text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 29, 1983
|Filing date
|May 19, 1982
|Priority date
|Jul 31, 1978
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Hans Bohrmann, Thomas Campbell, Werner Grigoteit, Gunter Muller
|Original Assignee
|Cpc International Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (29), Classifications (15), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of our pending United States Patent Application Ser. No. 237,304, filed Feb. 23, 1981, which is a continuation of our United States Patent Application Ser. No. 59,415, filed July 20, 1978, now abandoned, claiming priority of Application No. 31695/78 filed July 31, 1978, in Great Britian.
This invention relates to a novel class of food products which include starch as a thickening agent. More specifically, the invention relates to commercially prepared, dry (i.e., non-aqueous) food products which are prepared for ultimate consumption by adding them directly to boiling aqueous liquids (such as water, milk, boullion, etc.) and cooking them in the boiling liquid, wherein the thickening agent consists of a root starch or tuber starch having retarded thickening properties, preferably a heat-moisture-treated potato starch. In particular, the present invention relates to a dry food product having a thickening component, said food product being prepared for reconstitution by direct addition to boiling aqueous liquid and which comprises in part a thickening component comprising a modified root starch or tuber starch having retarded thickening properties.
Various methods have been employed in the prior art in attempts to promote the dispersion of ungelatinized starch directly into hot aqueous liquid. Thus, U.S. Pat. No. 3,433,650 to Block and Touher discloses a dry soup mix utilizing a raw starch such as potato starch as the thickening agent, but the starch receives no heat-moisture treatment. Rather, the reference teaches the coating of individual raw starch particles with fat, such as oleomargarine, vegetable oil, or the like, in order to prevent immediate hydration, and thickening of the starch. Dehydrated ingredients in the soups, such as freeze dried chicken, puffed carrots, etc., are shown in the examples, however, all of these appear to require less than 60 seconds for reconstitution.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,116,151 to Giddey discloses a dispersible powdered ready-for-use food composition. Untreated starch is mixed into a melted fat component, dried and pressed into a cake, which is then grated and mixed with particles of soluble constituents. There is no heat-moisture treatment of the starch.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,357,585 to Galvin and Sternfield discloses a food package. The package is an envelope in which the sticky ingredients of the food composition contained therein, i.e., the fats or oil components, form a plastic mass. This plastic mass is positioned at the center of the dry granular components, which may be noodles or the like, to prevent any of the sticky ingredients from adhering to the envelope. In this way, all of the proportioned ingredients are able to be dispensed from the envelope. There is no specific mention of a starch, and no teaching of heat-moisture treatment.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,089,988 to Mostyn, Verrall and Shrimpton, discloses a process for making a dried, granulated dessert-type food composition in which native starch particles and sugar particles are mixed and slightly moistened, then granulated. The granules are then dried, ground and screened to a smaller particle size. It is reported that such free flowing granulated particles will disperse instantly in hot liquid. There is no teaching of any heat-moisture treatment to the starch, nor is the reference specific with respect to the starch used.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,909,431 to Keller discloses a dry mix gravy-type food composition. The reference is specifically concerned with the problem of the lumping of starch when added to a hot liquid. The reference reports to overcome this problem by mixing native starch with a separating material, generally shortening, and some type of leavening ingredient. There is no teaching of heat-moisture treatment of the starch.
The term "heat-moisture-treated starch" is well known in the art, and is commonly used to refer to a starch which has been subjected to a heat treatment under controlled moisture conditions, the conditions being such that the starch undergoes neither gelatinization (i.e., exhibits substantially no loss of birefringence) nor dextrinization. Louis Sair, in Methods in Carbohyrate Chemistry, Vol. IV, R. J. Whistler Ed., Academic Press N.Y. (1964) pp. 283-285, describes laboratory-scale methods for heat-moisture-treated starches, and also describes various properties of starches so treated.
Heat moisture treatment of starches has been employed in food compositions in the past, but such employment has been for the purpose of utilizing the preferred texture and organoleptic properties of such starches rather than their retarded thickening. Thus, U.S. Pat. No. 3,578,497 to Hjermstad discloses the treatment of potato starch by either heating at a constant temperature just below the initial swelling temperature for a long period of time, or, alternatively, heating at a temperature just below the initial swelling temperature and gradually increasing the temperature above the initial heating temperature. Such starches have thickening temperatures as high as 180� F. and are reported to have better consistency characteristics in food uses than untreated potato starch. There is no disclosure of any delayed thickening, nor any indication that such property would allow the addition of a dry food product containing the starch directly to boiling water without lumping of the starch.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,013,799 to Smalligan, Kelly and Enad, discloses a similar heat-moisture treatment of tapioca starch for use in a wet, pre-cooked baby food formulation in order to increase the shelf life of the formulation. The only other starches suggested are grain starches; potato starch and other root starches are not mentioned. The product formulation is not dry, and there is nothing to indicate that the heat-moisture treatment is used to delay thickening.
As is known, heat-moisture-treatment affects various properties of all amylose-containing starches, but perhaps the most dramatic alteration takes place when root or tuber starches, particularly potato starch, are subjected to such a treatment. As has been reported in the literature, when measured as a function of time as with a Barbender Viscograph the "viscosity peak", i.e., the point of maximum viscosity increase during gelatinization, is delayed and also lowered. A starch whose viscosity peak has been delayed in this manner will be referred to throughout the instant specification and claims as a starch having "retarded thickening properties".
It should be noted that retarded thickening properties can be imparted to root starches by various means. One method is to heat an aqueous slurry of starch at just below its gelatinization temperature. This method requires very careful temperature control in order to avoid delatinization of the starch, and therefore it is less practical then the preferred method in which granular starch is treated at temperatures above the gelatinization range, under conditions of moisture and temperature which avoid gelatinization and dextrinization. A recently reported method is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,977,897 to Wurzburg which involves heating an aqueous slurry of starch at from 50� C. to 100� C., gelatinization being avoided by including in the slurry an appropriate amount of a suitable inorganic salt which raises the gelatinization temperature of the starch. Needless to say, starches so prepared must be thoroughly washed to remove the salts prior to using them in food products.
The most practical commercial method for preparing starches having retarded thickening properties for use in the instant invention is simply to heat starch, at its normal moisture content (or with some added moisture, if desired, but not in aqueous slurry) in a closed heating device, to give the desired degree of heat-moisture-treatment. Specific suitable conditions, and "guidelines" for selecting suitable conditions, will be presented hereinafter.
It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that while the food products of the present invention rely on the retarded thickening properties of the starches contained therein, such teaching may also be used in conjunction with the teachings of the prior art. It should be noted in this regard that the degree of retarded thickening necessary for adequate hot water dispersibility of the starch will also vary with the known effects of other ingredients in any particular food composition, such as fats, sugars, and the like.
Retarded-thickening properties can also be imparted to starch by means of chemical modification, but such methods are costly and may also employ chemicals which are undesirable or even prohibited in food. Because the instant invention relates solely to products intended for human consumption, these last-mentioned chemically-modified starches are generally not considered suitable for use in the invention.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a dry food product having a thickening component which food product can be prepared by direct addition of the product to boiling aqueous liquid.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a dry food product having a thickening component and containing foodstuffs which require hydration, which food product can be prepared by the direct addition of the product to boiling aqueous liquid.
It is a still further object of the present invention to increase the hot water dispersibility of a dry food product having a thickening component by employing as said thickening component a modified starch having retarded thickening properties.
The other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent in light of the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment thereof.
