- and adding to the 24 already killed in another F5 tornado nearby just 11 days earlier -- shocked us all and brought us to our knees in prayer. I recall our kids got out of the pool immediately when they heard the news and gathered to pray as the unimaginable happened.Many good people are now rightly asking how to help the victims of that colossal F5 -- the widest tornado on record. Wider than Ma … [Read more...]


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Sounds like you need to read up on the following subject: NAT (Network Address Translation). If you have more questions after reading that then we can try to help.
Hi guys
I cant really figure this out, so I need some help, please. Ive read the NMAP network scanning book and some tutorials on Nmap.
My home LAN IP is 192.168.0.1 and using the 192.168.0.1/24 gets me the entire network etc.
But now I want to test my Namp skills on my real IP address. (Gotten from What Is My IP Address? - Lookup IP, Hide IP, Change IP, Trace IP and more... )
But when I scan my real IP address (eg. 123.456.789.0) then I only see my router, but not the rest of my network. (I have 7 devices on my LAN, via Wifi). Why not?
Do this mean that if I secure my router good enough, Im home free for the rest of the LAN? Because I cant see :
Which devices are online
How many are online
Version detection
All the examples I have read about is regarding your own network, e.g. 192.168.0.1 or 10.0.0.1, which also works, because I running the scan within the network.
Please help me clarify my confusion about this.
Sounds like you need to read up on the following subject: NAT (Network Address Translation). If you have more questions after reading that then we can try to help.
Last edited by Lincoln; 02-01-2010 at 11:01 AM.
Hi again
Thanks for your replies.
I've read more about NAT and Private vs. Public addresses.
As I have understood, then a local network use one "private" IP address (e.g. 192.168.something), and each time I connect a device to my internal network, then I'll get a new unique "private" IP address for that device.
My router then have 1 "public" IP address for accessing the internet.
So when one of my devices passes from my local network, it goes through the router and it's translated to my "public" IP address. It then gets the data back to the router and the router transfer it, to the correct device.
I've tried to illustrate it like this:
And that is why my "private" IP addresses, always only is shown as 1 "public" IP address, to the rest of the world.
1) Is this correct?
2) Unfortunately I haven't been able to figure out my original question. How can a NMAP scan see anything else but my router? (using the "public" IP address)?
Last edited by Linus1907; 01-28-2010 at 02:10 PM.
Yes that is correct. Think of it this way. Your router is the border point of two networks (it exists on both your private LAN and the public internet / having one interface on each side). To scan a network you must be a part of that network. So scanning public addresses = scanning the network of networks (the whole internet), scanning private addresses = scanning your LAN.
I hope this makes sense to you.
Btw, some ISPs don't approve of you port scanning public addresses so be mindful of what you are doing.
Thanks, #mfBaranian#
So if you secure your router, then the rest of the private LAN is "home free".
Said in another way : NMAP scans are useless, in the "real" world, as long as you have a router in front.
Well you must realize you are on a home private network. This is not the case in the real world because almost all business's have devices with open ports on the internet. Home users are but a small piece of the internet.
So yes in theory you are safe with a properly secured router from direct attacks but if you have any ports from the router forwarded to a pc that makes a hole. For example bit torrent ports. Also not to sound mean, you are still vulnerable to the greatest bug of all which is the end user of the PC. You can still click on websites which have been infected with malicious code and get owned. No one is ever truly safe.
pureh@te and #mfBaranian#:
Thanks for your help. I learn something today
My two cents: There is no such thing as "home-free", unless you're unplugged.
thou shalt treat all computers as thou wouldst treat thyself, for thou art the creator of thine own problems.


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Satin Smooth® Professional Quad Wax Warmer
Professional quality wax warmer accomodates 14 oz and 16 oz cans and quickly heats the wax to a workable temperature. The Deluxe Series Professional Quad Wax Warmer is ideally suited for busy waxing facilities and provides you with 4 independent warming wells with separate on/off switches and thermostats. Dimensions 22" x 9.5" x 6.25", 5.8 lbs.


