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NFL Draft > 2009 Prospects > RB > Javon Ringer
Javon Ringer Scouting Report
|Michigan State Spartans
|Jersey Number:
|Height & Weight:
|5'9 - 202 lbs.
2009 NFL Combine Results
|40-Yard Dash
|Bench press
|Three-cone drill
|20-yard shuttle
2009 NFL Draft Prospect Scouting Report:
Javon Ringer, RB, Michigan State
Javon Ringer continued to look impressive every time he stepped onto the field this year. Ringer may not be an elite prospect, but he's a complete football player. He is the heart and soul of the Spartan offense this year and his 1637 yards rushing and 22 touchdowns in 2008 makes him one of the country's most productive backs. Ringer is a little small at just 5'9" and 202 pounds, but that hasn't stopped him from churning out yards between the tackles in his career. He may need to bulk up a bit to play at the professional level, but Ringer is surprisingly powerful for his size. For his career at Michigan State, Ringer has compiled 4398 yards rushing. He averaged 5.2 yards per carry during college and 97.7 yards per game. He might not be able to handle the full load by himself in the NFL, but Ringer's speed and elusiveness would make him an excellent change of pace to a team's more physical back. Ringer also has the skill set to fill the valuable third down role in the NFL. Ringer is an excellent receiver out of the backfield, having caught 96 passes in his career. His 7.5 yards per reception average and his underrated blocking make him an asset in third and medium situations. At this point, Ringer is likely a third round pick, but if he runs in the low 4.4s in the 40 yard dash he could work himself into round two. Javon Ringer was due to participate in January's Senior Bowl, but was a late scratch due to injury. Javon Ringer is still recovering from injury and it showed at the NFL Combine. He ran a much slower than expected 4.60 second 40 yard dash, but did log 23 reps on the bench press. Ringer is a solid third down back prospect, but injuries and his slow 40 may drop him into the fourth round. Javon Ringer lowered his 40 yard dash time to 4.5 seconds, which should help him some come draft day. Teams may take the fact that he was injured into account, and he could climb into the end of round three.
Last Updated Apr-17-2009 by Randall Weida
5 Comments | Add Yours
Prediction: 5th Round
I think he will go to Detroit.This guy is AWESOME!!!!!!!
Posted by:
Lionsguy 03/22/09 09:31 AM
Lionsguy 03/22/09 09:31 AM
Prediction: 3rd Round
I think he needs to go to a team with a successful under-sized running back like jacksonville's Maurice
I think he needs to go to a team with a successful under-sized running back like jacksonville's Maurice
Jones-Drew or San Francisco's Frank Gore where he can learn some techniques to become a successful
NFL running back. Javon also needs to bulk up a little and gain 10-15 pounds to survive in the NFL. That has
to be javon ringers way of developing into a quality NFL back.
Posted by:
master Deangalo 03/26/09 07:12 PM
master Deangalo 03/26/09 07:12 PM
Prediction: 3rd Round
But I do agree with lionsguy it would be cool if javon came to detroit, even if detroit is incredibly suckish
Posted by:
master Deangalo 03/26/09 07:16 PM
master Deangalo 03/26/09 07:16 PM
Prediction: 3rd Round
If you're looking at stats for Ringer well you should expect him to split the load and put up 120 carries, 550 rush yards, 25-40 receptions, 100-250 reception yards, and 4-8 touchdowns
Posted by:
master Deangalo 04/02/09 11:37 PM
master Deangalo 04/02/09 11:37 PM
Prediction: 2nd Round
He is 1 of da best
Posted by:
crazziiswqqa 04/26/09 03:03 PM
crazziiswqqa 04/26/09 03:03 PM


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The Art of Fugue : Work information
- Composers
- Johann Sebastian Bach ( Music, Images,)
- Performed by
- Robert Hill (Harpsichord)
This work
- Work name
- The Art of Fugue
- Work number
- Key
- n/a
- Genre
- Composed
- 1750-01-01 02:00:00
This recording
- Label
- Hänssler
- Producer
- Stefan Weinzierl
- Engineer
- Stefan Weinzierl
- Recording date
- 1998-06-01 01:00:00
Track listing
- Contrapunctus I 3:05 min
- Contrapunctus II 2:52 min
- Contrapunctus III 2:58 min
- Contrapunctus IV 4:49 min
- Contrapunctus V 3:55 min
- Contrapunctus VI 3:58 min
- Contrapunctus VII 4:32 min
- Contrapunctus VIII 6:02 min
- Contrapunctus IX 3:25 min
- Contrapunctus X 4:58 min
- Contrapunctus XI 6:46 min
- Contrapunctus inversus XII in forma recta 2:21 min
- Contrapunctus inversus XII in forma inversa 2:25 min
- Contrapunctus inversus XIII in forma recta 2:14 min
- Contrapunctus inversus XIII in forma inversa 2:18 min
- Contrapunctus XIV 3:51 min
- Contrapunctus XV 4:18 min
- Contrapunctus XVI 4:46 min
- Contrapunctus XVII 4:06 min
- Contrapunctus XVIII in forma inversa 2:09 min
- Contrapunctus XVIII in forma recta 2:18 min
- Contrapunctus XIX 8:13 min
- Contrapunctus I (Early version) 3:12 min
- Contrapunctus II (Early version) 2:45 min
- Contrapunctus III (Early version) 2:49 min
- Contrapunctus VI (Early version) 3:53 min
- Contrapunctus XII (Early version) 5:25 min
Bach's final great keyboard work, Die Kunst der Fugue (The Art of Fugue) is a monumental tribute to the composer's powers of musical invention from limited musical material. All fourteen fugues and four canons are based on a single 'principal composition' or theme, and together form a didactic work that balances his earlier work for keyboard players, 'the 48', a collection of preludes and fugues.
Bach began work on the Art of Fugue between 1740 and 1745, and then returned to the work to prepare it for publication between 1748 and 1750, expanding and revising it. Even so, Bach had been unable to complete the fair copy of the final crowning quadruple fugue before his death in 1750, and the cycle was therefore published incomplete in spring 1751. The original manuscript is unfortunately lost.
Nevertheless, the printed form of the work contains much glorious music, beginning with simple fugues, progressing through double and triple fugues, with interpolated canons, to the mirror fugue and the closing quadruple fugue. They form a complete course on this most difficult of contrapuntal forms and, as such, stand at the zenith of Bach's achievement as a keyboard composer.
The Composers
Johann Sebastian Bach
One of the greatest composers in history, Johann Sebastian Bach (father of C.P.E, J. C. and W. F. Bach) was by far the most significant member of the Bach dynasty of musicians.
He outshone his forebears and contemporaries, but did not always receive the respect he deserved in his own lifetime. After a brief engagement as a violinist in the court of Weimar, Bach became organist at the Neukirche in Arnstadt. In June 1707 he moved to St. Blasius, Mühlhausen, and married his cousin Maria Barbara Bach. In 1708 he was appointed court organist in Weimar where he composed most of his works for organ. In 1717, he was appointed Court Kapellmeister to the young Prince Leopold at Cöthen, but was refused permission to leave Weimar. The Duke only allowed Bach to go after holding him prisoner for nearly a month.
While at Weimar, Bach wrote his violin concertos and the six Brandenburg Concertos, as well as several suites, sonatas and keyboard works, including several, such as the Inventions and Book I of the 48 Preludes and Fugues (The Well-tempered Clavier). In 1720 Maria Barbara died, and the next year Bach married Anna Magdalena Wilcke. Bach resigned the post in Weimar in 1723 to become cantor at St. Thomas' School in Leipzig where he was responsible for music in the four main churches of the city. Here he wrote the Magnificat and the St. John and St. Matthew Passions, as well as a large quantity of other church music. In Leipzig he eventually took charge of the University "Collegium Musicum" and occupied himself with the collection and publication of many of his earlier compositions.
Over the years that followed, Bach's interest in composing church music declined somewhat, and he took to writing more keyboard music and cantatas. As his eyesight began to fail, he underwent operations to try and correct the problem, and these may have weakened him in his old age. He died at age 65, having fathered a total of 20 children with his two wives. Despite widespread neglect for almost a century after his death, Bach is now regarded as one of the greatest of all composers and is still an inexhaustible source of inspiration for musicians. Bach's compositions are catalogued by means of the prefix BWV (Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis) and a numbering system which is generally accepted for convenience of reference.
Related Composers: Pachelbel, Telemann, Handel, Couperin
Also influenced: Mendelssohn, Brahms, Stravinsky, Hindemith

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Silhouette Recipes
The Silhouette is a D.I.Y. cutting tool, that when hooked up to your computer (Mac & PC compatible), will cut designs and lettering that you create! Decorate your walls with inspiring art, make your own invitations and cards, or cut detailed shapes for paper crafts. Cuts vinyl, vellum, paper and cardstock. General Tips & Techniques: Creating with the Silhouette works best if you make sure your blade is sharp and your mat's adhesive is sticky so your paper does not slide during cutting. Always make sure to double check that the cut settings are set to the proper paper thickness before sending file to cut. If you have access to a scanner, experiment with scanning your own artwork, photos or paper; just remember high contrast images work best for outlining and cutting.
*Offer valid for new email subscribers. Promo code will be delivered via email.
*Offer valid for new email subscribers. Promo code will be delivered via email.


