text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 4, 1982
|Filing date
|Jul 28, 1980
|Priority date
|Jul 28, 1980
|Publication number
|John B. French
|Original Assignee
|French John B
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (60), Classifications (10), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to a tandem mass spectrometer system with open structure AC-only rod sections.
In a paper published at page 2274 of the 1978 issue of Journal of the American Chemical Society, R. A. Yost and C. G. Enke have disclosed that a tandem mass spectrometer system may be used to create ion species from a sample, select one individual ion species, fragment that species, and obtain the mass spectrum of the fragments. The paper discloses that a quadrupole mass filter, AC-only quadrupole section, and a second quadrupole mass filter area arranged in series. Gas is introduced into the center quadrupole section to produce collision induced dissociation. Each quadrupole is arranged in its own cylindrical container with end apertures and operates separately. With a system such as this, it is found that ion signal losses are very large as the ions travel from one quadrupole to the next, and therefore the sensitivity of the apparatus is greatly reduced.
In one of its aspects the present invention provides a structure which provides greatly increased sensitivity by permitting close coupling of the tandem sections. According to the invention the rods of the adjacent sections are located closely adjacent each other, and the gas introduced into the AC-only section is largely removed, before it can enter a mass filter section, by forming the rods or a portion of the rods of the AC-only section as open structures, so that the gas can be removed directly through the rods as well as between them.
The open rod structure of the AC-only section may also be used in conventional mass spectrometers, where ions from a gassy source outside a vacuum chamber are admitted with gas into the vacuum chamber and are guided through the vacuum chamber to a mass spectrometer in the chamber. Such an arrangement is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,148,196 of J. B. French, N. M. Reid, and J. A. Buckley. Open structure AC-only rods may be used as will be described to guide the ions from the aperture of the vacuum chamber to the mass spectrometer.
It is noted that Brubaker and others have disclosed that short AC-only rod sections placed between an ion source and the AC-DC mass filter can improve ion transfer efficiency. One aspect of the present invention however combines with this known feature the concept of open structure AC-only rods so that ions from very gassy sources can be more efficiently transferred into the AC-DC mass filter while the unwanted gas will rapidly disperse through the open structure, thereby permitting such gassy ion sources to be more closely and more efficiently coupled to the AC-DC ion mass filter.
In its broadest aspect the invention provides a mass spectrometer system having a vacuum chamber, first and second sets of elongated rods in said chamber, each rod of each set being parallel to the other rods of each set and the rods of each set being spaced laterally apart a short distance from each other to define a longitudinally elongated space between the rods of each set for ions to travel through said space, said first set of rods being located end to end with said second set of rods so that said spaces are linearly aligned so that an ion may travel through both said spaces, the ends of the rods of said first set being located closely longitudinally adjacent the ends of the rods of said second set, the rods of said first set being insulated from the rods of said second set, means for applying an AC only voltage to said rods of said first set, means for applying both AC and DC voltages to the other rods of said second set, means for directing gas into the space between the rods of said first set, and means for removing gas from said chamber, at least a portion of said rods of said first set being of open structure to permit said gas to pass therethrough.
Further objects and advantages of the invention will appear from the following description, taken together with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a partly diagrammatic cross sectional view of a mass spectrometer system according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view of the apparatus of FIG. 1 taken along lines 2--2 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view, partly in section, showing the rods of one of the mass spectrometers of FIG. 1 mounted in a holder;
FIG. 4 is an end view showing open structure rods of the mass spectrometer system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a side view showing the rods of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an electrical control system for use with the mass spectrometer system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 7 is a cross sectional view showing a modification of the arrangement of FIG. 1;
FIG. 8 is a cross sectional view taken along lines 8--8 of FIG. 7;
FIG. 9 is a partly diagrammatic view showing a vacuum pumping arrangement for the apparatus of FIG. 7;
FIG. 10 is a view similar to FIG. 7 and showing a modification of the FIG. 7 arrangement;
FIG. 11 is a bottom view of a portion of the FIG. 10 apparatus;
FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a rod of the FIGS. 7 to 10 apparatus;
FIG. 13 is a cross sectional view of a modified mass spectrometer system according to the invention; and
FIG. 14 is a cross sectional view taken along lines 14--14 of FIG. 13.
Reference is first made to FIG. 1, which shows a vacuum chamber generally indicated at 2 and which contains three mass spectrometer sections generally indicated at 4, 6, and 8 respectively. Spectrometer section 2 is a conventional quadrupole mass spectrometer and contains four rods 10 arranged in a conventional quadrupole square pattern. Spectrometer section 8 is also a conventional quadrupole mass spectrometer and similarly contains four rods 12 arranged in a normal square pattern. Spectrometer section 6 also contains four rods 14, arranged as shown in FIG. 3 in normal quadrupole fashion. However, the rods 14 have solid center portions, indicated at 14-1, and open structure end extensions, indicated at 14-2.
The center portions 14-1 of rods 14, and also the rods 10, 12 of quadrupole sections 4, 8 are held in conventional holder plates 16 (FIG. 3). The plates 16 of quadrupole sections 4, 8 are located in conventional cylindrical cans or housings 18 (FIGS. 1, 3) which are normally used for mass spectrometers. The cans or housings 18 have apertures 20 therein to allow gas within the mass spectrometer sections 4, 8 to be pumped away. The center portions 14-1 of rods 14 are however housed in a cylindrical can 32 which is closed except at its ends, which are defined by end discs 24 having apertures 26 therein. In addition a duct 28 carries a target gas from a source 29 into the can 22 and into the space between the centre portions 14-1 of rods 14.
The open structure rod extensions 14-2 of the rods 14 are formed, as shown in FIGS. 4, 5 of thin stiff rods or wires 30. Each set of wires 30 is arranged in a curved configuration to simulate the shape of the outer portion of a normal quadrupole rod so that the field produced by the four sets of wires 30 will correspond as closely as possible to the normal hyperbolic field 31 (FIG. 4) produced by the solid rods of a conventional quadrupole. The wires 30 are supported at their inner ends by welds or solder connections to the solid rod portions 14-1. At their outer ends the wires 30 are supported by a holder 32 (see especially FIG. 5) which also acts as a barrier to help limit the amount of gas from the centre quadrupole section 6 entering the end quadrupole sections 4, 8, but which has a central aperture 32 to permit ions to pass therethrough. Typically five thin wires may be used, spaced around somewhat less than half the inner circumference of the equivalent solid rod.
The three quadrupole sections 4, 6, 8 are mounted in axial alignment, end to end along the axis of the cylindrical vacuum chamber 2, being held in position by support members not shown. Each rod of each of the three sets is aligned axially with each corresponding rod of each other set, so that the spaces between the rods of each set are linearly aligned, for ions to pass therethrough. The ends of the rods 10, 12 and 14 are insulated from each other by a small air gap or thin layer of insulating material, indicated at 33.
The end wall of the vacuum chamber 2 contains an aperture 34 through which ions to be examined are supplied from an ion source 36. Ion source 36 may typically be the source shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,148,196, in which a trace gas is admitted to an ionization chamber, ionized, and the resultant ions are drawn by appropriate electric potentials through a curtain gas chamber into the vacuum chamber 2. Curtain gas in the curtain gas chamber serves to block entry of unwanted materials into the vacuum chamber 2. Curtain gas in the curtain gas chamber serves to block entry of unwanted materials into the vacuum chamber 2, and the curtain gas, which may typically be argon or nitrogen, also enters the vacuum chamber where it is cryopumped thus permitting maintenance of a high vacuum in chamber 2.
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, appropriate cooling means are provided to cryopump the curtain gas entering the vacuum chamber 2. Specifically, a refrigerating mechanism 38 is provided having an inner tubular finger or cold station 40 and an outer finger or second cold station 42. The mechanism 38 is typically able to extract 2 to 4 watts of thermal energy from the inner finger 40 at 12� to 20� K., and is also typically able to extract 5 to 10 watts of thermal energy from the outer finger 42, at 70� to 90� K.
A copper support tube 44 is mounted on the top of the inner finger 40, in good thermal contact therewith, and supports at each end a cylindrical shell 46, also made of a good thermal conducting material such as copper. The shells 46 have end walls 48 and contain slots (not shown) in their upper surfaces so that the center quadrupole section 6 may be fitted downwardly into the shells 46.
A pair of intermediate shells 52 are connected to the outer finger 42 and serve to reduce the heat load on the inner shells 46. The intermediate shells 52 are mounted on an outer copper support tube 54 concentric with the inner support tube 44, the outer tube 54 being mounted on the second finger 42. The exterior surfaces of the intermediate shells 52 are insulated with aluminized plastic film, as indicated at 56, to reduce heat radiation to the intermediate shells 52. The outer end walls of the intermediate shells 52 contain inset centre sections 50 spaced by annular gaps 62 from the outer end wall sections 54 and supported thereon by support struts, not shown. The gaps 62 assist in cryopumping gas from the end quadrupole sections 4, 8, as will be explained. The intermediate shells 52 also contain slots, shown at 64, FIG. 2, in thin upper surfaces to facilitate assembly of the operations.
In operation, ion species from a sample to be considered are supplied from ion source 36 and are focused (by conventional means not shown) to enter the first quadrupole section 4. In the first quadrupole section ions of the desired mass are selected and enter the central quadrupole section 6. In the central quadrupole section 6, the ions encounter a target gas supplied via duct 28 into the space 68 between the rods 14 of the center quadrupole section. The resultant collisions induce dissociation of the ions into fragments or daughter ions, which are then transmitted into the third quadrupole section 8. The third quadrupole section 8 acts as a mass filter, selecting the desired fragments or daughter ions for detection by an ion detector 70. In order to act as mass filters, the end quadrupole sections 4, 8 are supplied with conventional AC and DC voltages, but the center quadrupole section 6, which must pass a wide range of masses, has only an AC voltage applied to its rods 14. The gas pressure in the first and third quadrupole sections 4, 8 must be low, typically 10-5 torr or less for proper quadrupole operation. For this purpose the vacuum chamber 2 is pumped either by being fitted with appropriate cryocooling surfaces, as explained in U.S. Pat. No. 4,148,196, or by vacuum pump connected to ports 72 in the chamber 2. Target gas in the center quadrupole section 6, which tends to enter the space between the rods of the end quadrupole sections 4, 8, is largely pumped away by flowing through the open spaces between the wires 30 and condensing on the cooled surfaces of inner shells 46.
The advantages of the open structure of the rod extensions 14-2, formed by wires 30, are as follows. Normally in a quadrupole section the gap d1 (FIG. 3) between the rods is relatively small compared with the diameter d2 of the rods (typically d1 may be about one third of d2). Thus if the rods are solid, relatively little gas can escape between them, and therefore a substantial gap must be left between the ends of adjacent quadrupole sections, so that the gas can exit through this gap and so it will not unduly pressurize the cans of the end quadrupole sections 4, 8. For reasons to be explained, large gaps between the quadrupole sections result in substantial ion signal losses.
With the open structure rod extensions 14-2 shown, the quadrupole sections 4, 6, 8 can be placed very closely adjacent each other, the ends of the rods of each section being separated only by the small gap 33 as discussed. Since a quadrupole section having an AC-only field applied thereto requires less accuracy of manufacture than a quadrupole section having both AC and DC applied to its rods, the open structure described may be used with little or no degradation in performance. Provided that the open sections 14-2 are of reasonably substantial length, only a small proportion of the target gas entering the centre quadrupole section 6 will travel into the end sections 4, 8.
In a typical system according to the invention, the parameters of the system may be adjusted so that the gas density in the target region, i.e. in the space between rods 14-1, is in the range between 10-3 torr and 10-5 torr, and the lengths of rod extensions 14-2 are each equal to the lengths of rods 14-1 (e.g. 4 inches). Then most of the gas in the target region 68 travels outwardly through the gaps between the wires 30, as indicated by arrows 76, FIG. 5. Only a small proportion of the gas, indicated by arrows 78, is beamed directly into the space between the rods of the end quadrupole sections 4, 8. Typically the gas flow entering the spaces between the rods of the end quadrupole sections 4, 8 may be only about 1/200 of the flow through duct 28.
As indicated previously, close coupling the quadrupoles can greatly reduce ion signal transmission losses as ions travel from one quadrupole to the next, as compared with having a large gap between the quadrupole sections. As described in the co-pending application of myself and Peter M. Dawson filed concurrently herewith, it is found that ions entering or leaving a quadrupole section must pass through a fringing field in which the ions are outside the region of stable operation of the quadrupole section. If the quadrupole sections are spaced well apart, as has previously been the case, the ions leaving one quadrupole section must pass through a complete fringing field which ranges from the high value of the field existing at the end of the quadrupole rods down to zero, and then as they enter the next quadrupole section they must pass through a further complete fringing field. This causes high ion transmission losses. By placing the quadrupole sections close together, the longitudinal extent of the fringing field is greatly reduced and therefore ion losses are also reduced. Preferably the longitudinal spacing between the quadrupole sections should be r0 or less, where r0 is the radius of the inscribed circle within the rods 14-1 or 14-2.
In addition, as described in the said co-pending application it is found that best transmission of the ions through the quadrupole is obtained when the AC fields of the three quadrupole sections are all synchronized in frequency and in phase. Preferably there is zero phase shift between the AC fields applied to the three sections, but some small phase shift can be tolerated, typically 0.03 cycles, but in any event no more than 0.1 cycles phase shift between the fields should normally be allowed. With the quadrupole sections close coupled and the AC fields synchronized in frequency and phase, it is found that greatly improved ion transmission is achieved as compared with locating the quadrupole sections each in separate cans and spaced sufficiently far apart to permit pumping of the target gas out from the spaces between the cans, and with the AC fields not precisely synchronized in frequency and phase.
Reference is next made to FIG. 6, which shows in block diagram form an electrical system for operating the mass spectrometer system described. As shown, an oscillator 80 is provided which produces an AC voltage of of the frequency required for mass spectrometer operation (typically 1 to 3 MHz). The AC voltage is applied through a buffer amplifier 82 (which prevents feedback) to a power amplifier 84 and to the AC terminals 86 of the first quadrupole section 4. DC is supplied by rectifying a portion of the power amplifier output in a rectifier 88 and applying the resultant DC to the terminals 86. Mass selection is controlled by a mass command unit 90, which by varying the output of buffer amplifier 82 controls the level of the AC (and hence also the DC) voltage applied to terminals 86. This changes the operating point of the first quadrupole section 4, in order to select a desired mass for transmission through the rods 10.
The oscillator 80 is also connected through a phase shifter 92 to another buffer amplifier 94. The output of amplifier 92 is connected to another power amplifier 96 which applies AC to the terminals 98 of rods 14 of the centre quadrupole section 6. No DC is applied to the rods 14. This arrangement ensures that the AC voltage applied to rods 14 is synchronized in frequency and phase with that applied to rods 10 so that the resultant AC fields are synchronized in frequency and phase. Preferably the phase shift will be zero or nearly zero.
The oscillator 80 is also connected through a second phase shifter 100 to another buffer amplifier 102. The output of buffer amplifier 102 is connected to power amplifier 104 which is connected to the AC terminals 106 of the rods 12 of the third quadrupole section 8. DC is again supplied by a rectifier 108, and the level of the voltages applied is controlled by a mass command unit 110 which adjusts the output of buffer amplifier 102. The use of phase shifter 100 again ensures that the AC voltage applied to the rods 12 is synchronized in frequency and phase with the AC voltage applied to the rods 10, 14, again so that the AC fields will be synchronized in frequency or phase. Preferably again the phase shift will be zero or nearly zero.
The DC voltage applied to the rods 10, 12 are normally in phase, but as explained in the co-pending application of myself and Peter Dawson, the DC voltages can be applied with advantage in some applications so that the DC fields produced by rods 10, 12 are 90� out of phase.
Reference is next made to FIGS. 7 and 8, which show a modification of the structure of FIGS. 1 to 5. In FIGS. 7 and 8 primed reference numerals indicate parts corresponding to those of FIGS. 1 to 5.
In the FIGS. 7 and 8 embodiment the rods 14' of the centre quadrupole section 6' are of open structure (formed by wires 30') along their entire length, i.e. the solid centre portions have been eliminated. The inner shells 46 have therefore been combined into a single shell 46' connected to the inner cold finger 40', and the intermediate shells 52 have been combined into a single shell 52' connected to the outer cold finger 42'.
In order to achieve sufficient gas density within the target region 68' (since there are no longer any solid rod portions to confine the gas), a high pressure free jet of target gas is provided. Specifically, gas is supplied via plastic tubing 28' to a precooling chamber 120 which is of heat conducting material (e.g. copper) and is thermally in good contact with the intermediate shell 52'. Gas flowing through tube 28' is precooled in chamber 120 and then emerges from aperture 122 of chamber 110 in the form of a free jet 124. The free jet passes through the open structure rods 14' into the target region 68' between the rods. The density distribution in the target region 68' then has generally a cosine squared distribution, being a maximum at point 126 and falling off toward the ends 128. For example, if the pressure in chamber 120 is 0.1 torr, and if aperture 122 is 0.004 inches in diameter, this typically creates a gas density equivalent to 2.5�10-3 torr at point 126, falling to 1.38�10-4 torr at points 128 (the figures are approximate).
The arrangement shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 has several advantages over that shown in FIGS. 1 to 5. In the FIGS. 1 to 5 arrangement gas travels axially through the space between the solid centre portions 14-1 and thus some gas is beamed directly at the end quadrupole sections 4, 8. In the FIGS. 7 and 8 arrangement the gas is beamed across the axis of the centre quadrupole section 6' and therefore is less likely to enter the end quadrupole sections. In addition the centre quadrupole section 6' can now be made shorter, e.g. 10 cm. instead of 30 cm. in length. This saves high frequency electric power (which is roughly proportional to the length of the rods) and also reduces the cost of the apparatus, since the vacuum chamber is now shorter.
In the FIGS. 7 and 8 arrangement the inner and intermediate shells 46', 52' are shown split into two halves each joined at flanges 128, 129, for easy assembly and disassembly.
A disadvantage of the FIGS. 7 and 8 arrangement is that each target gas molecule is effectively only used once (since it travels across the axis of the centre quadrupole section 6) rather than effectively being used more than once as in the FIGS. 1 to 5 version, where the molecules bounce generally back and forth across the target region as they migrate outward, parallel to the quadrupole axis. Therefore the FIGS. 7 and 8 arrangement requires a higher gas flow through tube 28, to achieve the same integrated target density, typically 5 to 20 times as much gas as in FIGS. 1 to 5. However the gas flows are normally very small, so the practical effect of the increased gas requirement is minor. In addition, although more pumping capacity is needed to remove the additional target gas flow, the precooling chamber 120 reduces the molecular velocity of the gas molecules typically by half, giving an effective density gain of two, i.e. for the same gas mass flow, twice the effective density is achieved in the target region 68'. In addition part of the load on the inner cooling finger 40' has been transferred to the outer cooling finger 42', which has a much higher capacity.
The remainder of the vacuum chamber 2' in the FIGS. 7 and 8 arrangement may be pumped by cryo cooling surfaces extended from the inner and outer cold fingers 40', 42', or by separate cooling surfaces connected to a separate refrigerating device.
If the tandem spectrometer arrangement of FIGS. 7 and 8 is pumped by conventional diffusion pumps, rather than by cryopumping, then the arrangement will typically be as shown in FIG. 9. As shown, inner shell 46' (and both cold fingers 40', 42') have been omitted and intermediate shell 52' terminates, below the quadrupole rods, in a diverging conical hood 130. Hood 130 extends to a duct 132 leading to a diffusion pump or a turbo pump (not shown). Since the gas is being beamed directly into the pump, the effective capacity of the pump is considerably increased (typically by a factor of three) over its capacity if it were handling random gas flow. The remainder of vacuum chamber 2' is pumped by a pump connected to duct 134, and the ion source 36' is pumped by a pump connected to duct 136.
A modification of the FIGS. 7 and 8 arrangement is shown in FIGS. 10 and 11. The only change made is that the exit from precooling chamber 120 is now through a standard collimated hole structure 138, which is simply a block of metal with numerous holes 139 formed therein which create about 80% transparency. The collimated hole structure 138 produces numerous beamlets 140 of gas which, if the pressure is not too high, travel directly across the target area 68' without significant interference with each other. For example the collimated hole structure 138 can typically be operated to produce a uniform pressure of 10-3 torr in the target region 68' along the whole length of structure 138, with a fairly sharp drop-off of gas density at each end. If the pressure becomes too high, however, the beamlets 140 of gas collide with each other and scatter, producing a more diffuse pressure border.
It is normally desirable in all cases to create a high transparency of the open rod structures 14-2 or 14'. Although rod extensions 14-2 are shown as being self supporting stiff wires mounted at their ends, better transparency can be obtained by using fine wires mounted in tension. Such an arrangement is shown in FIGS. 7 to 10 and also in FIG. 12, where one of the open rods 14' is shown in detail. As shown, rod 14' consists of two end discs 140 each of an insulating material, joined together by two stiff insulating bars 142, one at each side of the discs 140. Stretched between the discs 140 are five thin wires 30'; a larger or smaller number of wires can however be used, depending on how accurately it is desired to create the field. If the rod diameter is 0.625 inch, as is typical, and if it is desired to have the open structure rod about 90% transparent, then the total wire diameter (ignoring the bars 142) will be 0.0625 inches and the diameter of each of the five wires 30' is 0.0125 inches. The wires 30' are anchored in the discs 30' by conventional means, not shown.
Alternatively a metal cylinder may be used to form each rod 14', etched to produce holes therein yielding the desired transparency. However such a structure is not preferred because of its delicacy.
An open rod structure may also be formed using the principles given in a paper by H. Matsuda and T. Matsuo entitled "A New Method of Producing an Electric Quadrupole Field", published in the International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and In Physics, No. 24, 1977 at page 107. By using such principles a quadrupole field can be produced using a number of wires suitably located, and not necessarily in the same locations as the usual solid rods themselves would assume. Such a structure can be used and a gas target region created within it, provided that there is minimal interference with gas escaping from the structure. The wires which produce a quadrupole field in effect act as rods and the term "rods" in the appended claims refers to any groups of open wires or other open structure which produces a quadrupole type field.
Preferably the transparency of the open rod structure used should not be less than about 2/3, since below this value one-third or more of the gas molecules bounce off the rod structure, scatter, and increase the load on the remaining quadrupole sections. Preferably an openess or transparency of 90% or more is provided.
Reference is next made to FIGS. 13 and 14, which shows an arrangement similar to the apparatus shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 of said U.S. Pat. No. 4,148,196 except for the use of AC-only rod extensions, and which will therefore be described relatively briefly. As shown, the FIGS. 13 and 14 arrangement includes a vacuum chamber 202 which includes an inner shell 204, an intermediate shell 206 and an outer vacuum shell 208. The inner shell 204 includes spaced circumferential cooling fins 214 secured thereto and radiating inwardly therefrom, and is in good thermal contact with inner cold station 215 of refrigerating mechanism 216. The intermediate shell 206 is open at its rear and is cylindrical in form with cooling fins 217 thereon and has a conical front 218 having an enlarged axial opening 220 therein. The intermediate shell 206 is mounted on the outer finger or second cold station 226 of the refrigerating mechanism 216. The outer vacuum shell 208 has a cylindrical side wall 230 and front and rear walls 232, 233 respectively. The rear wall 233 is closed but the front wall 232 has a small central axial opening 235 therein co-axial with the opening 220. The outer shell 208 forms a gas tight enclosure around the inner and intermediate shells 204, 206 except for the front opening 235.
Connected to the front face 232 of the outer shell 208 is a gas curtain chamber 236. The gas curtain chamber 236 is closed, except for a curtain gas inlet orifice 238 at its edge walls, and except for central axial openings 240, 242 in its rear and front faces. The openings 240, 242 are axially aligned with the opening 235 so that ions can be transferred through the three openings into the vacuum chamber 202.
A sample gas containing trace components to be analyzed is introduced via inlet duct 244 into a chamber 246 which is fitted with a discharge needle 248. The trace components are ionized directly by electric discharge from the needle 248, or the ionization process may alternatively be indirect, through chemical ionization using one or more chemical reagent gases included in the sample gas. The trace ions once formed are drifted by appropriate potentials on the plates containing orifices 240, 242, through these orifices and into the vacuum chamber 202. The sample gas itself is blocked from entering the vacuum chamber by the curtain gas introduced via inlet 238 into the curtain gas chamber. The curtain gas is a conveniently inert cryopumpable gas such as argon and is admitted into the curtain gas chamber 236 at a pressure such that a portion of the curtain gas effuses out of the opening 242 to block the gases in chamber 246 from entering the vacuum system, and these gases together with the portion of the curtain gas which effuses out the opening 242, exit via an exit duct 250. A portion of the curtain gas enters the vacuum chamber with the ions to be analyzed and is cryopumped by condensation on the fins 214.
As shown, a quadrupole mass spectrometer 252 is mounted on the rear surface 254 of the vacuum chamber and is protected from the cold by insulation 257. Spectrometer 252 includes four conventional solid rods 256. A set of four open rod extensions 258, formed of wires 30' exactly as shown in FIGS. 7 to 12, extend forwardly from the solid rods 256, being insulated therefrom by a small air gap or by insulating material 260. The rod extensions 258 serve to guide ions entering the vacuum chamber to the mass spectrometer 252 while at the same time permitting gas which enters the chamber to pass through them to condense on the cooling fins 214. For this purpose the rods 256 are supplied conventionally with AC and DC voltages, e.g. from terminals 86 of the FIG. 6 circuit, but rod extensions 258 are supplied with AC only, e.g. from terminals 98 of the FIG. 6 circuit. Again the AC voltages applied to both rod sets are synchronized in frequency and phase so that the AC fields produced by both rod sets are synchronized in frequency and phase, preferably with a zero or near zero phase shift as described previously. The AC-only rod extensions 258 are preferably relatively long, so that the ions pass through at least several complete cycles of the AC field (typically at least six cycles or more) before they reach the solid rods 256. The AC only rod extensions 258 substantially assist in guiding the ions into the solid rods 256 and at the same time create little interference with the gas flow out of the vacuum chamber. The front discs 140a which support the wires 301 are preferably slanted as shown to reduce interference with the gas flow from orifice 235. If desired a declustering element, shown in dotted lines at 264 in FIG. 13 and being as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,121,099, can be placed between discs 140a and the orifice 235 to decluster ions entering the vacuum chamber. Element 264 also deflects much of the gas flow entering the vacuum chamber through orifice 235 away from the space between extensions 258.
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|Park Melvin A.
|Means and method for guiding ions in a mass spectrometer
|Sep 17, 2004
|Mar 31, 2005
|The University Of British Columbia
|Method and apparatus for providing two-dimensional substantially quadrupole fields having selected hexapole components
|May 13, 2003
|Jun 16, 2005
|Philip Marriott
|Mass spectrometer and mass filters therefor
|Apr 14, 2005
|Oct 19, 2006
|Makrochem, Ltd.
|Permanent magnet structure with axial access for spectroscopy applications
|May 17, 2005
|Oct 19, 2006
|Makrochem, Ltd.
|Permanent magnet structure with axial access for spectroscopy applications
|May 26, 2005
|Nov 30, 2006
|Vestal Marvin L
|Method and apparatus for interfacing separations techniques to MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry
|May 30, 2008
|Dec 3, 2009
|Urs Steiner
|Detection of positive and negative ions
|Jun 26, 2009
|Dec 30, 2010
|Agilent Technologies, Inc.
|Self-Aligning Floating Ion-Optics Components
|Mar 4, 2005
|Feb 3, 2009
|Thermo Finnigan Llc.
|Mass spectrometer system including a double ion guide interface and method of operation
|Sep 16, 1999
|Feb 24, 2015
|Thermo Fisher Scientific (Bremen) Gmbh
|Means for removing unwanted ions from an ion transport system and mass spectrometer
|May 13, 2003
|Jun 9, 2015
|Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.
|Mass spectrometer and mass filters therefor
|Oct 23, 1986
|Apr 30, 1987
|Mds Health Group Ltd
|Vorrichtung zum richten eines ionensignales in ein massenanalysiergeraet in einer vakuumkammer
|Sep 11, 2009
|Sep 29, 2011
|Thermo Fisher Scientific (Bremen) Gmbh
|Ionenfalle zum K�hlen von Ionen
|Dec 8, 1989
|May 15, 1991
|Mds Health Group Limited
|Mass spectrometer and method with improved ion transmission
|Feb 27, 1995
|Dec 18, 1996
|Analytica Of Branford, Inc.
|Multipole ion guide for mass spectrometry
|Feb 27, 1995
|May 2, 1997
|Analytica Of Branford Inc
|Multipole ion guide for mass spectrometry
|May 30, 1997
|Dec 17, 1997
|Micromass Limited
|Plasma mass spectrometer
|Dec 8, 1989
|Aug 8, 2001
|MDS Inc.
|Mass spectrometer and method with improved ion transmission
|Dec 8, 1989
|Sep 25, 2002
|MDS Inc.
|Mass spectrometer and method with improved ion transmission
|May 30, 1997
|Oct 2, 2002
|Micromass Limited
|Plasma mass spectrometer
|Dec 8, 1989
|Dec 18, 2002
|MDS Inc.
|Mass spectrometer and ion transmission method
|Feb 27, 1995
|Jun 7, 2006
|Analytica Of Branford, Inc.
|Multipole ion guide for mass spectrometry
|Feb 27, 1995
|Jun 7, 2006
|Analytica Of Branford, Inc.
|Multipole ion guide for mass spectrometry
|Sep 16, 1999
|Jul 7, 2010
|Thermo Fisher Scientific (Bremen) GmbH
|Means for removing unwanted ions from an ion transport system and mass spectrometer
|Jan 22, 1999
|Jul 29, 1999
|Analytica Of Branford, Inc.
|Mass spectrometry with multipole ion guide
|May 29, 1999
|Dec 2, 1999
|Analytica Of Branford, Inc.
|Mass spectrometry with multipole ion guides
|Jun 10, 2003
|Feb 12, 2004
|University Of British Columbia
|Geometry for generating a two-dimensional substantially quadrupole field
|Oct 20, 2005
|Oct 12, 2006
|Georgetown University
|Free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine analysis by mass spectrometry
|Nov 7, 2011
|Jun 28, 2012
|Georgetown University
|Methods for simultaneous quantification of thyroid hormones and metabolites thereof by mass spectrometry
|U.S. Classification
|250/282, 250/292, 250/288
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 29, 1983
Owner name: CANADIAN PATENT AND DEVELOPMENT LIMITED, 275 SLATE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:MDS HEALTH GROUP LIMITED;REEL/FRAME:004156/0963
Effective date: 19820419
Owner name: MDS HEALTH GROUP LIMITED, 30 MERIDIAN ROAD, REXDAL
Free format text: LICENSE;ASSIGNOR:CANADIAN PATENT AND DEVELOPMENT LIMITED;REEL/FRAME:004156/0967
Effective date: 19830628
|Feb 25, 1992
Owner name: NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA, CANADA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:CANADIAN PATENTS AND DEVELOPMENT LIMITED/SOCIETE CANADIENNE DES BREVETS ET D EXPLOITATION LIMITEE;REEL/FRAME:006062/0253
Effective date: 19920102