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Red Team Leader and Master Chief 2-PackPrice: $54.99 Write a review | No reviews for this product.
This limited-edition boxed set features McFarlane Toys' first-ever fully articulated Halo Wars Spartan figure in 5-inch scale as well as the debut of the massive "M7057/Defoliant Projector" flamethrower.
Mark IV: The first Mjolnir power armor design suitable for battlefield deployment. Worn by Spartans in the early conflicts of the Human-Covenant war, including the battles on the colony world of Arcadia (Halo Wars).
Mark VI: The ultimate evolution of the Mjolnir power armor, featuring regenerative energy shielding and integrated AI processors. Worn by the legendary Master Chief at the end of the Human-Covenant war (Halo 3).
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Chris Brown's graffiti gone
Listen to Chris Brown on iHeartRadio
The graffiti on the wall outside Chris Brown's home in the Hollywood Hills is all covered up with a fresh coat of paint.
Brown tells TMZ his art was taken down by his choice and not because the city was going to slap him with a heavy fine.
The Los Angeles Building Department of Safety says if inspectors approve the paint-over Breezy will not have to pay up.
Photo Credit Splash News


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Mindy Gunn, AVP, CMP
Technology and Operations Group Event Manager
Wells Fargo Bank
Mindy Gunn didn't choose event planning — it chose her.
Gunn planned on attending law school, but she switched career paths when she was offered a job as a meeting planner with Wells Fargo Bank.
"My start in the meetings and events industry came when I co-founded a nonprofit organization in college that produced and promoted free concerts and theatrical productions in the community," Gunn says, adding that she also produced events while working at Wells Fargo as she attended Brigham Young University.
Gunn has been with Wells Fargo for 15 years, starting as a teller.
In her role as an event manager, Gunn joined the Arizona Sunbelt Chapter of Meeting Professionals International seven years ago. She initially joined as a way to gain her certified meeting professional (CMP) designation, which she did in 2006.
"MPI provides a link to other meeting professionals, as well as valuable resources to help me manage my ever-changing role in my organization," she says.
"I am able to network with others in my profession, and keep apprised of what is happening in the industry in a way that works for me, whether it be a networking event, or, more often, the Web resources."
Gunn says the current economic situation hasn't changed her association with MPI; it is still a resource.
"MPI has provided important information and resources on how I can be more strategic in the support of my company from a meetings perspective," she says.
Gunn adds that MPI also can help industry newcomers in this economy.
"I think there are fewer newcomers to the organization," Gunn says. "With the current job market, it is becoming tougher to enter the industry, and as a result, fewer new members. These newcomers are vital to continue innovating and keeping the approaches 'fresh.'"
Gunn says she wants to personally mentor newcomers in order to help them understand the opportunities MPI has to offer both personally and professionally. Gunn admits she didn't take advantage of an MPI mentor when she was offered one, but she says she now knows that mentors are important.
"I would also like to see these new members aligned with mentors from their area of focus, so they can truly learn more about how to take the most advantage of the opportunities before them," Gunn says.
Not only are newcomers an important part of MPI's future, but so, too, is bringing together existing members, Gunn says. She says that a forum for members from all branches of the industry, from independent and corporate planners to suppliers, is something that would benefit all members.
"The more we understand each other's roles, the better we can work together," she says.


