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German international defender Robert Huth headed home an 87th-minute Julio Arca cross to cancel out Owen's 60th-minute strike and extend the Magpies' winless Barclays Premier League run to eight games.
But it might have been even worse with the Teessiders having an injury-time effort from Dong-Gook Lee ruled out for offside.
Owen had served England boss Fabio Capello with a timely reminder of his predatory instincts when he glanced home a free-kick on the hour to end his side's 455-minute wait for a league goal - his first since October 7.
There were few chances of note at either end in the first half with Jeremie Aliadiere's scuffed shot on the half-hour the only save Shay Given had to make.
However, it might have been so different for Keegan's men had referee Mike Dean not chalked out Owen's fourth-minute effort.
The official blew when the England international had stabbed home the loose ball after Mark Schwarzer had dropped Emre's corner at his feet, although there seemed to be minimal contact between the two men.
The breakthrough arrived when Luke Young was penalised for a foul on Charles N'Zogbia wide on the left. Emre curled the ball to the near post where Owen had timed his run to perfection to glance a header past Mark Schwarzer.
But there was to be further late drama and Boro were level with three minutes remaining when Huth looped a header over Given from Julio Arca's deep cross.
Keegan's afternoon could have ended in disaster when Downing's injury-time free-kick came back off the post and Lee fired home the rebound, but an offside flag ensured that the spoils were shared.Reuse content


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With Instructables you can share what you make with the world, and tap into an ever-growing community of creative experts.
Tell us about yourself!
Hydroponic Greenhouse Monitoring and Control System
$14 Secret Crawlspace Access Door
CoreConduit: Indoor Garden Controller System
Greenhouse - Guide to build a wood greenhouse at home-
The Hydroponic, Automated, Networking, Climate Controlled Greenhouse Project: Construction
A Connected Greenhouse for Easy and Productive Gardening
Tree Monster
A Labyrinth Kids Can Make
Mobility Scooter Kids Jeep
LASER Maze - Halloween Haunted House
Make a Sidecar Cosleeper in 2 hours with standard lumber.
Low power door/window sensor
Repair Tire Pressure Monitor Sensor (TPMS)
SensoDuino: Turn Your Android Phone into a Wireless Sensors Hub for Arduino
DIY Touch Sensor
Arduino PIR Motion Sensor
Solar Scare Mosquito
Laser-assisted takedown blowgun with bipod
Instamorph LED Mood Light
Michelada Recipe
Color sensors and Arduino serial communication for beginners
How to Hide a Stinky Cat Box
Open fridge delay alarm
DIY: Relay switch motor controller - Arduino
DIY Overhead Camera Rig
$78 Grow light - Full-Spectrum, 22 Watts, No Heat
Charge Your Phone With a Candle!
Mind Mapping Software for Visual Organization
Intro to GPS with Microcontrollers
DIY Cat Toilet / Potty Trainer Sturdy and Re-usable!
SMS controlled Wireless Irrigation System
Brewing Beer . . . With Science!
How to Make Beer
Mountable Logitech c270
How to Make pH Indicator
Basic beginners mini 3 axis CNC mill
DIY GPS Tracked Bike Lock
How to make a GSM Location Tracker with the AdaFruit FONA and Arduino
Taco Bell Crunchwrap Supreme - Copycat Recipe
250 quadcopter, full build
Pork and Ginger Baozi
Grow your own wheatgrass
how to make a solar cell phone charger
Make a 3D Printed Light-up Marquee Sign
An Absolute Beginners Guide To The Intel Edison
High Quality (and Safe) Nickel Plating
Restoring Corroded Battery Contacts
Making an ElectroMagnet
How to Install Drip Irrigation
Make a ring by melting pennies.
Fix Water Damage (No Rice)
In tank toilet cleaner and deodorizer
Belt Sander Stand
Ground Any Plants For Optimal Results In Growth Rates
DIY Water Pump with cover
Solar Powered Plants
New Generation Efficient *AA* Battery Power modules
Internet Controlled Mains Switcher
Power switch for USB devices
Create an internet controlled robot using Livebots
Streaming Twitch on your Gopro WIRELESSLY!
How to Stream Video Live Raspberry Pi
ESP8266 WiFi temperature and humidity sensor
Online Live Photo Streaming From Any SD Card Enabled Camera
Stepper Motor + Arduino + Solar Tracker (EV)
Castle Loft Bed
Human Powered Phone charger
Build a Soundproof Wall
Invisible mounted shelves
The Only knot you need to know.
How to sew an original jean hem
Super Quick Router Table From Scraps
12 Awesome Hot Glue Hacks
REAL beginner's guide to setting up the Intel Edison (with Mac OS)
Storage Shelf
An Elevator For My 10'x12' Storage Shed
Bicycle Hoist or "How to get the wife's bike out of my way"
DIY Motion Sensor Alarm System
Camera Surveillance Controller System
How to make a RC Hovercraft
Aluminum sport X copter frame design for strength, lightwieght, and easy.
Automated Pop-up Kitchen Spice Rack
High LIft Capacity Payload Carrying RC Plane
Floating Cat Shelves
Combination Circular/Table Saw
Convert a hand-held circular saw into a table saw
A Miter Box for a Circular Saw
My Table Saw from a Circular Saw Redone
Table saw sled for precise angled cuts
Circular Saw Mitre Box
Simple Basement Security System
Using Shou Sugi Ban to make an interesting coffee table
Kids' Covered Wagon
Automatic Drawer Lights
Sound Activated Outlet
Kitchen Chemiluminescence
Make an H Quadcopter with 3D printing
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subset: commoncrawl


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Public Television Association of Quebec
Past Meetings
The Public Television Association of Quebec Board of Directors met in open session in downtown Montreal, QC. Business conducted included election of PTAQ officers for FY15 and discussion and selection of program packages to support on Vermont PBS during the coming year. The next PTAQ meeting will be held in September in Montreal.
The Public Television Association of Quebec Board of Directors met in both closed and open sessions in downtown Montreal, QC. The Directors met in closed session to consider matters requiring the confidential advice of counsel. The meeting was later opened to the public to recognize former PTAQ Director, Anthony Wait of Westmount for his more than 10 years of service to PTAQ.
Vermont PBS educates, informs, entertains and inspires Vermonters to be lifelong learners and engaged in their community.
Watch our Vermont PBS Kids' 24/7 channel. Enjoy the benefits of joining our Kids' Club! Explore our many free videos, games, and resources for educators and parents!
It's summertime in Vermont, and that means Vermont PBS Kids' Day events! We're kicking off the season with a FREE night at the ball park with the Vermont Lake Monsters on Sunday, July 16. Click for details!
We've wrapped up this year's Teas, but join the club now to secure your seat for next year – and help choose our British comedy lineup!
The Wish List is where we display things our station needs. If you enjoy tangible giving, you might consider funding an item – individually or with a group. Click for more info
Upcoming and featured!
People talk about Vermont PBS!
Vermontpbs.org proudly supported in part by...


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|Reviews for Song Bird
| Sleepyhallow01 chapter 1 . 6/11
more please .
| Avid Reader chapter 3 . 4/13
More please!
| evra.beastrion chapter 3 . 4/5/2015
I love this story! A! So sad, but I hope she'll find a happier, less rough, with Bane! Please update this master piece! :)
| MisstyX0007 chapter 1 . 8/12/2014
Marry's theme?
| nina-hany chapter 3 . 4/8/2014
more more more :)
| shika93 chapter 3 . 9/24/2013
Great chapter.
| shika93 chapter 2 . 9/24/2013
Awesome chapter.
| shika93 chapter 1 . 9/24/2013
Awesome beginning, it really interesting.
| Guest chapter 3 . 8/6/2013
great story! More please (:
| Lulu Olufemi chapter 3 . 8/1/2013
Very interesting, and I'm wondering who her 'friend' is. If it is who I think it is, why he can't recognize her is ticking me off!
| Guest chapter 3 . 8/1/2013
| Red Serge chapter 3 . 8/1/2013
I really love your story! The idea of touching a hardened character's heart like Bane's with song has always been one of my favorite concepts! I can't wait to see his reaction when he hears her sing again and realize the 'Lady of the Tunnels' is her! (Oh! And having her have a similar past to Bane and yet not sticking her into a normal jail and being creative like that was just pure genius! ;D)
| GypsyWitchBaby chapter 3 . 7/31/2013
Hey, just found your story and I'm really enjoying it so far! And just to let you know, you can get a program very similar to word for free at open (remove the spaces). It doesn't have all the bells and whistles as Word, but it's nearly as good. You just download it and occasionally check for program updates. Anyhoo, hope to read more soon!
| Guest chapter 3 . 7/27/2013
Great story...you know, you don't really need word...you can use open source software such as Apache...fully compatible
| Nina1008 chapter 2 . 7/17/2013
Wow this is soo good, please continue to update...:)


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"Cheryl was great! Her home is well suited for a small to medium sized dog and she seems to have a..."
"Hamish and Mel were fantastic! They made our first experience using Madpaws really easy and are..."
"Great care and love for our Labrador. He had so much fun that he came home and slept for hours. "
"It was like a home away from home for our Java girl. We couldn't be happier with the love and care..."
"thanks again Sarah "
"Mina is amazing! On time and very responsive !"
"Thanks Alison!!!"
"Matt and Elissa have become my regular dog minders, they are great!"
"My dog seems to love her!"
"Lenny had a great time at Michelle's place. She was super easy to deal with and obviously loves..."
"Fiona is incredible! From the moment we met her we knew Jagger would be safe and loved. We can't..."
"Great sitter, very happy "
"Thankyou!! Luna was well looked after"
"Our Beagle Bootsy had a great stay with Ashlyn and her family. He was looked after with plenty of..."
"Thank you for looking after our babies. We felt very settled to leave them insuch good hands! "
"Sai was incredibly patient with our timid Whippet Charlie. She has a great yard and secure set up..."
"Molly came back calm happy and relaxed thank you John "
"Katrina was great! Sophie was all well and happy when we reunited, and I was sent regular updates..."
"Would highly recommend Kiara as a sitter, she looked after Ellie for 3 days and both seemed to..."