text:
Excerpts From Questioning of Judge Bork by Senate Committee Chairman
Published: September 16, 1987
(Page 3 of 6)
BORK: Well, I don't know. I don't know. But the second thing about that statute and I'll decide - I'd like to decide this case - is that Justice Douglas did say something which is quite correct, and he didn't need to talk about procreation and fundamental rights to do it.
And that is, he noted that the statute made distinctions, for example, between a robber and an embezzler. The embezzler wasn't subject to this kind of thing. Hd he gone on and pointed out that those distinctions really sterilized, in effect, blue-collar criminals and exempted white-collor criminals, and indeed appeared to have some taint of a racial basis to it, he could have arrived at the same decision in what I would take to be a more legitimate fashion.
SENATOR STROM THURMOND: In view of some of the comments concerning your criticizing past Supreme Court decisions, I think it would be appropriate to have a statement from you on how you view the precedents of the Supreme Court. Would you please comment on what criteria you think important in deciding whether to examine past Supreme Court decisions?
BORK: I think precedent is important and I've explained that anybody with a philosophy of original intent requires a theory of precedent. What would I look at? Well, I think I'd look and be absolutely sure that the prior decision was incorrectly decided. That is necessary. And if it is wrongly decided, and you have to give respect to your predecessor's judgment on these matters, the presumption against overruling remains, because it may be that there are private expectations built up on the basis of the prior decision. A Need for Stability
It may be that governmental and private institutions have grown up around that prior decision. There is a need for stability and continuity in the law. There's a need for predictability in legal doctrine, and it's important that the law not be considered as shifting every time the personnnel of the Supreme Court changes. So those are some of the factors I would consider as reasons to uphold the prior decision. There are also reasons to overrule it.
THURMOND: Much of the criticism lodged against you stems from articles and speeches attributed to you over the years which are critical of various rulings of the Supreme Court. Do you feel a distinction should be drawn between your private writings, and any responsibilities you would have as a Supreme Court judge?
BORK: As a professor I felt free to, and indeed was encourged to, engage in theoretical discussion, and I primarily aimed my writing at Supreme Court decisions which I thought were not adequately explained. And explanation is the heart of judging. As a judge you cannot be as speculative. I had once said to one of the members of this committee when I was asked if I would behave in a courtroom the way I would in a classroom. And I said no. In a classroom nobody gets hurt. In a courtroom somebody always gets hurt, which calls for a great deal more caution and circumspection than you're required to show when you give a speech at Indiana or some other place.
THURMOND: Judge Bork, in 1985 you stated: ''If the Justices become convinced that a decision cannot be squared with the Constitution, they ought to consider overruling it. But the Court should be careful. If a particular decision has become the basis for a large array of social and economic institutions, overruling it could be disastrous.'' Now, the question is, could you give me an example of a constitutional decision that you would not be willing to overrule, even if you concluded that decision was wrong?
BORK: Well, I have to include some decisions that I don't think are wrong, but I wouldn't consider overruling them. I gave the example already of the enormous scope of the commerce clause. It think it's much too late to overrule any of that. Freedom of the Press
. . .I think I also gave the example of the legal tender cases, about public money, but for example, there have been Bill of Rights cases which have - the freedom of the press cases - a whole industry is built up around an understanding of the freedom of the press. It is too late to try to - even if one wanted to, and I have no desire to - I think those cases are correct -even if one wanted to, one simply could not go back and tear up the communications industry of this country.
THURMOND: Judge Bork, comments have been made that you take a restrictive view of the First Amendent, and that many years ago you were of the opinion that only political speech was protected. Have your views changed in this area, and would you briefly tell the committee what areas of speech you think fall within the protection of the First Amendment?
BORK: Well, Senator, I should point out, I'm a little surprised that what was an academic exercise and engaging in a debate and trying out a theory has become somehow the core of my philosophy. The article itself said, at the end, these remarks are intended to be tentative and exploratory. At the moment I don't see how I can avoid them. My views have changed for the simple reason, I was looking for a bright line test by which judges could decide which speech was protected and which was not.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Palit GeForce GTX 460 1GB Sonic Platinum Video Card
Temperature Tests
With the TES 1326 Infrared Thermometer literally in hand we found ourselves getting real-world temperatures from the products we test at load (3D clock speeds).
There are two places we pull temperature from - the back of the card directly behind the core and if the card is dual slot and has an exhaust point we also pull a temperate from there, as seen in the picture.
The Palit version of the GTX 460 did run a little warmer. This wasn't too much of a surprise, though, since it was working the hardest.
PRICING: You can find products similar to this one for sale below.
United States: Find other tech and computer products like this over at Amazon's website.
United Kingdom: Find other tech and computer products like this over at Amazon UK's website.
Canada: Find other tech and computer products like this over at Amazon Canada's website.
- Page 1 [Introduction]
- Page 2 [The Package]
- Page 3 [The Card and Specifications]
- Page 4 [Test System Setup and 3DMark Vantage]
- Page 5 [Unigine Heaven Benchmark]
- Page 6 [Benchmarks - CINEBENCH]
- Page 7 [Benchmarks - Resident Evil 5]
- Page 8 [Benchmarks - BattleForge]
- Page 9 [Benchmarks - Tom Clancy's H.A.W.X.]
- Page 10 [Benchmarks - Darkest of Days]
- Page 11 [Benchmarks - Far Cry 2]
- Page 12 [Benchmarks - Batman Arkham Asylum]
- Page 13 [Benchmarks - Dark Void]
- Page 14 [Benchmarks - High Quality AA and AF]
- Page 15 [Benchmarks - Elcomsoft Wireless Security Auditor]
- Page 16 [Benchmarks - Badaboom]
- Page 17 [Temperature Test]
- Page 18 [Sound Test]
- Page 19 [Power Consumption Tests]
- Page 20 [Total Performance Rating (TPR)]
- Page 21 [Total Value Rating (TVR)]
- Page 22 [Final Thoughts]
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text:
Nonprofit and NGO
Labeling Nanotech in Food
This cases poses a hypothetical debate over efforts at the U.S. state level to mandate labels on food products containing or packaged in materials containing engineered nanomaterials. As such, it closely mirrors recent debates over labeling foods containing genetically engineered (GE) or genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
A New System for the Office of Child Welfare
In a mid-sized U.S. county, children's lives are lost and the local Office of Child Welfare finds its own information management practices to be implicated in the tragedy. Lucinda Angle, the county executive, is determined to improve the office's information systems. She soon discovers that managing child welfare data also requires taking into account the data requirements and systems belonging to stakeholders at the state and federal levels as well. Angle and her senior staff issue a Request for Information (RFI) to seek ideas from software vendors on building a new system.
Esperanza Healthy Families: Strategic Program Development for a New Nonprofit
This fictional simulation demonstrates the challenges of developing programs for a nonprofit organization with multiple and sometimes competing demands. Esperanza Healthy Families includes both health and nutrition components with program directors for each who advocate for their own programs. The Executive Director must find middle ground while also faithfully executing a charge for the Board to propose programs that align with board goals.
Defining Sustainability in the Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy
Chief Minister Taib has set in place a massive sustainable dam project (SCORE) to increase energy production throughout Malaysia and develop Sarawak's economy by bringing foreign industrial investment to the area. The SCORE project dams have been qualified as sustainable by the International Hydropower Association's (IHA) Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Forum, and construction on the Murum Dam, the third of a potential 12 dams, was completed in 2013.
Kigali, Rwanda: Urban Agriculture for Food Security?
This case evaluates the premade decision of the Kigali City Council (KCC) to incorporate urban agriculture into the city's long-term development agenda, as the key tool to address the problem of food security. A land-scarce country characterized by a predominantly rural population, Rwanda has a history of unsustainable approaches to food security, exacerbated by the collapse of the coffee industry in the 1980s and the genocide in the 1990s. After the genocide, international donors swept in to rebuild the war-torn country, which included projects designed to combat food insecurity.
The Yellow Dragon and the Great Green Wall: Combating Desertification in Northern China
Every year extreme sandstorms created by strong winds blowing southwest from the Gobi Desert devastate air quality levels, bring transportation and outdoor activities to a grinding halt, and create major headaches for urban life throughout cities in eastern China, including Shanghai and Beijing. The past decades have seen increases in the severity and regularity of these sandstorms as deserts in China expand due to continuing degradation of agricultural areas and grasslands. This spreading desertification presents a challenge both for major cities and rural livelihoods.
The Colombo Port Expansion Project: Can a rising tide lift all boats?
This case raises the question of whether infrastructure development can foster inclusive growth and poverty reduction for an entire population. After decades of civil war, Sri Lanka witnessed rapid gains in economic and human development, vaulting the country to low middle income status. The Mahinda Chintana (national development strategy) attempts to refocus the county on a broader developmental agenda. In pursuit of the Mahinda Chintana goals, Sri Lanka aims to harness rapid economic growth by reorienting its economy toward knowledge-based and high value-added sectors.
Qatarstrophe or Success? The 2022 World Cup in Qatar
Qatar has received much attention since winning the bid to host the 2022 World Cup, and not all of the attention has been positive. A major component of Qatar's winning bid to host the World Cup was the small nations emphasis on sustainability. In order to achieve this vision for sustainability many innovative technologies have been proposed to deal with issues of heat and energy production. While stadium construction is still in its infancy, controversies over human rights violations, expenses, and cultural aspects have already erupted.
Replication of Sustainable Cities
Cities of developing countries are perhaps the most vulnerable for climate change. To deal with their challenges of changing climatic conditions, Rockefeller Foundation created a network of multi-level organizations working in different cities, the Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network (ACCCRN), in 2008. ACCCRN's primary goal is to build city-level climate resilience and to share experiences and "success stories" through network to encourage other cities and scale up climate resilience actions globally.
The Regional Environmental Center: A Case Study in Regional Solutions to Cross-Boundary Water Issues
In the aftermath of the conflict in the Balkans in the 1990s, waterways such as the Drina River became natural boundaries between newly formed countries. In other cases, like the Timok River between Bulgaria and Serbia, newly formed states inherited existing bilateral agreements. This presented new challenges with regards to management of shared resources, especially given the recent violent history and lack of trust between populations. Dozens of cities rely on shared rivers for drinking water and sanitation.


