text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 21, 1997
|Filing date
|Jun 6, 1995
|Priority date
|Jun 6, 1995
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Toshiharu Nogi, Robert I. Bruetsch, George Saikalis
|Original Assignee
|Hitachi America, Ltd.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Non-Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (38), Classifications (24), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates in general to internal combustion engines, and more particularly to an apparatus and method for controlling the supply and ignition of compressible gaseous fuels in internal combustion engines.
The increase in atmospheric pollution generated by exhaust emissions from conventional gasoline and diesel powered internal combustion engines have caused both federal and state governments to enact laws and establish regulations which impose even greater restrictions on the performance of motor vehicles in the areas of exhaust gas emission and fuel economy. As a result, over the past several years the automotive industry has increased its interest in using alternative fuels to meet the governmental emission requirements and fuel economy standards (CAFE), and to reduce dependence on foreign oil. Alternative fuels being investigated for potential use in automotive vehicles include compressed natural gas (CNG), liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and the like.
Alternative fuels typically have less energy per unit volume than gasoline or diesel fuel. However, they are generally advantageous since gaseous fuels are cleaner burning fuels. Gaseous fuels generate less noxious emissions than gasoline and diesel fuels and are able to better meet the increasingly rigorous governmental regulations.
Great strides have been made in developing control systems and components for gaseous fuel engines to meet the current government requirements. But, despite recent developments and the advantages of gas as a cleaner burning fuel, the exhaust emissions of a gaseous fuel engine still contain an undesirable amount of non-methane hydrocarbons, dust particle components and unburned hydrocarbons (methane). Moreover, the noxious emissions from gaseous fuel engines must be further reduced from current levels to meet future exhaust emission regulations.
In order to minimize the noxious emissions of gaseous fuel engines to meet future requirements, it is necessary to maintain an optimized air/fuel mixture for such engines at or near a selected point, such as the stoichiometric or a lean burn point. However, it has been difficult to accurately control the air/fuel mixture in a gaseous fuel engine because heretofore, the fuel injection systems have not been able to provide sufficiently accurate metering and control.
A typical gaseous fuel injection systems includes a pressurized fuel storage tank, a pressure regulator for reducing the fuel from a relatively high storage pressure to a lower working pressure (about one atmosphere), a fuel metering valve for controlling the gas supply to the engine, an air/gas mixer at the engine air intake and an engine management system for overall control and proper engine operation. Problems occur due to the fact that the injection of gaseous fuel into the intake manifold of the engine, where it is mixed with air, is sensitive to variations in manifold pressure, gas temperature and gas pressure caused by engine operating and environmental conditions. Such variations require extensive control techniques in order to maintain the desired quantity of injected fuel over the wide range of engine operating conditions. In addition, the fuel flow rate, which is much higher than in a conventional gasoline engine, requires a metering valve to control the flow rate over a large range, reducing its accuracy. Finally, the mixing of gaseous fuel and air produces problems simply due to the inherent difficulty of gas to gas mixing.
For accurate fuel metering, a combination of a digital and analog valve has been proposed. However, this type of valve is inherently complicated and difficult to control, and expensive to produce. Moreover, movement within the digital valve (or the duty cycle injector connected thereto) affects gas flow sensing accuracy. Installing a fuel valve at each cylinder injector aids in accurate fuel metering since the fuel flow rate is decreased due to the fact that several valves (one at each cylinder injector) are used instead of the one valve at the throttle. However, because the injector and intake valve are close together, there isn't sufficient time to mix the air and fuel thoroughly.
Accordingly, what is needed is an improved gaseous fuel injection system that will reduce noxious exhaust emissions and increase fuel consumption by accurately controlling the supply and ignition of the air/fuel mixture.
It is, therefore, a principal object of the present invention to provide a gaseous fuel injection system in which the air/fuel mixture can be accurately controlled to provide for increased fuel economy and reduced exhaust emission through a leaner burn operation.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a gaseous fuel injection system in which the air/fuel mixture can be accurately controlled to provide for maximum torque during various operating conditions of the engine.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a gaseous fuel engine having increased fuel economy through a lighter weight, compact design fuel injection system.
It is still another object of the present invention to accomplish the above-stated objects by utilizing an apparatus which is simple in design and use, and economical to manufacture.
The foregoing objects and advantages of the invention are illustrative of those which can be achieved by the present invention and are not intended to be exhaustive or limiting of the possible advantages which can be realized. Thus, these and other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description herein or can be learned from practicing the invention, both as embodied herein or as modified in view of any variations which may be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the present invention resides in the novel methods, arrangements, combinations and improvements herein shown and described.
In accordance with these and other objects of the invention, a brief summary of the present invention is presented. Some simplifications and omissions may be made in the following summary, which is intended to highlight and introduce some aspects of the present invention, but not to limit its scope. Detailed descriptions of a preferred exemplary embodiment adequate to allow those of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the inventive concepts will follow in later sections.
According to a broad aspect of the invention, an apparatus and method for operating an internal combustion engine having an alternative fuel supply source is disclosed. An integrated premixture chamber is provided for mixing gaseous fuel and air for delivery to a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine through an air intake passageway such as an intake manifold. The integrated premixture chamber includes an air flow sensor disposed in the air intake passageway for detecting the amount of air moving through the air intake passageway; a gas flow sensor for detecting the amount of gaseous fuel supplied to the combustion chamber; a gas valve responsive to the gas flow sensor and having at least one outlet disposed in the air intake passageway downstream of the air flow sensor, for selectively controlling the amount of gaseous fuel supplied to the combustion chamber; a throttle valve, having a pivotally secured plate disposed in the air intake passageway downstream of the outlet of the gas valve, for regulating the quantity of fluid flow through the air intake passageway; a throttle position sensor responsive to varying positions in the throttle plate, for actuating the gas valve to provide gaseous fuel in response to the throttle plate position; and a processor for controlling the operation of the gas valve, the processor being responsive to at least the air flow sensor, the gas flow sensor and the throttle position sensor.
FIG. 1 is a perspective diagram illustrating a preferred embodiment of the present invention mounted in an internal combustion engine.
FIG. 2 is a perspective diagram of a cross-sectional view of a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 3a-3f are perspective diagrams of cross-sectional views of several embodiments gas flow sensor according to the present invention.
FIGS. 4a-4b are perspective diagrams of cross-sectional views of preferred embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a block form diagram of the control systems, according to the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a block form diagram of the operative arrangement of the components of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of the operation of a gas flow sensor, according to the present invention.
FIGS. 8a-8b are perspective diagrams of another embodiment of the present invention mounted in an internal combustion engine.
FIG. 9 is a graphical form diagram representative of the results achieved in accordance with the present invention.
FIGS. 10a-10b are perspective diagrams of yet another embodiment of the present invention mounted in an internal combustion engine.
FIG. 11 is a perspective diagram of another embodiment of a gas metering valve according to the present invention.
The present invention contemplates an improved gaseous fuel engine having an integrated premixture chamber in which the air/fuel mixture is accurately controlled to provide for a more leaner burn of the fuel to reduce noxious exhaust emissions and decrease fuel consumption.
It is to be understood that the present invention may be used with equal facility and advantage with various gaseous fuels such as CNG, LPG, propane or the like, and that the following description of a CNG fuel engine, related to but not forming part of the invention, is provided for illustrative purposes only.
Referring now to the drawings, wherein like numerals refer to like elements, there is disclosed in FIG. 1 broad aspects of a preferred embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 1, a CNG engine fuel control system having an integrated premixture chamber identified generally by reference numeral 1 in accordance with the present invention is shown. The CNG fuel engine is only shown partially because the internal details of the engine, except for its integrated premixture chamber 1 and related controls, does not form part of the invention. However, a portion of the CNG fuel engine is depicted for ease in understanding how the present invention may be practiced in conjunction with any known types of internal combustion engines. It also should be noted that the integrated premixture chamber 1 is not limited to use in reciprocating engines of the type depicted but may be also employed with rotary type engines. Additionally, the invention is described in conjunction with only a single cylinder of a multi-cylinder engine, as it is believed that those skilled in the art can readily understand how the invention is practiced in conjunction with multiple cylinder engines and engines of varying configurations.
The integrated premixture chamber 1 is installed in the intake passage of the CNG fuel engine. Air is introduced in series through an air cleaner 24, passed the turbines 26 of a turbocharger 27, through an intercooler 25, and into the integrated premixture chamber 1. At the integrated premixture chamber 1, CNG fuel is introduced through at least one and preferably a plurality of aperture outlets or orifices 7 for controlled mixing with the air. The gas/air mixture is driven passed the pivotal plate of a throttle valve 16 that provides selective flow to the engine's combustion chamber in predetermined quantities in response to the movement of the vehicle accelerator pedal, transmitted electronically or through suitable linkage to the throttle valve 16. In the case of an electronically linked accelerator, the operation of throttle valve 16 is controlled by a sub-control unit 32. Regardless of the type of accelerator linkage, information with respect to the position of the throttle valve 16 is input to the sub-control unit 32 via a throttle position sensing unit 20 of the type common in the industry. Although depicted in block form in FIG. 1, the sub-control unit 32 is preferably mounted on the integrated premixture chamber 1, in close proximity to the various sensors and components described herein.
