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Space MenAired March 1, 2016 They were the first to brave the unknown.
Film Description
In the late 1940s, the notion of space travel lived squarely in the realm of science fiction. But a young Army doctor named John Paul Stapp saw no limit to how far mankind could go—he had his eyes set on the heavens. By the 1950s and early '60s, a small band of high-altitude pioneers exposed themselves to the extreme forces of space, long before NASA's acclaimed Mercury 7 would make headlines. With a fraction of NASA's budget and none of its renown, Stapp's Project Excelsior would send Captain Joseph Kittinger to a record-breaking 102,800 feet above Earth, lifted not by rocket, but by balloon. Though largely forgotten, this group of daring explorers would be the first to venture into the frozen vacuum on the edge of our world, testing the very limits of human physiology and ingenuity in this deadly realm.
Cast and Crew
Written and Directed by
Amanda Pollak
Edited by
Don Kleszy
Produced by
Amanda Pollak and Stephen Ives
Narrated by
Michael Murphy
Associate Producer
Connie Honeycutt
Original Music by
Peter Rundquist
Production Associates
Lillie Fleshler
Julie Hurd
Assistant Editors
Bobby Johnson
JD Marlow
Director of Photography
Buddy Squires, ASC
Additional Cinematography
Jack Burton
Sound Recordists
Andrew Hoare
John Zecca
Assistant Camera
Jared Ames
Jason Lord-Castle
Craig Ryan
Dr. Jonathan Clark
Gregory Kennedy
Production Controller
Profitas LLC
Associate Editor
Pamela Ralat
Additional Research
Athena Angelos
Production Assistants
Amelia Nierenberg
Andriana Kahealani
Bailey Johnson
Colleen O'Shea
George Monard
Grace Brewster
Nick Covell
Stefan Hueneke
Motion Graphics and Animations
Kellan Davidson
Archival Animation
Daniel Vatsky
Michael Dominic
Touch Up Artist
Rick Broat
Colorist & Online Editor
Don Wyllie
Sound by
701 Sound
Sound Effects Editor
Ira Spiegel
Dialogue Editor
Marlena Grzaslewicz
Assistant Sound Editor
Isaac Derfel
Narration Recording
City Vox
Re-Recording Mixer
Peter Waggoner
Archival Materials Courtesy of
Al Fenn/The Life Picture Collection/Getty Images
Archive Films/Getty Images
A/V Geeks LLC
Bibliothéque Nationale De France
Classic Images Stock Footage LLC
Col. Joseph Kittinger
Edwards Air Force Base
Francis Miller/The Life Picture Collection/Getty Images
The General Mills Archive
Hashime Murayama/National Geographic Creative
Historic Films Archive, LLC
ITN Source/ITN Source Reuters
Library of Congress
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
National Archives and Records Administration
National Geographic Creative
National Museum of The United States Air Force
New Mexico Museum of Space History, John P. Stapp Collection
New Mexico Museum of Space History, The Simons Collection
Popperfoto/Getty Images
Ralph Morse/The Life Picture Collection/Getty Images
Raven Aerostar
Royal Aeronautical Society/Mary Evans Picture Library
Science Source
Tom Lovell/National Geographic Creative
UCLA Film & Television Archive
United States Air Force
University Of Minnesota Libraries, Winzen Collection
Wilford Stapp
Yale Joel/The Life Picture Collection/Getty Images
Special Thanks
Capt. Rachel Acosta
Chris Dubbs
Gustav Peebles
James Burrett
Mike Smith
Sherry Kittinger
Original funding for this program was provided by
Liberty Mutual Insurance
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
Corporation for Public Broadcasting
Yawkey Foundations
For American Experience
Post Production Supervisor
Vanessa Ruiz
Promo Editor
Glenn Fukushima
Production Coordinator
Lauren Noyes
Senior Producer, Digital Content and Strategy
Molly Jacobs
Production Assistant, Digital Media
Katharine Duffy
Production Manager
Nancy Sherman
Contracts & Rights Manager
Susana Fernandes
Production Secretary
Julianna Newmeyer
Jay Fialkov
Janice Flood
Marketing Manager
Chika Offurum
Mary Lugo
Cara White
Post Production
Spencer Gentry
John Jenkins
Series Theme
Joel Goodman
Coordinating Producer
Susan Mottau
Series Producer
Lauren Prestileo
Senior Producer
Susan Bellows
Managing Director
James E. Dunford
Executive Producer
Mark Samels
An Insignia Films production for American Experience.
American Experience is a production of WGBH, which is solely responsible for its content.
© 2016 WGBH Educational Foundation
All Rights Reserved.
Narrator: In the spring of 1959, the National Aeronautics and Space Association, NASA, introduced Americans to a new kind of hero -- the astronaut. Known as the Mercury 7, their mission was to rocket beyond the earth's atmosphere, and they quickly became a national sensation. In the months that followed their faces blanketed the news, as the country waited to see who would become the first man in space.
But far from the Project Mercury spotlight, deep in the New Mexico desert, the Air Force was also preparing to launch a man towards the heavens. With a fraction of NASA's budget and none of its renown, Project Excelsior was about to send Captain Joseph Kittinger 100,000 feet above the Earth, and he would get there not by rocket, but by balloon. It was the culmination of over a decade of little-known aerospace experiments, and this would be the most dangerous of them all.
Craig Ryan, Writer, : There were a myriad of problems with sending a person up to that altitude. Could you keep them warm? Would they be exposed to dangerous radiation? How do you give them a safe breathable atmosphere?
Burkhard Bilger, Writer: Above 60,000 feet, you've got so little pressure that your blood can boil. Organs can rupture, blood vessels can rupture. The temperature is a hundred degrees below zero. There are just so many things that can wrong.
Gregory Kennedy, Aerospace Historian: At 100,000 feet you're above 99 percent of the earth's atmosphere, so you might as well be in space.
Narrator: Though largely forgotten, balloonists would be the first to venture into the frozen vacuum on the edge of our world, exploring the very limits of human physiology and human ingenuity in this deadly realm.
Ken Hollings, Writer : Flying in a balloon to the upper reaches of the atmosphere, perhaps seems odd, eccentric, even self-inflicted madness. But there's no question that these experiments fed into what NASA was about to undertake with Mercury. They answered a lot of questions. They answered a lot of big questions.
Craig Ryan, Writer: At 102,800 feet, higher than any human being has ever been in a balloon at this point, Joe Kittinger gets a signal from his ground crew. He stands up in the gondola, disconnects his onboard oxygen supply, says a little prayer, and steps off.
Narrator: In April, 1947 a young army doctor was transferred to a remote airfield 100 miles north of Los Angeles, which would soon be named Edwards Air Force Base.
John Paul Stapp was a maverick in the bourgeoning field of aviation medicine and Edwards was just the place to be.
Only months after Stapp's arrival, test pilot, Chuck Yeager, broke the sound barrier in the rocket-powered X-1. His accomplishment marked the beginning of a new era that would push the limits of man and machine.
Ken Hollings, Writer: Aerospace as a concept, the idea of getting a man high up into the atmosphere and beyond, was still relatively new. And doctors were aware that the human body, although robust and neatly packaged, does have its limits.
Francis French, Aerospace Historian : John Stapp was watching jets go higher and faster and realized that scientists and doctors had no idea really what would happen to the human body as it was subjected to faster forces and higher altitudes than ever before.
Burkhard Bilger, Writer : And so Stapp decides to investigate what the human body can handle. How much speed we can handle, how much falling we can handle, how much altitude we can handle. And he starts to unpack this little by little.
Narrator: Stapp explored pilot ejection seats, liquid oxygen breathing systems, tested the impact of windblast, and subjected a succession of Air Force personnel to all manner of experimental contortions. But he spent the most time studying G-force limits: how the intense acceleration and deceleration, encountered in a rocket or high-speed jet, affected the human body.
The military maintained that any force beyond 18Gs -- or 18 times the pull of gravity -- would be fatal. Stapp helped design a series of faster and faster rocket sleds, to challenge that assumption.
Craig Ryan, Writer: Imagine a soapbox racer made of aluminum on a railroad track with rockets on the back of it. Which would be fired down the track and then slammed to a stop in just a few seconds.
Narrator: Stapp rode the sleds himself, each time ramping up the speed and the G-force pressing on his body. He cracked ribs, lost six fillings and broke both of his wrists. "I prefer to take the physical punishment personally," he told one observer, "rather than risk the court-martial for killing some unlucky sergeant."
Dana Kilanowski, Aviation Historian: He got up to over 300 miles an hour and pulled 38 Gs. And when he told his superiors that he had survived 38 Gs they told him to cease and desist immediately.
Craig Ryan, Writer: Stapp used to say, "I always follow orders when they make sense." And he always pushed it a little farther than his superiors were comfortable with.
Narrator: On December 10th, 1954, Stapp took his experiment to it's extreme.
Craig Ryan, Writer: There were nine rocket engines on the back of that sled. And when they fired, Stapp said that he lost all orientation as he shot down this track in excess of 630 miles per hour. At the end of the track, Stapp slammed to a full stop in 1.35 seconds.
Gregory Kennedy, Aerospace Historian: It was the equivalent to ejecting from an airplane at 30,000 feet. And he was out to prove that a pilot could do that in an ejection seat and survive.
Dana Kilanowski, Aviation Historian: The most serious thing that happened was the hemorrhaging into his retinas. He got out of the rocket sled, he thought he was permanently blind.
Gregory Kennedy, Aerospace Historian: He was taken to the base hospital where gradually his vision came back. He had two black eyes, but other than that, he was fine.
Narrator: John Paul Stapp had set an almost inconceivable G-force record of 46.2 and was heralded as "The Fastest Man on Earth."
Burkhard Bilger, Writer : What's wonderful about Stapp is that he's not just a daredevil. He is an explorer in, in the sense that he never is satisfied. There's always the next frontier that he wants to go to.
Col. Joseph Kittinger, United States Air Force: I was stationed at Holloman Air Force Base and I was in the fighter test section. And one day our boss called all the test pilots into a room and he said, gentlemen, we're going into space. Dr. Stapp has a space program and he's looking for a volunteer. And when he said that, there was a lot of laughter, because space was something that Buck Rodgers did. Pilots were not gonna go into space. But, I always thought that anytime anything new that's never been done before is exciting. So, I immediately put my hand up.
Narrator: John Paul Stapp had been promoted to Chief of the Aeromedical Field Laboratory at Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico. He needed Captain Joseph Kittinger to help conduct a series of zero-gravity experiments, testing the reaction of the human body to weightlessness.
Gregory Kennedy, Aerospace Historian: Dr. Stapp was a visionary. He could see that we were going to keep on going higher and faster and that eventually, we would reach space. And he wanted to be sure that when we did finally cross that threshold, we would be ready.
Craig Ryan, Writer: All his life he had watched the advances that mankind had made and he complained all the time about the fact that we're always underestimating man, he said mankind can do amazing things if we will just believe in it and, and do the hard work necessary to make it possible.
Narrator: For his next experiment, Stapp wanted to study a person in space-- or at least as close as he could get. For this, he would now turn to the oldest aerial vehicle known to man.
In 1783, the first hot air balloon lifted a menagerie of farm animals several hundred feet above the palace of Versailles, amazing Louis XVI and his court of onlookers. Later that year, Frenchman Jacques Charles became one of the first humans to view the world from the air. "Such utter calm. Such an astonishing view," he recounted. "Seeing all these wonders, what fool could wish to hold back the progress of science?"
Richard Holmes, Writer: No one knew what it was like up there, no one had been up there. If a balloon went into a cloud, would everybody be electrocuted? What would happen as you got nearer the sun? How high can we go?
Narrator: Throughout the 18th and early 19th century, bigger and better balloons lifted adventurers higher and higher into the sky, sending them to heights beyond 20,000 feet.
Then, in 1862, a British meteorologist and his pilot unwittingly ventured above 30,000 feet and discovered, to their horror, the limit of earth's hospitable atmosphere.
Richard Holmes, Writer: There's a famous lithograph which shows, uh, Coxwell and Glaisher at seven miles, with Coxwell in the hoop, tilting backwards and Glaisher slumped against the basket. They were suffering from oxygen deprivation which first of all effects your sight and then your muscular strength.
Narrator: They managed to descend in the nick of time. A new frontier had been discovered. Far from deterring aerial explorers, this forbidding death zone would lure them farther and farther into the clouds.
Burkhard Bilger, Writer: It's an ancient human urge, to go as high up as you can. Just simply to touch the sky, that's, it's one of those primal urges. Human beings had spent their entire evolution confined to the surface of the earth. And suddenly we have this three-dimensional space opening up above us.
Gregory Kennedy, Aerospace Historian: We live in the troposphere, which is the layer of the atmosphere closest to the earth's surface. It's where there's enough atmospheric pressure, enough oxygen to sustain life. It goes up to an altitude of about 35,000 feet. The next layer up is the stratosphere.
Craig Ryan, Writer: The stratosphere was really the new frontier. We knew that the air was very thin, we knew it was very very cold, but we didn't know much else. The balloonists were the first ones that went up there and exposed themselves to those conditions.
Narrator: In 1931, sealed inside an innovative pressurized and oxygenated gondola, Swiss physicist Auguste Piccard rose to over 51,000 feet, marking the first successful foray into the stratosphere. Then in 1933, the Soviets claimed they had exceeded 60,000 feet in their first high altitude balloon. Within a year, the United States Army Air Corps and the National Geographic Society announced "Project Explorer," a joint venture that hoped to send three Army officers to a record 75,000 feet.
Craig Ryan, Writer: It was conceived partly for scientific reasons, but also because we were in -- even though it wasn't being called this yet -- a space race with the Russians. And the way the score was kept was altitude records.
Narrator: The balloon alone weighed in at over 5,000 pounds. Two and a half acres of cotton fabric had to be glued together using three hundred gallons of rubber cement.
The massive contraption was assembled on site in South Dakota by more than a hundred troops from a nearby Army base. Three million cubic feet of hydrogen gas, pumped through canvas tubes, was needed to lift the gondola, the three men, and over a ton of scientific equipment.
Craig Ryan, Writer: One of the big issues they wanted to solve was the problem of cosmic rays. When you get above the troposphere you are exposed to very strong particles of radiation coming from outer space. They thought of them as cosmic bullets. When they hit the earth's atmosphere they diffuse. But if you're gonna be in the stratosphere for extended periods of time, they didn't really know how dangerous that was going to be.
Francis French, Aerospace Historian: They thought cosmic rays might make people sterile. They might go into their eyes and make them blind. They might affect their brain. There were many, many theories along those lines.
Narrator: On July 28, 1934, Explorer lifted off. Americans were captivated by a live radio broadcast of the event.
Radio Broadcast (Archival): The year's greatest scientific air adventure. For the glory of the Army!, and the study of the mysterious cosmic rays, they risk their lives exploring the stratosphere.
Gregory Kennedy, Aerospace Historian : They were almost within range of setting an altitude record when the balloon started to rip. The bottom fell out of the balloon and then it became kind of a hydrogen filled parachute.
Narrator: As the hole widened, they picked up speed. Plummeting towards earth, it was clear the men would have no choice but to bail out. Then at only five thousand feet, the balloon burst into flames.
Craig Ryan, Writer : The pilots aboard were actually very lucky, they were able to crawl out and parachute safely. It couldn't have gone any worse unless they had been killed.
Francis French, Aerospace Historian: The Explorer Project balloonists were pushing the technology to the absolute limit and in many ways beyond what was safe at the time. But America wants to get an altitude record. It's a matter of national prestige.
Narrator: Within a year, a sizeable insurance claim allowed the balloonists to rise again aboard Explorer II, the first balloon to use helium as a lifting gas.
Gregory Kennedy, Aerospace Historian : Helium doesn't burn, so it's much safer. But it doesn't give you quite as much lift as hydrogen does, so you had to have a larger balloon. They also reduced the crew size to two so the capsule was lighter.
Narrator: With dawn breaking, Army Air Corps Captain Albert Stevens and First Lieutenant Orvil Anderson set off to finally perform their experiments in the stratosphere.
Gregory Kennedy, Aerospace Historian : They collected spores, they did radiation measurements. They took samples of the atmosphere. There was a whole agenda of science experiments they did during the flight.
Narrator: The Explorer II balloonists reached an unprecedented 72,400 feet and after eight hours in flight, they landed safely in a field and received a hero's welcome.
Craig Ryan, Writer : They were really up there. And, uh, it took a lot of guts, it took a lot of knowhow and it took a lot of problem solving ability to get up there and then get back down safely.
Narrator: A cloth balloon, stuck together with rubber cement, had set a new world record, but the technology of the day had reached its limit. Only a revolution in design would allow explorers to continue their ascent towards space.
Television Commercial (Archival): This is a polyethylene plastic film. We find it wrapped around fruits and vegetables at the grocery market. And it has many other uses. It seems quite flimsy, but it is really quite strong. And it will hold air or helium -- (man blows into bag and then tries to pop it).
Narrator: By the mid 1950s, John Paul Stapp was watching the latest in balloon technology take flight at his Aeromedical Field Laboratory at Holloman Air Force Base. He seized upon these aerial platforms for his space research.
Francis French, Aerospace Historian: Balloons were very useful because you can get something into near space and then leave it there for a while. If you're sending something up as high as a 100,000 feet in an airplane or a rocket, it'll only be up there for minutes if not seconds. A balloon can be up there for many, many hours, do a lot of tests, come down gently. So balloons were a very good way of doing many of these experiments.
Narrator: Dr. David Simons, a lead researcher at Holloman, had been sending a variety of instruments and animals to altitudes over 100,000 feet.
Craig Ryan, Writer : Simons was taking all kinds of measurements with devices they'd sent up. But the mice and hamsters couldn't report back on what happened to them up there. As Stapp said, all they do is sit there and defecate. He said, what we really need is a human being aboard one of these flights so that we can, get observations, and so he asked Simons, "Do you think we could put a person into one of your gondolas and send them up to, 100,000 feet and then bring em back down alive?" And Simons thought about it awhile, did some calculations and said, "I don't see any reason why it wouldn't be possible."
Narrator: They devised a plan to send David Simons himself high into the stratosphere to gather data on "human factors of spaceflight."
But the necessity of studying a man in space would be a tough sell to Stapp's Air Force superiors.
Francis French, Aerospace Historian: In the mid-1950's, if you were in the Air Force, it was almost career suicide if you mentioned space. Space travel was seen as science fiction comic book, kid's stuff.
Mike Smith, Aerospace Engineer : The ability to put something into space didn't even exist yet. There wasn't one single thing orbiting the earth but the moon.
Gregory Kennedy, Aerospace Historian : High altitude rocketry was still in its infancy so manned space flight was not regarded as a respectable endeavor.
Col. Joseph Kittinger, United States Air Force: There wasn't a piece of the pie for space research. Dr. Stapp's challenge was to get the funding to do the project. And he was going to get it done one way or the other.