text:
Is Genetically Modified Wheat Safe?• livescience.com
Genetically modified wheat has mysteriously turned up in an Oregon field, and while there's no evidence that the crop is in the food supply, experts say it would be safe to consume.
Click to Play
Genetically modified wheat has mysteriously turned up in an Oregon field, and while there's no evidence that the crop is in the food supply, experts say it would be safe to consume.
New York City's campaign to cut consumption of sugary drinks now features ads warning people about sweet teas, sports and energy drinks and fruit-flavored beverages. The city health department launched the TV and bus ads Monday. The spots say suc
Jeff Berwick (Dollar Vigilante) on U.S./Int'l Economics; Precious Metals - Vernon Hershberger, the farmer who won a victory for raw milk, tells his story
A mainstay in most Western diets, wheat is normally not associated with mental illness.
Jerry Rosman, a pig farmer in Iowa, tells his story about how his swine started have "psuedo-pregnancies" after being fed GM corn.
The labeling of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) such as Monsanto corn has come to be a controversial issue among the ever-increasing, politically active, libertarian population in the United States.
Besides garnering attention as a a veritable fountain of youth, cancer tamer and fibromyalgia remedy, turmeric has proven itself to be a formidable weight loss superfood as well.
Youtube video of the Zumba dance at the GMO march, in case you missed it.. Libertarians...I know you'll like this :)
Angela Keaton, Mike Shipley and John Bechtol come on the show to help promote the Freedom Torch Parade for Bradley Manning - Starchild weighs in on the Freedom Torch Parade - Alma Sommer (AgoristMarketplace.com and Jackalope Freedom Festival) provide
A strain of genetically engineered wheat never approved for sale or consumption by authorities was found sprouting on a farm in Oregon, the Agriculture Department said Wednesday.
Japan cancels tender to purchase U.S. wheat Asian consumers jittery about gene-altered food imports Importers to seek details from U.S. government (Recasts with details, quotes)
The old saying, "You are what you eat," poses troubling implications for public health in light of a new study on chicken meat, which found that most of it contains dangerously high levels of toxic arsenic.
When it comes to protecting the public from GMOs, Hungary knows how to get the job done: set fire to the fields growing GM corn!
Could the global tide in support of GMO's be turning? A new report reveals that the formerly pro-GMO Chinese government, one of the largest consumers of GMO food crops in the world, is beginning to crack down on GM corn shipments from the US that hav
The U.S. Senate recently had an opportunity to vote on a farm bill amendment that would have supported the rights of states to mandate GMO labeling laws.
Out in one of the most isolated areas of the U.S. there is a surprising oasis flourishing with vegetables and fish.
Nutritional researchers have repeatedly demonstrated that what we eat directly determines genetic expression and can predict chronic disease risk, rate of aging, quality of life and mortality.
In these days of creeping tyranny – some would say galloping tyranny – whenever freedom wins a battle, it's time for a celebration.
We have firsthand knowledge of many friends and family members who have been CURED of many diseases (like cancer) and ailments (like arthritis) with what they put in their mouth. Give the body what it needs to heal itself, and it will step up to the
Making healthy food choices is important. But, sometimes it's really tough to be sure that you are getting what you intended to get.
Instead of signing over your entire paycheck for organic produce, have you considered the bounty of nourishing fare growing wild right in your own backyard?
A new study, yet to receive any media attention, reveals the "leukemogenic" properties of the Bt toxin biopesticides engineered into the vast majority of GMO food crops already within the US food supply.
Good news for this farmer of the future and raw milk!
Some may say there's something romantic about beef. "Black angus cattle" conjures up thoughts of tough cattle grazing on the open pastures in the rugged farmland of America's heartland.
Learn how to make Curly "Q" Sausage!
Chef Dan Barber squares off with a dilemma facing many chefs today: how to keep fish on the menu. With impeccable research and deadpan humor, he chronicles his pursuit of a sustainable fish he could love, and the foodie's honeymoon he's enjoyed since
Senators in Washington D.C. voted against a key GMO labeling amendment that would have allowed states to decide to label the presence of genetically modified ingredients in food products.
Protesters rallied in dozens of cities Saturday as part of a global protest against seed giant Monsanto and the genetically modified food it produces, organizers said. Organizers said "March Against Monsanto" protests were held in 52 countries and
This is old but I never saw it! This kid is awesome.
A Republican state lawmaker in Kansas says that he opposes cutting the taxes on groceries because it would be a form of "social engineering" that encourages people to buy food over other items.