According to the present invention, there is disclosed a dry food product having a thickening component, said food product being prepared for reconstitution by direct addition to boiling aqueous liquid and which food product comprises, in part, a thickening component comprising a modified root starch or tuber starch having retarded thickening properties. A particularly preferred embodiment is such a food product wherein the modified starch is prepared by heating native potato starch having a moisture content from around 16% to 35% by weight, in a closed system at a temperature from 55� C. to about 135� C. for a sufficient time period to impart to the starch the characteristic of retarded thickening.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, there is disclosed a dry food product having a thickening component, said food product being prepared for reconstitution by direct addition to boiling aqueous liquid, and which comprises in combination a thickening component comprising a modified root starch or tuber starch having retarded thickening properties, which modified starch will not begin to thicken for at least five minutes after being introduced into boiling aqueous liquid, and at least one foodstuff which requires about 5 minutes cooking time in free aqueous liquid for adequate hydration. A particularly preferred embodiment is such a food product wherein the modified starch is prepared by heating native potato starch having a moisture content from around 16% to 35% by weight, in a closed system at a temperature from 55� C. to about 135� C. for a sufficient time period to impart to the starch the characteristic of retarded thickening.
According to a further embodiment of the present invention, there is disclosed a method for increasing the hot water dispersibility of a dry food product being prepared for a reconstitution by direct addition to boiling aqueous liquid, said method comprising the employment of a modified root starch or tuber starch having retarded thickening properties as said thickening component. A particularly preferred embodiment of this method employs a modified starch which is prepared by heating native potato starch having a moisture content from about 16% to 35% by weight, in a closed system at a temperature from 55� C. to about 135� C. for a sufficient time period to impart to the starch the characteristic of retarded thickening.
The drawing shows the Brabender curves for untreated potato starch and starches prepared according to the teachings of the present invention.
Specifically, the invention comprises a commercially prepared dry food product containing a thickening agent, which food product is prepared for ultimate consumption by adding it directly to boiling aqueous liquid and cooking it in same, wherein the thickening agent consists of a root starch or tuber starch having retarded-thickening properties. Most preferably the thickening agent consists of a heat-moisture-treated potato starch.
Typical examples of such food products include sauce or gravy bases, comprising starch plus flavoring and/or coloring materials, dry soup mixes containing dehydrated vegetables and/or meat plus a thickening agent and other food products which include at least one main ingredient which must be cooked in boiling water plus a sauce base, containing a starch thickening agent, which also must be cooked in boiling water. Examples of these last-mentioned food products are pasta or dumplings plus sauce.
Referring first to the sauce or gravy bases, it is well known that if one simply adds starch, or a base mix containing same, to a boiling liquid such as water or milk, the starch will rapidly form lumps which cannot be dispersed even with the most vigorous and extended stirring. This is because upon contact with the hot liquid the outer portion of the starch clusters immediately gelatinize, and this "coating" of gelatinized starch forms a barrier against further water penetration into the clusters. Many methods have been proposed to delay the hydration of starch until it has fully dispersed in the hot liquid, including adding to the starch-containing base mix a dispersing agent such as lactose or malto-dextrin, or coating the starch with fat. It has now been discovered that a potato starch with suitable retarded thickening properties, when added to boiling liquid with a slight amount of stirring, will disperse completely in the liquid prior to any actual thickening taking place. Therefore, a sauce or gravy base containing such a starch as the thickening agent can be reconstituted for consumption by merely adding it directly to boiling liquid and stirring gently for one or two minutes until the desired viscosity is reached, resulting in a smooth, lump-free, sauce or gravy.
In the area of products such as dumplings-plus-sauce combinations the use of a root starch having retarded-thickening as the thickening agent produces truly dramatic results, as will be seen in the Examples. Normally, such products are sold as "combination" packages, the dumplings being separate from the sauce base. To prepare the meal the consumer must boil the dumplings in water for the requisite period of time and prepare the sauce in a separate cooking utensil by cooking the base mix in water. One could not normally cook both the sauce and the dumplings simultaneously in the same kettle, because the sauce base, upon thickening, would immediately take up and "bind" a good portion of the water, leaving insufficient free water to cook completely the dumplings. However, to prepare such a product which has been made in accordance with the invention the consumer can merely add all of the ingredients, the dumplings and the sauce base, directly to a single kettle of boiling water and permit it to cook for the requisite period of time. During the first stage of cooking no substantial thickening of the sauce takes place, thereby leaving all of the water free to hydrate and cook completely the dumpling. Then, during the last few minutes of the cooking time the sauce thickens, after which the complete meal is ready to be served and eaten.
By applying appropriate conditions of heat-moisture-treatment potato starches of different gelatinization characteristics (e.g., time required for commencement of thickening and extent of ultimate thickening) can be prepared; therefore such starches can be "tailor-made" to meet the requirements for any specific food product application. Following are some general principles regarding heat-moisture-treating of potato starch (as well as other root starches).
(1) The moisture present can be as low as about 16% and should not exceed 35% by weight. Frequently, potato starch at its "normal" moisture level at ambient temperature and relative humidity, i.e., 18-21% moisture, can be employed without any additional water being added.
(2) The temperature can be as low as 55� C., and should not exceed about 135� C.; excessive temperatures result in secondary changes, e.g., dextrinization. Temperatures within the range of 90�-120� C. are suitable for most degrees of modification.
(3) The time of treatment will depend upon the desired degree of modification and also, of course, upon the equipment used, which equipment used will define, of course, the quantity of starch being treated and the time at which the starch itself reaches treatment temperature.
(4) Other conditions being equal, the extent of the modification of the starch (i.e., delay in reaching viscosity peak and lowering of the ultimate viscosity) is increased with increases in any of the three variables of water content, temperature and time.
(5) Because gelatinization of the starch (including any substantial loss of birefringence) must be avoided, relatively low temperatures must be employed at high moisture levels, while high temperatures (up to about 135� C.) may be used at lower moisture levels.
(6) Uniform heating of the starch is necessary to ensure an even, homogeneous treatment. Simultaneous mixing and heat processing, as in the case of a rotating mixer, is therefore preferred. Occasionally, this may lead to problems of starch aggregation including the formation of firm starch clusters. Problems of this kind can typically be avoided by the addition of a surface active agent, such as glycerol monostearate, as a technical aid to prevent this occurring. An amount of 0.1% based on the starch dry weight has been shown to be sufficient for such purposes in the case of potato starch.
Following are descriptions of two specific heat-moisture-treatments to produce starches having desirable properties for different food applications. The equipment used was a laboratory-scale, slowly rotating jacketed cylindrical autoclave which rotates in the horizontal axis. The outlet of the autoclave was insulated to prevent localized temperature differences which would cause condensation and partial gelatinization of the starch. The volume of the cylinder was 9 liters, and the heating medium used in the jacket was glycerine. The autoclave was hermetically sealed during treatment.
In each case the autoclave was brought to the desired temperature, 3 kg. of native potato starch, containing 19.2% moisture content was introduced into the autoclave together with 0.1% glycerol monostearate (on a starch dry weight basis) as a technical aid to prevent aggregation of the starch during treatment. The autoclave was sealed and the starch treated for the requisite period of time. The starch was then removed from the autoclave and spread out in a thin layer at room temperature to facilitate cooling and drying. After reaching room temperature the starch, which had a moisture content of about 15%, was sieved. Before use in the Examples, all of which exemplify dry food mixes, the starch was dried to a moisture content of about 8%.
The first starch, designated as STARCH A, was treated to render it suitable for use as a thickening agent for a sauce or gravy base. For such products extensive modification is neither necessary nor desirable; the gelatinized time need not be delayed for more than a few seconds (just long enough to permit the starch, in the presence of the other ingredients, to become fully dispersed in the boiling liquid), while a fairly high final viscosity is required. Therefore, this starch was subjected to relatively mild treatment conditions, specifically, a temperature of 103� C. for a period of 115 minutes.
The second starch, designated as STARCH B, was prepared for use as a thickening agent in soup mixes or sauce mixes which were to be used in conjunction with other dried food products requiring relatively long cooking time. For such products one needs a starch, the thickening of which is delayed for several minutes, i.e., sufficient time to permit the other ingredients to become fully cooked. For starch B the treatment conditions selected were 100� C. for 195 minutes.
The drawing gives the Brabender curves for the untreated potato starch and starches A and B.
Starches A and B were then employed as thickening agents in various dried food product formulations, as set forth in the following examples. The examples are presented for illustrative purposes only and the skilled practitioner will readily be able to select optimum starches and recipe formulations for a wide variety of food products.
______________________________________Recipe I(a) (Invention)Ingredient Amt. (gms) Percentage______________________________________STARCH A 259 46.25Malto-dextrin 51 9.11Rice Flour 18 3.21Lactose 70 12.05Flavorings & 138 24.64ColoringsSunflower Oil 24 4.29TOTAL 560 100.00______________________________________
This was identical to Recipe I(a) except the STARCH A was replaced by 259 gms. native (untreated) potato starch.
