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LTC James Allen
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Feb. 15, 1806
Ohio, USA
Aug. 23, 1846
Fort Leavenworth
Leavenworth County
Kansas, USA
Son of James Allen & Jane Heathwood
Captain James Allen was given the responsibility of recruiting the Mormons for service in the Mexican War. He had been a Captain in the U.S. Army since 1837, and had graduated from West Point Military Academy in 1829. He had accompanied Henry R. Schoolcraft in his 1832 expedition to find the headwaters of the Missouri Rivers. He had acquired considerable experience in Iowa Territory by the early 1840s and in 1842 was assigned to Ft. Atkinson in Iowa Territory to supervise the Sac and Fox Indian agency. In 1846 he was sent by Brigadier General Stephen Kearny, recently appointed Commander of the Army in the West, to meet with the Mormons. Thomas L. Kane had already hand delivered to him the instructions from President James K. Polk concerning the formation of the Mormon Battalion.
A few biographical details about Captain Allen:
1806. Born of Irish parents in Ohio.
1825. Entered the Military Academy at West Point as a cadet from the State of Indiana.
1829. Graduated from West Point – 35th in a class of 46. A fellow classmate was Robert E. Lee. Assigned to duty as second lieutenant at Fort Brady, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan Territory.
1832. Ordered to head a military escort for Henry Schoolcraft on an expedition to the Indians in the northwest regions of Michigan Territory. While on this expedition, Allen produced the first correct map showing the true relationships of the lakes and streams at the ultimate source of the Mississippi River. On the return journey, the military escort fell behind and suffered numerous hardships along the St. Croix and Brule Rivers. The text of Allen's journal is reproduced here, and his map of the St. Croix/Brule portage area is shown here as Map 4.1.
1833. Attached to the First Regiment of Dragoons near St. Louis.
1835. Transferred to Fort Leavenworth in Kansas and promoted to First Lieutenant. Served as an engineer in the exploration of the Indian country of the Southwest.
1837. Promoted to Captain and given command of Company I, First United States Dragoons.
1842. Assigned to supervise the Sac and Fox Agency (named "Fort Sanford" by Allen) near the present site of Ottumwa, Iowa.
1843. Established and commanded Fort Des Moines on the Des Moines River at the mouth of the Raccoon River. Fort was necessary to protect the Sac and Fox from continuous, aggressive intrusions by settlers, traders and the Sioux. The city of Des Moines was established on this site after the dissolution of Fort Des Moines in early 1846.
1846. In July, enlisted over 500 Mormon men in Council Bluffs, Iowa for an expedition to California to provide a reserve force in the Mexican War which became known as the "Mormon Battalion." This expedition was basically intended to facilitate the Mormons' westward migration. There is much on the web that tells of Allen's organization and command of the Mormon Battalion, and a Google search can be quite productive. A couple notable pages can be found here and here.
August 23, 1846. Allen, by now promoted to Lieutenant Colonel, died en route at Fort Leavenworth. Buried at Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery.
In July 1846, under the authority of U.S. Army Captain James Allen and with the encouragement of Mormon leader Brigham Young, the Mormon Battalion was mustered in at Council Bluffs, Iowa Territory. The battalion was the direct result of Brigham Young's correspondence on 26 January 1846 to Jesse C. Little, presiding elder over the New England and Middle States Mission. Young instructed Little to meet with national leaders in Washington, D.C., and to seek aid for the migrating Latter-day Saints, the majority of whom were then in the Iowa Territory. In response to Young's letter, Little journeyed to Washington, arriving on 21 May 1846, just eight days after Congress had declared war on Mexico.
Little met with President James K. Polk on 5 June 1846 and urged him to aid migrating Mormon pioneers by employing them to fortify and defend the West. The president offered to aid the pioneers by permitting them to raise a battalion of five hundred men, who were to join Colonel Stephen W. Kearny, Commander of the Army of the West, and fight for the United States in the Mexican War. Little accepted this offer.
Colonel Kearny designated Captain James Allen, later promoted to Lieutenant Colonel, to raise five companies of volunteer soldiers from the able-bodied men between the ages of eighteen and forty-five in the Mormon encampments in Iowa. On 26 June 1846 Allen arrived at the encampment of Mt. Pisgah. He was treated with suspicion as many believed that the raising of a battalion was a plot to bring trouble to the migrating Saints.
Allen journeyed from Mt. Pisgah to Council Bluffs, where on 1 July 1846 he allayed Mormon fears by giving permission for the Saints to encamp on United States lands if the Mormons would raise the desired battalion. Brigham Young accepted this, recognizing that the enlistment of the battalion was the first time the government had stretched forth its arm to aid the Mormons.
Captain James Allen was given the responsibility of recruiting the Mormons for service in the Mexican War. He had been a Captain in the U.S. Army since 1837, and had graduated from West Point Military Academy in 1829. He had accompanied Henry R. Schoolcraft in his 1832 expedition to find the headwaters of the Missouri Rivers. He had acquired considerable experience in Iowa Territory by the early 1840s and in 1842 was assigned to Ft. Atkinson in Iowa Territory to supervise the Sac and Fox Indian agency. In 1846 he was sent by Brigadier General Stephen Kearny, recently appointed Commander of the Army in the West, to meet with the Mormons. Thomas L. Kane had already hand delivered to him the instructions from President James K. Polk concerning the formation of the Mormon Battalion.
"Circular to the Mormons"
(Presented by Brigham Young and Captain James Allen on July 1, 1846 at Council Bluffs, Iowa)
"I have come among you, instructed by Col, S.F. Kearney of the U.S. Army, now commanding the Army of the West, to visit the Mormon camp, and to accept the service for twelve months of four or five companies of Mormon men who may be willing to serve their country for that period in our present war with Mexico; this force to unite with the Army of the West at Santa Fe, and be marched thence to California, where they will be discharged. "They will receive pay rations, and other allowances, such as other volunteers or regular soldiers receive, from the day they shall be mustered into the service. They will be entitled to all comforts and benefits of regular soldiers of the army. When discharged as contemplated, at California, they will be given gratis their arms and accoutrements for which they will be fully equipped at Fort Leavenworth. This is offered to the Mormon people now. This is an opportunity of sending a portion of their young and intelligent men to the ultimate destination of their whole people, and entirely at the expense of the United States, and this advanced party can thus pave the way and look out for the land for their brethren to come after them. "Those of the Mormons who are desirous of serving their country, on the conditions here enumerated, are requested to meet me with out delay at their principal camp at Council Bluffs, whither I am going to consult with their principal men, and to receive and organize the force contemplated to be raised. "I will receive all healthy, able-bodied men from eighteen to forty-five years of age."