text:
Asia Johnson joined the ABC 7 Amarillo news team in June 2016. She was born in Wichita, Kansas, and raised in Mesquite, Texas, a suburb just outside of Dallas since the age of three. She considers herself a true Texan.
Asia's interest in journalism started at a very young age. She always had a passion for reading and writing. Reading mystery books brought her great joy.
Broadcast journalism became an interest of Asia's when she became a Junior and Freshman in College. She attended Richland Collegiate High School where she received her high school diploma and Associates degree.
Her first real encounter with Broadcast Journalism began when FOX 4- Dallas anchor and consumer reporter, Steve Noviello taught her first Broadcast Journalism course. His teachings geared her for when she went to the University of North Texas in Denton.
At UNT is where Asia began to blossom in her role as a News Producer. She was the full-time producer at her campus news station, and she also won two journalism scholarships including the Lone Star Emmy Foundational Scholarship. GO MEAN GREEN!
Asia also interned as a TV Show producer for Denton Community Television. Upon graduation, she was offered a shadowing News Producer position with NBC-Dallas.
Asia is excited to start her first position as Daybreak Producer in the Panhandle. She is delighted to hear that ABC 7 has the #1 Daybreak show in the Panhandle. She would like to continue with that legacy.
In her spare time, Asia enjoys reading, hanging with family and friends, cooking and binge watching her favorite shows on Netflix. She also loves Jesus Christ, and believes He is the reason why her journey through life has been such a great experience.


