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Coming Attractions – Thanks for a great list of Ask the Expert topic suggestions
Last week, we finished our Ask the Expert Discussion You Tell Us, where we asked readers for their ideas on future Ask the Expert sessions. I want to start by thanking the community for the great ideas. We believe that the Dish should address community interests and receiving your input helps us develop content, which interests our readers. At random, we selected one topic suggestion to win a set of six spray bottles for their lab, courtesy of Life Technologies. The winning topic was: Statistical calculations of assay results.
This was just one of the many great ideas that we received from readers. Please see full list below or go to the discussion page to read the full discussion. I will work to get these topics address either through Ask the Expert sessions or blogs. We always welcome your ideas and feedback. If you have any other topic suggestions, please email the Dish at email@example.com
Future Session Ideas Included:
- How are single use bags' performance impacted by presence/absence of free cholesterol in the culture medium?
- Explain the differences between media classifications, i.e. xeno-free, serum-free, protein-free, animal-free, chemically-defined, etc and give examples
- New developments in stem cell culture – media, equipment, etc.
- Enhancers for monoclonal antibodies and recombinant protein production.
- Please tell the history and reasons behind our equipment.
- Optimizing media for cell culture. With some useful tips and tricks to achieving the best product yield.
- Advancements in downstream purification
- I would like to see a session discussing the ways that cell physiology impacts CHO production, antibody titer and antibody quality.
- What should a company expect/implement in anticipation of a quality audit and tips on implementing QBD
- I would like a session on how to improve protein stability during manufacturing, especially for unstable proteins.
- How to optimize cell line development and banking.
- Single-use, perfusion and any other flexible manufacturing strategies for viral vaccine production.
- Suggestions for improving the connection between upstream and downstream processes to help eliminate bottlenecks, quality issues, and improve the overall production flow.
Please visit this week's Ask the Expert session – "Matrices in Cell Culture – How to develop healthy attachment," hosted by hosted by Tim Fawcett, Ph.D. Director of the BioTechnical Institute of Maryland (BTI). Founder and Director, BioSciConcepts.