J. Allen, Captain 1st Dragoons
James Allen wrote the letter of Mormon application to reside on Indian lands in Iowa. At Mt. Pisgah (Grand River) Union Co., Iowa, the Mormons were met by Captain James Allen, under the command of Colonel Stephen W. Kearny, commander of the U.S. Army of the West stationed at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. He brought orders authorizing him to enlist 500 volunteers for a year, in a campaign to secure California in the war with Mexico. On July 20, 1846, the battalion started their march from Council Bluffs, Iowa, to Fort Leavenworth. At this time Captain Allen was promoted to Colonel and Kearny was promoted to General.
When the battalion reached Fort Leavenworth August 1st, there were 22 officers and 474 enlisted men for a total of 496. There were also 34 women and a number of children.
The Mormons found Allen easy to work with and Allen did his task well, but died on 23 August 1846.
Capt. Allen's Burial
Missouri Republican 31 August 1846
It is with sincere regret that I inform you of the death of Lt. Col ALLEN. He died this morning at 3 o'clock, of congestive fever, after an illness of ten days, in his 38th year of age.
He, you know, was Capt. of 1st Dragoons, and was deputed by Gen KEARNEY [sic], to muster into service of the United States, the Mormons as Infantry. Of this battalion, he was elected Lt. Colonel. He has endured great fatigue, and hardships, since his election, and his constitution, which was much impaired before, was unable to endure so much. His death has thrown a gloom over every thing at the Fort to day, and every face indicates sincere distress. I understand that he was a noble soldier, and, universally beloved by all who knew him. His battalion (which has been gone ten days) perfectly idolized him, and his death will be a severe blow to them. He was much attached to the soldiers in his command, had brought them under very superior discipline, and said before his death, that he had never commanded a finer, or more orderly company. Indeed every one here (ladies too) speak highly of this battalion.
Lieutenant Colonel ALLEN was without a family but he did not go to the tomb unwept. When he was a young lieutenant, a dying mother, who knew him, and appreciated to the kindness of his nature, placed under his charge, a little orphan daughter. This child he took, and rearing with all the tender affection of fond father, adopted her as his own, and gave her a fine education. She is now grown, the wife of one of the officers at this station. At her house he died, and from her he received the most constant and affectionate attention during his illness. His death deeply distressed her.
His faithful servant, Levi Wells, to whom he was much attached, and who has lived with him for years, hung over his body, and wrung his hands in an agony of grief.
He was buried this afternoon, at five o'clock, with military honors, by company A of the first Infantry, Lt. Wm E. Prince commanding. This company made a fine appearance on parade. The flag of the United States was folded and laid over his coffin, which was proceeded to the grave by the company of Lieut. Prince and, one of the finest bands of music I have ever heard, belonging to the first regiment of dragoons.
Capt. HOLT, Lieut. SMITH, Dr. SANDERSON, and Lieut BUCHANAN acted as his pallbearers. His body was conducted to a high bluff overlooking the broad Missouri , whose waters lave its base, and thence deposited forever.
In the procession immediately following his body, was his beautifully spotted horse, led by his servant, Wells, caparisoned as if for battle. His boots and spurs were at the stirrups, his sword hanging at the side of the horse, and his pistols, bare and of dazzling brightness, hanging at, the pommel of the saddle.
But alas, the hand that might have wielded that sword in glorious conflict with the enemies of his country, was powerless in death, and the voice that might have cheered on his victorious comrades upon some ensanguined battle-field, was silenced forever. "What shadows we are, [and] what shadows we pursue." [Edmund Burke")
Lieutenant Colonel Allen is the first officer who has died at Fort Leavenworth since its establishment, a period of nineteen years. This is a remarkable fact.
From Gen. George Cullum's Biographical Register (1891):
Born O JAMES ALLEN Ap'd Indiana, Military History Cadet at the Military Academy, July 1 1825, to July 1 1829, when he was graduated and promoted in the Army to BVT SECOND LIEUT 5TH INFANTRY JULY 1 1829; SECOND LIEUT 5TH INFANTRY, JULY 1 1829. Served on frontier duty at Ft Brady, Michigan, 1829-33. SECOND LIEUT IST DRAGOONS, MAR. 4 1833, Dearborn, Ill., 1833-34, on Engineer duty Jan 10, 1834, to Oct 15; FIRST LIEUT IST DRAGOONS, MAY 31, 1835-1836, on frontier duty at Ft Leavenworth, Kan., 1837. CAPTAIN, IST DRAGOONS, JUNE 30. 1837. Frontier duty at Ft Leavenworth, 1839-42; Ft Gibson IT 1842; March to Ft Atkinson Io. 1842; Ft Sandford, Io 1842 Raccoon Fork, Io. 1843; Ft Des Moines, Io. 1843-44; Raccoon Fork, Io., 1844; Ft Des Moines, Io., 1844-45; Expedition to Lac Qui Parle 1845 and Ft Des Moines, Io. 1845-46 and in the War with Mexico, 1846 as Lient. Colonel commanding Mormon Battalion of Missouri Volunteers on the march to New Mexico July 16 to Aug 23 1846. DIED AUG 23 1846 AT FT LEAVENWORTH, KAN AGED 40.
Mormon Battalion members
Lieutenant Colonel, Mormon Battalion, Missouri Volunteers, Indian War, Mexican War
Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery
Fort Leavenworth
Leavenworth County
Kansas, USA
Plot: Secton A-OFF, site 289
Maintained by:
Schott Family
Originally Created by:
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Record added: Feb 25, 2000
Find A Grave Memorial# 272165
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What's the name of the orphan girl he adopted? Im trying to find my Allen relatives that lived in Leavenworth or adjacent county. Her name is Margaret Allen DOB not known. She gave up her child Iva Pearl Allen Ely Breneman 1888-1960 for adoption to George...