text:
- 1/4 cup extra-virgin olive oil
- 1 Spanish onion, halved lengthwise and thinly sliced crosswise
- 1 celery rib, thinly sliced
- 4 garlic cloves, thinly sliced
- 1 tablespoon minced fresh ginger
- Kosher salt
- 1 1/4 pounds pumpkin or butternut squash—peeled, seeded and cut into 1/2-inch dice
- 2 tablespoons tomato paste
- 1 tablespoon Urfa or Aleppo pepper (see Note)
- One 1-inch cinnamon stick
- Pinch of ground cloves
- 8 cups vegetable stock or low-sodium broth
- 4 ounces fideos or capellini, broken into 1-inch pieces
- 1/2 cup chopped cilantro
In a large saucepan, heat the olive oil. Add the onion, celery, garlic, ginger and a generous pinch of salt and cook over moderate heat, stirring occasionally, until the vegetables are softened and well browned, about 15 minutes. Add the pumpkin, tomato paste, Urfa pepper, cinnamon stick and cloves and cook, stirring, until the pumpkin just starts to soften, about 7 minutes. Add the vegetable stock and bring to a boil. Cover and simmer over moderately low heat for about 40 minutes, stirring occasionally. Discard the cinnamon stick.
Meanwhile, preheat the oven to 325 degrees. Spread the fideos on a rimmed baking sheet and bake for about 10 minutes, until well browned and nutty-smelling.
Add the toasted fideos to the soup and cook over moderate heat until the noodles are al dente, 7 to 10 minutes. Stir in the cilantro and season with salt. Ladle the soup into bowls and serve.


