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Stretching during warm-up
Physical exercise and training are major sources of injuries among warriors, so finding ways to reduce the risk of such injuries is important. One method often used with injury prevention in mind is pre-exercise stretching, but does it really work?
From the Field
Can stretching before exercise help prevent training-related injuries?
Stretching should be included as part of a warm-up prior to physical activity. A warm-up designed specifically for the type of activity that follows has been shown to be the most effective for performance enhancement. Stretching helps by improving flexibility and range of motion, and should be part of military fitness programs at all levels, but the value of stretching and warm-ups in general for reducing risk of injury is still in doubt.
Most professional trainers recommend stretching as part of a warm-up prior to exercise with the idea that it helps reduce the risk of training-related injury. However, researchers disagree on the effectiveness of stretching, as well as the type of stretching and the nature of the warm-up in general. In spite of this, it is possible to gather general guidelines that can be used to develop an individual warm-up that includes stretching.
And given the extent of training-related injuries in the military and the resulting loss of active-duty days, it seems important to pursue any activity that holds promise of reducing this problem. Pre-exercise warm-ups typically consist of some low-level cardiovascular activities along with stretching. More recently, warm-ups are being tailored to the type of exercise that will follow.
Myths and/or Claims
In general, athletes and trainers believe that stretching during the warm-up will improve performance and prevent injury that could result from the subsequent activity. However, it has been proposed that any warm-up that elevates the temperature of muscles, tendons, and ligaments will serve the purpose. In addition, it is important to keep in mind that improper stretching can actually cause injury.
Regardless of the debates on the value of stretching during a warm-up, there are four types of stretching that are recognized: static, dynamic, ballistic, and PNF (for "Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation). Static stretching involves slow, deliberate movements that apply force to lengthen the tissues. This type of stretching is generally regarded as being safe and effective to increase flexibility and range of motion (ROM), especially when practiced long-term. Despite the fact that most research on stretching has focused on this type, no optimal method of practice has yet been established.
The second method of stretching—and the most common form used by professionals during warm-up—is dynamic. It employs controlled movement through the range of motion for each target area, simultaneously lengthening and increasing the temperature of tissues. This suggests that it might be better than static stretching at increasing ROM, but studies so far have not confirmed this. One important advantage of dynamic stretching is that it can be tailored to the needs of a specific sport, which recent research indicates to be effective.
Ballistic stretching is in some ways similar to dynamic stretching, but the former adds bouncing or jerking motions, usually at the end of a range of movement. The goal is to further increase ROM, but it is easy to stretch muscles too far, resulting in injury, so ballistic stretching must be employed very carefully. In fact, if the goal of stretching during warm-up is to prevent injury, this type of stretching would seem to be potentially counterproductive.
The fourth and last type of stretching is PNF, which actually requires that one have a partner. It involves contraction of the muscle opposite the one that is being targeted for stretching, followed by static stretching of the target muscle. Studies indicate that this might be the most effective form of warm-up stretching to increase range of motion, but the risk of injury increases if either participant is careless. Proper form and technique are essential, so a trained partner is a good idea.
It is easy to overdo stretching, especially the ballistic and PNF types, so it should be practiced with caution. Those who are new to stretching, those who have extremely high or low flexibility in the back and hamstrings, and those with poor ankle flexibility need to begin with minimal stretching, increasing their range of motion in minute increments regularly and sticking with static and/or dynamic methods. And it is better to do a little stretching every day than a lot of stretching less often. Recovery from a stretching injury can be slow.
Summary for Military Relevance
Studies of injury rates in military training, especially among new recruits, continue to report high rates of injury—from 6% to 12% as of 2000, varying with unit, branch, age, previous level of activity, and other factors. Although there is no consensus as to the value of stretching for injury prevention, there is strong evidence that warm-ups—especially those tailored to a specific activity—do enhance performance. Since range-of-motion and flexibility are specific requirements for many types of military activities, stretching enters into the equation. Dynamic stretching is probably the best choice for most programs, although PNF may be feasible under some circumstances. Different warm-up programs should be designed for those at high risk of injury versus those at less risk, including different stretching protocols.
It should be kept in mind that stretching and warm-up are just part of an overall fitness program. Military physical training and fitness programs need to be modified in other ways, as well, to reduce injury rates. More information is available in HPRC's Research Summary "Pre-Exercise Stretching and Warm-Up."
* Bottom Line Up Front
Research Summary
Key Points
- Physical-training injuries are the major cause of lost active-duty days.
- Military trainees with extremely high or low back and hamstring flexibility are more likely to experience physical-training injuries.
- Factors that increase risk of injury include age, smoking, biomechanical factors, previous history of injury, high volume of exercise and running mileage, and low levels of past physical activity and fitness.
- Pre-exercise warm-ups, including stretching, should be included in military physical training at all levels, with different programs for recruits at high risk of injury versus those at lower risk.
Most professionals and experts in the field of training and exercise believe the "warm-up" is an essential part of effective program design, and many would say that a warm-up not only prepares the body for the demands of the upcoming workout, but also has the potential to reduce the risk of injury in both the short and long term. The problem with this belief is that it is based largely on anecdotal accounts and personal experience, and there is great disparity in what constitutes a warm-up. In addition, while most agree on the purpose of the warm-up, the methods to accomplish the desired outcomes vary greatly.1-3 Thus, most research on the ability of a warm-up to prevent injury has focused on the type of warm-up (i.e., active or passive), whether or not stretching is included, and if so, what type of stretching is most effective. The stretching component of warm-up and its role in injury risk has received much attention in recent years. However, the conclusions are inconsistent and even contradictory, and it is clear that more research is required. Nevertheless, some guidelines can be drawn from the available literature and are presented here.
Historically the warm-up consists of low-level cardiovascular activities combined with some form of stretching; more recent recommendations include some type of sport-specific exercise.4,5 Those who advocate stretching disagree as to the type of stretching that may be optimal. The stretching is typically one or more of four basic types: static, dynamic, ballistic, or PNF (Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation). These are discussed in more detail below.
From a military perspective, the viability of pre-exercise warm-up as a means to prevent injury is especially important. A 1999 study6 revealed that injuries related to physical training were at that time the major cause of lost active-duty days in the Army—more, in fact, than all other outpatient conditions combined. More recent studies indicate no significant change in this situation.
There are numerous factors that underlie the high incidence of injury associated with physical training, including demographics (age, gender, race, etc.), anatomical features, past injuries, certain health behaviors (e.g., smoking), and physical fitness factors such as cardiorespiratory and muscular endurance and high or low flexibility. High training mileage and frequent marching and running have also been identified as increased-risk factors.6
Many believe that warming up prior to physical activity should always include stretching and this can help prevent injury. Injuries occur at a given muscle length, usually during the eccentric phase of contraction. When exerting eccentric force, such that the muscle must move beyond its "free range of motion," the risk of injury may be heightened. If an individual is able to move through the full ranges of movement required by a given activity, without placing undue stress or load on the muscle, the risk of injury is lessened.3 Thus, stretching theoretically can help reduce such risk by increasing the range of motion (ROM).
Some have theorized that joint ROM would increase during a warm-up because the elevated core temperature would lower muscle, tendon, and ligament viscosity.3 As a result, warm-up could preclude stretching or, alternatively, could include dynamic stretching, which presumably can help increase core temperature.
Facts and Evidence
There are numerous challenges in examining the linkages between warm-up, stretching, and injury prevention, which one group identifies as "an obscure relationship."7 Numerous authors have attempted to combine and parse the available data in their search for a definitive answer regarding the relative benefit of pre-exercise stretching, without much success. Nevertheless, there is much to be learned from the available information. What follows is a summary of the types of stretching and their effects on injuries and performance, as well as an examination of whether stretching should even be included in warm-ups.