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Art therapy: A study showing how meaning in visual imagery can be communicated symbolically and as a facilitator for wellbeing.
Rebecca White
Submitted to Hereford College of Arts In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degrees of BA (Hons) (Fine Art).
Validated by the University of Wales
Full word count: 9,089 Edited word count: 7, 995
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION: …………………………………………..…………………………………………..………pg 3 CHAPTER 1: Origins and history of art therapy and significant influences………….pg 5 CHAPTER 2: An introduction to the tools of art therapy………………………………….…pg 7 CHAPTER 3: Using art therapy [symbolically]…………………………………………………….pg 9 CHAPTER 4: Problems of Art Therapy, ambiguity of meaning and art……………….pgs 23 CHAPTER 5: Sublimation……………………………………………………………………………………pgs 29 CONCLUSION: …………………………………………………………………………………….…….……..pgs 34 BIBLIOGRAPHY:……………………………………………………………………………………….……….pgs 36 IMAGES:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………pgs 40
To set art therapy in the wider context of art we have to come to some sort of definition of the term 'art'. This is challenging as art has come to embrace so many forms and ideas, but if we go back to Fifth Century BC Athens, Plato characterises the nature of art in terms of mimesis, whose approximate meaning is imitation; representing the world as a model of beauty and truth. This concept has undergone much debate in the field of aesthetics looking to implications of creativity, interpretation and "…Mimesis is thus concerned not only with the 'imitation' or 'representation' of reality and all the complex ontological questions that entails, but also with issues of meaning and value." (Murray, 2004) Art therapy parallels the complexity of these ideas to explore areas of a patient's unconscious mind by employing their artistic creativity and an understanding of symbolic language. This study aims to draw conclusions about how meaning can be located within visual imagery; looking to its uses in the field of art therapy. Here I aimed to establish how art can be used as a way for the creator to find meaning using art therapy as a means for self-discovery. On this point I aimed to examine also the implications of the way in which meaning is communicated in it's journey from viewer to receiver, notably looking to the role of the art therapist as interpreter and discussing the issue of ambiguity of meaning when art is used as a tool for communication as signs signify different things to different people dependant on your personal and cultural associations which provides insight into how can we visually show meaning, and as an artist explore how to direct my audience to infer my intended meaning. I also raise enquiry as to whether art could be valued to have meaning in the process rather than art for interpretation; art as therapeutic. 3
I undertook this study to explore ways in which I could use art to explore my self and my personal problems past and present as I was drawn to art that was confessional. For me I always wanted my art to possess meaning, I wasn't engaged with art which professed to have no meaning and looked to the work of Louise Bourgeois, Tracy Emin and Grayson Perry. However, when I tried to explore my memories as subjects to inform my art I found I had initial flashes without feelings; I was numb. Yet I knew I was angry. I had developed phobias also such as driving, heights, escalators, and writing. My interest in confessional artists who have undertaken therapy led me to explore if perhaps it helped them find meaning. Louise Bourgeois underwent Freudian psychoanalysis, (the theoretical field that informed much of art therapy) and is reported to have produced doodles and random questions (a technique that belonged to a Freudian process called free association) where she has tried to source meaning and understanding. Art historian, Christopher Turner (2012), reported that "…her free associations and doodles not only suggest clues as to the personal relationships and conflicts that inform all her work, but seem to offer direct links to her creative process." Bourgeois considered art as her parallel "form of psychoanalysis", offering privileged and unique access to the unconscious, as well as a form of psychological release. (Turner, 2012)
___________________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 1: Origins and history of art therapy and significant influences _____________________________________
To define what art therapy is and how it can be used, we need to look at its origins in therapy and especially psychotherapy. Therapy is a partnership of treating and healing, where there is an alliance between the therapist and the part of the patient which is not sick, to cure the patient's illness. This could work because of the fact that humans have always used creative practice therapeutically and have felt the necessity throughout history to indulge in the enjoyment of making marks. Some of the ideas of the psychotherapists Freud and Jung informed art therapy, particularly with their belief in the existence of the unconscious as a hard to reach and separate part of our minds from our conscious thought. From this theory developed ideas that art therapy could be a means of accessing this unconsciousness. A major development in art therapy came when, in 1914, Margaret Naumburg founded the Walden School which was known as an innovator in progressive education; where selfmotivated learning and art were central to the curriculum (Rubin, 1998). As a scholar interested in child development, education, art, and having undergone both Freudian and Jungian analysis herself, she developed and synthesised these theories, which became a basis for her developing approaches to education and later art therapy. (Rubin, 1998). While working with individuals at the New York Psychiatric Institute in 1941, she developed what eventually became Dynamically Oriented Art Therapy which utilised Freudian theories of free association as a way to use a continuous and free stream of verbalised thought to release ideas from our unconscious. (Rubin, 1998). She also found value in Jung's theories which argue that we find symbolic meaning in imagery. Jung believed that within our subconscious we hold a blueprint of symbols which have been passed down through our ancestors, perceiving these to be a universal language of symbolism; 5
existing within and across cultures. (Stevens, 2001) Jung studied his own vivid dreams and fantasies and wrote them down in his Red Book. This process led him to encourage his patients to draw and paint as part of their analysis and found recurrent symbols in their imagery. It was this process that influenced Naumburg's thought that creating art would allow us to release, recognise, and work through our unconscious feelings (Rubin, 1998) Jung's image based therapy was a process to create a distance between the patients and their immediate problems where chaotic feelings could be expressed through painting. He called this Active Imagination and he suggests that it is similar to dreaming, arguing that: "Often the hands know how to solve a riddle which the intellect has struggled in vain." (Jung, 1916 cited in Schaverien, 2006) As art therapist Judith Rubin (1998) highlights, Naumburg was open to the meaning of visual symbols, but saw a need to rely principally on the clients own associations. Naumburg defines her thoughts on these theories and argues that for her art therapy is"…based on the recognition that man's most fundamental thoughts and feelings, derived from the unconscious, reach expression in images rather than words (Naumburg, 1958: 511 cited in Case and Dalley, 1992: 52) Her ideas stressed on the dynamic unconscious, developed by Freud and Jung, which held an understanding of the patients internal worlds where unresolved issues caused unconscious conflict and painful symptoms. This theory suggested that conflict is caused by suppressing and distressing memories, but can be discovered through bypassing defences, as in art. (Rubin, 2009: 96)
_____________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 2: An introduction to the tools of art therapy ________________________________________________
Here I have drawn up a list of what I would argue are the main tools of art therapy; used with various art forms to allow the patient to express themselves.
Active Imagination Active imagination is a term invented by Jung to describe self-induced hallucinations that he used to facilitate self-analysis (Stevens, 2001), and as the art therapist Rubin notes that Jung felt there were "…messages to be heard in visual symbols…" (Rubin, 2010: 98) It can be understood to be a process where we start picking up "…messages from the unconscious…" (Rubin, 2001: 97) and form an active relationship with their imagery (Edwards, 2004). Free Association Developed from psychoanalysis where "…the patient was required to put into words without censorship whatever thoughts or phantasies spontaneously occurred…requiring the patient to retain a larger measure of autonomy." (Storr, 1989: 40) Self-Actualisation Jung developed ideas around "the dynamics of personal transformation and growth" which could be brought to fruition if one "…worked with and confronted the unconscious…" for the purpose of self-realisation. (Stevens, 1994: 38) Within art therapy this is the process of looking into one self and exploring the imagery in one's unconscious through creative expression to find ones own meaning and become more self aware (Malchiodi, 1999: 229)
Sublimation Building on Freudian ideas of sublimation, art therapist Kramer (2000: 251) argues for art as therapy and states that "…creative activity serves both as a substitute for direct gratification and as a defence against impulses toward it." Semiotics Within the field of semiotics theories discuss the nature of how language and images can signify meaning; this meaning can take form through the application of metaphor. Semiotics theorist Hall explains that "…with metaphor there is an implied comparison between two similar or dissimilar things that share a certain quality." (Hall, 2007: 38) Thus, working through a process of transference metaphors work for example where if x was dissimilar to y, x could embody qualities that are metaphorically, but not literally, similar to y. Art therapists encourage patients to look at images metaphorically. If, for example, the patient has produced an image of a tiger, the therapist will not interpret the image as representing the fierceness of the tiger, but will ask the patient to describe the tiger's fur, to talk creatively about its texture. I would infer from this that this develops a visual language which empowers the patient to be more creative in their artwork and to bring up emotions from deep within their subconscious.
The following is used to promote discussion: Scribble: A scribble is the simplest form of drawing. A precursor for children before form in drawing is established therefore an exercise which is unchallenging artistically and a suitable tool for early art therapy sessions. (Rubin, 2010)
___________________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 3: Using art therapy [symbolically] ______________________________________________________
Jung's archetypes, Individuation and Self-Actualisation The theoretical field of semiotics acknowledges the potential for visual signs to signify meaning (Hall, 2007), and this chapter will be demonstrating how interpretive art therapists sit on the premise that visual art can be used for its interpretative qualities; as a means to locate symbolic meaning by the therapist or the patient themselves. As argued by art therapist Malchiodi (1999: 36; 2007) Jung's ideas on archetypes led art therapists to look to symbolic meanings within patients' artworks. Jung's belief was that "…the archetype is essentially an unconscious content that is altered by becoming conscious and by being perceived…" (Jung, 1990)
Case Study 1: Using drawing or painting, a process Carl Jung called individuation encourages patients to locate their identities through the progression of successive image making; for selfactualization. For example, when I was trying to recall the circumstances of a sexual assault when I was young, by drawing the episode (the perpetrator, his bike, the surroundings) it became clear that a third person, the perpetrator's girlfriend was also present, and had in fact scripted the assault. This fact had been completely lost from my conscious memory, but she came forward in my memory, manifesting as a mother archetype1, and at the time of the incident I was having
The Earthmother – Symbolic of fruition, abundance and fertility, this character traditionally offers spiritual and emotional nourishment to those with whom she comes in contact (e.g., Mother Nature, Mother Country, alma mater). (Wedgeworth, n.d.) (One of Jung's archetypes)
rows with my mum and had fanaticised about finding a new mother. This brought new meaning to me as it demonstrated why I had trusted the perpetrators more at the time because there was a mother figure present and this has now resolved my feelings of guilt about the episode; now I allow myself to feel angry because this knowledge has removed my responsibility for the episode. Therefore I acknowledge that my unconscious, through the production of art, had brought forward figures that when understood symbolically gave me meaning and understanding.
Case Study 2: The image below, drawn spontaneously by a 16 year old girl, appears to resemble the iconic imagery of the band Black Sabbath and the appearance of the devil2 as an archetype would suggest that it discloses symbolically a message of disharmony and this is corroborated by Jungian analyst Furth's (2002: p37) suggestion that feelings of fear and horror are present within this patient's imagery. Discussing the case, Furth (2002) explained that the image was drawn six months after the girl's father's death. I would argue that it would be easy to misdirect the meaning of the symbolic archetype, especially as the drawing could be read as simply fan art but when one in undergoing analysis within the therapeutic setting it cannot be disputed that such significant symbols as the devil have potent associations and more reflective meaning. I would suggest, in line with Naumburg's thoughts (1998), that when a child cannot communicate feelings of crisis verbally or make sense of those feelings, as in cases of trauma, the unconscious will communicate for them through the images they produce. However, for me, I believe that Jung's archetypes are only a beginning. In reality, I'd argue in line with semiotic writer Hall (2007), that our symbolic associations are born from our personal and culturally inherited experiences. If this image appeared in someone's art, I would argue that the message or meaning we attach to the archetypes is personal, and the archetype acts as a metaphor to be shared between the patient