This was identical with Recipe I(a) except STARCH A was replaced by 373 gms. of wheat flour. In this example, and in other examples wherein the wheat flour is employed for comparative purposes, the amounts of wheat flour are adjusted so as to give a product having the same final viscosity as the product prepared in accordance with the invention, when both products are reconstituted for consumption under identical conditions, by adding the product to cold aqueous liquid and then heating to effect the gelatinization and thickening.
In each case 250 ml. water was brought to boiling and the base mix (15 gm. each of recipes I(a) and I(b), and 18 gm. of recipe I(c) were added directly to the boiling water with stirring. The products were then simmered with occasional stirring for about one and one-half minutes. The products were then removed from the heat and poured through household strainers into bowls.
Recipes I(b) and I(c) thickened immediately upon being introduced into the boiling water, with the formation of large lumps which did not disperse during the simmering period, even with stirring. I(a) showed no thickening upon being introduced into the water, but gradually began to thicken about 5-10 seconds later, and had fully gelatinized and thickened by the end of the cooking time of one and one-half minutes. Gravy I(a) contained no lumps whatsoever, and had an excellent, smooth, short texture. Gravy I(b) contained a number of lumps, which were restrained by the strainer, and the texture of the strained gravy was glutinous and stringy, although relatively smooth (the lumps having been all retained on the strainer.) Gravy I(c) contained a great many lumps of various sizes, the large ones being retained by the strainer, the smaller ones passing through thereby rendering the strained gravy lumpy as well. Furthermore, the strained gravy was substantially less thick than gravies I(a) and I(b), and had a decidedly watery texture.
Recipe II(a) illustrating the invention, was prepared by mixing together 170 gms. of STARCH A, 120 gms. of fine crystal sugar, 120 gms. powdered sugar and 6.3 gms. of flavorings and colorings. Recipe II(b) was also prepared for comparative purposes, consisting of a mixture of 160 gms. of maize starch, 120 gms. fine crystal sugar, 120 gms. powdered sugar and 6.2 gms. of flavoring and coloring. As was the case with the wheat starch in Example I, the respective amounts of STARCH A and maize starch were adjusted to give products of identical final viscosity when prepared in conventional manner, i.e., adding to cold milk and then cooking.
The two sauce mixes were then prepared for consumption by bringing 250 ml. of milk to boiling, stirring 20 gms. of each mix directly into the boiling milk, and simmering, with occasional stirring, for one and one-half minutes. The finished sauces were then strained into bowls, as in Example I.
Sauce mix II(b) thickened immediately upon being introduced into the boiling milk, and formed large lumps which could not be dispersed with stirring. Sauce mix II(a) showed no noticeable thickening for the first few seconds, and then gradually thickened to a smooth lump-free sauce.
Sauce II(a) passed through the strainer without leaving any residue other than a few small particles of burned milk, and the strained custard had an excellent smooth thick texture. When Sauce II(b) was strained into the bowl the large lumps of starch were retained on the strainer and the strained sauce contained small lumps and "fish-eyes". The strained sauce was substantially less thick than sauce II(a) and did not have a smooth homogenous texture.
Dehydrated vegetables normally require several minutes cooking time in boiling water for complete dehydration. Therefore, packaged products containing such dehydrated vegetables plus a dry sauce base normally contain separate packets, or pouches, of the ingredients, and the consumer must cook the sauce base and the dried vegetables in separate cooking utensils. This example shows such a product wherein all of the ingredients may be packaged together and cooked for ultimate consumption in a single step and in a single cooking utensil.
______________________________________Recipe III(a) (Invention)White Sauce BaseIngredient Amt. (gms.)______________________________________STARCH B 180Hydrolyzed veg. protein 10Fat powder (dried veg. fat emulsion 110Sodium Phosphate 10Salt 50Onion Powder 10MSG 32Sugar 8Citric Acid 2TOTAL 412______________________________________
To 40 gms. of the white sauce mix was added 4 gms. each of the following dehydrated (air-dried) vegetables; the average dimensions of the dehydrated vegetables, in centimeters, are given in parenthesis: leek (3.9X2.0X0.1), celery (2.5X0.4X0.4), green beans (3.0X0.7X0.7). The aforementioned dehydrated vegetables normally require a cooking time, in boiling water, of about twenty minutes for complete rehydration.
This was identical to Recipe III(a) except STARCH B was replaced with 180 gms of native potato starch.
This was identical with Recipe III(a) 200 gms. of wheat flour was used in place of the STARCH B, and 44 gms. of the base mix was combined with the 12 gms. dehydrated vegetables.
In each case 700 ml. of water was brought to a boil and the sauce-plus-vegetables mix (52 gms. each of Recipe III(a) and III(b), 56 gms. of Recipe III(c) was stirred directly into the boiling water, after which the cooking pans were partially covered and the product allowed to simmer for 25 minutes. The products were stirred occasionally during the cooking time. At the end of the cooking time the products were poured into bowls.
Recipe III(a) did not thicken at all upon being added to the boiling water, and no observable thickening whatsoever took place during the first 5 minutes of the cooking time. After about 5 minutes a very slight thickening could be observed, which increased very slowly, the liquid still being thin after 10 minutes cooking time. The thickening progressed gradually during the last 15 minutes of cooking time until a smooth thick product resulted.
Both mixes III(b) and III(c) thickened, and formed lumps, immediately upon being introduced into the boiling water. These finished products, i.e., after the full cooking time, both retained lumps, sauce III(b) containing more lumps than sauce III(c).
Finished sauce III(a) had an excellent, smooth, thick, "short" texture. Sauce III(b) also had a thick, but a "long" texture, in addition to containing a large number of lumps. Sauce III(c) was substantially thinner than III(a) and III(b), and had a somewhat "slimy" texture.
Upon tasting the finished products it was noted that the vegetables in III(a) were all fully rehydrated and cooked, while those of sauce III(b) were definitely less tender, indicating incomplete rehydration. The vegetables in sauce III(c) were also not fully rehydrated, but were somewhat more tender than those of III(b).
In addition, taste differences were observed which could not be attributed solely to the differences in the textures of the sauces and degrees of rehydration of the vegetables. The flavor of product III(a) was substantially better than that of either of the other two products, indicating that the free water available for the cooking of sauce III(a) acted not merely to rehydrate fully the dehydrated vegetables but also to release their flavor as well as the flavorings of the seasonings employed in the mix.
Thick "chunky" soups and broths, containing large pieces of vegetables and/or meat in a thick base, are extremely popular food products, but the manufacture of dry mixes for such products, and the ultimate preparation of same for consumption, present problems because the dry "chunky" portions need to be rehydrated in free water. Following is a recipe for such dry product which can be packaged in a single package and prepared for consumption in a single cooking utensil.
______________________________________Recipe IV(a) (Invention)Ingredient Amt. (gms.)______________________________________(1) Base MixSTARCH B 108.0Lactose 85.0Lentil Flour 220.0Streaky Bacon 135.0Flavorings (includingyeast powder, tomatopowder, onion flour,salt & spices), flavorenhancers & colorings 346.0TOTAL 894.0______________________________________(2) Vegetable Mix (average dimensions in mm. shown inparenthesis).Quick-cooking lentils 270Air-dried potato 15 (16 � 16 � 2)Air-dried carrots 6 (10 � 10 � 1)Dried grated onions 4Air-dried leek 1 (15 � 15 � 1)Beef fat 4TOTAL 300______________________________________
For a single portion 33 gms. base mix were combined with 90 gms. of the vegetable mix.
The base mix was identical to the base mix of Recipe IV(a) except that, as the thickening agent, STARCH B was replaced with 75 gms. of wheat flour and 21 gms. of guar gum. The vegetable mix was identical to that used in Recipe IV(a), and, as in Recipe IV(a), a unit portion was made up by mixing together 33 gms. of base mix with 90 gms. of vegetable mix.
500 ml. of water was brought to a boil and the dry mixes (123 gms. each) were stirred directly into the boiling water. Each kettle was then partially covered and the product allowed to simmer for 10 minutes, with occasional stirring (the vegetable mix itself would normally require a cooking time in boiling water of about 8 minutes for full rehydration). At the end of the cooking time both products were poured into bowls.
During the first 5 minutes of cooking time Recipe IV(a) remained substantially thinner than Recipe IV(b), after which it gradually became thicker during the last 5 minutes of cooking. After the product had been poured into bowls it was observed that the kettle in which Recipe IV(b) had been cooked still contained a fair amount of "burned-on" product. No "burning-on" occurred during the cooking of Recipe IV(a).
Both finished products were very similar in appearance, i.e., both being very thick broths. Substantial differences, on the other hand, were detected upon tasting the two products. In the case of broth IV(a) the lentils and other vegetables were extremely tender and were fully cooked and rehydrated; the vegetables in broth IV(b) were not fully rehydrated and therefore were substantially less tender. Furthermore, the overall flavor of broth IV(a) was substantially better than that of broth IV(b), again indicating that the free water available during the major portion of the cooking time had effectively released the flavors of the vegetables and other ingredients of the total mix.
Dry dumplings, having an average diameter of one and one-half cm. and containing protein, cereals, flavorings and fats, which dumplings are normally cooked by adding them to boiling water and simmering for about 8 minutes, were combined with a tomato base having the following composition.
