text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Mar 5, 2002
|Filing date
|Nov 18, 1997
|Priority date
|Nov 21, 1996
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Douglas Alan Brooks
|Original Assignee
|Advanced Fluid Systems Limited
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (16), Referenced by (60), Classifications (15), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to a flow-control valve assembly and, in one aspect, is particularly concerned with a flow-control valve assembly for controlling the flow of a field-responsive fluid bidirectionally. This invention also relates to dampers incorporating such valve assemblies and to the use of such dampers.
Examples of field-responsive fluids (hereinafter simply called FR fluids), are electro-rheological fluids (hereinafter simply called ER fluids), whose rheology can be changed by an electric field, and magneto-rheological fluids (hereinafter simply called MR fluids), whose rheology can be changed by a magnetic field. ER fluids exhibit a characteristic change in viscosity or apparent viscosity when an electric field is applied; and in the case of MR fluids, a similar effect is observed when a magnetic field is applied.
For effecting flow control in ER fluids, it is commonly the practice to pass such ER fluid along an extended path between electrodes and to apply an electric field to the ER fluid so as to control its resistance to flow and therefore the pressure drop across the restrictor thereby defined. Similarly, flow control of MR fluids can be controlled by applying a magnetic field. The rate at which energy can be dissipated through the ER or MR effect is inter alia proportional to the volume of ER or MR fluid in the appropriate electric or magnetic field. In practice, this often means that devices using such fluids are too large for certain applications or too large to be economically feasible, both in terms of the volume of FR required and the large power demands necessary, particularly where high pressure drops are required.
WO94/21938 discloses a flow-control valve suitable for use with ER fluids wherein a first flow restrictor including a resilient diaphragm is disposed in a flow path between an inlet port and an outlet port and a second flow restrictor is disposed in the flow path upstream of the first flow restrictor so as to affect the pressure drop across the diaphragm. The second flow restrictor includes electrodes for applying an electric field as it passes through the second flow restrictor, to enable control of the resistance to flow of the ER fluid therethrough and thereby to enable control of the pressure drop across the diaphragm.
It has been found in practice that the control valve disclosed in WO94/21938 can be difficult to control and tends to be either fully closed or fully open, with little repeatable control between these two states. Additionally, the majority of the pressure drop across the diaphragm is found to be due to pressure drops throughout the entire flow path, rather than as a result of fluid flow through the ER valve section. This can lead to difficulties in ensuring a controlled and well-defined pressure drop across the diaphragm.
For use in a damper, it is important that this flow-control valve does not remain completely closed when the damper experiences a large force, since there would be no damping and the lack of pressure relief may give rise to a dangerous situation.
It is an object of the first aspect of the present invention to provide a field-responsive-fluid-control valve assembly which obviates or mitigates these problems.
According to said first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a flow-control valve assembly for a field-responsive (FR) fluid, said valve assembly comprising:
an inlet port;
an outlet port;
a flow path for FR fluid extending between the inlet and outlet ports;
a flow-control valve disposed in the flow path between the ports, said flow-control valve including a valve member which is moveable between a first position in which the valve is open, and a second position in which the valve is closed;
a flow restrictor disposed in the flow path upstream of the flow-control valve, said flow restrictor including means for applying a field to the FR fluid as it passes through the flow restrictor to enable control of the resistance to flow of the FR fluid therethrough, so as to affect a pressure drop across the valve member, and thereby to control movement of the valve member between its first and second positions; and
a bypass passage defining a pressure-relief means, which can permit flow between inlet and outlet ports when the valve member is in the second position, said bypass passage being disposed downstream of the flow restrictor.
When an MR fluid is used, the flow rate of MR fluid passing through the valve assembly can be controlled by a magnetic field that is controlled by the applied electric current. When an ER fluid is used, the flow rate of ER fluid passing through the valve assembly can be controlled by an electric field that is controlled by the applied voltage. A combination of ER and MR fluids may be used, in which case control will be provided by both the voltage and current signals.
