text:
Molecular basis for lysine specificity in the yeast ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Cdc34
Sadowski, Martin, Suryadinata, Randy, Lai, Xianning, Heierhorst, Jorg, & Sarcevic, Boris (2010) Molecular basis for lysine specificity in the yeast ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Cdc34. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 30(10), pp. 2316-2329.
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Ubiquitin (Ub)-conjugating enzymes (E2s) and ubiquitin ligases (E3s) catalyze the attachment of Ub to lysine residues in substrates and Ub during monoubiquitination and polyubiquitination. Lysine selection is important for the generation of diverse substrate-Ub structures, which provides versatility to this pathway in the targeting of proteins to different fates. The mechanisms of lysine selection remain poorly understood, with previous studies suggesting that the ubiquitination site(s) is selected by the E2/E3-mediated positioning of a lysine(s) toward the E2/E3 active site. By studying the polyubiquitination of Sic1 by the E2 protein Cdc34 and the RING E3 Skp1/Cul1/F-box (SCF) protein, we now demonstrate that in addition to E2/E3-mediated positioning, proximal amino acids surrounding the lysine residues in Sic1 and Ub are critical for ubiquitination. This mechanism is linked to key residues composing the catalytic core of Cdc34 and independent of SCF. Changes to these core residues altered the lysine preference of Cdc34 and specified whether this enzyme monoubiquitinated or polyubiquitinated Sic1. These new findings indicate that compatibility between amino acids surrounding acceptor lysine residues and key amino acids in the catalytic core of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes is an important mechanism for lysine selection during ubiquitination.
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|Journal Article
|Current > Institutes > Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation
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|Copyright 2010 American Society for Microbiology
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Learn How to Make Arroz con Pollo, One of Spain's Oldest Dishes
When you think of Hispanic food, what comes to mind? Do you think of flan, empanadas, ceviche, and many of the other recetas de cocina that have become popular in the United States? While those are delicious examples of classic Hispanic food, they're just a few examples of dishes that Mexican restaurants have made popular by Americanizing them.
If you're looking for a truly authentic experience, you need to go beyond what so-called "Mexican fast food" chains offer. Arroz con pollo, for example, is one of Spain's oldest dishes. For those looking for authentic Iberian flavors, there are few better places to start than with arroz con pollo, or Spanish-style chicken and rice.
The Lengthy History of Arroz con PolloRead more
Are You Looking for Recetas de Comida de Mexico? Try this Delicious, Authentic Recipe for el Sopa Azteca
Unfortunately, when we think of the recetas de comida of Mexico in the United States, we too often think of tacos, tortilla chips, and salsa, and why not? Most of the 30,000 Mexican restaurants in the U.S., as tallied by IBIS World, have shaped their menus to fit the American conception of what Hispanic food from Mexico should be. Subsequently, you won't see a lot of ceviche or flan at most stateside restaurants.
One of the greatest casualties of this mindset is el sopa azteca, or tortilla soup. Tortilla soup is one of those many recetas de comida from Mexico that are shrouded in mystery. As the LA Times writes, the origins of this savory, spicy soup likely trace back to Teotihuacan, the Aztec Empire's an Read more
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Calcium rich foods
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The benefits of calcium are bone health, cancer prevention, weight management, and heart health. Try the Top 10 Calcium Rich Foods to get your daily dose!
Calcium rich foods wallchart | Viva! Health More
#Calcium rich foods http://DrHardick.com
Top 20 Calcium Rich Fruits
Non-Dairy Calcium & Vit D Rich Foods http://visual.ly/non-dairy-calcium-vit-d-rich-foods
Most Australian's don't eat enough calcium, putting them at risk of osteoporosis later in life. How does your diet stack up? Do you get enough calcium
Dairy & grain free foods rich in calcium. not a vegan list, but can search for vegan options from it. #paleo
A useful chart - good thing I like most of these foods and have been eating them anyways! Dairy free foods, Vegan, Lactose Intolerant
Top 10 Calcium Foods Poster from #Health castle. Calcium is essential for many aspects of a healthy life style...including sleep. #Sleep smart | Zeezsleep.com
Calcium Rich Plant Food. For those who cannot tolerate Dairy. #charlottepediatricclinic


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The way we see the world has changed! Physics shocker! Neutrinos clocked faster than light
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European physicists have measured tiny particles called neutrinos moving just faster than the speed of light--only a smidgen faster, but enough to raise a serious possibility that Einstein's physics need a major overhaul.
The scientists sent a beam of neutrinos from CERN, on the Swiss-French border near Geneva, to the INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare) Gran Sasso Laboratory in central Italy, 730 kilometers (454 miles) away, in a research project called OPERA. The physicists had planned to study a rare event, the transformation of the muon variety of neutrinos into the tau variety. Instead, they found the extraordinary result that the neutrinos appeared to travel faster than the speed of light.
Under Einsteinian physics, nothing can exceed the speed of light, and so far, nothing has challenged that conclusion. At particle accelerators over the decades, subatomic particles are pushed to ever-higher speeds, but it takes ever more energy to attain each new fractional step toward the speed of light. Instead of going faster when driven with higher-energy accelerators, the particles get heavier. That phenomenon is described by Einstein's famous equation linking energy (E), mass (m), and the square of the speed of light (c): E=mc2.
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Personal style served with a twist: Meet the owner of the bicoastal fine jewelry boutique.
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Ocean and Coastal Law Memo, Issue 41 : Legal Aspects of Columbia-Snake River Salmon Recovery
Hildreth, Richard G.
Thompson, Jeanne
MetadataShow full item record
Hildreth, Richard G.
Thompson, Jeanne
- Ocean and Coastal Law Memo [14]
- Law Faculty Works [63]
- Hildreth, Richard [7]
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Welcome to Librarium Online!
Join our community of 80,000+ members and take part in the number one resource for Warhammer and Warhammer 40K discussion!
Registering gives you full access to take part in discussions, upload pictures, contact other members and search everything!
Basically I see people asking which is more competitive a lot, and I am always curious which is more competitive.
But which is more fun?... and i guess competitive as well. (emphasis on fun)
Kan wall or Mechanized? (as these are the 2 most competitive builds out there atm.)
Wash: This landing is gonna get pretty interesting.
Mal: Define "interesting".
Wash: [deadpan] Oh God, oh God, we're all going to die?
I haven't played either, but if I had to choose, I'd go with Kans. Pretty much any army can (And do...) go Mech, but orks are, I reckon, the only one that can field (Effectively) the sheer number of walkers that all Kans could provide.
Plus, kans are funner and easier to put together than trukks.
I am verbose. Sorry.
Current Armies:
Kargh's Wite Butz, Death Skullz Orks: W: 5, L:, 2 D:2; Silver-skull Necrons: 1W 1L,500 pt
I'll have to say mech, I play mech orks and always find them to be very entertaining. It also lets you use a greater variety of units and weapons than you kan in a kan wall. My problem with Kan armies is that they always play the same each game which can be really boring. You march your kans and boyz up the field towards everything and then if you survive you assault. With mech there are a lot of different strategies you can employ and can react to things faster instead of spending a couple turns running boyz and kans towards a problem. Just my 2 cents.
Never tried walker lists so I cant say whats more fun. But I do run a Mechanized army, and I enjoy the veriaty I can do with it.
First of all I will say that my army has a "core" of 2 deffrolling battlewagons filled with (most likely) 17 shootaboys, 2 bigshootas and a PK wielding nob and they are covered with KFF from the Big Mek. They have a couple of roles to play in my army. If the opponent is shooty, then drive forward to smash them in CC, if your opponent are choppy, then drive around 6" a turn and shoot ALOT at them.
Deffrolling is always great fun. Against low armoured enemies and tanks, it does wonders! And it is always nice to just push units away from objectives in the last turn.
In my army I use a couple of trukks filled with the deadly stuff. Either Sluggas, 'Ard sluggas, MANZ or Nobz. They can hold back and wait for the right moment, or rush forward at full speed.
I never leave home without my objective grabbers. 10 grots is always nice to have in reserves.
Other than that I add stuff as I please. Buggies, stormboys bikes, Lootas, Looted wagon... you name it.
I like the speed I gain from the vehicles. you can drive 12" jump out 2,99" and charge 6". and if you waagh that turn add another D6. Thats a long reach! So the army can hurt people from afar as well as up close. Shootaboys gives you some great tactical choices on the battlefield and its awesome!
As much as I love killa kans and deff dreads, I have to say that mechanized is both more fun and more competitive. Why? 3 words:
Killa Kans have a lot of trouble being effective if they have to walk onto the board from your own table edge, especially when fighting any sort of a gunline. To make it worse, most kan wall armies I've seen also use plenty of lootas, who also have to give up at least one turn of shooting in a dawn of war mission.
Kan wall can indeed be fun, but I personally find walking them across the entire board to be very frustrating, and rarely effective.
On a side note, I think that there's definitely at least one more competitive Ork build, and it's the one that took second place at the East Coast Ard Boyz tournament. I don't know what to call it other than 'balanced'.
It was a horde of 125 slugga boyz (in 5 units, each with nob/pk) backed up by 3 units of 9 lootas, and with an incredibly powerful unit of nob bikers (10 nob bikers with all the trimmings and 2 warbosses on bikes attached) riding in front, to distract the opponent and tie him up until the slugga boyz reach the enemy's front lines.
"Any job worth doing, is worth doing with a powerklaw."
Walkers are actually my favorite model to build. I have had so much fun converting dreads. But I have horrible luck with them on the field (Grey Knight, Ork, doesn't seem to matter, they rarely pulled their points - I must be using them wrong). Yet I love making them. I am sitting here righting this thinking... "after the wierdboy, I think I want to do some kans..." though they will very likely just end up on eBay when I am done....
Just depends what you find fun I guess.
Hosea 1:11 - Great will be the day of Jezreel.
I'll have to agree with basically everyone else here that Mechanized is a LOT more fun to play! In a Kan Wall all you do is try and walk straight at them and hope that you survive long enough to get into CC. In a Mech list, you can at least zoom around in fast vehicles, and if you get enough boyz you can fill up some battlewagons and play mech with a bunch of battlewagons and less trukks!
On Warseer: Iracundus: "So you might end up with "renegade" Chapters, but more split due to ideology rather than because the big bogeyman of Chaos suddenly makes them all cackling mustache twirling villains."
I agree with Jezreel, custom walkers are a ton of fun to convert. It would be beautiful to see a full Kan army, and def. more uncommon/unique than the standard transport lists that you see in every army, ork or otherwise. I'm currently working on 2 Dreds who will form a mini-wall for a group of nobz running behind them. I haven't tried it yet but am confident that those three units will be a pretty scary distraction and threat when running toward the enemy, and the matching color schemes should give it the look of a "unit".
This thread is relevant to my interests. Glad I went mech now. My space marines are also mech... but I just can't stop myself from doing it in orks to, especially after reading this. Mech is too much fun.
I only have three vehicles in my army, a battlewagon for the KFF, a boomgun looted russ and a trukk for my Boss and his boyz. Everyone else is walkin'. You would be shocked how many of 'em get there! ^_^