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Jeff Cofran
Added: Sep. 20, 2014
Added: Mar. 2, 2014
The oldest known military grave is that of Captain James Allen, First... U S Dragoons, who died in August 1846. Rest in Peace.
Added: Sep. 8, 2011
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Sarcophaga bullata
|Sarcophaga bullata
|Scientific classification
|S. bullata
|Binomial name
|Sarcophaga bullata
(Parker, 1916)
Sarcophaga bullata, or the grey flesh fly, is a species of fly belonging to the family Sarcophagidae. It varies in size from small to large, 8 to 17 millimeters in length and is very similar in appearance and behavior to a closely related species, Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis. S. bullata is a common scavenger species in the Eastern United States, but is found throughout the Nearctic region. Identification down to the species level in the Sarcophagidae family is notably difficult and relies primarily on the male genitalia.[1][2][3] Though limited information is available regarding S. bullata, it has gained increasing recognition in the field of forensic entomology as a forensically-relevant fly species, as it may be among the first species to colonize human remains. In these instances, recovered maggots may be analyzed for post-mortem interval (PMI) estimations, which may be used as evidence in courts of law.[4] Current studies regarding S. bullata have revealed a maternal effect operating in these flies that prevents pupal diapause under certain environmental conditions, which is an important factor to be considered during forensic analyses.[5]
Classification of the species has also proved difficult, as it has for much of the Sarcophagidae family. C.H. Murran, for instance, included Sarcophagidae in a larger family, Metopidae, that added some Muscidae and some Tachinidae. Most, however, consider S. bullata to be a member of the Sarcophaginae subfamily within Sarcophagidae. Beyond that, the family can be split into tribes before defining genus. S. bullata is widely accepted to be a member of the Sarcophaga genus, but it is also included by some into a subgenus, Neobellieria.[6][7]
Sarcophaga bullata is approximately 8 to 17 millimeters in length. The head is colored ashen grey, and the arista (hair) of the antenna is plumose (feather-like) only at the base, unlike a Calliphorid fly, whose arista is plumose the entire length.[1] The eyes of S. bullata are bright red in color, and are rather widely separated on the top of the head. On the genae, or cheeks, are long bristly hairs. Two orbital bristles are present on the females, while the orbital bristles are absent on the males.
Present on the thorax are three contrasting black and grey longitudinal stripes; these stripes do not continue onto the abdomen. Sarcophaga have 4, rather than the normal 2 or 3, notopleural bristles, and 3 sternopleural bristles.[8] A prominent row of black bristles (setae) can be found on each side of the thorax, just above the base of the hind leg and just under the base of the wing. These two sets of bristles are what differentiate Sarcophagidae from Muscidae. S. bullata lacks the postscutellum, the large swelling underneath the scutellum of the thorax, which distinguishes the flesh fly from Tachinid.[8] S. bullata have black legs, translucent wings, and do not have a costal spine.
The abdomen is grey and slender, with a median black stripe. It is checkered with a shifting pattern and black reflecting spots.[9]Sarcophaga most resemble the blow fly, but never have metallic colored abdomens. There are no bristles on the middle tibia of the fly, but the hind tibia has fringed or long hairs irregularly placed.[10] The genitalia is located on the end of the abdomen and in the males is a bright red color. The genitalia is one of the main identification characteristics used to identify the different genera of Sarcophagidae.
The life cycle of Sarcophaga bullata is characterized by holometabolous development, though, like all known sarcophagids, the species is larviparous, meaning that the egg develops internally and females then give birth to first-instar larvae. This must be accounted for when using the species in forensic work to calculate a post-mortem interval.
Though not much has been written specifically on the reproductive cycle of S. bullata, Sarcophagids are thought to be consistent within the family when it comes to life cycle. The eggs themselves are about 0.5 to 3.5 millimeters in length and 0.12 to 0.8 millimeters in width, though hatching occurs within the uterus just before the deposition of larvae.
Sarcophagidae larvae are white or pale yellow, cylindrical, and tapered anteriorly. All segments beyond the first have anterior and posterior bands of hairs. The mandibles are usually strong and curved, resembling a hook. Posterior spiracles are sunken in, which is a characteristic that can be used to distinguish between flesh fly and blow fly larvae. Larvae are most often found in decaying animal matter.[3]
First instar:
First instar Sarcophagidae larvae are 0.5 to 5.0 millimeters long. The Sarcophaginae larvae, specifically, usually lack a labral sclerite, but in some cases it is present as a small, triangular plate located between the mandibles. The first segment is at times sclerotized on the dorsal surface, which can form a partial head capsule. The Sarcophaginae have a hypopharyngeal sclerite that is sometimes fused with the large tentoropharyngeal sclerite. They also lack an anterior spiracle, while the posterior spiracle usually consists of two lobes; rarely it may be bispinose.
Second instar:
Second instar larvae of the Sarcophagidae family are 4.0 to 10.0 millimeters long and closely resemble the third instar with the exception being that the posterior spiracle has only two openings.