Narrator: After months of negotiations, Stapp's perseverance paid off. In the spring of 1956, "Project Manhigh" was approved with a modest budget.
Mike Smith, Aerospace Engineer : Manhigh was very specifically, Aeromedical research. The Manhigh Project, they saw as the true stepping stone to space.
Narrator: The first order of business was to build a balloon big enough, and light enough, to take a man and a capsule, filled with hundreds of pounds of scientific equipment, beyond 100,000 feet.
Stapp and Simons turned to one the nation's premiere balloon manufacturers, Winzen Research, in Minneapolis.
Otto Winzen's silvery creations had been ascending with Simons' lab animals for nearly four years now. His corporation also supplied balloons for a series of programs run by the Navy, but Manhigh would be their biggest project by far.
Craig Ryan, Writer : Otto Winzen was a brilliant guy, but he wasn't a business man. And so what it really took to run a manufacturing facility like Winzen Research was someone who could manage the facility, manage the personnel and that's where his wife Vera Winzen came in. She actually pioneered a lot of the processes that allowed them to build bigger and bigger and better and better balloons.
Mike Smith, Aerospace Engineer : The balloons were laid out on very long, thin tables. They would lay out one section of the balloon and run a heat sealer down one edge, going down the table. Lay the, uh, seal back, dispense another layer of film, run a seal until they run the closing seal and then fold it up and put it in a box.
Craig Ryan, Writer : Because that polyethylene was so thin, they had to be extremely careful about how they worked with it. The Winzen's called them their "balloon girls," they worked in stocking feet and they would check their finger nails every morning to make sure there wasn't a hang nail.
Mike Smith, Aerospace Engineer : Vera wanted to make sure that she got the best craftsmanship and made sure that everybody cared about making these balloons perfect.
Narrator: By the fall of 1956, the first of many balloons had been completed, and work on David Simons' capsule was well underway. The project was woefully underfunded, but Stapp and his team were masters of improvisation.
Craig Ryan, Writer : The Manhigh gondola really did look like something that your crazy uncle built in the garage. It was about the size of a telephone booth. A man could not stand up inside the capsule. And it needed to be that small because, the heavier the payload is, the bigger a balloon you need. So you needed a pretty small capsule to make all of this work.
Burkhard Bilger, Writer: These guys, they're really kind of cowboys. They're working on the fringes of the military throwing together spare parts in incredibly smart, practical ways. They accomplished a huge amount in a fairly short amount of time.
Narrator: Prior to sending Simons into the stratosphere, Stapp wanted a trial run with an experienced aviator in control. Captain Joseph Kittinger was the obvious choice.
Col. Joseph Kittinger, United States Air Force: David Simons was a very serious scientist, but he was not a test pilot. And Dr. Stapp knew that he needed somebody that knew how to operate in an emergency. There's a lot of potential things that could go wrong. I spent days in my pressure suit, going over every inch of that capsule, going through the procedures. And I had complete confidence in the equipment and in myself. This was gonna be just another test flight for me.
Narrator: Space officially begins 62 miles, or 327,000 feet above earth.
Francis French, Aerospace Historian: Space is very, very close. We could drive there in an hour if we had a car that could go straight up. But you don't have to get up into space to essentially experience the conditions of space.
Mike Smith, Aerospace Engineer : At 100,000 feet, you're above 99 percent of the earth's atmosphere. You have almost no pressure and there is basically no oxygen. There is extreme heat during the day, extreme cold at night so you have almost all of the same conditions, that you have in space except for the weightlessness. If something goes wrong, you're dead.
Francis French, Aerospace Historian: There was a psychological danger as well. A lot of doctors thought that being that high in the atmosphere might do very strange things to a person's mind. A lot of questions wouldn't be answered until the person went into space or into the upper atmosphere.
Craig Ryan, Writer : Although some Air Force pilots had arced briefly above 100,000 feet, it was just a quick shot. The Manhigh Project would be the first mission to send somebody up and expose them to those conditions for a significant amount of time.
Narrator: In the early hours of June 2, 1957, Captain Joseph Kittinger was ready for his voyage to the threshold of space.
Col. Joseph Kittinger, United States Air Force: I went into the capsule with my pressure suit on. They sealed the capsule up, completely, airtight. And put me on back of a pickup truck and we drove twelve miles to the airfield at South St. Paul, Minnesota. Dr. Stapp, of course, was there and Simons, and I'm ready to go.
Narrator: By first light, the Winzen Research crew had preparations well under way. With the balloon nearly inflated, the capsule, now wrapped in several layers of Mylar insulation, was rolled into position. Otto Winzen gave it one final inspection.
Burkhard Bilger, Writer: There's something absolutely wonderful and dramatic about a balloon. This device that's both this huge feat of human engineering, but is also still completely at the mercy of the atmosphere.
Mike Smith, Aerospace Engineer : It's scary and beautiful at the same time. You have all these loose folds of material hanging down from this little bubble of helium in the top. The higher you go, as the atmospheric pressure goes down, that bubble of helium expands and completely inflates the balloon. It always amazes me.
Col. Joseph Kittinger, United States Air Force: I went up at about 800 feet per minute. And when I went through 72,000 feet, I gave a salute to Anderson and Stevens, because I was now beating their record that had been there since 1935. I was just amazed at how beautiful it was. The transition from the blue at the horizon to the dark sky overhead. It's absolutely black in the middle of the day. Pretty close to 90,000 feet I realized that my oxygen system was not working quite right.
Craig Ryan, Writer : As the balloon got up to 96,000 feet, it was beginning to get dire. It was really a mystery, why was the oxygen supply being depleted so fast and why were the carbon dioxide levels rising?
Col. Joseph Kittinger, United States Air Force: I knew that I was going to be low on oxygen. So I started letting the gas out of the balloon so I can come down. And I had to be very, very careful because if I let out too much I would come down too fast and it would be dangerous for landing.
Craig Ryan, Writer : He got back into the troposphere and was able to pop the portholes on the Manhigh gondola, let some fresh air in. He was just about out of oxygen. It was very, very close. He landed in the creek, and Simons and Stapp rushed over to the Manhigh gondola, popped the top off, and Kittinger was sitting inside with a big grin on his face.
Narrator: Manhigh I established an altitude record of 96,784 feet. Joseph Kittinger had been higher than any man had ever been in a balloon.
Craig Ryan, Writer : It turned out to have been in some ways a disastrous flight. They discovered that an oxygen valve had been installed backwards and that they had been venting their oxygen supply to the outside atmosphere rather than into the capsule. The radio failed. All kinds of things went wrong. And you would think, total disaster. But, in John Paul Stapp's mind, it was a perfect test flight, because in his mind that's exactly what a test flight is for. Let's find the problems, let's fix 'em.
Narrator: Only a few weeks after Kittinger's test flight, David Simons was finally getting ready for the project's true mission. He would travel to the fringes of the earth's atmosphere for a full 24 hours, measuring his own physical and psychological endurance in what he called, "the greater cosmic wilderness" of space. But in the summer of 1957, as the launch date approached, Project Manhigh hit a new obstacle. Congress slashed funding to all military research and development. The project was already nearly ten times over budget and Stapp had been raiding other programs to cover the expenses. Now, Project Manhigh would have to be shut down.
Francis French, Aerospace Historian: The trouble with the Manhigh program in many ways was that the people who were running it were really the only people that knew how successful it was. And it was very, very hard to persuade other people to understand that what they were doing was important.
Dana Kilanowski, Aviation Historian: The Air Force priority was not space. So the Manhigh budget was a shoestring budget. And Dr. Stapp was always very innovative in getting more money and more equipment. But there were limits to what even he could accomplish.
Narrator: Just as Stapp and Simons were about to admit defeat, Otto Winzen announced that he and Vera would step in to cover the shortfall. The project was back on. As Simons would later recount, "I was as happy as a five-year-old on Christmas Day."
Francis French, Aerospace Historian: Simons was a scientist who had a great personal stake in the mission he was about to undertake. Unlike some of the astronauts that came later, who would be essentially doing somebody else's experiments, Manhigh II was going to be the culmination of Simons' career.
Narrator: In preparation for his launch, Simons did one final check of the capsule, including the electrical control panel and a new and improved air supply system.
Craig Ryan, Writer : Stapp said the goal of putting David Simons up there was to find out, can he survive? And can he do useful work in that environment? They even taped a piece of photographic film to David Simons' forearm so that they could track where the cosmic rays impacted his body. You don't want to say he was a guinea pig, but he was the closest thing to that as he sat there sealed inside that capsule getting ready to launch.
Narrator: Finally, in the early hours of August 19th, Simons was transported to the launch site, an open-pit iron-mine, two hours north of Minneapolis.
Mike Smith, Aerospace Engineer : I never get tired of seeing a launch. You, you think of how thin this material is, how much the balloon itself weighs, how much the payload weighs and how much lift is in that balloon. Not like a rocket with a bunch of fire and noise, it's something completely unique. And, uh, beautiful.
Narrator: A mobile command center allowed Stapp and Winzen to keep in contact with Simons throughout the flight.
Otto Winzen (Archival Audio): Dave, what is your rate of ascent now?
David Simons (Archival Audio): Well, we're still under 1,100 now, Otto.
Otto Winzen (Archival Audio): Roger, thank you. What do you read now, Dave? Over.
David Simons (Archival Audio): 27,300.
Otto Winzen (Archival Audio): Very fine, Dave. Capsule pressure should be holding now. You're past 25,000, is that Roger? Over.
David Simons (Archival Audio) : Aye, roger.
Otto Winzen (Archival Audio) : I think we should try to maintain the altitude as we previously discussed.
David Simons (Archival Audio) : Aye, roger, it's a lovely sight.
Narrator: As the balloon leveled off above 101,000 feet, Simons focused on his regiment of over 25 experiments and observations.
Francis French, Aerospace Historian: He's looking at radiation meters, looking at pressure meters, looking at his respiration, his perspiration. He can describe what it's like personally and tell the people on the ground exactly what's happening to him.
Otto Winzen (Archival Audio) : Dave, as far as we're concerned, things are going so well that I see no reason why you shouldn't stay up during the night. What is your feeling? Over.
David Simons (Archival Audio) :: Aye, roger, I agree one hundred percent.
Otto Winzen (Archival Audio) : So relax a minute and eat another candy bar, would ya?
David Simons (Archival Audio) : Aye, roger!
Narrator: Simons settled in, radioing back, "I have a ring-side view of the heavens."
"Where the atmosphere merged with the colorless blackness of space," he later recalled, "the sky was so heavily saturated with this blue-purple color, that it was hard to comprehend, like a musical note which is beautifully vibrant, but so high that it lies almost beyond the ear's ability to hear, leaving you certain of its brilliance but unsure whether you actually heard it or dreamed of its beauty."
Ken Hollings, Writer : The most beautiful descriptions come from the balloonists who are that high up and they can suddenly see this other universe, this dark, empty, fascinating, glittering universe.
Burkhard Bilger, Writer: The willingness to put yourself in extreme danger simply to satisfy your curiosity is one of the oldest human impulses. You know, there weren't new continents to explore, but there was this place right above us. And we were able to exert that human impulse to get there.
Narrator: After 32 hours aloft, David Simons returned to Earth. The Manhigh team had made history on the edge of space. Simons was put on the cover of Life magazine and The New York Times celebrated him as "The First Space Man."
Craig Ryan, Writer : Everybody connected with the project, including John Paul Stapp thought that this was going to be the mission that brought space research into the fore with the Air Force and really got them the respect and the funding that they thought they deserved. What happened in fact was, in spite of the celebrity that David Simons experienced, they had pretty much exhausted their funding. And they did not have enough money even to do the full analysis of the data they'd gathered on the flight, much less begin seriously talking about another flight.
Douglas Edwards, CBS (Archival) : Until two days ago, that sound had never been heard on this earth. Suddenly it has become as much a part of 20th century life as the whir of your vacuum cleaner.
Ken Hollings, Writer : On October the 4, 1957, the soviets announce, "Hey, guess what, we've got sputnik orbiting the earth and you don't." For Americans, it is genuine shock.
Narrator: For a decade, the Americans and the Soviets had been vying for geopolitical dominance. Now, Sputnik had caught the United States completely off-guard. Almost overnight, putting a man in space became a national priority.
Col. Joseph Kittinger, United States Air Force: Suddenly people were more interested in what we were doing. Dr. Stapp was now not looked at as a mad scientist but as a man of, of, vision.
Craig Ryan, Writer : Very, very quickly Manhigh III planning began. And now this wasn't just gonna be a scientific research flight. This was now seen as the prototype for spaceflight.
Narrator: Candidates for Manhigh III were put through a rigorous gauntlet of tests that would become the basis for qualifying future astronauts.
Francis French, Aerospace Historian: They were trying to eliminate anybody who had even the slightest medical or psychological flaw. They would be put in isolation chambers, not knowing how long they would be in there. They were subjected to intense cold, intense heat. They were rotated, spun and tumbled every possible way and asked to do technical work. It was a very, very grueling selection process.
Narrator: By September of 1958, Manhigh III had it's man, a 26-year-old Air Force pilot with a masters degree in engineering, named Clifton McClure.
Three weeks later, Manhigh III took flight and McClure was put to his ultimate test. As he rose into the stratosphere, his capsule began to overheat.
Gregory Kennedy, Aerospace Historian : At almost 100,000 feet, they notice his voice is getting kind of sluggish. So they ask him to report his body temperature. And, it's already a 104.1. So the decision was made -- bring him down.
Narrator: During the descent, a radio malfunction led the ground crew to believe that McClure was unconscious. After two harrowing hours, the capsule landed within a few miles of the launch site.
Craig Ryan, Writer : They ran to the gondola, and McClure was pulling his helmet off and grinning. They took his temperature -- it was more than a 108 degrees. Nobody could believe that the man was still conscious.
Narrator: Clifton McClure had turned out to be the ideal astronaut prototype -- the very definition of what would come to be known as, "The Right Stuff."
But by the time his heroic mission was complete, the tides had turned, once and for all, against Project Manhigh. A week earlier, NASA had started its operations and soon their manned space program, Project Mercury, would be receiving all the public attention and all the government funding.
Gregory Kennedy, Aerospace Historian : NASA was given responsibility for manned space flight. The Air Force was told to get out of that business.
Narrator: The new space agency asked John Paul Stapp for his assistance in selecting their first astronauts. Stapp agreed, and used his regimen of physical and psychological tests to help reduce the pool of 69 candidates down to the world famous Mercury Seven. Clifton McClure was turned down by the Mercury program because he was too tall.
Craig Ryan, Writer : It was tough for the men and women who had been involved with Project Manhigh to see all of their, their glory stolen by, by NASA and the rocket program. They were not allowed to bask in the glory that the Mercury astronauts were able to experience.
Narrator: By the summer of 1960, John Paul Stapp was back at work with the Air Force on one last high-altitude balloon experiment. He named it Project Excelsior, Latin for "ever upward," and once again, put Joseph Kittinger at the helm.
Craig Ryan, Writer : For Stapp, there was one problem that hadn't been solved yet and that was the problem of emergency escape. What if a high altitude pilot or an astronaut needs to get out of the vehicle? How do you get them from the upper stratosphere and back into a warm breathable atmosphere in a reasonable amount of time?
Col. Joseph Kittinger, United States Air Force: If a man opened his parachute at 100,000 feet and it takes him 30, 40 minutes to get down, he'd be dead. The challenge is to get from 100,000 feet down to 20,000 feet before you can open the parachute.
Craig Ryan, Writer : They knew that the human body, falling through the upper atmosphere, tends to go in what's called a flat spin. Like a record album on a platter, faster and faster until the pilot would pass out. What they needed was to test a new kind of multi-stage parachute, which would keep you in a stable attitude until you got down to where you could open a traditional parachute and fall the rest of the way. That was Kittinger's mission.
Narrator: After 90 minutes in flight, Kittinger leveled off at 102,800 feet, breaking the altitude record set by David Simons three years earlier.
Col. Joseph Kittinger, United States Air Force: So I'm there and I'm standing up and I'm looking up at the horizon. I have this phenomenal, beautiful view. I stood there for four or five seconds absorbing the situation I was in. And then I said a prayer and I jumped.
Ken Hollings, Writer : The image of, of, Kittinger falling through space -- this tiny speck high above the earth. It's amazing. He's between these different worlds.
Burkhard Bilger, Writer: When you're that high above the earth, there's no sound, there's no wind, there's nothing you feel. He's just falling silently through this void.
Craig Ryan, Writer : The parachute worked exactly as planned. He began to gradually slow down as the air thickened around him. And he got to about 17,000 feet, where he pulled the ripcord on his main parachute, it opened and he knew that he was gonna make it.
Francis French, Aerospace Historian: There's always been a drive to go further and higher, but in this case the overwhelming drive was to make people safe. It wasn't a quest for glory, it was a quest for knowledge and there's something even more beautiful about that.
Narrator: By the time Kittinger touched down, he had survived the longest free fall and the longest parachute jump ever, nearly 20 miles in a total of 13 minutes and 45 seconds. He was hailed as a national hero, in a final tribute to the original space men.
Col. Joseph Kittinger, United States Air Force: What we did on Manhigh and Excelsior were, were, just small, incremental bits of knowledge that were made possible by a team of people that were working and dedicating their lives for the future of the space program.
Francis French, Aerospace Historian: Sending people into the upper atmosphere on a large balloon doesn't seem as incredible as leaving footsteps on the moon. But America may not have gotten to the moon if it wasn't for pioneers like Stapp and Kittinger and Simons asking the questions that needed to be answered before we could get on with the business of flying in space.
Mike Smith, Aerospace Engineer : This was a good example of what a very small group of very dedicated, very focused people can do out of sheer will.
Richard Holmes, Writer: There is an absolute link from Icarus to the balloon to rockets. They are all part of one long stairway to the stars.