As described in detail below, the sub-control unit 32 also oversees the operation of a gas shut off valve 13 and a gas metering valve 9. The sub-control unit 32, in turn, communicates with a main-control unit 33, regarding the control and operation of the integrated premixture chamber 1. The main-control unit 33 further provides engine feedback and control through the ignition of spark plug 28 mounted in the cylinder head, and through the continuous monitoring of a lambda (O2) exhaust sensor 29 mounted in the exhaust passage of the engine for detecting the amount of oxygen in the exhaust, a coolant temperature sensor 30 mounted on the side of the cylinder block, and a crank angle sensor (not shown for clarity), all using conventional sensor devices and methods understood by those skilled in the art.
The integrated premixture chamber 1 is in the fluid communication with the engine's combustion chamber such that the gas/air mixture passes an intake valve when opened into the combustion chamber for ignition. Exhaust gases are discharged out of the exhaust side of the combustion chamber through an exhaust valve into an exhaust passage that communicates with the turbocharger 27, and finally through a catalytic converter 31. The catalytic converter 31 includes a catalyst bed for oxidizing carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) while deoxidizing nitrous oxide (NOx), as is commonly practiced. The exhaust gases thus treated are then discharged into the atmosphere through an exhaust pipe and suitable exhaust and muffler system (not shown).
The components of the integrated premixture chamber 1 shown in FIG. 1 are best understood by referring to the chamber's 1 operative arrangement illustrated in detail in FIG. 2. As illustrated in FIG. 2, a preferred embodiment of the integrated premixture chamber 1 includes an axial lumen 19 having a generally circular opening therethrough and defined by intake manifold walls 18. The integrated premixture chamber 1 also includes a mass air flow sensor 6 located at the upstream (with respect to the flow of air, designated generally by the arrow A) end thereof. The mass air flow sensor 6 has connecting passageways 2 and 5, in which a hot wire 3 and a cold wire 4 are respectively located. The hot wire 3 and cold wire 4 may be physically the same, made from a suitable metal or alloy of metals, coated by glass. As is conventionally practiced in the art, the cold wire 4 is used to measure the intake air temperature. Conversely, the hot wire 3 is used in a thermal process to measure the air flow. The electrical power dissipated by the hot wire 3 resistance (i.e., the current), to maintain a constant temperature as the air flows passed, is proportional to the air mass flow rate. Accordingly, variations in the current in hot wire 3 are used to measure the mass air flow.
In the case when an optional turbo charger 27 is used with the CNG engine, variations of the intake air temperature are greatly increased, and the temperature of intake manifold wall is increased as well. Advantageously, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the passageways 2 and 5 of the mass air flow sensor 6 are separated from the intake manifold wall 18, so that the effect of air temperature variations on the accuracy of the mass air flow sensor 6 is minimized. The measured variations of the mass air flow sensor 6 are monitored by the sub-control unit 32.
Gaseous fuel is supplied to the integrated premixture chamber 1 from fuel supply tanks having a pressure regulator (not shown) via a preferably metal conduit into a shut-off valve 13 secured to the integrated premixture chamber 1, The shut-off valve 13 is a low pressure valve having a ball 14 mounted in a fuel passageway 15 that normally seats in a valve seat (not shown for clarity) to block the fuel flow through the passageway 15. The shut-off valve 13, which can be switched between open or closed positions, is controlled by the sub-control unit 32 to selectively permit the flow of fuel, such as when the vehicle's ignition is engaged.
The shut-off valve 13 communicates with a gas flow sensor 12, also secured to the integrated premixture chamber 1, for monitoring the flow of gaseous fuel. Turning briefly to FIG. 3, there is disclosed in detail several embodiments of the gas flow sensor 12. As illustrated in FIG. 3a, the gas flow sensor 12 may be constructed in the well known manner of providing a hot wire 52 and a cold wire 53. As practiced in the art, the current variation due to the power dissipated in keeping the hot wire 52 temperature constant is measured as a function of the mass flow of the gaseous fuel. This information is communicated to the sub-control unit 32.
FIG. 3b illustrates another embodiment of the gas flow sensor 12, in which the hot wire 52 and the cold wire 53 are located in a longitudinal lumen 56 defined by a housing indicated generally by the numeral 55. Gas flowing through the lumen 56 is restricted by the opening of a nozzle 54, so that the upper limit of the range of detection of the gas flow sensor 12 is not exceeded. By restricting the gas flow such that the upper limit of the sensor's 12 detection range is not reached, a greater accuracy of the flow measurement is achieved. As can be understood, the cross-sectional area of the lumen 56 will vary in accordance with the cross-section area of the main gas flow conduit 11, and the measurement range of the sensor 12 itself.
FIG. 3c discloses yet another embodiment of the gas flow sensor 12. This embodimemt is similar to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3b, and includes a nozzle 54 having a gradually expanding inner surface to reduce the turbulence of the gas in the lumen 56 and thereby provide for more accurate and consistent measurements.
FIGS. 3d-3f disclose additional embodiments of the gas flow sensor 12 that provide further reductions in the turbulence of gas in the lumen 56. FIGS. 3d-3f illustrate embodiments of gas flow sensor 12 similar to the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 3b and 3c, having, however, a nozzle 54 on the downstream side of housing 55 rather than the upstream side. By providing the nozzle 54 downstream of hot wire 52 and cold wire 53, gas flowing through the lumen 56 undergoes compression rather than expansion about the wires 52, 53. As can be appreciated by those skilled in the art, expansion of the gas causes turbulence whereas compression provides for more stability and therefore a more accurate measurement of the gas flow. Accordingly, the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 3d-3f provide for an improved accuracy in gas flow sensor 12, by having the nozzle 54 restriction downstream of the hot and cold wires 52, 53.
FIG. 3e discloses an embodiment of the gas flow sensor 12 having a nozzle in the downstream position, wherein the inner surfaces of the nozzle 54 are gradually decreased to further reduce gas turbulence.
FIG. 3f provides an embodiment of gas flow sensor 12 secured to conduit 11 by bolts 57 having therebelow O-rings (not shown for clarity), to provide for increased reliability and ease of replacement when necessary.
Due to the similarity of the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 3c-3f with that illustrated in FIG. 3b, further description of these embodiments is not believed to be necessary to understand the construction and operation of the gas flow sensor 12. Additionally, it should be understood that the gas flow sensor 12 of the present invention is not limited to the above-disclosed embodiments, and that any suitable fluid flow sensor or transducer may be employed which provides an output signal indicative of the fuel flow in the fuel delivery conduit 11.
Turning back to FIG. 2, the gas flow conduit of gas flow sensor 12 is in fluid communication with a gas metering valve 9. The gas metering valve 9 continuously varies the flow of gaseous fuel under the control of the sub-control unit 32, in accordance with engine speed, exhaust oxygen levels, the flow rate feedback provided by the gas flow sensor 12, and throttle position data provided by the throttle sensing unit 20. The metering valve 9 varies the fluid flow of the gaseous fuel to a passageway 10 using suitable means common to those skilled in the art. Passageway 10 communicates with the lumen 19 of the integrated premixture chamber 1 through at least one orifice 7, and preferably a plurality of orifices 7.
As illustrated in the preferred embodiment of the invention, the integrated premixture chamber 1 includes three orifices 7 located downstream of the mass air flow sensor 6. Here, CNG fuel, for example, is homogeneously mixed with the intake air. Because of the downstream location of orifices 7, the CNG fuel does not measurably affect the accuracy of the mass air flow sensor 6.
The integrated premixture chamber 1 further includes the throttle valve 16 positioned downstream of the orifices 7, and which is controlled remotely by linkage or electronically in response to accelerator pedal movement. The supply of intermixed gas and air to the engine's combustion chamber is regulated by the throttle valve 16, as is well known in the industry. The throttle position sensor 20, mounted on the integrated premixture chamber 1, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, provides throttle plate position information to the sub-control unit 32 to assist in the overall operation of the engine.
In FIG. 4a, the integrated premixture chamber 1 is shown alongside a cross-sectional view of the chamber 1 taken along the line AA. In the preferred embodiment disclosed, the orifices 7 contain a generally elliptical opening due to their somewhat tangential configuration with respect to the chamber's lumen 19. The orifices 7 are connected to passageway 10 by a generally circular passageway 8 that circumscribes the lumen 19 and provides fluid communication therebetween. As depicted by the darkened arrows shown in the cross-sectional view in FIG. 4a, this arrangement causes the gaseous fuel discharged from the orifices 7 to swirl about the lumen 19 during mixture with the air. The swirling flow during the gas-air intermix provides a positive turbulence that results in a more homogenous gas/air mixture and, as is well known, a more efficient combustion.
FIG. 4b discloses another embodiment of the present invention, in which the lumen 19 contains a diametrically restricted area 17 adjacent to the orifices 7. Due to the larger area downstream of the restriction 17, a venturi effect is created during the swirling mixture, as the gas and air are allowed to expand downstream of the restriction 17. The expansion of the gases causes further positive turbulence that aids in the homogenizing of the gas and air.
