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Welcome to New Leaven, the blog of T.C. Robinson - a place where you're invited to rethink faith and culture in the light of Scripture. >Learn more
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- Reflection for Palm Sunday 2017
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- First Sunday of Lent 2017: I'm not giving up Coffee
- Transfiguration Sunday 2017
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Category Archives: Church
Those "One Another" Passages!
During a recent training exercise, all I could think of were those "one another" passages in the New Testament. Love one another. Forgive one another. Be kind to one another. Be patient with one another. Accept one another. Picture life … Continue reading
Posted in Community, Miscellanies Tagged Communal Love, Community 2 Comments
Prayer for Mark Driscoll and Family
A few months back I noticed I was receiving emails from Mark Driscoll, especially about what he and his family were doing in their relocation to Phoenix, AZ. These emails would contain book studies, family anecdotes, and ministry updates. In … Continue reading
Posted in Church Planting, Mark Driscoll, Miscellanies Tagged Church Planting, Mark Driscoll, Mars Hill Church 19 Comments
St. Paul, Christians, and Love
On more than one occasion we find the Apostle Paul baring his soul to the churches and individuals he writes to (2 Corinthians 11:28). And having been known by Christ, it was Paul's earnest desire to see every community of … Continue reading
Posted in Community Tagged Community Leave a comment
Back to Basics: Redeeming Christianity
Simplicity isn't the equivalent of simplistic. To ask for a simple life is not to trade depth for shallowness. Rather, to seek simplicity is to strip oneself of all the clutter of the mundane and superficiality and get back to basics. … Continue reading
Posted in Christianity Tagged Christianity, Countercultural, Simplicity 2 Comments
John Calvin's Doctrine of Election is Christocentric
According to church historian Timothy George, "Calvin did not teach this doctrine [election] because he was a 'dour despot' or a mean man but because, rightly or wrongly, he believed it was clearly found in the Scriptures" (Theology of the … Continue reading

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Does your organization have systematic procedures to remove sensitive data from obsolete equipment, or do you use a somewhat ad hoc process for the cleanup and disposal of old gear? Careless disposal of data storage hardware has led to costly and embarrassing incidents for organizations that discovered too late that their control over media sanitization was inadequate. The guidelines presented here will help organizations review their sanitization procedures and develop a more sound process if needed.
Citation: IEEE IT Professional
Volume: 15
Issue: 5
Pub Type: Journals
Download Paper
data disposal, data loss, data protection, data removal, data sanitation, information technology


text:
$ 20.00
CAVIAROLI olive oil and rosemary are made of pressed olive oil with rosemary. As a result we obtain an aromatic oil scents reminiscent of spring. CAVIAROLI rosemary oil is ideal to combine with meats, especially hunting meat.
An explosion of Mediterranean flavors: Imagine a drop of olive oil in a thin membrane made of natural gelatin that is odorless, colorless, tasteless, and retains the essence of a pure virgin olive oil until it is released in your mouth. CAVIAROLI is a surprising and unique product being used in the kitchens of some of the best chefs in the world. Now CAVIAROLI, in a variety of flavors, is available for the first time in the U.S. Use CAVIAROLI right out of the jar - you don't have to be a great cook or have Michelin stars. The only requirement is creativity, the possibilities are endless.
How and where to use CAVIAROLI: CAVIAROLI can be used anywhere you would use olive oil, with exceptions. Do not cook with it. The exposure to hot surfaces will break the membrane. The membrane resists temperatures up to 140º so CAVIAROLI can be used to finish hot dishes. Some other recommended uses are in salads, hors d'oeuvres, as a plate garnish, in hot & cold soups, and cocktails for a floating orb effect.
It also combines very well with all kinds of seafood and helps keep the flavors of the dish intact, providing the oil's flavor in every bite. CAVIAROLI is also highly recommended for use on all kinds of smoked meats, cheeses, and carpaccio. Include some on your favorite desserts, as CAVIAROLI combines well with chocolate, fruits and ice cream, giving your palate a new sensation.
$ 14.00
The first time we tasted SQIRL's jams - Seascape Strawberry and Rose Geranium - it was nearly a religious experience. It was a lazy morning at The Sea Ranch, and we spread this ethereal jam over some rustic bread. We were instantaneous devotees.
Sqirl restaurant in Los Angeles makes their jams in copper jam pans using traditional techniques from the 1500's. Organically farmed produce, fair trade organic sugar and no commercial pectin.
Size: 8 oz.
Ingredients: Certified Organic Blackberries, Blueberries, Unrefined cane sugar, Lemon JuiceView full product details
$ 85.00
Heavy enough to stop a door (or flatten your pickles)
Pound is a doorstop or paperweight that was inspired by traditional Japanese pickling stones. Picking stones have to be heavy enough to hold down a pickling barrel's lid. We're certainly a fan of a good pickle, but in reality ours is destined to hold a door open here at The Sea Ranch, Placewares' home on the 'breezy' Sonoma Coast.
The Pound's surface is a smooth granite stone with a rope hand strap.
Each Pound stone is unique and one-of-a-kind. Made in Kagawa, Japan.
Designer: Eiji Ota
Size: 6 x 3" | 4.5 lb
Material: Stone, rope
Care: Clean with a damp cloth and wipe dry.
View full product details
$ 24.00
Modern and minimalist the Graf Lantz trivets are hand cut from lux German merino wool felt offering effortless table setting that transitions between all interior aesthetics. Naturally heat resistant & water repellent.
Material: 5mm merino wool felt
Size: Round 10 in. Diameter
Hand cut in Graf & Lantz's Los Angeles StudioView full product details


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|Reviews for Cauchemar
| CountessCora chapter 1 . 6/4/2011
Reminds me of Bete Noir... Wish I could get it on my iPad!
| Smackalicious chapter 1 . 10/10/2006
Nice job with this! Tony having a nightmare just makes me want to hug him and comfort him. *sigh* I think we all feel like that, though. I mean, it's TONY. The ending of this is so in character for Tony, something he would do. Once again, nice work. :)
| Wiccagirl24 chapter 1 . 9/2/2006
Well done, sweetie. I love this insight into Tony.
I look forward to hearing more from you.
| shirik chapter 1 . 8/30/2006
poor tony...
tnx for the story!
| Tweeter chapter 1 . 8/30/2006
I love this! Very well-written and in-character. Excellent first attempt, you're a good writer and celestial1 is a good mentor. I look forward to reading more from you.
| jacey05 chapter 1 . 8/29/2006
I'm very intrigued. Great start. I'm looking forward to the next installment.
| celestial1 chapter 1 . 8/29/2006
Yay, I get to be your first reviewer, too! Of course, you already knew I liked this story. I like what you did with the second paragraph; I think it works really well.
I've had to use hyphens for breaks in my stories, as well; the little ruler thingie in FFN's HTML editor hasn't worked in weeks. Not sure what's up with that.