The means for applying an electric field to the ER fluid may be of the type described in WO94/21938. The means for applying a magnetic field to the MR fluid may include a permanent magnet or an electromagnet. In the case of an electromagnet, a field of varying intensity can be applied by adjusting the current passing through the electromagnet.
Preferably, the valve member is resiliently biased into its first position and, more preferably is a resilient diaphragm, for example a diaphragm of the type described in WO94/21938.
The flow-control valve may additionally comprise means for varying the resistance to deformation of the diaphragm. Preferably said means comprises a diaphragm support which is shaped so that, in use, the effective diameter of the diaphragm is changed, preferably reduced, as it is deformed.
The size of the bypass passage (cross-sectional area and length) determines the maximum energy that the flow-control valve assembly can dissipate for a given flow-control valve. The bypass passage may incorporate a pressure-relief valve which may be a cantilevered spring flap. The force on the pressure-relief valve is determined inter alia by the pressure drop across the valve member as it closes. Advantageously, the threshold opening pressure of the pressure-relief valve and the size of the bypass passage can be varied from one application to another, in order to provide different pressure-relief profiles. For example, in the case of a cantilevered spring flap, the strength of the spring may be such that the flap gradually opens as the valve member closes. Alternatively, a stronger spring may permit the valve member to close completely before the flap opens.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a damper comprising a cylinder in which a piston with piston rod is slidable, an FR fluid-flow passage interconnecting opposite sides of the piston, and a flow-control valve assembly controlling flow of FR fluid through said fluid-flow passage, wherein the flow-control valve assembly is in accordance with said first aspect of the present invention.
Preferably said piston incorporates said flow-control valve assembly.
Said damper may include first and second flow-control valve assemblies adjacently disposed and orientated so that they respectively control flow of FR fluid through said fluid-flow passage in opposite directions, wherein at least one of said flow-control valve assemblies is in accordance with said first aspect of the present invention. Additionally, said flow-control valve assemblies may each include a one-way valve disposed so as to permit flow into the FR fluid-flow passage.
Preferably said flow-control valve assemblies share a common valve member. Most preferably, the common valve member is a resilient diaphragm which is moveable between a first position in which both flow-control valves are open, and second and third positions in which only th e first flow-control valve is open and only the second flow-control valve is open, respectively.
Advantageously, the flow-control valve assemblies can be constructed to have different flow-control characteristics and/or can be controlled, in order to present different damping effects on the compression and extension strokes of the piston.
According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a fluid-flow control device, comprising a body having an FR fluid-flow passage therein, and control means to apply a field across the passage so as to vary the resistance to flow of the FR fluid through the passage, wherein the control means is arranged to apply a variable field pulsing between relatively high and low states.
Preferably said high and low states are on and off states, ie the power supply is digital. Preferably said control means incorporates means to allow the width of the pulses to be varied.
Advantageously, no control is required other than for the duration of the pulses, since the magnitude and smoothness of the pulses are not critical, making the power supply simple and inexpensive to produce.
The pulsed field may be provided by an alternating or pulsed electric voltage to control an ER fluid or an alternating or pulsed electric current to control an MR fluid.
Preferably, a flow-control valve assembly according to said first aspect of the present invention is controlled by a pulsed field in accordance with said third aspect of the present invention. Since the damping force is determined by the width of the pulses, there is no need to control the valve member accurately during transition between its first and second positions.
Advantageously, such a pulsed field can be used to enable the valve member to oscillate in use between its first and second positions. By varying the width of the pulses, any value of damping force can be developed between the minimum and maximum of the flow-control device.
Preferably, a damper according to said second aspect of the present invention uses an ER fluid and is controlled by a pulsed voltage in accordance with said third aspect of the present invention.
Advantageously, a much smaller flow-control valve can be used, reducing power consumption significantly. In addition, weaker FR fluids may be used, since the FR fluid is required only to operate the flow-control valve, not to provide the total damping force. The high energy loss dependent on the length and cross-sectional area of the bypass passage is independent of variations in temperature. The overall effect is that the damper mimics a manually controlled or solenoid-controlled dual-orifice damper, but with a significantly faster response. Thus it is to be understood that the damping force can be altered within a single stroke of the damper.