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Security & Data Policy
Security and Data Statement
Behave Pro is an Atlassian Connect application for JIRA Cloud (formally OnDemand). The Atlassian Connect architecture requires data communication between JIRA Cloud and Behave Pro to be hosted on separate hardware.
Hindsight Software is responsible for provisioning, monitoring, and managing the servers for the Behave Pro application. Hindsight hosts Behave Pro with Amazon AWS and Rackspace, with all communication between JIRA Cloud and Behave Pro using HTTPS (HTTP encrypted with SSL).
The remainder of the document describes security and privacy of 3rd party data stored within Behave Pro only and not Atlassian OnDemand.
Data Storage and Facilities
Behave Pro is hosting uses both AWS and Rackspace to provide the best possible level of service. The main application servers are typically hosted with AWS and the Databases are hosted with Rackspace
Stored JIRA data
Behave Pro for JIRA Cloud uses JIRA issues REST APIs to query data from selected projects to provide the desired functionality. We will sometime cache this data for performance reasons but only the minimal amount of data will be stored. Behave Pro stores, in its own database, all Feature, Scenario and Test Reports information. Additional data will be store in JIRA to provide search functionality.
People and Access
Excepting the Database Administrator, no Hindsight members of staff maintain an account that can access your private data. This access is required for application health monitoring, or for performing system and application maintenance. Authentication to application servers is done via individual passphrase-protected public keys and two factor authentication, rather than passwords, and the servers only accept incoming SSH connections from Hindsight and internal data centre IP addresses.
Behave Pro is designed to allow application data to be accessible only with appropriate credentials, such that one customer cannot access another customer's data without explicit knowledge of that other customers' login information. Customers are responsible for maintaining the security of their own login information.
Behave Pro users are authenticated using Atlassian Connect JWT authentication and user passwords are never accessed or used. Behave Pro will get JIRA Cloud current user information which will be used for access control. Customers are responsible for maintaining the security of their own JIRA Cloud login information.
Behave Pro application database full backups are performed once per day and are retained for 30 days.
Data retention
When a customers subscriptions lapses or ends we will retain the data for a period of 30 days and then the data may be be removed. Within this 30 days period customers can renew their subscription and continue to access the data.
Customers may request the permanent removal of data from our systems by writing to 12-14 Bridge Street, Leatherhead, Surrey, KT22 8BZ. The removal of data will be conducted within 15 days and does not include removing data from any backups materials.


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You can't do a double thumbs-up with a hook on your arm. Henry Winkler insists in his programme biog that the Fonz is "history" but no doubt the mums and dads last night would have given up their interval ice-cream to see him lift his comb to his hair, then complacently put it back again.
What they got was a passable Captain Hook done with a relaxed dose of Hollywood charisma. This is a passable Pan too which, after a slow start, eventually gets the kids roaring and does just enough to keep the adults entertained. JM Barrie's story always makes for uneasy panto fare - there's no dame part, and the strange, dark sentimentality that surrounds the title character is at odds with the genre.
So it is here. This show is best when the music is playing. A selection of hits known and lesser known gives musical theatre fans some fun spotting tunes. There's one from the stage-show (not the film) of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, and even a little bit of Sondheim - a sensitively sung reworking to comfort Wendy at the mermaids' rock.
Elsewhere Queen, Europe and Survivor satisfy soft-rockers, and a Fifties-style medley winks to us of Winkler's past.
The acting is less assured and things have gone wrong with the lead pair. Sarah Jane Honeywell flies beautifully, but has none of Pan's uncaring derring-do.
Baby-voiced and inane, this boy stopped growing up at four. Classic lines like "To die would be an awfully big adventure" don't come naturally.
If Peter is too young, his woman seems very adult, and it's a strange combination. I last saw Susie Anton play an incestuous fruitcake in a Fringe play, and was surprised to see her employing the same jerky, frenetic manner as Wendy. More than usually interested in Peter, she looks like growing into one of those girls every mother fears, a sex-mad mentalist with wide-eyed charm and clingy tendencies.
Winkler gets some straight man material, some threats to throw at the audience and one very strange speech towards the end. It leaves Bobby Davro's Smee with all the comedy work, and he is a pro. The most appalling material hits home more than it should.
Some mean ad-libs when things go less well lose audience favour from time to time, but his Twelve Days of Christmas had me roaring - a rare moment of sublime release in a somewhat stodgy evening.
Until 14 January (0870 060 6646)
Peter Pan
New Wimbledon Theatre
The Broadway, SW19 1QG
- More about:
- Hollywood
- J.M. Barrie
- Musicals
- Stephen Sondheim


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Webmedia has appointed Lesley Phillips as business development manager, and Howard Hogan as financial controller. Phillips joins from the design and strategy group 20/20. Hogan was formerly finance manager with MTV.
ICL has appointed Ailsa Beaton as director of information and process engineering. Beaton joins ICL from PA Consulting Group, where she was a senior partner responsible for IT consulting in the public sector and for all consulting disciplines in the health sector.
Microsoft has three new board members. Simon Brown becomes director of the enterprise customer unit. Previously he was manager of sales and alliances within the unit. Mark Taylor becomes director of Microsoft Consulting Services. Steve Mann is director for the OEM channel.
PhotoDisc has appointed Michel Perrin as executive vice-president and general manager of PhotoDisc Europe. He joins from Infonie France, where he was general manager.
Glotel has appointed Dianne Brereton as head of its PC/Networking division and Peter Trivedi as head of development. Brereton has worked for Comms and PC People, one of Glotel's trading companies, for the past seven years.Trivedi joins from Comms People Inc, Glotel's US subsidiary.
Maverick has appointed Jon Sidwick as general manager. He joins from Sharp Electronics (UK), where he was responsible for setting up the sales, marketing and planning division of Sharp's LCD product division.
ILOG has appointed William A Scull as vice-president of worldwide marketing. Scull was president of Catalyst Consultants.
Heyden & Son has appointed Gerry Waterfield as product manager for Baseview Editorial Systems. Waterfield joins from Westcountry Publications, where he was systems development manager.
The Dodge Group has appointed Steve Singleton as global partner manager. Singleton joins from Lawson Software, where he was European alliance manager.
The Systems House G roup has appointed Tony Holton to the position of dealer sales manager. Holton joins from Anglo Corporation, where he managed the company's leasing operation in the distribution channel.
FTP Software has appointed Alan Scutt as vice-president for Northern Europe and South Africa. Scutt joins from Banyan, where he was UK managing director.
Appointment announcements for the Movers & Shakers column should be e-mailed to movers@ independent.co.uk.Reuse content


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Hey, it's Miss Molly! Tune in for dating advice and the art of the pickup! Follow me television-ratings.info thepickupchick Like me on http://www. facebook.com.
Your Confident Buying Decision Starts Here! Find Your Perfect Car Today Haggle-free pricing · Upfront special offers · Get real dealer prices.
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('Snow Angel' Bath Melt)
('The Christmas Hedgehog' Bubble Bar)
('Northern Lights' Bath Bomb)
('Golden Wonder' Bath Bomb)
('Luxury Lud Pud' Bath Bomb)
('Candy Mountain' Bubble Bar)
('Shoot For The Stars' Bath Bomb)
('Father Christmas' Bath Bomb)
('Wizard' Bubble Bar)
('The Christmas Penguin' Bubble Bar)
('Buche De Noel' Cleanser)
It's no secret that I love Lush! I love their bath bombs, their skin-care, near enough everything they sell. When October rolls around, I get super excited because they release their A/W collection and it's limited edition! So, I stock up on my bath bombs, bath melts and bubble bars to ensure I've got plenty to last me for the upcoming colder months.
I know I already have plenty that I need to get through, but I would also like to try 'Dashing Santa', 'The Melting Snowman', 'Holly Golightly' and 'So White'. They all look so lovely.
Anyway let's face it, there really isn't anything more enjoyable and relaxing than soaking in a colourful, glittery bath after a long hard day at work. There is just something really comforting about running yourself a candle-lit bath during Autumn and Winter or is that just me?
I will report back with a review of some of the products once I've tried and tested them! It's going to take me a good while...