Anyway, congratulations on your first story!


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Are you and avid cyclist, triathlete, spinner or maybe someone just looking for a dynamic way to burn some calories? The Performance Center at Sherpa is equipped with 8 CompuTrainers and a 120 inch HD screen that give cyclists, triathletes and spinners the opportunity to ride actual courses worldwide on their own, as an individual rental, or in class with the instruction from a cycling coach.
With real and measurable data, the CompuTrainer system allows the rider to execute very specific and monitored workouts or replicate training sessions to calculate the exact wattages/cadences required for a successful ride. With countless courses available to train with, and valuable feedback given not only after, but also during each ride, the CompuTrainer provides the most comprehensive and effective indoor cycling experience ever created. Consistent riding sessions on the CompuTrainers can increase an athlete's cycling power by 20 – 30% and speed by 2 to 4 MPH.
Open to all levels of riders seeking expert on-the-bike instruction to develop and improve specific aspects of their cycling skill set. Indoor cycling coupled with our professional instructors leading the session, or simply riding on your own, you will ride away with a better understanding and appreciation of the skills required to become a more efficient, powerful and confident cyclist.


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21 organizations demonstrate the keys to longevity
Cover Story
21 organizations in the Pittsburgh region share how they adapt to changing times and explain how culture factors into their business longevity.Read Full Article
21 organizations demonstrate the keys to longevity
Accountability for allParis Cos. exceeds expectations by finding a better way
Cover Story
Over the past 38 years, Paris Cos. has increased its revenue every year with only organic growth by focusing on the future and creating a culture of accountability.Read Full Article
Paris Cos. exceeds expectations by finding a better...
Smart 50Celebrating the area's top executives
Cover Story
Congratulations to Pittsburgh's Smart 50, as the top executives in the class of 2016 strengthen the region and contribute to its economic success.Read Full Article
Celebrating the area's top executives
Change the boxEat'n Park catches guests' attention with a shinier, more convenient package
Cover Story
Eat'n Park noticed some dips in its sales numbers about five years ago. It wasn't dramatic, but it was noticeable, says President and CEO Jeff Broadhurst. Learn how the 67-year-old brand stays relevant.Read Full Article
Eat'n Park catches guests' attention with a...
The Greater Pittsburgh Community Food Bank adapts to the need
Lenka Clayton strikes a chord with Artist Residency in Motherhood
Trusst Lingerie emerges from incubation with some lessons learned
Health Care Technology
Leaders bring credibility to the practice of hospital rounding
While weekly safety rounds demonstrate an organization's commitment to safety, leadership walk rounds are an opportunity to further reinforce that promise by bringing managers and leaders out of their offices and onto the hospital floor, says Mark Hudson, Strategic Accounts Manager at Sentact. When used together, these two rounding practices help to create a safer environment for everyone.
Banking and Finance
Trade credit insurance mitigates risk, offers opportunities to grow business
Trade credit insurance provides coverage for nonpayment risk on accounts receivables that can be attributed to protracted default, bankruptcies, or commercial or political risks. Huntington Bank's Jim Altman shares what trade credit insurance covers and how it can be used to grow a business.
Work is not where you are. Work is what you get done.
Ready or not, the future is here. Technology is freeing us from our desks to work anywhere, at anytime. All Covered Pittsburgh's Stephan J. Cico discusses the tools and technologies that will affect the future of productivity.
Insurance/Risk Management
Tailored coverage — and expert help — mitigate life sciences company risks
Life sciences companies face many unique risks. That's why it's critical your broker structure the coverage appropriately. Arthur J. Gallagher & Co.'s Dereck M. Malzi and Micheal Kearney discuss key risk management and insurance for life sciences companies.
Employee Benefits
What solves the no-one-size-fits-all problem of employee benefits? Choice.
Voluntary benefits are the chameleon of benefits, where there's something for everyone. Here's what employers need to know about the advantages of adding voluntary benefits to their benefit plan, from Douglas Fleisner of JRG Advisors.


text:
Hindi translation of 'get'
Word Frequency
get /ɡet गेट्/ changing, causing, moving, or reaching
Word forms: gets, getting, got or [Am also] gottenIn most of its uses get is a fairly informal word.
3. transitive or intransitive verb
4. intransitive verb
5. transitive verb
6. transitive verb
7. transitive verb
8. transitive verb
9. transitive verb
10. intransitive verb
11. transitive verb
1. link verb
Get often has the same meaning as 'become'. For example, if something gets cold, it becomes cold.
हो जाना
The boys were getting bored.
From here on, it can only get better.
It's getting late.
Get is often used in place of 'be' as an auxiliary verb to form the passive.
हो जाने के अर्थ में प्रयुक्त
Does she ever get asked for her autograph?
A pane of glass got broken.
3. transitive or intransitive verb
If someone or something gets into a particular state or situation, or if someone or something gets them into it, they start being in that state or situation.
किसी स्थिति में फंसा देना/फंस जाना या पड़ जाना
Perhaps I shouldn't say that — I might get into trouble.
How did we get into this mess?
I don't know if I can get it clean.
4. intransitive verb
To get somewhere means to move or arrive there.
I got off the bed and opened the door.
Generally I get to work at 9.30am.
It was dark by the time she got home.
5. transitive verb
If you get something or someone into a particular place or position, you move them there by means of a particular action or effort.
ला देना
Mack got his wallet out.
Go and get your coat on.
The UN is getting aid to the affected countries.
6. transitive verb
If you get someone to do something, they do it because you asked, persuaded, or told them to do it.
किसी से कुछ करने को कहना
प्रेरित करना
Tom's on the phone. Can I get him to call you back?
7. transitive verb
If you get something done, you arrange for it to be done.
कुछ करने को होना
I have to get my car repaired.
8. transitive verb
If you get to do something, you manage to do it or have the opportunity to do it.
किसी काम का अवसर मिलना
किसी काम का किया जाना
Do you get to see him often?
They get to stay in nice hotels.
9. transitive verb
You can use get in expressions like get moving, get going, and get working when you want to tell people to begin moving, going, or working quickly.
कोई काम शुरू करने के अर्थ में कहा जाना
10. intransitive verb
If you get to a particular stage in an activity, you reach that stage.
Patrick had got as far as finding some clients.
11. transitive verb
If something gets you, it annoys you.[informal]
चिढ़ पैदा करना
What gets me is the attitude of so many of the people.
Copyright © 2014 by HarperCollins Publishers. All rights reserved.
Word Frequency
get /ɡet गेट्/ obtaining, receiving, or catching
Word forms: gets, getting, got or [Am] gotten
2. transitive verb
3. transitive verb
4. transitive verb
5. transitive verb
6. transitive verb
7. transitive verb
8. see also got
9. to give as good as one gets → see give
1. transitive verb
If you get something that you want or need, you obtain it or receive it.