The width of the pulses may be determined by the force experienced by the damper, so that for a small force the "on" pulses are short and for a large force they are long. Alternatively, the width of the pulses may be linked to the length of travel of the piston in the cylinder, with longer "on" pulses provided for longer movements of the piston. In either case, it is possible to balance a sufficient degree of damping with smooth motion of the piston.
A damper according to the second aspect of the present invention may be used in an agricultural vehicle seat assembly. Further uses for such a damper include prosthetic limbs, bicycle or motorcycle suspension units, lateral or vertical rail rolling stock damping, primary automotive suspensions, vehicle cab, ambulance and motor vehicle isolation, washing machine drum rotation damping, high speed centrifuge balancing and exercise equipment such as rowing machines and multigyms.
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is an axial section through part of a damper according to the present invention;
FIG. 1a shows a detail modification of the damper illustrated in FIG. 1;
FIG. 2 is an axial section through part of a bidirectional damper according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is an axial section of the whole damper illustrated in part in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is an axial section of a further embodiment of a bidirectional damper according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a seat assembly incorporating a bidirectional damper according to the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of a fork-suspension unit of a bicycle incorporating a damper according to the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of a prosthetic leg incorporating a damper according to the present invention;
FIGS. 8 and 9 are graphs plotting force against velocity for modified damper assemblies according to the present invention; and
FIGS. 10 to 13 are schematic views of modified diaphragm assemblies for use in dampers according to the present invention.
Referring now to FIG. 1, the illustrated damper comprises a closed-ended cylinder 2, a piston 4 which is slidable on a piston rod (not shown) within the cylinder 2 and which is biased by a spring (not shown) in the direction of arrow A, and a control device 5 capable of applying a pulsed voltage across first and second electrodes 8 and 18. The piston 4 includes a flow-control valve assembly wherein fluid flow is controlled through the latter when the piston 4 is moved against the action of the spring. Cylinder 2 has an outer wall 6 and an inner sleeve forming the first electrode 8, the outer wall 6 and the first electrode 8 being separated by an intermediate electrically-insulating plastics sleeve 10.
The flow-control valve assembly comprises an annular port 12, a central port 14 and a flow path therebetween. A flow restrictor in the form of an annular passage 16, located in the flow path, is defined between the electrodes 8 and 18. The second annular electrode 18 has an inwardly extending lip 18 a and inner rim 18 b thereupon. A seating recess is defined by the annular surface 18, lip 18 a and rim 18 b, in which an O-ring 20 is located. The O-ring 20 provides support for a resilient flat diaphragm 22 located within the annular electrode 18. A pressure-fluctuation damper and flow diffuser 23 locates the diaphragm 22 and comprises a circular plate 24 having an annular rib 24 a which contacts the diaphragm 22 and which is aligned with the O-ring 20. The plate 24 has a ring of orifices 26 extending axially therethrough, each orifice 26 having a circular cross section whose diameter increases from a mid-region of the plate 24 towards the diaphragm 22. The orifices 26 communicate with a common chamber 27 disposed inwardly of the rib 24 a and between the plate 24 and the diaphragm 22. A spring retaining clip 28 abuts the plate 24 and serves to ensure that the lip 18 a of the second electrode 18, O-ring 20 and diaphragm 22 are sealingly engaged, so that no fluid can leak around the diaphragm 22.