The Devil Figure – Evil incarnate, this character offers worldly goods, fame, or knowledge to the protagonist in exchange for possession of his soul. (Wedgeworth, n.d.) (One of Jung's archetypes)
and the art therapist. Jungian analyst, author and psychiatrist Stevens, takes from Jung's writings that, "Archetypes…combine the individual with the universal, the general with the unique, in that they are common to all humanity yet nevertheless manifest themselves in every human being in a peculiar way to him or her" (Stevens, 2001: 50)
Figure 1a: Anonymous, (cited in Furth, 2000: 37)
Figure 1b: Black Sabbath: Death Rider 1980
The '666' symbol and devil character can be located within Christian iconography and in this case it appears it has been appropriated to the band, Black Sabbath. The iconic imagery from Black Sabbath becomes her archetype, perhaps from her personal tastes or interests. Her associations to that image, a symbol, will be relevant to her. The girl had been repeatedly running away from home, but through the image, she was able to locate her feelings of not having any friends and residing in a black time where she felt only her father could understand her; feelings of hopelessness. (Furth, 2002) Jung believed that we use imagery to locate ourselves. Through the imagery she was able to understand herself, her feelings and in line with Jungian theory this can be understood as her gaining the ability to self-actualise and she gained this insight through the therapy locating and 11
associating with meaning in her art and I've observed how often personal issues can be represented through the use of symbols, metaphors; as representations of themselves.
Metaphors: symbolic representations of the self.
Diagnostic drawing tests:
In therapy patients may be asked to draw a house, a tree and a person as the image produced is used by therapists to find emotional signifiers and personality traits. The relevance of elements of the drawn image has been agreed by researches in drawing analysis and a rubric has been put forward for their analysis largely relating to the formal elements of the drawing. Elements within these drawings can demonstrate anxieties, disturbance, instability and other personal attitudes. This study presents case study 3 and 4 to explore how the occurrence of the 'person'/figure as metaphor for the self, within both the diagnostic test 'Draw a Person', and as it occurs in less directed therapy.
Case Study 3: Draw a person test (cited in Oster and Crone, 2004: 79). The patient is asked to draw a person as they would like and the reliability of this test relies on use of rubric for interpretation, for example:
1. Poor integration of body parts – impulsivity/low frustration tolerance. 2. Shading – anxiety (more shading, greater the degree of anxiety.) 2b. Shaded face – seriously disturbed, damaged self-concept 12. Hands cut off – troubled feelings of inadequacy. (Cited in Oster and Crone, 2004: 78)
For clinicians a drawn person is revealing as it allows a patient in therapy to express a side of themselves that they have been unable to share with others in the past (Oster and Crone, 2004), thus I would concur that this reaffirms the belief that a visual image can be used for interpretation when the spoken word has not been forthcoming. According to psychiatric thought, defences are lowered when the patient uses creative artwork (Oster and Crone, 2004). I would infer that this means that the patient's drawings will represent a truer state of their emotional concerns than a more formal conversation might produce. Brenda was a teenage girl who self-harmed and showed some idealisation of suicide. As part of her therapy she was given the draw a person task as it was imperative to make a quick diagnosis as she was in danger. In her drawing Brenda drew herself with cut off hands which indicated feelings of anxiety; as did the drawing's facial features. The rigidity of the drawn figure indicated that she was overwhelmed by emotion at the present time. Brenda had volunteered this information about herself through drawing; revealing meaning that she was unable to communicate verbally. Therefore, I would infer that the conscious mind's defences are less dominant than when the patient is being artistically creative and symbolically selfreflective and thus provides a source to interpret meaning. I would agree with psychologists Oster and Crone (2004) that meaningful diagnosis can not be made from a single sign but with Brenda's case she provided several indicators of anxiety.
Case Study 4: Tom, who was nine, had been referred to art therapy because of his mother's concerns about his emotional outbursts. Tom had experienced the physical abuse from his father directed towards both his mother and himself. Within the therapy session Tom wanted the therapist to draw around his body to create a life sized template. Within the image he used red paint for "…the head, hands and feet to symbolise anger; black on the stomach area…" symbolised his disappointment and he used lots of glitter which is suggested to have indicated the hope of a happier future (n.d. www.ndwa.org.uk). On this same portrait he had drawn a cross near his mouth, which I would recognise culturally as a prohibitive or corrective sign. When asked by the art therapist the meaning of the cross, he was unable to discuss it but he revealed sadness that his mother did not communicate with him as much as he would have liked.
Figure 2: Re: Tom, age 9. (n. d. NORTH DERBYSHIRE WOMAN'S AID) [WWW]
Once his mother was told about Tom's concerns, she made a conscious effort to communicate with him more. Although the boy did not understand why he drew a cross over his mouth, or chose not to disclose this information, it was during discussion promoted by its occurrence that the boy revealed the problem. This personally created a symbolic metaphor for feelings of not being heard reveals that art in therapy can be used for its interpretive qualities when the therapist's locates potential signifiers and opens up discourse with the patient. This shows how therapy requires the employment of many factors to make a diagnosis, not solely the interpretation of symbolic language but in this case requires discussion to discover context of a
given sign. These case studies show how representations of the self can communicate anxieties and problems through symbolic imagery acting as visual clues to meaning. Furthermore, it appears that expressing oneself in an artwork creates a distancing from the feelings and emotions that are causing them pain. Often these emotions become confused and cause severe physical and emotional distress. (Oster and Crone, 2004) I would argue that the person image becomes a metaphor for themselves and their state of being. This argument can be given further credence when it appears naturally; as with Case study 4.
Using metaphors within art therapy
It is not surprising that metaphor is so important for communicating in art therapy it has always been a part of our development; as children we learn through creation and play and in our story books evil is associated with witches 'the baddie/ the goodie'. For instance in my English class at school we were introduced to the concept of metaphors. Tasked to create our own metaphors presented exciting challenges. It enabled us to create rich narratives using metaphors that we had created ourselves from our experiences. This exercise said a lot about who we were and showed the enormous variety of people and experiences in that class of eleven year olds. Art historian Gombrich provides a definition of a metaphor: The possibility of metaphor springs from the infinite elasticity of the human mind; it testifies to its capacity to perceive and assimilate new experiences as modifications to earlier ones, of finding equivalence in the most disparate phenomena and of substituting one for another. Without this constant process of substitution neither language nor art, nor indeed civilized life would be possible. (1952 cited in Case and Dalley, 1990: 12) Case study 5:
The art therapist Riley (2004: 107) describes an art therapy intervention where she, working with difficult teenagers, encouraged them unwittingly to think metaphorically by tasking the group to create zoo animals and a zoo for them to live in.
The children created narratives which scripted the animals as being helpful, isolated or threatening. I would argue that the children used the animals for a form of role play communicating symbolic metaphors of themselves, and as directors they choose indirectly locate the meanings when expressing themselves.
Free Association
Surrealists sought to create art through a process of automatism: "…the creation of art without conscious control." (Gardner: Kleiner, 2006: 723) Artists such as Miro described his art making as "…a back and forth switch between the unconscious and conscious." (Gardner: Kleiner 2006: 723) According to Freudian theory the ego defence mechanism of repression often comes into play by blocking our consciousness from accessing areas of the unconscious where harmful feelings of guilt are associated to memories. (Storr, 2001) Naumburg (1965, reprinted in 2001: 46-64) took influence from Freud's ideas of free association which was a technique he used with his patients to help them break through these defences, where repressed memories can reach expression and access the unconscious through spontaneous image making by "…circumventing the limitations of verbal speech and the evading self- censorship." (Edwards, 1998: 124) Like the automotive art, this technique utilises spontaneous expression and Naumburg adopted it by encouraging her patients to draw freely, with free choice, and speaking freely about what they had created to find their own associations. Here patients determined their meaning for the artwork (Naumburg, 2001). This contrasts to the diagnostic drawing tests which I have discussed above where patients draw for interpretation by the therapist. Naumburg (2001) found that with this new method she could hear their concerns more clearly. Therefore the imagery created of what resides in our unconscious could be reflective and reveals our problems.
Through my experience, this technique worked for me as a revealing process, as mentioned earlier, with Case study 1, the spontaneous image making allowed me to by pass my repression and materialise a long forgotten perpetrator in my imagery. A lack of understanding I had of the event and the potential scorn of others left me feeling that I had acted inappropriately and behaved badly; against the norm. This caused me a sense of guilt; these feelings are upsetting and harm our ego. This clearly shows how valuable free association can be used to bypass firm memory blocks and release the forgotten details that help us to better understand the event we found so upsetting.
Use of the scribble technique in free association The scribble technique is one process that is used to enable the creation of spontaneous image making. Art therapists using this technique encourage patients to identify images and shapes and use drawing material to develop a picture within the scribbles and to write about these ideas; thinking about their image making connections eventually in relation to events in their life; thus finding meaning. (Rubin, 2010: 135-155) This technique reminds me of the practice of locating images within clouds and for me shows how we have an innate ability of image recognition, a memory of symbols and images within our minds even when dealing with scribbles that are drawn to represent nothing. What a patient found in their images to me would reveal a lot about their thoughts, experiences, culture and perspective.
Active Imagination Malchiodi (2010: Psychology Today) says that Freud's free association of listening to dreams coupled with Carl Jung's active imagination set the path for the use of art in psychotherapy. It has been acknowledged that active imagination was somewhat an extension of Freud's free association (Chodorow, 1997 in Malchiodi: 2010) She further acknowledges that variations of this Jungian tool are used by art therapists today to help their patients find meaning in their art (2010: Psychology Today).
Within Jung's ideas of active imagination, he wanted his patients to form an active relationship with imagery (Edwards, 2004: 30), and Jung noted that with this process the patients begin to make use of things such as colour and "…merely intellectual interest gives way to emotional participation" (Jung, 1969: pg31, cited in Edwards, 2004.) Case Study 6: As an exercise I decided to draw my dissertation utilising this tool (see Fig 3). I already knew it was causing me intense fear and worry, but I drew it without control or intention for a specific outcome; I wanted to see if images would evolve from my unconscious in line with the instructions given by Jungian analyst Dr Stein, (2010).
Figure 3: My Dissertation (White, 2012)
I drew it as a little book at first, unbound. Then I began drawing a representation of the visual size of the dissertation and the word count which was a major anxiety; as I had begun to feel that I needed to see the many pages I could not picture in my head. I was compelled to use red 19
to visualize the fear I felt; upset and losing confidence I then felt a need to mother myself by building hearts over the dissertation. In this image I created a character, 'Mr Wordy', to try to find something that I could believe in, something to guide me rather than hinder me. I also spontaneously used culturally inherited symbols sourced from mass media 'Because you're worth it' (L'Oreal shampoo advert); feelings were evolving where my insecurities were played out on the page, and soon appeared a dreaded and necessary venue; a library that facilitates dissertation binding, which then took on the guise of a Christian church. All my values came to the fore with notes on it suggesting that my research and experimentation could help others; future students. I began to find my fears, in particular a nagging and persistent worry about the presentation of the whole piece and the placing of images within the text. However, this was not a worry that I had consciously acknowledged and was revealed to me when looking for meaning within my sketch. The drawing exercise revealed it to me and also enabled me to visualise a solution as I could see that not every page needed an image - far from it. This exercise allowed me to see that the dissertation was not as huge as I had once thought. I was also able to see that the word spacing filled the pages doubly fast. The first unbound image also showed me that binding was an issue. It made me recognise my fears about getting it bound on time. But here it was bound already. Where to get it bound scared me also I found using Christian imagery enabled me to feel safe. The dissertation's binding place had symbolically become the Christian church. I was able to trust my imagery and I was actively playing with my fears and creating fantasies. My ideas were abstract and in constant flux. They developed and moved in and out as I went along; it resembled daydreaming. I compare it to doodling with reflections: What if I draw this here? Is this useful? How do I feel? What can I draw that will make me feel better? Mr Wordy become a 'good guy' not a 'bad guy'. My dissertation also became a 'goodie'. The place to bind my dissertation became a good place. I found turning to religious iconography reassured me; associated with thoughts of 'God loves you and won't let you down'. My core belief is that art therapy is to do good for people; therefore my dissertation on art therapy must be a Christian (i.e. good) undertaking. I had to go through this process to locate my fears, allay