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The tarnish proof Bey-Berk R11L Legal Bookends are symbol of scales of justice bookends in polished black and tan marble with gold plated brass finish.
Bey-Berk Bookend is tarnish proof and elegantly crafted with symbol of scales of justice. Bookend is made of solid marble with gold-plate finish and has 6" x 4 1/4" x 2" dimension.
Book End & Rack Depth (Inches)2"-5"
Book End & Rack Height (Inches)6"-10"
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Search this Blog
Wright State University Libraries' Special Collections and Archives welcomes you to our blog. Join us as we share information, news, and special events; highlight our collections; and discuss archival issues. For more information:
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Blog Calendar
Daily Archives: March 1, 2013
Upcoming Event: Huffman Prairie Aviation Historical Society Meeting on Mar. 4, 2013
Please join us this coming Monday, March 4, 2013, for the next meeting of the Huffman Prairie Aviation Historical Society, when Paul Logus will give a presentation about the Global Positioning System (GPS) (view announcement flyer PDF). Mr. Logus, who has held … Continue reading
Posted in Outreach Tagged events, HPAHS, Huffman Prairie Aviation Historical Society Leave a comment


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- We are now accepting applications for 2015 entry. LIMITED PLACES. APPLY NOW!
- London-based 2-Year BSc. in Biomedical Sciences now available with our partners, Medipathways
- Online revision courses specifically designed to prepare for entrance examination for European medical or dental schools now available from our partner, Exam Revision Courses.
- Sign up for our monthly newsletter for prospective Medicine & Dentistry students, to find out the latest news!
- Specialist preparation for UKCAT, UCAS Personal Statements and Medical & Dental School Interviews, book now!
- 2+4 Articulation for Medicine for September 2015 entry - contact us now!
University of Debrecen
6-Year Medicine 2014 entry
Located in the middle of the Great Forest, The University of Debrecen is a prestigious university in one of the largest cities in Hungary with a higher education history dating back to the 16th Century. Today the Medical and Health science Centre has over 6000 students and 330 highly skilled lecturers.
The first three years of the programme will be taught in English. For the last 3 years foreign students are required to learn Hungarian in order to be able to communicate with patients.
During the first two years the curriculum focuses on theoretical aspects of medicine. In the 3rd year, disciplines exploring the theoretical foundations of diseases, as well as the preliminaries of internal medicine and surgery are taught. In the 4th and 5th years training in pharmacology begins and the study of clinical subjects continues. During the 6th year students take their final examinations.
The Medical School is one of the largest and best equipped hospitals in the country with 18 clinical departments and more than 1800 beds. The Kenézy Gyula County Hospital is strongly affiliated with the Medical School, and plays an important role in teaching the practical aspects of medicine.
Courses at the Medical and Health Science Centre have been accredited by the World Health Organization, US Department of Education, The State Education Department (NY, USA), Medical Board of California , the General Medicine Council (UK - PLAB exam might be required), Medical Councils of Israel, Ireland, Iran and Norway. However,if applicants wish to confirm the acceptability of this medicine degree, they are advised to contact the GMC's Registration and Licencing Team on: +44 161 923 6602 or via their website on www.gmc-uk.org
Around Debrecen
Debrecen and its surroundings are situated in the eastern part of Hungary in the area between the River Tisza and the border line towards Romania.
Debrecen has an excellent transport system including an international airport,electric railway, tram and a frequent coach service which connects the smaller villages and towns to the county centre. Budapest can be easily reached in two or two and a half hours time by car and in three hours time by train.
The main square in front of the Big Reformed Church is the citys hub. There are fountains, blooming trees and many coffee terraces. The grand Coskonai Theatre and Déri Museum both play an important role in the flourishing cultural life characterising the city. Summer is the time of festivals; people come far and wide for the famous Debrecen Flower Carnival and the Debrecen Jazz Days. Those wishing to take a rest are welcome in the Big Forest where the famous Debrecen Spa Bath and the Mediterranean Aquaticum are located.
Application Procedure: Complete M&D Application; sit entrance examination which focuses on Chemistry, Biology and Physics; take an interview; receive offer.
Entrance Requirements: To have achieved at least grades B,B,B at A-Level standard or an equivalent with at least two subjects being science based. And to successfully complete the entrance examination and interview.
There is a 21-question multiple choice test from Biology, Chemistry and Physics. If the applicants would like to be accepted to the 1st year of the General Medicine or Dentistry, you have to achieve 8 points out of 21 at least. The test is only 30 mins long.
Online revision courses to help prepare for entrance examination, designed specifically for this University. see: Entrance Exam Revision Courses.
Application Deadline: Applications for this University abroad are now for 2014 entry. However, there is a new opportunity to study the first 2-years of a 6-year course in London and the remaining 4 years in Poland or the Caribbean. Applications for this programme are still being considered for 2014 entry, so please see the following webpage to find out more on this new opportunity 2+4 Articulation.
Places are filling fast, so please submit your application as soon as possible to secure a place to study medicine or dentistry in September.
To register your interest and apply for their medical degree course now, please click here.
Make sure you follow us on Twitter for the latest news and updates regarding all of the important information you need to carry forward your Medical or Dental career.
Many UK medical schools and dental schools receive many applications to study medicine or study dentistry and places are very limited. Therefore, the preparation of a UCAS application form for medical or dental school is very important. Online Medical Admission forums are an excellent way to exchange views and ideas on what medical schools are looking for and which medical and which dental schools actually ask the toughest interview questions. The premed course is an excellent way to secure a place at a UK medical schools in the UK or medical schools based abroad. Medical and dental school applicants are strongly advised to get as much medical work experience and possible. Medical work experience seminars and dental work experience seminars consist of a series of medical seminars and dental seminars at a NHS hospital based in Britain. Many students also fine that UKCAT revision and UCAS Personal statement checking is very helpful.
Fierce competition for UK medical school places has encouraged students to embark on medical degrees and dental degrees outside of the UK, such as: Medical schools in Poland, Medical schools in Slovakia, Dental schools in Slovakia, Medical schools in Prague, Dental schools in Prague and Medical schools in the Caribbean.


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Dr. Cheryl B. Schrader, chancellor of Missouri University of Science and Technology, will tour Steelville Manufacturing Co. and visit Steelville Middle School on Thursday, April 2, as part of the Show Me Value Tour, a statewide initiative by University of Missouri System leaders to discuss the importance of a college education. [Read more…]
Archives for March 2015
Chancellor brings Show Me Value Tour to Steelville
Missouri S&T women's mucking team wins world championship
The Women's Mucking Team from Missouri University of Science and Technology has earned first place in its category at the 37th Intercollegiate Mining Competition. The team successfully defended its title as world champions in a competition designed to test skills in old-fashioned mining techniques generally known as "mucking." The event was held March 25-29 at the Western Australia School of Mines in Kalgoorlie, Australia.
Missouri S&T's EWB to host 'Run for Water' 5K
The student chapter of Engineers Without Borders (EWB) at Missouri University of Science and Technology will host a 5K run this April to raise money to support team travel expenses.
S&T's Jeff Schramm joins We the Humanities platform as curator
Dr. Jeff Schramm, associate professor of history and political science at Missouri University of Science and Technology, will join the international humanities Twitter account We the Humanities as guest curator April 6-12. [Read more…]
Missouri S&T students to perform 'Clue: The Musical'
The Miner League Theatre Players at Missouri University of Science and Technology will bring mystery to campus this April with four performances of "Clue: The Musical."
Public tickets available April 13 for Condoleezza Rice lecture at Missouri S&T
Missouri University of Science and Technology will present a lecture by Dr. Condoleezza Rice, the 66th U.S. Secretary of State, as part of its Remmers Special Artist/Lecturer Series on Thursday, May 14, 2015. Rice will be the 31st presenter in the series. [Read more…]
Jeffrey Cawlfield selected for Leadership Missouri
Dr. Jeffrey D. Cawlfield, vice provost for undergraduate studies at Missouri University of Science and Technology, has been selected to participate in Leadership Missouri, a seven-month leadership enhancement program sponsored by the Missouri Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
Missouri S&T to host regional mathematics conference
The first Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) Central States Section Conference will be held at Missouri University of Science and Technology April 11-12.
Pioneering African American Dr. Tamiko M. Youngblood dies
As a student at Missouri University of Science and Technology, Dr. Tamiko M. Youngblood dreamed of breaking down barriers for African Americans. [Read more…]
Illusionists to perform at Missouri S&T
The award-winning husband and wife illusionist act "Spencers: Theatre of Illusion" will perform on the Missouri University of Science and Technology campus as part of the 2014-15 Leach Theatre Family Series this month.


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The Omega Foot Switch for the Omega/LPL ET-500 and ET-400 Enlarging Timers simply plugs into timer for easy, hands-free operation.
Dimensions: 7-7/8 x 3-23/64 x 1-37/64" H Weight: 13oz.Switch". Extra plug in outlet for safelight.


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Today's Tarot for Howard Stern
spread provides insight into the interaction between two people or entities. It is the spread of choice for questions about partnerships, be they in romance or business. The
Cat People Tarot
paints a picture of faraway lands trod by mystical archetypes and their feline companions. This deck is a perfect tool for dreamers and idealists, and is a great choice for divining the nature of human imagination. If you would like your own copy of the Cat People Tarot, you can
buy it now
The card at the top left represents
how you see yourself
Seven of Cups (Temptation)
: Fantasy. Unrealistic attitudes. Imagination. Daydreams. Foolish whims. Wishful thinking. Illusionary success.
The card at the top right represents
how you see your partner
Five of Cups (Disappointment)
: Partial loss. Regret. Friendship without real meaning. Marriage without real love. Imperfection. Flaw. Delayed inheritance. Incomplete union or partnership.
The card in the center left represents
how you feel about your partner
Page of Cups, when reversed
: Inclination. Deviation. Susceptibility. Temporary distraction. Seduction. A flatterer.
The card in the center right represents
what stands between you and your partner
Queen of Pentacles, when reversed
: False prosperity. Suspense. Suspicion. Responsibilities neglected. Vicious person. Untrusting person. Fear of failure.
The card in the lower left represents
how your partner sees you
Page of Swords, when reversed
: An impostor revealed. The unforeseen, illness is possible. Powerlessness in the face of stronger forces. Lack of preparation.
The card in the lower right represents
what your partner feels about you
King of Swords, when reversed
: A person who may pursue a matter to ruin. Cruelty. Conflict. Selfishness. Sadism. A dangerous or wicked person. One who causes unnecessary disturbance and sadness. Perversity.
The card in the center represents the present status or
challenge of the relationship
Eight of Cups (Indolence)
: Discontinuance of effort. Disappointment. Abandonment of previous plans. Shyness. Modesty. Abandoned success.
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Cat People Tarot
This deck paints a picture of faraway lands trod by mystical archetypes and their feline companions. This deck is a perfect tool for cat-lovers, dreamers, and idealists, and is a great choice for divining the nature of creativity and the human imagination.
Tarot Made Easy
A wonderful book that differs from the others in that it provides interpretations for each card WITHIN A CONTEXT (such as romance, career, or family). A great resource, especially for beginners.
Power Tarot: More Than 100 Spreads That Give Specific Answers to Your Most Important Questions
Featuring more insightful spreads than you will know what to do with in a lifetime, this book offers a very handy approach to demystifying Tarot readings.
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A rock garden is a striking architectural feature, and if you think small scale, it's easy to build a one in a day. This gardening project can be as simple as grouping a clump of large boulders together or stacking a small tiered rock wall – both of which will leave a lasting impression and offer visual enjoyment all year long.. Best of all, it's fun to collect rocks from travels, hikes and special days at the beach or lake to add to your wall over time.
Instructions to Build a Rock Garden
- To build a small rock wall garden, begin by marking the area that you want to build the wall on with string or spray paint.
- Collect small to medium sized rocks 6-12 inches in diameter.
- Place the rocks together by size, shape and fit securing the layers by arranging appropriately sized rocks to fill spaces as needed.
- Once the wall is built up a few layers, add clean soil and plant perennial flowers and plants at the base. Succulents such as Sedum and Hens and Chicks may be tucked into the crevices and will quickly spread to give the wall an established look.
Article Source: Build a Rock Garden in a Day