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This game was classified by the community with the following category scores - Violence=0/3, Sex=0/3, Mature Content=0/3. Ah, the family seaside vacation. Sun, sand and... annoyances galore. Explore, solve puzzles and play arcade mini-games in this sequel to "Quiet, Please!".
Buy Xbox content on Xbox.com. Your Xbox 360 console will automatically download the content next time you turn it on and connect to Xbox Live.Learn More
Click to create and send a link using your email application


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Doug Martin touched the ball 368 times last year. Not that the Bucs seem to have a problem with that. Martin is one of the best young running backs in the league and has the body to take on that kind of workload. But in the event that he is fell by injury, the Bucs need someone more suited than Brian Leonard to be their No. 2 guy. And it sounds like they found him in sixth-round rookie Mike James.
According to Stephen Holder of the Tampa Bay Times, Bucs general manager Mark Dominik "repeatedly" mentioned James' name during a Friday radio interview and said he has the "inside track" on being Martin's direct backup.
Fantasy Analysis:
James' size is similar to Martin's, but he is nowhere near as gifted as a runner. But he's a better player than the departed LeGarrette Blount, and Leonard is more of a third-down player than anything else. The only other guys on the Bucs' RB depth chart are Jeff Demps, who is more Olympian than football player right now, and Michael Smith , who was a common inactive and played in just one game as a rookie last season.
So, yeah. James has a good shot of being the handcuff to Martin this year. He's not a special talent, but keep James' name in mind if you spend a first-round pick on Martin.


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2 Found Dead In Home Near Hemet
HEMET (CNS) - The bodies of a woman and a girl were found Saturday night inside what's believed to be a residence in an unincorporated area outside Hemet city limits, a Riverside County sheriff's deputy said.
The discovery was reported at 9:16 p.m. in the 26000 block of Girard Street, said Riverside County sheriff's Dep. Michael Vasquez.
"A reporting party said there were two individuals down within what we believe is a residence, with injuries,'' Vasquez said. "Deputies confirmed two females were deceased.'' One of the deceased was a woman and one was a girl.
The double-homicide may be linked to an earlier attack in the 40000 block of Sunset Lane, in East Hemet, according to Vasquez.
At 8:13 p.m. a woman was transported to a hospital with an injury to her neck area, Vasquez said. A possible suspect was in custody in connection with that incident. "Central Homicide has been called out to both scenes.''
Posted by Ronnie Loaiza


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0 3 1All Apparel Appliances Arts And Crafts Automotive Baby Beauty Books Classical Collectibles DVD Digital Music Electronics Fashion Fashion Baby Fashion Boys Fashion Girls Fashion Men Fashion Women Gourmet Food Grocery Health Personal Care Home Garden Industrial Jewelry KindleStore Kitchen Lawn And Garden Luggage MP3 Downloads Magazines Miscellaneous Mobile Apps Music Music Tracks Musical Instruments Office Products Outdoor Living PC Hardware Pet Supplies Photo Shoes Software Sporting Goods Tools Toys Unbox Video VHS Video VideoGames Watches Wireless Wireless AccessoriesFree shipping and returns on thousand of cool stuff
Philips AVENT Soothie Pacifier, 0-3 Months, 2-Pack, Pink/Purple $2.40Latex-freeSized and shaped for baby's mouthHighly durableBaby ProductAvent
Dr. Brown's PreVent Contour Glow in the Dark Pacifier, Stage 1 (0-6m), Pink, 4-Pack $9.99Suction-Free air channel helps to reduce the suction and palatal pressure that can create dental iss...Easy to recharge; just expose to light!Safe illumination makes it easy for baby and parents to find at night and low-light situationsBaby ProductHandi-Craft
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Pampers Baby Wipes Sensitive 7X Refill, 448 Diaper Wipes $11.64Clinically Proven MildThe #1 Sensitive Wipe (based on U.S./Canada "Sensitive" nationally branded sales)The #1 Choice of Hospitals (based on hospital sales data)Health and BeautyPampers
Lifefactory BPA-Free Stage 1 (0-3 Months) Silicone Nipples 2-Pack $3.79Pack of two Lifefactory Stage 1 vented silicone nipples for 0 to 3-month infants for use with innova...Baby ProductLifefactory
Dr Brown Pacifier Silc 0- Size 1ct Dr Brown Pacifier All Silicone 0-6 Mos Stage 1 1ct,Blue $6.90Shield dips below babys nose for easier breathingShape based on Dr. Browns Standard bottle nipple to avoid confusionBaby ProductHandi-Craft
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Philips AVENT BPA Free Freeflow Pacifier, 0-6 Months, 2-Pack, Colors May Vary $3.89Security ring handleOrthodontic, symmetrical collapsible silicone nipple6 airholes in shield create extra airflow for less skin irritationBaby ProductAvent
Pampers Swaddlers Diapers Size 1, 216 Count $35.39Extra Absorb Channels to help distribute wetness evenly for up to 12 hours of protectionUnique Absorb Away Liner pulls wetness and mess away from your baby's skinSwaddlers wetness indicator tells you when your baby might need a changeHealth and BeautyPampers
Gerber Unisex-Baby 5 Variety Pack Onesies Brand, White, 0-3 Months $9.99Five-pack of bodysuits each featuring lap-shoulder neckline and snap closuresApparelGerber


text:
EWWNP means Exploring Wild and Wonderful Number Patterns Created by Yourself! Investigate what happens if we create number patterns using some simple rules.
Find a great variety of ways of asking questions which make 8.
If you had any number of ordinary dice, what are the possible ways
of making their totals 6? What would the product of the dice be
each time?
Can you fill in the matrix (table square) below?
The numbers $2$ -$12$ were used to generate it with, again, just one number used twice.
Click here for a poster of this problem.


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I said it earlier and I stand by it, I think they release at kickoff, if not kick off at halftime, or end of the game. Some big moment to compensate against the Super Bowl. Maybe at the end when he says "I wanna go to Disney land" maybe a tweet that says "now that I've won the Super Bowl I'm gonna jailbreak my iPhone 5!" While this is all stuff that I'm pulling out of my a** it'd be kinda cool
Correct me if I'm wrong but isn't jail breaking any kind of tablet illegal now? Won't the devs face repercussions for releasing this tool?
It's one of those refresh, refresh, refresh And hoping it lands soon great work to the team of bodies though
It could be a hoax, I have yet to see a video of a jailbreak.
It's up to 90! Next step release!
An ill say it again REFRESH REFRESH REFRESH.....


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Difference between revisions of "List Generators"
From ErlangCentral Wiki
Nsubramanya (Talk | contribs)
(Added generation of lists without duplicates)
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This generator will generate one extra element and append it to the list to ensure that the list is never empty.
This generator will generate one extra element and append it to the list to ensure that the list is never empty
== List Without Duplicates ==
== List Without Duplicates ==
Revision as of 13:44, 22 March 2010
(This is a living page, please add your own list based generators here!)
Adam Lindberg Thomas Arts User:John Hughes
Non-Empty List
If you want to generate lists which can never be empty, it's fairly simple to wrap the standard list() generator in QuickCheck:
nelist(G) -> [G|list(G)].
This generator will generate one extra element and append it to the list to ensure that the list is never empty. But.. shrinking this list is sub-optimal, since it will not always discard the first element, even if a minimal counter example with only one element exists.
A better solution, which is in QuickCheck 1.19.2 and later, is
nelist(G) -> non_empty(list(G)).
This build-in non_empty is defined with a ?SUCHTHAT, which behaves much better in shrinking
non_empty(ListG) -> ?SUCHTHAT(List,ListG,List /= []).
In addition the non_empty generator also works for binaries.
List Without Duplicates
The easiest way to generate a list without duplicates, is to generate a list that may contain duplicates, and then remove them. For example, if a sorted list will do, then a list without duplicates can be generated by
ulist(G) -> ?LET(L,list(G),lists:usort(L))
Then you can generate a list of unique integers, for example, using
If you don't want all your lists to be sorted, then you could use the slightly more complex
ulist(G) -> ?LET(L,list(G),L--(L--lists:usort(L)))
If you want to generate, for example, a list of pairs with different first components, then you should generate the list of first components first, and generate the list of pairs from it. For example,
?LET(Keys,ulist(key()), [{K,value()} || K <- Keys]).
Regexp POSIX Character Class Strings
String generators for all the POSIX character classes in regexp. Note: some of them do not generate printable strings in Erlang.
Also note that these generators are designed in such a way that the chosen list shrinks in length, but not in content. This avoids enormously large shrinking trees and gives rather quick shrinking results. However, it also may give rise to rather random looking output without knowing what actually is the cause of an error. In such cases, it is recommended to add a default value for shrinking.
alnum() -> default("0",list(oneof(seq($a, $z) ++ seq($A, $Z) ++ seq($0, $9)))).
If you happen to want shrinking in your content, use the choose generator.
-import(lists, [seq/2]). %%% Alphanumeric characters ([a-zA-Z0-9]). alnum() -> list(oneof(seq($a, $z) ++ seq($A, $Z) ++ seq($0, $9))). %%% Alphabetic characters ([a-zA-Z]). alpha() -> list(oneof(seq($a, $z) ++ seq($A, $Z))). %%% ASCII characters ([\x00-\x7F]). ascii() -> list(oneof(seq(0, 127))). %%% Space and tab ([ \t]). blank() -> list(oneof([$ , $\t])). %%% Control characters ([\x00-\x1F\x7F]). cntrl() -> list(oneof(seq(0, 31) ++ [127])). %%% Digits ([0-9]). digit() -> list(oneof(seq($0, $9))). %%% Visible characters (i.e. anything except spaces, control %%% characters, etc.) ([\x21-\x7E]). graph() -> list(oneof(seq(33, 126))). %%% Lowercase letters ([a-z]). lower() -> list(oneof(seq($a, $z))). %%% Visible characters and spaces (i.e. anything except control %%% characters, etc.) ([\x20-\x7E]). print() -> list(oneof(seq(32, 126))). %%% Punctuation and symbols ([!"#$%&'()*+,\-./:;<=>?@[\\\]^_`{|}~]). punct() -> list(oneof("!\"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\\]^_`{|}\~")). %%% All whitespace characters, including line breaks ([ \t\r\n\v\f]). space() -> list(oneof([$ , $\t, $\r, $\n, $\v, $\f])). %%% Uppercase letters ([A-Z]). upper() -> list(oneof(seq($A, $Z))). %%% Word characters (letters, numbers and underscores) ([A-Za-z0-9_]). word() -> list(oneof(seq($a, $z) ++ seq($A, $Z) ++ seq($0, $9) ++ "_")). %%% Hexadecimal digits ([A-Fa-f0-9]). xdigit() -> list(oneof(seq($A, $F) ++ seq($a, $f) ++ seq($0, $9))).