them and enable me to continue. I had found meaning using symbolic imagery; a blind fear was clarified, art offered meaning to me and I was guided by this tool. My active imagination may seem childish to many but as Malchiodi highlights, Jung discovered active imagination out of his personal need, turning to play, art and imagination to find symbolism; representations of his emotions: "I had no choice but to take up that child's life with his childish games." (Jung, 1962: p174, cited by Chodorow, 1997 in Malchiodi, 2010: Psychology today) Through this childish process Malchiodi highlights Jung's emphasis on utilising fantasy and the role of the unconscious: "Open up to the unconscious and allow fantasy to take over whilst at the same time maintaining an active point of view" Malchiodi (2010: Psychology Today). This suggests that it is through maintaining an active view, but with a sense of fluidity, that a patient could discover their own symbolic imagery. Jung believes that this tool allows a patient to discover their own archetypes. On this point, Malchiodi highlights Jung's belief that with this process you may have to return to the image at a later time and continue the process. When I did this I remembered that Mr Wordy was actually a TV character from an educational series viewed during my time at junior school. This suggests that my unconscious had worked with my conscious and I had inherited this personal archetype. With this discovery it instilled more faith in my fantasy character as an aid and enabled me to find a personal understanding: "The goal of active imagination is to help you explore yourself through metaphor and to develop a spontaneous, personal narrative to enhance understanding, insight and growth" (Malchiodi, 2007: p227) Although the answers don't necessarily hit you straight away, through this process of active imagination I began to grow in confidence and feel that difficulties could be overcome and needn't be so intimidating. Like Jung, through imaginative active play I found therapeutic healing. My intellectual understanding that I was worried by my dissertation became overtaken by emotional expression; I had become entranced in the creative process.
I have found great overlap between the theories of free association and active imagination as I feel both offer methods for self-awareness/discovery. However, where active imagination offers fantasy as a way to play with problem solving through the guiding of personal symbols, whereas free association seems to be a way to interpret what your problems are in the way you discover the source of your emotional discontent. Free association and active imagination has enabled me to locate my fears and problems through symbolic imagery and I was able to create metaphors. However, the issue art therapy that arises for me is how art can be used for its interpretive qualities being that others might not understand or have the same associations that I have with my signs. This issue is concerned mainly with therapy sessions where verbalisation is not forthcoming and will be explored in the chapter to follow.
___________________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 4: Problems of Art Therapy, ambiguity of meaning and art _________________________________________________________ How we interpret art can be based on our own beliefs and experiences. Semiotic theorists studied how it is we come to make interpretations and have developed ideas that it is our recognition of signs within images that enable interpretation. Saussure believed that a sign (signifier) has the potential to signify a particular meaning (Hall, 2007).
Figure 5: (Channel 4 Š 2013) Desperate Housewives: Series 2
Figure 6: Desperate Housewives (Ottens 2012) Figure 4: Lucas Cranach, Adam and Eve, 1526, oil on panel An apple becomes a sign that signifies temptation in the painiting by Cranach, it can also be seen how this signified meaning can be transferred to the characters in the US drama series Desperate Housewives. 23
However, the apple (the sign) has the potential to signify health in the context of a food advertisement. A further issue is that the meaning is dependant on the cultural experiences of the receiver as signs are "…produced and consumed within the particular context of a specific society" (Hall, 2007) and can signify different meanings within or across different cultures. An example of this is colour. If we consider the colour blue, it has many very different associations, such as blue can be deemed as spiritual, cold, sadness or calming or it can be seen as rude (blue joke). If we look to religious iconography for example we can see correlations that have developed between colour and meaning or Surrealism where the correlation between sign and meaning are elusive (La terre est bleue comme une orange3 - The earth is blue like an orange) In religious iconography, it's familiar to see Madonna the Virgin Mary painted in blue robes (Ball, n.d. The National Gallery) from the fourteenth Century, prior to this she was be-robed in red. As Charter and Stones describe (n.d., The National Gallery) the paint pigment Ultramarine blue was made from the precious material lapis lazuli which was more expensive than gold. Ball (n.d. The National Gallery) expressed that this material was incredibly hard to mine and thus was only used "…for the most precious parts of a painting…" as a devotional offering to God. This blue became iconic for the Madonna as seen with statues of her in Vatican City to the costumes for nativity plays in the U.K in both Catholic and C of E schools and churches.
La terre est bleue , Paul Eluard 14 December 1895 – 18 November 1952
Figure 7: The Virgin and Child with
Figure 8: Lapis lazuli (Chater and Stones,
Saints Dominic and Aurea
The National Gallery)
Duccio approx. 1312-15
This shows how one culture could build an association with the colour blue as 'spiritual' and thus shows how meaning can be associated to colour to a selected group of people. I would argue that this shows how symbolic association is possible. However, this association depends on their cultural experiences and thus meaning is ambiguous in art for the receiver because interpretation will vary. The potential for this visual imagery to communicate varying meaning can be seen with colour given that blue can mean sad, calm, or as per our previous example (lapis) spiritual. However, given that an interpretation is subject to ones cultural associations and that the intended signified meaning attributed to a sign is dependant on the producer, raises the question of how a clinician can know that an image that a patient makes has a particular intended meaning. For Naumburg (Junge and Asawa, 1946 cited in Brookes, 2006: 7), the art therapist should encourage the patients to take an active role to find their own meanings and that the therapist should be wary not to project their own assumptions onto their patient's art, and I too would argue that the priority must be with the sign's inventor as well as to the signs themselves. For instance, the art therapist Riley (1999) found through her work with troubled teenagers that they have a spoken language which is particular to their group or subculture and they have power in their unique visual metaphors. In reality the therapist is unlikely to just analyse one image, it is more a series of imagery that starts to identify repetition of signs. Many therapists believe in the power of journaling, Malchiodi asks her patients to create feeling journals. She states that "…when people begin to explore feelings through art…through keeping a visual feelings journal they often naturally begin to think about colour and how it relates to emotion…" (1999: 155-156) thus encouraging their own personal signs and associations. Thus I propose: how does a patient know how to express their feelings pictorially? In answer to this, I offer Malchiodi's (2007) example where during therapy sessions she asks her patients: "How do you use colour in your images to express emotion?" "Do certain colours have specific meanings to you?" 25
The use of journals keeps a record of the client's developing signs and signifiers such as personal colour codes and symbolic associations to communicate meaning and these signifiers limits ambiguity; enabling the patient to locate meaning (Riley, 2004). Case Study 8: A patient who is not forthcoming in talking through their problems can without knowing it actually disclose their problems through repetition of symbolic signifiers within a succession of images. Malchiodi (2007) noted that one of her patient (an eight-year-old girl) who had been suffering stomach pains in silence had told the therapist that she was fine. However, Malchiodi found that the imagery presented something very different. A repetition of dark colours within the patient's drawings concerned the therapist and highlighted the importance of a potential sign. From this a doctor's examination discovered she was suffering from a stomach ulcer.
Figure 9: Self-portrait with a black interior by an eight-year-old, (cited in Malchiodi, 2007: 168, fig 8.1)
Figure 10: Drawing of a heart with a black centre by an eight-year-old, (cited in Malchiodi, 2007: 168. fig 8.2) Here the patient has communicated a physical pain through her drawings; indirectly and without being aware she was doing so, in an attempt to either hide it or she has misread its relevance. It is not conclusive that dark colours indicate ill health or pain, Malchiodi (2007) accepts that children and adults work can present colours that represent many experiences or feelings. This can be further argued as Bach4 (footnote) found that dark green can be indicative of good health or recovery, (cited Malchiodi, 1999). This supports the argument that each individual must be treated as such in their uniqueness (Furth: 1998) and that analysis can be supported with a succession of images. Malchiodi (2007) suggests that this stomach ulcer was caused prematurely through stress which indicates importance of context. Malchiodi, aware that the girl was from a violent family background, had utilised the symbolic language of the imagery in line with her medical knowledge of health and family history.
Bach (cited Malchiodi, 1999) found through her somatic studies that research on the potential for colour to signify
somatic problems that the intensity of colour can be indicative of health.
What I have aimed to demonstrate here is the way in which signs signify meaning depends on the context the sign appears in, as I agree with Hall (2007), that although the person who creates the signs is the more important, the receiver should also understand the semiotic language being used. Furthermore, the huge variety of associations one can make to a sign demonstrates how imagery provides a pool of resources. Therefore imagery created in therapy has the potential to offer a lot of meanings when perhaps the spoken word during therapy may have the potential to signify very little. Johnson (1987 cited in Riley: 94) argues that â€œâ€Śone of the strengths of art therapy treatment, lies in its ability of an art expression to contain a multiplicity of meanings.â€?
___________________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 5: Sublimation _________________________________________________________
This chapter explores how art can be created for something other than to be interpreted for meaning – for therapeutic value. Art historian Turner provides insight to the work of Louise Bourgeois that parallels this argument:
On a piece of pink paper she scratched the slogan,…"Art is a guarantee of sanity." Her artwork was reparative, a form of mental mending. - 2012: The Guardian, Turner
Where Naumburg modified Freudian theory in its desires to emphasis insight, "…uncovering unconscious forces through images and associations to them…" (Rubin, 2010: 96), Edith Kramer, an art teacher and pioneer of art therapy, developed a different approach to the practice of art therapy. Kramer pursued and developed ideas of art as healing or, art as 'therapeutic' as she valued the creative process as both an innate human need, and in this sense healing; as opposed to art for diagnosis (Oster and Crone, 2004). She developed the idea that artworks didn't need to be verbalised and the health properties lay in the creating of art (Ulman, 2001). To understand how creating can aid the mind she looked to Freud's theories of how the mind works. She looked to Freud's tripartite model of the mind, and looked particularly to Freud and his daughter Anna's ideas of sublimation and how it helps 'the ego'. Freud's model suggests that the mind can be understood to be comprised of three parts: The Ego (our self) which is our conscious, and The Id and The Superego which make up our unconscious.
Figure 11: Tripartite model (in Berg, 2003: 49)
The Id is the oldest part of our mind and is what we are born with. It drives our primitive and instinctual needs and is emotional, illogical and unorganised. It has no collective will, only a "…striving to bring about the satisfaction of instinctive needs subject to the observance of the pleasure principle" (Freud cited in Storr, 2001: 61). The Ego is our consciousness which allows for reason; the reality principle. It has the power to "…delay immediate responses to external stimuli or internal instinctive promptings…" (Storr, 2001: 61) The Superego comprises the values and ideals that others, society, our parents and education have instilled in us; the morality principle. Berg (2003) highlights that if the Ego acts against the societal or moral ideals of our superego, then it will suffer feelings of guilt.