An end surface of the piston 4 in which the port 14 is provided is defined by an annular support plate 30 and a rim 32 a of an overlying plastics, electrically-insulating, annular member 32. The member 32 is a sliding fit within the inner sleeve 8 of the cylinder 2 and sealed therewith by an O-ring 34 located in an outer peripheral groove 32 b in the member 32. A central hollow boss 36 has a larger diameter section 36 a which is stepped to receive an annular plastics flap-valve member 38. The larger diameter section 36 a is seated on the support plate 30 and secured thereto, e.g. by welding, so as to secure the members 32 and 38 together in mutual abutment, with the flap-valve member 38 closing a return passage 60 extending through both the annular member 32 and the plate 30. A smaller diameter section 36 c of boss 36 is positioned inside the lip 18 a of the second electrode 18, has a bypass passage 39 defined by a hole therethrough, and a free end 40 which provides a seating surface for the diaphragm 22 when the diaphragm 22 is deformed under pressure. The hollow region within the smaller diameter area 36 c of the boss 36 defines an outlet passage 45 for the diaphragm valve. The section 36 c is spaced inwardly of the lip 18 a and is secured thereto by a series of spaced radially extending flanges 41, so that the flow path extends between the flanges 41 whereby to provide communication between the interior of the hollow boss 36 and a chamber 43 (and hence the annular passage 16) via the free end 40 and the bypass passage 39. The smaller diameter section 36 c is connected to the larger diameter section 36 a by an intermediate frusto-conical section 36 b. A sealing O-ring 42 prevents leakage of fluid between the boss 36 and support plate 30.
In use, the cylinder 2 is filled with ER fluid so as to surround and fill the piston 4. When a force is applied to the damper causing the piston 4 to move along the cylinder 2 against the action of the spring in a direction opposite to arrow A, there is motion of the ER fluid relative to the piston 4 in the direction of arrow A. The fluid passes through the annular port 12, acting as an inlet port, to the chamber 43 via the annular passage 16. From there it passes into the hollow boss 36 via the space between the diaphragm 22 and free end 40 of the boss 36 which define a diaphragm valve, and via the bypass passage 39. Fluid exits the fluid-flow control valve assembly through the port 14, acting as an outlet port. It will therefore be understood that the overall resistance to flow of the fluid between the port 12 and the port 14 determines the degree of damping.
At the same time, fluid passes through the pressure-fluctuation damper and flow diffuser 23 into common chamber 27 and exerts a pressure on the upstream surface of the diaphragm 22 (the upper surface as viewed in FIG. 1). The locations and shapes of the orifices 26 serve to limit pressure variation across the upstream surface of the diaphragm 22. As a result of the restricted flow through the annular passage 16, there is a pressure drop across the diaphragm 22. It will be understood that the size of the pressure drop is dependent inter alia upon the length and cross-sectional area of the annular passage 16 and the speed at which the piston 4 is moving. At high speed, i.e. large applied force, the diaphragm 22 becomes firmly seated against the free end 40 of the boss 36, so closing the diaphragm valve. The piston 4 will not become completely locked however, because fluid can still pass through the bypass passage 39. The cross-sectional area and length of the bypass passage 39 affects the maximum energy that can be dissipated by the fluid-flow control valve assembly when the diaphragm valve is closed.
When a voltage is applied by the control device 5 across the electrodes 8 and 18, the viscosity of the ER fluid is increased while it passes through the annular passage 16, thereby increasing the pressure drop across the diaphragm 22. The force required to close the diaphragm valve is therefore greatly reduced. For any applied force on the piston 4, the damping effect is at a maximum when there is an applied voltage and at a minimum when there is no applied voltage, the degree of damping being determined by the annular passage 16, the bypass passage 39 and the diaphragm valve. If the voltage is pulsed on and off during the application of a sufficiently large force, the diaphragm valve will oscillate between its closed and open positions, respectively. The level of the damping effect can therefore be controlled by the respective lengths of the "on" and "off" pulses, and will be between the minimum and maximum value for any applied force, having regard to the cross-sectional areas and lengths of the bypass passage 39 and the annular passage 16. A smaller applied force may not be sufficient to close the diaphragm valve even when a voltage is applied across the electrodes 8 and 18, because there is not a sufficient pressure drop across the diaphragm 22. In this case, the degree of damping is determined by the restriction to flow due to the bypass passage 39, annular passage 16 and partially open diaphragm valve.