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Doggy Day Care in Dover, ID
Drop off your dog at your sitter's home in the morning, and pick them up in the evening.
Referenced and reliable pet sitter
Hayden, ID, 83835
House Sitting, Drop-In Visits, Dog Walking
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Your Dogs Adventure Getaway!
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About: I LOVE puppy dogs! Young or old they are all deserving of full time lovin' and activities that suit them best! My husband works full time which lea... (more)
Animals are Amazing. I love them.
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About: I am very detail orientated, I have a commanding voice when needed. I will follow every instruction you give for the care of your animal. I have no... (more)
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Experience exceptional service and a personalized match
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We've been there, cancelling meetings or plans with friends to make sure you can be there for your dog. Good news: You can easily find and book doggy day care in Dover on Rover. Whether you need a one-time daytime pet sitter or someone to take care of your beloved pet every weekday, we've got you covered. Care for your dog and peace of mind for you are just a few clicks away. If you already have a favorite overnight sitter, ask them if they offer day care too. Or, if you've never used Rover, this is the perfect opportunity to find a new best friend for your dog when you're at work. We can help you find a sitter who'd love to watch your dog.


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Dolphin Dance Studio
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Everyone deserves to treat themselves every once in a while so head to Columbus' Dolphin Dance Studio today and have some fun. This place is a place you'll love to visit, so don't wait around, give them a call today!
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BevMo! Redlands
909.748.0349 27588 W. Lugonia Ave., Suite A
Redlands, CA 92374
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Symptom Of The Universe Black SabbathT-Shirt
14,99 €
Product Details
|Outer material
|100% cotton
|Band merch, Bands
|Heavy Metal
|Available since
|Product code
- Front print
- Crew neck
- Half sleeves
The Brits from Black Sabbath have been blasting out premium hard rock and metal since the late sixties. The legends have left their distinctive mark on an entire genre. The single 'Symptom of the Universe' from 1975 is a symbolic reminder of this. The front of this white T-Shirt features the band's logo in red, along with a vintage-style photo of the gang.
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The t-shirt itself is great quality but for a large compared to what I normally buy it was a bit long but I can't complain.
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This t-shirt has it all. Only thing missing is a back-print, but that's just being picky! Great design, accurate sizing and excellent quality material. Can't see a white t-shirt staying white for long, but what the hell!! It's Sabbath!!
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Awesome design and classic image of the original line up was a must purchase at such a great price. They will always be the greatest metal band of all time and you can never have too many Sabbath t's !!!
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Sandor is started and is priced to sell. He has a full set of X-rays. He is accepting of new situations and environments. He shows three correct gaits…SOLD
Luca II is a beautiful, 16hh, 5yo grey Canadian Warmblood by Odilon. He has been in professional training at Grayton Farms for the last 6 months and successfully…SOLD
East Wind is a six year old Canadian Warmblood gelding with Hanoverian and Dutch Warmblood in his pedigree. He is an elegant, substantial gelding that…SOLD
Elgar is a six year old Canadian Warmblood gelding with an almost exclusive Hanoverian pedigree. Started late in his three year old year, Elgar excelled…SOLD
2007 16hh TB x Draft Mare Magic Moonshine (TB) x Clyde/Percheron Lovely, quiet, solidly built mare. Nice comfy trot and easy going demeanour. Could…SOLD
Shananagans is a lovely boy with the beautiful temperament of the Irish Sport Horse contributed by his sire.He has had two summers of training and is ready…SOLD
"Almond" is a 5 year old, 16.0hh, green broke bay mare for sale, Near Drayton Valley, Alberta(An hour and a half west of Edmonton, alberta). She is in…SOLD
Gino is a 6 yr. old 16.2 hh Registered Canadian Warmblood gelding sired by Gervantus II an imported European Oldenburg stallion who had an impressive career…SOLD


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How to Recover deleted files from hard drives & memory cards
You may have lost your files but you needn't loose hope, too. In this episode of Lab Rats TV, Andy and Sean show you how to recover your deleted data (and your marriage!) using oranges. For detailed instructions on recovering your own lost data, take a look at this tech how-to.