______________________________________Ingredient Amt. (gms.)______________________________________Tomato powder 400STARCH B 192Salt 76Sugar 72Fat 160MSG 42.4Fat powder 56Spices, flavoringscolorings 83.6TOTAL 1082.0______________________________________
49 gms. of the sauce mix was mixed with 45 gms. of the dumplings, and added directly to 400 ml. of boiling water. The pan was partially covered and the product was simmered for 10 minutes. No noticeable thickening of the sauce occurred during the first 5 minutes of the cooking time; then a slight thickening began, and the thickening gradually continued for the last half of the cooking period until, at the end of the 10 minutes, the sauce was thick and very smooth. The finished product had an excellent appearance and taste, the dumplings being completely cooked and hydrated.
For comparative purposes a similar mix was prepared by combining the dumplings with a commercially available "instant" tomato sauce base having, as the thickening system, native potato starch, guar gum and flour. The commercial mix also contained lactose as a diluent to impart to the mix its "instant" character. The combination of dumplings and commercial sauce base was added directly to boiling water. After the 10 minute cooking time the dumplings were decidedly "under cooked" and insufficiently hydrated. The product was then subjected to an additional 5 minutes cooking time, during which time a substantial amount of the product burned-on the bottom of the kettle. In spite of the additional 5 minutes cooking time the dumplings were still under cooked and not fully hydrated.
The invention can be practiced, as has been stated, with any root starch or tuber starch having retarded-thickening properties (such retarded-thickening properties advantageously being imparted by a heat-moisture treatment); Examples I-V illustrate practice of the invention employing the preferred starch, which is potato starch. It should be noted, however, that potato starch is preferred merely because it is generally more readily available and less expensive than other operable starches. Examples VI and VII, to follow, illustrate the applicability of other starches as well.
Tapioca and arrowroot starches were selected for the additional examples, and three different heat-moisture treatments, all using the same equipment, and the same general process, as STARCHES A and B described previously. The specific treatments, all designed to produce starches suitable for use in gravy or sauce mixes, were as follows.
STARCH C was prepared from tapioca starch having an original (normal) moisture content of 13.8%. The moisture content was raised to 22.7% by spraying water from a fine nozzle onto the starch while mixing it. A 2.5 kg. quantity of the starch was then placed in the autoclave together with 0.5% glycerol monostearate (on a starch dry weight basis) as a technical aid to prevent aggregation of the starch during treatment. The autoclave was then sealed and the starch was treated for 3 hours at 100� C. The treated starch was cooled and sieved as with STARCHES A and B. The moisture content of the cooled starch was about 18%. As was the case with STARCHES A and B, STARCH C (as well as STARCHES D and E, to be described) was dried to about 8% moisture before use in a food mix.
STARCH D was prepared from arrowroot starch having an original moisture content of 13.7%, which moisture content was raised to 24.2% before treatment. A 2.5 kg. quantity of the starch together with 0.5% glycerol monostearate (d.w.b.) as a technical aid, were introduced into the autoclave and treated for 50 minutes at 95� C. After cooling the moisture content was about 19%.
STARCH E was also prepared from arrowroot starch, all conditions being identical to those of STARCH D except the time of treatment was 70 minutes instead of 50 minutes.
A mix very similar to that of Example I was prepared, using STARCH C as the thickening agent; for comparison purposes a second mix employing untreated, native tapioca starch was prepared. The following table sets forth the compositions of the mixes.
______________________________________ Amounts in Grams ComparisonIngredient Invention Example______________________________________STARCH C 301Native tapioca starch 301Maltodextrin 51 51Rice flour 18 18Lactose 70 70Flavorings & colorings 138 138Sunflower oil 24 24______________________________________
Gravies were prepared from the mixes exactly as in Example I except 16 gms. of each mix were added to the 200 ml. boiling water.
The observations and results were virtually identical to those in Example I. The mix containing the native tapioca starch thickened immediately and formed large lumps; the final gravy was similar to Recipe I(b). The mix containing the treated starch behaved as did Recipe I(a), resulting in a smooth, shorttextured gravy.
Brown gravy mixes employing STARCH D and, for comparison purposes, untreated arrowroot starch, were prepared. The recipes were identical to those of Example VI except 339 grams of each starch instead of 301 grams were used.
Preparation of the gravies was the same as in Example VI except 17 grams of each mix was added to the boiling water.
The observations and results were the same as in Example VI.
Mixes similar to those of Example II were prepared, using STARCH E and, for comparative purposes, untreated arrowroot starch. The exact composition of the mixes are set forth below.
______________________________________ Amounts in Grams ComparativeIngredient Invention Example______________________________________STARCH E 250Native arrowroot starch 160Fine crystal sugar 240 240Flavorings & colorings 6.3 6.3______________________________________
Sauces were prepared with boiling milk (250 ml.) as in Example II; 25 grams of the mix containing STARCH E and 20 grams of the mix containing the native starch being used.
The observations and results were very similar to those of Example II, the mix prepared in accordance with the invention forming an excellent, smooth, lump-free, short-textured sauce, the mix containing untreated arrowroot starch behaving very much like Recipe II(b).
The term "arrowroot starch", as used above, means starch from the species Maranta arundinacea; the term "tapioca starch", as used above, referes to native starch from the Cassava root (Manihot utilissima).
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 15, 1941
|Sep 5, 1944
|Continental Foods Inc
|Dec 29, 1947
|Apr 10, 1951
|W A Scholten S Aardappelmeelfa
|Gelatinized starch
|Aug 13, 1958
|Oct 20, 1959
|Gen Mills Inc
|Gravy or sauce mix
|May 18, 1961
|Dec 31, 1963
|Koopmans Meelfabrieken N V
|Process for the production of ready-for-use soups and sauces in powdered form and the resulting product
|Jan 12, 1967
|Mar 18, 1969
|Gen Foods Corp
|Dry soup mix
|May 19, 1969
|May 11, 1971
|Penick & Ford Ltd
|Potato starch properties by controlled heating in aqueous suspension
|Sep 8, 1975
|Aug 31, 1976
|National Starch And Chemical Corporation
|Process for preparing a non-chemically inhibited starch
|May 30, 1972
|Mar 22, 1977
|Gerber Products Company
|Preparation of a stabilized precooked baby food formulation thickened with modified tapioca starch
|Nov 17, 1976
|May 16, 1978
|General Foods Ltd.
|Starch based dessert composition
|Dr. E. Wiegel, ". . . And Previous Thermal History".
|G. Graefe, Starke, pp. 183-184.
|Louis Sair, Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry, vol. IV, R. J. Whistler, Ed., Academic Press, N.Y., (1964).
|W. F. Vogel, Gemodificeede Zetmelen en hun Toepassing in de voedingsmiddelenindustrie Conserva vol. 18, p. 1, (1969).
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 18, 1983
|Apr 2, 1985
|Cpc International Inc.
|Hot-water dispersible corn starch having high paste viscosity
|Oct 23, 1985
|Nov 3, 1987
|Durkee Famous Foods, Inc.
|Dry mix composition for home preparation of gravies
|Dec 4, 1989
|Apr 16, 1991
|Nabisco Brands, Inc.
|Dry mix for preparation of in-situ sauce for foodstuffs
|Jan 11, 1985
|Mar 31, 1992
|Nestec S.A.
|Process for the production of a starch dispersible in boiling water
|May 21, 1992
|Mar 8, 1994
|Nestec S.A.
|Low starch concentration gel and preparation thereof
|Oct 16, 1992
|Nov 8, 1994
|Sanwa Kosan Kabushiki Kaisha
|Process for producing heat-moisture treated starch
|Dec 10, 1993
|Feb 6, 1996
|Cpc International Inc.
|Process for the production of a hot dispersible starch
|Jan 31, 1997
|May 12, 1998
|Penwest Foods Co.
|Tapioca starch containing french fry formulations and method of making
|Jan 31, 1997
|Apr 27, 1999
|Penwest Foods Co.
|Process for preparing starch hydrolyzate coated potato products
|Jun 17, 1997
|Jul 27, 1999
|Nestec S.A.
|Food products having intact granular swollen starch and their preparation
|Aug 15, 1997
|Feb 8, 2000
|Penford Corporation
|Process for preparing a starch coated potato product and product thereof
|Oct 7, 1997
|Jul 3, 2001
|Cpc International, Inc.
|Sauce aid
|Apr 15, 1998
|Jun 25, 2002
|Corn Products International, Inc.
|Starch products having hot or cold water dispersibility and hot or cold swelling viscosity
|Nov 8, 2004
|Aug 13, 2013
|Glycologic Limited
|Compositions and uses thereof
|Oct 9, 2009
|Nov 5, 2013
|Rich Products Corporation
|Heat-treated flour
|Aug 29, 2003
|Feb 26, 2004
|Penford Food Ingredients Co.
|French fry formulations containing rice flour
|Sep 5, 2003
|Nov 17, 2005
|Raimo Liukko
|Edible product comprising starch-containing material and process for preparing the same
|Feb 24, 2006
|Sep 14, 2006
|Sonia Bocchi
|Food preparation
|Nov 8, 2004
|Apr 5, 2007
|Glycologic Limited
|Compositions and uses thereof
|Nov 7, 2008
|May 7, 2009
|United States Department Of Agriculture
|Starch-Lipid Composite
|Oct 9, 2009
|Apr 15, 2010
|Praveen Upreti
|Heat-Treated Flour
|Sep 1, 2010
|Mar 3, 2011
|Rhodia Operations
|Polymer compositions
|Oct 6, 1998
|Apr 28, 1999
|Starch-based water-binding composition for foods
|Oct 6, 1998
|Mar 15, 2000
|Starch-based water-binding composition for foods
|Feb 25, 2005
|Aug 30, 2006
|BARILLA G. E R. FRATELLI S.p.A.
|Food preparation
|Jun 4, 1993
|Dec 23, 1993
|Dorr-Oliver Incorporated
|Process for purification of starch
|Sep 1, 2010
|Mar 10, 2011
|Rhodia Operations
|Polymer compositions
|Feb 6, 2012
|Aug 9, 2012
|University Of Idaho
|Methods of preparing potato food products with enhanced resistant starch content
|Feb 6, 2012
|Jan 3, 2013
|University Of Idaho
|Methods of preparing potato food products with enhanced resistant starch content
|U.S. Classification
|426/578, 426/589, 127/71, 127/32, 426/579
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 26, 1982
Owner name: CPC INTERNATIONAL, INC., P.O. BOX 8000, INTERNATIO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:BOHRMANN, HANS;CAMPBELL, THOMAS;GRIGOTEIT, WERNER;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:004029/0563;SIGNING DATES FROM 19820525 TO 19820608
|Apr 8, 1987
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|May 3, 1991
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jul 4, 1995
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Nov 26, 1995
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Mar 12, 1996
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19951129