Figure 12: 'iceberg model' (Walsh, 2004)
Figure 13: Personality (in faculty.tcc.fl.edu, n.d.)
Whereas the Id and the Superego strive for immediate satisfaction, regardless of the person's wellbeing, the Ego acts as the negotiator between the two, (Berg, 2003) and Kramer believed the art therapy should support 'the ego' (Rubin, 2010: 96). Art therapist Edwards articulates that with sublimation, unacceptable impulses are reshaped in the service of psychological and cultural development. Edwards describes in other words, sublimation being the process where "…sexual or aggressive feelings are transformed into socially valuable or productive forms such as artistic creativity…" (Edwards, 2004: 52). Malchiodi (2007: 37) argues that although the creative process can't necessarily resolve the conflict, it can however "…provide a place where new attitudes and feelings can be expressed and tried out." Case Study 7: An example of where art has been used for its therapeutic benefit can be seen with a scheme where art was produced by severely traumatised young people under the guidance of the children's charity Kids Company and their 15 art psychotherapists "…to help children exorcise their traumas through creativity." (Hill, 2012: The Guardian) The Royal Academy had given the charity free use of galleries within their London building over the summer of 2012; so that their work could be exhibited at the Royal Academy's exhibition Child Hood – the Real Event.
I would argue that this scheme utilised and illustrates the positive potentials of sublimation as the charity has achieved statistics of 88% on crime reduction, helping some of the most vulnerable and traumatised young people residing in London (many homeless) having suffered from parental abuse, drug abuse and rape. The charity founder, Camila Batmanghelidjh attributes a great deal of the charities success to their attention to arts as part of the young person's recovery (Hill, 2012: The Guardian).
Figure 14: Above: Chris Yianni supported by the charity Kids Company, working on his as yet untitled artwork for the Royal Academy. Photograph: Graham Turner for the Guardian (in Hill, 2012: The Guardian) Batmanghelidjh believes that "Art unfreezes trauma from a state of explosive potency," she adds. "The children's artistic work tends to be aggressive and compulsive but it's very powerful and uplifting, too.� (cited in Hill, 2012: The Guardian) This fits with Rubin's contextualisation of how sublimation might work as a tool in art therapy as it offers the invitation to:
…"put it (feeling, idea, impulse) on to paper", or to "express it with clay", as opposed to acting it out physically, is a way of taming impulsive drive discharge, and promoting the development of the ego functions. (Rubin, 2002: 42) The charities success have included a homeless girl who hadn't received education since she was 10 receiving an unconditional offer into university, helping young adults get off drugs and stay out of prison. I can't dispute the therapeutic value these young people experienced, as the charity founder Batmanghelidjh exclaims "They have so much poetry, these children, because they have seen the worst of humanity. When they re-engage with life, they have deep insight that is absolutely extraordinary." (cited in Hill, 2012: The Guardian). The artwork created by these kids and young adults, are expressions of their experienced trauma; they turn their fears into art. One young ex-offender, Yanni, whose life has been turned around by the charity created a mannequin which has a knife penetrating the chest. From the blade hang several flags reading: parents, criminal justice system, social services, society etc. Yanni discusses how the services and people that should have protected him instead ignored him when he was abused and their punishments led him to a life of crime and homelessness. (Hill, 2012: The Guardian)
I believe I have provided evidence within this study that art therapy works and visual imagery can be used to find symbolic meaning and improve wellbeing. I have shown this through my personal explorations/ case studies and through analysing case studies published from professionals working in the field of psychotherapy and art therapy; where image analysis is part of the practice. When using Free association I was able to recall my suppressed memories and to understand my feelings associated with them; this helped me with my sense of identity. Through my use of active imagination, in line with Jung's Ideas of self actualisation for reaching one's potential, I was able to play with fantasy to create something positive from a fear by locating personal symbols and creating metaphors. The knowledge of archetypes helped me recognise the roles of people as influences on my life and provided me with a better sense of identity. With this tool I found that the barrier I felt in my head became unravelled and I accessed my unconscious thoughts. In my exploration of sublimation I have found I too have harboured the psychological process of transference within my art practice. Painting from my experiences gave me ownership of feelings as pain and adult anger was offloaded as it was projected onto the canvas. Thus I see how art can be just for therapy. In relation to children who suffered abuse they created art for themselves to express their pain and sublimate their anger. As Sigmund Freud recalls his patients often said, "I could draw it," a dreamer often says to us, "but I don't know how to say it." (1979: 119 cited in Edwards, 2004: 29) I conclude that art therapy works because of symbolic ambiguities as opposed to in spite of it, as Johnson argues "One of the strengths of art therapy treatment, lies in the ability of an art expression to contain a multiplicity of meanings" (Johnson, 1987 cited Riley, 1999: p94) Searching through the many layers of meaning that symbolic imagery presents, coupled with the therapists use of intuition, the art therapist becomes detective. The use of symbols and creating a personal narrative is paramount to the process, this can be through creating visual metaphors, signs and providing signifiers, thus working symbolically and an art therapists understanding that it is the patients own metaphors for pain or confusion that create discoveries and to stand back with warmth and empathy as the process unfolds. 34
Robert Ault supports this success of locating meaning in his reaffirming of the phrase "…a picture may be 'worth a thousand words" (cited in Rubin, 2009: 72)
JEROME, B 1997. Health: Psyched Out By Art Creative Therapy Is Taking The Mental Tourture Out Of The Artist And Transferring Into The Art, Jerome Burne Discovers At An Exhibitions Of Patients' Work In Kent. The Guardian. Proquest [WWW] (Accessed 12 November 2012)
HILL, A. 2012. Abused children turn their fears into artwork for groundbreaking exhibition. The Guardian [WWW] http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2012/jun/11/royal-academy-exhibition-art-abused-children (Accessed 2 October 2012)
MALCHIODI, C. A. 2010. Cool Art Therapy Intervention #2: Active Imagination. Psychology Today [WWW] http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-healing-arts/201009/cool-art-therapyintervention-2-active-imagination (Accessed 5 November 2012)
NAUMBURG, M. 1965. Spontaneous art in education and psychotherapy reprinted from Bulletin of Art Therapy, 1965 in American Journal of Art Therapy. 2001. Vol. 40 Issue 1, p46-64, 19p [WWW] Athens http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=4&sid=75c71794-0f7f-4f81-b0382f5dad1f5d44%40sessionmgr113&hid=128&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=af t&AN=504963788 (Accessed 2 February 2013)
MURRAY, P (n.d.) Book review of: HALLIWELL. S. The Aesthetics of Mimesis: Ancient Texts and Modern Problemiis. Classical J 100 no1 O/N. Wilson on Web. http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4&sid=ba883003-eaf2-4395-97fabc13635205c3%40sessionmgr12&hid=12 (Accessed 1 June 2012)
SHAVERIEN, J. 2006. Art and active imagination: Reflections on transference and the image. International. Journal of Art Therapy: Formerly Inscape. Volume 10, Issue 2 pages 39-52 [WWW] Routledge Taylor and Francis Group http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17454830500345959#tabModule (Accessed 4 September 2012)
ULMAN. E. 2001. Art Therapy: Problems of definition American Journal of Art Therapy; Vol. 40 Issue 1, p16-26, 11p [WWW] http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=4&sid=14c22745-a4cb-462c-abaa98f6e61b9c10%40sessionmgr113&hid=128&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a ft&AN=504963959 (Accessed 4 September 2012)
BERG, H. D. 2003. Freud's Theory and Its Use in Literary and Cultural Studies: An Introduction. Suffolk: Camden House BROOKE, S. 2006. Creative Arts Therapies Manual: A Guide to the History, Theoretical Approaches, Assessment, And Work With Special Populations of Art, Play, Dance, Music, Drama, And Poetry Therapies. Illinois: Charles C Thomas Publisher CASE, C & DALLY, T. 1990.Working with Children in Art Therapy. London: Routledge
CASE, C & DALLY, T. 1992.The Handbook of Art Therapy. London: Routledge.
EDWARDS. D. 2004. Art Therapy: Creative Therapies in Practice. London: SAGE Publications Ltd FURTH. G. M. 2002. The Secret World of Drawings: A Jungian Approach to Healing Through Art. Toronto: Inner City Books GARDNER. H. & KLEINER. F. S. 2006. Gardner's Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective, Volume 2. Wadsworth: Gadge Learning HALL, S. 2007. This Means This, This Means That: A User's Guide to Semiotics. London: Laurence King Publishers. Ltd
JUNG, C. G. 1990. The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious, Volume 9, New York, Princeton university press
KRAMER, E. (Ed) GERITY, L. 2000. Art as Therapy: Collected Papers. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers Ltd
MALCHIODI, C. A. (Ed) 1999. Medical Art Therapy with Children. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers
MALCHIODI. C. A. 2007. Art Therapy Sourcebook. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers
NAUMBURG, cited in RUBIN. J. A. 2001. Approaches to Art Therapy: Theory and Technique. Oxon: Routledge
OSTER, G. D. and CRONE, P. G. 2004. Using Drawings in Assessment and Therapy: A Guide for Mental Health Professionals. New York: Brunner-Routledge
RILEY. S. 2004. Contemporary Art Therapy with Adolescents. London: Jessica Kingsley Pulbishers
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RUBIN, J. A. 2010. Introduction to: Art Therapy, Sources and Resources. Hove: Routledge.
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BALL, P. The National Gallery, Author Philip Ball discusses the blue pigment ultramarine [WWW] http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/content/ConMediaFile/17645?showTranscript=1) (Accessed: 10 November 2012)
CHATER, K. and STONES, A, Cross-curricular ideas: Art, trade, development, The National Gallery, [WWW] http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/learning/teachers-and-schools/picture-in-focus/crosscurricular-ideas/art-trade)
(Accessed 10 November 2012)
WEDGEWORTH, P (n.d.) JUNGIAN ARCHETYPES, Centre for the Humanities [WWW] itcomp.pbworks.com/.../AP_Siddhartha_Jungian+Archetypes (Accessed 12 September 2011)
STEIN, DR. 2010. AJC #: 4th Pillar: Active Imagination & The Use of Images in Jungian Analysis. [WWW] http://ashevillejungcenter.org/dvd-store/pillars-of-psychotherapy/ (Accessed 24 September 2012)
NORTH DERBYSHIRE WOMAN'S AID n. d. Art Therapy Case Study: Re: Tom, age 9. [WWW] http://www.ndwa.org.uk/documents/ArtTherapyCaseStudy.pdf (Accessed 10 April 2011)
How discovering a passion for music helped Ben change his old ways. n. d. YOUTH MUSIC. [WWW] http://www.youthmusic.org.uk/what-we-do/news/how-discovering-passion-music-helped-benchange-old-ways.html (Accessed 3 November 2012)
IMAGES Figure: 1a:
Anonymous, in Furth G. M. 2002. The Secret World of Drawings: A Jungian Approach to Healing Through Art. Toronto: Inner City Books
Black Sabbath: Death Rider, Their Satanic Majesties return. (Saints & Sinners Music LSD 666) Recorded live at Providence Civic Centre, Providence, USA August 1980 in Viva Les Bootlegs (n.d.) [WWW] http://vivalesbootlegs.blogspot.co.uk/2010/08/black-sabbathdeath-rider-their-satanic.html
Re: Tom, age 9. (n. d. NORTH DERBYSHIRE WOMAN'S AID) [WWW] http://www.ndwa.org.uk/documents/ArtTherapyCaseStudy.pdf
My Dissertation (my product) White, R. 2012.
Courtauld Institute of Art Gallery 2007. EXHIBITION ARCHIVE TEMPTATION IN EDEN LUCAS CRANACH'S ADAM AND EVE Lucas Cranach, Adam and Eve, 1526, oil on panel, Samuel Courtauld Trust http://www.courtauld.ac.uk/gallery/exhibitions/2007/cranach/info.shtml Accessed: 28/12/2012
OTTENS, W. 2012. Top Five Friday: Current TV Shows http://www.beyondthebookend.com/2012_04_01_archive.html Accessed: 28/12/2012
Channel 4, 2012. Desperate Housewives, Series 2 http://www.channel4.com/programmes/desperate-housewives/episode-guide/series-2 Accessed: 28/12/2012
The Virgin and Child with Saints Dominic and Aurea. Duccio approx.1312-15 in BALL, P, The National Gallery, [WWW] http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/content/ConMediaFile/17645?showTranscript=1 Accessed: 2/10/2012
Lapis lazuli in Chater and Stones. n.d. Cross-curricular ideas: Art, trade and development. The National Gallery. http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/learning/teachers-andschools/picture-in-focus/cross-curricular-ideas/art-trade Accessed: 2/10/2012
Anon. Self-portrait with a black interior by an eight-year-old fig 8.1, in MALCHIODI. C. A. 2006. Art Therapy Sourcebook. London: McGraw-Hill
Drawing of a heart with a black centre by an eight-year-old fig 8.2, in MALCHIODI. C. A. 2006. Art Therapy Sourcebook. London: McGraw-Hill
Diagram of Freud's tripartite model in BERG. H. D. 2003. Freud's Theory and Its Use in Literary and Cultural Studies: An Introduction. Suffolk: Camden House
'Iceberg Model' graphic 2004 by Anthony A Walsh in Selfplex Defence Mechanisms. [WWW] http://www.integratedsociopsychology.net/selfplex_defence_mechanisms.html Accessed: 6/10/2012
Personality in faculty.tcc.fl.edu (n.d.) [WWW] http://faculty.tcc.fl.edu/hss/mcguffr/bbcontent/2012/units/u09c.htm Accessed: 6/10/2012
Chris Yianni supported by the charity Kids Company, working on his as yet untitled artwork for the Royal Academy in HILL, A. 2012. The Guardian Photograph: Graham Turner. [WWW] http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2012/jun/11/royal-academyexhibition-art-abused-children (Accessed 2 October 2012)
Published on Oct 19, 2016
Art therapy: A study showing how meaning in visual imagery can be communicated symbolically and as a facilitator for wellbeing.