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Wednesday, June 2, 2010
Dressed for Finals
That's right! My dress today (well it's really more of a shift) features leopard coming out of a grand bright pink background, with its jaws open and ready to pounce. This is part of my battle uniform for finals today. The ensemble will include black leggings, a black sweater and a white studded belt featuring a Chevy van on the buckle. This outfit says "I am here and will eat you alive so get ready."
Okay so I'm nervous about finals today. That's why I'm "bringing it" fashion wise. The clothes help me remember who I am and what I'm capable of. No I'm not trying to "win" at school. Only bring my best self forward even more because sometimes the clothes can help make the woman just a little stronger.
Good luck to any of you in the midst of finals week!
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Quinn splits his narrative between the rise of that Victorian city and its wartime fall, taking as the hero of his earlier narrative strand a rising young architect, Peter Eames, and of the later, an architectural historian, Tom Baines, who has been commissioned, just before the outbreak of war to produce a study of Liverpool's architectural past. His book's research results in two encounters.
The first is personal — a meeting with Richard Tanqueray, a First World War-veteran who now runs a professional photography studio with his wife, Bella, and who agrees to collaborate with Baines on his book. The second is literary: Baines's old professor, a scholar of Victorian Gothic architecture, directs him towards the uncatalogued journals of Eames, whose architectural career briefly and controversially flourished in 1860s Liverpool before foundering in financial ruin and apparent suicide aged 33..
Eames's journals of his personal and professional life (helpfully printed in a mock-Victorian typeface) alternate with Baines's experiences as war breaks out and he struggles to combine his record of the 19th-century city with his role as part of a heavyrescue team, plucking bodies alive and dead from the rubble of the buildings he is attempting to catalogue. As the novel concludes the two stories converge in betrayal, tragedy and an eerie discovery.
Quinn was born in Liverpool and his intimate knowledge and love of the city rises like heat from the pages of his book. He has a remarkable talent for making the vanished lineaments of the past metropolis vivid and urgent even to a reader who has never set eyes on the Mersey. You might think that the imaginative reconstruction of longdemolished Victorian buildings would be the difficult part of writing a novel that combines an obsession with bricks and mortar with extremities of human passion.
But in The Rescue Man, it is the buildings that seethe with urgent energy, while the human passions remain muted. Quinn is a film critic, and there is a filmic neatness about his narrative choreography that is the enemy of emotional verisimilitude.
Eames and Baines's twin love affairs with cast-iron stanchions and oriel windows are the real heart of this flawed but fascinating novel..
Synopsis by Foyles.co.uk
"Rescue Man" opens on the eve of the Second World War. With uncertainty in the air as the world seems on the brink of disaster, Liverpool is a city tense in anticipation of the coming conflict. Tom Baines is struggling to finish a book chronicling the architecture of his beloved Liverpool. Orphaned as a child and now approaching forty with no prospect of a family of his own, Baines is a man emotionally adrift. Unable to commit to anything, either personal or professional, he is left looking in at life from the outside. Then old university tutor passes on information about the diary of a Victorian architect and sends Baines to a photographer who will help him with his book. Both introductions will change Baines' life. The diary is that of Peter Eames, Victorian visionary and self-proclaimed genius.The photographers are Richard and Bella Tanqueray - a couple with whom Baines forms an immediate bond. The outbreak of war brings a new sense of purpose and unexpected relationships. Baines joins the Rescue Men - retrieving the wounded from bombed buildings. The Blitz is a relentless bombardment trailing devastation and loss in its wake. Yet in wartime ordinary rules are suspended, risks taken and Baines finds himself caught up in a love affair that is as heady and all-consuming as it is transgressive. With writing that is both immediate and deeply steeped in its time, Anthony Quinn recreates wartime Liverpool with the same emotional intensity and fidelity with which he renders the city of Eames' "Victorian" diaries. Quinn is a writer whose facility for language will carry you through the streets of 'the Venice of the North' in a powerful, unforgettable story of love found and lost.
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Conceived and designed the experiments: RJ KM. Performed the experiments: RJ DU TS SH FR PD PH. Analyzed the data: KM RJ SH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RJ ER JV KM. Wrote the paper: RJ KM. Critical revision of manuscript: ER JV TS FR PD PH SH DU. Administrative, technical and material support, obtaining funding: RJ KM ER JV.
Electrode implantation into the subthalamic nucleus for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with a temporary motor improvement occurring prior to neurostimulation. We studied this phenomenon by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) when considering the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-III) and collateral oedema. Twelve patients with PD (age 55.9± (SD)6.8 years, PD duration 9–15 years) underwent bilateral electrode implantation into the subthalamic nucleus. The fMRI was carried out after an overnight withdrawal of levodopa (OFF condition): (i) before and (ii) within three days after surgery in absence of neurostimulation. The motor task involved visually triggered finger tapping. The OFF/UPDRS-III score dropped from 33.8±8.7 before to 23.3±4.8 after the surgery (p<0.001), correlating with the postoperative oedema score (p<0.05). During the motor task, bilateral activation of the thalamus and basal ganglia, motor cortex and insula were preoperatively higher than after surgery (p<0.001). The results became more enhanced after compensation for the oedema and UPDRS-III scores. In addition, the rigidity and axial symptoms score correlated inversely with activation of the putamen and globus pallidus (p<0.0001). One month later, the OFF/UPDRS-III score had returned to the preoperative level (35.8±7.0, p=0.4).
In conclusion, motor improvement induced by insertion of an inactive electrode into the subthalamic nucleus caused an acute microlesion which was at least partially related to the collateral oedema and associated with extensive impact on the motor network. This was postoperatively manifested as lowered movement-related activation at the cortical and subcortical levels and differed from the known effects of neurostimulation or levodopa. The motor system finally adapted to the microlesion within one month as suggested by loss of motor improvement and good efficacy of deep brain stimulation.
Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN DBS) has become an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) [1]. According to previous reports, insertion of the intracerebral electrode into the brain tissue itself may contribute to clinical improvement from DBS [2], [3], [4]. The lesion can even be used for therapeutic purposes as documented by clinical effects of conventional thermo-coagulation subthalamotomy [5], [6]. On the contrary, a micro-subthalamotomy from DBS electrode implantation is manifested by smaller, though still demonstrable motor improvement in the absence of neurostimulation. It is usually already manifested during the surgery by a mild decrease of rigidity, akinesia and tremor and can remain noticeable for months after implantation in the OFF state [7]. Alleviation of off-dystonia [8] and worsening in verbal fluency [9] are other possible consequences. The size of microlesion depends on the surgical techniques as the size of the microlesion grows parallel to the number of micro-electrodes passing through STN in correlation to postoperative motor improvement [10].
The micro-subthalamotomy effect induced by DBS electrode insertion was previously studied by positron emission tomography (PET) showing altered glucose metabolism detectable even one year after implantation. Under resting state, with dopaminergic drugs withdrawn and stimulation switched off, there was a deactivation of the subthalamus, [11] thalamus and basal ganglia together with hyperactivation of the sensorimotor cortex and cerebellum, [12] thus making the pattern similar to conventional subthalamotomy [13], [14]. Up to now, none of the functional imaging studies evaluated the STN microlesion effects during voluntary movements, despite similarly oriented papers on the effects of DBS or levodopa [15], [16], [17], [18].
We used a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) based on the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal acquired before and shortly after the implantation of cerebral electrodes into the STN. Admittedly, MRI examination poses the risk of thermal brain damage from a radiofrequency field arising from the presence of the metallic implant [19], [20]. On the other hand, an MRI is often used by many implantation teams for confirming the position of implanted electrodes, or for structural brain imaging in cases of postoperative complications. Nevertheless, its use in hundreds of implanted patients [21], [22], [23] may serve as evidence that with adherence to defined precautions [24], [25] an MRI can be considered safe even in the presence of an intracerebral electrode [26]. The same applies to fMRI which can be used for detection of local as well as distant effects of DBS on the cerebral cortex [27]. We were the first to introduce fMRI into the study of STN DBS effects in PD, [28] a step successfully followed by others [29], [30], [31], [32].
In the present study, we searched for any differences in motor system activation patterns caused by bilateral insertion of electrodes into the STN in the absence of medication or neurostimulation. Unlike previous studies, we explored the microlesion phenomenon while using an active motor task involving finger tapping well known from the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-III). We hypothesized that apart from neuronal loss caused by electrode insertion, clinical consequences would also arise from a collateral oedema developing around the electrode [3], [33], [34]. Therefore, we introduced simple scales for quantifying the extent of cortical and subcortical oedema to compare it with the postoperative changes in the UPDRS-III and fMRI. Finally, we compared the clinical symptoms in STN DBS ON condition with preoperative effects of levodopa and analyzed the local subthalamic lesion volume with regard to the number of microelectrodes hitting the STN and to the number of macroelectrode insertions used for clinical verification of DBS during surgery.
Twelve PD patients were enrolled consecutively in 2009–2010. All of them were suffering from motor fluctuations and/or disabling dyskinesias (demographic details in Table 1 and Table S1) and were indicated for treatment with STN DBS. All of them met the UK Brain Bank Criteria for diagnosis of PD and all gave their written informed consent for participation. Patients with dementia and/or depression had been excluded by routine psychiatric examination and neuropsychological testing (Mini-mental state examination, Mattis dementia rating scale, Beck depression inventory). The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic.
During the study, the patients were examined in three sessions with the UPDRS-III: (session 1) 20± (SD)16 days before implantation, (session 2) on post-implantation day 1 or 3 and (session 3) one month after implantation, each time in the medication OFF and DBS OFF conditions. Four days before the first session, dopamine agonists were substituted by equivalent doses of levodopa. Other anti-PD medication (selegiline, amantadine, anticholinergics) was suspended. In each session, the UPDRS-III was assessed after at least 12 h withdrawal of levodopa. fMRI was assessed during the first two sessions.
All patients were assessed by the UPDRS-III in the ON state as well. Before surgery, they were examined after the administration of 250 mg of levodopa/carbidopa (session 1) and after surgery, they were tested on bilateral STN DBS with stimulation parameters achieving best possible motor improvement. While an external stimulator (Dual Screen 3628, Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN) working in bipolar mode was used in early postoperative phase (session 2), treatment by internal neurostimulator (Kinetra, model 7428, Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN) using unipolar mode of stimulation was initiated one month after surgery (session 3). To evaluate the long-term effects of neurostimulation, all patients were further examined one year after implantation (session 4) in STN DBS ON state with antiparkinsonian medication withdrawn. Stimulation parameters are given in Table 1.