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Sue Pember and the team at Mi Casa went above and beyond our expectations. This is a real estate team who really care and do everything in their power to sell your home. Mi Casa sold our house within a month, slightly above the asking price, in a difficult market and had record number of groups through. Mi Casa's service was superior. I've had friends recently sell their homes with reputable, well known Agents and they were constantly complaining about the lack of communication. Mi Casa contacted us after every single home open and briefed us verbally and in writing about the interest in our property. I highly recommend Sue Pember and her team at Mi Casa. I promise you, you will not regret it. - TaryndeRead More Read More
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"It is our great pleasure to write this letter of recommendation for Mi Casa. I have recently employed them to find a tenant to rent our apartment. Susan the manager took on the task with great skill and energy and immediately after we had had our first meeting , she had organised , in an impressively quick turn around time, all the details of the advertising and wonderful photos of our flat which went up on the web sites ready to go! Throughout all our dealings Susan has been extremely professional, friendly and supportive. She has offered advice when needed, kept us up to date with progress and with her outstanding interpersonal skills helped us through the task of selecting and finding a suitable tenant for our situation . Susan definitely made the whole experience happen quickly and as smoothly as possible and with the least amount of stress. We highly recommend her as an excellent real estate agent to anyone consid...Read More Read More
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subset: commoncrawl