प्राप्त करना
The problem was how to get enough food.
I asked him to get me some information.
Whenever I get the chance I go to Maxim's for dinner.
2. transitive verb
If you get someone or something, you go and bring them to a particular place.
ले आना
ला देना
Go and get your daddy for me.
Get me a large whisky.
3. transitive verb
You can use you get instead of 'there is' or 'there are' to say that something exists, happens, or can be experienced.[spoken]
सकारात्मक वाक्य में 'there is' अथवा 'there are'के बदले प्रयुक्त शब्द
You get a lot of Canadian tourists here.
4. transitive verb
If you get an illness or disease, you become ill with it.
(बीमार) हो जाना
When I was five I got measles.
5. transitive verb
If you get an idea, impression, or feeling, you have it or experience it.
पास में होना
I got a shock when I saw him.
I get the feeling that you're an honest man.
6. transitive verb
If you get a joke or get the point of something, you understand it.
समझ जाना
7. transitive verb
When you get a train, bus, plane, or boat, you travel by that means of transport.
(बस,जहाज आदि वाहन) लेना या पकड़ना
8. see also got
9. to give as good as one gets → see give
Copyright © 2014 by HarperCollins Publishers. All rights reserved.
Word Frequency
get /ɡet गेट्/ phrasal verbs
Word forms: gets, getting, got or [Am] gotten
get about phrasal verbs
2. see get around
If you get about, you move or travel from place to place.
भ्रमण करते रहना
Rail travel through France is the perfect way to get about.
2. see get around
get across phrasal verbs
If you get an idea or argument across, you succeed in making people understand it.
लोगों तक (संदेश) पहुँचाना
लोगों को समझाना
He got his message across very well.
get along phrasal verbs
If you get along with someone, you have a friendly relationship with them.
मैत्री सम्बन्ध रखना
मित्रतापूर्वक रहना
It's impossible to get along with him.
get around phrasal verbs
If you get around, you go to a lot of different places as part of your way of life.
यायावरी करना
भ्रमण करना
भ्रमणशील रहना
If news gets around, gets about, or gets round, it is told to lots of people.
लोगों को जानकारी होना
लोगों को पता होना
लोगों को मालूम होना
Word got around that he was taking drugs.
If you get around or get round a difficulty or restriction, you manage to avoid it or deal with it.
का सामना करना
से निपटना
They got round the ban by setting up a new group with a new name.
get around to or get round to phrasal verbs
When you get around to doing something that you have delayed or have been too busy to do, you finally do it.
अधूरे पड़े काम को पूरा करना
I haven't got round to talking to him yet.
get at phrasal verbs
To get at something means to succeed in reaching it.
तक पहुँचने में कामयाब हो जाना
A goat was trying to get at the leaves.
If you get at someone, you keep criticizing or teasing them in an unkind way.[informal]
आलोचना करना
परेशान करना
I'm just tired of you getting at me all the time.
If you ask someone what they are getting at, you ask them to explain what they mean.
तात्पर्य होना
What are you getting at now?
get away phrasal verbs
If you get away, you succeed in leaving a place or situation that you do not want to be in.
बच निकलना
Dr Dunn was trying to get away when he was shot.
If you get away, you go away for a period of time in order to have a holiday.
छुट्टी पर बाहर जाना
get away with phrasal verbs
If you get away with doing something wrong or risky, you do not suffer any punishment or other bad consequences because of it.
से बच निकलना
की छूट पाना
I sometimes let him get away with not brushing his teeth.
get back phrasal verbs
If you get something back after you have lost it or after it has been taken from you, you have it again.
वापस पाना
पुनः प्राप्त करना
You can cancel the contract and get your money back.
get back to phrasal verbs
If you get back to a previous activity or subject, you start doing the activity or talking about the subject again.
फिर से शुरू करना
I couldn't get back to sleep.
We got back to the subject of Tom Halliday.
To get back to a previous state or level means to return to it.
वापस लौटना
Life started to get back to normal.
get by phrasal verbs
If you can get by with the few resources you have, you can manage to live or do things satisfactorily.
से काम चला लेना
Jake managed to get by on a small amount of money.
get down to phrasal verbs
When you get down to something, you start doing it.
शुरू करना
प्रारम्भ करना
आरम्भ करना
With the election out of the way, the government can get down to business.
get in phrasal verbs
When a train, bus, or plane gets in, it arrives.
आ पहुँचना
Her train gets in at about ten to two.
When a political party or a politician gets in, they are elected.
चुन कर आना
If you get something you want to say in, you eventually manage to say it, usually in a situation where other people are talking a lot.
कह पाना
It was hard to get a word in.
get in on phrasal verbs
If you get in on an activity, you start taking part in it, perhaps without being invited.[informal]
घुस जाना
शामिल हो जाना
He had plans of his own to get in on the action.
get into phrasal verbs
If you get into an activity, you start doing it or being involved in it.
में शामिल हो जाना
कोई काम शुरू करना
He was eager to get into politics.
If you get into a school, college, or university, you are accepted there as a student.
प्रवेश पाना
दाखिला मिलना
भर्ती कर लिया जाना
If you ask what has got into someone, you mean that they are behaving in an unexpected way.[informal]
मन में आना
मन पर सवार हो जाना
He didn't know what had got into him, to steal a watch.
get off phrasal verbs
If someone who has broken a law or rule gets off, they are not punished, or only slightly punished.
सजा से बच जाना
दण्डमुक्त जाना
He is likely to get off with a small fine.
You can tell someone to get off when they are touching you and you do not want them to.
(देह से) दूर रहना
I kept telling him to get off.
'Get off me!' I screamed.
get on phrasal verbs
If you get on with someone, you have a friendly relationship with them.
मैत्री सम्बन्ध रखना
मित्रवत होना
दोस्ती होना
I get on very well with his wife.
If you get on with an activity, you continue doing it or start doing it.
कुछ करते रहने को जारी रखना
Jane got on with her work.
If someone is getting on well or badly, they are making good or bad progress.
(प्रगति) करना
Livy's getting on very well in Russian.
If you try to get on, you try to be successful in your career.
सफल होना
कामयाब होना
She's keen. She's ambitious. She wants to get on.
If someone is getting on, they are getting old.[informal]
बूढ़ा होना
वृद्ध होना
get on to phrasal verbs
If you get on to a particular topic, you start talking about it.
की चर्चा आरंभ करना
We got on to the subject of relationships.
If you get on to someone, you contact them.
संपर्क करना
I got on to him and explained some of the things.
get out phrasal verbs
If you get out of a place or situation, you leave it.
निकल जाना
चला जाना
I told him to leave and get out.
Getting out of the contract would be no problem.
If you get out, you go to places and meet people.