text:
Summer is the perfect time for relaxing. It's also the perfect time for some pressure free playful learning and summer activities. Creating a summer schedule for kids, a little planning and some prep work will go a long way towards a summer filled with great memories. As an added bonus you'll find a lot less "I'm bored" time floating around. Creating a Summer Schedule Important Parent Stuff. What are your must-dos? Do you have work, deep cleaning, or organizing that must be done? Make sure to include those things in your written out summer schedule or you'll be scrambling to squeeze it in. Consider hiring a neighbor teen Continue Reading
Summer Schedule for Kids and Summer Goal Sheet (with free printables)
Wow, summer is creeping up on us. Before you know it we'll be knee deep in activities from our summer bucket list! This lesson planning mom needs to get ready so we can enjoy a relaxing, productive and of course FUN summer break. This year we'll be filling our summer with activities from our Camp Mom! Summer Activities Pack. I want to make the most of every moment and the easiest way for me to do that is with a good summer schedule for me and the kids. I went ahead and made myself 2 goal sheets and 2 summer schedule planners... and of course I had you in mind the entire time. Make sure to pin this page so you can come back for the summer Continue Reading
Removing Toy Clutter in One Week
You may have noticed that I've been a little MIA these past few weeks (I know my email inbox has definitely noticed... yikes!) The end of summer wind down started to cave in on me while I was trying so hard to keep up with everything. And by everything I mean, everything. Isn't it possible to soak up all the free moments with the little ones you love so much, make sure to get in all the activities that are more challenging once school starts, organize toy clutter in preparation for school to start AND squeeze in a few hours of work??? I decided something had to be put on hold. After careful consideration I decided A Mom with a Lesson Plan Continue Reading
readers question… setting up a play learning schedule
I have been following your blog for only a short time but I am super impressed! I have a 2 year old that I am considering homeschooling and would like to get organized. You seem to have it together in the organization department and also the amazingly creative, fun activities you do with your kids. Before my daughter I trained to be a Montessori teacher, completed the program and interned for a year but never had my own classroom. How do you organize your days, do you just come up with activities on the spot and then blog about them or do you plan ahead, I would love some advice! My training really comes in handy when it comes to putting Continue Reading