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Stewart Cink
Ángel Franco/The New York Times
News about Stewart Cink, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times.
Cink Is Taking a Leave
Stewart Cink, the British Open champion in 2009, said he was taking a break from golf after learning that his wife, Lisa, had breast cancer....
May 4, 2016, Wednesday
MORE ON STEWART CINK AND: Golf , Cink, Stewart , Breast Cancer
Stewart Cink Grabs Share of Lead
Cink birdied seven of the final 11 holes for a seven-under-par 64 and a share of the first-round lead with Martin Laird in the Shriners Hospitals for Children Open in Las Vegas....
October 17, 2014, Friday
MORE ON STEWART CINK AND: Golf , Laird, Martin , Cink, Stewart
Cink and Haas Share Lead at Houston Open
Stewart Cink and Bill Haas wound up with a share of the lead in the Houston Open, and they have plenty of company....
March 31, 2013, Sunday
MORE ON STEWART CINK AND: Golf , Haas, Bill , Cink, Stewart , Houston Open (Golf)
In Code of Golf, a Bruised Ego Is No Excuse
When Rory McIlroy, the world's top player, walked away after eight bad holes at the Honda Classic, he broke an unwritten code of conduct....
March 5, 2013, Tuesday
MORE ON STEWART CINK AND: Golf , PGA Tour Inc , McIlroy, Rory , Mickelson, Phil , Woods, Tiger , Cink, Stewart , Steele, Brendan , Mallon, Meg
Eyes on Woods, but Scott Refuses to Blink
Tiger Woods showed some rust when playing for the first time Thursday afternoon at the W.G.C.-Bridgestone Invitational after a three-month injury layoff....
August 5, 2011, Friday
MORE ON STEWART CINK AND: Woods, Tiger , Golf , Cink, Stewart , Scott, Adam , Day, Jason
Par 140? Twitter Hits the PGA Tour
Stewart Cink is the pro golfer with the most followers on Twitter, more than 1.2 million, and even Jack Nicklaus tweets....
February 20, 2011, Sunday
MORE ON STEWART CINK AND: PGA Tour Inc , Golf , Twitter , Cink, Stewart , Nicklaus, Jack
This Time, Cink Ensures He Won't Be Overlooked
Overlooked by his captain during Thursday's opening ceremony, Stewart Cink was indispensable on Saturday....
October 3, 2010, Sunday
MORE ON STEWART CINK AND: Cink, Stewart , Ryder Cup (Golf) , Golf , Kuchar, Matt , McDowell, Graeme , McIlroy, Rory
Pavin Raises Eyebrows by Making Unorthodox Moves for Opening Day
Bubba Watson and Jeff Overton were selected by the United States Ryder Cup captain, Corey Pavin, to anchor the morning matches against Luke Donald and Padraig Harrington....
October 1, 2010, Friday
MORE ON STEWART CINK AND: Ryder Cup (Golf) , Pavin, Corey , Golf , Cink, Stewart , Montgomerie, Colin , Harrington, Padraig , Donald, Luke
Kuchar Fights Off Illness for Share of Lead
Matt Kuchar struggled at the outset, making five bogeys and a birdie through 10 holes at the BMW Championship, before his closing kick tied Charlie Wi (69) atop the leader board at six-under 136....
September 11, 2010, Saturday
MORE ON STEWART CINK AND: Kuchar, Matt , Golf , Woods, Tiger , Cink, Stewart
Woods Was the Easy Ryder Cup Pick for Pavin, Fowler the Final One
Corey Pavin, the captain, went for safe choices in Stewart Cink and Zach Johnson and chose a rookie, Rickie Fowler....
September 8, 2010, Wednesday
MORE ON STEWART CINK AND: Woods, Tiger , Ryder Cup (Golf) , Golf , Pavin, Corey , Cink, Stewart , Johnson, Zach , Fowler, Rickie
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Apparent murder suicide on west side
(Cleveland) -- Neighbors and family are trying to understand an apparent murder suicide on the West Side. Neighbor Christina Kizer says the couple she knew was quiet and mild-mannered.
On Sunday, police said 24-year-old Peter Ogletree parked his car outside his girlfriend's home in the 3400 block of West 125th with their toddler inside. He apparently shot the girlfriend and then himself. A motive is not yet known.
The woman's name has not yet been released by the Cuyahoga County Medical Examiner's office.
Get breaking news sent to your mobile phone.Text "news" to 21095.
(Copyright 2014 Clear Channel, all rights reserved.)


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Not sure if it's been posted already, but SuperKombat are having worldwide trials for the next big Heavyweight.
It's +95kg and the event will be on 15.02.13 at Storm Gym, Luton.
The CEO of SuperKombat will be present at the session and successful candidates will be flown out to Croatia the following week to fight.
If successful, they go through to an 8-man tournament and the prize money is $1,000,000
For more info:
Amir Subasic
01582 453 981


text: More than $2.5 trillion dollars in purchases were made last year using credit cards. If you don't accept credit cards, you are losing business to your competitors that do. Whatever the size and nature of your business, our Business Services Team will match your card acceptance needs with a program tailored just for you.