subset: commoncrawl


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Le Dahlia
Le Dahlia Bar/Restaurant is situated just 10 meters from the new 8 seater télécabine in Saint Martin de Belleville.
In the mornings we are the place to be, to meet up with some of your fellow skiers and start your day off with one of our delicious coffees. During lunchtime we offer you some of "the best burgers" in the three vallees and then during apres ski you can try our famous vin chaud or have some of the weirdest vodka shots in the wor.
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Sounds like a great idea
Qualcomm Technologies, a subsidiary of mobile chipmaker Qualcomm, has announced it has acquired "certain assets" from Israeli company, EPOS Development, which develops low-cost, digital ultrasound positioning technologies for use in input systems such as pen, stylus and gesture recognition.
Here's how EPOS describes its technology on its website
EPOS technology is based on the transmission of ultrasonic acoustic waves between two or more devices via a Transmitter and a software-based Receiver. The Transmitter, embedded within an input device, sends constant acoustic signals to the software-based Receiver that in turn, uses them to measure the distance and position of the pointing device.
Enabling advanced, embedded technologies for both 2 and 3 Dimensional input solutions, EPOS technology uses only standard MEMs microphones, making it low in cost and easy to integrate with only minimal hardware and design changes required.
Qualcomm said the acquired assets will be incorporated into its Snapdragon processor…
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His daily commentary on KIOW is one of the most listened to portions of KIOW's daily programming. David Kruse with the Commstock Report will be coming to Forest City on Tuesday, January 17th. Kruse is the owner and president of Comstock Investments in Royal, Iowa. He has been a commodity broker and advisor since 1985. He began farming in 1973 and currently owns 640 acres of land. He is a fourth generation farmer in his family. His farming roots go back to Mecklenberg, Germany.
Kruse will speak at the First Baptist Church, across from Shopko in Forest City about the 2017 crop outlook, trends, changes in agriculture, and more. Organizers say that this is a free event and that there will be a lunch served at noon and Kruse will speak at 1pm.
The event is being sponsored by Titonka Savings Bank, the Farmers Coop Association in Forest City, MBT Bank,, Mason City Red Power, and KIOW. Those who are interested in attending should make reservations at any of those locations.


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Estimating the Impact of State Policies and Institutions with Mixed-Level Data
Researchers often seek to understand the effects of state policies or institutions on individualbehavior or other outcomes in sub-state-level observational units (e.g., election results in statelegislative districts). However, standard estimation methods applied to such models do notproperly account for the clustering of observations within states and may lead researchers tooverstate the statistical significance of state-level factors. We discuss the theory behind twoapproaches to dealing with clustering clustered standard errors and multilevel modeling. Wethen demonstrate the relevance of this topic by replicating a recent study of the effects of statepost-registration laws on voter turnout (Wolfinger, Highton, and Mullin 2005). While we viewclustered standard errors as a more straightforward, feasible approach, especially when workingwith large datasets or many cross-level interactions, our purpose in this Practical Researcherpiece is to draw attention to the issue of clustering in state and local politics research.
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- Gabor Kezdi, 2005. "Robus Standard Error Estimation in Fixed-Effects Panel Models," Econometrics 0508018, EconWPA.
- Franzese, Robert J., 2005. "Empirical Strategies for Various Manifestations of Multilevel Data," Political Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 13(04), pages 430-446, September.
- Marianne Bertrand & Esther Duflo & Sendhil Mullainathan, 2004.
"How Much Should We Trust Differences-In-Differences Estimates?,"
The Quarterly Journal of Economics,
Oxford University Press, vol. 119(1), pages 249-275.
- Marianne Bertrand & Esther Duflo & Sendhil Mullainathan, 2002. "How Much Should We Trust Differences-in-Differences Estimates?," NBER Working Papers 8841, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Froot, Kenneth A., 1989. "Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation with Cross-Sectional Dependence and Heteroskedasticity in Financial Data," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 24(03), pages 333-355, September.
- Bénédicte Vidaillet & V. D'Estaintot & P. Abécassis, 2005. "Introduction," Post-Print hal-00287137, HAL.
- White, Halbert, 1980. "A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 48(4), pages 817-838, May.
- Newey, Whitney & West, Kenneth, 2014. "A simple, positive semi-definite, heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation consistent covariance matrix," Applied Econometrics, Publishing House "SINERGIA PRESS", vol. 33(1), pages 125-132.
- Newey, Whitney K & West, Kenneth D, 1987. "A Simple, Positive Semi-definite, Heteroskedasticity and Autocorrelation Consistent Covariance Matrix," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 55(3), pages 703-708, May.
- Whitney K. Newey & Kenneth D. West, 1986. "A Simple, Positive Semi-Definite, Heteroskedasticity and AutocorrelationConsistent Covariance Matrix," NBER Technical Working Papers 0055, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Rick L. Williams, 2000. "A Note on Robust Variance Estimation for Cluster-Correlated Data," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 56(2), pages 645-646, 06.
- Kedar, Orit & Shively, W. Phillips, 2005. "Introduction to the Special Issue," Political Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 13(04), pages 297-300, September.
- Moulton, Brent R, 1990. "An Illustration of a Pitfall in Estimating the Effects of Aggregate Variables on Micro Unit," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 72(2), pages 334-338, May. Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)


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Potent and robust, KRG Extract Tea is a flavorful and healthy blend made from six-year-old Korean Red Ginseng root extract. Convenient to use, KRG Extract Tea is contained in packets and made into quickly dissolving granules. Simply add warm water to enjoy its deep flavor and aroma. KRG Extract Tea contains a bold amount of six-year-old Korean red ginseng extract and is recommended for ginseng tea enthusiasts who require the convenience of an easy-to-carry packet. Honey may be added as sweetener. For those who do prefer a more subtle tea, consider KRG Tea, which is softer than KRG Extract Tea.
[3g x 50 bags]
Notice: Avoid exposure to direct sunlight, keep in a cool, dry place. If pregnant, nursing, or on medication, consult your physician prior to using this product. Check each ingredient carefully for allergies and interactions. KEEP OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN.
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News / Events
The Centre for Creative Arts, La Trobe University, in partnership with the Writing Cinema Group of RMIT's School of Media and Communication, invites you to a free public lecture:
An Animated Screenwriter: Tales, Tips and Tall Orders from a Writer's Notebook
From writing radio series about Hollywood's top directors, to scripting British TV soap-operas, to working on a myriad of animation series and films, Professor Paul Wells has a range of credits in the media production field. More to the point, he has a host of experiences with figures as diverse as John Milius, the writer of the original Conan the Barbarian; the perennially ill or injured citizens of Holby City, surely Britain's most accident prone fictional town; Horror writers like Stephen King and Clive Barker, and fresh from his pineapple under the sea, Spongebob Squarepants. His lecture will include a range of examples from his work, and offer some analysis and advice about screenwriting, which he has written about in his down time in the hallowed halls of academe, at the UK's Olympic campus, Loughborough University.
6.30pm, Tuesday 18 September 2012
Storey Hall
336-348 Swanston Street
RMIT Melbourne City Campus
There will be a free public workshop on "Scriptwriting for Animation", with Professor Wells on Wednesday 19 September at La Trobe University. See the event listing on this site.