Static stretching uses a "slow, deliberate" movement to lengthen soft tissue and is widely regarded as a safe and effective method to increase flexibility and ROM.8 It requires the individual to apply force to increase tissue length. Most of the research on warm-up stretching has been on this type, and it is clear that an acute bout of static stretching increases joint ROM, especially when practiced over the long term.2-14 However, the research studies have been highly variable, such that no optimal method or program has yet been established.
Dynamic stretching involves controlled movement through the available ROM to lengthen soft tissue. This is the most common form of stretching currently used in the warm-up phase by fitness professionals, and there is emerging research to provide support for its efficacy, although there is less research in this area and dynamic stretching is often confused with ballistic stretching (see below). Some studies have found that it is equally as effective as static stretching at gaining ROM.2,14 One proposed advantage, as mentioned above, is that it could increase joint core temperature and thereby improve ROM above what static stretching can achieve.3 Its main advantage, however, seems to be that it can be designed to focus on sport-specific movements, with recent research in support of this.15,16
Ballistic stretching is similar to dynamic stretching in that it involves movement and an application of force to the muscle-tendon unit, but there is a marked difference between the two: Ballistic stretching also involves bouncing or jerking motions to stretch target muscles, sometimes specifying that the bouncing motion be performed only at the end of the ROM and sometimes through the entire ROM.3,14,17,18 However, the use of momentum in ballistic stretching may take muscles past tissue extensibility limits, potentially increasing the risk of injury.19 In addition, it has been connected to muscle soreness and the potential to invoke the stretch reflex, both of which could negatively affect injury prevention and performance.2,14
PNF stretching most commonly involves a contraction of the opposing muscle, placing the target muscle on stretch, followed by a static contraction of the target muscle.12 However, there are a number of suggested protocols and use of this method requires potentially both more instruction and participation of a trained partner, increasing the risk of injury if either participant utilizes poor form or technique.19,20 On the other hand, PNF stretching is typically better at gaining ROM in comparison to other types of stretching.21 Moreover, one study showed that performing PNF twice per week, with only a single repetition, significantly increases ROM.12 Given the unique concerns regarding the safety and practicality of this technique, although much of the research has concluded that PNF stretching yields the greatest improvement in ROM, many authors also suggest further research.3,12-14,21,22
The majority consensus for now seems to be that stretching as part of a pre-activity warm-up does not contribute to overall injury reduction8,23-25, or at least that the jury is still out with a final verdict.8,26,27 It appears safe to say that stretching may reduce the likelihood of ligamentous and musculotendinous injuries if practiced regularly.26 In general, stretching—which targets soft-tissue compliance—may contribute to preventing injury in activities that require increased tendon viscosity and a compliant muscle-tendon unit, such as soccer or football.7 It is less promising for activities such as jogging or cycling, which consist of lower-intensity "stretch-shortening cycles" (SSCs) with active muscular contraction. Current practice has gradually shifted away from static to dynamic stretching in the warm-up28 because numerous studies have reported differential performance responses; the data are quite compelling in support of dynamic warm-up compared to static.29-35
The findings with regard to performance are equally equivocal. One literature review found that pre-exercise stretching decreases both force production and velocity of contraction, while regular stretching improves both; running economy improves with pre-exercise stretching, but long-term stretching has no effect; and pre-exercise stretching consistently resulted in diminished performance as measured by force, torque, or jumping.13 The same review did find agreement that regular stretching found improved performance as measured by isometric force production and contraction velocity, but that regular stretching appears to have little effect on running economy.
One important finding with regard to training regimens in general is that reducing the frequency, duration, and/or—in the case of running—distance, results in reduction in injuries.25 This issue of "overuse," particularly in the military population, may have implications for evaluating the efficacy of any warm-up protocol or stretching routine. Some specific recommendations for warm-ups are listed in an Appendix at the end of this article.
The issue of fatigue during the warm-up is consistently raised in both the injury prevention and performance literature.3-5,36 As fatigue levels increase, tissue stiffness decreases, producing less efficient movement.37 This raises the question of whether attempting to train in a fatigued state, which might better simulate deployment and combat conditions, would enhance neural and other training adaptations.
Trainees experience more injuries if they score at the high or low extreme of back and hamstring flexibility, a finding which has been replicated in research with other military personnel27 and with collegiate athletes38. In addition, poor ankle flexibility compared to average ROM was associated with over twice the risk of injury; those with high flexibility experienced up to eight times the risk.39
There is some evidence that stretching, especially static, can lead to performance decrements.28,37 In addition, stretching can result in "stretch-induced strength loss," thus becoming counterproductive for certain types of performance. It may be possible to minimize or eliminate stretch-induced strength losses with dynamic stretching, eccentric contractions, and at longer muscle lengths.5
Military Relevance
A survey in 2000 reported that injury rates in military training remain high, at a rate of six to 12 per month for every 100 male recruits, although this rate varies by unit and branch.40 For example, the monthly injury rate reported for Naval Special Warfare training was 30 per 100 trainees. Risk factors for developing overuse injuries in military populations include age, smoking, biomechanical factors, previous history of injury, high volume of exercise and running mileage, and low levels of past physical activity and fitness. In addition, there is an inverse relationship between fitness level and the incidence of overuse injuries, with untrained soldiers getting injured at 4 times the rate of the more fit.41
Stratifying recruits based on injury risk, with differential training programs for those with a high potential for injury might help reduce overall injury rates.41 Recruits identified as being at higher risk might be required to participate in an 8-12 week "base conditioning phase" in which training would apply gradual and progressive overload, allowing time for greater physiologic, musculoskeletal, and neural adaptations. In the fitness world, this segment of training is termed "building up to game speed"; it seems that many recruits need to "build up to warrior speed." Mainstreaming these recruits into the general training program would occur once they were able to meet minimum standards and had completed the "hardening" phase of conditioning to establish a more substantial fitness base upon which to build.
There is substantial support for including dynamic flexibility into the warm-up phase of training for all levels of military personnel. Current best practices include full-range, dynamic movement that reflects accepted specificity of training principles, where training methods have a direct connection to real-life performance. Based on the available information, we recommend the development of two dynamic warm-ups: one targeted those at high risk of injury, the other for those not deemed at risk.
Most research supports the concept that warm-up improves performance, but its impact on injury prevention is less conclusive, and the advantages of stretching are similarly inconclusive. Indications are that one of the most important features of a warm-up is that it should target body parts to be used in the upcoming activity, without producing undue fatigue, and that it be tailored to the fitness level of the individual. If stretching is included in a warm-up, dynamic stretching appears to be the most effective choice. While PNF stretching may provide greater benefits, it requires a trained assistant and carries a higher risk of injury if not practiced correctly.
The purpose or goal of the activity should determine the associated stretch/warm-up. The following list includes specific tips from reference articles that have attempted to provide guidelines based on the limited available research.
General recommendations:
- Stretch as part of the warm-up at least 15-20 minutes prior to the activity.2
- During pre-exercise stretching, target muscle groups that have high risk of injury during this phase.5
- Conduct warm-up/stretch within 15 minutes prior to activity.3
- Tailor the movements to the activity and individual.3
- Consider long-term benefits of stretching and increased muscle length and ROM.3
Static stretching:
- Stretch each muscle group three to five times with 15-20 second holds.2
- Perform at least four to five stretches for 60-seconds to pain tolerance to ensure decreased passive resistance.5
- Stretch for longer durations and lower force; at a minimum of three, 30-second stretches per muscle group at least once/week.3
- There may be no significant difference in ROM between holding stretches for 30 compared to 60 seconds.36
Dynamic warm-up:
- Include dynamic movements pre-performance to minimize stretch-induced strength loss.5
- Intensity should approximate 40-60% VO2max, described as mild sweating without fatigue.3
- If a warm-up is of too low intensity, such as light calisthenics, it provides insufficient increases in muscle temperature and associated tissue changes.36
- High-intensity work results in fatigue and the potential performance decrements associated with anaerobic work.36
- For both intermediate and long-term efforts, the warm up needs to elevate oxygen consumption, yet build in sufficient recovery time prior to the target task to minimize fatigue and need for thermoregulation.36
- Intensity, duration, and recovery should be manipulated to achieve the desired results and should include activity-specific tasks.36
- Performing movements similar to the upcoming event may be more important in activities requiring extreme ranges of motion.5
- Incorporate warm-ups that target body parts to be used in the upcoming activity, without producing undue fatigue.4
- A warm-up protocol should include aerobic exercise, followed by stretching, and ending with an activity similar to the intended event.4
- Safran MR, Seaber AV, Garrett WE, Jr. Warm-Up and Muscular Injury Prevention: An Update. Sports Medicine. 1989;8(4):239-49.