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Honestly, I thought I was reading some stray chapter from the New Agey Celestine Prophecy the other day. All the telltale blemishes were there: mystical experiences, wise native Americans, energy from within, persecution by white folks, a strange lack of factual material. But no, it was a long-form feature in the otherwise respectable Los Angeles [Read More…]
Funny, that rainy day is here — complete with dance steps
God, faith, Jahi McMath and church (or not)
I can't remember the last time I became so engrossed in a story. Perhaps it's because I also have a teenage daughter (who, by the way, also is interested). Maybe it's the unprecedented attention, or the opportunity to educate myself about an issue I had not previously considered: whole brain death and all its scientific [Read More…]
So many details will sound terribly familiar. At the heart of the news story is a powerful religious patriarch, surrounded by disciples who view him with a reverence that helps support an iron-clad climate of silence and secrecy. In this case, however, the leader is Joshu Sasaki Roshi, one of the most famous Zen Buddhist [Read More…]


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The costs of locomotor activity? Maximum body temperatures and the use of torpor during the active season in edible dormice
Measuring Tb during the active season can provide information about the timing of reproduction and the use of short bouts of torpor and may be used as a proxy for the locomotor activity of animals (i.e., maximum Tb). This kind of information is especially important to understand life-history strategies and energetic costs and demands in hibernating mammals. We investigated Tb throughout the active season in edible dormice (Glis glis), since they (i) have an expensive arboreal life-style, (ii) are known to show short bouts of torpor, and (iii) are adapted to pulsed resources (mast of beech trees). We show here for the first time that maximum Tb's in free-living active dormice (during the night) increase regularly and for up to 8 h above 40 °C, which corresponds to slight hyperthermia, probably due to locomotor activity. The highest weekly mean maximum Tb was recorded 1 week prior to hibernation (40.45 ± 0.07 °C). At the beginning of the active season and immediately prior to hibernation, the mean maximum Tb's were lower. The time dormice spent at Tb above 40 °C varied between sexes, depending on mast conditions. The date of parturition could be determined by a sudden increase in mean Tb (plus 0.49 ± 0.04 °C). The occurrence of short torpor bouts (<24 h) was strongly affected by the mast situation with much higher torpor frequencies in mast-failure years. Our data suggest that locomotor activity is strongly affected by environmental conditions, and that sexes respond differently to these changes.
KeywordsArboreal Beech mast Small mammal Foraging Date of parturition
While the variation of body temperature (Tb) during hibernation has been intensively investigated in many species (reviewed in Ruf and Geiser 2015), our knowledge of Tb patterns in hibernators during the active season is still sparse. Some studies have focused, however, on Tb prior to the onset of hibernation to investigate whether the hypothalamic Tb set point is already adjusted during the active season in preparation for the upcoming hibernation season. Indeed, a decline in Tb starts already several weeks prior to hibernation in several species (e.g., 45 days in the arctic ground squirrel (Sheriff et al. 2012), 14 days in the Alpine marmot (Arnold et al. 2011), and 5–16 days in Syrian hamsters (Arai et al. 2005; Chayama et al. 2016). This pre-adjustment seems to be in line with the view that several physiological changes, like adjustments in appetite, organ size, and body mass occur throughout the active season in preparation for hibernation (Dark 2005; Florant and Healy 2012; Hume et al. 2002). However, beyond this topic, fluctuations in Tb during the active season, especially in free-living hibernators, received only little attention.
It has been shown that the measurement of Tb during the active season can provide valuable information about phenological patterns in free-living Arctic ground squirrels (Williams et al. 2011). For example, the date of parturition can be estimated with high accuracy based on an abrupt increase in mean Tb of gestating females. Further, daily rhythmicity in Tb measurements allows to differentiate between time spent euthermic in hibernacula (prior to and after hibernation) and actual hibernation duration (Williams et al. 2011). This kind of information is especially important to understand life-history strategies as well as energetic costs and demands in hibernating mammals.
Measuring Tb during the active season can also provide information on locomotor activity of animals. It is well known that physical exercise leads to an increase in Tb in several species, ranging from small mammals to humans (Hart and Heroux 1955; Reilly and Brooks 1986). Not surprisingly then, there is a close correlation between changes in Tb and locomotor activity (Heldmaier et al. 1989; Fuller et al. 1998; Weinert and Waterhouse 1998; Hart and Heroux 1955; Golombek et al. 1993). However, the energetic costs of different styles of locomotion vary extremely and are likely to increase maximum Tb during the daily active phase differently. In particular, in arboreal mammals, the increase in metabolic rate during the active phase is more pronounced than in terrestrial mammals (Karasov 1992). In the case of the arboreal Leadbeater's possum, the mean metabolic rate during the active phase is 9.1 times that of the basal metabolic rate (BMR, Smith et al. 1982, reviewed in; Karasov 1992). These extreme metabolic rates are expected to lead to elevated maximum Tb during the active phase.
While maximum Tb can provide some information about the locomotor activity of the animals, minimum Tb, on the other hand, indicates phases of torpor during the active season. Some hibernating species also show short phases of torpor (typically <24 h) during the active season (e.g., Sheriff et al. 2012; Johansen and Krog 1959; Geiser 1987; Webb and Skinner 1996; Turbill et al. 2003). These short bouts of torpor are more likely to occur under conditions of reduced food availability or low ambient temperature (Ta) during the daily resting phase. The significant reduction of daily energy expenditure through the use of short torpor bouts in summer allows hibernators, for instance, to allocate more energy to growth or pre-hibernation fattening (Giroud et al. 2014).
For the study of maximum and minimum Tb throughout the active season, the edible dormouse (Glis glis, henceforth 'dormouse') is an interesting model species for several reasons. First, dormice have an arboreal life-style and climb easily between shrub level, or even ground level, up into the canopy of trees at about 30–45 m height (Müller 1988). This is also reflected by the diet of dormice, which contains both seed buds and seeds of trees (oak, Quercus spec. and beech, Fagus sylvatica) from up in the canopy and raspberries (Rubus idaeus) or blackberries (Rubus fruticosus), which grow close to the ground (Sailer and Fietz 2009). Second, dormice are fat-storing hibernators. Thus, they have to carry large body fat reserves, especially just prior to hibernation, which should be particularly costly for an arboreal species. Third, their major food source in European woods, the seeds of beech, are pulsed resources with extreme fluctuations in abundance between years (Ostfeld and Keesing 2000). While in the so-called mast years the seed abundance is overwhelming, a total lack of seed production on a large scale can be observed in non-mast years. Dormice are strongly adapted to the mast-pattern of beeches and reproduce in central Europe only in years when this food source is abundant (Bieber 1998; Schlund et al. 2002; Ruf et al. 2006). While dormice already feed on inflorescences and seed buds in spring, the highest proportions of seeds are consumed late in the active season (Juškaitis et al. 2015; Sailer and Fietz 2009). Fourth, dormice are known to exhibit short bouts of torpor during the active season (Wilz and Heldmaier 2000; Hoelzl et al. 2015) and thus allow investigating the use of torpor in combination with an energy demanding arboreal life-style.
Since dormice need to accumulate body fat reserves prior to winter, we expected that the investment into foraging and, hence, the associated increases in Tb during nocturnal activity should be especially pronounced in this species. If so, then maximum Tb may represent a proxy for investment in locomotion, as it will reflect the actual workload and associated thermogenesis caused by muscular work. We hypothesized that both maximum daily Tb's (i.e., locomotor activity) and minimum Tb's (i.e., use of torpor) will (i) change throughout the active season, (ii) be affected by fluctuations in environmental conditions, such as yearly differences in food supply, and (iii) are affected by reproductive behavior.
Materials and methods
Animals and study sites
We analyzed Tb records from 77 dormice implanted with temperature loggers (details see below). Ten of these dormice were recorded twice, in two consecutive years (2005 and 2006). The 87 datasets were recorded between 2005 and 2014, (2005 n = 14, 2006 n = 17, 2008 n = 18, 2012 n = 12, 2013 n = 12, 2014 n = 11). From 2005 to 2008, the implanted animals were held in large outdoor enclosures (6 × 4 × 3.5 m each) in Vienna, Austria (362 m a.s.l., 48°13′N,16°16′E) and were fed ad libitum with rodent chow (Altromin 1314, FORTI). In 2008, dormice were captured at our field study site in the Vienna woods (St. Corona am Schöpfl, Austria, about 40 km from the enclosures in Vienna) during summer/fall and were transported, implanted, and kept in enclosures until the end of the hibernation season (early summer 2009). They were released at the capture point after explantation of the data loggers. Between 2012 and 2014, Tb data were recorded year-round in free-living dormice at our study site in the Vienna woods. All dormice were marked individually (PIT tags, 13.8 × 2.1 mm; Virbac, BackHomeBioTec, Bad Oldesloe, Germany). We distinguished between the age classes yearling (after first hibernation) and adult (beyond second hibernation) based on fur color and body mass (for details see Bieber 1998). At the field study site, nest-boxes were controlled at fortnight-intervals to check whether females had given birth. The date of parturition was estimated based on size and development of the juveniles (Koenig 1960; Bieber and Ruf 2004). For further details on the study sites and housing conditions of dormice, see Bieber and Ruf (2009), Bieber et al. (2014), and Hoelzl et al. (2015).