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Chocolate and Banana Overnight Oats
Posted: Jun 13 2014
Overnight oats seem to have come from nowhere this year, and they are definitely one of the latest crazes in health foods. Made from, you guessed it, oats this recipe provides a quick and interesting alternative to having cereal for breakfast, and can even be eaten as a snack to boost your energy throughout the day.
There are many different variations of this recipe which means that you can tailor it to your own taste. This recipe is for chocolate and banana overnight oats.
You will need:
· Porridge Oats
· 100% Cocoa Powder
· Banana
· Milk – Soya milk can be used as an alternative
1. Use a small glass or tumbler – half fill with oats and pour these oats into a bowl
2. Add half a tablespoon of cocoa powder to the bowl
3. Mash the banana roughly with a fork and add to the bowl
4. Pour milk into your tumbler until it fills around 2/3rds of the glass
5. Add this to the bowl and mix the ingredients together – leave overnight in the fridge
6. Take out half or less for breakfast or a snack the next day and eat warm or cold
Oats – contain Thiamin and Riboflavin which both help to release energy from food to keep you going for longer
Banana – good for sustaining your blood sugar after intensive sports and workouts
Milk - high in calcium and protein which is needed to rebuild muscles
Cocoa Powder – Known to have antidepressant tendencies and taste good!


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- Here is a finished shot of the C5 Corvette the guys at Denny's Corvettes shot with the new Eastwood Evolution… http://t.co/kyGi8qeN #
- Here at Eastwood we are as much of enthusiasts as you are! We use our products daily on our own projects! In this… http://t.co/a96OckBA #
Eastwood Daily News
Feb 7th, 12 / 0 Comments /


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Rimmel Kate Lasting Finish Matte Lipstick in 107 Wine10:16
First of all, before anyone goes, "but it's springtime!", hear me out: I know this isn't a typical spring / summer lipstick. I know. But, I recently noticed that I've never written a blog post devoted to my favourite lipstick ever, and well, I hate to use clichés, but no time like the present, eh?
I know during springtime we're supposed to be adorning our lips with pastels, brights and the odd neon (if that's what you're into), but to be honest, super bright pastel-y lip colours don't suit me. I find pale lipsticks wash me out (Rimmel Kate Matte 101 I'm looking at you), and darker lipsticks suit me so much better, which is why I love the Rimmel Kate Lasting Finish Matte lipstick pictured above, in the beautiful shade that is 107 Wine.
I first fell in love with 107 when I started watching Zoella's videos about a year ago, and she talked about it quite a bit - it looked amazing on her, and we have similar features (dark hair, pale skin), so I knew I had to get it. It's a gorgeous dark red, with deep purple/ berry undertones. Yes, it's fabulous during autumn winter time, but I'd honestly wear this all year long, I luuurve it so much.
As for the formula, it's pretty darn good. These last four / five hours before needing a top up, which is pretty standard for a lipstick. Although it's matte, it's not too drying on the lips - after a few hours you may need a slick of lip balm though, but I'm willing to put up with it! As you can see from the photos, the bullet of mine has certainly seen better days (too many trips in clutch bags to nightclubs I suspect).
|Here's a li' ol' picture of me wearing it - and looking pretty happy about it too
I know I've said this a million times already, but I really do love this lipstick. It's only £6.99 (link) / £5.49 (link), replacing this one isn't going to break my bank account either. Yay!


text: MOVE-IN READY MAY! This beautiful North-East facing home features four bedrooms with the Home Suite and 3.5 baths, with the one bed and bath located downstairs. The kitchen offers expansive room for gathering with its large eating Island. Kitchen accents include Moon White Granite counter tops , a custom back splash, GE stainless steel gas built-in appliances, Sienna Shaker cabinets and under cabinet lighting. This home has an expansive downstairs Great Room and an upstairs Loft, with 5.1 surround sound pre-wire in both the great room and Loft. Upgraded features include two-tone paint, upgraded carpet in select areas, 18x18 Staggered tile on the first floor, and a rain shower head at the Master Bath with the full laundry Cabinet/Sink package! Outside you have a covered front wrap around porch, in the rear yard you have a California Room included for outdoor entertainment. This home also comes with a three-bay garage. Contact the Sales Professional for more details on all the luxury selections for this home!


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There are millions of bloggers in the world and only few of them are really good. Then there are criteria for bloggers to be a good blogger. What are these criteria? How can we decide whether a blog is good or bad.
The first criteria, of course, should be traffic. How much traffic does your blog get. Then comes the comments about your posts. If visitors like your posts and find them useful or interesting, then you win; you are a good blogger. That's not enough! The alexa position, your backlinks and pagerank are among the criteria.
But how can we make our blogs suit these criteria. What should we do? The first thing to do is to write quality posts. All your posts should answer the question "What is this blog for?" They must be unique and simple enough to be understandable by all people.
They mus be up to date. I mean, you should update your blog regularly and frequently. Your visitors and especially, search engines will love it. They will look forward to your next post , if you can make them believe that your posts does really well.
Then comes your blog's design… It must be simple and easily readable. You must use related pictures in your posts. This will tell the reader what your post is about in a look. Be careful about your fonts, they must be reader friendly and easily readible.
If you ared bored while you are writing a post, have a short break. Do not insist on writing and publish what you wrote when you are bored. Write only on subjects that will interest visitors. No one will wonder about your daily life if you are not an abnormal person.
Your posts should be short but you must be able to tell what you mean. Give links to your resources and to your related previous posts. Add your blog to blog directories. Find blog friends and exchange link with them. Avoid putting so much ads on your blog. Be patient and take care of yourself. [http://www.uylog.com]UYlog.Com, My Blog
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Umit_Yasar http://EzineArticles.com/?Being-A-Good-Blogger&id=660087


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Apple released iOS 9.3.5 which is from now on, will be available for 44 devices as 'over the air update' or as iTunes Download receivable.
This update is very important. Because of an enormous hole was found in iOS. It could be even one of the worst ever. Only with one click on a link; it should jailbreak the device remotely. Followed by installing malware. Which may cause fatal consequences, especially when this gap gets in to the malicious hands.
These exploits got found in the wildness by coincidence.
The dissident Ahmed Mansoor based in the United Arab Emirates, was in jail for 8 months with other activists which support the pro democracy movement. After he got released, his passport got confiscated and his banking account got relieved of $140,000.
One Morning he received a disputable SMS with a link in it. Thereby he got all ready hacked once before from government with surveillance software from FinFisher and Hacking Team. Understandably Ahmed Mansoor was distrustful and forwarded this Message to Citizenlab.
Because of the forensic work of Citizenlab and Lookout,
it came out fast that this was an attempted hack. Which used a zero day exploit. With those an attacker is able to initiate remotely a jailbreak and with that plant some malware. Afterwards it can pickup any files and therefore transform your device in to a spy.
This Exploit and Malware supposed to made by the Company "NSO Group". They are describing themselves in the brochure as leader in Cyber War.
They are working together with military and homeland security organizations. Their products get sold to every sides. The spy software which gets smuggled in is called "Pegasus". It is known that Pegasus already got used against journalists and different-minded people.
The Exploit consists of this 3 parts:
CVE-2016-4657: An exploit for WebKit, which allows execution of the initial shellcode
CVE-2016-4655: A Kernel Address Space Layout Randomization (KASLR) bypass exploit to find the base address of the kernel
CVE-2016-4656: 32 and 64 bit iOS kernel exploits that allow execution of code in the kernel, used to jailbreak the phone and allow software installation
Those are also exactly the same 3 Points which should be eliminated with iOS 9.3.5. Apple needed 10 days for fixing that, after citizenlab reported their discovery.
This 3 gaps combined are titled "Trident iOS Exploit Chain and Payload".
It is recommended to update to iOS 9.3.5, because this exploit could be used by criminals at any time, given that it is now public.
If you are Jailbreak interested than it is like everytime recommended to stay at your current iOS version.
#iOS 9.3.5 (13G36) has been released for 44 devices – https://t.co/vXFYsfOIuL
— IPSW Downloads (@iOSReleases) August 25, 2016
source: Citizenlab.org
For questions and problems as well as ideas and suggestions, feel free to leave us a comment.


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Come and walk with us when the sun goes down, and you'll get an exclusive opportunity to walk inside the gates of one of Charleston's oldest graveyards after dark. When all the other walking tours are looking in through the wrought iron fence, you'll be on the inside. Explore the graveyard's dark corners, closely inspect the headstones to see what you might learn, and take a moment to step across the graves — if you dare. Learn about the history of Charleston's graveyards, and hear the stories of the famous individuals who found their final resting place in the Holy City. You've heard the spooky Charleston ghost stories, right? Well, now you can experience them on this up-close-and-personal tour that takes you where others won't. Graveyards are endearing pockets of Charleston — so much so that they are often referred to here as simply "gardens." We love them — they're full of history, intrigue, and tales of love and loss.
Hear about Charleston's spirits and gruesome tales:
- The ghost of Sue Howard, a grieving mother who prays at the grave of her dead child from the spirit world. We've got the picture to prove it!
- Tales of being buried alive! Doctors in old Charlestowne didn't take chances with contagious diseases. Fall unconscious in a hospital, wake up in a grave!
- Learn why the terms saved by the bell and graveyard shift were coined. You'll be glad you weren't around when they were!
Don't forget your flash cameras! You never know what phantom images you can capture…
Call 843-722-8687 to make a reservation!
Recent Comments
- I'm slightly obsessed with graveyards. I wanted to see some of Charleston's while I was here. – Amherst, VA"
- The Tours was so fun! Keep up the great work! – Charlotte, NC"
– Amy
- Our Tour Guide was awesome! This was our favorite tour of the trip! -Amherst, VA


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Tuesday, February 28, 2017
hello there, friend,
i completely agree with you. i find after taking sundays off, i long for another day without distraction. monday comes too quickly and even though i used to see mondays as a fresh start, i find myself already counting the days until the next sunday.
taking a technology sabbath has left me thinking more about lent this year. in years past, i've given things up, but i remember hearing once that another way to think about lent is to make space for something else. if one of the main goals of lent is to deepen my faith - then i know i need to make time and space for it.
over the years, we've sat down as a family to talk about the idea of giving something up and the goal of deepening our faith. we had a conversation sunday about our ideas, tossing things back and forth to see what might stick. i've been wanting to start a meditation practice for some time, so instead of giving something up, i've decided to add meditation into my daily routine. there's something in me right now that longs for this kind of stillness and focus.