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Event: Bollywood actor Salman Khan alongwith the director & producer unveiled first look of his upcoming film VEER at PVR Cinema, Juhu, Mumbai.
Guest List: Salman Khan, Anil Sharma, Vijay Galani
Venue: PVR Cinema, Juhu, Mumbai.
Date: 25-Nov-2009
Bollywood actress Kareena Kapoor Khan was snapped at Manish Malhotra's bash. Also spotted was Malaika Arora's sister Amrita Arora Ladak.
Bollywood couple Karan Singh Grover and Bipasha Basu were snapped at spa.
Bollywood celebs Ekta Kapoor, Konkona Sen Sharma, Ratna Pathak Shah, Aahana Kumara, Plabita Borthakur along with director Alankrita Shrivastava were snapped at the trailer launch of LIPSTICK UNDER MY ...
Bollywood celebs Ranbir Kapoor and Katrina Kaif promoted their upcoming film JAGGA JASOOS on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Lil champs.
JAGGA JASOOS stars Ranbir Kapoor and Katrina Kaif danced on 'Ullu Ka Pattha' song on the sets of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Lil Champs.


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74 Reviews
Stores small, feels light, and offers huge comfort after a long day in the woods.
Set up base camp, whip out the Helinox Chair One Camp Chair, and suddenly your friends will regret their decision to sit on the ground or pull up a stump. This comfortable little chair uses a mesh seat suspended on a lightweight aluminum frame. Easy to setup and easy to break down, the Chair One Chair is ideal for car camping or even overnight backpacking trips when you want a little extra luxury around the camp fire.
- Pole technology is the same that DAC uses in their high-end Helinox trekking poles and tent poles
- Aluminum material makes the poles lightweight and durable enough for seasons of camping trips
- Hub-and-pole structure keeps the poles attached at the seat joints so all you have to do is unfold the poles and position the back and seat stays to ready them for the seat cover
- Feet have rubberized coating that keep your chair from sliding on rock or slick surfaces
- Synthetic cover is made of mesh that's breathable and quick-drying so you can sit comfortably no matter what the weather
- Zippered storage bag holds the folded seat cover and collapsed frame so you can save space when you're not using this chair
- Maximum weight capacity: 320 pounds
- Item #HEL0005
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- Reviews
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Great Camping Chair
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
If you are looking for a sweet camping chair that does not take up much space look no further. This chair packs down into a small bag that is around 10 inches long and 4 inches thick and can easily strap to the outside of your backpack. It takes about 20 seconds to set up and is pretty comfortable. The only drawback that some people might not like is that it does not come with a cup holder, but that is probably the only thing people might dislike about this chair.
This chair has your back
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
It's hard to find things to say that other reviews haven't already said.
After any kind of physical activity, sitting in this chair is the most glorious thing. This chair makes any camping trip better. I would happily add the extra weight to any backpacking trip.
Could Not be Happier
- Familiarity: I gave it as a gift but have feedback to share
This chair is so comfortable and when backpacking is one of those small things you can look forward to all day on the trail. Comfort is super important to me when backpacking and having something like this that is so light while being sturdy and providing support for my back is exactly what I was looking for. I will be recommending these chairs to all of my friends who hike, camp, or even just for tailgating.
Perfect portable chair
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
I can't say enough good things about my Helinox Chair One. For those of us with short legs, it makes lounging so nice. I don't mind not having a drink holder as I am close enough to the ground to just set it there and not worry about spilling. Pay attention to how it comes out of the back originally as rolling it back up is a bit tricky.
Great chair!!
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
Awesome chair. Light weight, easy to pack and an awesome furniture in the field.
Glad to hear you love it! Now to add on the rocker for when you need a little extra relaxation! ;)
Your Expert,
Get one already!
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
This is one of my favorite pieces of gear. compact and light enough to bring backpacking, but equally as at home car camping. The design is genius, it's a breeze to set up and it's incredibly comfortable.
Love it
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
I use this at all day volleyball tournaments and it's totally comfortable and not blocking anyone else views. Lightweight enough to take anywhere, assembles like a breeze and then packs down equally easy into its own little bag.
Love it
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
My husband and I were planning an 8 day kayak trip and knew we'd be limited on space and weight. After lots of searching we decided on the Helinox one chair, we got two & we love them! They worked out wonderful, light, easy to set break down up , comfortable and feel very sturdy. In fact we bought a lot of "new" gear for the trip and the chairs were our favorite purchase. I just ordered the small table that goes with the chairs. You can't go wrong!
Festival Approved!
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
For the first time we are flying into a festival rather than driving so pack-able and lightweight is the key. This Camp Chair is all that and more! not only is it super efficient but it is sturdy. For something so light you thing it would break like a butterfly wing but it doesn't! I'm about 120 lbs and I can sit in it without feeling uneasy! I would highly recommend this chair for anyone that wants to pop a squat anywhere Festival or camping! Also bonus! its outdoor venue height approved!
So great, bought another
the helinox chair is hands down the most comfortable camp chair out there. My only complaint is using it in soft soil terrain, whether you're talking sand or moist grass. The legs just poke through the ground and make it hard to find a level seat. Otherwise, AMAZING.
This camp chair...
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
Is AMAZING. It's small, light, and comfortable. The only thing that would make this better would be an extendable arm thing for a beverage.
This thing is rad.
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
Just got back from a weekend down in Moab and this chair was my go to. Insanely light, takes about 30 seconds to put together and take apart, and I never felt like it was flimsy or about to break under my weight. Plus, when it is all folded up, it fits into a very small (included) pouch so you can just stick it in the back of your car to deploy when needed.
Time for an upgrade!
i had a pretty uncomfortable chair the last 2 years so it was time to update to something comfortable and lightweight that will fit easy in my over night pack. This chair is just that! comes in a small storage bag and is easy to set up and put away. cannot wait for all the camping adventures with this new addition of comfort.
Never look for a log/rock again
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
I have used this now on multiple backpacking trips. This is one purchase I really questioned if I should make as I started in to backpacking. This is an absolute must have and worth every ounce of additional weight. It is so nice to be able to have a chair vs a rock/log after a long day on the trail.
It is very easy to set up and really comfortable! I wouldn't hesitate to buy another one just like it.
Helino chair
Looks like a great product. Easy setup. Can't wait to use it. Backcountry.com shipped extremely fast.
The LazyBoy of the Mountains
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
This thing rocks! The assembly is very straight forward and take no time once you figure it out. It packs down pretty small for a camp chair of its size, and of it's comfort level. And not to mention it's Camo, which looks pretty sweet. Pretty good price, and it will be a good product for anyone looking to camp/hike/sit down anywhere.
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
This chair is very lightweight and packs down small! I have used it for all sorts of things, from sporting events to long backpacking trips. It's so nice at the end of a long hike to be able to sit in a comfortable chair. It's great!
Take a load off!
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
Game changer! Why I didn't buy one of these sooner, I do not know. Some of my friends thought it was ridiculous to carry a chair on top of all of the other gear you might need for a few days in the mountains…until they sat in it with a fresh, cold boulevardier after a long day on the trail. The only issue is the possible reclassification of a backpacking trip as "glamping". So, it's 2 pounds of additional weight, boo-freaking-hoo. If you were into ultra-lightweight backpacking, would you even be looking at a backpacking chair? No. Buy it and thank me later.
On another note, I guess I've failed to realize that you might want to purchase this chair for something other than backpacking. It'd probably be good for any other activity when you might like to rest your butt on something other than the ground but have exhausted all of the available trunk space in your Miata on something of higher priority such as beer, Frisbees or a razor scooter. It is light, packs down small, and comes with a cool carrying case.
Ultra Compact Camp Chair
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
If you are looking for an ultra compact, low to the ground, and comfortable chair, this is it. I brought this on a 2 day hike in trip recently and my friends could not get over the fact I had packed a chair in our trip. This chairs packs down to an unbelievably small size. At 14 x 4 x 5, this chair takes up half to a third of the size of all my other camp chairs. I'm also finding I can take this to outdoor concerts and tons of other activities without having to make multiple trips. This chair will be the envy of your next trip with friends.
A Throne Fit for a King
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
The mid-September air was fresh, surprisingly warm and with a hint of fall lingering around the corner with the cool breeze off the big lake Gitche Gumee. Our spirits were high and our packs were full with the necessities and nothing more as we set off for our 12 mile day hike to the highly anticipated lunch stop at a waterfall.
...fast forward 3 hours, my out-of-shape, pencil-pushing, weekend-warrior self slogging through the trail, huffing and puffing, approaching each small waterfall saying to my wife, "this is gotta be the one! I really think it is this time!"
Alas, once we reached the mid-point of our jaunt through the forest, there was nothing besides my tuna and cheese sandwich I was more happy to see in my pack than our Helinox Camp Chairs. My other option was a rock...a hard, muddy, dirty, rock. My fat butt deserves better, heck, it demands better, and that's where this chair comes in. Stable, sets up in seconds, comfortable enough to consider throwing out my furniture in my house to replace it with these bad boys. To say I highly recommend them is an understatement, the price tag is high but they're worth it. It's the easiest extra 2 lbs decision to add to your pack.
Honestly I was on the fence between a couple of chair options, (the shorter one is less weight...but you're closer to the ground/mud/water and have to keep your balance a little) but Karissa @ BC helped big time and guided me into this fine tuffet for my muffet. I'm a big guy, 6'2" and 215 on a good day, and this chair supports me so well. If you doubt me, email email@example.com and she'll point you in the right direction.
Robbie!! This is one killer review.. I've put some store credit in your account for the great review and the rad mention!