subset: commoncrawl


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Blackberry Pork Chops
READY IN: 20mins
Recipe by TGirl
Pork and fruit is a great combination-here's a fast cooking grilled dinner that will make your mouth water!
Top Review by sugarpea
Woweeeeeeeee! 10 Stars! Fantastic! I don't think I can ever settle for a plain pork chop again. Hot, sweet, juicy, incredibly good pork chops; dinner party worthy. Only change I made was with the blackberries. I'm surrounded by them here so I picked fresh and boiled them down with sugar for the "preserves".
See Discussion:8 Reviews
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 1⁄2 lbs boneless pork chops
- 2 teaspoons McCormick's Montreal Brand steak seasoning
- 1⁄4 cup blackberry preserves
- 1 tablespoon soy sauce
- 1 teaspoon lemon juice
- 1 dash cinnamon
- 1 dash curry powder
- 1 cup fresh blackberries (optional)
Directions See How It's Made
- Sprinkle both sides of pork with steak seasoning. ** please note...just SPRINKLE the pork with seasoning...don't rub it in, don't coat it..just SPRINKLE !**
- Cook on grill for 8-10 minutes or until done.
- In saucepan, combine remaining ingredients (EXCEPT FRESH BERRIES) and bring just to a boil, stirring occasionally.
- Pour sauce over pork to serve, garnishing with fresh blackberries if desired.


text:
Your Account
Learn to use Scala to build a recommendation engine from scratch and empower your website users
This book is written for those who want to learn the different tools in the Scala ecosystem to build a recommendation engine. No prior knowledge of Scala or recommendation engines is assumed.
With an increase of data in online e-commerce systems, the challenges in assisting users with narrowing down their search have grown dramatically. The various tools available in the Scala ecosystem enable developers to build a processing pipeline to meet those challenges and create a recommendation system to accelerate business growth and leverage brand advocacy for your clients.
This book provides you with the Scala knowledge you need to build a recommendation engine.
You'll be introduced to Scala and other related tools to set the stage for the project and familiarise yourself with the different stages in the data processing pipeline, including at which stages you can leverage the power of Scala and related tools. You'll also discover different machine learning algorithms using MLLib.
As the book progresses, you will gain detailed knowledge of what constitutes a collaborative filtering based recommendation and explore different methods to improve users' recommendation.
A step-by-step guide full of real-world, hands-on examples of Scala recommendation engines. Each example is placed in context with explanation and visuals.
© 2016, O'Reilly Media, Inc.
(707) 827-7019(800) 889-8969
All trademarks and registered trademarks appearing on oreilly.com are the property of their respective owners.


text:
47 cases filed by information in January
Wed, 02/15/2017 - 12:00am News Staff
The Coryell County District Attorney's office filed 47 cases by information during the month of January.
Information is a means of bringing charges without going through a grand jury.
To view more please log in or subscribe to the digital edition https://etypeservices.com/Gatesville%20MessengerID440/


text:
The Richest Man in Babylon
In good times and bad, consistently saving a percentage of your income is a sound financial practice.
Share |
Related Content
Acres of Diamonds
In life it often happens that the answers to our most pressing questions are right in our own backyards.
Password Protection Strategies
Simple steps may help you foil hackers and protect your privacy.
Managing Your Lifestyle
Using smart management to get more of what you want and free up assets to invest.


text:
Special Offers at Health & Fitness Together
Complimentary Consultation + 1 Trial Personal Training Session (New Clients Only) just €29.00
Taking the the first step is always the hardest step. If you have been thinking about getting back in shape but really don't know how to go about it, well why not avail of this great offer. A 45 minute complimentary consultation to find out want are your needs, wants, difficulties, barriers, exercise and medical history. You will then spend time with a fully qualified Personal Trainer in one of our private suites to assess your fitness levels. They will show you how we will go about helping you get to where you want. After that, if you feel we are right for you, we will show you the different options available.
We have a number of different services, one or a combination to suit every ones budget:
- 1-to-1 Personal Training
- 2-to-1 Personal Training
- Nutritional Guidance (Zest4Life)
- Physical Therapy
- Health & Fitness Assessments & Reports
If you're struggling to get the results you want, this is the perfect opportunity to try out our services at just €29.00 (Value €119.00). I guarantee you will not be disappointed. However, this offer is only available for the month of February 2017. So don't delay, sign up now for the first step that will change your life forever.
To your best body and best health,
Carl Cautley
P.S. Don't forget, this offer ends 28th February 2017. SO CALL NOW, Don't wait until it's too late. (This offer applies to new clients only). 01-496 5829 email email@example.com