- Smith CA. The warm-up procedure: To stretch or not to stretch. A brief review. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 1994;19(1):12-7.
- Woods K, Bishop P, Jones E. Warm-up and stretching in the prevention of muscular injury. Sports Medicine. 2007;37(12):1089-99.
- Fradkin AJ, Zazryn TR, Smoliga JM. Effects of Warming-up on Physical Performance: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2007;24(1):140-8.
- McHugh MP, Cosgrave CH. To stretch or not to stretch: the role of stretching in injury prevention and performance. Scandinavian J Med Sci Sports. 2010;20:169-81.
- Jones BH, Knapik JJ. Physical Training and Exercise-Related Injuries: Surveillance, Research and Injury Prevention in Military Populations. Sports Medicine. 1999;27(2):111-25.
- Witvrouw E, Mahieu N, Danneels L, McNair P. Stretching and Injury Prevention: An Obscure Relationship. Sports Medicine. 2004;34(7):443-9.
- Weldon SM, Hill RH. The efficacy of stretching for prevention of exercise-related injury: a systematic review of the literature. Manual Therapy. 2003;8(3):141-50.
- Hart L. Effect of Stretching on Sport Injury Risk: a Review. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 2005;15(2):113.
- Rancour J, Holmes CF, Cipriani DJ. The Effects of Intermittent Stretching Following a 4-Week Static Stretching Protocol: A Randomized Trial. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2009;23(8):2217-22.
- Rubini EC, Costa ALL, Gomes PSC. The Effects of Stretching on Strength Performance. Sports Medicine. 2007;37(3):213-24.
- Sharman MJ, Cresswell AG, Riek S. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Sports Medicine. 2006;36(11):929-39.
- Shrier I. Does stretching improve performance? A systematic and critical review of the literature. Sports Medicine. 2004;4(5):267-73.
- Wilkinson A. Stretching the truth. A review of the literature on muscle stretching. Australian Physiotherapy. 1992;38(4):283-7.
- Clark A, Twist P. The Dynamic Warm-Up. IDEA Fitness Journal. 2007;February:28-31.
- Beedle BB, Leydig SN, Carnucci JM. No difference in pre- and post-exercise stretching on flexibility. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2007;21(3):780-3.
- Alter MJ. Science of Stretching. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1988.
- Nieman D. Exercise testing and prescription. 6th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2007.
- Hedrick A. Dynamic Flexibility Training. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 2000;22(5):33-8.
- Ninos J. PNF-Self Stretching Techniques. Strength & Conditioning Journal. 2001;23(4):28-9.
- Fasen JM, O'Connor AM, Schwartz SL, Watson JO, et al. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Hamstring Stretching: Comparison of Four Techniques. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2009;23(2):660-7.
- Shrier I. Stretching before exercise: an evidence based approach. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2000;34(5):324-5.
- Herbert RD, Gabriel M. Effects Of Stretching Before And After Exercising On Muscle Soreness And Risk Of Injury: Systematic Review. BMJ: British Medical Journal. 2002;325(7362):468-72.Jamtvedt G, Herbert RD, Flottorp S, Odgaard-Jensen J, et al. A pragmatic randomised trial of stretching before and after physical activity to prevent injury and soreness. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2010;44(14):1002-9.
- Yeung EW, Yeung SS. A systematic review of interventions to prevent lower limb soft tissue running injuries. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2001;35(6):383-9.
- Small K, McNaughton L. A systematic review into the efficacy of static stretching as part of a warm-up for the prevention of exercise related injury. Research in Sports Medicine. 2008;16:213-31.
- Thacker SB, Gilchrist J, Stroup DF, Kimsey CDJ. The Impact of Stretching on Sports Injury Risk: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2004;36(3):371-8.
- Fletcher IM, Monte-Colombo MM. An investigation into the possible physiological mechanisms associated with changes in performance related to acute responses to different preactivity stretch modalities. Applied Physiology, Nutrition & Metabolism. 2010;35(1):27-34.
- Faigenbaum AD, Bellucci M, Bernieri A, Bakker B, et al. Acute effects of different warm-up protocols on fitness performance in children. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2005;19(2):376-81.
- Fletcher IM, Anness R. The acute effects of combined static and dynamic stretch protocols on fifty-meter sprint performance in track-and-field athlete. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2007;21(3):784-7.
- Fletcher IM, Jones B. The effect of different warm-up stretch protocols on 20 meter sprint performance in trained rugby union players. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2004;18(4):885-8.
- Holt BW, Lambourne K. The impact of different warm-up protocols on vertical jump performance in male collegiate athletes. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2008;22(1):226-9.
- Little T, Williams AG. Effects of differential stretching protocols during warm-ups on high-speed motor capacities in professional soccer players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2006;20(1):203-7.
- Manoel ME, Harris-Love MO, Danoff JV, Miller TA. Acute Effects of Static, Dynamic, and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching on Muscle Power in Women. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2008;22(5):1528-34.
- Pearce AJ, Kidgell DJ, Zois J, Carlson JS. Effects of secondary warm up following stretching. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2009;105(2):175-83.
- Bishop D. Warm Up II: Performance Changes Following Active Warm Up and How to Structure the Warm Up. Sports Medicine. 2003;33(7):483-98.
- Wilson JM, Flanagan EP. The Role of Elastic Energy in Activities with High Force and Power Requirements: A Brief Review. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2008;22(5):1705-15.
- Howell DW. Musculoskeletal profile and incidence of musculoskeletal injuries in lightweight women rowers. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1984;12(4):278-81.
- Pope R, Herbert R, Kirwan J. Effect of ankle dorsiflexion range and pre-exercise calf muscle stretching on injury risk in Army recruits Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 1998;44(3):165-72.
- Kaufman KR, Brodine S, Shaffer R. Military training-related injuries: Surveillance, research, and prevention. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2000;18(3, Supplement 1):54-63.
- Rosendal L, Langberg H, Skov-Jensen A, Kjaer M. Incidence of injury and phyiscal performance adaptations during military training. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 2003;13:157-63.


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The modern concept of total war can be traced to the writings of the 19th-century Prussian military strategist Carl von Clausewitz, who denied that wars could be fought by laws. In his major work Vom Kriege (On War), he rejected the limited objectives of 18th-century warfare, in which winning local military victories was regarded as the key to advantageous diplomatic bargaining, and described wars as tending constantly to escalate in violence toward a theoretical absolute. Clausewitz also stressed the importance of crushing the adversary's forces in battle. His 19th-century admirers tended to overlook his insistence that the conduct of war must be strictly controlled by attainable political objectives. The classic 20th-century work on total war was Erich Ludendorff's Der totale Krieg (1935; The "Total" War), based on the author's experience in directing Germany's war effort in World War I. The two 20th-century world wars are usually regarded as total, or at least the most total of history's wars, although they were, of course, limited in numerous ways.