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Wehrmacht soldier tending to a Russian mother and her baby, Stalingrad.
Wehrmacht soldier tending to a Russian mother and her baby, Stalingrad.
White women need to deal with the fact that most of you voted for Trump. It's the not the job of black women or any marginalised and oppressed person to take responsibility for the actions of their oppressor or to educate their oppressor.
when you think about joining the discourse but then you just
Edward Hopper, Summer Evening (1947) / Vampire Weekend, I Think Ur A Contra (2010)
"From the Depths."
J.A. Mitchell, Appeal to Reason. December 29, 1906.
FDR's satirical rebuke against Republicans who opposed Social Security and the New Deal during the 1936 election.
80 years later the very same Republican Party used the same rhetoric unironically to justify taking away health insurance from 20 million Americans.
i also think this new trend of neo-victorian purity culture in fandom that ridicules people for shipping "bad" ships and attacks writers whose fics have "problematic" content is subtly tied to fandom's new visibility and conditional mainstream acceptance. because of twitter and the increasing celebrity and showrunner interaction with fans, and because representation politics have somehow melded with respectability politics, there's this push to "cleanse" ourselves of weird, freaky, disturbing, embarrassing content and present ourselves to the world as just "normal" people who love tv shows and books. because if they see we're normal and cool, they'll listen to us right? they'll respect our demands right? they'll give us our ships right? nope! instead we're experiencing a massive dearth in fandom creativity because people are only invested in supporting and uplifting canon ships and canon stories, and instead of looking to ourselves for creativity and representation we're depending on showrunners who've never had our best interests at heart. and honestly eff that. i don't care about being seen as "normal". i'm a weirdo! i'm a freak! fandom is weird and freaky and i'm okay with that! in fact, there's power in that. we don't need some stamp of approval from showrunners and celebrities, and we certainly don't need to justify why we write or desire certain content in our fics. be weird! be freaky! be embarrassing! own it! it's the only thing that's truly ours.
This is the Bop. The Bop is a type of social dance. Dance is a language, and social dance is an expression that emerges from a community. A social dance isn't choreographed by any one person. It can't be traced to any one moment. Each dance has steps that everyone can agree on, but it's about the individual and their creative identity Because of that, social dances bubble up, they change, and they spread like wildfire. They are as old as our remembered history.
In African-American social dances, we see over 200 years of how African and African-American traditions influenced our history. The present always contains the past. And the past shapes who we are and who we will be.
Now, social dance is about community and connection; if you knew the steps, it meant you belonged to a group. But what if it becomes a worldwide craze? Enter the Twist.
It's no surprise that the Twist can be traced back to the 19th century, brought to America from the Congo during slavery. But in the late '50s, right before the Civil Rights Movement, the Twist is popularized by Chubby Checker and Dick Clark. Suddenly, everybody's doing the Twist: white teenagers, kids in Latin America, making its way into songs and movies. Through social dance, the boundaries between groups become blurred.
The story continues in the 1980s and '90s. Along with the emergence of hip-hop, African-American social dance took on even more visibility, borrowing from its long past, shaping culture and being shaped by it. Today, these dances continue to evolve, grow and spread.
Why do we dance? To move, to let loose, to express.
Why do we dance together? To heal, to remember, to say: "We speak a common language. We exist and we are free."
From the TED-Ed Lesson The history of African-American social dance - Camille A. Brown
Camille A. Brown is a choreographer fusing dance and social commentary to explore race, sexuality and femininity.
Title Design by Kozmonot Animation Studio
Everyone knows the boldfaced icons of the civil rights movement: MLK, Jr. and Malcolm X. However, there are so many names deserving of praise, like these women.
Workers, socialists, anti-fascists, anarchists and more fill Union Square in New York City on May 1st in 1933.
Daily reminder that the United States is prosperous and existing as it is today only because of the exploitation, destruction, and theft of resources, governments, and people from Central American, Carribbean American, South American, Indigenous North American, African, Southwest, Southeast, and Eastern Asian countries, nations, confederations, and tribes all throughout North American history to today.
America only became great from the destruction, enslavement, and manipulation of others.
And no matter who's in charge of the nation, this trend will always continue.