Third instar:
Third instar larvae are 9.5 to 20 millimeters long. The mandibles are by now large and strongly curved. The dorsal cornu of the tentorpharyngeal sclerite appears incised due to a narrow apical window. The anterior spiracle is present with a short stalk that branches into several nodes, resembling a fan. The posterior spiracles now consist of three vertical slits within a sunken oval cavity. This cavity is surrounded by 8 to 12 tubercles, of which the dorsal ones are often sclerotized and have toothed processes, while the ventral tubercles are often covered in nipple-like projections. The anal opening is located in a fairly prominent posteroventral lobe that also has lateral tubercles.[11]
Sarcophaga bullata do not have wide natural distribution, and can only be found in the Nearctic region, or the part of North America that is north of Mexico.[3] It is most common in the eastern and southern United States, but can be found from the western coast of the United States to Canada. S. bullata are commonly found in rural and urban environments, and it is commonly found in houses and indoor dwellings, especially during the summer months.[3] The flies prefer the warmer months, and are active from May to September, with the majority of the activity in August and September.[12]
Feeding habits[edit]
Adults of the family Sarcophagidae do not feed exclusively on carrion, despite the weighty implications of the name "flesh flies;" in fact, adult flies are frequently discovered feeding on sweet substances, such as sap and flower nectar. The flesh-eating character of the family refers primarily to sarcophagid maggots, which feed predominantly on carrion, exposed meat, and excrement.[3] Sarcophaga bullata, in addition to all species of the family Sarcophagidae, may be considered "specialized flies," a term coined by Baker and Baker to describe flies that feed on carrion and dung.[2][13] Specialized flies have been proven capable of detecting and selectively favoring plant nectars with high amino acid concentrations. Extensive research has suggested that S. bullata females in particular favor amino acid-containing nectars as opposed to strictly sugary nectars, perhaps to secure healthy levels of protein for successful reproduction.[14]
Adult flesh flies are attracted to animal remains in both early and late decomposition stages, and have been known to fly through even the most extreme weather conditions to reach carrion. Though adult flies of the family Calliphoridae typically arrive on human remains before those of Sarcophagidae, sarcophagid adults are unhindered by nearly all climatic conditions and may reach the carrion first during particularly stormy weather.[3] Rather than laying eggs, S. bullata females retain fertilized eggs internally until they develop into first-instar larvae, which are then deposited directly onto carrion. As sarcophagid larvae are larger than those of most other colonizing flies, they often present significant larval competition for other species.[15] Though sarcophagid larvae have been attributed to causing myiasis, a condition in which maggots feed on the tissue of a living human or animal, they are most commonly discovered feeding on animal remains. In the southeastern United States, species of the genus Sarcophaga are the principal flies found during the warm summer months on bodies located indoors, as females frequently enter dwellings to deposit its larvae.[4]
In terms of relevance to decomposing tissue analysis, forensic entomologists must disregard an egg development time period in post-mortem interval (PMI) calculations, as S. bullata and other sarcophagids deposit live larvae on carrion as opposed to eggs. For the same reason, fly egg masses discovered on human remains can be automatically ruled-out as belonging to sarcophagid flies.[4]
Social behavior[edit]
It is difficult to quantify the level and nature of "communication" that takes place among sarcophagid adults, though much is known about the role of pheromones in their reproductive physiologies.[14] An experiment by Girard et al. in the 1970s demonstrated that S. bullata males release the sex pheromone hexanal, which was shown to attract over 65% of the females tested from over long distances.[16] In studies regarding the social behavior of adult female sarcophagids larvipositing on animal remains, it has been suggested that adult females prefer to aggregate with other carrion flies and larviposit on carcasses that already have larvae present. A possible explanation for this selective preference is that an increased number of larvae results in a greater concentration of larval enzymatic secretions on the carrion, aiding in digestion. Sarcophagid larvae are also known to outcompete the larvae of other species and cause their extinction, and occasionally consume the smaller larvae present on animal remains.[15]
Natural predators[edit]
The Sarcophaga bullata has few, if any, specific natural predators due to their dispersal throughout the North American continent. Predators of S. bullata are carnivores, ranging from mammals and reptiles to carnivorous plants. However, a few primary predators are the Stagmomantis californica or the California Mantis, Catopsis berteroniana, Sceloporus undulatus or Eastern Fence Lizard, and the Perimyotis subflavus (Eastern Pipistrelle).
As members of Sarcophaga bullata are found from coast to coast in the United States and in parts of Canada, these flesh flies have been the focus of many forensically related studies. Most of these studies deal with the immature stages, as maggots are a helpful tool in the forensic world for determining post-mortem interval estimations. One such study concerning S. bullata determined that when evaluating a post-mortem interval, temperature plays a major role in maturation of the maggots and the decomposition of the surrounding tissue. This is an important consideration for forensic entomologists, as the ambient temperature at the crime scene before and during the colonization of human remains by arthropods must be accounted for to ensure that post-mortem interval estimations are accurate.[17]
Another important consideration with the grey flesh flies concerns maggot mass temperature. "Maggot mass" refers to a large group of maggots clustered together at a particular location on a carcass. Reporting an accurate temperature is critical to properly calculating accumulated degree hours in the estimation of a post-mortem interval. Accumulated degree hours and similar measures are determined to attempt to trace back the "age" of the maggots and determine the time of exposure of decaying tissue. Some scientists claim that maggot mass temperature is generally significantly above ambient air temperature. Others maintain that while maggot mass temperature may be elevated in a laboratory setting, in the field the maggots self-regulate their temperature by moving in and out of the feeding mass.[18] Obviously, more research is needed to determine the general effects of maggot mass temperature.
Other work has been reported concerning tanning in S. bullata with the age pigment lipofuscin. Lipofuscin accumulation in larvae is a linear function of time. Some of the pigment is disposed of at the pupal stage and then linear accumulation resumes in adults. Many projects have focused on an assay of this pigment as it could hold a rather accurate technique for aging S. bullata and other forensically important insects.[19]
Temperature data[edit]
To estimate insect age, forensic entomologists must determine the amount of time a particular insect spends in each stage of development and apply this information to temperature data at a crime scene to determine a post-mortem interval estimation. Timing of various insect stages is determined in a laboratory at standardized temperatures so that ranges may be applied to the different temperature conditions encountered in the field. Post-mortem intervals are estimated by determining the accumulated degree days (ADD) or accumulated degree hours (ADH) acquired by each insect stage on the remains; this information is then used to calculate the overall degree days or degree hours accumulated during the insect's entire life cycle and association with the carcass, representing the minimal amount of time the body has been available for colonization by insects. This estimation does not claim to represent an accurate time of death, but rather a minimal time of colonization. This is an important distinction that must be considered with the use of forensic evidence in courts of law.[20]
Accumulated degree days can be determined by subtracting the minimum threshold from the average ambient temperature over a 24-hour period and multiplying the difference by the corresponding number of days. Accumulated degree hours, which are equally useful, are similarly determined by subtracting the minimum threshold from the ambient temperature over a 1-hour period and multiplying the difference by the corresponding number of hours. The term "minimum threshold" refers to the lowest temperature at which an insect species will develop; any temperatures below this threshold will result in delayed development and probable death of the insect in question.[20]
It is important to note that similar calculations may be carried out to determine "accumulated degree minutes," "accumulated degree seconds," etc., though ADD and ADH are typically used in forensic analyses.