After World War II, especially during the Cold War, the prospect of all-out nuclear war raised a conceptual problem in that such a war presumably would short-circuit the processes of all-out mobilization of resources and regimentation of national effort—that is, the very mobilization and regimentation that had made the 20th-century world wars seem more total than earlier ones. The fear of nuclear war, in any case, severely inhibited the major powers in waging wars themselves and in allowing their client states to do so, thus substituting deliberate restraint for the more impersonal constraints that limited warfare in the past. Among smaller powers the fear of nuclear war has had little restrictive effect; most wars between small countries since 1945 have been limited. This has not been universally true, however. During the Vietnam War (1954–75), the communist leadership of North Vietnam regarded the contest as one of total war and acted accordingly. The Iran-Iraq War (1980–90), though fought with limited resources in that neither side had a large industrial base or much airpower, was very close to a total war for both belligerents.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Christian right's entirely fictitious "war on Christmas" has sparked campaigns by the American Family Association and Liberty Counsel to define companies as naughty or nice based on whether they use "Christmas" in their ads and their websites instead of "holidays" or "holiday season." Looks like their favorite anti-gay restaurant has been very, very naughty:
Chick-Fil-A is "bundling up for [the] holiday season."
This holiday season, the Chick-fil-A "Eat Mor Chikin" Cows are honoring the historic contributions of the cows that came before them to influence world history in the chain's new 2012 Cow Calendar. The holiday cheer from Chick-fil-A doesn't end with the release of the annual Cow Calendar.
And in another press release, they're all about the holidays:
Chick-fil-A Launches 2013 Cow Calendar, Sweetens Holidays with Peppermint Chocolate Chip Milkshake
Just in time for holiday gift giving, the Chick-fil-A® "Eat Mor Chikin®" Cows are saluting 12 of history's most famous "moonarchs" with the debut of the 2013 Cow Calendar.
So the AFA and Liberty Counsel will be condemning them, right? And issuing boycott threats? Right? Yeah, I didn't think so.


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Liberal arts majors have a plethora of careers at their disposal. The best way to launch a job search is to first narrow down the industry you prefer. Here are several resources to assist you:
Another great way to conduct a job search is to target companies that appeal to you. These companies can be selected based on industry, location, size, types of positions, etc. The key is to know how to find listings of companies. For resources to conduct organizational targeting for your job search, see below:
Professional associations are a great way to learn about an industry and current job opportunities. Locate professional associations in various careers by accessing the following resources:
Visit the liberal studies department website.


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BitNami concrete5 CMS Stack Native Installer is an easy-to-install distribution of the concrete5 CMS application. It includes pre-configured, ready-to-run versions of Apache, MySQL, PHP, and phpMyAdmin so users can get a concrete5 CMS installation up and running in minutes after answering a few questions. Windows, Linux, Linux 64, Mac OS X, and Unix operating systems are supported. concrete5 CMS is a content management system that allows you to deploy Web applications, Websites, stores, and forums and easily manage their content and site structures. It is also a flexible framework written in Object Oriented PHP 5, and follows a very extendable Model View Controller approach.
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text: I also ride a disco and found the m-5 didn't ride well in this board. I tried the k2.1 and didn't like them either because I ride CB, a steeper wave, and they didn't have alot of hold and are really stiff. I'm also 5'10 170 and maybe the k2.1 were to small for me. Instead of going with the bigger k2.1 I tried my old G-5's, that are a plastic composite with medium size and good flex, to work surprisingly well. Then in larger surf I use a large PC-7 that worked great in chest high bigger. It just depends where you ride and how big you are. Good luck!


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Knowledge Workers: 10,000 Times the ProductivityMonday, April 7th, 2008
"Do you believe that the Information/Knowledge Worker Age we're moving into will outproduce the Industrial Age fifty times? I believe it will. We're just barely beginning to see it…Nathan Myhrvold, former chief technology officer at Microsoft, puts it this way: 'The top software developers are more productive than average software developers not by a factor of 10X or 100X or even 1000X but by 10,000X.' Quality knowledge work is so valuable that unleashing its potential offers organizations an extraordinary opportunity for value creation."
Stephen R. Covey, The 8th Habit
There is no doubt a new era has begun. We're shifting from the Industrial Age to the Information/Knowledge Worker Age, and it is paramount that we understand the paradigms that drive this new era. What brought success in one economic age will not lead to it in the next. This week we ask Dr. Covey about the new mind-set, skill-set, and tool-set required to thrive in the Knowledge Worker Age.
Q: You refer frequently to the Knowledge Worker Age or Era, and we can read in several publications where the current period of history is referenced that way. Where does the term come from and what does it mean?
A: I believe it was Peter Drucker that first coined the term knowledge worker. I don't know if he used the word era or not. He used the term to acknowledge that we were moving from an era that valued things, like machines, for what they produced into an era that values knowledge—the application of knowledge that comes in the form of skills.
Q: Are we there, or just moving toward it?
A: Well, we are just moving toward it in many, many industries; but in some high-tech industries, we're there. Most people are unaware of this sea-lane change that is taking place and, therefore, are not preparing for it. They are unaware because they are not experiencing world-class competition that comes from a new global economy. They are in fact experiencing it indirectly through lowering of costs and elimination of a lot of bureaucracy and the uplifting of quality. But it will eventually overtake every profession and every industry. And everyone will be affected by it.
Q: Why is there so much confidence that the Knowledge Worker Age will increase productivity so significantly?
A: Simply because people are empowered; and not only people, but entire cultures. These cultures will experience an internalization of the idea of interdependency so that the mores and norms are supportive of being productive and everyone will be accountable to everybody. This will unleash incredible energy, talent, creativity, resourcefulness, and new ideas. If I could have people understand one key paradigm of the Knowledge Worker Age it would be that you manage things, but you lead people. That is how we will empower them.
Q: What are some characteristics of a team or an organization struggling to apply the principles of this era versus one that is doing it well?
A: The struggling organizations are those that are still being straitjacketed and straddled with Industrial Age structures, systems, and processes, and sometimes even the Industrial Age definition of leadership being a position. The organizations that will make a tremendous productivity gauge will come from those where the cultures are highly interdependent. Their people will be focused on three or four truly significant priorities. There will be a wide sense of mutual accountability and the so-called bosses will become servant leaders in facilitating all of the processes and making sure there is an alignment of these processes, structures, and systems with the high-priority goals.
Q: What actions can people take if they are not in a position of formal authority and their superiors seem to be stuck in the Industrial Age both in mind-set and practice?
A: Leadership is not formal authority, leadership is moral authority. If you are principle-centered, your opportunities for influence increase; and if you're proactive and take initiative inside your own Circle of Influence, it will get larger. It will primarily get larger because of the pragmatics of the marketplace. You will simply produce more. If you have a subsidized or protected organization that doesn't have to deal with theses market realities and this new, real, world-class competition, what I said may not happen. And you may find that the old structure and old ways will persist and there will be great resistance to a new style of leadership and to changing these deeply imbedded structures and systems. However, eventually they will have to change. Even organizations that are protected and subsidized are, in time, subject to market forces because they all have budgets and costs they have to get around.
Q: Reversing roles, if you are a boss wanting to increase the productivity of your team, what is the one thing you should be doing with your team to foster that?
A: Ask them that question. If they are codependent upon you and hesitate to speak up, walk out of the room and let them deal with that question. And ask them to bring forth their highest and best recommendations. If they are not codependent upon you, stay in the room and participate. If they push back on you, that's fine. If you can push back on them without them feeing threatened, you have the basis for synergy and for using third-alternative solutions.
Q: What is the next era?
A: I don't know what the next era is. I know it will evolve through this Information/ Knowledge Worker Age. I've often called the next era the "Era of Wisdom." But basically that means that the principles of each of the economic ages are brought to bear in the Knowledge Worker Age. For instance, the principle of the work ethic in the Agrarian Age and the hunter and gatherer; the principles of learning and of collaboration and teamwork and efficiency of the Industrial Age; and the principles of constantly learning and improving and applying new technologies in very synergistic and collaborative ways and seeing your own role as a leader to be a servant leader rather than a so-called boss, however benevolent—these will represent the era that we're moving into little by little. But the actual content of the work to be done, I do not know.
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EXCLUSIVE: Only 14 People in Entire State Claim Free Photo IDs to Vote
Liberal groups are fond of claiming that voter i.d. laws as passed in Texas and in several other states will illegally disenfranchise 'hundreds of thousands' of elderly, poor, and minority voters, and using that argument they have gone to federal court and to the Obama Administration's obliging Justice Department to try to get the laws overturned.