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Create a look that defines your moment beautifully.
A beautifully crafted wedding invitation, baby announcement or a save the date is a personal story wrapped and slipped into a coordinating envelope just waiting to be shared.
We are proud to be the Lower Mainlands top dealer of Envelopments®. Visit us to see these quality products including their signature Pocket Folds®. We have a limited selection of paper, cardstock and envelopes in stock. Please allow a minimum of 3 weeks to special order your products.
Swatch decks are available in-store to make it easy for you to mix and match the pieces you need to make beautiful invitations or announcements that you can put together yourself.
Please contact us for more information.


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What We Provide
We work hard for our customers, building a reputation for integrity and quality. Times and technology have changed, but our focus on honest service hasn't. That's why repeat customers make up a substantial part of our business. As word of Durgin Electric's quality and dependability spread, the scope of our operations has widened from Aspen to the entire Roaring Fork Valley and beyond. The confidence that the job will be done right brings our customers back. We deliver quality work, on time, on budget—every time. And we remain on-task for follow-up.
These are our major services. If you don't see what you need here, please call us and ask.
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Behold the brilliant cover art of Sineater, Snake Rattle Rattle Snake's new album, by Ravi Zupa
Pardon us for a minute while we marvel at the cover art for the new Snake Rattle Rattle Snake record, would ya? Don't mean to gush, but... wow! As you can see below, Ravi Zupa simply outdid himself, and Kit Peltzel has put it all together in a way that more than does the band justice. Snake Rattle Rattle Snake is releasing its new album, Sineater, next month at the Bluebird in correlation with Greater Than. And while you'll have to wait until then to get your hands on a copy, you can marvel now. Have at it.
cover art courtesy of Greater Than / Snake Rattle Rattle Snake
cover art courtesy of Greater Than / Snake Rattle Rattle Snake
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Minnesota Vikings wide receiver Michael Floyd?is scheduled for a show-cause hearing later this month after court records show he violated the terms of his house arrest by drinking. Floyd is due in Scottsdale, Arizona, court June 26.? In a statement released Friday, Floyd said he "drank several bottles of kombucha tea drinks" while watching a movie at his home on Saturday. The receiver said he was "unaware that the drinks contain alcohol." According to webmd.com, the fermentation process of kombucha tea can yield trace amounts of alcohol. According to documents from the court obtained by ESPN, Floyd was contacted on Monday after a review of alcohol monitoring reports indicated a missed test, as
John McEnroe had a ringside seat for the ugliest bout at Madison Square Garden last season. "It's like a total train wreck," McEnroe said. The low point during a miserable 2016-17 season came when Oakley was dragged out of MSG in the first quarter of a game against the Los Angeles Clippers.
A couple of Cardinals fans got married and decided to spend the rest of their day at Busch Stadium.


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this is the scenario of my problem:
there are pictures of me that I want to delete from a macbook pro and iphone
The owner of the Macbook also has an iphone and an ipad.The Macbook is 3-4years old.
Iphone: He has icloud and he synchronized his iphone to the computer so the pictures are on an album on iphone but cannot be deleted via the phone. As far as I know this can only be deleted via itunes. He has a password for all his electronics and he also uses dropbox and icloud for backup.
Macbook: I have read about how to hack into a mac, but I can only find information on how to reset the password for Mac. Because we are living in the same house, he will understand that I had something to do with changing the password. Unless I can access folders via the new account that is created when booting into the single user mode.
are there files that can be sent via email/ via USB or through the WIFI that can generate his password to enter the laptop. files that can track what he types in in order to retrieve a password?
or any suggestions as what to do???
Thank you very much for taking time to read this and please help me, I am lost!