For S. bullata, the following temperature data has been determined in a laboratory setting. These calculations correspond to a standardized temperature of 27 °C.[20]
|Time Spent in Stage (27 °C)
|1st Instar Larvae
|26 hrs
|2nd Instar Larvae
|18 hrs
|3rd Instar Larvae
|54 hrs
|112 hrs
|12 days
|17 days
Other research[edit]
Another study was conducted concerning an effect by the mothers of the flesh fly population. There is a maternal effect that operates in S. bullata that can prevent pupal diapause when reared under short day conditions. It was determined that certain environmental stressors or chemical treatments on the mother, such as extreme temperature shocks, food deprivation and reducing maternal size, were ineffective in altering the diapause-suppressant. However, there were several chemical agents that proved effective. Gamma-aminobutyric acid, octopamine and pilocarpine all countered the maternal affect and permitted the expression of diapause in the flesh fly progeny. The ability to express diapause is an important consideration for forensic entomologists as diapause allows the pupae to become metabollically "dormant" until environmental conditions improve; this would significantly affect pupal time estimations and subsequent post-mortem interval estimations.[5]
See also[edit]
- ^ a b Aldrich, J.M. (1916). Sarcophaga and Allies in North America. Murphey-Bivins Co. Press. pp. 233–235. ISBN 1-115-40881-X.
- ^ a b Baker, H.G. & Baker, I. (1973). "Amino-acids in nectar and their evolutionary significance". Nature. Nature Publishing Group. 241 (5391): 543–545. ISSN 0028-0836. doi:10.1038/241543b0.
- ^ a b c d e f Byrd, Jason H. & Castner, James L. (2001). Forensic Entomology: The Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations. New York: CRC Press LLC. pp. 233–235. ISBN 0-8493-8120-7.
- ^ a b c Byrd, Jason H. & Castner, James L. (2001). Forensic Entomology: The Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations. New York: CRC Press LLC. ISBN 0-8493-8120-7.
- ^ a b Denlinger, David & Webb, Mei-Ling. (July 2002). "GABA and Picrotoxin Alter Expression of a Maternal Effect That Influences Pupal Diapause in the Flesh Fly, Sarcophaga Bullata". Physiological Entomology. London: Royal Entomological Society of London. 23 (2): 184–191. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3032.1998.232073.x.
- ^ Curran, C.H. (1934). The Families and Genera of North American Diptera. The Ballou Press. pp. 402–403.
- ^ Pape, Thomas, (1987). The Sarcophagidae (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Leiden: E.J. Brill/Scandinavian Science Press Ltd. p. 19. ISBN 90-04-08184-4.
- ^ a b "Flesh Fly - Family Sarcophagidae". Retrieved 2009-03-06.
- ^ Kgware, M. "Public Health Vectors and Pests: Flesh Fly". Retrieved 2009-03-06.
- ^ "Green Valley Pest Control: Flesh Fly". Retrieved 2009-03-06.
- ^ Shewell, G.E. (1987). Manual of Nearctic Diptera - Sarcophagidae. 2. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada. pp. 1160–1161. ISBN 0-660-12125-5.
- ^ Chen, Cheng-Ping; Denlinger, David L.; Lee, Richard E. (July 1990). "Seasonal variation in generation time, diapauses and cold hardiness in a central Ohio population of the flesh fly, Neobellieria bullata". Ecological Entomology. Royal Entomological Society of London. 16 (2): 155–162. ISSN 0307-6946. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1991.tb00204.x.
- ^ Baker, H.G. and Baker, I (In: B. Bentley and T. Elias (eds.)) (1983). A brief historical review of the chemistry of floral nectar. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 126–152.
- ^ a b Rathman, Eric S.; Lanza, Janet & Wilson, Jeffrey (October 1990). "Feeding preferences of flesh flies (Sarcophagabullata) for sugar-only vs. sugar-amino acid nectars". American Midland Naturalist. University of Notre Dame. 124 (2): 379–389. JSTOR 2426188. doi:10.2307/2426188.
- ^ a b Ives, Anthony R. (March 1991). "Aggregation and coexistence in a carrion fly community". Ecological Monographs. 61 (1): 75–94. JSTOR 1943000. doi:10.2307/1943000.
- ^ Gerard, J.E.; Germino, F.J.; Budris, J.P.; Vita, R.A. & Garrity, M.P. (January 1979). "Pheromone of the male flesh fly, Neobellieria bullata". Journal of Chemical Ecology. Netherlands: Springer. 5: 125–130. ISSN 0098-0331. doi:10.1007/BF00987693.
- ^ Henry, Amber. (April 2002). "Forensic entomology. (Junior Division) The Free Library.". Retrieved 2009-03-06.
- ^ Koch, Emily. (April 2003). "Controversy in Forensic Entomology and Crime Scene Investigation: The Question That Is Bugging Forensic Entomologists" (PDF). California: California State Science Fair. Retrieved 2009-03-05.
- ^ Ettershank, G, Macdonnell, I and Croft, R (1983). "The Accumulation of Age Pigment by the Fleshfly, Sarcophaga Bullata Parker (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)". Australian Journal of Zoology. Australia: CSIRO Publishing. 31 (2): 131–138. ISSN 0004-959X. doi:10.1071/ZO9830131.
- ^ a b c Brundage, Adrienne (2009). "Temperature," lecture notes distributed in the topic ENTO-431 Forensic Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station on 6 April.
External links[edit]
|External identifiers for Sarcophaga bullata
|Encyclopedia of Life
- Pape, T. & Carlberg, U. (2001 onwards), A pictorial guide to the Sarcophagidae of the world (Insecta: Diptera).
- "Sarcophagidae Central" Overview,Identification Annotated bibliography etc.
- The Definitive website Thomas Pape
- Flesh Fly: Sarcophaga sp. Diagnostic photographs, descriptions and information; female specimen
- Flesh Fly: Bellieria sp. Photographs, descriptions and information; female specimen
- Family description and images
- Images from Diptera info
- Fly morphology
- Key to the Calyptrate families


text:
I began crying as our eyes met. She opened her heart and shared her story to a group of strangers standing in the sweltering Mexican sun. She stood outside of her one room apartment, humble and vulnerable, weak and poor; she showed us the abundance of giving out of nothing. We marveled at her faith and saw a glimpse of the Kingdom – a kingdom that includes this unknown place and unknown woman. The widow's mite was no longer just a story in the Bible; it was a reality we were witnessing before our eyes.