text:
Huge congratulations to Ellouise Hempstead and her MyBuilder tradesman Martin Robinson of MJO Limited, in Lincolnshire.
Ellouise nominated Martin for the expertise, dedication, energy and generosity he brought to her challenging renovation project.
"Martin has taken our dream and made it his own. He's worked with us to understand what we need, what we want, and what we'd love (but don't think we can afford) and he's helped us to make those things a reality. He's an honest and reliable builder, who cares about his customers, and wants their project to be a success."
Welcome to MyBuilder
MyBuilder makes it easy to find quality tradespeople, reviewed by other homeowners.
Replace Extractor in Shower Room
My job was not a big job and so it is harder to get someone to do the job who is good and reliable. I.e. Who turns up when they say they will. Richard turned up, priced the job and ordered the extractor for me. When he returned to fit it he discovered it wouldn't fit so had to send it back and order another. When this came he was able to fit it. He was quick clean and reliable. A really nice man who I will call again if I have any other electrical work that needs to be done. I would also recommend him highly to my friends. Thanks Richard.
Homeowner Susan Hayton
Richard Hughes
RDH Electrical
Voting closed
1 vote
Recent entries
- Winner
Two story 34Sq extension
2016 was an epic year for us and our builder: Martin from MJO Limited. My fiancé and I embarked on our first renovation project, and we certainly didn't start small! At the end of 2015, we moved into a caravan in the garden of our recently purchased dilapidated barn, and in early 2016 after...
- Shortlisted
Painting ceilings in newly rebuilt barn
Chris did an excellent job painting the whole of the upstairs of my newly rebuilt barn. He worked quickly and always cleaned up at the end of each day. He even brought in his partner at the later stages to finish the job on time. I would have no hesitation in recommending Chris. Hilary
- Shortlisted
Repointing Grade II listed residential property
We knew when we moved in to our grade II listed building that it had not been sympathetically converted many years prior to our purchase 18 months ago, and had even been repointed using cement! We decided that we would have it repointed properly using lime mortar; so our mission was to find the...


text:
Updated Scout 300 Trend Meter For 2017
Signing day is Feb. 1 and the updated Scout 300 Trend Meter for the 2017 class takes a look at which schools are trending for each uncommitted member in the Scout 300.
Full Story
February 1, 2017
Top 5 Inside Linebackers Class of 2017
Scout takes a look at the Top 5 Inside Linebackers in the Class of 2017
Full Story
January 31, 2017
Scout's Senior All-Americans For 2016
Scout unveils its 2016 team of High School All-Americans...
Full Story
January 25, 2017
Scout's Top 25 Recruiting Classes
A look at Scout's top 25 classes with just over a week to go to Signing Day.
Full Story
January 23, 2017
South: Movers in the Final 2017 Scout 300
The final Scout 300 rankings are out and here are 10 moves you need to know about out of the South...
Full Story
January 18, 2017
UA Game: Top 10 Overall Performers
Who were the best of the best in Orlando (Fla.) last week? Scout was there all week and here are our Top 10 performers...
Full Story
January 3, 2017
UA Game: Top Five Defensive Game Performers
Scout dives in to share the top five defensive performers from Sunday's 2017 Under Armour All-America Game.
Full Story
January 1, 2017
UA Game: Top Overall Prospects to Watch
After scouting three fulls days of practice Scout previews 12 players fans should definitely be on the lookout for in tomorrow's broadcast of the Under Armour All-America Game.
Full Story
December 31, 2016


text:
Elements 2 (E2)
By: Victor Ignacio Dziekiewicz
and J. Wade Beam
E2 addresses the need extensive flexibility with simplicity in the base design and a menu of functional enhancements. These include and array of desking options, an extensive selection of door sizes and types and a variety of storage and electronic solutions. In addition to the specifier's choice of potential configurations, E2 allows the designer to aesthetically dress the composition up or down, through a carefully constructed offering of wood finishes and metal accents.
Designed For: FCI, Inc.
FCI, Inc.


text:
Sonae Case Judgment
Sonae Update – for all Clients
We have been advised by the Lead Solicitors (2020 Legal Limited) that the Judgment in the case against Sonae Industria (UK) Ltd was handed down on 30 July 2015, by his Honour, Mr Justice Jay, who presided over the recent 3 week trial (3rd June – 26th June) into the Sonae Fire which occurred on the 9th June 2011.
The Judge has found in favour of the Defendant after careful consideration of all scientific, medical and witness evidence available for the trial and that all claims (approx. 16,500) brought against Sonae resulting from the fire be dismissed as causation of Personal Injury could not be proved on the balance of probabilities.
We, like you, are obviously terribly disappointed that this claim has failed in Court. We reiterate that the Conditional Fee Agreement that you signed at the start of the case means that you will have nothing to pay in the way of legal costs.
Should you have any enquiries please email firstname.lastname@example.com or alternatively write to Sonae Judgment, Tandem Law, 34 High Street, Manchester, M4 1QB and we will endeavour to answer your queries as soon as possible.
A full copy of the Judgment can be obtained by clicking the link below


text:
Find or become a
child care provider.
Have an account?
Log In
Daycare Provider
A great way to find a child care provider is often through your friends.
Child Care Jobs
Find available jobs in your city.
Registered Family Home Childcare Services 6:00am -6:00pm M-F
Child care
Responsible Loving Nanny/Babysiitter with Excellent References!
Karina's Home Daycare
Child Care


text:
Are you a Guide? Want to be?
Join our online international community of the best Guides, recommended by the Get Guide Service. Create your own Guide profile and share your passion for sightseeing.Thanks to Get Guide Service you can:
- Advertise your service on our international site.
Open up your hobby to clients across the world.
Make new acquaintances.
Find people to show around the area you know best.
Post your own photos and videos.
Confirm your reliability as a trusted Guide.
Advertise and share your passion with Travellers whatever you do. ( px. Special form of transport, extreme sports, animal husbandry, ice fishing, dance events, trekking, walkabout, clubbing, culinary travels, etc.)
Welcome Bonus!
Register and start being with us today for free. Get 6 months free Premium Account worth £10 !


text:
The hotel is easy to get to with lots of fast food places and restaurants nearby. Parking is ok. For the bus, on the weekend, a restricted parking area was able to be used but I'm not sure what would be done during the week....More
Getting you more information on this room
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"We stayed on the 3rd floor and it was great. No view but we not spending a lot of time in the room."
"The hotel is far enough back from Albert Street you can't hear any traffic."