Ta was recorded with data loggers (DS1922L, Dallas/Maxim, Maxim Integrated, San Jose, CA, US; Resolution 0.5 °C, calibrated in a water bath) at 2 m height in a shaded location close to the enclosures and at the field study site, respectively. The beech (Fagus sylvatica) mast situation was determined via visual observation at the field study site. In 2012 and 2014, we observed a total lack of beech seeds at the whole study site (mast-failure years); 2013 was a full mast year with a large amount of seeds available.
All dormice were implanted with wax-coated iButtons (DS1922L, Dallas/Maxim, Maxim Integrated, San Jose, CA, US; Resolution 0.5 °C, calibrated in a water bath prior to implantation) at the Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology (FIWI), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna. The iButtons were implanted either subcutaneously (in the lateral area of the thorax, caudal of the scapula; 2005–2006) or intraperitoneally (due to changes in the animal ethics guidelines). Anesthesia for implantations was induced by a subcutaneous injection of 50 mg/kg Ketamine (Ketamidor® 10%, Richter Pharma Wels, Austria) and 8 mg/kg Xylazine (Rompun® 2%, Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany) and maintained by 1.5% isoflurane in an oxygen stream via a facemask. Post-surgical analgesia (5 mg/kg Ketoprofen, subcutaneously) was provided. For the detailed description of the implantation procedure, see Bieber and Ruf (2009), Bieber et al. (2014), and Hoelzl et al. (2015). After implantation, the animals recovered individually in cages (59 cm x 49 cm x 41 cm), provided with shelter, food, and water ad libitum, for 5–7 days. Implantations were carried out between May and September. From 2012 to 2014, animals were captured in nest-boxes at the field study site and transported to the laboratory. The nest-boxes were closed to prevent other dormice from moving in while the animals were absent. After implantation and healing of the wound (5–7 days), animals were released into the nest-box where they had been captured. Some sunflower-seeds (approx. 20 g) were provided into the nest-box to facilitate the release. Explantation followed the same procedure as implantation and was carried out about 1 year after implantation.
Tb was recorded at approximately hourly intervals (3850 s) to cover 1 year of data recording. Since iButtons were implanted during the active season, we obtained Tb data from 3 to 21 weeks (mean 8.6 ± 0.52 weeks, in total 751 weeks) prior to the onset of hibernation, depending on the date of implantation. Onset of hibernation was determined as the date of entrance into the first multiday torpor bout in fall. Body mass data could not be included in this analysis since we did not recapture the implanted dormice at regular intervals throughout the active season.
For better comparison with literature data (e.g., Sheriff et al. 2012), we calculated and show maximum daily Tb in weekly means prior to hibernation (counting weeks backward starting from 0 = onset of hibernation). For further evaluations, however, we determined whether the predictor 'week of year' (starting with the first week in January as 1) described our Tb data better than 'week prior to hibernation.' We therefore used mean Tb as response variable, as this variable encompasses both maximum Tb and minimum Tb, and calculated the full models (mean Tb~age + sex + mean Ta) for both weekly variables. Because 'week of year' resulted in a larger fraction of variance explained, we decided to use week of year as a predictor for all further modeling procedures (free-living dormice: R2 'week of year' = 0.31 and R2 'week prior to hibernation' = 0.22; all dormice: R2 'week of year' = 0.38 and R2 'week prior to hibernation' = 0.31).
As a proxy for the daily time spent highly active, we computed the daily time spent slightly hyperthermic, i.e., hours Tb > 40 °C/days (always occurring during night, the typical activity phase in dormice). This assumes that, as in other small mammals (Hart and Heroux 1955), mild hyperthermia in dormice can be caused by elevated locomotor activity, most likely due to mating behavior or intensive foraging. To correct for the potential effects of Ta on Tb (Hart and Heroux 1955; Humphries and Careau 2011), we included mean Ta in all models analyzing maximum Tb, mean Tb, or the daily time spent at Tb > 40 °C.
Torpor was defined as a Tb < 32 °C and calculated as days with torpor bouts per week. Short periods of torpor occurred always during daytime (Hoelzl et al. 2015). To adjust for possible effects of Ta on torpor proneness, we included daily minimum Ta in models evaluating torpor frequency.
The highest minimum Tb in females was compared between reproductive (2013) and non-reproductive (2012, 2014) females, using a linear model. Always the highest value per individual during week 30–35 (lactation period) was analyzed.
Data were analyzed with R, version 3.2.4 (R Core Team 2016) using the package nlme (Pinheiro et al. 2016) to compute linear mixed effect (lme) models (full models are shown in Table 1). Since individuals were repeatedly measured, we used animal ID as a random effect in our modeling procedure. All models were corrected for autocorrelation of residuals using first-order autoregressive models (package nlme) and results are given as Anova tables with type 3 sums of squares (package car, Fox and Weisberg 2011). Because of non-normally distributed residuals, the response variables maximum Tb and mean Tb were Box-Cox transformed using package car (Fox and Weisberg 2011). All possible interaction terms were tested, and only significant interactions were included in the final model. All means are given ± SEM (standard error of the mean).
Anova tables for lme models; (a) Maximum Tb in free-living dormice (only values >35 °C were considered to exclude torpor from the analysis), (b) Activity (h/days at Tb > 40 °C) in free-living dormice, (c) Frequency of torpor bouts in free-living dormice, mast = mast year (2013) compared with 2 mast-failure years (2012, 2014), (d) Site effects (free-living versus enclosure) on activity patterns, and (e) Site effects on torpor patterns
(a) Maximum Tb, free-living dormice
Week prior to hibernation
Ta mean
(b) h/days at Tb > 40 °C, free-living dormice
Week of year
Ta mean
Sex × food
(c) Torpor bouts/week, free-living dormice
Week of year
Ta min
(d) h/days at Tb > 40 °C, all dormice
Week of year
Ta mean
(e) Torpor bouts/week, all dormice
Week of year
Ta min
While we recorded core Tb's in free-living dormice (2012–2014), we measured subcutaneous Tb's in enclosure held animals (2005–2006). To allow the comparison between free-living and enclosure-housed dormice, we used data recorded in 2008, when we measured intraperitoneally implanted animals in our enclosures. In the same environment (enclosures), the maximum Tb measured intraperitoneally was on average 1.8 °C higher than the maximum Tb measured subcutaneously. Since the resolution of the iButtons is 0.5 °C, we corrected all subcutaneously obtained data by decreasing the corresponding threshold of activity in this dataset to 38 °C (−2 °C). In the following we refer, however, always to the threshold of 40 °C, presuming that this is the more accurate description of the real core temperature.
Maximum Tb in free-living dormice
Focusing on free-living dormice, we observed that maximum Tb was significantly affected by week prior to hibernation, mast, and mean Ta (Table 1). Maximum Tb's were higher in a mast year and increased with increasing Ta. Since we included Ta into our modeling procedure, we corrected all other variables for temperature effects (see also all other models, Table 1). Age and sex did not significantly affect maximum Tb. Maximum Tb increased strongly between week −7 and −1 prior to hibernation (Fig. 1). The highest weekly mean maximum Tb was recorded in week −1 (40.45 ± 0.07 °C). Only in the last week prior to hibernation (week 0), the maximum Tb decreased (39.53 ± 0.19 °C). In weeks −20 to −7, we observed strong fluctuations between the weekly means of maximum Tb in dormice (Fig. 1).
Activity and reproduction in free-living dormice
Weekly means of time spent at Tb > 40 °C/days, i.e., hours spent hyperthermic during the active phase at night, were significantly affected by the week of year, sex, Ta, the mast situation, and the interaction between sex and mast (Table 1). This significant interaction was due to much higher weekly means of h Tb > 40 °C/days in females in a mast year (mast year: 4.20 ± 0.29 h, mast-failure year: 2.06 ± 0.26 h; Fig. 2), but only a small difference in males (males: mast year: 2.53 ± 0.16 h, mast-failure year: 2.55 ± 0.21 h). However, males seemed very active (up to 8 h Tb > 40 °C/days during night-time) especially towards the end of the active season in mast-failure years (Fig. 3). Independent of the mast situation, all dormice showed the highest values of time spent at Tb > 40 °C/days around week 35 (the last week of August, Figs. 2, 3). Time spent at these high Tb's increased significantly with increasing mean Ta.
Due to nest-box controls we observed in the mast year all implanted females (n = 7) with a litter and could estimate the birth date of juveniles (see "Material and methods" section) for 6 litters. The estimated birth date varied by ±3 days around the dates with a sudden increase in daily mean Tb (plus 0.49 ± 0.04 °C, Fig. 4), most likely indicating the day of parturition.