But an investigation by 1200 WOAI's Michael Board shows those claims might be a little overblown.
Today is the last day to register to vote in the November 5 Constitutional Amendment elections, and both the DPS and the Secretary of State's office have been undergoing major efforts to make sure that free 'election identification certificates' get into the hands of those 'hundreds of thousands' of people who the liberals keep telling us don't have the 'government issued photo i.d. needed to vote.
But it seems that the demand for these documents is not nearly as strong as you have been led to believe.
"According to the latest statistics, 14 election identification certificates have been issued across the state," Tom Vinger a spokesman for the DPS, told 1200 WOAI news.
That's right. Not 140,000, or 14,000 or even 14 hundred. Fourteen. In a state of more than 26 million residents.
Vinger says a couple hundred people have showed up at the mobile sites being set up by the Secretary of State's office in poor and minority neighborhoods across the state, where all these thousands of disenfranchised people allegedly live, but they have been turned away because it turns out they already have the necessary documents.
"Many of the individuals who have inquired about the EIC's already have the necessary documents they need to vote," Vinger said.
Ironically, the 14 people who have received the documents is only two more than the number of times a Brownsville woman has been charged with attempting to vote in last year's Presidential election. The Justice Department, the same Justice Department that says voter i.d. laws are not necessary to enforce credibility at the polls, says a Cameron County woman voted 12 times in last year's elections.
The DPS has kept its drivers license offices in minority and poor neighborhoods open on Saturdays to accommodate what officials thought would be a rush of all of these disenfranchised people trying to get ahold of the photo documents needed.
In additional, the Secretary of State has set up mobile voter registration stations and even sent volunteers door to door in certain neighborhoods to try to make sure that everybody who needs a Voter Identification Card, which is being provided FOR FREE, actually has one.


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#2. Squamish, BC, Canada
TWS Field Editor Joel Muzzey embedded with the film crews in the epicenter of snowboarding for the Squampton feature. You know all those "Whistler backcountry" captions in the mag, that's all around Squamish. Snowmobiling, Tim Ho packed lunches, late nights at Rocky Acres—he experienced it all and came back with stories.


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USC Leventhal School of Accounting
The Leventhal School of Accounting is dedicated to maintaining a leadership position in accounting education and research. We are committed to educational programs that seek to establish in each graduate the potential for career development into the highest executive levels of public accounting, controllership, financial management and management of accounting information systems. The accounting curriculum explores not only the state of the art but also seeks to explore the accounting discipline's future structures and directions. Relevant concepts and techniques from other academic disciplines are drawn upon and integrated into all accounting programs.
Accounting education has been an integral part of the School of Business Administration since its establishment in 1920. With the inception of the School of Business Administration, the Department of Accounting offered a Bachelor of Science degree in business administration with an emphasis in accounting. The Leventhal School of Accounting was established in 1979, joining less than a dozen other leading institutions in the nation emphasizing formal professional accounting education. The Leventhal School of Accounting continues to rank as one of the premier AACSB-accredited accounting programs in the nation.
Currently the Leventhal School of Accounting undergraduate program offers a Bachelor of Science, Accounting degree within which a student may choose the accounting track, the accounting information systems track or the graduate track. Honors students may be eligible for admission to the progressive degree, an efficient way to complete both undergraduate and graduate degrees. An accounting minor is also offered to students outside the Marshall School of Business. The graduate programs include a Master of Accounting, a Master of Business Taxation and, in conjunction with the Law School, a Juris Doctor/Master of Business Taxation. A Ph.D. degree with an accounting major is offered through the doctoral program in the Marshall School of Business.
USC Leventhal School of Accounting
(213) 740-4838
Email (graduate students): email@example.com;
(undergraduate students): firstname.lastname@example.com
AdministrationRandolph P. Beatty, Ph.D., C.P.A., Dean
James G. Manegold, Ph.D., Associate Dean, Academic Affairs
Shirley Maxey, M.A., Associate Dean, Master's Programs
Mildred G. Penner, M.A., Assistant Dean, Undergraduate Programs
FacultyAlan Casden Dean's Chair at the Leventhal School of Accounting: Randolph P. Beatty, Ph.D., C.P.A.
George Bozanic and Holman G. Hurt Chair in Sports and Entertainment Business: S. Mark Young, Ph.D.*
Deloitte & Touche LLP Chair in Accountancy: Kenneth A. Merchant, Ph.D., C.P.A.
Joseph A. DeBell Professor of Business Administration: Mark L. DeFond, Ph.D., C.P.A.
Ernst & Young Professor of Accounting: William W. Holder, D.B.A., C.P.A.
KPMG Foundation Professor of Accounting: K.R. Subramanyam, Ph.D.
Pricewaterhouse Coopers Professor of Auditing: Zoe‑Vonna Palmrose, Ph.D., C.P.A.
USC Accounting Associates Professor of Accounting: Sarah E. Bonner, Ph.D., C.P.A.
Leventhal International Faculty Fellow: Thomas W. Lin, Ph.D.
Professors: Jerry L. Arnold, Ph.D., C.P.A.; Randolph P. Beatty, Ph.D., C.P.A.; Sarah E. Bonner, Ph.D., C.P.A.; Mark L. DeFond, Ph.D., C.P.A.; Michael A. Diamond, Ph.D., C.P.A.; William W. Holder, D.B.A., C.P.A.; Thomas W. Lin, Ph.D., C.M.A.; Kenneth A. Merchant, Ph.D., C.P.A.; Theodore J. Mock, Ph.D.; Daniel E. O'Leary, Ph.D., C.P.A., C.I.S.A.; Zoe-Vonna Palmrose, Ph.D., C.P.A.; K.R. Subramanyam, Ph.D.; Charles W. Swenson, Ph.D., C.P.A.; S. Mark Young, Ph.D.
Associate Professors: John J. Barcal, J.D., C.P.A.; Mingyi Hung, Ph.D.; James G. Manegold, Ph.D.; Robert H. Trezevant, Ph.D.; Shiing‑Wu Wang, Ph.D.
Assistant Professors: Nerissa Brown, Ph.D.; David Erkens, Ph.D.; Yaniv Konchitchki, Ph.D.; Tatiana Sandino, Ph.D.; Jieying Zhang, Ph.D.
Professors of Clinical Accounting: Rubin A. Davila, M.B.A., C.P.A.; Chrislynn Freed, M.B.A., C.P.A.; Merle Hopkins, Ph.D.; Cecil W. Jackson, Ph.D.; Joseph L. Keller, M.S.; Rose M. Layton, M.Acc., C.P.A.; Shirley Maxey, M.A.; Patricia Mills, J.D., L.L.M.; Leslie R. Porter, Ph.D.; Robert S. Roussey, B.S., C.P.A.; Robert Scharlach, B.S., C.P.A.; Bob Shames, M.B.A., C.P.A.; Kendall Simmonds, M.B.A., C.P.A.*
Emeritus Professors: Anelise N. Mosich, Ph.D., C.P.A.; Rodolph H. Redmond, J.D.; E. John Larsen, D.B.A., C.P.A.
Degree Programs
Undergraduate Degree
Bachelor of Science, AccountingThe USC Leventhal School of Accounting offers the Bachelor of Science, Accounting (B.S.) degree designed to prepare students for entry into the professional program leading to a Master of Accounting degree. The undergraduate curriculum also provides a general background in business necessary for entry into the accounting profession. There are three tracks from which students can choose: the accounting track, the accounting information systems track or the early admitted graduate track. The early admitted graduate track is for USC B.S., Accounting students who apply, and are accepted, for early admission to the Leventhal School of Accounting's Master of Accounting or Master of Business Taxation programs.
Graduate Degrees
Master of AccountingThe Master of Accounting (M.Acc.) program provides an integrated curriculum designed to prepare graduates for careers in professional accounting, public accounting, industry and government. Students have the opportunity to study accounting in greater depth than is typically provided in an undergraduate accounting program or an M.B.A. program with a concentration in accounting.