text:
...God also designates himself by another special mark to distinguish himself more precisely from idols. For he so proclaims himself the sole God as to offer himself to be contemplated clearly in three persons. Unless we grasp these, only the bare and empty name of God flits about in our brains, to the exclusion of the true God.- Jean Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, Book 1, ch.XIII
Monday, 30 April 2007
Quote of the day: monadic idolatry
2 comments:
- adrian reynolds said...
I can't get enough of the Trinity at the moment - I've got a lifetime of underachievement to catch up on!
Do you read this en francais?
- May 03, 2007 4:52 pm
- étrangère said...
I don't think we'll ever get enough of the Trinity :) Don't worry though, we'll be growing in appreciation of him for all eternity.
Sadly I don't read him en français - just reading a chapter a night in English before I lay me down to sleep... Twas an early birthday present: requested it from my Dad :)
- May 03, 2007 10:58 pm


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Has any one made a solid infantry based army with no tanks in it whatsoever. That means running seraphim instead of dominion squads and retributor squads instead of tanks or penitent engines which i dont think are really worth it. Those that have run armies based on infantry only how well do they work? I thought about putting in an exorcist or two but infantry just seems better to me even if they dont move across the field at the speed of light. I can still throw in plenty of anti tank between retributor squads and other various units. I want to keep my army Pure Witch Hunters. So how well do they work?
Last edited by Pathofskulls; November 24th, 2006 at 23:01.
Legion Of Everblight: Abyslonia
Protectorate of Menoth: Grand Exemplar Kreoss
Yes I have for a laugh. If i remember correctly I made a 1500pts infantry army just because I couldn't be bothered to pack my tanks. So not a single armour in sight....not even exorcists. It had stuff like inquisitors and storm troopers along side Sisters of battle.
The army did quite well. The first few turns were bleak as can be expected, with purely bolters, flamers and meltaguns to get me through the fight I suffered a few casulties while charginf up the feild without a care in the world. You will probably find that with that number of power armour on the feild the opponent just won't have enough firepower to kill of sufficent numbers to stop you from doing you mid-short ranged shooting. (I wasted a few points on Retributors with half multi-meltas and heavy bolters just to fill out points)
Seraphim will save the day, as will jet pack Cannonesses (hehe A squad of drones deep striked right on top of my Cannonesses Head and wiped them all out...off topic but apparantly if this happens the squad troops deep stike onto are gunned down....thus the death...but my cannoness didn't even carry a pistol lol). The extra mobility will prove very useful in knocking out tanks and ambushing infantry squads as well as provide a constant threat your opponent has to think about while he tries to monuver his own troops away from ambushes that will probably lead to less fire directed at you foot troops.
"Adapt to heaven and enjoy ease; oppose it and toil in vain. None can deduct from the reakoning, or force what is fated." - Three Kindoms, lesson of life.
My Showcase
Witch Hunters Tactica [=Updating=]
New Eldar Tactica
All footslogging - I've tried this too.
It works not too shabby, if I may say so. As Heiromyo said, the first few turns can really hurt, and demoralise you. However, if you get enough Sisters into range, you should have a nice time.
However, this army seems as if it could be very nastyly taken out by Mech Eldar, DE, or Mech Tau - the lack of manouvability is often a problem because its hard to get the melta's to the enemy tanks fast.
Try and use 20 strong sister squads, I've not tried it myself, but it seems it could work - the sheer amount of power armour and bolters is nasty. And you keep the special weapons nice and protected.
Anzac Clan!
Final Fantasy!
I wouldn't use squads as large as 20. You don't get a bulk buy discount on sisters, and squads that large would be difficult to manouevre and get all the bolters in range of an enemy. It may protect the special weapons but it would also mean that you have fewer of them. The small number of squads you could get would also reduce your faith point total. Overall I'd go for squads of perhaps 14 in an all footslogger army list.
Footslogger armies would I think do best against static or slow shooty armies, such as some marine and chaos marine armies, foot guard, foot eldar, Tyranid Godzilla lists, necrons. Any army featuring lots of 6" move troops relying on shooting over cc. I think it would fare badly as others have stated against fast armies, either in cc or shooting. Armies that are oriented to cc but slow-moving don't really exist, or at least not in the hands of any player with an ounce of sense.


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text: I've had an Onkyo TX-SR605 for 1 month working with no problems. I few days ago while listening to both zones from the same source Zone 2 cut out and switched to standby. Now whenever I try to turn on zone 2 it automatically switches to standby and I get no sound at all from zone 2. Zone 1 continues to work fine. Over the past few days I've called Onkyo 5 times and been left on hold for 30-50 min before giving up. I spoke to one of their authorized service reps in my area but he wasnt familiar with my particular problem. He did tell me that getting someone at Onkyos corporate service center is next to impossible and since my receiver is only a month old I should just return it. This seems like a ridculous solution to what may be a simple problem for a reciever that I otherisw like very much. But I now so hate Onkyo as a company that i'm prepared to return it and buy something from anyone else. If anyone here can help I would be very appreciative. tHanks


text:
Charming curled iron bakers rack with a brushed teal finish. Features a granite top, woven metal shelves and brass finials on the top. Would look adorable in any kitchen. In overall good condition with some minor wear.
44 w 19.5 d 72 h
Additional information
|44 x 19.5 x 72 in
This item is only available for local delivery in Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, Bronx and parts of New Jersey. Call us @ 917.583.9051 for delivery rates and availability.


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Yes, Cake Dots does offer
fillings for your wedding cake. And yes, some people MUST have fillings, which is fine because we have
fillings. Cake Dots especially love yellow or white cake with strawberry filling because we love strawberry shortcake.
Another classic combination is raspberry filling with yellow, white or chocolate cake. Raspberry with chocolate is downright yummy but with white or yellow cake, it is almost like the "
comfort food
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However, Cake Dots absolute favorite is their "WORLDS BEST"
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fillings in
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Also consider that if a baker tortes their cakes and uses several flavors of fillings in each tier, maybe they are trying to disguise their cake. Maybe their cake is not good!
After all, all you taste is filling!!! As we have said before, Cake Dots takes pride in our cakes and our cakes can stand alone or have filling, it is YOUR choice (ok? ok).
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Cake Dots have given the "filling" question a lot of thought over the years
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We can raise our price per serving to maybe $4.00, $4.50 or $4.75 and say, "The filling is included in the price,
however, our cakes are delicious enough without fillings, therefore, we are keeping our present price and giving you the option of fillings as a side (so to speak).
Just remember that although it is
cake, you must consider your guests; what do you think they would like? And if you really want fillings, you have the option to put fillings in all tiers or maybe just one or two tiers -- this is why we do not include fillings in our serving price.
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Oops!! . . . Almost forgot so I will put it here before I almost forget again: one of the very best combinations is Cake Dots Fabulous Chocolate cake with her Creamy Peanut Butter filling. That is definitely a must for Buckeye fans. It is wonderful.
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Calabasas couple raises and trains puppies to help the visually impaired
A guide dog is a lifelong partner, confidant and soul mate for a visually impaired person.
But before it can become that special companion, the canine needs a loving individual or family who will raise it to become well-behaved and socialized, according to local volunteers who raise puppies for Guide Dogs for the Blind.
The organization based in San Rafael, Calif. places puppies with foster families before the animals undergo intensive training to become service dogs.
Steve and Bonnie Sloane of Calabasas recently traveled to Northern California to take part in a graduation ceremony involving a dog they raised at their home for about a year.
Friday, a Labrador retriever, was paired with 31-year-old Patrick Turnage, a blind man from Florida who will care for and rely on the guide dog to get around safely for years to come.
"Watching the dog graduate and knowing what that dog means to the visually impaired person is beyond words," Bonnie Sloane said. "It opens up their life. They can now go places and do things they could not do before."
Established in 1942, Guide Dogs for the Blind pairs visually impaired people with skilled Labrador and golden retrievers.
Puppies are born at the Guide Dog kennels and placed with volunteers who teach them good habits in a nurturing environment.
At 14 to 18 months old, the dogs return to the Guide Dogs for the Blind campuses, where they are taught to safely guide someone through the complexities of pedestrian travel.
Visually impaired people who qualify for the program attend a two-week intensive training where they learn to negotiate stairways, elevators, overhead obstacles, crowded sidewalks and busy streets with their new dogs.
The Sloanes belong to a local chapter of Guide Dogs for the Blind made up of about 30 puppy raisers and dog sitters. The Puppies with a Vision group gathers twice a month at the Newbury Park Library to discuss behavior issues and share training tips.
Group members also go on outings, such as to the mall and on public transit, to get the puppies accustomed to various settings and noises.
"We do training and work with raisers to improve behavior as well as assist with issues they're struggling with. Each dog is different and has its own issues," said Alice Garcia, a district nurse for Las Virgenes schools who has raised 16 guide dogs in the past 10 years. The dogs accompany Garcia to local school campuses.
The Westlake Village woman raised 10 dogs from "cradle to college" and six "starter" puppies which she trained for two months or so before the animals were transferred to another home for guide dog training.
Puppy raisers usually receive the animal at 2 months old. They are responsible for teaching the puppies good house manners and basic obedience, and socializing them to the world.
"We do it because we enjoy the training and the puppy raising part of it. . . . Seeing our dogs graduate makes it all worthwhile. It's like sending a child to college," Garcia said.
"You're sad to see them go but excited that they're going on to the next phase and hopefully graduate and get a job."
Guide dogs are trained to avoid distractions in restaurants, grocery stores and public transportation. They cannot chase balls, cats or jump on people.
The dogs are eager to work and please their owners. They also are taught to disobey unsafe commands, such as crossing a street if traffic is approaching.
"What we do is hard work, but it's so fulfilling and fun," said Sloane, who is raising her fifth puppy, named Keeley. "It's a wonderful way to help somebody else, and it's also a great social outlet for us."
Between 50 and 60 percent of the dogs raised for the program go on to become guide dogs.
Sloane and her husband adopted Carnival, one of the dogs they raised, because she lacked the confidence to become an effective guide dog. The black Lab had a career change; she is now a therapy dog and brings comfort to people in nursing homes, hospitals and assisted living facilities.
Garcia and Sloane invite local residents to join the program. Volunteers of all ages and walks of life, including people with young children and pets, are welcome. Foster families must attend club meetings and show they have a safe environment for the dog. Puppies cannot be left alone for extended periods.
"We're always recruiting new people who want to join the club and become puppy raisers or puppy sitters," said Sloane, adding that host families take their dogs to work or school and wherever else canines are permitted.
Puppy raisers pay for pet food and toys; vet bills are covered by Guide Dogs for the Blind.
Guide dogs work until they are about 10 years old. Then the owners can either keep the retired dog or place it with a family member. If they can't keep the animal, it will return to Guide Dogs for the Blind and be placed elsewhere.
"They will take back any dog at any time and make sure it's cared for through life," Garcia said.
Beneficiaries receive their guide dogs and training for free. The organization relies on private donations to care for its dogs and train the animals at two campuses, in San Rafael and in Boring, Ore.
For more information about training guide dogs, call (800) 295-4050 or visit www.guidedogs.com.