The average time spent at Tb > 40 °C/days decreased to a minimum of <2 h/days in week 29 (Fig. 2a) a time when dormice were pregnant (three examples are shown in Fig. 4). However, minimum Tb in females stayed fairly constant between weeks 28–30 (week 28: 36.87 ± 0.13 °C, week 29: 36.96 ± 0.13 °C, week 30: 36.91 ± 0.15 °C, end of July, beginning of August), when time spent at Tb > 40 °C/days was lowest. Thus, the observed decrease in the time spent at Tb above 40 °C/days did not affect the lower boundary of Tb in pregnant females (compare Figs. 2a, 4). During time of lactation (week 30–35), the highest minimum Tb, which is likely to reflect Tb at resting metabolic rate (RMR), was 1.37 °C higher in reproductive females (all females in 2013, 37.43 ± 0.15 °C) than in non-reproductive females (all females in 2012 and 2014, non-mast years, 36.06 ± 0.30 °C). This difference was significant (F1,13 = 15.42, P = 0.0017).
Short torpor in free-living dormice
The frequency of torpor was affected by the week of year, minimum Ta, and the mast situation (Table 1). We found no significant interaction in this model. Whereas short torpor was virtually absent in mast years (Fig. 5a), it occurred frequently in mast-failure years (mast year: 0.26 ± 0.06 short torpor bouts/week, mast-failure year: 2.29 ± 0.15 short torpor bouts/week). In mast-failure years, the highest frequency of short torpor bouts occurred during summer (week 26–32, June–August) but not immediately prior to hibernation (Fig. 5b). The frequency of short torpor bouts/week showed a significant negative correlation with the time spent hyperthermic during the night (weekly means of h Tb > 40 °C/days) in free-living animals (t = −8.67, df = 430, P < 0.0001, correlation coefficient = −0.39, Fig. 6). Indeed, the lowest frequency of short torpor occurred simultaneously with the highest values of time spent at slight hyperthermia around week 35 (last week in August, Figs. 2, 3, 5).
Tb in free-living versus enclosure-housed dormice
To validate that the time spent at Tb > 40 °C/days reflected phases of intensive locomotor activity in dormice, we compared data from free-living dormice with enclosure-housed animals. The weekly means of time spent at Tb > 40 °C/days was significantly affected by week of year, mean Ta, and site (see Table 1). As expected, the ad libitum fed animals in the enclosures were significantly less active (field: 2.90 ± 0.13 h, enclosure: 2.32 ± 0.14 h). The torpor frequency, however, was only affected by week of year and minimum Ta, but not by site (field: 1.33 ± 0.10 short torpor bouts/week, enclosure: 1.71 ± 0.14 short torpor bouts/week, Table 1). In both models, there were no significant interactions.
We show here for the first time that maximum Tb's in active dormice (during the night) increase regularly and for up to 8 h above 40 °C, which corresponds to slight hyperthermia, throughout the active season. Further, the time they spent at these temperature levels varied between sexes and mast conditions. Although it was already documented that dormice reach maximum Tb's up to 41 °C during the active season (Hoelzl et al. 2015), the amount of time spent at slight hyperthermia per day has never been investigated. While it is known that Tb can reach values above 40 °C during activity in small mammals living under heat load in deserts or the tropic (e.g., Chappell and Bartholomew 1981; Bondarenco et al. 2014), this has never been observed in small mammals inhabiting forests in temperate zones.
Tb prior to hibernation
Interestingly, we observed a strong and continuous increase in maximum Tb starting 6 weeks prior to the onset of hibernation (Fig. 1). Only in the last week, when the frequency of short torpor increased, maximum Tb decreased strongly. These results conflict with other studies, in which free-living hibernators decreased mean Tb (Alpine marmot) or even maximum Tb (Arctic ground squirrel) 2–6 weeks prior to hibernation (Sheriff et al. 2012; Arnold et al. 2011). However, a major difference between the investigated species is that ground squirrels and marmots are terrestrial, whereas dormice are arboreal. Thus, it is likely that the mode of locomotor activity (terrestrial versus arboreal) plays an important role in determining Tb's prior to hibernation. Investigating arboreal hibernators, like some dormice species or small lemurs therefore likely will increase our understanding of temperature regulation and nocturnal activity during the active season and prior to hibernation.
Patterns of hours spent at Tb > 40 °C/days in free-living dormice
We observed that the time spent at Tb > 40 °C/days was affected by an interaction between sex and mast. While Tb in males stayed on average ~2.5 h/days above 40 °C, independent of the mast situation, females more than doubled their time spent slightly hyperthermic in a mast year compared to a mast-failure year (~4 to ~2 h/days). These high Tb levels and therefore most likely high energetic costs in females were related to the lactation period, which only occurred in a mast years (all implanted females were observed with a litter). In mast-failure years, however, there was a total lack of reproduction. Our results give therefore a hint for differences in costs of reproduction between sexes, with much higher costs for females. This raises the question which part of the increased time spent at Tb > 40 °C in lactating females was related to increased locomotor activity or increased basal metabolic rate (BMR). Indeed an impact of lactation on Tb is expected by the heat dissipation limit theory (Speakman and Król 2010a). We can show here that during time of peak lactation the highest values of minimum Tb, (days without torpor), which is likely to reflect Tb at RMR, was significantly higher (1.37 °C) in reproductive females than in non-reproductive females. Thus, a slight elevation of Tb was probably caused by an increase of BMR during lactation. However, the major part of hyperthermia with Tb increasing another 3 °C (to >40 °C) was apparently caused by intensive locomotor activity during lactation. For another arboreal mammal, Leadbeater's Possum, it was shown that the animals generally entered and left their nests as often as 50 times throughout their 10.3 h nightly activity period, which was related to extremely high energy expenditures in this species (Smith et al. 1982). It is likely that female dormice, which raise their young alone, return to their litters (in our case nest-boxes in about 2–3 m height, positioned at a tree) several times per night to lactate or provide food and may therefore show high levels of locomotor activity and energy expenditure. Under laboratory conditions, dormice reach average daily metabolic rates, i.e., including metabolism during activity, as high as 6.9 x BMR during peak lactation, and assimilate significantly more energy than non-reproductive females (Zoufal 2005). We expect that the costs of lactation in free-living dormice are even higher, since locomotor activity in animals fed ad libitum in the laboratory study was certainly minimal.
Both sexes, however, showed a slight increase in the time spent at Tb > 40 °C/days (from ~2 to ~4 h), at the beginning of the active season (weeks 25–28, end of June–beginning of July, about 1 month prior to parturition, Fig. 4) which might be related to mating behavior in the mast year. Indeed this increase could not be observed in mast-failure years, when dormice almost never spent more than 2 h at Tb > 40 °C/days (Figs. 2, 3). It is well known that dormice do not invest into reproduction in mast-failure years and that males do not even develop competent testes in these years (e.g., Bieber 1998; Fietz et al. 2004; Joy et al. 1980). Body mass is at a minimum in both sexes during the mating season in mast years (Bieber 1998). Thus, it is likely that the observed increased time spent at Tb > 40 °C/days during the mating season was not caused by an increase in foraging alone but was also due to mating.
Independent of the year (i.e., the mast situation) or sex, we observed an increase in the time spent at Tb > 40 °C towards the onset of hibernation. An increase in phases of slight hyperthermia might reflect locomotor activity, most likely related to an increase in food availability and the need to fatten up prior to hibernation during this time period. In mast years, when beech seeds were overabundant, an increase in locomotor activity (i.e., foraging) might also be related to an increased energy demand due to additional cost of reproduction. In mast-failure years, on the other hand, the increased search for less energy-rich food may be the major reason for an increased locomotor activity. Indeed, the diet of dormice is known to change between years with a shift towards less energy-rich food or other seeds in mast-failure years (Juškaitis et al. 2015; Fietz et al. 2005). Thus, it is possible that the animals invested more time in foraging during these years, although the demands were lower because of the skipped reproduction (in females more than in males, see above). We cannot rule out, however, that the heat increment of feeding, also called specific dynamic action (Rubner 1902; Maynard and Loosli 1969) added at least partially to an increased level of time spent at Tb > 40 °C/days in fall, especially in mast years. To disentangle these effects, especially in free-living species, further research is needed.
The same is true for possible effects of body mass on locomotor activity and Tb. In the present study, we were, unfortunately, not able to regularly record body mass data throughout the active season in free-ranging dormice. However, we observed high maximum Tb's (>40 °C) during different times of the active season when the animals most likely had different body masses (Fig. 1). For example, Tb's were elevated both during mating and prior to hibernation, whereas body mass is known to be low during mating and high prior to hibernation (Lebl et al. 2010). From first principles, we would expect a higher workload with increased body mass, which will result in an increased heat production during activity. On the other hand, increases in body mass also lead to an increased total heat capacity. Thus, elevated muscular work and thermogenesis in animals with higher body mass may not result in a detectable overall increase in Tb. Accordingly, there is also no positive allometric relationship between body mass and Tb, neither among rodents nor among mammals in general (Clarke and Rothery 2008).