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Syria: Palestinians from Syria flood Lebanon camps
When Hasna and her family fled Syria to the El Buss camp in southern Lebanon last winter, the experience was bitterly familiar: Hasna had fled Palestine during the 1948 War, at age 10, moving with her family to the Yarmuk camp in Syria.
After the disruption of this first displacement, Hasna's family was reluctant to leave Syria, even when the conflict intensified.
"We really wanted to avoid leaving," says her son, Mahmoud. "We had heard many stories about refugees' struggles in Lebanon. So when the fighting started around Damascus, we first went to Hama to stay with relatives, and then moved to the Lebanese-Syrian border area. Finally, it became too dangerous there as well."
Mahmoud operated a successful iron workshop in Syria, employing his three older sons. "We were busy all the time. Now, in Lebanon, the situation has changed. I just had open-heart surgery, so I have to rest for at least two months." Aid organizations in the camp could not cover the full cost of his operation, which has left him in debt. His three sons have been unable to find work.
"Unemployment is very common here," said Mahmoud's son Ibrahim. "In Syria, I never really felt different, and Palestinians had access to the same jobs and services as Syrians. In Lebanon, Palestinians are not allowed to work. It is very hard for us to adapt."
The unemployment rate among Palestinians from Syria is close to 90 per cent.
Crowding, stress
Around 80,000 Palestinians from Syria have flocked to the 12 Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon, placing a strain on resources and on community relations.
Hasna's family now shares a three-bedroom house with four other families.
Khawla Khalaf, a social worker at the community-based organization Beit Atfal Assumud, helps Palestinian refugees arriving in Lebanon.
"One of our priorities is to channel new arrivals towards the relevant organizations, so that they manage to stabilize their situation," Mr. Khalaf said. New arrivals must register with the UN Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), which is responsible for delivering services in Lebanon's Palestinian camps.
American Near East Refugee Aid (ANERA) – with support from the OCHA-managed Emergency Response Fund and coordination from Beit Atfal Assumud – launched an emergency relief plan targeting 1,900 families in southern Lebanon this spring.
According to Khawla Khalaf, who supervised the distribution process, covering basic needs was not the sole purpose of the emergency plan. "It also allowed families as well as social workers to spare some energy for more long-term problems, such as their children's schooling or the treatment of post-conflict [trauma] in the family," he said.
Mounting costs
Sleiman, his wife Leila and their six children also fled from the Yarmuk camp in Syria at the beginning of 2013, arriving in the El Buss camp in Lebanon. They brought little with them.
"Getting out of Yarmuk can be tough these days," Sleiman says. "Before the war, there were no checkpoints at the entrance of the camp. But since a couple of months [ago], the army monitors movements in and out of the camp. They often prevent people from leaving, telling them that it is too dangerous. So if you are really on your way out of Syria, you should not be seen carrying trunks and suitcases. We left with a purse and a backpack – that's all."
Six weeks later, Sleiman's cousin Rashid and his wife Ghofran also arrived in El Buss. They fled after their home was shelled and burned.
They are having difficulty adjusting to the high cost of living in Lebanon. The families share a one-bedroom apartment for US$300 per month. "With this kind of money, I could rent a palace in Syria," Sleiman says. For the price of one bag of bread in Lebanon, 10 could be purchased in Syria, he added.
The costs are mounting over time.
Nawal is hosting family members from Syria. "Because my husband has been absent [for] a couple of years now, I have started to sell traditional embroidered clothing. But this is surely not enough to cover the needs of the 10 children that now live with us," she said. "I am really happy that I could help my relatives to settle down, but they will have to leave very soon as I cannot handle their needs anymore."
"Because of such cases, ANERA has been looking at ways to help host families," says Samar al Yassir, ANERA Lebanon's Country Director. "Helping host families not only reduces tensions but also builds the resilience of the community. During our first emergency distribution plan – fundedby OCHA – ANERA allocated around 15 per cent of resources to host families."


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'University of Minnesota hockey sophomore center Thomas Vanek was back from Austria and lifting weights with teammates this week, but word is the Buffalo Sabres are preparing to offer him whatever it will take to sign him. Chances remain strong that he'll end up turning professional. Classes at Minnesota begin Sept. 7.'
The Sabres Report - August 28, 2004


text: When do you guys think is going to be the best day this week. I know saturday looked like a fluke on the report but over at Roosevelt in Deal it ended up being the best waves I've surfed in a while. I'm thinking tomorrow morning before the swell jacks up?


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There are frequent fliers, and then there are people like Steven Rothstein and Jacques Vroom.
Both men bought tickets that gave them unlimited first-class travel for life on American Airlines. It was almost like owning a fleet of private jets.
The frequent fliers who flew too much
Current Status: Published (4)
Seeded on Thu Aug 16, 2012 6:53 AM
keyboard shortcuts: V vote up article J next comment K previous comment


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We are now using Blackboard as a repository for current and future assignments and syllabi. To get your assignments, please follow the four easy steps below.
- Go to USD's Blackboard site – https://ole.sandiego.edu.
- Login with your MySanDiego user name and password.
- On the "Welcome" page, go to the "My Organizations" channel and click on "School of Law." (Also on the "Welcome" page, you may notice the "My Courses" channel. Please note that courses will only appear in the "My Courses" channel if your professor has set up a Blackboard class page.)
- On the left side of the "School of Law" organizations page, click on the current semester (e.g. Fall 2016) and then on the appropriate folder to access your course syllabi and first reading assignments for the semester.* Incoming first-year JD students should click "First-Year Students" to access all of their Orientation reading assignments.
*Note: Information will only be available if and when your professor provides it to us—for this reason, you might consider checking for updates daily as it gets closer to the start of the semester.


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Don't miss a fun, free introduction to Qigong on Saturday, March 3, @ 10!
Qigong helps to maintain overall health and wellness by integrating physical postures, breathing techniques, and focused attention. The gentle and rhythmic movements of Qigong can reduce stress, build stamina, and increase vitality. Join us for an easy and relaxing way to better health! Participants should wear comfortable clothes and sneakers and bring a towel or yoga mat.
This free introductory class is led by Chung Yueh-Ching of Heights of Wellness, Hartford and will be preceded by a brief talk on the history and the different branches of Qigong.


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As soon as you set foot on Princeton's campus, hundreds of summer opportunities are available to you —study abroad programs, summer internships, summer fellowships, and more. There are so many opportunities and so many paths to consider. Where do you start?
Navigating campus resources can be overwhelming. The good news is that an event is fast approaching where you'll be able learn about a variety of Princeton resources for internships — all in one place. On November 16th, Career Services will be hosting the All-Princeton Resource Fair for Summer Internships & Funding. From 1-4 pm, Frist Lower Level will turn into your "one-stop smorgasbord" for internship opportunities and funding options.
"This fair is a wonderful opportunity to learn about the different internship programs and funding options available specifically to Princeton students," said Jennifer Prudencio, Assistant Director of Internships and Career Counseling and fair manager.
"Departments and programs attending will together represent hundreds of intern positions!" The fair will include opportunities as diverse as Princeton's many departments. "Programs will be representing areas such as nonprofit/public service, arts, education, entertainment, international affairs, entrepreneurship, technology, research, finance, and environment, to name a few," said Prudencio.
Participating departments and programs (so far) include: Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Center for African-American Studies (CAAS), Davis International Center, Keller Center for Innovation in Engineering Education, Pace Center for Civic Engagement Guggenheim Internships in Criminal Justice, Princeton Internships in Civic Service (PICS), Princeton Alumni Weekly (PAW), Princeton Entertainment Internship Program, Princeton Environmental Institute (PEI), Princeton in Asia (PiA), Princeton University Office of the Executive Vice President, Princeton University Art Museum, Princeton University German Summer Work Program, Princeton University Investment Company (PRINCO), Princeton University Program in Global Health and Health Policy, Princeton's International Internship Program (IIP), Princeton-Blairstown Center, Student Activities Funding Engine (SAFE), and the Woodrow Wilson School Undergraduate Program.
One of the advantages of internship fairs is their unique propensity to open up your options. As you wander among the many booths and chat with various representatives, you may just stumble on an opportunity that you never would have considered otherwise. "When I meet with students, I often get the question, "how do I narrow down my options while staying broad so that I don't miss any opportunities?" said Prudencio. "Coming to this fair will help you do just that: learn about new fields or organizations that you may have not considered before."
In addition, the fair will display many funding opportunities available through Princeton. "You will also learn about some funding resources for unpaid internships that you may secure on your own," said Prudencio. "These applications are different from applying directly to an internship position. Since many of them require that you secure an internship on your own, this can help you to really start thinking outside of the box!"
Representatives from the new student funding portal called Student Activities Funding Engine (SAFE) will also be attending the fair. Students can learn about this new resource, which will help them navigate funding opportunities in one cohesive website.
As Prudencio stresses, there's no time like the present to start planning for summer 2013. "Many of the applications are still in the midst of preparing to go live," said Prudencio. "Deadlines for these programs and funding resources may begin as early as December, so this will help you plan well in advance…You can also learn about the application process and how to prepare your own application."
Planning on attending? Prudencio explains how you should prepare. "You can visit the most up-to-date list of attending programs/departments on TigerTracks," she said.
"Read about the program on their websites and come with questions. Imagine yourself preparing to apply for these programs – what would you like to know that you can ask in person? Areas to consider include preparing your application, understanding the program's timeline, and learning about the internships themselves (organizations, benefits of participation, etc)."
Finally, you don't have to break out the tux for this event. Casual or business casual is fine!