Turning now to FIG. 5, the elements of a preferred embodiment of the sub-control-unit 32 are diagramatically shown in block form. The sub-control unit 32 receives input signals from the mass air flow sensor 6, the gas flow sensor 12 and the throttle sensing unit 20. Optionally, electronic feedback of other sensors, for example, an accelerator pedal opening sensor, may also be provided to the sub-control unit 32.
The sub-control unit 32 includes an analog-to-digital converter 61 for receiving the above-described analog sensor signals and converting them into digital representations, as is well known in the art. These digital signals are communicated via a common bus to a central processing unit ("CPU") 62 for executing predetermined data processing, and to a memory 63 preferably consisting of read-only memory (ROM) for storing necessary data constants and programs to be executed by the CPU 62, and a random access memory (RAM) for storing data to be processed by the CPU 62 and to process results obtained during execution of the programs.
The results of the CPU's 62 processing are communicated via the common bus to output circuitry 65 for controlling, for example, the metering valve 9, the shutoff valve 13 and the throttle valve 16 (in the case of electronic control). The processing results are also communicated via the common bus to a communication port 64 for interfacing with the main control unit 33.
The main control unit 33, like the sub-control unit 32, includes an analog-to-digital converter 66, a CPU 67, memory 70, a communication port 68 and an output circuit 69. The functions of these components are similar to the functions performed by the identically designated components of the sub-control unit 32, and therefore do not require additional discussion. Noticeably, the main-controller 33 receives input signals from, inter alia, the lambda (O2) sensor 29, the coolant temperature sensor 30, and the crank angle sensor. These signals are processed by the main-controller 33 and may be communicated to the sub-control unit 32 during overall engine operation. As can be appreciated, various other ambient or engine conditions may be supplied to the sub-control unit 32, the main-control unit 33, or any combination of both for overall general operation of the engine, without departing from the scope of the invention.
In addition, the sub-control unit 32 and main-control unit 33 contemplated by the present invention may be implemented programmatically or by direct electrical connection through customized integrated circuits, or a combination of both, using any of the methods known in the industry for providing the functions described above without departing from the teachings of the invention. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that from the disclosure of the invention provided herein, commercial semiconductor integrated circuit technology would suggest numerous alternatives for actual implementation of the functions of the sub-control unit 32 and main-control unit 33 that would still be within the scope of the invention.
Turning now to FIG. 6, the operative control of a preferred embodiment of the invention is shown in block diagram form. Beginning at the top, data from an engine speed sensor 72, such as a tachometer, and data representative of the accelerator pedal opening are combined to calculate the engine torque demand and create a corresponding throttle opening map 70. From the throttle opening map 70, a throttle opening target is communicated to the throttle valve 16 to meet the torque demand of the engine. The opening of the throttle valve 16 is based on the opening map 70 and feedback of the throttle plate position from the throttle sensing unit 20. As a result of the throttle valve opening, air is introduced through the intake manifold 74 to the integrated premixture chamber 1 to be combined with the gaseous fuel for delivery to the CNG engine.
For the delivery of fuel, air flow data is provided by mass air flow sensor 6 along with engine speed data (from the engine speed sensor 72) to create a lambda map 77, as is currently practiced in the art. Lambda is a ratio of fuel-air measurements used to determine the fuel needs of the engine. Lambda map target values are calculated according to the following formula:
lambda=air-fuel ratio/stoichiometric air-fuel ratio
The lambda target established by the lambda map 77 is combined with air flow data and feedback oxygen levels from the lambda (O2) sensor 29 to calculate a gas flow rate 78 for metering valve 9. Data from the gas flow sensor 12 is used to maintain the predetermined gas flow rate to the metering valve 9. From the metering valve 9, gas is delivered to the integrated premixture chamber 1 to create the gas/air mixture for engine combustion.
FIG. 7 illustrates the process control for gas flow sensor 12. Initially, the shutoff valve 13 is maintained in a closed position, blocking fuel flow from fuel source tanks (step 90). The gas tank pressure (P tank) is read, and if the pressure is within a predetermined high-low range, PL -PH, the shut-off valve 13 is opened (steps 91-92, 94). Of course, if the tank pressure is not within an acceptable, predetermined range, the shutoff valve 13 remains closed (step 93).
After the shut-off valve 13 is opened, the gas flow sensor 12 generates a gas flow signal Sg, which is a function of the pressure of the gas passing through the gas flow sensor 12 (steps 94-95). This signal is dependant upon the gas pressure during low or no flow conditions. At this point, the gas metering valve 9 reamains closed. If the gas pressure Pg is within an acceptable, predetermined high-low range, PSL -PSH, then the gas metering valve 9 is opened, and a fuel control start operation using the gas flow sensor signal for feedback proceeds (steps 96-98). If the gas pressure Pg is not within the PSL -PSH range, the fuel control start proceeds without the gas flow sensor signal as feedback. Instead, the fuel flow rate employs, for example, the air flow rate and feedback from the lambda (O2) sensor 29 to control the gas flow (steps 99-100).
FIGS. 8 and 10 illustrate additional embodiments of the present invention, which are generally the same as the above described embodiments and, for that reason, components of these embodiments which are the same as previously described embodiments have been identified by the same reference numerals and will not be described again, except insofar as it is necessary to understand the construction and operation of these embodiments.
In FIG. 8, a preferred embodiment of the integrated premixture chamber 1 is shown having an air bypass valve 34 to provide for a leaner burner mixture when desired. In conventional internal combustion engines, fuel and air are homogeneously mixed before delivery to the engine. A known method to expand the lean burn limit of the fuel/air mixture is to provide a richer mixture near the spark plug 28 gap itself. The present invention provides for the expansion of the lean burn limit of the gas/air mixture by employing the air bypass valve 34 having an intake port in communication with the lumen 19 upstream from gas/air mixing (designated generally by the numeral 37), and an output port 35 having a distal end located in close proximity to the intake valve.
During a lean burn operation, the air bypass valve 34 is opened and air is delivered to the area about the intake valve, designated generally by the reference numeral 36. When the intake valve is closed, the air accumulates near the intake valve. When the intake valve is then opened, air enters first, and then the gas/air mixture, resulting in a stratified mix having a richer mixture near the spark plug 28 and a leaner mixture in the lower part of the cylinder. Hence, as is well known, the lean burn limit is expanded.
FIG. 9 graphically depicts the results of the stratified charge created by the embodiment disclosed in FIG. 8. As can be seen, the lean burn limit due to the instability of engine torque fluctuation is expanded when the mixture is less homogenous and more stratified.
Referring now to FIG. 10, another embodiment of the present invention is shown. In this embodiment, an integrated premixture chamber 1 is shown having a 3-way gas metering valve 9 for achieving a stratified charge. In this embodiment, the gas metering valve is a 3-way valve 9 having an intake conduit 40, typically made of metal, and in communication with the gas flow sensor 12 (not shown in this figure). The 3-way metering valve 9 also includes a first discharge conduit 39 for discharging gas into the area upstream of the throttle valve 16 for mixing with air, and a second discharge conduit 38 for discharging gas downstream of the throttle valve 16 into the area near the intake valve.
In a situation in which the fuel flow into the integrated premixture chamber 1 is low, as when the load on the CNG engine is low, it is desirable to expand the lean burn limit by the creation of a stratified charge. According to the present invention, gas may be discharged from the distal end of discharge conduit 38 after gas is discharged through conduit 39 where it is mixed with the air. In this manner, because of the non-homogeneous nature of the gas and air in the integrated premixture chamber 1, a stratified charge is achieved in the combustion chamber with a richer mixture following a leaner mixture into the chamber. Alternatively, under normal engine load when the fuel flow rate is high, gas may be supplied simultaneously through both conduits 38 and 39, resulting in a more homogeneous mixture (as shown in FIG. 10b).
FIG. 11 illustrates in detail the 3-way metering valve 9 of a preferred embodiment on the invention. As described above, the 3-way metering valve 9 includes intake conduit 40, and first and second discharge conduits 39 and 38. The 3-way metering valve 9 further includes a solenoid coil 41 surrounding an actuator 47, a longitudinal arm 45 connecting the actuator 47 to a first valve 42 and a second valve 43. The valves 42 and 43 are biased in a closed position against valve seats 48, 49 respectively by a spring 44.
When the coil 41 is energized, the actuator 47 causes arm 45 to move the right as viewed in FIG. 11. This causes valve 42 to open first, opening the communication between conduit 40 and conduit 39, and allowing the gas to discharge into the upstream portion of the integrated premixture chamber 1. If further energy is supplied to the coil 41, arm 45 is further displaced, causing valve 43 to fully separate from contact with the valve seat 49, thereby permitting fluid flow between conduit 40 and conduit 39. Thus, as can be understood, more gas is delivered to the integrated premixture chamber 1 to extend the lean burn limit as needed.
From the foregoing descriptions of the various features of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, it can be appreciated that a compact, integrated premixture chamber for accurately controlling the mixture of gaseous fuel and air can be provided for more efficient and responsive engine control and fuel combustion under different operating conditions, thereby achieving high fuel efficiency and a reduction in noxious exhaust emission.