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DIY a new iPhone case with these free printables.
✝ @elusiveashes ✝
How cute are these tasseled keychains?
Cairo is selling a rack that look like a mini garage. It comes with a little bitty Porsche, Karmann Ghia, Jaguar E-Type, VW bus, or Beetle key chain that you can park so you never lose your keys ag...
Black Double Strand Circle O-RING VELVET Choker Collar Necklace Gothic... (9.70 AUD) ❤ liked on Polyvore featuring jewelry, necklaces, goth choker, black necklace, choker collar necklace, black velvet choker and gothic choker necklace
A personal favorite from my Etsy shop https://www.etsy.com/listing/224318864/bohemian-choker-necklace
http://www.sweatertrends.com/category/ivory-ella/ gold ella necklaces ✨ which one's your favorite: 1, 2 or 3? #savetheelephants
Rocky Canyon, Douro River, Portugal
The Best of Lisbon: A Quick Guide on What to See, Eat & Do • The Overseas Escape


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text:
making crankbaits
i'm trying to make some crank baits for my uncles birthday and mine are not turning out well i'm going to start from scratch i need them done by christmas that is my uncles birthday and i need to make a few dozen thanks
With Instructables you can share what you make with the world, and tap into an ever-growing community of creative experts.How it Works »New Instructable »
167 views
Jul 23, 2008
Let your inbox help you discover our best projects, classes, and contests. Instructables will help you learn how to make anything!
© 2016 Autodesk, Inc.


text:
Red Hat Bugzilla – Bug 164060
Show number of version already installed
Last modified: 2007-11-30 17:11:10 EST
I'm used to using synaptic and I just tried yumex out. There are a few very
small details stopping me from using it like I'm used to use synaptic.
Firstly, in the "update" view, I'd like the ability to see what version is
already installed of a package, so that I know how much difference there is
between the version in the repo.
Secondly, in synaptic I can choose to only show upstream updates, which I think
is very nice. This would be nice in yumex as well!
Just my two cents.
I have add the first one to my todo list.
The second one, im not sure what it means, what is upstream updates ???
(In reply to comment #1)
> I have add the first one to my todo list.
> The second one, im not sure what it means, what is upstream updates ???
It means that it is a new version of the program. For example if rpm packager
does a new rpm of foo-1.5-1 and calls it foo-1.5-2, it's no upstream change, but
if the program comes out in version 1.6 so we get a foo-1.6-1 rpm, it's an
upstream change.
It's quite handy to know if the update is just a small adjustment in the
packaging process or if it's a new version of the program...
I dont think i can make the second one, Yumex is build onto of yum, yum dont
have a upstream feature, as far as i now, so i it will be hard to make.
The current version of a package will be shown in the description window.


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Video Samples
The video sample object is a specialized implementation of the IMFSample interface for use with the Enhanced Video Renderer (EVR). To create an instance of this object, call the MFCreateVideoSampleFromSurface function. The function takes a pointer to a Direct3D surface and returns a pointer to the IMFSample interface. The following types of objects should allocate samples using this function:
Custom EVR presenters. A presenter allocates video samples and sends them to the mixer's IMFTransform::ProcessOutput method. For more information, see How to Write an EVR Presenter.
Video decoders that support video acceleration. For more information, see Supporting DXVA 2.0 in Media Foundation.
The video sample object implements the following interfaces:
If the pUnkSurface parameter of MFCreateVideoSampleFromSurface is non-NULL, the resulting video sample contains a single media buffer that encapsulates the Direct3D surface. This buffer object has limited functionality:
The buffer's IMFMediaBuffer::Lock method returns E_NOTIMPL.
The buffer does not implement the IMF2DBuffer interface.
The only way to access the surface from the buffer is to call IMFGetService::GetService, using the service identifier MR_BUFFER_SERVICE.
If the pUnkSurface parameter is NULL, the video sample is created with zero media buffers. To add a buffer the sample, do the following:
Create a Direct3D surface.
Create a surface buffer by calling MFCreateDXSurfaceBuffer. For more information, see DirectX Surface Buffer.
Add the buffer to the sample by calling IMFSample::AddBuffer.
Use this approach if you need the surface memory to be accessible through the IMF2DBuffer interface.
Related topics


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September 24, 2013 Total Views: 4729 Today: 1
Kuala Lumpur hotels booking).
We stayed for one night after returning from a visit to Penang. We arrived in the morning and they very kindly let us check in then which was brilliant. (We didn't sleep particularly well on the overnight train so this meant we got to have some much needed rest before going out for the day.) The location is ideal: it's just across the road from KL Sentral so the following morning when we had to catch a morning flight we just checked out, hopped on the airport bus and were on our way. The room was small but had good aircon, ensuite bathroom, even a TV. There was wifi in the room but the signal wasn't very strong. I probably wouldn't recommend it for a longer stay but for our purposes it was perfect.
It's close to Sentral KL transportation, I walked there in less than 15 minutes. But remember you need to know the way firstly. Hotel is clean.
We needed an overnight stay before travelling home. We were left alone to do what we wanted, had hot water available for tea or coffee, and access to a computer. An adequate breakfast was also included. There were many restaurants in the street so that we had a choice for dinner.
good place,if u wanna safe the traffic time to airport of kl, here is a good place!cheap, clean, but room is not so big.
The room and the bathroom id very small but since this place is near the kl sentral and we have to go to the airport very early so its ok.
Nothing really, but it was walking distance to the kl sentral train station and i needed to be there very early in the morning, so it was convenient
Its cozy, strategic location (5 mins walk to KL Sentral which is convenient as well as restaurants and shops everywhere plus public transportations), got WiFi facility and budget friendly.
even though I prefer hotelrooms with a window i did not mind too much that this room did not have a window. this way it was very quiet. room was clean and comfortable enough for a short stay. i needed to get to the 'Sentral' station very early in the morning, so the location was ideal. The street it is in is quite busy even at night and downstairs is a 24hour shop.
The location is 2 minute walk to kl sent real monorail station and 7 minute walk to kl Sentral – lcct bus station. It is ideal for somebody arriving late and catching an early morning flights. The room was clean and located on the 2nd floor with the 1st floor being the hotel supermarket


text:
Question about Computers & Internet
Posted by jem222238 on
Looks like HP's server is dead. Please don't ever post your log in information on the internet, it's probably still valid and working, it looks like it's just an error on HP's end, just call their tech support/customer service.
Change your password as soon as possible so no one steals your account
Posted on Apr 12, 2008
SOURCE: I have freestanding Series 8 dishwasher. Lately during the filling cycle water hammer is occurring. How can this be resolved
a 6ya expert can help you resolve that issue over the phone in a minute or two.
best thing about this new service is that you are never placed on hold and get to talk to real repairmen in the US.
the service is completely free and covers almost anything you can think of (from cars to computers, handyman, and even drones).
click here to download the app (for users in the US for now) and get all the help you need.
Posted on Jan 02, 2017
Tips for a great answer:
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text:
Now You See Me 2 (2016)
Posted by Ernst Barlach Posted on 04.42 with No comments
You've just seen the movie categories sequel titled Now You See Me 2 (2016). You can bookmark this page with the URL http://buecher-gezwitscher.blogspot.com/2016/05/now-you-see-me-2-2016.html. Thank you!
Now You See Me 2 (2016) 910109.
Label: sequel


text:
B0044KZPMA Used good or better, we ship best copy available! May have signs of use, may be ex library copy. Book Only. Expedited shipping is 2-6 business days after shipment, standard is 4-14 business days after shipment. Used items do not include access codes, cd's or other accessories, regardless of what is stated in item title. If you need to guarantee that these items are included, please purchase a brand new copy. Bookseller Inventory #
Title: Beginning Radio & TV Newswriting A Self ...
Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
Book Condition: Good
Book Description John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Paperback. Book Condition: new. BRAND NEW, Beginning Radio and TV Newswriting: A Self-instructional Learning Experience (5th Revised edition), K. Tim Wulfemeyer, The fifth edition of this bestselling text instructs students on the basic styles, principles, and techniques of radio and TV newswriting. It makes an ideal supplement to basic newswriting texts or radio and TV industry texts. Offers clear instruction, examples and exercises to guide beginning students in correct radio and TV news style Fully updated and with even more examples, exercises and tests The author has extensive radio and TV news experience, both on-the-air and behind the scenes as a producer, news writer, videographer, newscaster, sportscaster, host and reporter. Bookseller Inventory # B9781405160421
More Information About This Seller | Ask Bookseller a Question
Book Description 2009. Paperback. Book Condition: NEW. 9781405160421 This listing is a new book, a title currently in-print which we order directly and immediately from the publisher. Bookseller Inventory # HTANDREE0771961
More Information About This Seller | Ask Bookseller a Question


text:
Samsung galaxy E5 is one of the best and large screen mobile phone.If you have a Samsung galaxy E5 mobile phone and you are wishing that it is using for internet purpose so, first of all you must be careful that downloading the latest and essential USB connectivity modem of Samsung galaxy E5. Because the USB connectivity modem of every mobile phone is very essential things which help on joining the mobile phone with computer. usb driver available here .If you have a Samsung galaxy E5 and you have needed that the USB connectivity driver of Samsung galaxy E5 and you wishing that it is download them the open this site the USB connectivity modem is available in this site and also 100% sure that downloading them and installed them on computer.After downloading the USB connectivity driver and installed them on computer then during works you may not facing problems.The USB connectivity modem is one of the best and essential things which help on joining the mobile phone with computer.
download usb driver here.