I recently had the privilege of helping lead a short-term missions team in Acuña, Mexico. We worked with an organization called Casas por Cristo, and built a house for the Betancourt family in just under four days. On the morning of the house dedication, a small group of us went to the house of a woman who started a feeding program in her neighborhood. We picked her up in our white 15-passenger van, drove her to the supermercado, walked the aisles with her as she picked up hot dogs, buns, tomatoes, and onions. She knew we had come to help her shop and pay for the groceries, and asked how much she could get. I told her to get all that she wanted and shop extravagantly. Her extravagance was mere modesty, but she was pleased and very thankful. We drove her back to her apartment and left her with her daughter-in-law to cook and prepare the meal for the 30 or 40 kids that would shortly be walking through her door. The five of us drove back to the worksite to pick up the rest of the group before returning to the apartment to help serve the food and hang out with the kids. We brought balloons, soccer balls and willing hands ready to assist and play.
Yolanda was her name, a name unknown to most of Acuña, and a name certainly unknown to the world, yet a name that is precious and known by the One who created her. Yolanda's backyard was a collage of brightly colored hand prints and names. The kids were singing "Father Abraham"; voices of those who live in poverty, innocent voices that sing sweet praise, voices that proclaim prosperity in the midst of scarcity. Their voices bounced off the cement walls and echoed in the chambers of our hearts.
On Yolanda's front door was a sign that said, "My confidence is in the Lord." The Israelites, while slaves in Egypt, smothered the blood of a spotless lamb on their door so that the angel of death might pass over. And Deuteronomy says, "Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one. You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your might. And these words that I command you today shall be on your heart…You shall write them on the doorposts of your house and on your gates" (6:4-5,9). Yolanda's faith is also proclaimed on her doorpost, and as you walk into her house and smell the feast that is being prepared and hear the joyful voices singing, you witness a faith that is not just being announced – you witness a faith that is obediently being lived.
Indeed the Lord's command is written on her heart.
Obedience in the Lord is not drudgery. Obedience is love made manifest. Obedience is joy exposed. Obedience does not count the cost but seeks the promised reward. Obedience wells up and overflows from the realization that one is covered in the righteousness of Christ, saved by grace and not of her own doing so that no one may boast (Ephesians 2:8-9). Obedience bows down to freedom in reverence and lives in reckless abandon to the One who set her free. Obedience is being His workmanship, "…created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand, that we should walk in them" (Ephesians 2:10). Obedience is living into who we were created to be and what we were created to do.
The Lord has given us commands, to love him above all else and to love our neighbor as ourselves (Matthew 22:37-39). Jesus goes on to say that "on these two commandments depend all the Law and Prophets" (Matthew 22:40). If one abides in the Lord, they will be about the things of the Lord; loving the Lord's holiness, righteousness and grace, and serving others as fellow image bearers of the Loving, Holy and Righteous One. In the giving of such commands, the Lord is not seeking to constrain His people or bear on them wearisome burdens. In giving them, He is revealing His character and His desire for those who belong to Him. Obedience then is living in humble submission to the pleasures of God; the things that delight Him and reveal Him. An obedient life is living in the beauty of the eternal.
There stood Yolanda, small in stature but grand in presence. With her worn hands, hands whose wrinkles testify to her persevering and generous spirit, she told us her story. It is not a story of ease, but of change, sickness, hope and desire. She moved to Acuña for reasons unknown to me, battling cancer, and when she arrived she had this fervent yearning to do something. She said she was retired and had nothing to do. She didn't want to sit around, comfortable in complacency. She couldn't stand the thought of doing nothing, especially when everything had been done for her by her Lord. Time is not to be wasted, she said, it is meant to be shared and given away. And so she found a need right in her backyard and she went to work meeting that need. She told us she sells homemade flower arrangements and piñatas to make enough money to buy the food to serve to the neighborhood kids. And she takes public transportation to and from the market to purchase the food. Her obedience is not convenient, but transcendent love requires inconvenient obedience.
All that flowed from Yolanda's mouth were words of praise and gratitude, recounting the many ways she has been blessed. Blessed in the midst of cancer, blessed in cancer's disappearance, blessed in her simple surroundings, blessed serving the least of these. She is the most ordinary of women, and she is the most extraordinary of servants. Having nothing, yet possessing everything (2 Cor. 6:10).
Yolanda embraced me tightly, tears in her eyes and in mine, and as she peered through the gateway of my eyes into into the depths of my soul, she said over and over again, "God is good, He is so very good." As a sister in Christ, she knew and felt my unspoken suffering and met me in it. Within her grasp, how could I not look back into her eyes and declare that indeed the Lord is good. In the life and example of such a saint I was encouraged beyond measure. Yolanda, through her devotion, tenderness, and unwavering obedience pointed us all towards the unchanging One who even now in meekness meets the bent reed yet does not break it and in power parts the raging sea.
This article is written by Executive Director, Brittany Grider, and is taken from her blog "rugged hope: stories from the wilderness". If you would like to read more, please visit ruggedhope.com.