Although the present invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it should be understood that the invention is capable of other and different embodiments, and its details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects. As is readily apparent to those skilled in the art, variations and modifications can be affected while remaining within the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the foregoing disclosure, description, and figures are for illustrative purposes only, and do not in any way limit the invention, which is defined only by the claims.
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|Oct 1, 2002
|Cummins Engine Company, Inc.
|Internal combustion engine with air/fuel ratio control
|Oct 16, 2000
|May 27, 2003
|Hitachi America, Ltd.
|Hot wire gas flow sensor
|Feb 26, 1999
|Jun 3, 2003
|Pierburg Gmbh
|Measuring instrument with rectangular flow channel and sensors for measuring the mass of a flowing medium
|Apr 11, 2001
|Sep 2, 2003
|Denso Corporation
|Air flow meter having turbulence reduction member
|Feb 16, 2001
|Sep 16, 2003
|Enginuity, Llc
|Gas flow sensor and high pressure gaseous fuel injection system
|Feb 26, 2003
|Oct 5, 2004
|Ckd Corporation
|Thermal flow sensor
|Dec 22, 2003
|Mar 15, 2005
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Device for measuring the mass of air flowing inside a line
|Feb 3, 2004
|May 23, 2006
|General Electric Company
|Diesel engine control system with optimized fuel delivery
|Aug 21, 2007
|May 10, 2011
|Nmhg Oregon, Llc
|Low fuel warning systems for a motorized vehicle
|May 30, 2007
|Dec 6, 2011
|Komatsu Ltd.
|Apparatus for detecting properties of fuel for working machine
|Jun 10, 2010
|Aug 13, 2013
|Zodiac Pool Care Europe
|Devices for treating, sensing, or otherwise acting upon fluid
|Mar 29, 2011
|Apr 7, 2015
|Nmhg Oregon, Llc
|Auxiliary fuel tank
|Mar 17, 2010
|Dec 8, 2015
|Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha
|Control apparatus for internal combustion engine
|Dec 2, 2013
|Jul 12, 2016
|Sensus Spectrum Llc
|Measurement apparatus for measuring the throughflow of a fluid
|Dec 22, 2003
|Jul 15, 2004
|Stefan Pesahl
|Device for measuring the mass of air flowing inside a line
|Feb 26, 2003
|Aug 26, 2004
|Ckd Corporation
|Thermal flow sensor
|Feb 3, 2004
|Aug 4, 2005
|Paul Flynn
|Diesel engine control system with optimized fuel delivery
|Dec 12, 2007
|Nov 13, 2008
|Nikki Co., Ltd.
|Throttle apparatus having electronic control means built-in
|Mar 28, 2008
|Oct 1, 2009
|Cummins, Inc.
|Mass air flow sensor adaptor
|May 30, 2007
|Dec 10, 2009
|Komatsu Ltd.
|Apparatus for detecting propreties of fuel for working machine
|Jun 10, 2010
|Dec 16, 2010
|Raymond Albert Hin
|Devices for treating, sensing, or otherwise acting upon fluid
|Mar 29, 2011
|Sep 22, 2011
|Nmhg Oregon, Llc
|Auxiliary fuel tank
|Mar 17, 2010
|Apr 12, 2012
|Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha
|Control apparatus for internal combustion engine
|Dec 2, 2013
|Mar 27, 2014
|Sensus Spectrum Llc
|Measurement apparatus for measuring the throughflow of a fluid
|Sep 12, 2012
|May 20, 2015
|Gas mixer for internal combustion engines
|Oct 11, 2005
|Feb 15, 2007
|Ebinger, G�nther
|Vehicle diesel engine control system changes fuel injected into inlet air by changing part flow over air mass sensor
|Jun 1, 2011
|Dec 6, 2012
|Sensus Spectrum Llc
|Messvorrichtung zur Messung des Durchflusses eines Fluids
|Jun 3, 2011
|Mar 1, 2012
|Festo Ag & Co. Kg
|Flow measuring device for measuring airflow in air suction pipe of vehicle, has measuring channel comprising throttle operative constriction that is formed upstream or downstream of measuring section in flow direction of fluid
|Feb 22, 2001
|Apr 3, 2002
|DEUTZ Aktiengesellschaft
|Mixing device for spark ignited gas engines
|U.S. Classification
|123/494, 73/204.27, 123/527, 73/204.21
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 21, 2000
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 24, 2004
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 18, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
January is here and as we see 2015 come to an end, have any of you said: "I should have...", "I could have...", "I would have...", or "If I had only known."? We hear this all the time... download the January 2016 Newsletter, below, to read more about how you can have a "Your Wishes - Your Way" New Year!
As the year comes to a close and we all begin to wonder how it is possible another year has passed, there is still information that you need to know to ensure a successful start to the new year. Download the December 2015 Newsletter, below, and end 2015 with your eyes on 2016.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Lyrics.com »
Search results for 'by ough live dvd album new kids on the block'
Yee yee! We've found 10 lyrics, 100 artists, and 100 albums matching by ough live dvd album new kids on the block.
New Kids on the Block · Radiohead/album/album · The New 2 Live Crew · Scary Kids Scaring Kids · The Bluegrass Album Band · My Christmas Album · The Album Leaf · John Legend/album · Twenty One Pilots/album · Smash Mouth/album – and 90 other artists »
Kids Hits Boom Box: Jazz for Kids/Country for Kids/World for Kids/Reggae for Kids/Class (Hutchinson, Hutch) · D'Ough (Unladylike) · Drew's Famous Kids Rule: By Kids for Kids/Kids Rule (Hutchinson, Hutch) · Jordan Knight Performs New Kids on the Block - The Remix Album (Jordan Knight) · Voices: The Journey From the Auction Block To the 1600 Block of Pennsylvania Avenue (Hutchinson, Hutch) · Block After Block (Matt & Kim) · New Kids on the Block (New Kids on the Block) · Drew's Famous Kids Party Hits: Kids Sports Party/What Kids Really Want (Hutchinson, Hutch) · New Kid on the Block (Stinkaboo) · Wonder Kids: Kids Christmas Sing-A-Longs (Wonder Kids Choir) – and 90 other albums »
[Hook] You hear a lot of music, but it's boring You hear a lot of flows, but don't enjoy 'em You hear a lot of albums, and you snoring But
Smash down Lennox, head up to the 'View Some reporter wanna holla and I said it was cool Wanna know about the album and the Enemy's new How P.E.
damn well, we are some partying mothafuckas Tired of these rappers, tired of these jackers Tired of these dances by these fucking backpackers
all bought my new album I know everybody in Brooklyn bought it Everybody in Jersey bought it Everybody in uptown bought it Eveerybody in
Old school, new school, need to learn though I burn baby burn like disco inferno Old school, new school, need to learn though I burn baby burn like
all bought my new album I know everybody in Brooklyn bought it Everybody in Jersey bought it Everybody in uptown bought it Eveerybody in
Three passports, Three first class tickets to the money Straight flights I live by the cold war Drove from round the globe All I need is
[thug] I told you this fuckin guy man Yo man, yo be, this is my fuckin block, get the fuck off [Keith] Shut the fuck up You never had a fuckin green
on the album Yeah, shit's so surreal Labels in the States tryna close a deal New kids on the block, we the new wave This good music got me two chains I say
labels only props they get is in Saturday Night Live skits Then off buildings for tryin to diss me this and that Kidnapped they kids like I was starrin' in


text:
Well, not really but I've always had a flair for the dramatics :-)
Every Sunday, kicking and screaming, I help Kyle clean the house. I generally get stuck in one room for hours, while he does the rest... I rock. Anyway, yesterday, we had a little helper. She was awesome at dusting! She didn't even knock EVERYTHING over while "helping," either. And by didn't, I mean she did. EVERYTHING. But gosh darn, it was cute :-)
I hope everyone had a loverly weekend. We sure did!
We got to hang out with our favs, Brent & Megan a couple times, which is always enjoyable! They are moving into Brent's grandmother's house right now, which is just down the street from us! WEEEEE SO HAPPY.
Last night we had some friends over for burgers. It was oh so fun. I had one to many Pimms, and kinda don't feel so awesome today. Good thing the midgets are being extra adorable :-)


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To Heart ~Remember my Memories~
I love the To Heart anime. I love that anime so much, that I really wished nothing will get wrong about the new series which is called To Heart ~Remember my Memories~.
Alas, I was wrong.
Being an anime-only fan of To Heart, I can already expect that I may not deserve to say bad things about To Heart ~Remember my Memories~ (hereby named as To Heart R for clarity), clearly because I haven't even played the entire game nor understood it fully. For the bishoujo game players, To Heart R is a big treat. They get to see the new stories that happen after the original game. To Heart R is not a direct sequel of To Heart, and because of this, I am trying hard to separate them.
Technically, it's an absolute shame. The art and animation levels are more of a stock market from the first 2/3 of this series. Sometimes good, sometimes horrible. I know that the producers of this anime are trying to make an accurate art rendition of To Heart using the original game's character designs, and that's fine with me. However, the massive and radical differences of the designs between each episode really make me sick. The same character in ep. 1 may not ever look the same in other episodes. Thankfully, the latter part of the series have gotten it right, which makes you wonder why they didn't do it that way from the first time through. Yup, even before Mahou Sensei Negima, anime like To Heart R is already suffering from varying sakuga levels.