When the force on the piston 4 is released, the action of the spring will return the piston 4 to its original position. This causes a pressure increase in the return passage 60 which opens the flap-valve member 38 and allows ER fluid to flow past the piston 4 via chamber 43, annular passage 16 and port 12 now acting as an outlet port. Additionally some ER fluid can flow back through the valve assembly from port 14, now acting as an inlet port, to the port 12 via the hollow boss 36, the now-open diaphragm valve and the passage 39, the chamber 43 and the annular passage 16. The damping effect in this direction is thus much reduced. If desired, a pulsing field may be applied to the ER fluid returning through the passage 16.
In the modification illustrated in FIG 1 a, the inner rim 18 b of the annular electrode 18 has a convexly curved surface 18 c disposed towards the diaphragm 22.
In use, as the diaphragm 22 deforms towards the inner rim 18 b, the area of contact between the surface 18 c of the inner rim 18 b and the diaphragm 22 moves inwardly with respect to the diaphragm 22. This has the effect of reducing the effective diameter of the diaphragm 22 and so its stiffness or resistance to deformation is increased. This alters the closing characteristics of the diaphragm valve. The shape of the curved surface 18 c can thus be chosen to achieve the desired characteristics.
Referring now to FIG. 2, parts which are similar to those of the embodiment of FIG. 1 are accorded the same reference numerals. An embodiment of a damper according to the invention is shown in which a pair of flow-control valve assemblies, which are in effect mirror images of each other, are defined by piston 4 within the cylinder 2, so as to be able to control flow of an ER fluid bidirectionally. The piston 4 comprises female and male piston elements 4A and 4B. The female element 4A is cup shaped and is internally screw-threaded so as to be able to engage externally screw-threaded male element 4B. The outer wall of the female piston elements 4A defines annular electrode 18. A chamber is defined internally of the engaged piston elements 4A and 4B in which the diaphragm 22 is located, said diaphragm 22 separating the chamber into two common chambers 27 and 127.
The elements forming one of the flow-control valve assemblies will now be described. The other flow-control valve assembly is similarly constructed and for clarity corresponding parts are similarly labelled but in the 100 series. Leakage of fluid around the diaphragm 22 is prevented by O-ring 20 which is sealingly in contact with the diaphragm 22 and a seating recess defined by a flange 50 and inner rim 52 of element 4A. Associated with chamber 127 is a circular plate 54 serving the function of boss region 36 c of FIG. 1. The plate 54 has a hole defining outlet passage 45 of the diaphragm valve in a thicker semi-circular region 54 a and a hole defining bypass passage 39 in a thinner semicircular region 54 b. The plate 54 is stepped in such a way that the thinner region 54 b, and hence the bypass passage 39, is further from the diaphragm 22 than the thicker region 54 a so that it can never be closed by the diaphragm 22. The diaphragm 22 is equidistant from plates 54 and 154 so that pressure on either side can deform it so as to close the adjacent end of outlet passage 45 or 145 completely.
An internally screw threaded annular sleeve portion 56 of the piston element 4A extends so as to abut support plate 30 which is secured to the annular sleeve portion 56 by engagement with an externally screw-threaded piston rod 66. The rod 66 has a peripheral axial groove 66 a which extends out of the piston 4. The entrance to the passage formed by the groove 66 a and the plate 30 defines port 14. Insulating member 32 and support plate 30 are provided with communicating holes defining flow passage 60 and port 112. Flap-valve member 38 is held between the insulating member 32 and piston element 4A by a stepped region 64 of the latter, and covers the flow passage 60 at the diaphragm-adjacent end of the latter. On the opposite side of the piston 4, an internally screw-threaded annular sleeve portion 156, extending from piston element 4B, is engaged with a screw-threaded spigot 158 having a passage therethrough, the flared entrance to which defines port 114. The spigot 158 secures the corresponding parts in a similar manner to the piston rod 66.