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Ph: 35655270, 35655272, Fax: 35655275-6
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through your Facebook account as Daily Ummat brings you an exclusive news on Facebook page to keep you update.


text:
I provide medical cover at MMA events. where the majority of the time there are no serious injuries, when a serious injury does occur, you need to ensure you have experienced and qualified people on scene.
we did an event last night and had Two State Registered Paramedics and Four private Ambulance Service Technicians on site. All fighters have a pre-match medical and we work closely with the referee and organisers.
as for using St John Ambulance, no disrespect but they are mainly your joe blogs worker with a first aid at work qualification. they may be dustmen during the week and first aiders on a weekend so think and think good about what cover you require.


text: To get from Salerno a Monreale by train you can catch one of the 3 trains that everyday travel between Salerno and Palermo Centrale, the closest station to the city. The first train to Palermo Centrale leaves from Salerno at 10:29 and the last train departs at 22:32. If you choose a local train the trip lasts on average 08:31 hours. Prices for next month range from € 19 to € 19. The most economic train is Intercity () that departs at 10:29 and arrives in Palermo Centrale at 19:00 at € 19. On Wanderio you can compare all schedules, fares and railway companies to Palermo Centrale and book the best itinerary starting from Salerno.


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every time i use airodump-ng it gives me an error
error :
ioctl(SIOCSIWMODE) failed:
Device or resource busy
ARP linktype is set to 1 (Ethernet) - expected ARPHRD_IEEE80211,
or ARPHRD_IEEE80211_PRISM instead.
sure RFMON is enabled: run 'airmon-ng start wlan0 <#>'
Sysfs injection support was not found either.
i know the card is supported and that it works
when i type in ifconfig it says that encap is configure to ethernet
sorry for bad english and iam new to backtrack


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Holidays at Higbees returns to the Horseshoe
(Cleveland) Horseshoe Casino Cleveland has launched it's second annual Holidays at Higbee celebration which includes beautiful exterior window displays. The displays are reminicent of those that once decorated the windows of Higbees Department Store downtown Cleveland. They are designed by Lou Nasti, who has designed window displays for Higbees 25 years ago.
One of the 15 holiday window displays
The theme of this year's window displays is "Winter Wonderland" meant to bring back memories of the past for people who have seen the Higbees windows in the past", says Nasti.
Nasti says his favorite window is of a puppeteer and marionette. Other window displays feature ice skaters, a fisherman, Holiday shoppers, street vendors selling chestnuts and the final window decorated with several lighted Christmas trees.
The inside of the Horseshoe Casino is also decked out in decorations from Holidays past. Visitors are greeted with a beautiful 22-foot Higbee's tree, which has been restored and gilded with more than 9,000 new LED lights and photos of the iconic department store. Golden bells that were in the original Higbees also decorate the ceilings of the Horseshoe. You may also remember the small Christmas trees adorning slot machines. They once served as decorations for department store counters.
Higbees served as one of Ohio's preeminent retail destinations through the 1980's. The nostalgic window displays gained world-wide acclaim when they were featured in the Cleveland based classic Christmas movie "A Christmas Story".
Get breaking news sent to your mobile phone.Text "news" to 21095.
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It is easy to say that the significant other is important in the lives of the newborn and partner, but it can be hard at times to see how to participate— especially during the early months. It may help to keep in mind that little things mean a great deal at this time: a word of encouragement for your partner as she adjusts to her new routine, an offer to help with the housework or care for the baby while she takes a nap, or a confident defense when a friend or relative questions her decision to breastfeed on demand. These small acts let your partner know that you firmly support her decision to breastfeed and that you'll continue to support her.
Many studies have shown the support of a loving partner is the most important deciding factor in whether or not a woman chooses to initiate and continue breastfeeding. After all, you are the baby's other parent and perhaps your partner's closest friend. By seconding the decision to give your child the best possible nourishment, your actions can have a decisive and immediate impact on your baby's life.
One of the first steps you can take as the partner of a breastfeeding mother is to educate yourself regarding breastfeeding's many benefits. You might also ask your baby's pediatrician to discuss the advantages of breast milk over formula and give you an idea what to expect in practical terms during your baby's first few months of life. If at all possible, attend breastfeeding classes with your partner. By understanding how breastfeeding is accomplished, you can better help your partner after the birth as she learns such techniques as positioning your baby for proper latch-on. Remember that many people still are not aware of the tremendous benefits of breastfeeding and have not been part of a breastfeeding relationship.
Immediately after birth you can support your partner's decision to begin breastfeeding by helping to make her comfortable in the delivery room. While in the hospital, you can take turns holding, rocking, and changing diapers so she can sleep between feedings. Also, you can support your mutual decision that the baby is not to receive a pacifier, a bottle, or supplemental formula without a clear medical reason. If your baby is unable to breastfeed due to an illness, you can ask to have a breast pump for your partner and help her get it ready for use.
Once you are all home from the hospital and family life has begun, your role as the partner of a breastfeeding mother will take on a new importance. As your baby's mother concentrates on establishing her breastfeeding routine, you can focus on keeping the household running efficiently and acting as a buffer for possible distractions to successful breastfeeding. If possible, take some time off work to prepare meals, keep up with the laundry, keep older children entertained, and otherwise allow mother and new baby to concentrate on learning to breastfeed and getting the rest they need.
Offer your partner food and drink while she's nursing, bring her pillows if she needs them to position the baby, and provide her with a book, telephone, diapers, or whatever else she likes to have near at hand. If you see that she's having trouble nursing— if she experiences discomfort with breastfeeding or she worries that the baby's not getting enough milk—use your own observations and insights to help her make adjustments in the feeding technique. If you see that she's still struggling but is reluctant to ask for help, assist her to seek outside professional help, and tell her that you are there to assist in any way possible. She will appreciate your concern and steadfast support.
As you and your partner become more familiar with the routines of parenting, you can help with diaper changes, baths, and playtimes so your partner can sleep between feedings and perhaps enjoy a little time to herself. These interactions withyour newborn are excellent opportunities for you to create your own unique relationship with him. In the beginning, your baby will have less "awake time," but as the baby gets older, you will find that the baby has more time to play.
After feeding, a content baby is usually happy to snuggle up against your chest for a nap or may be ready to play. Make the most of these moments—smiling and talking with your baby as you change his diaper, playfully splashing him in the bathtub if he enjoys getting splashed, holding and rocking him when he cries, and making up fun little games that he plays only with you. Babies also love to be part of such "grown-up" activities as taking a walk outside and "reading" books and magazines. As your child regularly experiences these times with you, he will understand that you are your own special parent and not just a substitute for Mommy.


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December 2011
Tuesday, Dec. 13, 2011 -- To-go container charge
Why is dining services charging people, especially students, $.45 for a to-go container at the dining facility in Wood Center? They already pay a $20 sustainability fee. Shouldn't the cost of NANA being sustainable fall on them? Are they making a profit of these to-go containers or are they just breaking even?
From Robert Holden, Auxiliary and Business Services
NANA has in the past three years worked with UAF to provide reusable to-go containers for all students on meal plans. Those containers are provided at no cost to the student. If a student doesn't have their reusable container with them and would still like to take their meal to go, we do have disposable containers available. In these instances students are charged the cost of the compostable disposable container, which is 45 cents. This is a part of the residential dining program (not the retail program) and the dine-out options.
If a student hasn't been provided a reusable container, they shouldn't be charged for the disposable container. The general manager for NANA is contacting our cashiers to make sure they understand the policy. The container charge is not part of the retail programs, but we do have reusable containers available for purchase for anyone who would like to participate.
NANA has partnered with UAF on our several sustainability efforts including providing more than 900 reusable containers to students this semester at no cost. The sustainability fee doesn't currently cover any of NANA's sustainability efforts on campus.


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what are your hosting server specs?
Ive spent the last week playing with ssh and remote shells "my hosting server" I have done everything from ssh chaining, ssh TUNNEL chaining, to adding a socks or http proxy at the beginning or end of the chain. Its been GREAT fun, and i must say completely legal as i own all the hosts
Anyways i was planning on writing up a How-To but then it dawned on me that since proxys are such a big thing why not write a full in depth guide on everything that can be done to not only provide yourself with anonymity but also tunnel into and out of restrictive network configurations.
So im turning to you guys as you obviously have WAY more experience in the matter than i. Could you make some suggestions for programs to check out, ways to do things, or just any general advice you want to throw out there. I already plan on looking into ICMP and DNS tunneling but i know there is MUCH more out there as i have barely scratched the surface.
Im on all the popular msngrs so if you get bored and wish to become my personal google or are in the mood to spoon-feed, feel free to pm me.
I'm hoping to atleast have a rough draft writting up in a week or to so be on the lookout
Using backtrack for the first time is like being 10 years old again with the keys to a Ferrari.
what are your hosting server specs?
One is just simple shared hosting from a large provider ... the other is a VPS with decent specs.
Using backtrack for the first time is like being 10 years old again with the keys to a Ferrari.
Try go to .:[ packet storm ]:. - http://packetstormsecurity.org/ and search for DNS tunnel and perhaps icmp tunnel. There's also HTTP tunnels which transfers traffic from one service port (80) to another (f.eks. 22 / SSH) :-)
I think the DNS tunnel program was called Iodine: kryo.se: iodine (IP-over-DNS, IPv4 over DNS tunnel)
I'll probably be going to try that out one day as well ;-)
[quote][I]I realized, that I had fallen down from the top of the mountain into a deep, terrifying and dark hole, just to find out that another mountain in front of me, much greater than the previous, was the next step in life. I began to wander uphill on the next mountain of life while I knew it would be much harder than the previous mountain. [/I]- MaXe[/quote]
...and for HTTP tunneling I will recommend corkscrew. Works wonders if you're behind an HTTP Proxy and want more than :80