The story is, for me, something up for debate. On one hand, it was nice that they had a full forward story approach, as opposed to the filler-ish nature of the first series. On the other hand, one can argue that the series has been too focused on Multi. Multi's plotlines run deep through every single episode of To Heart R, in that you may think they are really leaving Akari behind, despite her being the main girl. For fans of the iconic HMX-12 robot, To Heart R is a dream come true. For non-fans of Multi, To Heart R became too unfair to the other characters.
The biggest complaint I had with To Heart R is of one character itself, and that's Hiroyuki. This is really the biggest disappointment that made me want to ask if his attitude is really that way in the original game. To Heart R's Hiroyuki is the most insensitive, indecisive, and inconsistent bishoujo male lead I've ever seen. It's an extreme reverse to To Heart's Hiroyuki, the bored but kind male lead. There is a reason for the girls to love Hiroyuki of the original To Heart, because he is really kind and helpful to all of them. To Heart R's Hiroyuki, yea sure he's kind too, but I really can't see it that way. For one, his "cruelty level" to a person is proportional to how close the person is to him. It means that he is somewhat mean to Masashi and Shiho, and to the worst extent, he is really mean to Akari. He is also hot-headed, and shouts a lot, especially when things don't go his way. He is impolite to the elders he talks to throughout this series.
I really wonder how the To Heart R Hiroyuki made 3 girls in love with him. Yes folks, 3 people confessed to him in this series, as opposed to 0 in the first. And I really hate how he handled their broken hearts. We all know Akari is the main girl, and Hiroyuki is destined to be with Akari. But those 2 other poor girls got the no answer while Hiroyuki is still confused about his priorities, and Akari is being jealous. Therefore, the 2 busted girls didn't have the chance to to make themselves worthy of Hiroyuki's affection at all.
I want to say something good this time about To Heart R. Well, the OP and ED are really good. The OP reminds me of classic bishoujo game music, while the ED is a new rendition of a popular To Heart song. There are also multiple cameos of characters from the new bishoujo game To Heart 2, which I liked very much. The voice cast is almost the same as the first series, which is one of the best ingredient of this anime. Back in 1999, many of those seiyuu are already relatively popular. In 2004, the same seiyuu cast made To Heart R one of the most spectacular lineup of voice talents in recent history. I never thought I could see Yui Horie and Ayako Kawasumi together in an anime again.
I really want to say many more things about To Heart R, but you may be bored about this absolutely biased rant. Sorry that I am biased towards the original To Heart anime, but that's my true and honest opinion. To Heart R is actually an ok anime, but because of so many reasons, I can't find myself to liking it.
Posted By: MaxClowReed On: November 17, 2005 At: 12:43 am
In my opinion, this anime is not bad, but for the fans of the original series (As you or me) this is a very bad fool, OK, they rescue a part of the original designs of leaf (exept in opposite of KSS, THR Works don't respect that all girls have rounded faces and details like that), the draw quality (Unlikely for me) is very low (Except for Akari-chan, she always look great).
The trama is not a continuation exactly to the anime or the game, details like Multi no return after the test in the school (In the game she returned after she fails the test, in the anime, also, she is invited to the christmas party of Shiho)
One of the most resqueliable things on this anime for mi is the cameos an conection with other characters of other games from Leaf/Aquaplus, like Mizuho Aihara, Yuuzuke Nagase and Kanako Oota from Shizuku (Feel has the appareance of Kanako before she was mad and cut their own Face) or the Himeyuri Twins from To Heart 2 as you mentioned; other thing is that the Story was more dramatic (How bad, there is no all Happy more) and implict Technical Details of Multi.
Really I was espected so much for this anime, and since i was a big Otaku from To Heart, this not make me very Happy, but is good, shortly surprass my aprobation level.
Posted By: Some Guy On: April 22, 2006 At: 5:09 pm
I agree with you man. The only good side about this to heart is that it's more dramtic than the first BUT im so annoyed on how hiro keeps on shouting multi and stuff. Jeez he acts like an obsessed kid here.
Posted By: YouWha?! On: August 18, 2007 At: 10:27 am
Yeah it is a major disappointment for me too but I thought that the story was better though, because it actually showed developement of Hiro and Akari.
Although I was happy about this, I was quite pissed that Hiroyuki started carring about Multi more than Akari. I mean honestly, Multi was only there for a month or so and for some reason he cant forget her but the memories of Akari and Akari herself, he could easily forget in a split second. To be honest with you guys and although this is a bit of a spoiler to some of you guys though I doubt you actually care but I thought Akari should have accepted Masashi's feelings. I mean I feel sorry for the guy. Besides the 5 min screen time he has in the show, his feelings were true. And he was always there for her. Problem is Akari(much like Harima Kenji for those who watch School Rumble) only see one person as there true love and has eyes only for that person. Pretty Stupid I know but this is a trait for most people.
After Masashi's confession to Akari I thought finally some other guy confessed to Akari and not another girl confessing to the jerk-wad Hiroyuki. (I used to think he was quite cool but that ended after To Heart- the original).
Especially when Shio showed the Picture of Masashi changing after practice to Akari and the whole scene about Akari being mistaken for Masashi's girlfriend and Masashi denying it and stating that she was only a child hood friend for the sake of Hiroyuki (the kind person Masashi is), I thought that Masashi should end up with Akari instead of Hiroyuki.
Too bad though although I already knew Akari was ment for Hiroyuki.
I really thought that if there was some sort of twist and Akari would be ending up with Masashi instead, and then dumping Hiroyuki's butt when he finally confesses and telling him to go date the Maid Robot that he cared sooo much about instead of her.
Then Akari and Masashi would live happily ever after as well as the other friends, While Hiroyuki thinking as well as regreting that he shouldnt have done what he did and should have returned Akari's feelings instead of being all lovu-lovu with the robot who keeps on getting viruses and getting shut down.And seeing Masashi and Akari as well as the others enjoying their succesful lives unlike him researching how to bring his junk of a robot (Multi) back to life for only a couple of days until it short circuits and blanks out, deleting every memory of him again like last time. And Finally saying that" I shouldn't have been a whiny complexed idiot who only cared for a robot that wasnt ment to live for a long time."
If that was the ending I would have been so happy and I would be like TO HEART REMEMBER MY MEMORIES KICKS MAJOR A$$!!!!
Also It'd be nice if the ending credits would be the wedding of Akari and Masashi!!!
Dont get me wrong people I DID love Hiroyuki and Akari being together in TO HEART not TO HEART-R.
Like I said before I loved Hiro and Akari in To heart not in To heart-R.
In To heart-R I would rather Akari and Masashi be together.
Masashi's alot better than Hiroyuki in To heart-R.
At least he was always there for Akari and Hiroyuki just abondoned
Akari until the last episodes where he finds that Multi was gonna shut down so he changed right away so he wouldnt be alone and used Akari.
Damn that guy…. I hate him soo much
To me Akari and Masashi is the major couple of To heart-R not Hiroyuki!
I'll always remember you Masashi T-T….


text:
We offer English horseback riding summer camps to ages 6-18 with an emphasis on Eventing. Our camps go over the importance of the relationship between the horse and rider. Students will build a strong foundation for riding and horse care in a safe environment while having fun! We welcome beginners through advanced riders, as students will be broken up into groups according to their skill and experience level.
A typical week of summer camp will include:
- Group riding lessons
- Horse management lessons
- Horse care lessons
- Quiz games
- Games on horses
- Crafts
- Nature hikes and more!
What kind of skills will you learn at camp?
- How to approach and handle a horse safely
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- Grooming
- Tacking up
- Braiding
- Dressage, Cross-country, and Show Jumping (for advanced riders)
- Veterinarian care
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GR Advanced Camp
Intended for ages 10 and up, our advanced camp is tailored for those who are able to walk, trot, canter and jump at least 18". This camp will be geared towards the three phases of eventing and preparing for an actual 3 phase show. On Friday the campers will be taken to a local farm to do some cross country jump schooling, then spend the night near the farm. The campers will then compete in a 3-phase schooling show on Saturday. Please inquire about Pricing for this camp.
Registration Information
Please download the forms needed for registration here: Download forms
After you have downloaded the forms, please fill them out and send them to Sarah at firstname.lastname@example.com
Camp Information
Hours: 8am - 1pm
What your camper needs to bring:
- Lunch (except for Friday)
- Long pants
- Boots or closed-toe shoes
- Change of clothes
- Lots of water
All Levels: June 19-23, July 10-14
Advanced Camp: July 17-22
- 1 week of regular camp: $350
- 1 day of regular camp: $70
- 1 week of advanced camp: TBD
50% deposit is required to register


text:
Hi @NickJonas! Thx for stopping by wild949 today with airchino & @selenaonair =) @ Wild 949 instagram.com/p/tV-j4Uqe7A/
I got $20 on Jeremy Meeks' books though... Top Ramen and chips for you boo!