Admission does not require an undergraduate degree in accounting or business, nor is work experience a requirement. For students with an undergraduate degree in accounting the program requires 30-36 units for completion; for non-accounting students the program requires 45‑54 units.


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Not enough information to answer your question. However, as someone who works with VMware a great deal, I will give you this advice.
The easiest way to think about a VM is not as some "special" machine. But, rather think of it as a real physical box. Then, think to yourself: "If this was a real physical box, what would I do with it?"
Thus, if you had 2 machines in your network that you were considering patching, then I would patch them. If the network was isolated and for testing purposes, then I might not patch them.


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A fun and savvy form of design has taken over advertisement everywhere. Typography is the art and technique of arranging type, type design, and modifying type glyphs using a variety of illustration techniques.
A fun and savvy form of design has taken over advertisement everywhere. Typography is the art and technique of arranging type, type design, and modifying type glyphs using a variety of illustration techniques.
What better way to show the success of your product then real, authentic testimonials? (And no, not the "I lost 45 pounds thanks to Ab Zapper!" kind.) Trident has turned Twitter talk about their new Layers gum into a full-page USA Today ad afting using Twitter's built-in word search engine. They pulled up positive experiences about their product, got both the user's and Twitter's approval, and made "The People Have Tweeted," a geniune nod to the power of social media and exactly the kind of advertising that can cut through today's noise. See the full ad after the break.
Read - "Trident Gum turns fan tweets into full-page USA Today ad" at Mashable
Tracking the Internet underground has gotten a little bit easier thanks to Bitly.tv, a service showing some of the most buzzed video links shared between social media sites. Based on the popular URL shortener service Bit.ly, used often for the character-limited Twitter, the Bitly.tv algorithm roots out links and displays the latest trending videos. The platform serves as a great way for businesses to determine the health of their viral campaign, especially given how the service shows the latest Tweets based on each link. Beyond that, it personally lets you get ahead of your friends on the latest and greatest oddball video. That patronizing sigh will never feel so good.
Read - "Bit.ly launches tool that tells you which videos are going viral" at Mashable
I guess I have this mental image of a business owner who is attempting to break into youth marketing. He's an overweight, middle-aged and rosacea-nosed man who has a passion for thumbing through yachting magazines as he rolls a rocks glass in his button-tufted leather office chair. Then he kicks up his Italian loafers and lets out a sigh. That instant, an apprehensive secretary tiptoes into his office.
"To view more Star Wars Kid, please enter credit card info now."
Reuters is reporting that YouTube is considering offering a pay service to their popular video site in an effort to allow premium TV and movies to be streamed. This move could position it as an iTunes-like service, and potentially bump heads with cable companies like Comcast, now a major owner in NBC, who streams content online through its Hulu service. Read more about the in's and out's of it below (or, you know, just watch cute kitten videos for a few hours).
Read - "YouTube looks at subscriptions, more ad dollars" at Reuters
We've posted quite a few things about augmented reality, mostly because we can see its potential as a marketing tool and as a new way to interact with the end-user...well, that, and it's really neat. But it seems in the rush of 'me too,' user accessibility has fallen to the wayside and may be hurting the fledgling tech. Advertising Age has posted an interesting look at the augmented reality landscape so far, and proposes that if more thought isn't put into it, it's bound to go the way of those blue-and-red 3D glasses (that is, until they're brought back decades later).
View - "Augmented Reality is Overhyped and Abused" at Advertising Age
Social media blog Mashable has a great post on how interaction between business and customer is changing during the social media age. Check it out by clicking the link below.
Read - "4 Ways Social Media is Changing Business" at Mashable
As a high-fashion luxury goods manfacturer, Hermes is in the image-seling business. And although swaths of fabric may not be part of that, Hermes' Tokyo branch uses a little storefront magic for something passerbies won't soon forget. How's it done? Well, according to one commenter:
The fan / air tube is mounted up in the ceiling, pointing almost straight down and slightly to the rear of the scarf, and they generate a somewhat turbulent air movement. The bar the scarf is suspended on is heavy enough that the fan does not affect it. The bottom corners of the scarf are weighted just enough that when the fan blows down, it's the center of the featherlight silk scarf that bellows out first and most, giving the impression that the direction of the air movement comes from the screen.
Why, yes, of course.
[via Gizmodo]
You may not have guessed a hospital staff as the synchronized dancing-type, but it turns out they may have a little bit of the Gloved One in them after all. The Providence St. Vincent Medical Center in Portland, Oregon, organized the "Pink Glove Dance," a music video to promote breast cancer awareness featuring seemingly the entire hospital staff with some thoughtful editing and some smooth dance moves. The time invested seems to have paid off — the video has over 3.8 million views to date.
Remember shouting in glee over presents? Video game retailer GameStop does, and is helping you remember with its new holiday promotion. The Flash applet uses a popular Internet meme — Nintendo 64 freakout kid (seen here), a family video of a young child overjoyed over getting a Nintendo 64 video game system for Christmas — and allows a user to submit their own mug to map onto the face of the boy. The results, as seen above, work surprisingly well. After a video is viewed the user is given the option to save and e-mail the entry or post it to social media Web sites. The applet is powered by Oddcast, a viral marketing company. Freak out like the Nintendo 64 kid by following the link below.
View - "Watch a holiday freakout" at GameStop
Psst! eMarketer has published a story on online video content and how it spreads, and research suggests nothing beats the tried-and-true personal recommendation. Although social media exists as a platform for word-of-mouth communication, a distinction is made between it and "verbal" word-of-mouth – actually talking to someone in-person or over the phone. It likely isn't a testament to social media's ineffectiveness, but rather the potency of traditional word-of-mouth. Read about the findings more through the link below.
Read - "Video Viewers Spread the Word" at eMarketer
In an economy still struggling with high unemployment, any good news is fit to be celebrated. It seems the annual sales blowout holiday of Black Friday has seen a substantial bounceback from last year's event, a day that took place shortly after the worldwide economic collapse. Data optimization firm Coremetrics released the figures, and some of it is quite illuminating in regards to consumer shopping behavior. That includes a 35% increase in dollar value consumers spent online, a figure led by clothing retailers. There was an overall hit in time spent browsing online retailers, however, which Coremetrics concludes is list shopping gathered from research prior to Black Friday. Visit Coremetrics' site below to see more of what was uncovered.
Read - "Black Friday Online Spending Rebounds Reports Coremetrics" at Coremetrics
Avatar, the uber-expensive, uber-hyped James Cameron picture that has been on-again off-again for more than a decade, comes out next month. And as one of the most expensive movies of all-time, a major marketing push has followed suit, including an interactive Avatar trailer built upon the Adobe AIR framework. It allows the user to click on objects in the trailer to learn more and integrates Twitter, YouTube and Flickr to ensure connectivity to all the latest movie info. It rests as a great way to guarantee an audience stays informed and discovers more in the process, and may become the de facto standard in interactive digital content. But enough talking, go and try it for yourself already.
Read - "Avatar + Interactive Trailer + Twitter = Awesome" at Mashable
The Financial Times is reporting that News Corp, run by the loved-or-loathed Rupert Murdoch, is in talks of de-indexing its newspaper sites from Google and being paid by Microsoft's Bing search engine to include them instead. This comes after Murdoch has claimed Google is stealing content instead of being a search aid for people to find the content they desire. It would be an unprecedented move and could potentially change the game for search engines with a 'pay-to-play' model. That, or News Corp sites will get a whole lot less hits. It'll be interesting to see where this one ends up.
Read - "Microsoft and News Corp eye web pact" at the Financial Times
Volkswagen has hit the viral nail on the head with "The Fun Theory," a series of short videos that make the mundane — such as using the stairs — oh so much fun. Produced by DDB Stockholm, the videos have been a hit on YouTube and are complimented by TheFunTheory.com, a platform for user-submitted ideas that are voted on by a panel of celebrity judges. It's tenuously related to Volkswagen at best, but the goodwill spread by it is probably worth its weight in gold.