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Athens (/ˈæθɨnz/; Modern Greek: Αθήνα, Athína; IPA: [aˈθina]; Katharevousa: Ἀθῆναι, Athinai; Ancient Greek: Ἀθῆναι, Athēnai) is the capital and largest city of Greece. Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world's oldest cities, with its recorded history spanning around 3,400 years. Classical Athens was a powerful city-state. A centre for the arts, learning and philosophy, home of Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lyceum, it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy, largely due to the impact of its cultural and political achievements during the 5th and 4th centuries BC in later centuries on the rest of the then known European continent. Today a cosmopolitan metropolis, modern Athens is central to economic, financial, industrial, political and cultural life in Greece. In 2008, Athens was ranked the world's 32nd richest city by purchasing power and the 25th most expensive in a UBS study.
The city of Athens has a population of 655,780 (796,442 back in 2004) within its administrative limits and a land area of 39 km2 (15 sq mi).[11] The urban area of Athens (Greater Athens and Greater Piraeus) extends beyond the administrative municipal city limits, with a population of 3,074,160 (in 2011),over an area of 412 km2 (159 sq mi). According to Eurostat, the Athens Larger Urban Zone (LUZ) is the 7th most populous LUZ in the European Union (the 4th most populous capital city of the EU) with a population of 4,013,368 (in 2004). Athens is also the southernmost capital on the European mainland.
The heritage of the classical era is still evident in the city, represented by ancient monuments and works of art, the most famous of all being the Parthenon, considered a key landmark of early Western civilization. The city also retains Roman and Byzantine monuments, as well as a smaller number of Ottoman monuments.
Athens is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the Acropolis of Athens and the medieval Daphni Monastery. Landmarks of the modern era, dating back to the establishment of Athens as the capital of the independent Greek state in 1833, include the Hellenic Parliament (19th century) and the Athens Trilogy consisting of the National Library of Greece, the Athens University and the Academy of Athens. Athens was the host city of the first modern-day Olympic games in 1896, and 108 years later it welcomed home the 2004 Summer Olympics. Athens is home to the National Archeological Museum, featuring the world's largest collection of ancient Greek antiquities, as well as the new Acropolis Museum.
Main article: History of AthensThe oldest known human presence in Athens is the Cave of Schist, which has been dated to between the 11th and 7th millennium BC.[17] Athens has been continuously inhabited for at least 7000 years.[18][19] By 1400 BC the settlement had become an important centre of the Mycenaean civilization and the Acropolis was the site of a major Mycenaean fortress, whose remains can be recognised from sections of the characteristic Cyclopean walls.[20] Unlike other Mycenaean centers, such as Mycenae and Pylos, it is not known whether Athens suffered destruction in about 1200 BC, an event often attributed to a Dorian invasion, and the Athenians always maintained that they were "pure" Ionians with no Dorian element. However, Athens, like many other Bronze Age settlements, went into economic decline for around 150 years following this.
Iron Age burials, in the Kerameikos and other locations, are often richly provided for and demonstrate that from 900 BC onwards Athens was one of the leading centers of trade and prosperity in the region.[21] The leading position of Athens may well have resulted from its central location in the Greek world, its secure stronghold on the Acropolis and its access to the sea, which gave it a natural advantage over inland rivals such as Thebes and Sparta.By the 6th century BC, widespread social unrest led to the reforms of Solon. These would pave the way for the eventual introduction of democracy by Cleisthenes in 508 BC. Athens had by this time become a significant naval power with a large fleet, and helped the rebellion of the Ionian cities against Persian rule. In the ensuing Greco-Persian Wars Athens, together with Sparta, led the coalition of Greek states that repelled the Persians, defeating them decisively at Marathon in 490 BC and crucially at Salamisin 480 BC.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg ][1]The decades that followed became known as the Golden Age of Athenian democracy, during which time Athens became the leading city of Ancient Greece, with its cultural achievements laying the foundations of Western civilization. The playwrights Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides flourished in Athens during this time, as did the historians Herodotus and Thucydides, the physician Hippocrates, and the philosopher Socrates. Guided by Pericles, who promoted the arts and fostered democracy, Athens embarked on an ambitious building program that saw the construction of the Acropolis of Athens (including the Parthenon), as well as empire-building via the Delian League. Originally intended as an association of Greek city-states to continue the fight against the Persians, the league soon turned into a vehicle for Athens's own imperial ambitions. The resulting tensions brought about the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), in which Athens was defeated by its rival Sparta.
By the end of Late Antiquity, the city experienced decline followed by recovery in the second half of the Middle Byzantine Period, in the 9th to 10th centuries AD, and was relatively prosperous during the Crusades, benefiting from Italian trade. In 1458 it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and entered a long period of decline.
Following the Greek War of Independence, Athens was chosen as the capital of the newly independent Greek state in 1834, largely due to historical and sentimental reasons. At the time it was a town of modest size built around the foot of the Acropolis. The first King of Greece, Otto of Bavaria, commissioned the architects Stamatios Kleanthis and Gustav Schaubert to design a modern city plan fit for the capital of a state.
The first modern city plan consisted of a triangle defined by the Acropolis, the ancient cemetery of Kerameikos and the new palace of the Bavarian king (now housing the Greek Parliament), so as to highlight the continuity between modern and ancient Athens. Neoclassicism, the international style of this epoch, was the architectural style through which Bavarian, French and Greek architects such as Hansen, Klenze, Boulanger or Kaftantzoglou designed the first important public buildings of the new capital. In 1896 Athens hosted the first modern Olympic Games. During the 1920s a number of Greek refugees, expelled from Asia Minor after the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922), swelled Athens's population; nevertheless it was most particularly following World War II, and from the 1950s and 1960s, that the population of the city exploded, and Athens experienced a gradual expansion.In the 1980s it became evident that smog from factories and an ever increasing fleet of automobiles, as well as a lack of adequate free space due to congestion, had evolved into the city's most important challenge. A series of anti-pollution measures taken by the city's authorities in the 1990s, combined with a substantial improvement of the city's infrastructure (including the Attiki Odos motorway, the expansion of the Athens Metro, and the new Athens International Airport), considerably alleviated pollution and transformed Athens into a much more functional city. In 2004 Athens hosted the 2004 Summer Olympics.
Athens has a subtropical Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa) and receives just enough annual precipitation to avoid Köppen's BSh (semi-arid climate) classification. The dominant feature of Athens's climate is alternation between prolonged hot and dry summers and mild, wet winters. With an average of 414.1 millimetres (16.30 in) of yearly precipitation, rainfall occurs largely between the months of October and April. July and August are the driest months, where thunderstorms occur sparsely once or twice a month. Winters are cool and rainy, with a January average of 8.9 °C (48.0 °F); in Nea Filadelfeia and 10.3 °C (50.5 °F) in Hellinikon; Snowstorms are infrequent but can cause disruption when they occur. Snowfalls are more frequent in the northern suburbs of the city.
Mount Parnitha creates a rainshadow for the city, as a result of which precipitation is typically lower than in other parts of the Balkans; for a typical comparison, Tirana receives over three times more rainfall and Shkodra about five times as much. Daily average highs for July (1955–2004) have been measured at 33.7 °C (92.7 °F) at Nea Filadelfeia weather station [4], but other parts of the city may be even warmer, in particular its western areas in part due to industrialization or in the main several natural reasons, knowledge of which has been available from the mid-19th century. Temperatures often surpass 38 °C (100 °F) during the city's notorious heatwaves.
The city of Athens is affected by the urban heat island effect in some areas which is caused by human activity, altering its temperatures compared to the surrounding rural areas, and bearing detrimental effects on energy usage, expenditure for cooling, and health. The urban heat island of the city has also been found to be partially responsible for alterations of the climatological temperature time-series of specific Athens meteorological stations, due to its impact on the temperatures and the temperatures trends recorded by some meteorological stations. On the other hand, specific meteorological stations, such as the National Garden station and Thiseio meteorological station, are less affected or do not experience the urban heat island.
Athens holds the World Meteorological Organisation record for the highest temperature ever recorded in Europe, at 48.0 °C (118.4 °F), which was recorded in the Elefsina and Tatoi suburbs of Athens on 10 July 1977.
Culture and contemporary lifeEdit
Main article: Culture of Greece
Archaeological hubEditThe city is a world centre of archaeological research. Apart from national institutions, such as Athens University, the Archaeological Society, several archaeological Museums (including the National Archaeological Museum, the Cycladic Museum, the Epigraphic Museum, the Byzantine Museum, as well as museums at the ancient Agora, Acropolis, and Kerameikos), the city is also home to the Demokritos laboratory for Archaeometry as well as regional and national archaeological authorities that form part of the Greek Department of Culture. Athens hosts 17 Foreign Archaeological Institutes which promote and facilitate research by scholars from their home countries. As a result, Athens has more than a dozen archaeological libraries and three specialized archaeological laboratories, and is the venue of several hundred specialized lectures, conferences and seminars, as well as dozens of archaeological exhibitions, per year. At any given time, Athens is the (temporary) home to hundreds of international scholars and researchers in all disciplines of archaeology.
MuseumsEditThe most important museums of Athens include:
- the National Archaeological Museum, the largest archaeological museum in the country, and one of the most important internationally, as it contains a vast collection of antiquities; its artifacts cover a period of more than 5,000 years, from late Neolithic Age to Roman Greece;
- the Benaki Museum with its several branches for each of its collections including ancient, Byzantine, Ottoman-era and Chinese art and beyond;
- the Byzantine and Christian Museum, one of the most important museums of Byzantine art;
- the Numismatic Museum, housing a great collection of ancient and modern coins;
- the Museum of Cycladic Art, home to an extensive collection of Cycladic art, including the famous figurines made of white marble;
- the New Acropolis Museum, opened in 2009, and replacing the old museum on the Acropolis. The new museum has proved considerably popular; almost one million people visited during the summer period June–October 2009 alone. A number of smaller and privately owned museums focused on Greek culture and arts are also to be found.
TourismEditAthens has been a destination for travellers since antiquity. Over the past decade, the city's infrastructure and social amenities have improved, in part due to its successful bid to stage the 2004 Olympic Games. The Greek Government, aided by the EU, has funded major infrastructure projects such as the state-of-the-art Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport, the expansion of the Athens Metro system, and the new Attiki Odos Motorway.
Entertainment and performing artsEdit[2][3]Aerial view of Athens Olympic Sports Complex[4][5]View of the Odeon of Herodes Atticusin 2012. Sets for Tosca performed by the Greek National Opera.[6][7]Athens PlanetariumAthens is home to 148 theatrical stages, more than any other city in the world, including the ancient Odeon of Herodes Atticus, home to the Athens Festival, which runs from May to October each year. In addition to a large number of multiplexes, Athens plays host to open air garden cinemas. The city also supports music venues, including the Athens Concert Hall (Megaron Moussikis), which attracts world class artists. The Athens Planetarium, located in Andrea Syngrou Avenue is one of the largest and best equipped digital planetaria in the world.
SportsEditAthens has a long tradition in sports and sporting events, being home of the most important clubs in Greek sports and having a large number of sports facilities. The city has also served as a host of sports events of international importance.
Athens has hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice, in 1896 and 2004. The 2004 Summer Olympics required the development of the Athens Olympic Stadium, which has since gained a reputation as one of the most beautiful stadia in the world, and one of its most interesting modern monuments. The biggest stadium in the country, it has hosted two finals of the UEFA Champions League, in 1994 and 2007. The other major stadium of Athens, located in Piraeus area, is the Karaiskakis Stadium, a sports and entertainment complex, host of the 1971 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final. In 2004 Greece's national soccer team won the UEFA Cup Finals in Portugal. In the final tie they beat the host nation Portugal 1:0.
Athens has hosted the Euroleague final three times, the first in 1985 and second in 1993, both at the Peace and Friendship Stadium, most known as SEF, a large indoor arena, and the third time in 2007 at the Olympic Indoor Hall. Events in other sports such as athletics, volleyball, water polo etc., have been hosted in the capital's venues.Athens is home to three European multi-sport clubs: Olympiacos, Panathinaikos, AEK Athens. In football, Olympiacos have dominated the domestic competitions, Panathinaikos made it to the 1971 European Cup Final, while AEK Athens is the other member of the big three. These clubs also have basketball teams; Panathinaikos and Olympiacos are among the top powers in European basketball, having won the Euroleague six times and two respectively, whilst AEK Athens was the first Greek team to win a European trophy in any team sport.
Other clubs withi Athens are Panionios, Atromitos, Panellinios, Ethnikos Piraeus and Maroussi. Athenian clubs have also had domestic and international success in other sports. The Athens area encompasses a variety of terrain, notably hills and mountains rising around the city, and the capital is the only major city in Europe to be bisected by a mountain range. Four mountain ranges extend into city boundaries and thousands of miles of trails criss-cross the city and neighbouring areas, providing exercise and wilderness access on foot and bike.
Beyond Athens and across the prefecture of Attica, outdoor activities include skiing, rock climbing, hang gliding and windsurfing. Numerous outdoor clubs serve these sports, including the Athens Chapter of the Sierra Club, which leads over 4,000 outings annually in the area.
EnvironmentEditBy the late 1970s, the pollution of Athens had become so destructive that according to the then Greek Minister of Culture, Constantine Trypanis, "...the carved details on the five the caryatids of the Erechtheum had seriously degenerated, while the face of the horseman on the Parthenon's west side was all but obliterated." A series of measures taken by the authorities of the city throughout the 1990s resulted in the improvement of air quality; the appearance of smog (or nefos as the Athenians used to call it) has become less common.
Measures taken by the Greek authorities throughout the 1990s have improved the quality of air over the Attica Basin. Nevertheless, air pollution still remains an issue for Athens, particularly during the hottest summer days. In late June 2007, the Attica region experienced a number of brush fires, including a blaze that burned a significant portion of a large forested national park in Mount Parnitha, considered critical to maintaining a better air quality in Athens all year round. Damage to the park has led to worries over a stalling in the improvement of air quality in the city.
The major waste management efforts undertaken in the last decade (particularly the plant built on the small island of Psytalia) have improved water quality in the Saronic Gulf, and the coastal waters of Athens are now accessible again to swimmers. In January 2007, Athens faced a waste management problem when its landfill near Ano Liosia, an Athenian suburb, reached capacity. The crisis eased by mid-January when authorities began taking the garbage to a temporary landfill.
Olympic GamesEdit
1896 Summer OlympicsEdit
Main article: Athens 18961896 brought forth the revival of the modernOlympic Games, by Frenchman Pierre de Coubertin. Thanks to his efforts, Athens was awarded the first modern Olympic Games. In 1896, the city had a population of 123,000and the event helped boost the city's international profile. Of the venues used for these Olympics, the Kallimarmaro Stadium, and Zappeion were most crucial. The Kallimarmaro is a replica of the ancient Athenian stadiums, and the only major stadium (in its capacity of 60,000) to be made entirely of white marble from Mount Penteli, the same material used for construction of the Parthenon.
1906 Summer OlympicsEdit
- Main article: [[1906 Intercalated Games]]
The 1906 Summer Olympics, or the 1906 Intercalated games, were held in Athens. The intercalated competitions were intermediate games to the internationally organized Olympics, and were meant to be organized in Greece every four years, between the main Olympics. This idea later lost support from the IOC and these games were discontinued.
2004 Summer OlympicsEditMain article: Athens 2004 Olympics]Athens was awarded the 2004 Summer Olympics on 5 September 1997 in Lausanne, Switzerland, after having lost a previous bid to host the 1996 Summer Olympics, to Atlanta, United States. It was to be the second time Athens would host the games, following the inaugural event of 1896. After an unsuccessful bid in 1990, the 1997 bid was radically improved, including an appeal to Greece's Olympic history. In the last round of voting, Athens defeated Rome with 66 votes to 41. Prior to this round, the cities of Buenos Aires, Stockholm and Cape Town had been eliminated from competition, having received fewer votes. During the first three years of preparations, the International Olympic Committee had expressed concern over the speed of construction progress for some of the new Olympic venues. In 2000 the Organising Committee's president was replaced by Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki, who was the president of the original Bidding Committee in 1997. From that point on, preparations continued at a highly accelerated, almost frenzied pace.
Although the heavy cost was criticized, estimated at $1.5 billion, Athens was transformed into a more functional city that enjoys modern technology both in transportation and in modern urban development. Some of the finest sporting venues in the world were created in the city, all of which were fully ready for the games. The games welcomed over 10,000 athletes from all 202 countries.
The 2004 Games were judged a success, as both security and organization worked well, and only a few visitors reported minor problems mainly concerning accommodation issues. The 2004 Olympic Games were described as Unforgettable, dream Games, by IOC President Jacques Rogge for their return to the birthplace of the Olympics, and for meeting the challenges of holding the Olympic Games.[8]The only observable problem was a somewhat sparse attendance of some early events. Eventually, however, a total of more than 3.5 million tickets were sold, which was higher than any other Olympics with the exception of Sydney (more than 5 million tickets were sold there in 2000).
In 2008 it was reported that most of the Olympic venues had fallen into disrepair: according to those reports, 21 of the 22 facilities built for the games had either been left abandoned or are in a state of dereliction, with several squatter camps having sprung up around certain facilities, and a number of venues afflicted by vandalism, graffiti or strewn with rubbish. These claims, however, are disputed and likely to be inaccurate, as most of the facilities used for the Athens Olympics are either in use or in the process of being converted for post-Olympics use. The Greek Government has created a corporation, Olympic Properties SA, which is overseeing the post-Olympics management, development and conversion of these facilities, some of which will be sold off (or have already been sold off) to the private sector, while other facilities are still in use just as during the Olympics, or have been converted for commercial use or modified for other sports.