They shaded James Avery & Cory Monteith. They were actors, regardless if they were known for TV they should have been mentioned #Oscars2014


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Miss Freeport Pageants 2015
The annual Miss Freeport Pageants will be held on March 7, 2015, at the Freeport High School Auditorium, sign ups for the pageants will be held on February 7th at the Blount House from 10:00am- 2:00 pm. .Little Miss, Junior Miss, Young Miss, Jr. Teen Miss, Teen Miss and Miss Freeport will be selected. The Little Miss and Miss are preliminaries to the Miss National Peanut Festival Pageant in Dothan and all of the other winners are a preliminary to the Miss Northwest Florida Pageant. Mark your calendars, sign up and come and join the excitement as we select new ambassadors for our city.


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Relationships, Engagements, and Weddings – Say "I Don't" to Debt
Between 40% and 50% of divorces happen because of money-related issues depending on what survey you read. Do we really need any more proof that this personal finance thing is important?
$32,358 Average wedding cost Wedding Bells Magazine
Average bride thinks engagement ring should 4K, still need wedding bands there too buddy
Pre Nup? Breaking off? Common law?
Cohabitation Agreements and Living Together Common Law
The Cost of Canadian Weddings Today
How to Ask for Money Instead of Gifts Tactfully
Joint or Personal Accounts for Couples?
Would You Buy an Engagement Ring on Amazon?
Alternatives to Diamond Engagement Rings
How to Split the Costs of Dating
Eloping vs a Destination Wedding
The Cost of Destination Weddings vs Traditional Weddings
How Much is That Wedding in The Window?
How to Split Finances With Your Partner
The topic of how to split finances with your significant other has been discussed many times before by other personal finance bloggers and also by myself. There are different ways to split household expenses and one way might work well for one couple and another way...read more
Destination Wedding or Stay at Home Wedding: Which are We Choosing
So much has happened in the past six years since I started this blog! I can't believe I have the great fortune to be able to make this decision (finally). Although it didn't turn out to be with who I thought it would be (life always throws you a curve ball right) I...read more
Why Buying a Diamond Engagement Ring Online Is a Good Option
Everything is done online these days. Banking. Dating. Shopping. So why not consider buying an engagement ring online? Earlier last year, my amazing boyfriend suggested that we go shopping for engagement rings together. I admittedly felt a little shy about doing...read more
Tips on Buying an Engagement Ring Online in Canada
More and more people are purchasing their engagement rings online. Despite the poor USD to CAD exchange rate, many people are purchasing their engagement rings online. If you have USD exchanged already this may be an even better option for you than a traditional...read more
Why You May or May not Want a Marriage Agreement/ Prenuptual in Canada
There seems to be such a stigma when people talk about prenuptial agreements or marriage agreements. When I talk about it to people, there are usually mixed emotions, ranging from disgust, anger, and sadness. Perhaps it is because when you are going forward with a...read more
Have the Money Talk Before the Marriage Talk
More and more of my friends are tying the knot and as an individual with an interest in personal finance, I think it is important to reinforce that everyone should have the money talk before the marriage talk. Because marriage and joining your life together is a...read more
ZQuiet Snore Guard Review
People are usually surprised to hear that I snore like a freight train but I do. It's actually a pretty bad problem. My ex used to kick me out of the room to the second bedroom because I snored so badly (which is why he is now an ex I suppose!). When I go traveling...read more
Why I Love my Boyfriend
I know that some people hate when I write about personal stuff on this blog and others like it because it's a little bit of voyeurism into other people's lives (which you have to admit, is interesting for many). For those who are new to reading Y&T.ca, I've been...read more
Why Spoiling Your Children Might Backfire
This post is inspired by a powerful and poignant Lifehack article on What do Warren Buffett and Bill Gates have in Common? Their Kids Aren't Rich. In that article, the author talks about how Warren Buffett and Bill Gates are both billionaires many times over, and...read more
10 Financial Tips For Newlyweds
I recently had my wedding at the end of January and there has been no shortage of people offering me advice on how to have a successful marriage. I didn't realise this, but apparently every couple thinks that their relationship is the best in the world, and that many...read more


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Julia Braverman, PhD is a lead researcher for patient-centered studies, focusing on patient satisfaction, treatment preference, clinical trial optimization and PRO measures developing and validation.
From a clinical standpoint, evidence suggests that patient reporting can improve communication, satisfaction and symptom management. PROs can increase patient engagement and may even improve patient experience and outcomes of care. Payers are interested in including PROs in cost-effectiveness research for making reimbursement decisions and reducing the overall cost of care.
Despite these benefits, PROs remain misunderstood and underutilized. Building trust among key stakeholders is essential for PROs to be implemented in everyday practice. In this article, published in The Journal of Clinical Pathways, the Cardinal Health team describes factors that will help to build trust and incorporate various interests to drive adoption of PROs for delivering patient-centered care.
Make informed decisions with evidence-based HEOR studies in oncology, rheumatology and other specialty therapeutic areas.
Learn more
Your portal to valuable resources designed to help maximize profitability and optimize efficiency.
VitalSource™ GPO is a consultative partner who delivers meaningful solutions to make your business more successful.
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text:
About this Business
- HoursSun-Sat9:00 AM - 9:00 PM
From Our Editors
Inflated structures, slides, and games fill the climate-controlled environment of the numerous Bounce U locations that speckle the nation. At each site, staff members closely monitor all activities as little ones traverse obstacle courses such as the spider climb or duke it out in the gun alley. The crew also invites parents to join in on the fun, letting them bounce alongside their kids or make sweeping edicts from atop a bouncy-castle throne. In addition to open sessions, the indoor-play haven sets the stage for the Preschool Playdate program, where instructors lead games and activities. Special events include family-bounce night, which lets parents join in the bouncing or relax in the party room.


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Calls for Papers, website downtime, and other important information will be catalogued here.
This is the place to introduce yourself and get to know the people that are using Ellipsis.... One of the major goals of Ellipsis... is to create a community of peers, mentors, and like minded researchers. Please try not to clutter this forum.
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Got a question, suggestion, or thought on the Journal? We prefer it be emailed to us at email@example.com, but if you feel it is something worth discussing, post here. We would love to hear what you are thinking.


text:
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|7 nights
Tourouzelle is a great location to enjoy the Languedoc Roussillon region and all it has to offer. The village is set in the Minervois, and offers easy access to lots of activities, from the beaches, sightseeing, shopping, wine tasting, eating, walking or boating on the Canal du Midi. The house is located in a quiet spot in the heart of Tourouzelle, a characteristic French village 'in the round' and it is a short walk through the centre of the old village, 200m, to the shop and the post office. Home to three excellent wine domains, a wine co-operative and an apple farm, Tourouzelle is ideally suited for all types of holidays. The Canal du Midi is 5 minutes away, passing through the centre of Homps, La Redorte and Argens Minervois, with places to hire a boat. Alternatively, just stroll along the shaded tree-line, tow-path and stop at any one of many water side restaurants for lunch.
Alison and I are both professional people working in London and offer our house in the south of France as an ideal place to stay on your holiday.
It is our intention to retire within the next few years and this will become our prime home in the sun. We have carefully renovated the house and finished it so it can be easily be used by either a large family or a group of friends.
The house is managed locally on a day by day basis through one of our friends who will be on hand when you arrive and able to assist if any issues arise during your stay. We are sure you will enjoy our house as much as we do on our all too infrequent escapes to the sun.
Martin Searle purchased this house in 2010
We spent nearly a year looking for our perfect house and finally found our ideal house in Tourouzelle and have spent 8 months having it renovated to a high standard. Tourouzelle is a small village boasting an epicerie (small shop) providing all the immediate necessities including fresh bread. The nearest larger village is Homps situated just 5 minutes drive away on the canal du midi with local restaurants/bars and a large lake providing safe swimming and other water sports. The beaches of Narbonne and Cap D'agde are just 45 minutes away to the east while travelling 45 minutes west finds you at the medieval city of Carcassonne.
The 1930's built house comprises a kitchen/diner leading to a secluded shady barn / courtyard leading to the garden will private pool, a large lounge, TV room and downstairs cloakroom. Up the curved stairs brings you to 2 en-suite (wet room) double bedrooms as well as a family bedroom with double bed and bunk beds and still room for a cot. This family bedroom is complimented by a family bathroom with a shower and luxurious corner bath.Some original features have been retained including the art deco fire place and wonderful floor tiles. The kitchen is equipped with electric hob & oven, dishwasher, fridge/freezer, microwave, kettle, toaster and the usual utensils. The courtyard comfortably accommodates the 8 -10 seat table while the TV room includes wifi and can be used as sleeping for 2.
A selection of comments from the visitors book:
Sept 2013, holidayed in France for 10 years, this was the first time we have returned to the same house, we could not find anything better, Lindsay & friends from Sussex
Aug 2013, The house has made this a holiday we will remember - a super holiday, Alison & family
July 2013, "I don't think I have ever stayed in a holiday home that is such a home away from home, Hazel & Terry from Kent
July 2013, Beautiful rooms and courtyard, Alison & Chas
June 2013, "what can I say - fabulous house". Richard and Sue from London
May 2013, spotlessly clean with wonderful tiled floors. Lisa and family
Nov 2012, we managed 3 days in the pool !! fantastic when sun shines. Graham, Jenna and family from Midlands.