In use, when the piston 4 moves in the direction of arrow B, ER fluid passes into the piston 4 via ports 12 and 114, with the port 12 acting as the primary inlet port. Passage of ER fluid from flow passage 160 into chamber 143 is enabled by opening of a flap valve defined by the end of flow passage 160 remote from port 12 and the flap-valve member 138. A corresponding flap valve, defined by the end of flow passage 60 remote from port 112 and the flap-valve member 38, remains closed, thus ensuring that fluid is directed into common chamber 127 after passing through annular passage 16. The shape of plate 54 is such that, when the diaphragm 22 deforms to cover the outlet passage 45 of plate 54, the bypass passage 39 remains open and so allows flow between the annular passage 16 and port 14, acting as the outlet port. It is to be understood that the damping characteristics of this damper are determined by the same principles explained in connection with the damper shown in FIG. 1.
When the piston 4 moves in the opposite direction, port 112 acts as the primary inlet port and flow is controlled in an analogous manner by the corresponding parts through the second flow control valve assembly, with fluid exiting the piston 4 through the port 114.
Referring now to FIG. 3, the complete damper illustrated in part in FIG. 2 is shown and the same parts are accorded the same reference numerals. On the piston rod side of the piston 4, ER fluid is maintained in the cylinder 2 by an annular seal 68 extending around the piston rod 66, which in turn is held in place by an end cap 70 a and a snap ring 72. On the opposite side of the piston 4, the cylinder 2 is sealed by a welded-on end cap 70 b fitted internally with a rubber stop 74. A number of O-rings 76 serve to seal the electrode 8 and insulating sleeve 10 within the cylinder 2 and prevent leakage of fluid. The end of the piston rod 66 extending out of the cylinder 2 and the end cap 70 b are provided with annular fixing regions 78 which can be used to secure a mechanical device for which damping is required.
Referring now to FIG. 4, a modification of the bidirectional damper of FIG. 2 is shown in part, wherein plate 54 is of uniform thickness and contains only the single hole 45. Bypass passage 39 is now located outside of piston element 4A and passes through flap-valve member 38, insulating member 32 and support plate 30. A cantilevered spring flap 80 ensures that the bypass passage 39 remains closed, so maintaining flow through chamber 127, until the diaphragm 22 (shown in part) becomes closed. Subsequent pressure increase will force the spring flap 80 to open at a pressure determined by the strength of the spring. One or both sides of the piston 4 shown in FIG. 2 may be modified in this way.
FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a seat assembly incorporating a bidirectional damper 82 according to the present invention. A seat 84 is secured to a base 86 by two pairs of scissor-action metal struts 88 (only one pair shown) located at opposite ends of the seat 84. At each securing point, ends 88 b of struts 88 are secured so as to be slidable in a channel 90. The two struts 88 comprising each pair are pivotally secured to each other at their midpoints 88 a. The damper 82 according to the present invention and a compression spring 92 are disposed between and secured to the seat 84 and the base 86.
In use, the seat assembly shown will form part of a vehicle in which significant forces are normally transmitted to the seat, for example in an agricultural vehicle. When a force is applied to the seat assembly which compresses the spring 92, the ends 88 b of the metal struts 88 slide outwards in the channels 90 and the struts 88 pivot about their midpoint 88 a, allowing the seat 84 to move towards the base 86. Damping of this force is effected by the damper 82 in a manner as described above. When the force is removed, the compressed spring 92 urges the seat 84 away from the base 86 and the metal struts 88 pivot about their midpoint 88 a and the ends 88 b slide inwards in the channels 90. The force of the spring 92 is also damped by the bidirectional damper 82.
Referring now to FIG. 6, a unidirectional damper 182 of the type described in FIG. 1 and compression spring 192 are disposed on opposite sides of a wheel 194 within respective upper tubes 196 of a telescopic suspension fork of a bicycle frame 198. Each of the damper 182 and spring 192 is anchored at one end to the frame and at the other to a respective lower tube 100 which is slidable within a respective one of the upper tubes 196. The lower tubes 100 carry a spindle 102 a of a wheel 194. Damping is effected in the manner already described.
FIG. 7 is a representation of a prosthetic leg 104 in which a bidirectional damper 82 is anchored above and below the knee 104 a so as to provide damping of the forces produced when the leg 104 impacts the ground, for example when walking.
In the dampers described above in relation to FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, the damping force is approximately proportional to the square of the velocity of the damper and the rate of change of damping force, at a given velocity, is very non-linear with applied field.