बाहर निकल कर लोगों से मिलना-जुलना
Get out and enjoy yourself, make new friends.
If news or information gets out, it becomes known.
ज्ञात हो जाना
If word got out now, a scandal could be disastrous.
get out of phrasal verbs
If you get out of doing something that you do not want to do, you avoid doing it.
से बचना
कन्नी काटना
It's amazing what people will do to get out of paying taxes.
get over phrasal verbs
If you get over an unpleasant experience or an illness, you recover from it.
से उबरना
It took me a very long time to get over the shock of her death.
If you get over a problem, you manage to deal with it.
get over with phrasal verbs
If you get something unpleasant over with, you do it or experience it quickly, since you cannot avoid it.
पूरा करना
करके खत्म करना
The sooner we start, the sooner we'll get it over with.
get round phrasal verbs
1. see get around
If you get round someone, you persuade them to like you or do what you want, by pleasing or flattering them.
अपनी ओर आकर्षित करना
Max could always get round her.
get round to phrasal verbs
see get around to
get through phrasal verbs
If you get through a task, you complete it.
(कार्य)पूरा करना
I think you can get through the first two chapters.
If you get through an unpleasant experience or time, you manage to live through it.
पार करना
It is hard to see how people will get through the winter.
If you get through a large amount of something, you use it up.
उपभोग करना
प्रयोग करना
इस्तेमाल करना
You'll get through at least ten nappies a day.
If you get through to someone, you succeed in making them understand what you are trying to say.
समझाने में सफल रहना
A good friend might be able to get through to her and help her.
If you get through to someone, you succeed in contacting them on the telephone.
फोन से संपर्क करने में सफल रहना
I can't get through to this number.
get together phrasal verbs
When people get together, they meet in order to discuss something or to spend time together.
एक जगह जुटना
एकत्र होना
इकट्ठा होना
If you collect or assemble things or people for a particular purpose, you can say that you get them together.
एकत्र करना
इकट्ठा करना
We'll give you three days to get the money together.
get up phrasal verbs
If you are sitting or lying and then get up, you rise to a standing position.
उठ खड़ा होना
When you get up, you get out of bed.
बिस्तर से उठना
They have to get up early in the morning.
get up to phrasal verbs
If you say that someone gets up to something, you mean that they do it and you do not approve of it.[Brit]
किसी की मर्जी के खिलाफ करना
They get up to all sorts of things when you're not looking.
Copyright © 2014 by HarperCollins Publishers. All rights reserved.
Example Sentences Including 'get'
I still had to get in touch with Jarawa's wife, for example.THE EXECUTION (2002)
It seemed to take much less time to get back out of the forest than to get in.THE EXECUTION (2002)
On one level I was organising a campaign to get Jarawa's death sentence commuted.THE EXECUTION (2002)
Trends of 'get'
View usage over:
'get' in Other Languages
- Arabic: يَصيرُ
- Brazilian Portuguese: ir
- Chinese: 变得
- Croatian: postati
- Czech: dostat dostávat
- Danish: blive in the sense of getting into a state or condition
- Dutch: worden
- European Spanish: hacerse de
- Finnish: saada
- French: obtenir
- German: erhalten
- Greek: γίνομαι
- Italian: farsi
- Japanese: 得る
- Korean: 되다
- Norwegian: få
- Polish: dostać dostawać
- Portuguese: ir
- Romanian: a se face
- Russian: получить
- Spanish: volverse
- Swedish: få motta
- Thai: กลายเป็น
- Turkish: almak
- Ukrainian: ставати стати
- Vietnamese: trở nên
- Arabic: يَصِلُ
- Brazilian Portuguese: chegar
- Chinese: 到达
- Croatian: doći
- Czech: dostat se dostávat sena místo
- Danish: komme
- Dutch: komen
- European Spanish: llegar
- Finnish: saapua
- French: arriver
- German: erreichen
- Greek: πηγαίνω
- Italian: giungere
- Japanese: 着く
- Korean: 도착하다
- Norwegian: komme
- Polish: dotrzeć (na miejsce)
- Portuguese: chegar
- Romanian: a ajunge
- Russian: прибыть
- Spanish: llegararribar
- Swedish: komma
- Thai: มาถึง
- Turkish: varmak
- Ukrainian: дістатися
- Vietnamese: đến
- Arabic: يَحْصُلُ عَلَى
- Brazilian Portuguese: receber
- Chinese: 得到
- Croatian: dobiti
- Czech: dostat dostávat
- Danish: få
- Dutch: krijgen
- European Spanish: recibir
- Finnish: saada
- French: recevoirobtenir
- German: bekommen
- Greek: παίρνω
- Italian: ricevere
- Japanese: もらう
- Korean: 가지다
- Norwegian: få fikk
- Polish: otrzymać
- Portuguese: receber
- Romanian: a primi
- Russian: получить
- Spanish: recibir
- Swedish: få
- Thai: ได้รับ
- Turkish: almak
- Ukrainian: отримати
- Vietnamese: có được
- Arabic: يُحْضِرُ
- Brazilian Portuguese: buscar
- Chinese: 去拿
- Croatian: otići po
- Czech: dojítpro něco
- Danish: få
- Dutch: halen
- European Spanish: conseguir
- Finnish: hakea
- French: aller chercher
- German: bringen
- Greek: παίρνω
- Italian: prendere
- Japanese: 取って来る
- Korean: 가서 가져오다
- Norwegian: hente
- Polish: przynieść
- Portuguese: ir buscar
- Romanian: a lua
- Russian: забрать
- Spanish: ir porir a buscar
- Swedish: hämta
- Thai: นำมา ไปเอามา
- Turkish: almak
- Ukrainian: принести
- Vietnamese: lấy
Translation of get from the Collins English to Hindi Dictionary
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NFC TIMES Exclusive – Alipay has no plans today to introduce a mobile wallet in the U.S., and is instead expanding its merchant acceptance footprint in the U.S. only to serve Chinese visitors, Souheil Badran, president of Alipay North America, told NFC Times.
Whether those plans change remains to be seen, but Badran, speaking to NFC Times about Alipay's latest deal with large U.S. processor and acquirer First Data to accept payments from its QR code-based mobile wallet, contends there are already enough wallets in the U.S.
The Chinese payments provider, part of Ant Financial Services Group, an affiliate of e-commerce giant Alibaba Group, is building its presence at the physical point of sale in the U.S. for the 4 million-plus Chinese tourists and business travelers who visit the U.S. every year and millions more Chinese visitors to other countries, he said.
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NFC TIMES Exclusive Insight – A survey conducted by American Express suggests that U.S. merchants could increase their online sales by taking steps to enhance the security of customers' information.
NFC TIMES Exclusive Insight – European Union antitrust regulators have launched an in-depth review of Qualcomm's planned $47 billion acquisition of NXP Semiconductors, the largest supplier of NFC controllers and secure elements globally.