View - "The Fun Theory: Volkswagen Masters the Viral Video" at Mashable


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In chapter 4 I have placed the file index.php in the directory connect and have amended the following line in order to connect to the sql server on my computer: mysqli_connect('localhost', 'root', 'mypassword');
The issue: adding 'mypassword' won't open a connection to the database server. I have to substitute the password 'root' to open a connection.
However, I changed the password from 'root' as instructed in Ch. 1 Installation. I have checked that 'mypassword' is correct by using the terminal and establishing a connection that way.
Could you advise? I am am Apple user using MAMP.thanks in advance
It sounds as if you have not altered the password for root from 'root' to 'mypassword'.
You might think you have, but it sounds as of you have not run the command FLUSH PRIVILEGES, which causes these privileges to take effect.
It might be that, it is a common pitfall.
Thanks for this. Could you point me in the right direction? I get the following error message:
mysqladmin flush-privileges
mysqladmin: reload failed; error: 'Access denied; you need (at least one of) the RELOAD privilege(s) for this operation'
Well as my answer may well be convoluted because I have never gotten myself into this situation I can only refer you to the rather obvious Access denied; you need (at least one of) the RELOAD privilege(s) for this operation search.
If root/root does not give you access to the DATABASE named mysql (where all the privileges are managed ) then you need to do some hunting.
If you are using PHPMyAdmin (PMA) then check on the top of the page and see which user you are logged in as - it might be as simple as editing your PMA config file.
No I'm not using 'PHPMYADMIN' and the link didn't bring up any useful search results. I purchased the Sitepoint book as it is for beginners with good html and css knowledge. I have followed the instructions carefully but then came across my initial problem, namely:
Could you advise? I am am Apple user using MAMP.
Sorry I cannot help you any more then, I do not possess that book and do not run an Apple computer.
Someone else on here will not doubt be able to look that up for you and tell you where you are going wrong.
(you did restart the server after changing the main root password and running "flush priviliges", I guess?)
Thanks for all your help. Yes I did restart the server. The flush-privileges - called from the terminal - just produced an 'access denied' message. I located MYPHPADMIN, changed the root password there and then was able to get the php script to connect to the MYSQL database. However, I now can't access http://localhost:8888/MAMP/?language=English - I get a message that I can't access the MYSQL server. It is as though there are two passwords in operation. As a beginner I don't have enough knowledge to troubleshoot properly. Thank you
Hi aej71_le,
Sorry to hear you're having trouble with the instructions in my book!
If you have shut down and restarted MAMP, that's going to do the same as the flush-privileges command, so I wouldn't worry about that.
Given that you can only connect with the password 'mypassword' from the Terminal, and only connect with the password 'root' from PHP, it's sounding a lot like you have more than one MySQL server running on your system. Can you try this experiment for me?
If you are able to connect to MySQL, you'll know for sure that what you're talking to from the Terminal isn't the MySQL server built into MAMP, but another copy of MySQL that you have installed on your computer by some other means.
Let me know what you discover, and we'll take it from there.
Thanks for that. Yes, using the terminal I was able to log in.
What would be the next step?
What I'd suggest is just to carry on using MAMP with the "root" password. MAMP doesn't allow connections to its built-in MySQL server from the outside world, so you aren't at risk by using the default password.
If you really want to change the root password for the MySQL server built into MAMP, I remember finding instructions on the official MAMP support forums.
Hi, Unfortunately I can't access MAMP any more - see posts on 5 April. I get the following error message:
/Applications/MAMP/Library/bin/mysqlcheck: Got error: 1045: Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using password: YES) when trying to connect
This was after changing my password in myphpadmin to 'mypassword' in an attempt to synchronise it.
What would you recommend? I'd love to carry on using your book - which is well written and is intended for beginners with advanced css and html - but I need to sort out the password issue. Would you delete MAMP and reinstall it?I don't want to have to buy another book.
At this stage I'd recommend deleting and reinstalling MAMP from scratch. As you've discovered, changing its MySQL root password is more trouble than it's worth.
I have managed to solve part of the problem by copying my data source file from My Documents/My Data Sources to a server location and using that for the database connection.
This works with the 'sa' account but I'm not sure yet if it works with windows authentication.
Thanks for getting back to me - I'll reinstall and give it another go.
I had these same problems.. Part of the problem is that, Kevin tells you to change the password in one spot, but does not tell you about the other 3-4 spots that need changes also.. Your best bet.. If you are only using it on your local computer. DONT CHANGE the password. Leave it as root/root.. Also, if you are using MAMP, you either have to store your .php where MAMP wants them stored, or you have to tell MAMP where to find them, by going into the Preferences on the MAMP Program Icon, Apache
Also note, that to delete MAMP and all its changes.. simply drag the folder to the trash and empty...


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This name and meaning necklace is made with a small silver star placed in your choice of stained glass. The name Emma is printed in Segoe script and the meaning in Calibri script on antiqued paper and covered with a water resistant glaze. Ready to wear this pendant comes with an 18" sterling silver cable chain.
Customize this name necklace by choosing your stained glass color from the drop down menu.
If you would like your pendant personalized please leave your
*true meaning
In the note to seller at checkout.
•Custom Colors•
Lavender, Light Mauve, Cream Mauve, Light Pink, Pink, White
Garnet, Red, Cherry
Mossy Blue, Robins Egg, Navy Blue, Sky Blue, Baby Blue, Blue
Green, Pale Green, Emerald, Peridot, Moss, Lime
Chartreuse, Bumble Bee, Yellow, Pale Yellow, Butter, Canary
Rose-hip, Orange, Copper, Gold, Light Orange, Dark Orange
Purple, Violet
Sea-foam, Turquoise, Caribbean, Ice-flow, Aquamarine, Caruso
• Specifications•
Pendant: Silver Plated
Chain: Sterling Silver
Chain Length: 18"
Pendant Size: 33*20*2* or 1.5"x.75"
3-5 business days
I'll do my best to meet these shipping estimates, but can't guarantee them. Actual delivery time will depend on the shipping method you choose.
Buyers are responsible for any customs and import taxes that may apply. I'm not responsible for delays due to customs.
Just contact me within: 14 days of delivery
Ship items back to me within: 30 days of delivery
Request a cancellation within: 2 days of purchase
But please contact me if you have any problems with your order.
Because of the nature of these items, unless they arrive damaged or defective, I can't accept returns for:
Buyers are responsible for return shipping costs. If the item is not returned in its original condition, the buyer is responsible for any loss in value.
Please contact me if you have any problems with your order.