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Bicentennial BASH
Let the good times roll! On March 1, 2003, the Ohio Bicentennial Commission <www.ohio200.org> kicked off an eight-month celebration in honor of the state's 200th birthday. The months-long party will occur in conjunction with a series of ongoing, countywide programs that the commission spearheaded. These spirited commemorations of Ohio's history can be seen throughout the state — hop in the car and get a glimpse firsthand.


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Festival International Update – Keb Mo Live On Stage Tonight
Festival International has taken over downtown Lafayette through Sunday. Enjoy six stages of entertainment! Don't forget the FREE Festival mobile apps are NOW available for iPhone & Droid users! Be sure to download them at your appropriate app store and make your festival schedule. Tonight at Festival International, enjoy live music of Keb' Mo', the Duhks, and master drummers of Burundi.


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By Noah Haglund and Scott North Herald Writers
EVERETT — The state auditor must decide whether a Snohomish County Executive aide linked to harassing public records requests and attack websites has raised any legitimate concerns about the conduct of others in county government.
The complaint from Kevin Hulten, an analyst for county Executive Aaron Reardon, alleges government misconduct by Prosecuting Attorney Mark Roe, according to people familiar with the issue.
Under county procedure, such concerns must be filed with the deputy executive, Gary Haakenson, who also is Hulten's boss.
Given the lack of in-house expertise and the need for an outside investigation, Haakenson on Feb. 26 asked the state for help.
"I'm asking the state auditor to investigate," he said Monday.
Officials haven't publicly identified Hulten as having made the complaint.
Those familiar with the allegations presented to the county say Hulten has been seeking "whistle-blower" protection from the county, alleging that he is investigating Roe, deputy prosecutors, journalists and others he claims conspired against Reardon.
The King County Sheriff's Office is conducting a separate investigation of Reardon's staff to determine whether any laws were broken in a campaign that used online attack pages, spoof email accounts and public records requests to target the executive's rivals.
Under Snohomish County's "whistle blower" policy, Haakenson is required to provide a written response to the complaint he's received, either summarizing the investigation's findings or estimating how long an investigation would take. His deadline is next week.
Hulten sent a complaint to County Council Chairwoman Stephanie Wright on Feb. 20. Six days later, county staff informed Hulten that he should have filed his complaint with the deputy executive, not with the County Council.
While state officials have been careful not to provide his name, it appears that Hulten filed the same information with the state auditor's office, seeking state whistle-blower status.
On Feb. 28, the State Auditor's Office declined to investigate the complaint it had received, ruling that the county's "whistle blower" policy had precedence.
Now the agency is considering Haakenson's request, which is separate and was not presented as a "whistle blower" action, Deputy State Auditor Matt Miller said Monday. No decision had been made.
The "whistle blower" complaints about Roe surfaced within hours of Reardon's Feb. 21 announcement that he intends to resign at the end of May. That decision is not considered formal until he sends a letter to the County Council.
Reardon's announcement came after investigative stories appeared in The Herald showing that Hulten and Reardon's executive assistant, Jon Rudicil, were linked to public records requests targeting nearly 20 people in Snohomish County government, including Roe and Roe's wife, a deputy criminal prosecutor. All of the people named in those requests cooperated last year with a Washington State Patrol criminal investigation of Reardon's spending of public funds to support an extramarital affair. No charges were filed. Harrassing witnesses in a criminal investigation is illegal.
Public documents and online clues also tie Hulten and Rudicil to attack websites, including an unflattering Wikipedia entry about Anne Block, a Gold Bar attorney and blogger who has sought to get Reardon recalled from office.
Haakenson does not appear to have been involved in any of that activity. He also was targeted by record requests made by the person who called himself "Edmond Thomas," and who threatened to sue the county if the documents he sought weren't supplied.
Hulten has admitted involvement in those requests, according to a statement from Reardon, but neither the executive nor his aide have offered precise details. Instead, Reardon condoned the conduct, which he believes happened on personal time, according to his statement.
During his resignation announcement, Reardon said he welcomed an investigation of his staff's conduct. He also called for an outside agency to investigate groups he insists have been trying to undermine his leadership since before his re-election in 2011.