NFC TIMES Exclusive Insight – Visa this week announced a new list of 13 "partner" companies to help it distribute and manage Visa-generated tokens, which the network giant is promoting for use in what it hopes will be large-scale rollouts of Internet of Things devices that can do payments.
NFC TIMES Exclusive Insight – Nearly three years after embracing NFC technology for mobile payments but declining to support NFC's tag-reading mode, Apple, in a surprise move, is adding tag-reading support to its NFC-enabled devices, including the iPhone 7 series and forthcoming iPhone 8, as well as its Apple Watch.
NFC TIMES Exclusive – Apple Pay and the other major Pays wallets still only account for around 1% of card transactions in the U.S., three major processors told NFC Times. At least two of the processors say they haven't seen growth in Apple Pay over at least the past year.
NFC TIMES Exclusive Insight – Shipments of NFC secure elements almost certainly fell in 2016, based on recent figures released by vendor association Eurosmart, though the group is again declining to release specific shipment figures for NFC cards and embedded chips, instead combining the NFC unit shipments with those for machine-to-machine modules.
NFC TIMES Exclusive Insight – Samsung made it official, launching Samsung Pay commercially today in Taiwan with seven banks, as expected, following Apple Pay to the market by about two months and beating Android Pay, which is expected to launch on the island nation as early as next week.
NFC TIMES Exclusive – NFC wallets are failing to catch on in the U.S., especially for in-store transactions, for a variety of reasons, including poor awareness among consumers and cashiers, lack of full buy-in from merchants, problems with certifying terminals for contactless and an insufficient value proposition, said industry players, including a representative from Google.
NFC TIMES Exclusive Insight – Samsung today finally launched its Samsung Pay mobile payments service in the UK, well behind rival payments services Apple Pay and Android Pay.
NFC TIMES Exclusive – LAS VEGAS, Nev.: It's been more than two and a half years since Apple Pay launched in the U.S., and retail giant Wal-Mart Stores still is no closer to accepting NFC at its 4,000-plus stores in the U.S. then when Apple began rolling out its NFC-enabled mobile payments service in October of 2014.
NFC TIMES Exclusive – As they struggle with low user adoption of their respective wallets in the U.S., Apple and Google are seeking to add more features, hoping to increase transactions, NFC Times has learned.


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The NBRC offers support to teacher education programs through links to resources and strategies identified by former members of the Illinois University Alliance. NBCTs and teacher education programs are committed to teacher quality and raising the level of the teaching profession. Two questions may guide understanding and actions of how teacher education programs and NBCTs may partner to impact the learning of teachers at all stages of their development:
The former Illinois NBPTS University Alliance made recommendations for responses to these questions.
Strategies for Teacher Education Programs to Recruit NBPTS Candidates
College of Education or Department website
Alumni publications
Blast e-mails to graduates of graduate programs
Communication with administrators and school leaders in school partnerships
(PDS, placement sites for student teachers/clinical students, grant projects, etc.)
Strategies for NBCTs to Support Teacher Education Programs
Strategies for Teacher Education Programs to Support NBCTs


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Answer: Emergency Medical Dispatching (or EMD) is a system designed for 911 operators to to assess and approach emergency calls for emergency medical services in an efficient manner. Dispatcher's trained in EMD gather detailed information regarding the medical event, determine, classify, and dispatch the appropriate emergency responders, and provide pre-arrival instructions to aid the caller in providing care to the patient until the arrival of trained help.
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Hürthle cell follicular carcinoma (HCFC) of the thyroid gland is a malignant tumour composed predominantly or entirely of oncocytes (also called "Hürthle" or "Askenazy" cells),1 arranged in a follicular/trabecular pattern without the cytological changes found in papillary carcinoma.1,2 Although most studies have demonstrated that HCFC and follicular thyroid carcinoma share similar clinical behaviour and prognosis,3 recently the World Health Organization (WHO) has classified HCFC as a separate and distinct entity.4 Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma accounts for 5–10% of all thyroid cancers and represents the most aggressive thyroid tumour almost invariably associated with a fatal outcome.5 Most anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cases show evidence of a pre‐existing differentiated, or poorly differentiated, thyroid carcinoma.2,5 At present, to our knowledge, the secondary leptomeningeal localisation of thyroid HCFC has not yet been reported in the literature.
We describe the case of a 56‐year‐old woman who was admitted to the hospital due to a 3‐day history of partial seizures, unsteady walk with frequent falls and dysarthria. She had no history of either neck irradiation or thyroid diseases in her family. Fifteen years before, laboratory and imaging investigations disclosed a euthyroid goitre with a 15 mm hypoechoic, scintigrafically "cold", nodule in the left thyroid lobe. She was not submitted to fine‐needle aspiration biopsy, and was given L‐thyroxine thyroid stimulating hormone suppressive treatment for about 1 year. On admission, the neurological examination was normal, although the Mini Mental State Evaluation (MMSE) showed only a mild cognitive impairment with deficiency of working memory. A few days later, generalised seizures and lethargy developed. Laboratory testing and imaging procedures were performed. Blood count, renal liver and thyroid function tests, and acid‐base equilibrium were normal, whereas erythrocyte sedimentation rate was elevated at 35 mm/h. Cerebral MRI documented a cortical hyperintensity on T2‐weighted sequences, enhancing after gadolinium administration. Cytological examination of the liquor obtained by lumbar puncture showed clusters of large polygonal cells exhibiting hyperchromatic, markedly atypical nuclei with prominent "cherry pink" nucleoli and abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm resembling oncocytes (fig 1A1A).). Immunocytochemical reaction against thyroglobulin, calcitonin and thyroid transcription factor‐1 (TTF‐1) stains was negative. Treatment with dexamethasone 16 mg/d intravenously and oxcarbazepine was started. Investigations performed to detect the source of oncocytes, including whole body CT, scintigraphy of the skeleton and thyroid ultrasound, revealed several metastatic lesions at the lumbar spine and a 22 mm hypoechoic, hypervascularised nodule with undefined margins in the left thyroid lobe. Thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy yielded highly cellular material composed of follicular‐patterned Hürthle cells lacking nuclear features of papillary carcinoma and finally interpreted as Hürthle cell follicular neoplasm. A biopsy of a lumbar spine lesion was obtained. The smears from lumbar spine biopsy featured a neoplasm composed of oncocytes arranged in small follicles, showing marked atypias and frequent mitotic figures; tumour cells were positive for thyroglobulin (fig 1B1B)) and TTF‐1, and negative for calcitonin and chromogranin: the histological diagnosis was "bone metastasis from HCFC of the thyroid". The patient underwent total thyroidectomy without complications. Histological examination of thyroid specimen demonstrated a well‐circumscribed, partly encapsulated, lesion in the left lobe. The neoplasm was mostly composed of Hürthle cells arranged in small follicles with scanty colloid (fig 1C1C),), widely invasive into the tumour capsule and vessels. Oncocytes were polygonal to square in shape, had distinct cell borders and abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm; nuclei were large, with frequent multinucleation, marked atypias and mitotic activity, and prominent cherry pink nucleoli, in the absence of grooves, clearing, crowding or pseudoinclusions. The neoplasm stained positively for thyroglobulin, TTF‐1 and cyclin D1, whereas it was negative for cytokeratin, S100 protein, Melan A, HMB‐45, ret/PTC, CT, p21, p27, and p53 stainings. In some discreet areas of the neoplasm, contiguous to oncocytes and intermingled with them, a haphazard proliferation of giant pleomorphic, unusual cells was seen (fig 1D1D).). These elements were polygonal to spindle‐shaped, contained pale eosinophilic cytoplasm and large, irregular, markedly atypical nuclei. At immunohistochemical examination, these cells showed positive reaction to p53 and cyclin D1, but did not stain with thyroglobulin, TTF‐1, cytokeratin, S100 protein, Melan A, HMB‐45, ret/PTC, CT, p21, and p27. The final diagnosis was consistent with HCFC of the thyroid gland, including foci of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Soon after thyroidectomy, the patient was given L‐thyroxine 100 mcg/d. A 5‐mCi 131I whole body scan was obtained following administration of recombinant thyroid stimulating hormone (Thyrogen), 0.9 mg intramuscularly in two consecutive days; unfortunately, no radioiodine uptake was detected througout the body. The patient died 4 months after diagnosis.