Interestingly, the highest periods of time spent at Tb > 40 °C/days were observed in males late in the active season in a mast-failure year (8 h/night). The fact that dormice hibernate in underground burrows might be important in this context. Digging is a costly locomotor activity and can increase MR up to 5.8 times BMR (reviewed in Karasov 1992). We cannot rule out that, towards the end of the active season, at least part of the phases with slight hyperthermia (hours spent at Tb > 40 °C/days) were related to digging of hibernacula. Since adult females show slightly higher site fidelity than adult males (J. Cornils pers. comm.), males might be forced more often to dig new hibernacula, while females may use the same hibernacula several times. This is an interesting question for further research, since nearly nothing is known about hibernacula in dormice (but see Bieber and Ruf 2009; Müller 1988).
Tb and pregnancy in dormice
Females reduced the time spent at Tb > 40 °C/days during weeks 28–30 (minimum in week 29, 15–21 July). The estimated age of litters found in nest-boxes indicated that the late phase of pregnancy fell within this time frame. In laboratory mice, a significant decrease in activity could be observed during pregnancy towards parturition (Gamo et al. 2013). Since we observed in our free-living reproductive females a constant minimum Tb in weeks 28–30, we conclude that the decreased time spent at Tb > 40 °C/days (Fig. 2a) and the decreased maximum Tb (Fig. 4) is also related to a decrease in locomotor activity of pregnant dormice. Since the females may gain weight during pregnancy (litter weight at birth up to 26 g, Bieber and Ruf 2004), which is costly to carry around in an arboreal species, a decrease in activity seems plausible.
The date of parturition, however, matched with an increase in mean Tb (increase of 0.49 ± 0.04 °C Fig. 4). The associated high level of metabolism as well as the onset of milk production may lead to higher maternal Tb after birth (Speakman and Król 2010b). Thus, in dormice, like in several other species (reviewed in Williams et al. 2011), the date of parturition can be exactly determined by an increase in Tb. However, in case of the Arctic ground squirrel the temperature abruptly increased by 1–1.5 °C after parturition (Williams et al. 2011), which is much higher than observed in dormice.
Torpor in free-living dormice
The occurrence of short torpor bouts (<24 h) was strongly affected by the mast situation with much higher torpor frequencies in the mast-failure year (Fig. 5). Animals showed only few torpor bouts at the beginning of the active season (May) and during the intensive foraging period prior to hibernation. Females, for example, showed some bouts of torpor prior to gestation, when temperatures were still low (Fig. 4). For males, it is already known that only sexually quiescent animals use short bouts of torpor frequently, while sexually active males do not (Fietz et al. 2004). Thus, although torpor during the reproductive season has been observed in several hibernating species (reviewed in Geiser 2013), torpor and reproduction seem incompatible in dormice. High Tb's seem generally important for males to develop testis as shown, for example, in ground squirrels (Barnes et al. 1986; Michener 1992). In females, however, it seems that time constraints need to be considered in this context, since young are born late in the active season. A low Tb during pregnancy is known to slow down fetal development and would therefore further postpone the time of parturition (Racey and Swift 1981). A late date of birth, however, leads to a lower body mass in juveniles prior to hibernation, which might affect their survival probability (Pilastro et al. 1994).
Only immediately prior to the onset of hibernation, i.e., the first multiday torpor bout in fall, we observed the second phase of a strong increase in torpor frequency. We consider these bouts of torpor so-called "test drops" that occur at the onset of hibernation in many species (e.g., Sheriff et al. 2012; Strumwasser et al. 1967). However, the huge standard error of the mean (Fig. 5a) shows that some animals do not show these tests drops at all. Thus, they were not a prerequisite to enter hibernation, as is also the case in the Arctic ground squirrel (Sheriff et al. 2012).
Interestingly, animals were less active during phases with increased frequency of torpor (Fig. 6). Indeed these phases occurred during summer, when food availability (i.e., ripe fruits and seed) was low. In fall, on the other hand, dormice increased phases of time spent at Tb > 40 °C and reduced the use of torpor significantly. This strategy seems successful in terms of body mass gain, since body mass increases throughout the active season despite decreased food availability in mast-failure years (Bieber 1998; Schlund et al. 2002). A negative correlation between torpor frequency and nocturnal activity was also observed in a daily heterotherm, the Djungarian hamster (Ruf et al. 1991; Ruf and Heldmaier 1992). It has been suggested that the use of torpor has a negative impact on activity because the reduction of energy expenditure during torpor allows animals to minimize foraging activity (Ruf and Heldmaier 1992). This strategy should be particularly beneficial at times when foraging success is low, or when locomotor activity is risky or energetically costly.
Effects of enclosure-housed conditions
We further compared the Tb's recorded in the field with data recorded from animals kept with ad libitum food supply in outdoor enclosures. Because of the restricted height of the enclosures (3.5 m) and the easily accessible food, we expected a lower locomotor activity, compared with field conditions. Our results confirm this hypothesis; however, even in our enclosures animals reached frequently Tb's above 40 °C (for on average 2.3 h/days) indicating that they are much more active than animals kept in small cages, in which hyperthermia was never observed (Wilz and Heldmaier 2000). This result indicates that data recorded under laboratory conditions, especially if animals are strongly restricted in their locomotor activity, should be interpreted with caution.
Interestingly, the study site did not affect the frequency of torpor. Thus, the control of short bouts of torpor is apparently not solely governed by food availability and/or climatic conditions. Similarly, the performance of summer dormancy in dormice is not related to energetic constraints or low Ta's (Bieber and Ruf 2009). The ability to escape predation, and therefore to increase survival probability, is an important factor that needs to be considered in this context (Bieber et al. 2014; Turbill et al. 2011; Geiser and Brigham 2012; Geiser and Turbill 2009; Bieber and Ruf 2009; Hoelzl et al. 2015). Although dormice do not vanish below ground during short bouts of torpor, it is likely that the correlated lower phases spent at Tb > 40 °C (i.e., physically active outside the nest) will lead to a decrease in predation risk, apart from energetic advantages. However, dormice seem to opt for strategies like summer dormancy and prolonged hibernation, if they can afford it (Hoelzl et al. 2015).
The present study shows that Tb can serve as a valuable variable to obtain insights into the locomotor activity, as well as timing of reproduction in hibernators during the active season. Our data suggest that locomotor activity is strongly affected by environmental conditions, and that sexes respond differently to these changes. Hopefully our results will encourage future studies on Tb regulation and locomotor activity during the active season in hibernators. New devices, which allow measuring activity via accelerometers in combination with Tb, should be very valuable in this context (Williams et al. 2016).
Open access funding provided by Austrian Science Fund (FWF). We thank Jennifer Utz and Frank van Breukelen for organizing the 15th International Hibernation Symposium in Las Vegas, USA (31.07.2016–05.08.2016). We enjoyed this great meeting very much. We further thank all colleagues who contributed with questions to the discussion of the oral presentation and therefore improved this publication. In this context, we especially thank Chris Turbill for his question, which leads us to include Fig. 6 in this publication. We especially thank Folko Balfanz, Wolfgang Zenker, Gabrielle Stalder, Hanno Gerritsmann, and Chris Walzer for implanting the dormice. We are grateful to our animal caretakers Peter Steiger and Michaela Salaba, who took care of our enclosure-housed animals as well as of dormice held in cages prior and after implantation. We thank Karin Lebl for her support collecting data. We thank two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments. This study was approved by the institutional ethics committee and the national authority according to §8ff of Law for Animal Experiments, Tierversuchsgesetz—TVG of Austria, where the study was performed (BMWF GZ 68.205/167-BrGT/2004, BMWF-68.205/0041-II/10b/2008, and BMWF GZ 68.205/0112-II/3b/2011). This study was funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF; P 25023), the city of Vienna, and the state of Lower Austria.
Author contributions
CB and TR designed the study and analyzed the data, and CB and TR wrote the manuscript. FH, JSC, and SG collected data and contributed to the manuscript.
Funding information
|Funder Name
|Grant Number
|Funding Note
|Austrian Science Fund
Copyright information
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.