For purposes of the study, scores derived from the UPDRS-III were used to assess rigidity (sum of item 22), akinesia (sum of items 19, 23–26, 31), tremor (sum of items 20, 21) and axial score (sum of items 18, 27–30), which comprised involvement of speech, standing, stability and gait disturbances.
Implantation of the DBS system was performed separately in two steps: (i) stereotactic insertion of the permanent quadripolar electrode into STN bilaterally and (ii) implantation of connection leads and neurostimulator to subclavial region. Leksell frame and SurgiPlan software system (Elekta, Stockholm, Sweden) were employed in stereotactic procedure. Pre-surgical planning was based on MRI with direct visualization of the target. Central trajectory was intentionally focused on the STN center near the anterior part of the red nucleus. The first surgery was performed under local anesthesia and the STN neuronal activity was mapped by parallel insertion of five tungsten microelectrodes spaced 2-mm apart in a "Ben-gun" configuration to select sites for the macroelectrode intraoperative stimulation [35], [36]. The accuracy of planning and surgery was very high as documented by the number of microelectrodes hitting the STN (median 3.5, variance 2–5) in length of 5.4±1.0 mm. The number of tracks used for macroelectrode insertion ranged from 1 to 3 (median 1) and the macroelectrode in track (66% in the central one) eliciting the best clinical outcome was subsequently replaced by a permanent electrode (type 3389). Immediately after the procedure, the position of each permanent electrode was verified by two orthogonal X-ray images co-registered with presurgical MRI plan. No dislocation higher than 1-mm was found in any patient.
Half of the patient group (N=6) was randomly assigned to have session 2 carried out one day after the implantation, the other half (N=6) three days after the implantation. On the following day, a neurostimulator was implanted in the subclavian region under general anesthesia. Chronic STN DBS was initiated at the end of the third session which was performed one month after the implantation.
The final positions of permanent electrodes were assessed one year after surgery on T1-weighted images following the previously published approach [37]. Briefly, coordinates of the distal contact "0" and proximal contact "3" were measured manually in native space with regard to line connecting anterior and posterior commissures. Mean positions of contacts are shown in Table 1 and individual coordinates in Table S1. Each of the two contacts was located in a space occupying maximum of 4.0–5.3 mm in each direction which corresponds well to the size and position of the subthalamic area.
A 1.5-T Siemens Symphony scanner (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) was used for MRI acquisition. A gradient-echo EPI sequence was used (TR=1000 ms, TE=54 ms) with an in-plane resolution of 3×3 mm2, slice thickness of 3-mm and inter-slice gap of 1-mm. A slab of ten oblique slices was acquired, oriented along the central sulcus and covering the rollandic cortex, basal ganglia and thalamus in a region between the anterior border of caudate nuclei and the posterior border of the red nuclei. In total, 500 dynamic scans were acquired during each task. In sessions 2 and 4, axial T1-weighted magnetization prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo (MP-RAGE, TR=2140 ms, TE=3.93 ms, 1.65-mm thickness) and T2-weighted (turbo-spin echo, TR=5520 ms, TE=86 ms, 4-mm thickness) images were acquired for morphological imaging before and after implantation.
The MRI was performed according to previously defined technical precautions considering the potential hazard in patients with intracerebral electrodes [24], [38]. For thermal risk estimation, temperature changes were measured for each MRI acquisition sequence separately. We used MRI-compatible fluorooptic thermometry [24], [26], [32] (Luxtron Corporation, Santa Clara, CA) in a pig brain phantom, into which four temperature sensors were inserted in the vicinity of the electrode. With the T1-weighted sequence, the estimated specific absorption rate (SAR) in the head region was 0.17 W/kg leading to maximal warming by 0.30°C, the T2-weighted sequence (SAR=0.98 W/kg) was associated with a 1.1°C temperature increase and the gradient echo-plannar sequence (SAR=0.05 W/kg) used for fMRI caused an increase of 0.09°C . To avoid a heating hazard it was necessary to prevent the creation of a loop between the contacts of the implanted electrode and the non-insulated connectors of the extension leads. For that purpose, the externalized leads connectors were properly insulated to avoid direct contact with the patient's skin, then fixed along the z-axis and placed near the center of the MR scanner bore.
During each of the two fMRI sessions, the patients performed a simple tapping task for each hand separately while lying supine with both hands in a resting position. As performance during motor tasks may affect the fMRI results [39], [40], [41], [42] and frequency of tapping varies in PD [43], each "tap" was individually triggered to ensure low individual variability in motor performance. Each patient was instructed to make a single "tap" consisting in touch of the thumb and index finger of the same hand whenever the "go" signal (yellow square) appeared on the screen. During the task, twenty-five motion and resting periods, each lasting 10 s, were interspersed in an alternating fashion. During each motion period, the "go" signal was displayed ten times with an inter-stimulus interval of 1 s so that 250 movements were performed during the task. Since a microlesion impact on visual functions wasn't expected, an effect of visual stimulation alone was not considered in the experiment. The finger movements were recorded using MRI-compatible gloves (5DT Inc, Irvine, CA) and monitored with a video-camera.
For each patient, fMRI experiments were analyzed separately using SPM8 rev. 4010 (Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL, London, UK) and Matlab 7.7 (The MathWorks, Inc, Natick, MA). In the pre-processing phase, the data was realigned to correct for motion artifacts [44], normalized using the unified segmentation approach [45] in standardized stereotactic space (Montreal Neurological Institute – MNI) and smoothed using a Gaussian smoothing kernel of 8 mm full width at half maximum. The electrode caused a strong susceptibility artifact which attenuated the BOLD signal along the entire trajectory including the subthalamic area. These regions were automatically masked-out similar to other non-brain regions by an algorithm implemented in the SPM8. The intra-individual statistical analysis was based on a least-squares estimation using the general linear model and the canonical hemodynamic response function [46], [47]. The design matrix was encoded with the 25 tapping and 25 resting blocks in order to investigate a potential difference between task and baseline, i.e. a potential increase of brain activity during the task compared with rest. Contrast images (encoding task-baseline differences) were computed for all subjects and sessions independently. Those contrast images were used in group analyses using a factorial design with two factors of the moving hand (left/right) and electrode implantation (before/after). The design matrix was generated using 4 columns in order to encode all 4 categories (before-left, before-right, after-left, after-right). The design matrix had 48 rows using 4 contrast images per subject.
The final statistics were based on the contrast before vs. after implantation (and vice versa) and displayed using a threshold of p<0.001. To suppress false positive results, the family-wise error (FWE) rate was controlled using a corrected threshold of p<0.05 at the cluster-level. To control for differences with the UPDRS-III across patients, those values in the OFF state obtained during sessions 1 and 2 were added to the design matrix as an additional column. Using this column as covariate of no interest, differences between the OFF state UPDRS-III scores across patients were taken into account. Analyses were also computed using covariates with the scores of cortical and subcortical oedema in the left and right hemispheres.
The factorial analysis was additionally performed using covariates describing the UPDRS-III score and the cortical and subcortical oedema in the left and right hemispheres. To test the effect of rigidity, tremor, akinesia, and axial scores, separate analyses were done. For regions showing significant results, values were extracted from the 48 contrast images used in the group analyses. A potential correlation between those contrast values and associated UPDRS-III scores was investigated. Further statistical analyses were made with the SPSS 14.0.1 software (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). For parameters not following normal distribution, the Mann-Whitney test and Spearman rank correlation were applied. For parameters following normal distribution, analysis of variance with repetition and Pearson correlation analysis were used.
Collateral oedema around implanted electrodes was analyzed by a blinded rater in each patient individually and in each hemisphere separately using the post-operative T2-weighted images from session 2, on which oedema appeared as a hyperintense area (Figure 1). To estimate its volume, we developed two semi-quantitative scales for separate assessment of oedema in cortical (affecting the white matter just beyond the cortex) and subcortical (affecting deep structures and adjacent white matter near the electrode) regions: the cortical oedema scale (0 – no oedema; 1 – mild focal oedema near the electrode within the area of one gyrus; 2 – moderate focal oedema near the electrode involving an area larger than one gyrus; 3 – large focal oedema near the electrode involving an area larger than two gyri); the subcortical oedema scale (0 – no oedema; 1 – mild focal oedema near the electrode involving the thalamus and/or mesencephalon; 2 – moderate focal oedema involving the thalamus and/or mesencephalon and/or part of the basal ganglia; 3 – large colateral oedema involving most of the basal ganglia). The total cortical or subcortical oedema score was calculated as a sum of the scores from both hemispheres.
The average OFF state UPDRS-III score changed significantly throughout the study (repeated measures ANOVA, F=29, p<0.0001). A post hoc analysis revealed a significant UPDRS-III drop from the preoperative score of 33.8± (SD)8.7 in session 1 to 23.3±4.8 in session 2 (F=28, p<0.001) within three days after the implantation (Figure 2a). One month after surgery, the OFF state UPDRS-III score significantly increased to 35.8± (SD)7.0 (F=54, p<0.0001) nearly returning to the pre-implantation value so that no difference between sessions 3 and 1 could be detected (F=0.9, p=0.4). Rigidity, akinesia and axial scores (but not the tremor score) dropped within three days of the surgery and resumed to their previous value one month later similar to changes in the UPDRS-III score (F=55, p<0.0001). In the six patients examined one day after surgery, the OFF state UPDRS-III decreased by 24% (p<0.05) and in the other six patients examined three days after surgery decreased by 33% (p<0.01). While pre-operatively, the OFF UPDRS-III score between these groups did not differ (p=0.2), post-operatively, the score was significantly lower in the group of patients examined three days after implantation (p<0.01)(Figure 2b).
The UPDRS-III decreased with STN DBS switched ON compared to OFF state by 60% in session 2 and by 55% in session 3 which is comparable to 71% preoperative decrease with levodopa in session 1. However, the UPDRS-III differed among ON conditions in all four sessions (repeated measures ANOVA, F=8.8, p<0.01)(Figure 3). The post hoc analysis revealed that the ON state UPDRS-III significantly increased one month after surgery compared to preoperative session 1 (F=7.2, p<0.05), to early postoperative session 2 (F=23, p<0.001) and in comparison with the postoperative session 4 (F=6.0, p<0.05). In addition, the preoperative ON state UPDRS-III after levodopa intake did not differ from postoperative conditions with neurostimulation switched ON in session 2 (F=0.1, p=0.7) and in session 4 (F=0.8, p=0.4).
In any session and in any OFF/ON conditions, the UPDRS-III did not correlate with the number tracks made by microelectrodes hitting the STN or by macroelectrodes used for intraoperative clinical testing.
The median score of postoperative cortical oedema around the implanted electrodes in session 2 was 1.5 (0–6), the subcortical oedema median being 1.0 (variance 0–6). The majority of patients (N=7) showed signs of oedema at both cortical and subcortical levels. One patient had no signs of oedema at all, three had developed oedema subcortically, and one patient near the cortex. In 10 out of 11 patients, the oedema occurred asymmetrically affecting predominantly one hemisphere. In comparison to preoperative OFF state UPDRS-III, the subcortical oedema score correlated with the OFF state UPDRS-III decrease examined before and within three days of the implantation (rho=−0.58, p<0.05) but not with change in the OFF state UPDRS-III one month later. In addition, the oedema total score tended to grow (p<0.1) during the first three days after surgery from 1.5 (1–4) to 5.5 (0–12)(Figure 2b). No correlations of the oedema score with number microelectrode tracks in the STN or with number of macroelectrodes were detected. In addition, no signs of collateral oedema were observed on the T2-weighted images one year after surgery.