text:
Now the Inner Judge generally seems to have its eye on the ball of figuring out the moral of the current story: What is going on here, and How shall I feel about it? It pretty much won't let its eye off that ball. And in my argument it is a quite rational entity. So just allow me to propose and then assume all that. Oh, one more thing, also that, as the Hindus say, bliss is underlying and constantly present. Now the consequence for Humor Theory is great, it provides an Explanation. The Inner Judge makes the judgement that the situation is a Violation, then it also makes the judgement that the situation is Not a Violation, by viewing it in a different way, from a different angle, or perhaps with new developments in it. Being as how the two judgements are in mutual contradiction, the Inner Judge finds it has no analysis, cannot come to a conclusion, indeed cannot (down)regulate the emotions consistent with the moral it has extracted from the story, The contradiction forces the Inner Judge into non operation. When it stops operating, it stops having an analysis, it stops constructing memory and the sense of time, it stops downregulating the emotions. Suddenly out comes unregulated emotional flow, the bliss that is underlyingly present already. Bam, mad emotional activation, horselaughter, lunatic mirth, non-downregulated emotion. Comportment may be lost. Bliss.
So that's a lot of extra machinery just to handle what some might call the flaws, they might call them the self-contradictions of Veatch's Theory of Humor. But I don't accept that an organism is unable to have mutually contradictory views of a situation at the same instant. Put an ice cube on one end of a worm, light a match at the other, is it hot or is it cold? The worm lives in a complicated world, and it has to do its best to deal with the apparent contradictions of its complex situation. Its no failure of logic or of science to assert than an organism may have complex internal representations, some of which may contradict others.
And just consider whether this extra machinery is useful for a moment, by exploring how it might work in other aspects of human life. Is there another part of human life in which something like the non-operation of the inner judge may lead to a non-downregulated emotional flow state, that you might call, for example, bliss (if activated) or serenity (if not activated)?
I would say Yes. Many, in fact. First, though, doesn't it seem that the inner judge is so attached to doing its own self-conceived duty that it will not intentionally stop doing so? Although forced into non-operation by humor perception, it may have a hard time stopping. Sleep disorders, it can't stop running on. Alcoholism, the poor fellow has to anesthetize it to get it to quit telling the negative and painful stories about one's life, or play the self-deceptive trick of denial, reversing the sense or the roles of each painful thought, so as not to feel that excruciatingly painful responsibility for one's actions and life. And the eating disorders, the judge judges I'm pathetic and weak when I eat, there you go again, giving in to your hunger, telling this miserable story until 20% of its victims die from it. The inner judge doesn't want to stop doing its duty.
The only way for it to stop doing its duty seems to be to be forced to stop by humor perception, or to somehow otherwise voluntarily give up or surrender doing this duty.
Let's establish a technical term, "inner surrender", to refer to this operation of the inner judge letting go and shutting the **** up. You know it doesn't want to. Most people most of the time won't let it let go. It has to hold on tight, grab on with white knuckles, no matter what, to continually have a story about what's going on, and impose its view of how to feel about it.
But if it can do inner surrender, then it can stop. Yes.
How does it do inner surrender?
Humility, is there a component of inner surrender in humility? Let it not be about you and your ego and how you want everything to be? Yes.
Trust, is there inner surrender in trust? Love, doesn't that falling in love moment involve inner surrender? How about service? You know Consumer Reports reports that volunteers are happier than non-volunteers. Service is surrendering your agenda to that of another.
Forgiveness, is there inner surrender in forgiveness? I thought so.
So here we have the high virtues, and they have a common element of inner surrender in them.
What about sex? Yes, throughout for the girls, at the end for the boys, would be my guess, does that apply for you?
What about exercise? Would you agree with my sister that that is the whole point?
What about religion? I have a story about every religion other than Wicca and Jainism, and that's because I don't know anything about Wicca and Jainism. Islam, for example, is a word which means "submission". Boom, done, need I say more? I didn't think so.
So there seems to be a powerful commonality here about getting free from our downregulating inner judge.


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BunsenTech, LLC was founded in early 2008 because we knew that we could build great things for the iPhone platform. We discovered very early that it is not enough to understand the hardware and software, but also the user. To that end, we have dedicated ourselves to beautifully crafting applications that have that unique "iPhone feel".
BunsenTech is not a group of consultants spread around the world, our world does not revolve around scheduling for time differences or international teleconferences to talk about projects. We are not a factory with dozens of workers toiling away scrambling to complete any project that we can get. We fly in the face of "bigger is better", we choose our clients carefully, and choose inspired projects that drive us to invest all of our talents bringing the best possible product to market.
BunsenTech has built a team which is enthusiastic about creating projects that shine on the iPhone. We hold ourselves to a high standard, and sweat the details, even if it's the placement of a single pixel.
They say that infinite monkeys on infinite keyboards could crank out the works of Shakespeare. This, however is a lousy way to develop software. That's why BunsenTech's team is comprised of experienced and talented engineers and artists, not a bunch of code-monkeys. This isn't just a day-to-day job for us, we are truly invested in making the best possible product.
There is no doubt that the core of any development project is the code, however at BunsenTech the process starts and ends with the look and interactions of the interface. Before a single line of code is written, we carefully design the user interface for an application. Our artists and engineers work together to develop a project specification which details how the user will interact with the application. This document includes detailed mockups and forces both the artists and developers to understand the entire project and plan around any potential pitfalls.
Our engineering staff prides themselves on producing elegant solutions for difficult problems. Audio signal processing, data acquisition, GPS, image manipulation, and interfacing to external devices are within our capabilities. We can take your "impossible" problem, and give you a creative, technical solution. It's not magic, but we want our customers wonder "how did they do that?"
BunsenTech is based in Hartford, CT, halfway between New York City and Boston. All staff have excellent communication skills and are just a phone call away.
We believe in the right tool for the right job. We think that the almost single-minded pursuit of being great iPhone developers is an asset, but we are only one tool in the toolbox. We have a variety of partners to assist us when needed.
BunsenTech has established relationships with PR firms, advertising agencies, hardware engineering consultants, musicians, artists, web development companies, and even other iPhone developers.


text:
We changed our prices on 1 April 2017 as a result of new industry regulations. If you're a home customer and you pay by key or card (prepayment), or top up online (Smart Pay As You Go), you'll be affected.
Something for everyone
The amount we charge you for paying for your energy using prepayment or Smart Pay As You Go has changed. As part of this, we've also removed some of the features and discounts from our standard variable tariff, E.ON EnergyPlan, if you pay for your energy this way.
The CMA has investigated the energy market and set a limit on what energy suppliers can charge from 1 April 2017. This limit will change every six months so we've made changes to our prices to meet these new rules.
The Competition and Markets Authority. They're a government organisation who ensures that there's fair competition in and outside of the UK. One of their main aims is to make sure markets (like the energy industry) work well for you.
You won't start paying our new prices until the first time you top up your meters after 1 April 2017.
For most people, their statement will show a decrease in how much they've spent throughout the year, but due to rising non-energy costs, some people might see a small increase instead.
If you're currently on a fixed tariff, you can stay on it until your end date, but when you come to renew with us, and if you want to stay on Smart Pay As You Go, EnergyPlan will be your only option.
When you switch to it, or if you're already on EnergyPlan, you'll automatically get our new prices from 1 April 2017.
This change will affect you differently based on the tariff you're currently on.
We use cookies to make sure you get the best experience on our website. If you're happy with this you can use the site as normal, or find out how to manage your cookies.


text:
Community and Business
The Town of Boone is currently soliciting applications from people who would like to serve on a number of boards.
Appalachian State University student Kasia Sweeny of Hamilton, New Jersey, has been selected to receive the Celia Moh Scholarship for the 2016-17 academic year.
Lloyd Arneach to Share the Art of Cherokee Storytelling at BRAHM April 29
April 19, 2016 — Blowing Rock, NC — On April 29 at 7:30 p.m., Cherokee storyteller Lloyd Arneach will be sharing the ancient art of live storytelling at the Blowing Rock Art & History Museum (BRAHM) in Blowing Rock, North Carolina. Arneach will share stories from the Native American tradition as well as tales of other people from all walks of life.
Read more: Lloyd Arneach to Share the Art of Cherokee Storytelling at BRAHM
Hardin Park School kicked off their 4-week Walking Wednesday program last Wednesday and students and staff continue to increase physical activity and help improve air quality on campus.
The students of Appalachian State University have started an ongoing protest against UNC system President, Margaret Spellings' and her decision to enforce new state law HB2.