The present report is of particular interest because, to the best of our knowledge, it represents the first documentation of a HCFC of the thyroid presenting with diffuse meningeal carcinomatosis and evolving to anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. The evidence of foci of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma within a HCFC in our patient strongly supports the hypothesis that most anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cases derive from the loss of differentiation of a pre‐existing differentiated neoplasm;2,5 so far, papillary thyroid carcinoma has been indicated as the main precursor of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.2,5 In this case, the neoplasm displayed overexpression of cyclin D1 and underexpression of p21 and p27 in both HCFC and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma areas, as well as p53‐positive thyroglobulin‐negative cells within anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: a pattern reflecting the progressive tumour undifferentiation.6 The aggressive behaviour of the neoplasm in our patient, showing bone metastases, meningeal carcinomatosis and no radioiodine uptake, likely represented the clinical aspect of such cellular events.
Competing interests: None.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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On December 1, 2011, in Flynn v. Holder, a panel of the US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit upheld the National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 (NOTA) (1) from a constitutional challenge, but interpreted the act as not prohibiting that sale of "peripheral blood stem cells" obtained through apheresis (2). The ruling was then challenged by the Department of Justice, which asked the panel and/or a larger bench of the Ninth Circuit to rehear the case (3). The decision provides the ideal vantage point from which to evaluate the regulation of the sale of organs and other tissues in the United States, as well as its future legal trajectory. After briefly setting out the history of this regulation, I turn to the Flynn case and what it augurs for the future.
Can the Government Ban Organ Sale? Recent Court Challenges and the Future of US Law on Selling Human Organs and Other Tissue
I. Glenn Cohen, firstname.lastname@example.com
On December 1, 2011, in Flynn v. Holder, a panel of the US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit upheld the National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 (NOTA) from a constitutional challenge, but interpreted the act such that its prohibition on sale did not encompass "peripheral blood stem cells" obtained through apheresis. Rehearing of the case was denied on March 27, 2012. The Obama administration must now decide whether to pursue its challenge in the US Supreme Court. This article explains the litigation, its significance and uses it as a backdrop against which to understand the history and future trajectory of the laws governing selling organs and other human tissue.
National Organ Transplant Act of 1984
Uniform Anatomical Gifts Act
The Law of Organ Sales in the United States: A Brief History
Following successful liver, heart and pancreas transplants in 1967 and 1968, the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws promulgated the Uniform Anatomical Gifts Act (UAGA) in 1968, which governed procurement of organs from deceased organ donors and established ethical and legal guidelines for organ transplantation (5,6). UAGA, like other "uniform laws", is a kind of model law offered to state legislatures to adopt, possibly with amendments, at their discretion. The act covered "organs, tissues, eyes, bones, arteries, blood, other fluids and any other portions of a human body", and made many important strides in clarifying that relatives had authority to contract with organ procurement organizations, hospitals, or doctors to donate deceased donor and their organs (5). For our purposes, though, its most important feature was its failure to ban the sale of organs: its Drafting Chair, E.B. Stason, suggested that the matter of compensation "should be left to the decency of human beings", because the drafters did not expect this to become a major problem and because crafting a prohibition on compensation would "not be easy" (5,7). By 1973, all US states had adopted this version of the UAGA (5).
By the early 1980s, however, it was clear that the UAGA was outdated. First, it required consent for donation, either in a will or a testamentary document (including donor cards), and, in the absence of an objection by the deceased, authorized a hierarchy of next-of-kin consent (6). This made consent for organ procurement too cumbersome when weighed against the need to transplant viable organs shortly after death (5). Second, the drafters of the UAGA had not anticipated a large rise in nonrelated living donations and expected that relatives would not seek compensation in exchange for deceased donations (5). This proved to be naive, as demonstrated in 1983, when H. Barry Jacobs, a physician with a revoked medical license, testified before Congress regarding his International Kidney Exchange, Ltd. that planned to "commission kidneys from persons living in Third World countries or in disadvantaged circumstances in the United States for whatever price would induce them to sell their organs" (5,9).
Jacobs' testimony before Congress sank his program, but inspired Congress to enact NOTA in 1984 (5,9). NOTA made it "unlawful for any person to knowingly acquire, receive, or otherwise transfer any human organ for valuable consideration for use in human transplantation if the transfer affects interstate commerce" (1). NOTA's prohibition extends to "human organ", defined as "human (including fetal) kidney, liver, heart, lung, pancreas, bone marrow, cornea, eye, bone and skin or any subpart thereof and any other human organ (or any subpart thereof, including that derived from a fetus) specified by the Secretary of Health and Human Services by regulation" (1). By its statutory text, NOTA therefore excludes from its prohibitions all animal organs, uses of organs for research and other nontransplantation activities, blood, ova and sperm (1,10). The act does not itself define "valuable consideration", except in the negative sense of making it clear that the term does not include "the reasonable payments associated with the removal, transportation, implantation, processing, preservation, quality control, and storage of a human organ or the expenses of travel, housing, and lost wages incurred by the donor of a human organ in connection with the donation of the organ" (1). This is, however, a common term used in the law to mean not only money but anything that "confers a pecuniarily measurable benefit on one party" (11). So broad is the term that for decades it was interpreted to prohibit paired kidney donations, requiring a 2007 statutory amendment to permit such exchanges (1,5,12). Individuals who violate NOTA's ban on sale "shall be fined not more than $50,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both" (1).