text:
Suqour al-Sham Brigade
|Suqour al-Sham Brigade
لواء صقور الشام
|Participant in the Syrian Civil War
Logo of the Islamic Front used by Suqour al-Sham
|September 2011—22 March 2015[1]
3 September 2016—26 January 2017[2]
|Sunni Islamism[3]
|Ahmed Abu Issa[3]
Abu Hussein al-Dik † (Senior commander)
|Sarjeh, Idlib Governorate, Syria[3]
|Area of operations
|Idlib Governorate, Syria
Aleppo Governorate, Syria
9,000–10,000[4] (2013)400[5] (December 2014)
|Part of
Islamic Front (2013–2015)[6]
Syrian Islamic Liberation Front (2012-2013)
Syrian Revolutionary Command Council (2014-2015)[8]
Army of Conquest (2015-present)[9]
|Originated as
|Suqour al-Sham Battalion
|Ahrar ash-Sham
|Ahrar ash-Sham
Free Syrian Army[citation needed]
Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union
Alwiya al-Furqan
Sham Legion
|Battles and wars
The Suqour al-Sham Brigade (Arabic: لواء صقور الشام, English: Falcons of the Levant Brigade), also known as the Sham Falcons Brigade, is an armed rebel organisation formed by Ahmed Abu Issa[3] early in the Syrian Civil War to fight against the Syrian Government.[3] It was a member of the Islamic Front[6] and a former unit of the Free Syrian Army[11] and the Syrian Islamic Liberation Front.[12] They have a history of coordinating with Ahrar al-Sham and the Al-Nusra Front[4] (a group which has re-branded itself Jabhat Fateh al-Sham). In March 2015, the Suqour al-Sham Brigade merged with Ahrar ash-Sham,[13][1] but left Ahrar al-Sham in September 2016.[2] Also, in September 2016, they joined the Army of Conquest which Ahrar al-Sham is also a member.[9] On 25 January 2017, Suqour rejoined Ahrar.[7]
Suqour al-Sham's ideology has been described by Asher Berman of the Institute for the Study of War as Islamist but not having a global jihadist outlook. In a sermon delivered in a mosque in April 2012, Abu Issa said Muslims had lost their honor because they had abandoned jihad, replacing aspirations for martyrdom with a fear of death. However, in an interview in June 2012 Issa described his vision for a post-Assad Syria as a moderate Islamic state "without imposing it on society."[14]
A publication of the Counter Terrorism Centre in August 2013 described Suqour al-Sham as belonging to the most stridently Islamist wing of the Free Syrian Army and the Syrian Islamic Liberation Front.[15] After ending relations with those two organisations it joined the Islamic Front in November 2013, a charter released by the new group described their shared beliefs as rejecting representative democracy and secularism, instead seeking to establish an Islamic State ruled by a Majlis-ash-Shura and implementing Sharia law.[16]
Activity and tactics[edit]
As Suquor al-Sham grew in prominence, rebel units in neighboring regions such as Aleppo and Idlib Governorate declared themselves to be members of Suqour al-Sham. The central leadership sometimes recognized their affiliation, but the amount of coordination with these groups was believed to be low. By June 2013 the group had recognised some 17 sub-brigades.[15]
Suqour al-Sham has been known to carry out roadside IED attacks targeting the Syrian Army since its inception. The organization has also carried out attacks on security checkpoints using VBIEDs that had been secretly rigged with explosives and driven unwittingly by released captives, upon reaching the target they were detonated remotely.[17] The group had not been known to carry out suicide bombings as of mid-July 2012.[14]
After three months of protests in 2011, the Syrian government released many high-profile Salafist Islamist prisoners from Sednaya Prison such as Zahran Alloush, Hassan Aboud and Ahmed Abu Issa. The Suqour al-Sham brigade was formed in September 2011 under the leadership of Ahmed Abu Issa in the town of Sarjeh in the Jabal al-Zawiya region of Idlib Governorate. The group's fighters are a mix of military defectors and civilian volunteers. According to its website, the brigade has a civilian and a military wing. The civilian wing is run by a shura council headed by Ahmed Abu Issa, this wing is responsible for acquiring military supplies, food, and media operations. The military wing is independent, but acts on the advice of the civilian leadership.[18]
Suquor al-Sham initially identified itself as part of the Free Syrian Army and recognized the Syrian National Council as the "chief representative of the revolution abroad;" however, the group does not view the SNC as an organization that can legitimately issue orders.[14] In September 2013, Suqour al-Sham was one of a number of rebel groups that issued a communique stating that the SNC was not representative of them and that they were abandoning it.[19][20] This was followed in December 2013 by a statement from Suqour al-Sham's leader, announcing that they were no longer part of the Free Syrian Army.[11]
In September 2012, a large number of Islamist rebel brigades, including the Farouq Brigades and the Suquor al-Sham formed the Syrian Islamic Liberation Front, under the leadership of Suquor al-Sham commander Ahmed Abu Issa. Abu Issa claimed the new Front had more than 40,000 fighters and aimed to establish a state with an Islamic reference.[12] This alliance was superseded in November 2013 by a new alliance called the Islamic Front, again led by Abu Issa.[6]
By early 2014, Suqour al-Sham had reportedly been substantially weakened following the outbreak of open warfare between many Syrian rebel factions and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. On 21 January 2014, Suqour al-Sham's top religious official, Abu Abderrahman al-Sarmini, defected from the group, in protest of the internecine warfare. In February 2014, the group's top military commander, Mohammed al-Dik (alias Abu Hussein), was killed in an ISIL attack. In the same month, Suqour al-Sham's chief of staff and one of its most powerful founding factions, the Suyouf al-Haq Brigade, announced an unapproved separate peace with ISIL and defected from the group. Suyouf al-Haq joined with Liwa Dawood, a powerful Suqour al-Sham faction that had defected in 2013,[21] to form a new group called Jaysh al-Sham, or the Army of the Levant.[22][23]
In September 2016, after more than a year of being absorbed by Ahrar al-Sham, the Suqour al-Sham Brigade left Ahrar al-Sham while continuing to use the Islamic Front logo.[2] Also, in September 201, they joined the Army of Conquest, of which Ahrar al-Sham is also a member.[9] On 25 January 2017 Suqour rejoined Ahrar.[7]
See also[edit]
- ^ a b c "Islamist Mergers in Syria: Ahrar al-Sham Swallows Suqour al-Sham". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 23 March 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
- ^ a b c "Sham Hawks Brigade split from the Islamic Movement of the Free Levant". Eldorar. 3 September 2016.
- ^ a b c d e O'Bagy 2012, p. 23.
- ^ a b "MAPPING MILITANT ORGANIZATIONS: Suqour al-Sham". Standford University. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
- ^ Dick, Marlin (1 December 2014). "Syrian rebel coalition announced". The Daily Star. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ a b c "Leading Syrian rebel groups form new Islamic Front". BBC. 22 November 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
- ^ a b c https://twitter.com/Syria_Rebel_Obs/status/824416935211397127
- ^ "Translation: the Formation of the Syrian Revolutionary Command Council". Goha's Nail. 3 August 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
- ^ a b c "Hassan Hassan حسن on Twitter". Retrieved 5 March 2017.