The fMRI was completed by each patient with no dystonia or dyskinesia manifested during the task. In both sessions, an expected activation of the contralateral primary sensorimotor cortex (SM1), supplementary motor area (SMA) and basal ganglia had been observed during the tapping test. However, a comparison based on contrast before vs. after implantation, yielded a significant BOLD signal difference in several cortical and subcortical areas (Figure 4a, Table 2). At the cortical level, movement-related activation was found preoperatively higher in the bilateral primary sensorimotor cortex (SM1), middle part of insula, and in the rollandic operculum involving the inferior postcentral and superior temporal gyri than postoperatively. At the subcortical level, the BOLD signal was preoperatively higher in the right anterior, dorsal and lateral thalamus.
Using the UPDRS-III score as a covariate, the contrast before vs. after implantation became even more pronounced (Figure 4b). The preoperative BOLD signal increase was observed to be significantly higher especially in the supplementary motor area (SMA) and bilaterally in the SM1, insula, thalamus, putamen and in the globus pallidus in comparison with the examination after surgery. When the oedema score was considered, the contrast before vs. after implantation became bilaterally stronger in the basal ganglia, SMA and insula (Figure 4c). To search for a possible postoperative BOLD signal increase, all analyses were also performed using the contrast after vs. before implantation with no significant results found.
In addition, there were significant effects of rigidity and axial scores in the fMRI group results. Their effects were even stronger than the original UPDRS-III covariate. The BOLD signal intensity correlated inversely with the normalized rigidity score (r=−0.69, p<0.0001) and with the normalized axial score (r=−0.65, p<0.0001) in the putamen and globus pallidus bilaterally (Figure 4d,e). The effect of the rigidity score involved a larger volume of these structures and was located more antero-inferiorly than the axial score effect.
Our PD patients showed significant clinical improvement manifested by a 24% reduction in the OFF state UPDRS-III in the subgroup of patients examined the first day after the electrodes were implanted and even a 33% reduction in patients examined on the third postoperative day (Figure 2b). This improvement was seen especially in rigidity and akinesia but also in axial symptoms such as gait, postural stability and speech and disappeared one month after surgery. Hence, we corroborate previous clinical effects of unintended microlesion as a result of the electrode insertion in the target nucleus [2], [3], [4], [7], [8], [10].
The effect of STN DBS ON vs. OFF state with motor improvement by 60–55% in sessions 2–3 is comparable to previous reports [48], [49] and indicates correct placement of the permanent electrodes. However, the ON state motor performance varied throughout the study suggesting that microlesion affected the responsiveness to the neurostimulation as well. Contrary to OFF state after withdrawal of antiparkinsonian medication, i.e. to condition in which the effect of microlesion is easily recognized, it is difficult to draw any conclusions based on comparisons among sessions in the ON state as they may reflect different way of treatments (levodopa challenge in session 1, different amplitude of STN DBS with bipolar mode in sessions 2 and 3 or unipolar mode in session 4). Assuming patients reached their best ON, i.e. the parameters of treatment were optimal in each session, making such a comparison is feasible (Figure 3). We observed that the effects of STN DBS alone one month after surgery did not reach the efficacy of levodopa before surgery while the effects of STN DBS together with microlesion in session 2 were nearly equal to preoperative effects of levodopa. This may support the hypothesis of additional effect of microlesion to the effects of STN DBS as both seem to be cumulated. The positive result is that after one year, the STN DBS became more efficacious compared to situation one month after surgery when chronic neurostimulation was initiated. Thus the clinical signs of microlesion effect obviously had no impact on future long-term responsiveness to STN DBS.
The acute microlesion effect may act by several mechanisms. First, damage and subsequent loss of part of the neuronal population and glial cells [50], i.e., micro-subthalamotomy, to which the patients respond by motor improvement similar to conventional subthalamotomy [5], [51]. Weeks and months after insertion of the DBS electrode, unknown compensatory mechanisms are probably induced, which gradually suppress the microlesion effect and finally worsen the UPDRS score [7]. We observed this in our study as well. One month after surgery, the OFF state UPDRS-III score had returned to nearly the preoperative level (Figure 2a) suggesting complete abatement of the microlesion effect. To the contrary, Mann at al. observed OFF state clinical improvement several months after implantation implying that the microsubthalamotomy can persist even for a long period of time [7] or it could just be a consequence of a neurostimulation after-effect due to DBS being switched-off for an insufficient period of time. On the other hand, using more microelectrodes for exploration during surgery resulted in greater tissue damage and in even more pronounced OFF state improvement [10]. We were unable to confirm this observation since the number of tracks through the STN made by any from the five exploratory microelectrodes did not correlate with postoperative improvement in either OFF or ON conditions compared to the preoperative state. Also the number of stimulation macroelectrode insertions which may lead to greater tissue contusion than microelectrodes was unrelated to the postoperative OFF or ON state motor improvement.
Another mechanism of action may rely on release of various neurostransmitters [52] due to penetration of the electrode into subthalamic area. It is especially gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as main inhibitory substance on the STN input [53] and glutamate as main excitatory mediator on its output [52], [54]. Uncontrolled leakage of neurotrasmitters may severely influence the function of undamaged neurons and thus significantly contribute to effects of microlesion in the acute phase.
Finally, probably more significant mechanism of the microlesion effect in its acute phase should be sought in the collateral oedema (Figure 1) which was found in most of our implanted patients (92%). This was suggested by a postoperative decrease of the OFF state UPDRS-III being more pronounced in patients examined after three days than in patients seen the first day after implantation and by its final increase to its preoperative value one month later (Figure 2b). Using simple semiquantitative scales for rating the brain oedema on T2–weighted images we were able to document its impact on motor performance. As expected, the UPDRS-III decline in the early postoperative phase correlated inversely with the grade of subcortical but not cortical oedema. The histopathological picture of collateral oedema near the electrode [33] suggests similar mechanisms similar to common traumatic brain oedema [55]. Damaged neurons show axonal swelling with subsequent dieback of distal segment accompanied by proximal swelling developing within 48 hours after injury [56]. Intracellular (cytotoxic) swelling of astrocytes [57] facilitated by aquaporins [58], membrane channels regulating water permeability, predominates in acute stage. Subsequently, changes in the transmembrane ionic gradients develop leading to depolarization of cells [59]. Finally, extracelluar (vasogenic) swelling develops due to blood-brain barrier dysfunction accompanied by local production of numerous inflammatory mediators [55]. Contrary to permanent neuronal damage responsible for long-term effects of microlesion, these changes are only temporary suggesting why clinical consequences of microlesion are maximally expressed within the first days after implantation.
Collateral brain oedema in implanted patients has already been observed around deep [3], [34], [60] as well as strip electrodes with a relatively low incidence of 1–2% [61], [62]. The frequent detection of oedema in our study may have to do with our specific aim to search for even its minimal signs early after surgery. These were often manifested just by suppression of a previously hypointense susceptible artifact resulting from the metallic electrode. This phenomenon was very visible mainly during inter-hemispheric comparison when only one of the electrodes was surrounded by oedema (Figure 1). However, there is no clear explanation for the inter-hemispheric asymmetry or variability of the oedema score in individual patients. It could not have been associated with the number of the macroelectrode trajectories nor with other known aspects of the surgery.
Small spontaneous thalamic lesions after stroke have shown to significantly affect the cortical functions [63]. Our group fMRI results showed that even the transitory STN microlesion may have a significant impact on the cortical pattern in PD patients when examined without medication and without neurostimulation. The movement-related BOLD increase in the motor network occurred in both sessions, but the activation was relatively less pronounced after surgery than when compared to the preoperative condition giving a picture of postoperative hypoactivation in a number of cortical and subcortical motor areas. We regard the generally insufficient movement-related activation shortly after surgery as a substantial finding in our study (Figure 4). The less pronounced activation occurred not only relatively close to the electrodes, such as in the anterior thalamus, putamen and globus pallidus, but also in distant regions such as the primary sensorimotor cortex (SM1), secondary sensory cortex (SII), supplementary motor area (SMA) and insula. This pre-/postoperative contrast was further enhanced when the UPDRS-III covariate was used to compensate for the inter- and intra-individual variability of motor impairment (Table 2, Figure 4a, b) suggesting that varying motor involvement was not responsible for this insufficiently low movement-related activation after surgery.
It should be mentioned that this finding was not an artifact arising from possible BOLD signal attenuation due to the physical features of oedema because all the relatively less active areas were well outside the regions affected by oedema. In addition, with the group analysis compensated for the cortical and subcortical oedema score, the pre−/−postoperative contrast was further enhanced (Table 2, Figure 3c) implying that the oedema alone cannot explain all of our fMRI results. It is probably the neuronal and glial damage in the electrode trajectory which plays a major role in microlesion effect on motor system functioning a few days after surgery.
As there are no previous fMRI studies with electrode insertion we may compare our results only with PET studies describing reduction in the basal ganglia activity as a consequence of microlesion [12] or even subthalamotomy [13], [14]. However, these studies analyzed PD patients in a resting state while we refer to microlesion-related subcortical and cortical hypoactivation during movements in comparison to rest. fMRI studies analyzing movements in PD in the OFF medication state usually found decreased [64], [65], [66], [67], [68], [69] or unchanged [15], [16], [39], [70], [71], [72] activity in basal ganglia with cortical motor regions being variably involved in comparison to control subjects perhaps due to various stages of PD and different aspects of movement tasks. As the control group was missing in our study we can only compare our results with fMRI studies focusing on effects of treatment like DBS or levodopa. In contrast to the microlesion effect, the STN DBS-treated patients exhibited a movement-related increase in thalamic and basal ganglia activation [73], [74] whereas SMA is more often described as increased [73], [75], [76] than decreased [74]. In addition, the SM1 was relatively less active during movements with STN DBS switched on [30], [74], [77], [78] similar to our PD patients with microlesion. Administration of levodopa seems to normalize hypoactivation in basal ganglia [79], [80] or SMA [15], [18] accompanied by an increase of activity in previously hypoactive SM1 [15] or decrease of activity in previously hyperactive SM1 [18] cortex. Other authors described more focalized [16] or unchanged activity [79], [80], [81] in the SM1 in response to levodopa challenge. The mechanisms of microlesion thus seem to differ from known effects of levodopa. We came to this conclusion after our recent fMRI study in PD patients studied in both medication OFF/ON conditions using the same task [82]. Surprisingly, the motor improvement after levodopa was accompanied by an increased activation in basal ganglia, while in the present study, motor improvement after electrode insertion was accompanied by hypoactivation in these structures.