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Arias convicted in boyfriend's slaying
PHOENIX — Jodi Arias spent 18 days on the stand sharing intimate, emotional and oftentimes X-rated details of her life before a rapt television and online audience. She had hoped it all might convince a jury that she killed her one-time boyfriend in self-defense.
But the eight men and four women on the panel didn't buy it, convicting Arias on Wednesday of first-degree murder after about 15 hours of deliberations. Jurors will return to court Thursday to begin the next phase of the trial that could set the stage for Arias receiving a death sentence.
Arias said in a post-conviction interview with a TV station that she prefers the death penalty over life in prison.
Arias talked to Fox affiliate KSAZ in the courthouse minutes after she was convicted. With tears in her eyes, she said she feels overwhelmed and that she was surprised because she didn't believe she committed first-degree murder.
She said in the interview that she would "prefer to die sooner than later" and that "death is the ultimate freedom."
Arias previously said she considered suicide after killing lover Travis Alexander. The county said Arias was placed under suicide watch.
The case elevated the unknown waitress and aspiring photographer to a household name, with a real-life story of love, betrayal and murder far more alluring than any made-for-TV movie. The crime itself was enough to grab headlines: Arias, a 32-year-old high school dropout, shot Alexander in the forehead, stabbed him nearly 30 times and slit his throat from ear to ear, leaving the motivational speaker and businessman nearly decapitated.
She claimed he attacked her and she fought for her life. Prosecutors said she killed out of jealous rage because Alexander wanted to end their affair and planned to take a trip to Mexico with another woman.
Arias' four-month trial quickly became a media sensation — ratings gold for cable networks that could broadcast from inside the courtroom and feed an insatiable public appetite for true-crime drama delivered live and up-close. It was, for many, the horrible train wreck they just can't turn away from, even though they know they should.
Arias fought back tears as the verdict was announced in the hushed, packed courtroom, while Alexander's family members wept and hugged each other. They wore blue ribbons and wristbands with the words "Justice For Travis." The family thanked prosecutor Juan Martinez and a key witness and said it appreciated the outpouring of support from the public.
Outside, a huge crowd that had gathered on the courthouse steps screamed, whistled and cheered the news in a case that has attracted followers from across the country who traveled to Phoenix to be close to the proceedings. Some chanted, "USA, USA, USA!"
Alexander's friend Chris Hughes said he was happy with the verdict, pointing out a bold proclamation that Arias made in one of her jailhouse interviews that she wouldn't be found guilty.
"She said, 'No jury would convict me. Mark my words.' This jury convicted her," Hughes said. "Luckily we had 12 smart jurors. They nailed it."
Jurors got the case Friday afternoon.
The trial moves into the so-called aggravation phase during which prosecutors will argue the killing was committed in an especially cruel, heinous and depraved manner that should allow jurors to consider the death penalty. Both sides may call witnesses and show evidence. If the panel finds the aggravating factors exist, the trial moves into the final penalty phase during which jurors will recommend either life in prison or death.