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I'm looking for any extended family. I'll begin with Peter Devlin who married Martha McClarning from Tyrone , Ireland. They had between 7 -13 children.2 daughters became nuns in Buffalo NY,after that, my side of the family settled in Pittsburgh PA. Joseph Devlin married Selina Bennett ( Bannett) they had 5 children. One being Martha M. Devlin who married John B. McElhinny. They in return had 9 children including my Great grandmother Mary McElhinny, she married Harry Galvin. My grandfather Joseph Henry Galvin being the oldest of their 10 children. My Granfather married my grandma ,Philomena" Minnie " Verno. Sorry its so long.Thanks Beth Ann
More Replies:
Re: Devlin/McClarning
Linda Tubbs 2/10/07


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There are some things in this world that just can't be explained, like falling through a mirror, for example. Or ending up in your favorite movie because you fell through 'said' mirror. It may sound a bit, extensive, but it happens. Katerina was a normal eighteen year old girl until she, well, fell through her mirror. Now she's stuck in a film she knows all too well, The Phantom of the Opera. Will she be able to re-write a timeless tale, or will she ruin the one thing she has cherished for so long? Because in this world of unending night, anything is possible.
whatdothesedo Apr 04
Yo my bro did this the other night and I literally screamed and woke the neighbours up
hamhan599 Mar 16
When you see everyone's relatable comments and scream because your not alone but your sick and sound like a toad then freak out more because you thought about "a toad madame perhaps it is you who are the toad" *awkward cough* sorry am I rambling?
Tom_Marvolo_ Nov 04, 2016
Not gonna lie, I have a crush on the Phantom, as well. I wish someone would love me as much as he loves Christine......lonely life.
Sparkly1479 Mar 07
It's definitely Mr. Butler. I've been in love with him since 2004 and I was 5
Ellric_Wiggory46 Jul 30, 2015


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Marco Benevento is a fixture on the NY jazz scene. Though he's best known as a talented multi-instrumentalist, his fifth album has him exploring lyrics and melodies on another level. Today's Top Tune is a catchy track called "At The Show".
Banner image courtesy of the artist.
Marco Benevento
Ariana Morgenstern


text:
Limited Time Offer $2995 Dental Implant from Start To finish
Call Now! (703) 625-6229 or fill out the form below
Avanti Dentistry:
$2,995 Dental Implant from Start To Finish
*Price Includes Implant, Abutment, Crowns and X-rays
Fill out the form above or call Avanti Dentistry today at (703) 625-6229 to schedule your appointment. Mention this coupon while booking your appointment.


text:
Well, Hubby off work today, which is rare!! Walked the the dogs together had a nice chat about stuff Daughter is on a school trip to Cake and Bake at Earls Court. So jealous she gets to meet all the stars of baking like Mary Berry, Rosemary Shregger, Simon Rimmer, Baker Bros and lots more!
Hubby just gone to the dentist for a filling, so he won't be any fun when he gets back!:))
Got my feet up,cup of herbal tea and waiting for the afternoon movie on c5 Have a good day peeps Hugs xx
Featured Content
Anxiety affects us all
Come and join our community. Get advice and support on thousands of topics around anxiety.Take a look!
Featured by HealthUnlocked


text:
Silent hill
Hello ladies and gentlemen. Welcome to Silent Hill. This place is full of horror…
Silent Hill fanart by alexnegrea.deviantart.com on @DeviantArt
Silent Hill Hospital art
Silent Hill 2. So guilty he gets two pyramid heads.
I loved the nurses from Silent Hill were awesome.
I've got a letter...SH2
Pyramid Head is my all time favorite character!
Heather Mason by ~tetsuok9999 on deviantART
The protagonists from Konami's 'Silent Hill' series of video games.
Hey is that Mikey Way? ...some will know...


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For exchange students:
30th June for the following winter semester
15th November for the following summer Semester
After having successfully applied at Hof University and beeing accepted you receive an official Admission Letter. Please use this Letter for the visa application (if you need one). See below.
If you are a EU-Citizen you do not need a visa for studying in Germany. If you are a Non-EU-Citizen you will have to apply for a visa. In this case, please get in touch with the German embassy in your home country.
Please check this website in order to see if you need a visa for Germany:
Yes, we do. At the beginning of each semester there are orientation weeks especially for our new international students which is organized by the International Office. During our orientation weeks we will help you with official formalities and procedures such as enrollment and registration. The orientation weeks also include activities such as: German language courses, workshops, campus and city tour, get together events, etc. By participating in our orietantion Programme, you will quickly get to know Hof University and Hof City and make new friends from all around the world. Find out more about the orientation program
Yes. Each semester there will be two arrival days just before the Orientation weeks start. If you arrive during these days, we will pick you up and take you to your accomodation.
Exchange students at Hof university do not pay any tuition fees.
You only have to pay student service fees of approx. EUR 90 per semester. The fees allow for reduced prices at the canteen and include the semester ticket for busses in Hof and Trains to our second campus in Münchberg. To be able to live and study in Germany in general students need approx. 700 EUR a month to cover all costs (rent, social activities, daily expenses etc.).
In Hof accommodation is available in our student dormitories or on the private market. The accommodation will be arranged by our Housing Office, for the exact procedure please get in touch with our Housing office. The monthly rent will be approx. 200-300 EUR.
Hof University offers a wide range of courses for international students taught in English and German. You can find an overview at "Courses and programme options".
Our International Team, a group of local students, will support you during your stay in Hof and will also organize a number of events for all exchange and German students along the Semester.
If you are an exchange student you can contact the International Office: firstname.lastname@example.com
Office hours: Mon, Tue, Thu 9:00 - 12:00 and 13:00 - 16:00, Wed 13:00 - 16:00, Fri 9:00 - 12:00
Degree-seeking students can contact the Institute for Continuing Education: ifwhof-university.LÖSCHEN.de
Please check the link below if you need some Information on working in Germany:
Here you can find important documents such as an arrival form, your learning agreement and a semester schedule, which can be freely downloaded:


text:
Home >> PL-SQL
Answer the following problems.
problem 1) prepare down the basic features of embedded SQL.
problem 2) Distinguish between Automation stored procedures and replication stored procedures.
problem 3) prepare down the four operations that should be performed for successful working of cursor?
problem 4) Demonstrate the statement used to create a table. Describe it with all possible options.
problem 5) What is advantage of using indexes? prepare the statements to create and delete an index?
problem 6)(a) prepare down the types of integrity constraints used in Transact-SQL.
(b) prepare about control structures.
problem 7)(a) prepare the queries for the following databaseEMPLOYEE ANME (FNAME, LNAME, SSN SALARY DNO) WORKS_ON (ESSN, PNO, HOURS) PROJECTS (PNAME, PNUMBER, PLOCATION, DNUM)
For each project retrieve the project number, project name and the number of employees who work on project. Solve this query in T-SQL and relational algebra.
(b) prepare down the advantages and disadvantages of triggers?
problem 8) Describe the problems of deadlock and starvation, and various approaches to deal with these problems.
PL-SQL, Programming
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Assignment- Relational Database Design & Implementation Important Note: You are required to submit an electronic copy to ilearn as well as a hard copy of your assignment to the assignment box allocated in the ground floo ...
Movie Theater Database: SQL Commands Write the SQL Data Definition Language (DDL) commands to create the movie theater database based upon the below Entity Relationship Model (ERM). Be sure to include commands to create ...
Question : 1. Create a package, DEPT_PKG, with the following: a) A public procedure called NEW_DEPT to enter a new department row into the DEPARTMENTS table. The procedure should accept four parameters - one for each col ...
Writing SQL statements. 1. For each movie category, show the number of movies in the database of that category, the total number (sum) of nominations (NOMS) and the average length of that type. Include only those categor ...
Structured Query Language (SQL) Refer to the database design crested in Lab 2: Modifying a Database Design to complete this Lab. Perform the following steps in MySQL: 1. Create the tables and relationships from the datab ...
Given the relations below, create the database tables using SQL DDL (Data Definition Language). Assume the following attribute data types: STUDENT (StudentID, StudentName) StudentID StudentName 38214 Alvaro 54907 Letterm ...
Assignment Write SQL queries for the books database (discussed in Section 18.3) that perform each of the following tasks: a) Select all authors from the Authors table with the columns in the order lastName, firstName and ...
SQL Assignment Write 10 SQL statements against the STUDENT schema you created for practice lab 1. Your statements should run error-free and should be valid. Submit two separate files: one plain text file (.txt or .sql fi ...
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