text:
This project is about, making the 8 planets in 3D. We have worked with a lasercutter, 3D printers and related programs as incscape. The first two days has been exciting, as we got to work with the computers, and we got to use our imagination. We work in groups, 3 and 3. Some planets are bigger than others, so it is going to take longer, to create for example, Jupiter, than earth.
We have also got to make a sign for our planet as a magnet, so we can keep up with, how far we have gotten.
The first two days have been a succes, so we're all exited to come back in next week.
Billederne er fundet på nettet og tracet i inkscape. Gækkebreve er efterfølgende skået på laseren i Copenhagen Fablab.
Inscape File
Found this one on thingiverse and scaled it up to work with 4mm MDF, final assembled size is approx. 90 cm x 50 cm. It allmost collapses under it´s own weight :o), so i´m working on a stand for it..
zip file containes 1 x dxf / 3 x pdf for 600x400x4mm MDF (or whatever..)
Ever been to the library and felt overcome by the shear amount of possibilites of different subjects to choose a book from? Here in Copenhagen FabLab we're all about making life easier for you whilst putting some more fun into it. Press the big red button and recieve a random subject to explore. The system is based on DK5 decimal classificationsystem and a randomizer.
Copenhagen FabLab's very own cooperative design chess project. The project is started by our educatinal FabCreation track but feel free to chip in. Make your peace by making a piece!
Copenhagen municipal libraries have gone robotic! With our new intelligent materials management system the expectation is that books move around between the libraries seemingly by magic, or atleast by robotics. For the patron this means that when ordering a book it magicly appears on a specific shelf with a designated numbers, the patron receives a text message with this information when the book is available for pick up. The specific shelf is indicated by a markersign with a number and a rfid-chip.
Welcome to the very open library! And welcome to the orderly library?Copenhagen Public Libraries has greatly expanded their opening hours by providing selfserviced acces after the staff goes home for well deserved rest and recreation. So what happends when the library is open and the staff has gone home? We don't know! What we do know is that cleaning up after patrons isn't our favourite morning activity. So could we gently nudge our patrons to use our facilities to dispose of their waste? Hack a can to persuade the man!
Here in Copenhagen Fablab we'd like you to take care of our tools and their whereabouts. We know that FabLab is a busy place and needs constant tidying up and organizing. To help all of us we've started making digital templates for the outlay of all our tools in the lab. In this way we can easily cut or engrave organizing boards for our walls or drawers. With the digital compilation it's so much easier to change the outlay of a given location. What if this drawer needs 2 screwdrivers and 1 hammer instead og 2 hammers and 1 screwdiver?
I used the empty space in the lazercutting to make the ornaments , on the harp and the small rubberband- guitars.
Copenhagen Fablab is an open access tool workshop situated on 4th floor at Valby Kulturhus- which is part of Kultur Valby and Kultur Syd.
Valby Kulturhus
Valgårdsvej 4-8
2500 Valby
Mon-Sun: 8AM - 10:30PM
View Map


text:
Terms of UseWelcome to the Reynolds, Bone & Griesbeck PLC Web site (the "Site"). By accessing or using this Site, you agree to follow and be legally bound by these Terms of Use.
Legal DisclaimerThe information on this Site has been provided by Reynolds, Bone & Griesbeck PLC ("RBG") to offer the user general information of interest. The application and impact of laws can vary widely based on the specified facts involved. Given the changing nature of laws, rules and regulations, and the inherent hazards of electronic communication, there may be delays, omissions or inaccuracies in information contained on this Site. Accordingly, the information on this Site does not constitute legal, accounting, tax or other professional advice or services. You should consult with an RBG or other professional advisor familiar with your particular factual situation for advice concerning specific tax or other matters before making any decision.
While RBG has made every attempt to ensure that the information contained in this Site has been obtained from reliable sources, RBG is not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for the results obtained from the use of this information. ALL INFORMATION IN THIS SITE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITH NO GUARANTEE OF COMPLETENESS, ACCURACY, OR TIMELINESS, OR OF THE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM THE USE OF THIS INFORMATION, AND WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, WARRANTIES OF PERFORMANCE, MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. In no event will RBG, or RBG's members, agents or employees be liable to you or anyone else for any decision made or action taken in reliance on the information in this Site or for any consequential, special or similar damages, even if advised of the possibility of such damages.
Certain links on this Site lead to servers maintained by individuals or organizations over which RBG has no control. RBG makes no representations or warranties regarding the accuracy or any other aspect of the information located on such servers. A link to a third party's Web site should not be construed as an endorsement by either RBG or that third party of the other or its products or services. RBG assumes no liability for any damages you may suffer from visiting such linked sites, including without limitation, damages caused by computer viruses, Trojan horses or other destructive/disruptive codes which may be downloaded from such linked sites.
RBG, the RBG logo, the names of its respective products and services, and all page headers, footers, and icons are trademarks or registered trademarks of RBG. All other product names mentioned on this site may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners and are mentioned for identification purposes only.
Except where noted otherwise, all material on this Site is Copyright © 2007 Reynolds, Bone & Griesbeck PLC. All rights reserved. No part of the materials on this Site, including but not limited to the text, graphics and html code, maybe reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without RBG's written permission.


text:
Imported - All items are shipped from the UK. All sizes on this site are US sizes.
Order in the next 18 hours & 16 minutes for express delivery
Oui Sequin Clutch This gorgeous embellished statement clutch bag
will make any outfit pop!
Free standard shipping on all orders over $80
Tracked and faster shippingdelivered within 4 working days
Contact us


text:
Kalypso Media today unveiled the official web site for The Dark Eye – Demonicon, the upcoming third person action-RPG for consoles and Windows PC. The new site offers game info, new screens and trailers that showcase the dark world of Demonicon, and its insidious inhabitants.
« Enter the Darkness with New Demonicon Screens Video interview and new game footage »


text:
Apartment Features
- Air Conditioning
- All Paid Utilities
- Balcony
- Cable Ready
- Dishwasher
- Gas Range
- Oversized Closets
- Some Paid Utilities
- View
- Garbage Disposal
- Refrigerator
Special Features
- Pets
- Short Term Available
Community Features
- Accepts Electronic Payments
- Emergency Maintenance
- Extra Storage
- High Speed Internet Access
- Laundry Facility
- Playground
- Public Transportation
- Swimming Pool
- Pet Friendly
Additional Features
- Paid Utilities: Water, Sewer, Trash, Gas, Electric
- Individually controlled a/c, heating
- Large living room and dining area
- Maximum sound- proofing
- Fully-equipped Kitchens
- Wall-to-wall carpeting
- 1 1/2-2 bathrooms depending on apartment size
- Oversized closets with double shelves
- Ceramic floor tile
- Built-in Laundry hamper
- Patio or balcony
- Central heat and air conditioning
- Cable ready
- Glass enclosed entrance foyer
- Fully equipped laundry room
- Individual storage compartments*
- Play area
- Swimming pool
- Located in residential area served by city bus
- Within walking distance to area shopping center
- Convenient to interchange of U.S. 40 and I-70
- *Additional storage units available at our Brookme
- Pets Welcome
- $250 non-refundable pet fee; limit two (2) pets Pets Accepted
- Breed Restriction
Floor Plans & Pricing
Prices and availability subject to change without notice.
Property Details
Edgewood Hill Apartments
Edgewood Apartments offers spacious 2 bedroom, 2 bedroom and den and 3 bedroom apartment homes. This community is conveniently located in the heart of Hagerstown, close to shopping and dining. Call us for a tour of your new apartment home today! All utilites are included!!!
Lease Terms
6-Month, 12-Month
Office Hours
Open Today
Please call for hours. Call today to schedule an appointment.
Ratings & Reviews
General Directions
From Interstate 70 take exit 32B (Route 40 West). Go to your first traffic light and make a right on Edgewood. After you turn right Edgewood is the third entrance on your right. Follow the road back and bear to your right and you will see signs for the management office on your right.
Helpful Information
Fax: 3017974053
Visit the property's management website


text:
Car Free Day - Commercial Drive 2017
- July 9, 2017
- Location: Commerical Drive
- Address:
- Commerical Drive
- from Venables to North Grandview
- Vancouver, BC
- Admission: Free
Sunday, July 9, 2017
Commerical Drive between Venebles and North Grandview
Known as Vancouver's "Little Italy", Commercial Drive is a creative and bohemian neighbourhood east of downtown. There are many unique shopping, food and entertainment destinations, and the community has a love for its heritage history.
The 15 block long street festival features amazing local artisans, musicians, vendors & community groups, delicious food straight from the Drive, and tons of entertainment and activities for all ages. As the place that Car Free Day began, Commercial Drive stays true to its' grassroots beginnings and the story behind the festival. There is a strong message of advocacy and activism for providing car free spaces and green culture for the community.
For more information please visit carfreevancouver.org
Commerical Drive


text:
Rip dad
Until we see each other again buddy... I miss you more every day. Words can't describe your loss... Love You Buddy...
Amen, forever loved always missed! RIP Grandpa
In are society today, marriage is not working out. People are getting married to young and then regretting it after they have a kid and separated. In are world today people are seeing that, their is not a lot of married parents. In "The Adoration of Jenna Fox" she didn't grow up with her birth parents and she never knew who her real parents were. Jenna really wanted to know who her dad was and what he looked like but her adopted parents only had videos of her parents and her but not just…
I hide my tears when I say your name. #remembrance #grief #loss | all-greatquotes.com
If love could have saved yu,you would have lived forever.
All the time but I usually just say your name! Love you my precious daughter with all my heart and soul!
Brings back so many memories of when my dad left for war three times...
Memorial plaque by OverwhelmedByLove on Etsy
No matter how old she may be, sometimes a girl just needs her dad Quote | The Dads | Survival + Peace Blog