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President Obama set forth a new vision of a results-driven USAID that would lead the world in development. We have risen to this challenge, pioneering a new model of development that emphasizes partnerships, innovation, and results. We are guided in these efforts by a new mission statement: we partner to end extreme poverty and promote resilient democratic societies while advancing our security and prosperity. Combating wildlife trafficking and the promotion of conservation are critically important to USAID and our mission. Conservation, which includes combating wildlife trafficking, is fundamental to human development and in achieving sustainable development.
This afternoon, I want to share with you our perspective on the vital role of U.S. foreign assistance in this region and how USAID's development programs address regional challenges and advance American interests. Across the East Asia-Pacific, USAID has eight field missions that provide support to 22 countries. By nature of our mission, to end extreme poverty and promote resilient, democratic societies, USAID advances U.S. security and prosperity while furthering the core objectives of the Administration's Rebalance to the Asia-Pacific. The President's robust Fiscal Year 2015 budget request of $810.7 million for Department of State and USAID assistance in East Asia and the Pacific enables USAID to continue helping to lay the foundations for lasting progress in the region.
In Mexico, as in the rest of the region, USAID is increasingly focused on helping the region's governments promote the rule of law and reduce crime and violence, while furthering respect for human rights. This is a matter of national security for the United States, as my colleagues have just noted, as well as an economic and political imperative for the affected countries. Continued insecurity is a severe drain on private and public investment in the Americas, a leading constraint to economic growth in some countries, and is also arguably the greatest threat to democracy in the affected countries.
USAID partners around the world to end extreme poverty and promote resilient, democratic societies, while advancing our security and prosperity. Our work in Northern Nigeria highlights the nexus between security, stability and poverty reduction. We are committed to working with Nigeria to build a peaceful society that promotes inclusive economic growth and lifts its citizens out of poverty.
One month ago, Boko Haram militants kidnapped more than 250 young girls from their school in an attack so shocking it mobilized the world behind returning these girls to their families. But this latest brutality was not an isolated incident. For years, Boko Haram has terrorized the people of Northern Nigeria through bombings, kidnapping, and sexual violence.
In 2011, President Obama said: "Asia will largely define whether the century ahead will be marked by conflict or cooperation, needless suffering or human progress." With one-fifth of the world's population—a third of which is living in extreme poverty—South Asia is a central focus of U.S. development assistance to ensure that the coming century is one marked by cooperation and human progress that extends mutual prosperity and security across the Asia-Pacific region.
Nowhere in the world is development such an important part of U.S. engagement efforts as it is in Africa, and the changing tide on the continent requires a new style of engagement. Today, Africans are the architects of their development, not just beneficiaries. Donors support their plans, they do not dictate them. Citizens demand democracy, not autocracy, and they are seizing the opportunities that come with better education, better health, and better public services.
Alongside the investments the United States has already made in the Middle East and North Africa, the President's FY 2015 budget request ensures USAID programs will continue to support the needs and aspirations of the region's people during this critical period of change. Our continued engagement with the people of the region serves as the foundation of our partnership with the countries of the region and will allow us to contribute to lasting growth, prosperity and peace.
As President Obama said in the 2013 State of the Union address, "We also know that progress in the most impoverished parts of our world enriches us all—not only because it creates new markets, more stable order in certain regions of the world, but also because it's the right thing to do."
As we step forward to answer the President's call with renewed energy and focus, we remain committed to engaging the American people and serving their interests by leading the world to end extreme poverty.
For the past 56 years, we have partnered with the Government of Morocco to build a strong bilateral relationship that focuses on promoting economic growth, improving educational opportunities and strengthening the effectiveness of civil society's political engagement. During this time, we also have worked together to make substantial improvements in the lives of everyday Moroccan citizens, including significantly improving maternal and child health, constructing two major dams, transforming thousands of semi-arid acres into productive agricultural use, and developing the microfinance sector in Morocco through high profile credit guarantees. We are proud and remain committed to this partnership, which is why in 2013, USAID and the Government of Morocco completed a new five-year Country Development Cooperation Strategy, or CDCS, that affirms this commitment.
Last updated: May 22, 2014
Find out about career opportunities at USAID
Learn how you can get involved and lend a hand.
Find business and funding opportunities.
Make a general inquiry or suggest an improvement.


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Hi guys,
Well every time I enjoy the soundtrack background on BT videos :D .. I dont know.. In my mind every time that I'm listem Juno Reactor it's remind me BT .. and everytime I lsitem ZZtop it's remind me Metasploit though.
Both are awesome tracks !
My personal favorite (litte bit Tarantino's soundtrack):p
Tito & Tarantula - After Dark (youtube)
xyz.youtube.com/watch?v=6p0ShXsdZhU --


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In this section showed about an awfully admirable vocation and an extremely much esteemed and familiar all over the world by five famous interior designers. And here are the most famous interior designers that I mean. Rachel Ashwell is one ...[Read More]
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recently moved into the area and im looking to start doing some bjj. Can anyone suggest a club nearby, i have searched but can't find anything that isnt to far. Any help appreciated!
recently moved into the area and im looking to start doing some bjj. Can anyone suggest a club nearby, i have searched but can't find anything that isnt to far. Any help appreciated!
try Dave Birkett at dartford BJJ or.. try keddles as i know the carlson guys are there
If you need a friend, get a dog !
Carlson Gracie Tonbridge!
Danny - I used to live in Welling and travelled to CSA for training - its at most 25 minutes away straight up the a2.
We are a full time gym, we have at minimum of two (mostly 3) bjj sessions from Monday to Thursday, then 1 on Friday and Saturday.
Our headcoach Lee Johnstone is a black belt and has been in the MMA game also for over 15 years. We regularly have our other coach, IBJJF European No-Gi champion Thiago "Monstro" Borges come down to take classes too.
If you are looking to compete, we also have a consistent BJJ competition team who always get great results as a group.
Anyway, you will only see what you want from experiencing it - come down and give it a try!
Thanks for the replys everyone.
Jonj, CSA is a gym that i had come across when i searched, and is slightly further than i wanted to travel if im being honest, just due to the time i finish work! It does look like a great place to train and if i am unable to find anywhere closer i will deffinatly come down as competing is something i intend to do.
I have found the website for dartford bjj and i will try to contact Dave and see what i can arrange so thanks for that.
Hi Danny, any problem contacting Dave pm me and I'll send you his number.
Hope to see you soon.
Karma Martial arts in Erith (Europe industrial estate, Fraser rd) run bjj on Thursday and Saturday. Steve O'Keeffe runs the classes.
"I hate to advocate drugs, alcohol, violence, or insanity to anyone, but they've always worked for me." - Hunter S. Thompson