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If my wife and buy the Groupon, and want a full bottle of wine instead of just the two glasses, will the $22.00 value of the two glasses be deducted from the cost of the bottle?
asked on Dec 26, 2012
Very sorry for the delay! You would not be able to apply the $22 value toward a bottle of wine. However, you're welcome to substitute the glasses of wine for a mixed drink, beer, or soft drink, as long as each drink is $11 or less.
Brette V. from Groupon replied on Dec 28, 2012


text:
Apartment Features
- Air Conditioning
- Ceiling Fan(s)
- Dishwasher
- Elevator
- Hardwood Flooring
- Loft Layout
- Microwave
- New/Renovated Interior
- Some Paid Utilities
- Stainless Steel Appliances
- Refrigerator
Special Features
- Disability Access
- Pets
- Short Term Available
- Corporate Billing Available
Community Features
- Accepts Credit Card Payments
- Accepts Electronic Payments
- Emergency Maintenance
- Individual Leases
- Laundry Facility
- On Site Patrol
- Pet Friendly
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- Completely Renovated Interiors
- Hardwood Flooring and Tile
- Secured Fob Access
- Luxury Lofts
- One and Two-Bedroom
- Heat Included
- Proof of Renters Insurance Required
- Dogs Allowed
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- Pet Friendly! Renter's insurance required. Pets Accepted
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Prices and availability subject to change without notice.
Property Details
The Graystone
A six-story Italian Renaissance building constructed between 1894 and 1897. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the building is architecturally significant as one of the earliest examples of reinforced concrete technology in the construction of large-scale multi-story buildings in the United States.The redeveloped Graystone offers updated, contemporary designed and equipped units, all at affordable rental rates with heat included in the rental rates. With desirable, attractive living spaces and a close proximity to the many cultural and entertainment destinations of Downtown, this is a prime location to call home!
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Love the location and the building. Everything is kept very tidy!
The rooms are modern and updated, but the building still has that old charm. Hallways and the elevator are kept very clean. Having a laundry facility is very convenient! Only issue is parking options are not included.
The Graystone is a beautiful and elegant recently re-renovated building located in the heart of Allentown. It was once a hotel and has been restored beyond its former glory into a modern and elegant apartment building. There are so many restaurants and shops within walking distance, and there is a serene park to walk through right across the street. the inside of the building feels somewhat like a museum and the inside of the units are very minimalist and modern. I simply LOVE the Graystone.
Can't beat the maintenance and upkeep. Very responsive management team. The halls are always clean and EVERYTHING actually works in the building! Quiet, comfortable and luxurious feel without luxury pricing. Love it here!
Beautiful building, great service, great location.
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text:
Edited by Dynamic Dave on 11/01/2008 at 18:45
Tags: technical issues
How can I find out whether my 1.6 HDI C5 has a particulate filter? The VIN is VF7RE9HZC76757915.
Edited by Dynamic Dave on 05/03/2008 at 18:58
Was told it was the fuel pressure regulator; replaced this at cost of £300, as I had
to buy the common rail as well.
Edited by NVH on 26/03/2008 at 19:32
My 2001 2.2 hdi C5 is seriously down on power and frequently (every other journey) brings up the anti-pollution message and kills what little power it has left, have been advised by a French car specialist to change the map and the maf sensor, which I shall do when funds allow, my main query is does anybody know where the anti pollution ecu lives? When the car was plugged in they couldn't access the AP ecu to do a forced regeneration or reset the eolys level as the ecu has died. I now need to find the ecu to get the part number off but have no idea where to start looking!
Any help is much appreciated!!!!
Here we are...a few years later.
Faults fixed. car sold a year or so later with ca 100k on the clock.
Now running a facelifted C5 2.0 160model.
i have a c5 sx 2lt petrol version on a 02 plate
i had the same anti polution message and the engine light on and the service light on the rev counter on.
simply went to my friendly mechanic, who connected up the fault tester meter, but it found no faults
so went to service settings, set ignition key to setting 2 depressed the zero mile ometer button on the speed dial side for 10 seconds and re set service time till zero, ( service now due in 18000 miles time)
anti polution message cleared engine and service lights off !!!
Edited by bowjest on 24/06/2015 at 20:21
I'm assuming the car has been regularly serviced bowjest, and the service counter just wasn't reset last time?
i have a 02 plate C5 petrol , no warning messages, then suddenly got the antipollution thing up, engine and service lights on, went back to garage i bought it from, conected up their computer thing, it said ,,,no faults,,???
they re set cpu to factory default settings and it cleared the message.
then the same thing happened again about 3 months later, repeated above action and so far all is well
I don't think they're telling you the truth. First of all its the "BSI" or "ECU", neither of which you just "reset to factory default".
Secondly, they need the Lexia equipment to do this. If they did have this, I guarantee it would have picked up whatever caused the anti pollution fault, or reading live data would have highlighted where the fault was.
I've been diagnosing Peugeot and Citroens for a number of years now and never had "no faults" when anti pollution fault has appeared.
I wonder if they just did a BSI reset and hoped the problem didn't come back.
Best available rate 9.20%
Total repayment £9,304.93
Total cost of credit £1,804.93
60 monthly payments
Representative example
The Representative APR is 13.2% (fixed) so if you borrow £7,500 over 4 years at a rate of 13.2% p.a (fixed) you will repay £199.21 per month and repay £9562.20 in total.


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Our services
What makes our educational concept a successful one?
You want that your children get more than just a basic education?
The German high school Doberlug-Kirchhain stands for a unique curriculum with protestant values and has been critically evaluating the greatly standardised teaching approaches of public schools and has created a curriculum that seeks to develop the skill set of individuals since its foundation in 2005.
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Making a difference together
The success of the German Protestant High School rests upon the efforts of our students, parents, the protestant church and the social welfare work in our region. Our young, dynamic and motivated teaching staff prepares your child for the challenges of their young lives.
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The Protestant German High School is committed to maintain and develop international relations.In particular the language and intercultural competencies of your children will benefit from our international collaborations, student exchanges and events.
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Commerce is the backbone of the economy, which is why small business owners can now buy ad space on the back of the dime. Get even more business ideas with this Groupon.
Choose Between Two Options
- $10 for admission to the Seattle Business Tradeshow for two ($20 value)
- $15 for admission to the Seattle Business Tradeshow for four ($40 value)
Seattle Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce
More than 3.5 million people call Seattle home. And many of them are members of the Seattle Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce, though they might not know it yet. Founded in 1882, the organization represents about 2,200 local companies, and each one of their employees is automatically a member. Through initiatives that create jobs, improve the environment, and support the city, the Chamber helps prop up the local workforce. The team behind it also hosts special events such as forums and local trade shows that help business leaders network and their companies grow.
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Seattle, WA 98134Get Directions


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Carer and Toddler Group
The Group's activities take place in the Wesley Hall on Thursday mornings from 10.00 am to 11.45 am but only during school term times. The cost is £1.30 per family per morning and is for children up to play group age.
For more details contact the Rev David Briggs (0629 812195).


text:
Algebra 1
posted by Lorexi .
The attendance at a baseball game was 400 people. Student tickets cost $2 and adult tickets cost $3. ( Man those are some cheap tickets.) Total ticket sales were $1050. How many tickets of each type were sold?
DIRECTIONS- Write an equation to model this situation.
This was assigned for homework, and I DO NOT GET IT. AT ALL.
Plz help. Plz.