text:
Recent changes to 27: phpmylibrary 2.2.1 initial releasehttps://sourceforge.net/p/phpmylibrary/bugs/27/2006-03-20T10:38:02Zphpmylibrary 2.2.1 initial release2006-03-20T10:38:02Z2006-03-20T10:38:02ZCharles Fiddlerhttps://sourceforge.net/u/polerio/https://sourceforge.neta442e84c0c8f47c1319c48ee2dfe6932b4b31ba7

Initial Release of ver 2.2.1

This is the initial working version of 2.2.1. Advance
 search is under development. Basic search has been
 done. Cataloging module has been replaced totally by
 this module included in this release.

Base code has been laid out. Improvements and
 bugs fixing to follow or ongoing.

Some things to improved that has been discovered already:

1. Tags listing, should include the whole marc
 consisting of i think 180+ tags, current is 60+ (the
 basics)

2. Advance search. I will be doing some extra-magic in
 this function because union, except, difference, not
 avaiblable yet in mysql 4.x, 5.x This is why this
 function is still not finish. But the basic search is
 already working fine. this is so easy to be done in
 postgresql. but default webhosting companies use mysql.

3. Modify and/or create serials module.

4. Improve the patron management.

5. Adapt the barcoding features.

6. Improve the printing support.

7. Improve the configuration management.

8. Improve Borrowing/Circulation management

Goal has been done. To create a new cataloging
 interface more easy than previous versions. I had
 wanted to fix everything but this will take probably 6
 months, this is why i just decided to release what i
 had already done so that others may benefit from this
 new features right away. And perhaps, they can code
 more fast than i am and better improve the code-base.

anyways this is it. my current development snapshot.

version 2.2.1

download it at

http://www.phpmylibrary.org

or at

http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=37605


text:
Pizza Inn announces multi-unit agreement in Bahrain
Pizza Inn, Inc. (NASDAQ:PZZI) today announced the signing of a multi-unit development agreement to open up to 20 new units in the country of Bahrain over the next 10 years in a continuation of the brand's expansion throughout the Middle East. Pizza Inn has awarded a territorial franchise agreement to the Attyab Al Bahrain Catering Company and Eastern Retail Services Company W.L.L., both owned by the Sheikh Terki Al Khalifa Group of Companies. Initially, the group is converting its former Domino's Pizza® locations to Pizza Inn restaurants in Bahrain.
The Sheikh Terki Al Khalifa Group of Companies is led by Sheikh Terki Al Khalifa, owner of the Crepe Café franchise & partner in Cementatia General Trading, UAE since 2006.
"We are proud to partner with the Al Attyab Al Bahrain Catering Company in Bahrain," stated Ward Olgreen, Senior Vice-President of Worldwide Franchising. "Their experience in the pizza category combined with our commitment to quality and customer satisfaction makes this a very formidable partnership."
"We are extremely excited about our future with Pizza Inn," stated Sheikh Terki Al Khalifa. "We know that families in Bahrain will love every aspect of Pizza Inn, whether they enjoy our made-from-scratch pizzas at home or in our restaurants."
The new partnership with the Al Khalifa Group will also utilize the support services of United Food Company, Pizza Inn's master licensee for Saudi Arabia and Qatar and a part of the Abdulla Abunayyan Group of Companies.
© 2008 Al Bawaba (www.albawaba.com)
Top Headlines
- Marriott International to introduce Residence Inn brand in Bahrain
- InterContinental Hotels Group's Holiday Inn moves into Seeb
- Domino's Pizza team up with Pepsi in the Middle East
- The Residence Inn by Marriott Kuwait City adds to robust local expansion
- Ishraq invests in premium energy reduction solutions for two Express by Holiday Inn hotels in Dubai


text:
Bleak margins dim Canadian Solar outlook
By Vaishnavi Bala and Swetha Gopinath
(Reuters) - Canadian Solar Inc (CSIQ.O: Quote) posted a wider-than-expected quarterly loss and forecast sequentially lower shipments and margins for the current quarter, as a gradual improvement in demand is yet to offset plummeting prices.
Some of the largest players in the solar industry sank into red last year as the prices halved for the modules that turn sunlight into electricity, but demand has been picking up in the largest market, Germany.
Canadian Solar shares were down 10 percent at $2.95 on Wednesday on the Nasdaq. They have lost about three-quarters of their value in the last one year, compared with a 66 percent decline in the broader MAC Global Solar Energy Index .
For the first quarter, the company forecast margins of 5 percent to 8 percent, down from 8.7 percent in the last quarter.
Canadian Solar, which is based in Ontario but has most of its operations in China, expects first-quarter shipments of 340 megawatt (MW) to 350 MW, down from 436 MW in the fourth quarter.
"Their numbers would not stack up where they would be in a position to make up profit for the full year or exiting the year," Auriga USA LLC analyst Hari Chandra Polavarapu said.
The company also forecast full-year shipments of about 1,800 MW to 2,000 MW, higher than 1,323 MW it shipped last year.
"You can get all the shipments but if you are sacrificing margins, what does it tell you?" Polavarapu said. Continued...


text:
21736 Auto World Circle
Directions Sterling, VA 20166
Loudoun County's choice for great customer service.
Notice a strange or unfamiliar light appearing on the instrument panel of your Subaru? It could be a normal indicator light or it could mean a potential issue with your vehicle.
Find the specific light you're looking for within the icons provided below. Then, learn what the indicator or warning light means and how we can help diagnose the cause. Remember, don't wait for a light to come on that signals a simple service. Stick to your Maintenance Booklet, or ask us when service is due.
Not only do we provide expert Subaru care, we are proud to offer these added benefits that make us different than the rest:
21736 Auto World Circle
Directions Sterling, VA 20166
21736 Auto World Circle
Sterling, VA 20166


text:
Islamabad, Dec.29 (ANI) : Condemning the suicide attack on a Muharram procession in Karachi in which 40 people were killed, former Pakistan President General Pervez Musharraf has called on the government to root out terrorism from the country.
"Terrorism should be uprooted at all cost. The menace should be nipped in the bud," The News quoted Musharraf, as saying.
Speaking over telephone from London, Musharraf said peace and stability cannot be established in the country until extremism is eliminated completely.
He said that the war on terror should continue until the menace is wiped off from the region.
Musharraf also urged the nation to remain calm and united to 'foil the evil designs of the militants.' (ANI)