Following the introduction of NOTA, the UAGA was also amended in 1987. For our purposes, the most important change was its provision that a person may not "knowingly, for valuable consideration, purchase or sell a part for transplantation or therapy, if removal of the part is intended to occur after the death, of the decedent" (6). The 1987 UAGA version has so far only been adopted by 26 states (5). Importantly, as federal law, NOTA trumps any conflicting provisions of state law. In particular, to the extent they conflict, NOTA trumps the UAGA, remaining the key legal document prohibiting organ sale in the United States.
As mentioned above, by their explicit statutory text neither act prohibits the sale of sperm, ovum, fertilized embryos, blood, nonhuman tissue and tissue used for research. As of 2007, 13 states independently banned either the sale of human embryos for research purposes and/or the sale of human ova to produce embryos for research purposes (1), while New York has now explicitly allowed it (13). Louisiana appears to be the only state that currently explicitly bans the sale of eggs for reproductive purposes, while Virginia is the only state to explicitly permit their sale, although the practice goes on unimpeded in all other states (14). Two pending lawsuits allege antitrust violations due to price fixing in the market for ova (16,17).
There have been some attempts to do end-runs around these statutes, such as in the market for deceased donor corneas (15). More importantly, in its current form NOTA (like almost all US laws) does not apply extraterritorially, meaning that if a US citizens travels abroad to buy a kidney or other organ (a form of medical tourism faced by several US transplant centers) his act is not prohibited by NOTA, and it is generally accepted that more general US laws prohibiting trafficking do not apply to organ sale (18–20). That said, the existing law does discourage transplant tourism to some extent via a rule promulgated by the Centers for Medicaid & Medicare Services (CMS), requiring that as part of the informed-consent process, patients seeking transplantation must be informed that "if a transplant is not provided in a Medicare-approved transplant center it could affect the transplant recipient's ability to have his or her immunosuppressive drugs paid for under Medicare Part B" (21,22). Moreover, Congress could, consistent with international and domestic law, amend NOTA to apply to organ sale and purchase by US citizens done outside of the United States (18).
Legal Challenges to Prohibitions on Organ Sale
With that understanding of the law governing the sale of organs and other tissue, we can better understand the recent legal challenges to the scheme.
In Flynn v. Holder, a group of plaintiffs brought suit seeking to have NOTA's prohibition on the sale of bone marrow struck down as in violation of the US federal constitution (2,23). The plaintiffs represented those with quite varied interests in allowing the sale of bone marrow, including http://MoreMarrowDonors.org-–a California nonprofit corporation that wanted to offer scholarships, housing allowances, or gifts to charities selected by donors, initially to minority and mixed race donors of bone marrow cells-–and parents of children with leukemia and aplastic anemia (2,4,23). While NOTA has occasionally been challenged before, in both of those prior instances the arguments were dismissed for technical reasons resulting in no judgment on the merits of the issue (24,25).
The substantive due process challenge
Before the district court, the Flynn plaintiffs pressed two primary arguments: first, they argued that NOTA's prohibition on selling bone marrow violated the substantive Due Process protections of the Constitution (2,4). This portion of the Constitution protects an individual's power to possess or do certain things despite the desire of the government to the contrary, and formed the basis of the Supreme Court's jurisprudence on abortion and assisted suicide (26–28). The plaintiffs argued that NOTA violated this portion of the Constitution by interfering with transactions between a patient who needs bone marrow to survive and someone willing to sell it to the patient.
Whether a challenge like this succeeds will depend on the constitutional burden the Supreme Court requires the government to meet. Although the terminology sounds somewhat technical, in essence the courts here are determining whether the statute being challenged goes to the heart of the liberty protected by the United States Constitution. Under settled constitutional doctrine, those rights that a court determines are "fundamental" get heightened protection (called "strict scrutiny") under substantive Due Process such that the government can only infringe those rights when it has a "compelling state interest" and the law in question is "narrowly tailored" to serve that interest (23,26,28). By contrast, all other rights are reviewed only for "rational basis", where the statute must only bear a "reasonable relationship" to the attainment of a "legitimate" state objective (23,26,28). In practice, when the right is fundamental and strict scrutiny applies the statute is almost always struck down and almost always upheld where rational basis applies (28).
For this reason, the plaintiffs tried to convince the district court that the right NOTA infringed was a fundamental one, such that strict scrutiny applied. In doing so, they borrowed a strategy championed by law professor Eugene Volokh in an academic article, where he suggested that a dying individuals' right to purchase organs should be treated as a fundamental right in analogy to long-established laws allowing self-defense against someone who threatens your life, as well as a woman's right to abortion when her life is at stake (29). Trading on the fact that "some forms of a constitutional right to self-defense have won support from the right as well as the left", Volokh argued that the state should not be able to violate an individual's "right to medical self-defense" by banning organ sales, at least absent a showing by the government that allowing such sales "would cause grave harm that can't be averted in any other ways" (29).
The district court ultimately sided with the government and rejected this argument in a single paragraph, finding no fundamental right to purchase or sell bone marrow, and drawing an analogy to a decision by the US Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit en banc in Abigail Alliance v. Eschenbach (23,30). In that case terminally ill patients sued the federal government to declare unconstitutional a portion of the Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act that prohibited the sale, outside of clinical trials, of experimental drugs that had cleared Phase I clinical testing but had not yet passed Phase II. The court rejected their claim, finding that the patients had "not provided evidence of a right to procure and use experimental drugs that is deeply rooted in our Nation's history and traditions" such that it could not be a fundamental right (30). (In the interest of full disclosure, I represented the government in portions of that case). The Flynn court found that Abigail Alliance stood for a broader "proposition that there is no general fundamental right to obtain one's preferred type of medical treatment", and that plaintiffs provided "no supporting law and describe insufficient specific evidence to show that organ sale involved a fundamental right, such that the case would be judged only under rational basis review" (23). The district court then found that the government had amply demonstrated a rational basis for a ban on selling bone marrow, for reasons that parallel the ones I will discuss as to the Equal Protection claim (23). The plaintiffs did not resuscitate their substantive Due Process claim on appeal, such that the district court's decision remains the final holding on the matter.
The equal protection challenge
The plaintiffs' second primary argument was that NOTA's prohibition of sale for bone marrow, while permitting the sale of blood, sperm and eggs, constituted an unconstitutional classification under the Equal Protection Clause, an argument they repeated on appeal. To simplify slightly, the court reviews all nonrace nongender classifications under rational basis review (31). Applying the rational basis test in Flynn, both the district court and the court of appeals again found that NOTA amply met the standard because the government could have concluded that: it is morally wrong to sell bone marrow (just as it is wrong to sell other body parts) because doing so would turn human beings into commodities; that poor people would be coerced by financial pressure into selling their organs; that the rich would be at a substantial advantage in obtaining organs; that donors would have a strong incentive to provide an inaccurate medical history; and that although blood can legally be sold, certain differences between blood and bone marrow justify the view of Congress that providing financial incentives would reduce altruistic donation and undermine voluntary donation (2,4,23).