July 2012, loved the house, especially the courtyard - where we spent many an hour & the amazing tiles. Finlay's - UK & O'Briens - Australia
We spent two weeks staying the house in early April and were instantly impressed by the size and facilities of the house - a real home from home with everything required for a relaxing and comfortable stay. Cool bedrooms with comfy beds and fresh linen plus shutters which keep out the light and the heat. A well appointed kitchen with all the utensils, crockery & cutlery required to cook up a feast. Plenty of armchair seating in either the TV room or lounge overlooking the courtyard. Internet streaming for the kids and books & DVD's for the adults.
We were very fortunate with the weather which allowed us to use the heated pool every day and dine al fresco in the private courtyard. There was secure storage for our bikes and off street parking for the car.
The area is convenient for the local sights including Cathar castles, the coast, Carcassonne & Narbonne but we also enjoyed the local hiking and biking through the local vineyards and along the Canal du Midi.
The local management team were on hand to efficiently sort out a couple of issues which cropped up.
We would certainly recommend the house to families or groups of friends who want to enjoy and experience a slice of rural France.
Great house, very well equipped. Clean, well maintained (pool etc)
Beautifully refurbished still keeping some period features. Lovely village, friendly well stocked shop. Easy distance both to Carcassonne and to the coast (Gruissan plage was super). Highly recommended.
We spend a nice week in a beautifull house :
- The house is fully equiped (bbq, puzzles, nearly every kitchen tools you can think about, tv, etc. ).
- The bedding are good.
- The layout of the house is well done. You have the possibility to protect yourself from Tramontagne (the local wind).
Only point of improvement, the garden could deserve some grass and maybe some shrubs would be good to protect the swimming pool from the wind.
In summary : a great house
We enjoyed a wonderful fortnight at this lovely house, a true home from home. On our arrival Nancy was so helpful, she invited us to the St Jean fete that evening in Tourouzelle and made us very welcome. She also arranged & accompanied us to a great wine tasting session at Festiano later in the week. The house has everything needed to make a successful holiday, the pool was kept meticulously clean by John. We found the shade in the barn was perfect for our grandson to play in but also there was plenty of space for sunbathing around the pool. The thick walls of this traditional French house kept it relatively cool inside, the tiled floors are exceptionally beautiful. We had excellent meals at restaurants in Homps, Escales & Argens Minervois. The market at Olonzac was bustling and had wonderful live music. We paddled in the lake at Homps and went twice to Narbonne Plage which was surprisingly close. Other outings were to Carcassonne, Minerve, Le Somail, Trèbes - so much to see in this area! We'd definitely recommend this beautiful house and would love to come again.
Perfectly equipped and beautifully clean, this house is ideally situated for anyone wanting a convenient base to tour the Languedoc with Carcassonne, Narbonne, Beziers and Perpignan all within easy driving distance. You'll need to be disciplined though: the house, shaded courtyard and pool will seduce you into lazing around if you let it!! The village is very quiet so perfect for anyone looking for rest and relaxation.
All though the weather was indifferent, our stay at Alison and Martin's house in Tourouzelle was wonderful. Everything is first class and the heated pool was the icing on the cake. Nancy who lives nearby and looks after the house was extremely helpful, nothing was to much trouble and the trip to a local vineyard she arranged was not only great fun ,but also informative. There is plenty to do nearby, including a trip on the 'Midi' canal and the beautiful village of Minerve up in the hills. The old walled city of Carcassonne was again interesting but a little bit to commercialised for my liking. Barcelona can also be reached easily in a day. Plenty of places to eat out in the surrounding area,catering for all tastes and budget. The must visit however is En Bonne Compagnie in nearby Homps -great food & excellent service.
All in all, a very relaxing holiday in a beautiful house and yes we would go again.
JC Macclesfield England
|Rental Period
|Minimum Price
|Additional Nights
|Weekend Night
|Event Price
Rate 7
27 May 2017 - 30 Jun 2017
7 night minimum stay
for 7 nights
Rate 8
1 Jul 2017 - 1 Sep 2017
7 night minimum stay
for 7 nights
Rate 9
2 Sep 2017 - 29 Sep 2017
7 night minimum stay
for 7 nights
My Standard Rate
7 night minimum stay
for 7 nights
|No additional mandatory fees
Booking Notes:
A deposit of 25% of the rental is required when booking. The balance of the rental is due 8 weeks prior to arrival. In the event of cancellation of a booking within 8 weeks of arrival, the full cost of the reserved accommodation will be charged and will be refunded only in the event that all cancelled accommodation is re-let.
Changeover Day:
The preferred changeover day is Saturday.
We will try to be flexible particularly outside the July / August period although any request will be considered.
Notes on prices:
Prices are in GBP and we will advise Euro prices at time of booking enquiry. The Euro will be a fixed price from acceptance of the booking.
Payment is accepted in GBP or Euro to our bank accounts. Payment via paypal is accepted for a small additional administration fee, advised as part of enquiry/booking.
Please note, electricity is not included in the rate and will be charged at cost for stays between 03 October 2016 and 29 April 2017.


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Galaxy Audio DSPOT DS-SP36 3x6 Digital Speaker Processor
- Write a Review
The Galaxy Audio DS-SP36 is a three-in, six-out Speaker Management System. Each input can be easily assigned to each of the six outputs. The system i...Click To Read More About This Product
6-Month* financing available.
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Speaker management with included software.
The Galaxy Audio DS-SP36 is a three-in, six-out Speaker Management System. Each input can be easily assigned to each of the six outputs. The system includes Gain, 5-band parametric EQ, and Delay on each of the three inputs, as well as on each of the six outputs, which also feature high and low pass filters for crossover use, limiters, and polarity reversal. Additionally, each input and output can have your own choice of name assigned to it.
The DS-SP36 gives the user access to a powerful array of Xover, PEQ, Delay, Limiter, Gain, and Polarity controls to help maximize your loudspeaker system. Up to 24 presets can be saved. The DS-SP36 can be configured to have any input go to any out. This provides great versatility, giving many choices such as stereo 2-way, 1x3 with sub , 1x4, etc.
User defined presets can be used for frequently visited venues or specific performers in a fixed install. Presets can be also be saved to internal or removable drives, in addition to the device itself, allowing for a preset to be designed in advance, and then downloaded on site. The DSPOT software provides many filtering and other detailed settings easily controlled on your PC, to refine your sound. All DSPOTs are perfect for fixed and live applications. All functions can be accessed by the front panel or the included software.
- 3 input x 6 output Speaker Processor
- 3 Analog Inputs, Stereo Digital Input, and 6 Analog Outputs
- Each Input has 5 Parametric Bell, or Shelving Filters and each Output has 5 Parametric Bell, or Shelving Filters
- High Pass and a Low Pass Filter up to 24dB/Oct. on each Output
- RMS Limiter each Output
- Input and Output delays up to 850ms, with steps of 1msec and 21usec.
- Control via Front Panel or External PC
- External Control via USB as well as RS485
- Balanced XLR Inputs and Outputs
Order today and get better efficiency and versatility from your system.
DSPOT DS-SP36 3x6 Digital Speaker Processor
- Analog Input Signal: (3) Bal. Female XLR
Maximum Input Level: +20dBu
Analog Output Signal: (6) Bal. Male XLR
Maximum Output Level: +20dBu
Digital Processing (DSP): SAM3716, 24bits (data) x 96 bits (coeff.)
A/D Converters: AKM5392, 24bits
D/A Converters: AKM4396, 24bits
Sampling Frequency: 48kHz
S/PDIF Stereo Digital Input: 32kHz, 44.1kHz and 48kHz Sources Accepted
S/N: 110dBA
Frequency Response (Bypass): 20Hz " 20kHz (+- 1 dB)
Power Supply: Switching Power Supply
Remote Control: USB, RS485
Dimensions: 9.25" x 19" x 1.75" (234.95 x 482.6 x 44.45 mm)
Weight: 6.3lb (2.86kgs)
Musician's Friend Gold Coverage
Gold Coverage goes above and beyond the manufacturer's warranty to protect your gear from unexpected breakdowns, accidental damage from handling and failures. This plan covers your product for one, two, three or up to five years from your date of purchase, costs just pennies per day and gives you a complete "no-worry" solution for protecting your investment.
Gold Coverage Includes:
- Unexpected and unintentional spills, drops and cracks
- Normal wear and tear
- Power surges
- Dust, internal heat and humidity
Other plan features include:
- For products over $200, No Lemon Policy applies. If it fails for the same defect 3 times, it is replaced on the 4th breakdown. (Does not apply to failures due to drops, spills, and cracks)
- For products under $200 experiencing the above failures, a Musician's Friend gift card will be issued for the full price of the product + tax.
- Shipping fees covered if required for repair or replacement
- Plans are transferable in the event merchandise is sold
- Plans are renewable on new gear
*Limitations and exclusions apply. See terms and conditions for program details
Term for New Gear begins on date of purchase but does not replace the store return policy or manufacturer coverage.


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$5000 Nitro College ScholarshipReturn to Scholarship Search
General Information
Nitro cares about providing you the resources you need to successfully navigate financing college. That's why we're offering you the opportunity to earn a $5,000 scholarship from Nitro. We know that college is a big step forward in achieving your goals and we want to help you get there using all the tools Nitro has to offer.