The interpretation of our results in context of basal ganglia models [83], [84], [85] is difficult as the BOLD fMRI rely on local perfusion and oxygenation [86] reflecting neuronal activity only indirectly and irrespective to activation and inhibition, i.e. terms these models usually refer to. The STN is part of the indirect striato-pallido-thalamo-cortical pathway which is believed to be hyperactive in the OFF state. One may assume that the microlesion will suppress abnormally high STN neuronal activity [87] and subsequently down-regulate the excitatory output of indirect pathway projecting to the globus pallidus [52]. Unfortunately, the STN activity cannot be detected due to the electrode artifact but we see consequence of the STN microlesion expressed indeed as pallidal hypoactivation. In contrary, administration of levodopa is associated with basal ganglia hyperactivation [79], [80], [82] perhaps because of up-regulation in the direct pathway. An explanation of why we saw deactivation in the SM1 and SMA with microlesion is difficult despite their tight effective connection with STN [88] via hyper-direct pathway [89], [90]. We speculate that the SM1 and SMA hypoactivation might be attributed to neuronal dysfunction in cortex caused by antidromic propagation of dieback, i.e. phenomenon already described on axons in visual system after local traumatic injury [56]. Relatively low activation of the insula, which we postoperatively observed in both hemispheres, is usually reported to be increased during active STN DBS [30], [32]. The insula is known to be involved in the mechanisms of subjective interoception and nociception [91]. Hence we cannot rule out the possibility that a change in its activity was related to subjective perception of altered rigidity and akinesia.
A specific BOLD signal behavior in the putamen and globus pallidus, regardless of the pre/postoperative state, is a separate result. Lower rigidity and axial scores were associated with basal ganglia hyperactivation (Table 2, Figure 4d, e) during movements which may account for the pathophysiological nature of these symptoms in PD. This seems to be in contradiction with our observation of relatively deactivated basal ganglia due to microlesion (Figure 4a) because patients were clinically better few days after surgery. An explanation is in how the UPDRS-III was used in the analyses. For the contrast before vs. after implantation shown on Figure 4b the UPDRS-III was used as a covariate (nuisance vector), which means that fMRI data heterogeneity reflected in varying UPDRS-III had been mathematically "removed". Indeed, the general postoperative hypoactivation became more distinct after this removal (compare Figure 4a and b) suggesting that the UPDRS-III had no relation to the microlesion effect on the fMRI neither like the oedema score (Figure 4c) and that the microlesion affected fMRI results of all patients in similar manner. Our observation of negative correlation of basal ganglia activity with rigidity and axial scores is based on opposite use of the UPDRS-III in the group statistics. Instead of removal, the UPDRS-III was considered as effect of interest with the microlesion factor suppressed. To summarize both results, the motor improvement was associated with increasing basal ganglia activity during motor task but this activity was superimposed on the lower baseline after surgery due to microlesion effect.
Worsening of rigidity and axial symptoms with increasing BOLD signal in the putamen and globus pallidus during motor task is in line with previous observations. Using the grip force task, Prodoehl et al. described a negative correlation between UPDRS-III with the activation of basal ganglia in the OFF state in levodopa naïve patients [66]. Similarly, there was a negative correlation of the UPDRS-III with activation of putamen in OFF condition during uni/bimanual coordination task [69], with effective connectivity of basal ganglia to cortical motor regions and cerebellum during the tapping task [92] or with the density of presynaptic striatal dopamine transporters in the OFF condition at rest [93]. The novel finding is that the negative correlation between motor symptoms intensity and movement-related basal ganglia activity was present not only before but also after surgery, because the STN microlesion had no obvious impact on this relationship. Besides that, the BOLD signal relation to rigidity and axial symptoms of our patients showed a partially different spatial distribution in the basal ganglia supporting a specific somatotopic organization of those structures [94], [95], [96].
The use of postoperative MRI with the presence of externalized implanted electrodes was free from any complications. We corroborate previous problem-free use of MRI in implanted patients for structural [21], [22], [23] as well as functional [28], [30], [32] imaging. According to our phantom experiments, fMRI carries a lower risk of thermal damage than conventional T1– or T2–weighted imaging which is also in agreement with previous observations [26], [97]. What we regard as important is compliance with several recommendations [24], [25], [98] involving measurement of temperature changes after each modification of the acquisition sequence as well as proper insulation and specific placement of the externalized leads.
There are several limitations to our study. We cannot fully exclude that the STN was somehow stimulated by the permanent electrode due to currents induced by RF pulses during fMRI. Since their frequency was in the radiofrequency range and that the loop between contacts and leads was open we assume that the neuronal effect of induced currents is rather small or negligible. The neuronal membrane is able to react on stimulation frequencies up to 10 kHz which is far beyond the frequencies occurring in MRI [99]. On the other hand, the radiofrequency field transmitted by the implanted electrode is always associated with local temperature increase in the vicinity of contacts, which may be another mechanism of neuronal stimulation. Warming causes firing rate increase in termosensitive and not in temperature insensitive neurons of hypothalamus (structure which also detects brain temperature) in 32–38°C temperature range [100]. Therefore it seems unlikely that warming of the electrode was responsible for the fMRI results since the temperature change measured on phantom at the end of the fMRI experiment was very low (0.09°C) neglecting further cooling by blood circulation.
Our results corroborate previous observations that the microlesion produced by an electrode penetrating the STN leads to motor improvement in PD patients even with medication suspended and DBS switched off. Microlesion is very common, and the collateral oedema appears to be co-responsible for its effect in the early postoperative phase. In addition, the microlesion had a significant effect on fMRI pattern elicited by simple finger movements manifested by generally lower activation in the cerebral motor network, which partially differed from known effects of DBS or levodopa. The presence of microlesion does not automatically mean worse outcome with STN DBS in future and from perspective of long-term efficacy seems have no predictive value. Moreover, the clinical symptoms of the microlesion disappeared within one month after implantation, documenting that its effect is not permanent and advocating for delaying an initiation of chronic STN DBS for at least a few weeks after surgery.
Individual description of the PD patient's group (N=12). ID – patient's identification number; age – age of patient at surgery in years; G – gender: male (M); DD – duration of the PD in years; LD – duration of the levodopa treatment in years; MC – duration of motor complications in years; UPDRS-III in sessions 1–4: First number refers to OFF condition (medication OFF in session 1; medication OFF and STN DBS OFF in sessions 2 and 3), second number refers to mON condition (after administration of 250 mg of levodopa/carbidopa) in session 1 and to sON condition (medication OFF and bilateral STN DBS ON) in sessions 2, 3, 4. ND – not done in session 4; H – right (R) and left (L) hemisphere; MIE – number of microelectrodes out of 5 microelectrodes which reached the STN during the exploration phase of the surgery; Le – length (mm) of the STN measured by the microelectrode with the longest hit; Tr – microelectrode trajectory (c: central, m: medial, l: lateral, a: anterior, p: posterior) finally used for permanent electrode; MAE – number of macroelectrode trajectories used for perioperative clinical testing; SCO – subcortical oedema score; CO – cortical oedema score; coordinates od the permanent electrode (Medtronic, type 3389) contact 0 and contact 3 were measured in native space according to methodology [37] on T1-MRI obtained one year after surgery. The x-coordinate was measured from the wall of the third ventricle (+ towards right; − towards left), whereas the y-coordinate (+ towards anterior; − towards posterior) and z-coordinate (+ towards vertex; − towards brainstem) were measured from the mid-commissural point.
We are grateful to Markéta Fialová and Anna Rezková for administrative support, to Martin Voleman for technical support and to Ing. Milan Houška, Karel Kýhos and Karel Hoke for phantom temperature measurements.
This work was supported by the Czech Science Foundation: grant project 309/09/1145, the Czech Ministry of Health: IGA MZ ČR NT12282-5/2011, the Czech Ministry of Education: research project MŠM 0021620849 and by the Charles University in Prague: research project PRVOUK-P26/LF1/4. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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This Sacramento Area Sewer District project consists of a two-story, 135,000 SF Office Building; a 40,000 SF Warehouse, Shop, Central Plant Building and Corporation Yard situated on approximately 23 acres. Features include administrative offices, vehicle repair areas, workshops, storage areas, loading dock, vehicle wash bays, generator, covered storage areas and an exercise area. The new facility will house several different agencies with unique needs and requirements. Williams + Paddon provided extensive programming and planning services through several different reorganizations of who would be based in the new offices. The projects is designed for a LEED Silver rating and includes several key energy efficient measures, including underfloor air distribution, high efficiency HVAC equipment, daylighting and photovoltaic arrays.
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After a well finished two bedroom property that's available from the 1st of July to students? Look no further as Lettings Angels has a range of stunning 2 bedroom properties throughout Cathays and Roath. This property in particular really stands out due to its fantastic location on Richmond road, 2 large double bedrooms and being on the top floor you have complete privacy!
Within the flat itself there is a fitted kitchen which opens onto your living room. The kitchen comes kitted out with a washing machine, cooker/gas hobs, good sized fridge freezer and lots and lots storage room. The whole property was completely renovated a few years ago and the laminate flooring goes throughout the property making it extremely easy to clean. The living space comes with a sofa and a dinning table making it the perfect chill zone. Throughout the property there are double glazed windows making it a very efficient place to heat which should save on your heating bills!
Rent price : £325 per person , excluding bills. £650 total.
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The flat is on the top floor with a flat below. This is perfect for the cold winter months as all of the flats heats should rise into your own! If the heat gets to much you have large skylights which open up and this should be enough to cool you down. Both of the bedrooms are a good size and come fully furnished with double beds, wardrobes and desks (for when you want to work). The bathroom is slightly on the smaller side and may not suit anybody over 7ft… The general feel of the flat is homely, warm and cosy. While the property is modern it isn't ultra modern meaning it retains a more home like feel. There are great bus links almost outside the property which can shuttle you all around Cardiff to do activities and see the sights.
The surrounding area is fantastic for students as you are in between the local universities and town. Cardiff student union is within a 10 minute walk away and the centre of town is within a 15 minute walk. Cardiff Met students you are about 5 minutes away from Albany road where the Met rider bus stops. Local shops are Tesco express on Salisbury road and Tesco Metro on Albany road.
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