In some instances, it is preferable to change these characteristics and preferably to linearise either or both of them. To achieve this, an arrangement of the type described above with reference to FIG. 4 may be utilised. Thus, the above-described by-pass passage may be controlled defined by at least one hole provided with a cantilevered spring flap or other resiliently-biassed closure means defining a pressure-relief valve. In the case of a single hole, the resiliently-biassed closure means may be provided by a simple cantilever blade spring which is biassed into a position in which it closes the hole. In the case of a series of holes, the resiliently-biassed closure means may be provided by circular disk springs. The characteristics of the closure means, for example the dimensions of the springs, width, length and thickness or outer diameter, inner diameter and thickness in the case of cantilever springs, dictate the pressure required to open the spring or springs and hence control the shape of the force/velocity profile.
In a preferred arrangement, the characteristic aimed for is one of an initially stiff spring that opens slowly and becomes progressively weaker. The force versus velocity characteristic can then become as illustrated in accompanying FIG. 8. This force can then be linearised by replacing the single spring with a series of springs having different spring characteristics. This enables the curve to be linearised as illustrated in accompanying FIG. 9.
In a similar fashion, a series of holes forming the by-pass passage can be covered with a disk spring, or a series of disk springs. The advantage of the disk springs is that they are easier to locate in relation to the holes and the rest of the damper.
In order to provide a more linear rate of change of damper force at a given velocity, the diaphragm assembly has deflection characteristics which are better linearised with applied field. In such diaphragm assembly the deflection characteristic stiffens with deflection.
This can be achieved in a number of ways. An arrangement of the type described above with reference to FIG. 1a may be provided. Alternatively, the flexible diaphragm can be replaced with a rigid metal diaphragm and the required deflection achieved by supporting the diaphragm on an elastomeric support forming part of the assembly. For example, as shown in FIG. 10, the O-rings 20 and 120 upon which the diaphragm 22 is seated may be formed of a soft sealing material providing flexible sealing supports. Instead of the diaphragm 22 being formed of rigid metal, a semi-flexible diaphragm 22 may be used with elastomeric O-rings 20 and 120. Instead of using O-rings, other sealing geometries are equally suitable, for example quad rings (also known as X-rings), delta rings or square section rings can alternatively be employed.
The Young's Modulus of the diaphragm support is dictated by the hardness of the elastomeric material of construction thereof. This can be used to control deflection of the support. By careful selection of the material of construction of the ring or other resilient support for the diaphragm, it is possible to generate a stiffening spring thereby to reduce the non-linearities inherent in an ordinary flexible diaphragm.
The use of a semi-flexible diaphragm and elastomeric support enables a stiffer diaphragm to be used in conjunction with softer elastomeric O-rings or other supports to develop a range of controllable characteristics.
In accompanying FIG. 1, an alternative arrangement is illustrated wherein the effective stiffness of the diaphragm 22 is controlled by use of a supporting spring element 210 which may be a compression, conical or disk spring (eg a Belleville washer spring) and which may be mounted so as to surround boss 36 in which outlet passage 45 is formed.
In some instances, it is desirable to have one direction of movement of the damper electronically controlled and the other mechanically adjustable. This can be achieved by employing a needle valve 220 as illustrated in FIG. 12 or an adjustable end stop 230 as illustrated in FIG. 13.
In FIG. 12, the needle valve 220 operates by varying the orifice size of the passage 45. The needle valve may be a tapered needle in a plain hole or a plain needle in a tapered hole.
Alternatively and as shown in FIG. 13, deflection of the diaphragm 22 can be limited by using the adjustable end stop 230 which takes the form of a needle. In this case, the diaphragm 22 deflects to a given amount, controlled by the pressure drop across the diaphragm 22, before its deflection is stopped by the end stop 230. In FIG. 13, the deflection of the diaphragm 22 is additionally controlled by compression spring 210 interposed between the end stop 230 and the diaphragm 22.