To avoid potential conflicts of interest, the King County Sheriff's Office has agreed to investigate Reardon's staff. Skagit County Prosecuting Attorney Rich Weyrich agreed to review the findings and determine whether charges are warranted.
Haakenson on Thursday placed Hulten, 33, and Rudicil, 44, on paid administrative leave pending the outcome of the investigation. Hulten is paid about $61,000 annually; Rudicil, about $76,000.
Noah Haglund: 425-339-3465, firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Are you thinking….
Should I go to the career fair? I don't know…I'm not a senior yet. How useful could it be?
VERY useful. Here's the deal. This Friday over 116 employers will assemble in Dillon Gym to meet YOU and tell YOU about their organizations. If you're interested in a full-time job, an internship, or a fellowship, the career fair is a great way to meet representatives of your prospective career or post-grad path. If you are a junior or senior, you probably already knew this. If you are a freshmen or sophomore, you may wonder if it is worth your time to go, or if it is too soon in your college career to speak with employers.
No matter what your class year, you are probably NOT thinking: "This is going to be a breeze."
Why shouldn't it? Sure, everyone's in suits (including you!), but a formal environment doesn't mean that this isn't also a learning opportunity. If you're a freshman or sophomore, this is a great event to attend to get a feel for various industries and to learn how to make a crisp first impression. If you're nervous, here's the remedy.
Just think: What does camping in the wilderness and going to a career fair have in common? Answer: You'll be better off doing both if you're prepared.
Here are three ways to get the preparation you need to thrive, not just survive:
- Check out Career Fair tips here. There's more that a little finesse involved in "working" the career fair. These tips will take you from just another student in the crowd to that student—the one on top of her/his game who makes an unforgettably sharp impression. That can—and will—be you!
- Research participating employers. TigerTracks has a list of all the employers you'll meet. Pick some favorites, and do a good Google search. Then, plan some company-specific questions to get the conversation flowing. It will look good when employers see you're curious AND that you know a thing or two about their companies.
- Get feedback. Career Services is offering extended walk-ins from 2-5 pm every day this week until Thursday. Counselors will offer friendly, expert feedback on your resume and elevator pitch (the way you will introduce yourself to employers). If you've never been to a career fair before, this is an excellent opportunity to get prepared.
Okay, if you are thinking: "This isn't for me. I enjoy curling up with a good textbook. I'm not a meet and greet type of person."
I have two things to say to this. One, of course you are! You're (clearly) smart, talented in your own ways, and, if the median person on campus is any indication, you're really, really, ridiculously good looking. Two, in that case at least come for the LinkedIn Photo Booth. Career Services will be offering free professional headshots near the gym entrance. This is a great way to professionalize your LinkedIn profile and get rid of that mystery photo at the top of your page.
Looking forward to seeing everyone at the fair—come early and come prepared!


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Worldly Thoughts
News & Events
Ambassador (retired) R. Nicholas Burns, professor of the practice of diplomatic and international politics at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, was featured as part of BSU's John Quincy Adams Foreign Affairs Distinguished Speaker Series.
The ambassador enjoyed a distinguished career encompassing more than 25 years in the U.S. Foreign Service, serving as ambassador to NATO and Greece, as a member of the National Security Council. He was also undersecretary of state for political affairs, as well as special assistant to President Bill Clinton. He was introduced to the audience in the Heritage Room of the Maxwell Library by Dr. Michael Kryzanek, executive director of the Dr. Edward Minnock Center for International Engagement.
In his remarks, Ambassador Burns talked of the changes in world politics that are affecting the American way of life.
"We live in a time when – unlike our recent past – the Atlantic and Pacific oceans don't protect us anymore, not in a global, integrated 21st century," he said. "Not when 21 young men from the Middle East can get into the country and attack the twin towers in New York City, the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., and almost carry through plans to attack the White House and Capitol Building."
Ambassador Burns added that isolationism was not an option for the U.S., noting that at the same time the country faces "the most complex international agenda that we've ever faced." He mentioned current hot sports such as Syria, Pakistan, Venezuela and Ukraine.
Following his formal remarks, Ambassador Burns took questions from the audience and then stayed to answer individual questions. (Story and photo by David K. Wilson, '71, University News)