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- Deadline: June 30th, 2017
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August 23, 2013
Dear Parents,
Today, the Arizona Department of Education reported school achievement
profiles for districts and schools throughout Arizona using "A" through "F" to rate
school performance. The A-F Letter Grades are weighted 50% on student
proficiency and 50% on student learning growth for students attending your
This year, Paseo Hills received a "B" Accountability Achievement Profile. In general, the "B" Achievement Profile designates an above average level of performance for student achievement and learning growth. Additional information on profile letter grades is posted on the Arizona Department of Education's website, www.ade.az.gov.
Thank you,
Trevor Ettenborough, Principal Paseo Hills


text:
search for a card
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Today was a special day because I fit into my jeans again! This was a major victory beyond what any number on the scale might offer. I still had a little bit of a muffin top, but nothing major.
Had my normal avocado on toast with beans, kale chips, artichoke & hearts of palm salad, but then I messed up.
Backdrop: we are out in downtown Berkeley, where I haven't been in a year, with friends. Before our movie, we want to grab something to eat. There's a sushi place, but it doesn't have nigiri/sashimi. But I know that wild rice is allowed, so white rice must be okay, too, right? And I fit into my jeans today! So, without checking the app that would have told me that this was a breach of the diet, I had some salmon & avocado rolls. But I didn't put soy sauce on them, and I didn't add a sake. So, it could have been worse.
Regardless, during the whole movie I felt like my stomach was expanding. I guess that I've really gotten into the habit of eating healthily to notice this, because normally that would just be my typical after-dinner feeling.
By the way, both movies that I saw that weekend, 'A Most Wanted Man' and 'The Green Prince', were about spies and intelligence. Both of them also had almost no food on-screen, which was greatly appreciated. Maybe spy movies are good for people on a diet? Better than 'Julie and Julia', anyway!
During the car ride back to San Jose, I solemnly vowed not to eat white rice again, at least during this 28-day period. Lesson learned.
Day 8
I gained a pound back today, which really solidified the lesson about rice. I get it, I get it! I got up early to start cooking for the week, then went to pick up Hallie for some time in San Jose.
We went to Santana Row, but spent the vast majority of our time in the Container Store. That place is THE BEST! We also stopped by the Tesla dealership and Hallie checked out a model car.
Then we met the fluffiest dog ever!
I've practically never gone to Santana Row without eating and drinking something, but it's still fun with just shopping and sight-seeing. Good to know!
Then we went to get Emma from the airport and we all ate dinner together. Emma got to eat pizza, but I was surprisingly not too jealous of that. My dinner was a tostada, and after a week of consuming such a limited amount of grain products, a sprouted wheat tortilla never tasted so good! I would have eaten five plain if the opportunity presented itself.
I took the girls down to Santa Cruz, then drove myself back to San Jose so I could get at least six hours of sleep before work. Ugh, work again? Didn't I just do that LAST week?
Day 9
This was the second day of phase one, and another landmark was hit: I was down to 130 pounds! That was a pretty happy situation for me, and I was actually kind of excited to show my newly reformed body to the world.
Let me be painfully honest here: I wasn't fully awake on the highway that morning. I know that this was really dangerous, and if I could do it again, I would say 'forget this diet' and grab some coffee. As it was, I was closing my eyes whenever traffic stopped, which was frequent. I would get scared for a second and my heart would start beating faster because I knew what I was doing was dangerous, but then I would just get sleepy again. So my lesson from that experience was that I need to get enough sleep if I can't have caffeine as a supplement.
Being not-quite-awake all morning was unpleasant, so when I had a chance to leave early, I took it and napped for a few hours in the afternoon.
I love all of the fruits in phase one, and especially during the summer I feel like I couldn't be eating better. I went on a 30-min run that afternoon and I did better than I had the last week. As I ran I was listening to this song, which felt true for me:


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Do you have an idea of what you want your website to be, or perhaps a site map drawn up already? Perfect. If you don't, that's fine too – we'll work together with you to hammer out all the details.
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Updating and Adding Features to Websites
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If you've heard of WordPress and Drupal (and there are many, many others) then no doubt you know that a content management system "CMS" let's you the siteowner pretty much run the show on a daily basis. That could look like taking orders, handling customer service, updating your locations and staff directory, and so much more. We can build you a site designed to be managed by you (if you so choose) so that quick changes are a snap, and keeping the site fresh is as easy as opening a web browser.
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Marconi Union Vol.2
- by Fluid Radio
- 363
- 39m
- 7 years ago
Marconi Union .
Marconi Union return with vol.2.
A selection of unreleased compositions from various future projects.
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text:
The Dirty Shoes Of Immigration
Donald Trump was interviewed on 60 Minutes Sunday night. When the subject to deportation came up, Trump said the firstRead more
Donald Trump was interviewed on 60 Minutes Sunday night. When the subject to deportation came up, Trump said the firstRead more
The press are pissed. Why? President-elect Donald Trump visited the White House on Thursday. Afterwards, he got in his car.Read more
LOS ANGELES (AP) — Late-night hosts pivoted from candidate Donald Trump to President-elect Trump, combining punch lines and audience groupRead more
With a presidential election less than two weeks away, what will happen afterwards? The media pundits, from Charles Blow toRead more
Scientific polls. What do they mean? As we've explained ad nauseum, polls, whether they are CNN or NBC touted "scientific"Read more
They keep coming. Like zombies. The walking dead, hungry for Trump testicles. I am, of course, talking about all theRead more
Michelle Obama is very upset. Yes, Jay-Z and Beyonce's best friend was outraged in New Hampshire at Donald Trump. "ShakenRead more
Let me tell you what a banana republic is. A banana republic is not Donald Trump threatening to appoint aRead more
Let's discuss the alternate universe that liberals reside in. The left somehow believes Fox News is ultra-right propaganda, but CNNRead more
Politics is a business. That's all it is. That's why there are no term limits and nothing ever gets done.Read more
I don't know what's more shocking. The bombs that went off over the weekend or the left acting like it'sRead more
NEW YORK (AP) — A week before the first presidential debate, Donald Trump is putting moderators on notice that he'llRead more


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By the mid-1980's, the American semiconductor industry seemed like it was doomed. Although US firms had pioneered and dominated the technology for decades, they were now getting pummeled by cheaper Japanese imports. Much like cars and electronics, microchips seemed destined to become another symbol of American decline. The dire outlook had serious ramifications for both US competitiveness and national security. ...Read More »
Innovation Through Crowdsourcing and AI
It takes a cross-sectional skill set to successfully implement good AI, and in order to do so, companies need to both understand their consumers' motivations and capitalize on them using the right tools.Read More »
Business Innovation Factory: Design Methodology, Next Practices, New Business Models
A successful business model is like a shark that must keep moving to stay alive. How do you make sure you're not stuck in a crowded lane with declining margins, swimming upstream against disruptive currents, or even worse, find your organization dead in the water?Read More »
A Peek Inside the Mind of Jeff Bezos
It is not too often that the leader of a Fortune 500 gives you an insight into how their company achieves competitive advantage in the marketplace in a letter to shareholders, instead of launching into a page or two of flowery prose written by the Public Relations (PR) team that works for them. The former is what Jeff Bezos tends ...Read More »
Back to Basics: Elements in the Product Story
Be clear with your product marketing! Many companies and people confuse what they mean when discussing Value Propositions, Benefits, and Features. Be clear with your product marketing. Value Prop: Definition: A value proposition is the concise statement of the overarching solution to your customer's problem. The solution then is not your product or its technical details, but the solution your ...Read More »
Why We Must Change Our Mental Models from Hierarchies to Networks
Once you start thinking in terms of networks rather than hierarchies, it becomes clear that we must change how we do things; and not just within organizations, but also in how we approach a competitive marketplace. As it turns out, firms that seek to strengthen industrial networks have a big advantage over those that seek to preserve hierarchies.Read More »
Innovations in Automation Demand Employee Upskilling and Soft Skill Development
Overall, there exist about five million fewer manufacturing jobs today than in 2000, a problem that government leaders have been ignoring by "recklessly putting their heads in the sand," according to Martin Bryant of the Manchester Digital council.Read More »
Help Us Support Gender Equity on May 10th
We are excited to announce on behalf of Innovation Excellence friend Tiffany Shlain that 50/50 Day is less than a month away and we can't wait for this global conversation about gender equality! For those of you who haven't signed up yet to host an event at your company, school, organization, or home, there's still time. Watch a 2 minute ...Read More »
AIGA to Live Stream Design Innovator Awards
On Friday, April 21, don't miss the design social event of 2017 as design innovators in the creative industry celebrate this year's Medalists at the 2017 AIGA Awards Gala - together at Pier Sixty in Manhattan. Or, you and friends can join the evening via Live Streaming here.Read More »
Innovating for a Worse Customer Experience (Insights from United Airlines)
This week's debacle at United Airlines highlighted a darker side of Innovation. While this was an extreme example of terrible customer service, I think it is merely the tip of the commercial innovation 'iceberg' that has been pervasive in the airline industry for many years.Read More »