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Connecting Families to Senior Living
Talk to a local advisor for FREE
Talk to a local Advisor about this community
Contact this community at:
(866) 333-2174
10680 Westbrae Pkwy
Caretypes Provided: Independent Living
Pricing is available for the following rooms:
*Prices quoted are monthly rental charges and are provided by the communities themselves. Actual prices may differ due to one-time fees, timing and care services required. Speak with your Senior Living Advisor to learn more.
Our apologies. Pricing is currently unavailable for this particular community.
Westbrae Court is an affordable all-inclusive retirement community, conveniently located minutes from shops, restaurants, hospitals and various Jewish synagogues. We offer a variety of amenities to simplify your life, including 3 chef-prepared meals daily, a brand new 200 foot dog run, library, on-site beauty salon, fun daily activities and free transportation, so you can all enjoy today and look forward to tomorrow! At Westbrae Court, we believe you deserve to enjoy a carefree lifestyle surrounded by warm and caring managers, staff and residents. We pride ourselves on offering you choices that allow you to live your life the way you want. It's a simple concept that means you can take control of your time, find comfort in your surroundings, and be part of a community of friends and neighbors. In addition to its wonderful location and our gorgeous landscaping, Westbrae Court residents enjoy the finest benefits in our affordable community, such as: *Chef-Prepared Meals: Enjoy three home-cooked daily meals prepared by our chef, served at your table in our dining room. *Fun Social Activities and Outings: Access a full activity calendar including: Games, Exercise, Wii Bowling, Bingo, movies, a 'Man Cave' and much more! *Transportation: We offer local transportation for shopping trips, JCC and synagogue services, doctor's appointments and other scheduled activities and events! *Weekly Housekeeping Service: Enjoy your own personal housekeeper who will clean, vacuum, do light dusting, change your linens and bring you toilet tissue weekly. *Caring Live-In Managers Available to You 24/7: You'll have peace of mind knowing that our mangers live here too. Each apartment has an emergency communication system and we have security round the clock. We would love the opportunity to show you around our beautiful community. Please contact us to schedule a visit and join us for lunch!
Schedule an appointment with an Advisor
out of 24 reviews
Lone Star Living
"I just visited Mom today and she looks 110% better. So far she
loves the new place. I think it reminds her of college days. The
staff has been wonderful and prompt to any concerns I have had. She
even told me she doesn't remember her old house and never wants to
go back there! You were just wonderful and helpful to us and I
could not have asked for anything more to be done. Thank you so
Melissa L., Found Assisted Living in Grand Prairie, TX
"Your services and information worked great. It gave me
direction and save me many hours shorting out were to go and what
to look for. You were always pleasant and helpful. You even
sent me thing a second time when I asked."
Michael W., Found Assisted Living in Lancaster, TX
My mother moved here recently and still isn't getting involved in activities but the staff and residents all encourage her. We've eaten with her and were pleasantly surprised by how good it was! Th... more...
Call Now (866) 333-2174
Get the latest tips, news, and advice on aging and caregiving.
A Place for Mom is the largest assisted living referral service. We are paid by our participating communities, therefore our service is offered at no charge to families.
Copyright ©2017 A Place for Mom, Inc. All rights reserved.


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Visual Fields - Many conditions and diseases reduce ones peripheral vision.
We use computer assisted automated perimetry to accurately assess our patients' peripheral vision and to monitor the progression of their disease. The test uses different strategies to test for specific disease processes. This test involves focusing on a fixation target while small spots of light of varying intensity flash in the peripheral visual field. The computer records the responses of the patient and through statistical analysis, helps determine the level of vision impairment. This recently developed and refined procedure has greatly helped us manage a number of conditions, especially glaucoma
Visual Fields Analysis of a patient with a brain tumor. This patient can't see to the left with either eye.
Corneal Topography - Corneal Topography is one of the most rapidly developing specialty tests in eye care.
The cornea is the clear covering of the eye and is responsible for the majority of the focusing power of the eye.
Due in part to the progression of excimer laser treatments for corneal irregularities and refractive errors, it became necessary to develop a means of accurately measuring the shape of the cornea.
This instrument, through computer aided graphics, plots a topographical map of the cornea to highlight irregularities, distortions, astigmatism, and other corneal anomalies.
Left Eye
OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography) - The OCT is used to diagnose Retinal diseases such as Age Related Macular Degeneration, Macular Edema and Macular Holes as well as Optic Nerve diseases such as Glaucoma.
This device captures three-dimensional images of the retina and / or optic nerve by measuring optical reflections. These images show swelling, bleeding or abnormalities in the retina and optic nerve and helps to determine which type of treatment is recommended.
The OCT is a non-invasive test that simply takes a picture of the patient's retina while they are comfortably positioned at the instrument.
Right Eye
400 Nash Medical Arts Mall
Rocky Mount, NC 27804
Phone: (252) 443-1006
Phone: (800) 241-2015
Fax: (252) 937-8366
Corneal Topography Maps of a patient with high astigmatism.
Flourescein Angiography - We use flourescein angiography and to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of retinal disorders such as diabetic retinopathy and macular degeneration.
Our Digital Flourescein Angiography provides our doctors with high-resolution, brilliantly clear pictures that are available for the doctors to view immediately. These pictures will highlight any area of bleeding or leakage in the retinal blood vessels. The test is accomplished by injecting a small amount of dye into a vein in the arm and taking a series of photographs as the dye circulates through the eye. The doctor can then make specific diagnostic and treatment plans using the photos as a map to identify areas needing treatment.
Fundus Photography - Fundus photography documents the retina, the neurosensory tissue in our eyes which translates the optical images we see into the electrical impulses our brain understands. The retina can be photographed directly as the pupil is used as both an entrance and exit for the fundus camera's illuminating and imaging light rays. Ophthalmologists use these retinal photographs to follow, diagnose, and treat eye diseases.
Copyright © Rocky Mount Eye, P.A.. All Rights Reserved.
Rocky Mount Eye, P.A. OpHTHALMOLOGY / OPTOMETRY Group (Formerly Watson Eye Associates)


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Hui No Ke Ola Pono
95 Mahalani Street, Room 21
Wailuku, HI 96793
Phone: (808) 244-4647
Simply Healthy Café – Phone: (808) 249-8955
Website: www.hnkop.org
HUI NO KE OLA PONO – Maui's Native Hawaiian Health Care Center
Our mission at Hui No Ke Ola Pono is to ". . . improve the health status of Native Hawaiians on the island of Maui by empowering them to be their own health advocates." This is accomplished by integrating modern medical care with traditional Hawaiian values, beliefs and practices. Although focused on the Hawaiian community, no one is turned away at the Hui.
The Hui operates the Simply Health Café, serving healthy lunches, Mondays through Fridays, from 11:00 A.M. to 2:00 P.M.


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GucciDark Purple Metallic Python Gold Toned "Soft Stirrup" Carryall Shoulder Bag
Metallic eggplant colored Gucci carryall shoulder bag called "Soft Stirrup." This gorgeous bag is made of genuine python with two flat handles, a spacious interior, and gold toned metal wishbone accents at handles and center front. Black suede lined interior features a zipper pocket and two open top pockets. Comes with dust bag. Serial: 296856-200047
Made in: Italy Color: Eggplant Purple Content: Genuine Python. Lining: Suede. Condition: Pre-owned. This item is in good condition.Very faint dust at interior lining; may be removed with cleaning. No other visible signs of wear and tear.
Measurements & Sizing
- Total Height: 11.25"
- Total Length: 13.75"
- Depth: 8"
- Handle Length: 13.25"
- Handle Drop: 7"
Returns & Shipping
Luxury Garage Sale guarantees that all items sold on our site are 100% authentic. All products we accept are inspected for brand-specific guidelines and are put through a rigorous authenticity test process.
LGS is not affiliated with Gucci. We guarantee this Gucci item to be authentic. Gucci® is a registered trademark of Gucci.
Item #: 146410


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Vivien Richman
Vivien Richman is ranked number 23,098 in the overall artist rankings with a total rank score of 2.
Listen to Vivien Richman on YouTube
Vivien Richman best albums
The following albums by Vivien Richman are ranked highest in the greatest album charts:
|Vivien Richman Sings Folk Songs Of West Pennsylvania
|Vivien Richman
|Buy album Use the iTunes, Amazon or eBay buttons to safely buy this item from one of the world's top online stores.
|Overall band rank:
This may not be a complete discography for Vivien Richman. This listing only shows those albums by this artist that appear in at least one chart on this site. If an album is 'missing' that you think deserves to be here, you can include it in your own chart from the My Charts page!
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