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I'll be answering ten questions each month...
and if your question is chosen, I'll post a personalized response!
Submit Your Question
- from Syracuse, NY
Glycerine can be used to add moisture to stiff rolled fondant. Just knead in a few drops to restore elasticity and smoothness. It is also great for thinning icing colors that have begun to dry out.
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ATLANTA - Jeff Teague only gets two chances to face Chris Paul each season, so he wants to make the most of his opportunities.
It took Teague much of the first quarter to find his momentum against Paul, a fellow Wake Forest point guard. Once he did, the Atlanta Hawks were making stops on defense and scoring in transition.
Teague had 19 points and 11 assists, Zaza Pachulia added 19 points and 12 rebounds, and the Hawks won their fifth straight game with a 104-93 victory over the Clippers on Saturday night.
The trick was to keep All-Star Paul on the perimeter and limit how many times he drove the lane for an easy basket or assist.
"I don't know how we did it," Teague said. "He's a great player. We just made plays and played defense - team defense - and tried to live with those guys making jump shots."
Blake Griffin scored 22points and Paul had 19 for the Clippers, who have lost a season-high three consecutive games after winning six in a row.
One night after managing season lows in points and field-goal percentage in an 86-76 loss at Brooklyn, the Clippers shot just 42.7 percent from the field. They began the game with the NBA's third-best shooting percentage, but ended a four-game road trip with just one victory.
"It's a terrible road trip for us, especially with all of them being winnable games," Paul said. "I think what we've learned from it is that it's not as easy as it looks. That's where you build your identity at - on the road."
The Clippers twice closed within six before halftime, the second time coming on Griffin's dunk at the 1:20 mark, but they were all but run out of Philips Arena in the third.
After Willie Green's layup cut the lead to eight in the first 2 minutes of the third, the Clippers were outscored 18-4. Smith had a big highlight, catching Pachulia's long pass up the court and dribbling past Griffin for a left-handed dunk that made it 68-50.
"We fought our way back, made it a little bit of a game," Clippers coach Vinny Del Negro said. "At that point everything's got to go so perfect that it just puts too much pressure on you. Not a good performance overall for sure. The run that they made in the second quarter on our bench changed the tide."
Also ...
Griffin was given a technical foul from the bench early in the fourth, only a couple of seconds after Clippers F Lamar Odom was called for his first personal foul. ... Atlanta's bench outscored the Clippers' 20-0 in the first half. ... Clippers G Jamal Crawford added to his NBA career record with his 33rd four-point play, hitting a 3 and the ensuing free throw early in the fourth.


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Lucky, of Pizza Crusade, writes:
I saw your post on Tyvek sails, and immediately thought of the PDRacer (Puddle Duck Racer) – a little sailboat you can build for about $150 with tools most people already have. There's a ton of info out there, as well as info so you can get involved with a local group of PDRacers – or start your own group. I haven't built one yet, but can't wait to try my hand at it.
When I was a young teen, my dad had a 37′ cabin cruiser for a while and I had a dinghy sailboat about this size (plastic). I loved that thing. This brings back fond memories.


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'''It's a cold, harsh, stark reality of where we are as a franchise,'' Sabres general manager Darcy Regier said. ''But it's an opportunity to reaccelerate the building process for what will amount to focus on not only next season, but even more so, beyond a new collective bargaining agreement.'' Regier said he consulted with B. Thomas Golisano, the Rochester billionaire, who is expected to complete his deal to buy the team in the near future. The hockey franchise declared bankruptcy earlier this season.'
The Sabres Report - March 10, 2003