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National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
One of the most challenging problems in managing large networked systems is the complexity of security administration. This is particularly true for organizations that are attempting to manage security in distributed multimedia environments such as those using World Wide Web services. Today, security administration is costly and prone to error because administrators usually specify access control lists for each user on the system individually.
Role-based access control (RBAC) is a technology that is attracting increasing attention, particularly for commercial applications, because of its potential for reducing the complexity and cost of security administration in large networked applications. The concept and design of RBAC is perfectly suited for use on both intranets and internets. It provides a secure and effective way to manage access to an organizations Web information. This paper describes a research effort to develop RBAC on the Web. The security and software components that provide RBAC for networked servers using Web protocols have been implemented and are described in this paper. The RBAC components can be linked with commercially available web servers, and require no modification of the server software.
More recently companies have begun using web technology to service the public as well as private and internal clients. Web sites are set up to segregate some information from the general public, providing it to only selected or "private" clients. Typically, public internet is cordoned off from the general public by having user accounts and passwords. Additionally, Web sites are now running inside the company often created for and by employees. These internal private nets or "intranets" use the infrastructure and standards of the Internet and the World Wide Web but are cordoned off from the public Internet through firewalls.
The Web can be used as an inexpensive yet powerful alternative to other forms of communications. A plethora of corporate information (e.g., procedures, training materials, directories, forms) can be converted to electronic form and made available via the Web. With a single source for these materials the cost of maintenance is significantly reduced, while greatly simplifying the task of ensuring currency. Thus an objective of enterprise computing, creation of a company wide system irrespective of the underlying information technology infrastructure can be fulfilled.
Although the internet and intranets can offer great benefits to a company or government agency, security threats remain. To date net enthusiasts tend to focus on how to link people and businesses, not on using the network as a way to run and manage businesses securely. Although existing Web servers can effectively provide all or nothing access to a particular Web site and a number of popular Web servers can even provide fairly fine grained access control, they provide very primitive tools to administer these controls from the perspective of a single enterprise.
This paper describes the benefits of RBAC and an implementation of RBAC on the Web (RBAC/Web), and in particular as RBAC applies to an intranet computing environment. This will provide Web administrators with a capability for the first time to centrally administer and regulate user access to information in a manner that is consistent with the current set of laws, regulations, and practices that face their business today. Although this paper focuses on intranets, the benefits, concepts and implementation of RBAC/Web are also applicable to a companys internet environment where restrictive access to information is desired.
With RBAC, security is managed at a level that corresponds closely to the organization's structure. Each user is assigned one or more roles, where roles are based on the user's job responsibilities and competencies in the organization. Each role is assigned one or more privileges (e.g., information access, deletion, creation), see Figure 1. It is a user's membership into roles that determine the privileges the user is permitted to perform. Security administration with RBAC consists of determining the operations that must be executed by persons in particular jobs, and assigning employees to the proper roles.
Figure1: RBAC Relations
The RBAC framework provides for mutually exclusive roles as well as roles having overlapping responsibilities and privileges. For example, some general operations may be allowed by all employees, while other operations may be specific to a role. Role hierarchies are a natural way of organizing roles within an organization and defining the relationship and attributes of the roles. Complexities introduced by mutually exclusive roles or role hierarchies as well as regulating who can perform what actions, when, from where, in what order, and in some cases under what relational circumstances, is all handled by the RBAC software.
We define static separation of duty to mean that roles which have been specified as mutually exclusive cannot both be included in a user's set of authorized roles. With dynamic separation of duty, users may be authorized for two roles that are mutually exclusive, but cannot have both roles active at the same time. In other words, static separation of duty enforces the mutual exclusion rule at the time an administrator sets up role authorizations, while dynamic separation of duty enforces the rule at the time a user selects roles for a session.
The mutually exclusive roles for a given role and the Static Separation of Duty property can be specified as follows:
mutually-exclusive-authorization(r:roles) = {the list of roles that are mutually exclusive with role "r"}A user is authorized as a member of a role only if that role is not mutually exclusive with any of the other roles for which the user already possesses membership:
Dynamic Separation of Duty places constraints on the simultaneous activation of roles. The mutually exclusive roles for a proposed active role is specified as follows:
mutually-exclusive-activation(r:roles) = {the list of active roles that are mutually exclusive with the proposed role "r"}A subject can become active in a new role only if the proposed role is not mutually exclusive with any of the roles in which the subject is currently active:
Additionally, the Admin tool is being enhanced to utilize the Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML, pronounced 'vermal'). VRML is an interactive, inter-networked, 3D graphics language for the Web. It is used to represent graphics, test, sound, and links to other content as either a static or dynamic picture on the Web. The inclusion of VRML into RBAC lets system administrators use an interactive computer model to check and validate the role structure, relationship, and privileges. Being able to view and interact with complex models, allows the administrator to identify conflicts, eradicate flaws and improve the implementation early in the RBAC setup.
The VRML component will enable authorized users to navigate the RBAC database, finding and linking roles, and displaying attributes and graphics associated with those roles. By presenting a 3D model of established roles, the user can easily see which roles are mutually exclusive as well as the hierarchical structure of related roles and conflicts between roles (see Figure 2). VRML's navigational controls allows the user to interactively 'walk-through' and manipulate the view perspective of the 3D model, known as a scene graph. For example, the scene graph can be rotated to show the 'backside' of the graph where role relationships may have been obscured when viewed as a 'flat', 2D graph. To improve readability, clarity and flexibility, the role hierarchy is organized into layers, where each layer contains another level of detail. By 'clicking' on a role, the role opens to reveal the next layer of related roles or information about the role, e.g., the privileges associated with that role or a user membership list.
Figure 2: VRML Bank example
The graph structure shows role hierarchy. The role financial_advisor inherits the role account_rep. An individual authorized for the role financial_advisor is permitted to perform all of the operations permitted to an individual authorized for the role account_rep. Thus, an individual in the role of financial_advisor is able to create and remove accounts. Because account representatives, branch managers, internal auditors, and tellers are all employees of the bank, their corresponding roles inherit the employee role.
In Figure 2, the role account_rep is highlighted, appearing as a dark sphere, in order to show the other role relationships for account_rep. The roles teller and account_holder are shown as yellow rectangular solids to indicate that these roles have a "Dynamic Separation of Duties" (DSD) relationship with the role account_rep. This relationship is a conflict in interest relationship indicating that an individual acting in the role of account_rep cannot also be acting in either of the roles of account_holder or teller. The policy of the bank is that an account representative, an employee of the bank, can have an account in the bank but such an individual may not simultaneously process their personal account while processing accounts of others. Likewise, because a teller has an open cash drawer that must balance when closed, an individual acting in the role of account_rep and sitting at a desk away from a teller's window is not permitted to simultaneously act in the role of teller even if authorized for that role.
The role internal_auditor is shown in a red hexahedron to indicate that this role has a "Static Separation of Duties" (SSD) relationship with the role account_rep. The SSD relationship is also a conflict of interest relationship like the DSD relationship but much stronger. If two roles have a DSD relationship, then they may both be authorized for an individual but that individual may not act in both roles simultaneously. If two roles have a SSD relationship, then they may not even be authorized for the same individual. In this example, the policy of the bank is that there is a fundamental conflict of interest between the roles of internal_auditor and account_rep. Thus, these two roles may never be authorized for the same individual.
The new version of the Admin tool using VRML will allow us to represent conflicts of interest and other relationships in a more natural way and view the scene from an infinite number of viewpoints. VRML allows complex 3D objects to be created for this purpose. The user can 'enter' a selected role and explore several levels of detail (i.e., information) associated with that role. In addition, the sound capabilities of VRML can be utilized to give audio warnings when roles are used which cause conflicts of interest or other problems, or when improper procedures are used.
Components of RBAC/Web are shown in Table 1. RBAC/Web for UNIX uses all of the components in Table 1. Because built-in NT security mechanisms are closely compatible with RBAC, the NT version uses only the Database, Session Manager, and Admin Tool components. RBAC/Web for NT requires no modification of Web server internals or access to source code. With RBAC/Web for UNIX, there are two ways to use RBAC/Web with a UNIX Web server.
The simplest way is by means of the RBAC/Web CGI. The RBAC/Web CGI can be used with any existing UNIX server without modifying its source code. RBAC URLs are passed through the Web server and processed by the RBAC/Web CGI. RBAC/Web configuration files map URLs to file names, while providing access control based on the user's roles. Installation of the RBAC/Web CGI is similar to the installation of the Web server.
While the RBAC/Web CGI is relatively simple to install and use, it is not as efficient as performing access control directly in the Web server. The other way to use RBAC/Web is to modify the UNIX Web server to call the RBAC/Web API to determine RBAC access. A URL is configured as an RBAC controlled URL by means of the Web Server configuration files that map URLs to file names.
Some Web servers for a UNIX environment, such as Netscape and Apache, divide their operation into steps and provide the capability for each step to be enhanced or replaced by means of a configuration parameters. This allows Web server operation to be modified without having to change the server's source code. For these Web servers, the RBAC/Web API can be integrated by simply providing the appropriate calling sequence and modifying configuration parameters.
|Files that specify the relationship between users and roles, the role hierarchy, the constraints on user/role relationships, current active roles, and relationship between roles and operations.
|Database Server
|Hosts the authoritative copies of the files which define relationships between users and roles, the role hierarchy, and the constraints on user/role relationships. These files are created and maintained by the Admin Tool. When changes are made these files, the Database Server notifies the Web Servers to update their cached copies.
|API Library
|A specification which may be used by Web servers and CGIs to access the RBAC/Web Database. The API is the means by which RBAC may be added to any Web server implementation. The API Library is a C and Perl library which implements the RBAC/Web API.
|Implements RBAC as a CGI for use with any currently existing Web server without having to modify the server. The RBAC/Web CGI uses the RBAC/Web API.
|Session Manager
|Manages the RBAC Session. The RBAC/Web Session Manager creates and removes a user's current active role set (ARS).
|Admin Tool
|Allows server administrators to create users, roles, and permitted operations; associate users with roles and roles with permitted operations; specify constraints on user/role relationships; and maintain the RBAC Database. Administrators access the RBAC/Web Admin tool by a Web browser
Table 1: RBAC/Web Components
A user may be assigned roles which have DSD relationships. If this is the case, the Session Manager enables users to choose the subset of their assigned role set that they would like to use in the session. Users are presented with a list of subsets which do not violate any DSD relationships and ask to choose. In order to minimize the number of choices, the subsets in the list, taken from the set of all possible subsets of a user's assigned roles, contain the largest subsets which do not violate any DSD relationships. Once the choice is made, the RBAC session is established with all authorized roles (i.e., assigned roles along with all roles which the assigned roles inherit) being placed in the ARS. If there are no DSD relationships among the roles assigned to a user, then the RBAC session is automatically established with all authorized roles in the ARS.
Figure 3: RBAC/Web Use
Generally, an RBAC session requires an authenticated end-user. If authentication is removed from an end-user, access to RBAC controlled URLs is denied. However, end- user authentication and the establishment of an RBAC session are completely separate operations. This is so that RBAC/Web can work with any authentication mechanism.
One of RBAC's greatest virtues is the administrative capabilities it supports. The administration of authorization data is widely acknowledged as an onerous process with a large and reoccurring expense. Under RBAC, users are granted membership into roles based on their competencies and responsibilities. User membership into roles can be revoked easily and new memberships established as job assignments dictate. With RBAC, users are not granted permission to perform operations on an individual basis, rather, operations are associated with roles. Role association with new operations can be established as well as old operations deleted as organizational functions change and evolve. This basic concept has the advantage of simplifying the understanding and management of privileges: roles can be updated without having to directly update the privileges for every user on an individual basis.
RBAC/Web provides the advantages of role-based access control for intranet and internet environments, and can be incorporated into existing systems with no modification to server code, making it portable to virtually all Web servers. For more information on RBAC and RBAC/Web, see http://hissa.nist.gov/rbac.
[1] D. Ferraiolo and D. R. Kuhn. Role-based access control. In 15th National Computer Security Conference. NIST/NSA, 1992. [2] D. F. Sterne. A tcb subset for integrity and role-based access control. Appendix - RBAC Formal Description . In 15th National Computer Security Conference. NIST/NSA, 1992. [3] R. Sandhu, E. J. Coyne, H. L. Feinstein, and C. E. Youman. Role-based access control models. IEEE Computer, 29(2), February 1996. [4] S. H. von Solms and I. Van der Merve. The Management of computer security profiles using a role oriented approach. Computers and Security, 13(8), 1994. [5] D. Ferraiolo, J. Cugini, and D. R. Kuhn. Role-based access control: Features and motivations. In Annual Computer Security Applications Conference. IEEE Computer Society Press, 1995. [6] R. Sandhu, E. J. Coyne, and C. E. Youman, editors. Proceedings of the First ACM Workshop on Role Based Access Control. ACM, 1996.