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Drinking Fountain Bubbler Heads
Elkay 92715C Flexi-Guard Bubbler Head KitModel #: 92715C Item #: 102494List Price: $31.00 Our Price: $23.85 You Save 23%The *Elkay Bubbler Head Kit 92715C* is used on most Elkay drinking fountains models. The "Flexi-Guard" flexible top helps prevent dental injuries. The bubbler comes with the mounting nut and a piece of 1/4 tubing. The tubing may not be necessary if you have plastic tubing connecting to the bubbler. Learn More
Universal 7800 Bubbler Head Stainless SteelModel #: 7800 Item #: 101066Our Price: $74.80The *Universal 7800 Bubbler Head Stainless Steel* is a universal push button bubbler head. This bubbler is used on many different models of drinking fountains. Learn More
Universal Bubbler Head Conversion Kit-Lead FreeItem #: 106095Our Price: $104.45The *Universal Bubbler Head Conversion Kit* will retrofit older twist style valves to a push button bubbler head. Learn More
Oasis 030774-006 Bubbler Head (with Controls)Model #: 030774-006 Item #: 102574Our Price: $125.90The *Oasis 030774-006 Bubbler Head (with Controls)* is found on many Oasis drinking fountains. The internal body and components are made of brass. The cover is plastic with a soft flexible rubber top which helps prevent dental injuries. Replacing this bubbler head is a simple job that can be completed with just a few basic hand tools. Learn More
Oasis 030774-008 Bubbler Head (without Controls)Model #: 030774-008 Item #: 102575Our Price: $124.23The *Oasis 030774-008 Bubbler Head (without Controls)* is a continuous flow brass bubbler head. The internal body and components are made of brass. The cover is plastic with a soft flexible rubber top which helps prevent dental injuries. Learn More
Oasis 032799-005 Soft Top Bubbler HeadModel #: 032799-005 Item #: 102578Our Price: $95.94The *032799-005 Soft Top Bubbler Head* is used on Oasis PAM and PAC series drinking fountains. The soft top is designed to help prevent dental injuries. Learn More
Halsey Taylor Chrome-Plated Bubbler 51544CModel #: 51544C Item #: 102522Our Price: $0.00The *Halsey Taylor Bubbler 51544C* is a plastic bubbler head with chrome plating and a female inlet. The bubbler head will fit on many Halsey Taylor drinking fountains. Learn More
Halsey Taylor 51546C Plastic Bubbler Head SatinModel #: 51546C Item #: 102523Our Price: $40.71The *Halsey Taylor 51546C Plastic Bubbler Head Satin* fits on Halsey Taylor drinking fountains. The water flows through the bubbler head into the drinking fountain basin. Learn More
Halsey Taylor 16-03165-08-640 Bubbler Head ChromeModel #: 16-03165-08-640 Item #: 102521Our Price: $88.12The *Halsey Taylor 16-03165-08-640 Bubbler Head Chrome* is a brass bubbler head with chrome plating. Learn More


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Sustainability and Innovation Mark the Conclusion of GovEnergy
August 18, 2010
Commissioner Peck wrapped up the GovEnergy conference on Aug. 18 with a message on how GSA is driving sustainability in its building portfolio by reducing energy consumption, water consumption, and carbon emissions; and lowering operating costs. This includes how GSA is serving as a green proving ground for innovative energy technologies.
Download above video: mp4 (3.66MB) | mp3 (2.06MB)


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Dan Kaercher looks for an angler's paradise among some of northeast Iowa's hundreds of miles of trout streams.
Iowa has a long history of trout conservation. I went looking for an angler's paradise among Northeast Iowa's hundreds of miles of trout streams.
I am just outside the town of St. Ansgar where sportsmen tell me that trout fishing has really improved over the years due to hard work by several area landowners and some conservation groups.
Kalishek: Our fishing is better now than it has been in quite a few decades. That is a great example of cooperation between a lot of different entities. Between the county governments, the state government, the federal government, and most importantly the private landowners who own land along their trout streams that are willing to do the work, the conservation practices, to improve the quality of the water and also are willing to allow people to fish on their property.
Kaercher: Leonard Amundson is one of those landowners. After the putting the land into the Conservation Reserve Program or CRP, the condition of the stream improved. Now Leonard joins in the fun fishing on his property with other folks. How do you feel about other people coming on your land in order to fish this stretch of Turtle Creek?
Amundson: Well, I welcome it. You know, I like it when they bring their kids here and teach them how to fish.
Kaercher: Several different varieties of fish enjoy the cool waters of Mitchell County but it is mostly the trout, walleye and bass that motivate these anglers.
Wojohn: We came here from Charles City, Iowa. Oh, I got a bite. Oh.
Unknown: Did you get it?
Wojohn: Oh, I was excited.
Kaercher: Dorie's close call proves how tricky fishing can be. So we take a drive over to the Cedar River, another popular fishing destination in Mitchell County, to check out first hand these impressive fish. Now Bill, we know we're not going to catch every species of fish in the Cedar River today. So, we asked you to bring some along that we are going to return to their habitat. Tell us what we are looking at.
Kalishek: Well, we got a couple different species for you. The first one is a smallmouth bass and this is a species that is fairly abundant throughout the Cedar River. Fishermen really, really like catching the smallmouth bass. One of the most fun fish to catch. This is a very, very nice one. About an 18 inch smallmouth. So, quite a nice fish. I am going to let him go here so he can take off and somebody has the chance to catch him. A new lease of life. This fish is a walleye. Another fish that is really highly prized by fishermen. This is a very, very nice walleye. The walleye are in the Cedar River because we, the DNR, stock about 60,000 two inch walleye, fingerlings, every year. So this fish was raised up from a two inch fingerling, probably about a three or four year old fish, very nice fish. Any fisherman would be really happy to catch and keep this fish. Oh, there he goes!
Kaercher: Oh, he can't wait to get back in there.
Kalishek: There he goes.
Kaercher: Bye. Bye. From April to October the DNR stocks brook and rainbow trout in Turtle Creek and other area streams as catchable sized fish. But there is at least one type of fish they can leave to Mother Nature.
Kalishek: The great success story in Iowa's trout streams is that we have had an absolute explosion of natural reproducing trout. And this is primarily brown trout but also to some extent brook trout too. 25 years ago we had five streams that had natural reproduction of trout and now we have 36 streams that have natural reproduction of trout. In those streams we don't have to stock the brown trout in the stream anymore.
Kaercher: Back at Turtle Creek, I am ready to try this relaxing sport. I notice that there are a couple of different styles of fishing here. Fly fishing looks intriguing. I wonder what the secret is.
Schroeder: Each guy does, does it just a little bit differently but this is my ten to two. You're fly casting like this and then when you want to cast it you just let it at the ten o'clock mark, you just let your fly line go and it curls out, puts the fly out there. Pick it up, same thing. You want to make as least amount of casting as possible. Some guys just like to get out there and whip the line and stuff like that but as the fly is not in or on the water it is not going to catch fish.
Kaercher: Yes, that is a good point. It is not as easy as it looks but it sure is fun. Are you trying to plant it in a good spot where you think they are hanging out?
Schroeder: Well, yes. Behind the rocks, in the shade a little maybe faster water this time of day. Break up the surface so that they can't see you.
Kaercher: Ah ha! A very good tip indeed. These fish are smarter than you think. They can see you.
Amundson: They like it clear and cold but the fishermen like it a little not so clear.
Kaercher: Because?
Amundson: Well, the - if you can see them, they can see you.
Kaercher: The people fishing here all look like they really know what they are doing and they are having a grand time doing it too. The rushing waters below this dam on the Cedar River form another favorite fishing spot in Mitchell County.
Taets: The dam puts a lot of oxygen in and also there is - with oxygen a lot of structure here for the fish to feed off of other fish and crawdads and things like that.
Kaercher: The 1925 historic dam structure built as a hydroelectric plant still functions and stands guard over the five and a half mile lake created by the dam. The lake is deep enough and wide enough to provide plenty of room for activities even beyond fishing.
Owen: The county conservation project we have almost three thousand acres of public lands. Within those three thousand acres we have six county parks. We also have about 11 miles of biking trails. We have equestrian trails, about four and a half miles there. We have about two thousand some acres of public hunting lands. We have a wide diversity of recreational opportunities that we have to offer for everybody coming to Mitchell County.
Kaercher: Experiencing this special area of our state and seeing folks engrossed in such a soothing past time is worth the trip. It is also nice to know that trout fishing is beneficial to Iowa economically as well.
Kalishek: We have estimated that between 20 million and 120 million dollars are spent by trout fishermen in Northeast Iowa each year. So that is quite a bit of money being brought into the local economy. Iowa is starting to get a reputation as being a pretty darn good place to go and fish for wild trout. Plus we stock more rainbow trout than other states do and that attracts people here too. So, we really kind of have the best of both worlds. We have got the wild fish plus the stock fish and that both attract different clientele. So we are definitely attracting people here to Northeast Iowa to trout fish.
Kaercher: Our camera man doesn't mind getting a little wet. It is worth it to see the smiles fishing in Iowa can bring.
Unknown: What do you think of that one?
Wojohn: It is a good paner. Good paner. I like them that size.
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