text:
Future of medicine lies in integration of disciplines, say Nobel laureatesBMJ 2010; 341 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c3647 (Published 07 July 2010) Cite this as: BMJ 2010;341:c3647
- Bob Roehr
- 1Lindau, Germany
Medicine has become increasingly dependent on drugs generated through chemistry and diagnostics that rely on physics. This century will see further, accelerated entwining of those three disciplines, according to a panel of experts at the 60th Nobel laureate meeting last week in Lindau, Germany.
The boundaries of biology, chemistry, and physics are artificial ones, "concepts developed from our need to teach," said Israeli Aaron Ciechanover. His work in elucidating the role of ubiquitin in degrading cellular proteins garnered the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 2004.
"We have to change our model of work to work in teams," …
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text:
The GS2 is online and accessible through iroar. Submitting a GS2 is a 2 step process that includes A) Committee Selection and B) Plan of Study. Below are the steps to navigate the GS2 online.
Degree-seeking master's and specialist's students must submit the GS2 by the middle of their second semester. Doctoral students must submit the GS2 no later than the beginning of their fourth semester of study. The final version of the student's GS2 must be on file by the date specified by Enrolled Services (graduation deadlines can be found on the deadlines page),or a late fee of $25 for the first day and $5 for every additional day will be charged.
From here you have access to both the GS2 Committee Selection and to the GS2 Plan of Study. Please review the Policies and the Helpful Tips below before you move forward in setting up your plan of study.
For a more in depth review on how to complete your committee selection please review this Committee Selection document.
To review steps on completing your Plan of Study please review this Plan of Study document.
TIMELINE — Student must select his/her committee and get approval prior to the submitting of the actual plan of study. Degree-seeking master's and specialist's students must submit the GS2 by the middle of their second semester. Doctoral students must submit the GS2 no later than the beginning of their fourth semester of study. Under the approval process a student must select his committee and get approval of the committee and all other parties prior to the submitting of the actual plan of study.
Policy: A degree-seeking student must file a Plan of Study or graduate degree curriculum (Form GS2) in accordance with the Office of Enrolled Student Services' timeline. The Plan of Study must be filed near the beginning of each student's program of study. Students pursuing the master's or specialist's degree must submit the curriculum by the middle of their second semester following matriculation and doctoral students must submit the curriculum no later than the beginning of their fourth semester of study following matriculation. Students who do not submit their Plans of Study in accordance with these guidelines will have their privilege to register for courses blocked until the Form GS2 is received by the Office of Enrolled Student Services. Since fixed curricula normally do not exist for graduate degrees, this planned program represents an individual student's curriculum as recommended by the advisory committee. It must adhere to departmental as well as University policies. All transfer courses listed on the GS2 must be courses taken for credit from accredited degree-granting institutions whose scholastic reputation is acceptable to Clemson University.
Procedure for student: The student must consult with the major advisor and other members of the advisory committee to agree on the appropriate courses and other experiences necessary in order to earn the intended graduate degree. Before a Plan of Study (Form GS2) is officially approved by the Graduate School, it must be signed by the student, the advisory committee, departmental chair and college dean. It is then forwarded to the Office of Enrolled Student Services for approval and distribution. Students are not allowed to submit preliminary Plans of Study thru the electronic Work Flow but many departments recommend students to do this as being part of the normal planning process. The Plan of Study may be created as a document for approval on the student's Self Service Banner Portal under the Student registration tab and labeled GS Plan of Study.
Policy: Every student enrolled in the Graduate School must have an advisory committee. The advisory committee approves the student's degree curriculum, supervises the graduate program, administers the final oral examination (if required), and initiates the recommendation for the awarding of the degree. In addition, the advisory committee may administer qualifying (or preliminary) or final comprehensive examinations. One member of the committee is designated as chair or major advisor and normally directs the student's dissertation or thesis, if required.
Procedure for student: A student must select an advisory committee in consultation with the department chair or graduate program coordinator. Students should refer to their graduate program handbooks for proper program procedures for selecting this committee in accordance with the rules of their specific program. Once advisory committee members are selected and approved, the student, department and committee members are notified of the fully constituted committee by means of the approved Plan of Study (Form GS2).
A minimum of three faculty members are to be selected by a student seeking a master's or specialist's degree, and a minimum of four faculty and maximum of five members are to be selected by a student seeking a doctoral degree. Selected non-thesis and master's in engineering programs may only have a chair and no other members. The majority of the advisory committee, including the major advisor, must be comprised of Clemson University faculty who hold full-time, tenure-track positions. Either the major advisor or at least half of the committee must hold rank in the program offering the degree. If a minor is declared, this area must be represented on the committee. Emeriti faculty may serve as advisory committee members but may not serve as chair of the advisory committee. Committee members of interdepartmental programs are to be appointed according to bylaws formulated by the program faculty and endorsed by the Graduate School that assure appropriate representation of the participating departments. Part-time visiting and other non-tenure-track faculty employed by Clemson University may serve on the advisory committee but may not serve as chair. Persons not employed by the University may serve on the advisory committee; if they serve as one of the statutory members of the committee, they must be appointed to adjunct faculty status. All duly appointed committee members have full voting status on the outcomes of all examinations given by the committee. It is possible for co-chairs to direct the activities of the advisory committee. This special arrangement must be made with the consent of the dean of the Graduate School.


text:
Wealth Professional forum is the place for positive industry
interaction and welcomes your professional and informed opinion.
AMP has announced a large number of key leadership appointments within a reshuffle of management structures read more
Tributes have been flowing for a popular and successful financial planner who passed away in tragic circumstances this week read more
FOFA changes are upon us and most in the financial services industry are rejoicing – but some are scaremongering instead, says FPAread more
There is increasing debate in the industry around what minimum balance should be required in order to make an SMSF effective, says the chief executive of an SMSF platform providerread more
The life insurance industry is struggling through deteriorating claims, declining profits and higher lapse rates. Adviser 'disengagement' is partly to blame, says APRA
read more
'ASIC-bashing' should stop in order to move forward with inevitable change, says a business analyst who gives best practice advice to plannersread more
Those who work in financial services often spend a healthy part of the day dealing with career-related stress. But where do financial advisers rank on the stress-scale?read more
ASIC chair Greg Medcraft has posted two videos online defending himself, ASIC and his business class travel as International Organisation of Securities Commissions chair
read more
New research shows banks are triggering super fund switching by pushing their lower-cost products onto consumers. But the head of an industry association says this is not necessarily a bad thingread more
New research shows only half of Australian Generation Y's can correctly identify what superannuation is, and most never think about their super. See why this is so frighteningread more
Peter Townsend of Townsends Business and Corporate Lawyers t ...
Fixed rate home loans are now accounting for almos ...
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Abolishing negative gearing tax concessions will r ...
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In Issue One of Wealth Professional magazine we celebrate the tireless and vital ...


text:
Warmfuzzy's Main Page
WarmFuzzy's NewsLetter
Charm is a female black and white kitten (Siamese mix) born 5/28/09. She is very playful but she does like to be held and loved. She will reach up and give you kisses and hugs. Charm will grow up to be a small kitty so she will fit perfectly in almost any lap. She has been dewormed, spayed & vaccinated.
Adoption fee : $70.00
If you are interested please call 660-267-3600 or contact Joyce at email@example.com


text:
Mont Bell Alpine Burrow Bag Thermal Sheet DetailsThe Mont-Bell Alpine Burrow Bag Thermal Sheet is one of the lightest synthetic offering, this "climber's bag" is a smart piece to have cached in your pack in the event of challenging variable weather conditions and an unplanned bivouac. During summer months, creative backcountry enthusiasts integrate their favorite ultralight garments for use in a sleep system. This product is also ideal for those staying in hostels while tramping around Europe.
|Mont Bell
|1 lb 6 oz
|Best Use
|Sleeping Bag Shape
|Max User Height
|6 ft 0 in (Regular)
|Shoulder Girth
|57 in - 68 in
|Hip Girth
|46 in - 55 in
|Foot Girth
|Not Specified
|Insulation Type
|Synthetic Insulation
|Packed Size
|4.7 in x 9.4 in
|Temperature Rating
|Temperature Range
|31° and Up
|Shipping Estimate
|Estimated Shipping: Same Day Shipping! Mon. - Fri. if ordered by 12 pm MST
Reviews For The Mont Bell Alpine Burrow Bag Thermal Sheet
Q & A For The Mont Bell Alpine Burrow Bag Thermal Sheet
Warranty & Returns
Money Back Guarantee
If you are not 100% satisfied with what you have purchased from CampSaver within 60 days of purchase, you can take advantage of our 60 Day No-Hassle Money Back Guarantee. What does that mean to you? We'll exchange your product for free or give you a full refund. You'll never be left regretting your purchase with CampSaver. We've got you covered.
Extended Return Policy
On top of our fantastic policies described above, CampSaver has a very liberal New/Unopened Return Policy. New, unused, and unopened products (excludes items from The Shed) may be returned to us at anytime, no questions asked. Any new/unopened item returned after 60 days will be issued store credit. We do not accept returns on used/opened products after 60 days. We do not accept returns on used weight bearing climbing gear, mounted skis or molded ski boots ever.
Fit Guarantee
All New Men's and Women's apparel and footwear (excludes items in the Shed) comes with what we like to call a Fit Guarantee. If the apparel/footwear you purchased does not fit comfortably and you'd like to exchange it for another size, we will cover not only the cost of the return shipping, but also shipping the replacement size. The Fit Guarantee only applies to shipping within the continental United States. At CampSaver you can buy with confidence that you will like what you buy, risk-free. Please allow 2 weeks for replacement item shipping.
All of the products we carry have a warranty which covers product defects. If you have any questions about the warranty on a given product, give us a call at 1-877-883-6276.