- ^ a b "Freedom, Human Rights, Rule of Law: The Goals and Guiding Principles of the Islamic Front and Its Allies". Democratic Revolution, Syrian Style. 17 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
- ^ a b "Leading Syrian rebels defect, dealing blow to fight against al-Qaeda". Daily Telegraph. 5 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
- ^ a b "Syria's Islamist rebels join forces against Assad". Reuters. 11 October 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
- ^ "اندماج حركتي أحرار الشام وصقور الشام". Retrieved 5 March 2017.
- ^ a b c "Rebel Groups in Jebel Al-Zawiyah" (PDF). Institute for the Study of War.
- ^ a b Lund, Aron (27 August 2013). "The Non-State Militant Landscape in Syria". CTC Sentinel. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
- ^ "New rebel alliance wants Syria as 'Islamic State'". AFP news agency. 26 November 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
- ^ "Syrian rebels releasing prisoners in bomb-rigged cars". New York Daily News. 21 June 2012.
- ^ "About Sham Falcons".
- ^ "Syrian rebel groups reject SNC authority, call for Islamic leadership". Reuters. 25 September 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
- ^ "Largest Syrian rebel groups form Islamic alliance, in possible blow to U.S. influence". Washington Post. 25 September 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
- ^ "A decision of the General Command in brigades Hawks Levant to accept the request of the separation o".
- ^ Hassan Hassan (4 March 2014). "Front to Back". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
- ^ "Politics of the Islamic Front, Part 6: Stagnation?". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2014.


text:
Laura Mandell, "Introduction: Histories of Print, Histories of Emotion."
Jody Greene, "Ego non sum Ego: John Dunton and the Consolations of Print."
William B. Warner, "The Invention of a Public Machine for Revolutionary Sentiment: The Boston Committee of Correspondence."
Suzie Park, "Compulsory Narration, Sentimental Interface: Going through the Motions of Emotion."
Gerald Egan, "Radical Moral Authority and Desire: The Image of the Male Romantic Poet in Frontispiece Portraits of Byron and Shelley."
Deidre Lynch, "On Going Steady with Novels."
Andrea Henderson, "Mastery and Melancholy in Suburbia."
Jacqueline George, "'All these lovers of books have themselves become books!': Leigh Hunt in his Library."
Jonathan Kramnick, "Response: Some Thoughts on Print Culture and the Emotions."


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Peter Hoogeveen
Meer ideeën van Peter
HJO Kylo Ren Costume Cape
M7422 | McCall's Patterns
kylo ren robe pattern - Google Search
Kylo Ren Hood pattern made easy with a hooded scarf. Funny to think of a Star Wars villain wearing a scoodie!
Mainly interested in tbe hood. But it's s good tutoriak for theehole costume.
Kylo_Ren_Mid_Coat.png (900×1350)
[self] Converted my Kylo Ren black series voice changer helmet to a more screen accurate version, using the disney store mask. The /r cosplay community seemed to enjoy my lightsaber mod, I hope you all enjoy this one. (step by step album, and thank you inspiration link in comments) - cosplay


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|This article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Taimah (1790-1830; var. Taiomah, Tama, Taima, Tiamah, Fai-inah, Ty-ee-ma, lit. "sudden crash of thunder" or "thunder") was a Meskwaki (Fox) leader in the early 19th century in present-day Wisconsin, Iowa and Illinois. He was often called Chief Tama in historical accounts and was one of the signatories of an 1824 treaty in Washington, DC ceding land to the United States.
Taimah was born into a Meskwaki family in their historic territory in present-day Wisconsin. His name was spelled by many variations in historic records. Ty-ee-ma in Meskwaki means "sudden crash of thunder" or "thunder." He grew up in the Meskwaki culture, when they came under increasing pressure from United States encroachment. He became noted among Americans for saving the life of the United States Indian agent at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, by warning him of an assassination attempt. The Meskwaki had long occupied territory around the Great Lakes, in Wisconsin, Michigan and Illinois, moving into Iowa.
After the Meskwaki migrated from Wisconsin, Taimah became the principal leader of one of their villages near what later developed as Burlington, Iowa. He also maintained a village near Gladstone, Illinois in the 1820s.[1] Caleb Atwater mistakenly credited Taimah with being the leader of Quashquame's village, but he was this chief's son-in-law.[2]
In 1820 Taimah was interviewed by Jedidiah Morse at Fort Armstrong in Illinois. Morse was gathering information from tribes as an agent for the US Department of War, which then had jurisdiction over Native Americans. Morse wrote of Taimah:
The second chief of this [Meskwaki] nation is Ty-ee-ma... about forty years old. This man appears to be more intelligent than any other to be found either among the Foxes or Sauks; but he is extremely unwilling to communicate anything relative to the history manners and customs of his people. He has a variety of maps of different parts of the world and appears to be desirous of gaining geographical information.... He one day informed me when conversing upon this subject that the Great Spirit had put Indians on the earth to hunt, and gain a living in the wilderness; that he always found, that when any of their people departed from this mode of life, by attempting to learn to read write and live as white people do, the Great Spirit was displeased, and they soon died; he concluded, by observing, that when the Great Spirit made them, he gave them their medicine-bag, and they intended to keep it.— Jedidiah Morse (1822), A Report to the Secretary of War of the United States, on Indian Affairs: Comprising a Narrative of a Tour Performed in the Summer of 1820
Taimah signed the 1824 treaty in Washington, DC by which the Meskwaki ceded much of their land in Wisconsin to the United States.[3]
He died in 1830. Taimah is buried near what developed as Kingston, about 1/4 mile from the Mississippi River, in a small patch of land in the middle of a corn field. A stone bearing his name is located about 20 rods west. Never having been plowed, this land is covered in trees, and foliage. The gravesite is on private property, and is not open to visitors. Des Moines County Highway 99 runs near this site.
- He was the namesake of the city of Tama, and Tama County, Iowa. The city is located near the Meskwaki Settlement, founded in 1857 when the Meskwaki were allowed to buy land in the state.
Taimah's son was Appanoose;[4] he also became a chief. [Appanoose County, Iowa]] was named for him.
|This Iowan biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


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From Web's Eye View | 2016-02-22 | 308 views