Therefore, the Ninth Circuit panel held that there was no constitutional problem with NOTA's prohibition on selling organs. However, it also found as a matter of statutory interpretation that NOTA's prohibition on selling "bone marrow" did not apply to blood stem cells obtained through apheresis (2). It described apheresis as
[b]eginning with five days of injections of a medication called a "granulocyte colony-stimulating factor" into the donor's blood. The medication accelerates blood stem cell production in the marrow, so that more stem cells go into the bloodstream.. .. Blood is withdrawn from the vein and filtered through an apheresis machine to extract the blood stem cells. The remaining components of the blood are returned to the donor's vein. The blood stem cells extracted in the apheresis method are replaced by the donor's bone marrow in three to six weeks. Complications for the donor are exceedingly rare…. (2)
The court found that, notwithstanding the statute's inclusion of "bone marrow", "Congress could not have had an intent to address the apheresis method when it passed the statute, because the method did not exist at that time" (2). Instead, it held that because NOTA does not prohibit the sale of blood, that the sale of peripheral-blood stem cells should not be prohibited because they are found in blood (2,4). It rejected the government's argument that derivatives are encompassed in "bone marrow", noting that this argument "proves too much" in claiming that the "red and white blood cells that flow through the veins come from the bone marrow, just like hematopoietic stem cells" (2,4). It also found that these cells fit within the ordinary-language meaning of "blood" (2,4). Therefore, it concluded that "when the 'peripheral blood stem cell apheresis' method of 'bone marrow transplantation' is used", NOTA does not criminalize sales of these cells, unlike sales of bone marrow derived through aspiration (2,4).
The rehearing petition
On January 17, 2012, the Department of Justice filed a petition for rehearing by the panel and/or by a larger "en banc" bench of the Ninth Circuit (3). They argued that the initial decision of that court as to the statutory interpretation was flawed for four reasons. First, they carped that the court reached out to decide the meaning of "bone marrow" on its own without adequate briefing from either side, and in doing so "substituted its own understanding of medical procedures and medical policy for that of the agency charged with implementing" NOTA (3). Here they emphasized that legislative history in the Congressional Conference Report that accompanied NOTA showed that Congress was particularly worried about markets in live bone marrow, and that neither Congress nor the Secretary of Health and Human Services had ever suggested the distinction drawn by the court (3). Second, they suggested that there was no reason to assume that NOTA's prohibition on the sale of "bone marrow. .. and any subpart thereof" was meant to exclude hematopoietic cells derived through apheresis, since "Congress's judgment that the biological material for lifesaving transplants should not be subject to market forces does not admit of the distinctions now drawn by the" court (1,3). Third, the government pointed to a 2005 Amendment to another part of NOTA pertaining to the National Registry where Congress specified that "the term 'bone marrow' means the cells found in adult bone marrow and peripheral blood" (3). While conceding that this definitional provision did not on its face apply to the portion of NOTA prohibiting sale, the government argued that it was relevant because "the National Registry and the criminal prohibition work in tandem to implement Congress's national policy of encouraging voluntary bone marrow donations" (3). Finally, the government argued that the statutory interpretation argument was not properly put before the court, because the challengers did not face a "a realistic danger of sustaining a direct injury as a result of the statute's operation or enforcement" (3,33).
On March 27, 2011, the Ninth Circuit denied rehearing or rehearing en banc, amending the original opinion slightly to respond to the government's third argument but leaving the rest of the opinion untouched (34). The government will now have to decide whether to seek review in the US Supreme Court. Even if they seek such review, the Court must agree to hear the case and it hears very few cases.
The Future of Organ Markets in the United States
What is the future of litigation over markets for bone marrow or other tissue in the United States?
First, whatever happens with the review of this decision, markets in blood, sperm, ova and embryos will persist (except in states where separate regulations prohibit them) since NOTA's own text makes it clear that the statute does not prohibit their sale.
Second, if the Ninth Circuit's decision is upheld, the end result is only a narrow change in the law: that peripheral blood cells derived through apheresis are not covered by NOTA's prohibition. Congress could easily amend NOTA to make clear that the prohibition on selling "bone marrow" refers to peripheral blood cells as well.
Third, the decision in fact affirms that NOTA's prohibition on selling other organs is constitutionally well grounded and stands as a significant obstacle to more robust organ markets. That said, the plaintiffs retain the ability to press before other courts in other circuits their claim that NOTA's prohibition on selling bone marrow violates the equal protection clause-–a claim that failed before the district court and the Ninth Circuit.
Further, they may also bring a new case asking another district court and ultimately the Ninth Circuit or other Courts of Appeals to revisit their substantive due process claim-–this failed before the district court, but was not challenged before the Court of Appeals. This latter challenge may be particularly fruitful for them since the district court rejected their claims based on Abigail Alliance, a decision that is only binding precedent in one of 12 regional courts of appeals. Moreover, other courts may be able to distinguish Abigail Alliance. The majority opinion in Abigail Alliance was careful to emphasize that it reached its decision because "this case is not about using reasonable force to defend (as in most cases involving self-defense), nor is it about access to life-saving medical treatment" (30). Instead, the Abigail Alliance majority found that the case is about "a constitutional right to assume, in the Alliance's own words, 'enormous risks,' in pursuit of potentially life-saving drugs", and that "[u]nlike the cases in which the doctrine of self-defense might properly be invoked, this case involves risk from drugs with no proven therapeutic effect" (30). That distinction is much fuzzier as to purchasing bone marrow or other organs, in that the patient has a much stronger anticipation of therapeutic benefit and is not merely seeking a right to take enormous risk for a speculative gain. This suggests that the district court may have been too quick to dismiss this claim by citing Abigail Alliance. Further, the prohibition on organ sale is not nearly as deeply rooted in the traditions of this country as is the FDA regulation of experimental drugs, something the courts have indicated is highly relevant in determining whether a right is fundamental (28,30).
In sum, Flynn may be more important for what it leaves in place than what it changes. It affirms the constitutionality of the prohibition on selling organs that is central to NOTA and leaves open only the narrower question of whether that prohibition covers peripheral blood stem cells derived through apheresis, a question that Congress can answer through statutory amendment of NOTA at any time if it is dissatisfied with the ultimate result of this litigation.
I thank Yoni Schanker and Kaitlin Burroughs for their research and editing assistance.
The author of this manuscript has no conflicts of interest to disclose as described by the American Journal of Transplantation.


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