text:
|306 m²
|Tipo de imóvel
|Estadia Mínima
|4 - 7 noites
Persianas by the Sea é um dos mais bonitos e mais procurados casas de aluguel em Seagrove Beach. Estamos perfeitamente localizados, decorado, e mantido, e mais de metade dos nossos hóspedes fazer uma reserva para o próximo ano assim que sair. Por favor, verifique o calendário de disponibilidade, e em seguida, dar-nos uma chamada. Você não vai encontrar uma casa melhor para o preço em 30-A. Abaixo estão algumas citações que recebi em e-mails de clientes recentes. ??Realmente se a semana - bela casa, confortavelmente e completamente mobilados, localização perfeita no que diz respeito tanto à praia e as cidades ??.
Realmente se a semana - bela casa, confortavelmente e completamente mobilados, localização perfeita no que diz respeito tanto à praia e as cidades.
Os hóspedes 25 de maio - 01 de junho de 2011
Nós só queria que você saiba que nós ENTES nossa férias no Shutters. Foi simplesmente perfeito. Fomos de piscina para a praia à piscina de volta à praia! Localização foi muito bom e tivemos clima perfeito. A atmosfera no Shutters não poderia ser melhor. Ele é encantador, bem como confortável. A decoração é maravilhosamente bom gosto - você não perder uma batida. Cada coisa que você necessário para cozinhar grelhar e relaxante foi fornecida. Pode-se ver o orgulho pessoal e amor que você tem para o seu lugar especial. Gostava de conhecer a sua família através de suas fotos. Obrigado novamente por compartilhar sua jóia de uma casa de praia. Nós vamos recomendar a amigos, bem como fazer um retorno rápido assim que obter as datas quadrado de distância. Todo mundo estava vertiginosamente e apenas muito triste para sair.
Os hóspedes 4 de maio - 11, 2012
Desfrutar de uma relaxante Dom cheio férias, no 'Persianas by the Sea.' Nossa bela, quatro mais quartos casa está localizado a apenas uma meia milha a partir da encantadora cidade de Mar Flórida.
'Shutters' possui todo o estilo e detalhe arquitetônico de uma casa beira-mar, por cerca de metade do preço.
A casa principal tem três quartos e um terceiro quarto da torre chão com futon. O Guest House é uma residência muito espaçoso, mas privativo com cama e banheiro, sala e cozinha manhã. Ao todo, você vai desfrutar de mais de 3300 pés quadrados de espaço interior e 2.200 pés quadrados de varandas e pátios wrap-around. Tudo o paisagismo com plantações nativas, palmeiras, e seu próprio 20 pés x 20 pés piscina privada aquecida. O melhor de tudo, você está a apenas 100 quilômetros de praias de areia branca açucarados, e as águas azul-turquesa do Golfo do México.
Palavras-chave: Início w / Guest House
Dear Bev,Michael,Lindsey,Grant,
Thank you so much for our lovely visit in your beautiful home. The area is picture perfect! We felt totally at home.
Love, Brenda, Mark, Mary Beth & Stanley
This was my first time staying in this area and it did not disappoint. The home is in a great location: extremely close to the beach with an cean view and close to Seaside. The house was very spacious, clean and has a private pool (which was not the small "wading" pool you typically find). The owners were great to work with and very accommodating. We definitely will be back.
We've been going to 30A for many years and this was the best house we've rented! Michael was very helpful and made the renting process very easy! The house is beautiful and very clean. It felt like a "home away from home". It is very spacious with lots of room and the attached guest house is wonderful. The pool is absolutely beautiful and a great size. The location is perfect, being right across the street from the beach was perfect. You're close enough that if you forgot something its no problem to run back to the house. You are right down the street and a quick bike ride from Seaside which is perfect. I could go on and on. We had a wonderful vacation and will definitely be coming back. Thank you Michael!
Our June, 2016 week-long stay at Shutters by the Sea was fantastic. The home was everything, and more, that we were anticipating based on the VRBO listing. We were impressed with the cleanliness of the home when we arrived, and how "renter-friendly" the home is --- it has practically everything that we needed! Perry, and the property management team were excellent! Perry did a great job of introducing us to the home upon our arrival, and answering all of our questions about the home, and the Seaside community.
There are too many favorites about this home, and our vacation to list. But, besides the very close proximity to the beach, we really enjoyed our time in the back-yard pool, and evenings on the top deck --- beautiful views. Many thanks to the Mason family for sharing this home with us. We are already planning a return next year!
This is our second time at Shutters By The Sea. Each visit has been wonderful. The porches are wonderful. This time we had three babies 2 and under. We could fence them in on the second floor and they could run, play and be safe while the adults had their morning coffee. The private pool is always fantastic; enjoyed by all. The many trees surrounding the home allow for so much privacy. There are so many places to go to have privacy. The 3rd floor room with the VCR children's tape was an added plus. This was a time for the children to wind down before sleep. The bike riding was so much fun. Riding to Rosemary beach was a great time. We rented our bikes from Big Fish and they were very accommodating. The 3rd floor deck was enjoyed as well. This home is perfect for a family. The kitchen has everything you need and the home is so accommodating for babies/toddlers. Their are many stairs but the babies were very obedient and waited for the adults to assist them. The location is fabulous. The beaches are beautiful and just cross the highway and you're there. Now that we've been twice, it's like going home. Michael has always been easy to work with . I would recommend this house to any family who wants to enjoy being together but also need their space. It's fabulous.
We just returned from Shutters By the Sea. We went with another family, who also had a 7 and 10 year old. The house is beautiful and in an ideal location. We walked across the street to the beach every day, then rode bikes into Seaside and other nearby restaurants. (The owner's suggestion for the Fried Grouper Sandwich was spot on! It is a 'must'). My favorite part was the location. I like to be just slightly away from crowds. This is the best of both worlds. We had some quiet time, but could walk or ride bikes into Seaside in just a few minutes.
The home is PERFECT! With 8 people total... We had more than enough space to spread out when we wanted to. It is so well appointed and had everything we needed.
I felt so well prepared for our vacation. The owner sent a very comprehensive document with tips regarding the home, restaurant suggestions, etc. That came in so handy for us "First Timers". The owners very clearly love this property and are extremely attentive.
I cannot say enough about this home, the location, and the owners. We will definitely be back and look forward to making more memories at Shutters by the Sea!
Persianas by the Sea é 1/2 milha do Mar e na aguarela. Desfrutar de todas as atividades, restaurantes e lojas de beira-mar ou em Aquarela, mas com a privacidade de Seagrove Beach. Tudo isso por cerca de metade do preço de Mar ou aquarela.
|Validade da Tarifa
|por noite
|Noite (fim de semana)
|por semana
|por mês *
|Pacote ou Evento
Summer 2017
mai 21 2017 - ago 12 2017
Estadia mínima: 7 noite(s)
Late Summer 2017
ago 13 2017 - set 9 2017
Estadia mínima: 7 noite(s)
Fall 2017
set 10 2017 - nov 18 2017
Estadia mínima: 4 noite(s)
Tarifa Básica
Dia de mudança: domingo
Estadia mínima: 4 noite(s)
|Cleaning Fee
Rates are subject to change unless verified by owner.
* Tarifa mensal aproximada. O valor real dependerá dos dias em que você de fato se hospedar no imóvel.


text:
Romeinse cijfers
Romeinse Cijfers. My fave
30 Roman Numeral Tattoos That Will Mark Your Most Memorable Date
mandala wrist tattoo
I think I'd get either my Dad's birthday or the day I decided to get help from my pastoral counselor.
42 Beautifully Simple And Perfectly Formed Small Wrist Tattoos. I think I know what my first tattoo is.. A small anchor on my wrist. Symbolism would be the Jesus is my anchor. He keeps me still in times of storms.
नमस्ते ɲคɱค§tƹ नमस्ते
Henna tattoo design. I tried this one on the palm side of a friend's hand and forearm, and added a semicircle radiating stripes and little petals on the wrist flower, expanding the design to the edge of the palm. The detailing was easy (mostly curlicues and "fish scale"), but it was time consuming (~1 hr).
Mandala mandalas mandalatattoo wrist pols lines fineline tattoo tattoos utrecht utreg
Floral Tattoo on Shoulder with Lily, Daisy and Rose. via forcreativejuice.com