In all of the above embodiments, the diaphragm 22 is formed of an isotropic material. It is, however, within the scope of the present invention for the diaphragm to be formed of an anisotropic material, for example a variable modulus polymer material, permitting the material to have a stiffness which varies radially of the diaphragm, thereby enabling variable deflection characteristics to be achieved without the need to provide the previously described external means for mechanically varying the deflection characteristics of the diaphragm.
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|Crosby Gernon
|Electromagnetic rheological (EMR) fluid and method for using the EMR fluid
|May 6, 2005
|Apr 6, 2010
|�ssur hf
|Systems and methods of controlling pressure within a prosthetic knee
|Jul 28, 2006
|May 18, 2010
|Lg Electronics Inc.
|Automatic height adjustment leg of laundry handling apparatus and laundry handling apparatus
|Oct 8, 2007
|Sep 21, 2010
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Control system for prosthetic knee
|Mar 23, 2009
|Nov 15, 2011
|�ssur hf.
|Transfemoral prosthetic systems and methods for operating the same
|Mar 30, 2012
|Dec 4, 2012
|Victhom Human Bionics Inc.
|Instrumented prosthetic foot
|Jan 22, 2010
|Dec 31, 2013
|Ossur Hf
|Control system and method for a prosthetic knee
|Jun 16, 2011
|Feb 25, 2014
|�ssur hf
|Systems and methods for actuating a prosthetic ankle
|Apr 19, 2012
|Apr 22, 2014
|�ssur hf
|System and method for determining terrain transitions
|Feb 15, 2006
|Aug 12, 2014
|�ssur hf
|System and method for data communication with a mechatronic device
|Apr 18, 2006
|Aug 26, 2014
|�ssur hf
|Combined active and passive leg prosthesis system and a method for performing a movement with such a system
|Aug 30, 2006
|Oct 7, 2014
|Ossur Hf
|System and method for determining terrain transitions
|Jan 19, 2012
|Mar 24, 2015
|Victhom Human Bionics, Inc.
|Instrumented prosthetic foot
|Aug 7, 2012
|Jun 9, 2015
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Electro-rheological micro-channel anisotropic cooled integrated circuits and methods thereof
|May 3, 2011
|Jun 23, 2015
|Victhom Human Bionics Inc.
|Impedance simulating motion controller for orthotic and prosthetic applications
|Mar 18, 2013
|Jun 30, 2015
|�ssur hf
|Combined active and passive leg prosthesis system and a method for performing a movement with such a system
|Aug 12, 2010
|Jul 14, 2015
|�ssur hf
|Systems and methods for processing limb motion
|Feb 28, 2011
|Mar 1, 2016
|�ssur hf.
|Systems and methods for actuating a prosthetic ankle
|Nov 15, 2013
|May 24, 2016
|�ssur hf
|Control system and method for a prosthetic knee
|Jun 14, 2010
|Jun 7, 2016
|Victhom Laboratory Inc.
|Actuated prosthesis for amputees
|Aug 26, 2010
|Dec 27, 2016
|Victhom Laboratory Inc.
|Instrumented prosthetic foot
|Feb 24, 2014
|Feb 7, 2017
|�ssur hf
|Prosthetic foot with enhanced stability and elastic energy return
|Jul 17, 2013
|May 16, 2017
|Victhom Laboratory Inc.
|Control device and system for controlling an actuated prosthesis
|Jan 22, 2001
|Oct 11, 2001
|Deffenbaugh Bruce W.
|Electronically controlled prosthetic knee
|Dec 24, 2001
|Jul 4, 2002
|Smc Kabushiki Kaisha
|Solenoid-operated valve
|Aug 22, 2003
|Feb 26, 2004
|Herr Hugh M.
|Speed-adaptive and patient-adaptive prosthetic knee
|Feb 26, 2004
|Sep 30, 2004
|Yohei Katayama
|Controllable damping force shock absorber
|Nov 25, 2003
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|Henry Hsu
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|Bisbee Charles R Iii
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|Mar 15, 2006
|Aug 10, 2006
|Henry Hsu
|Magnetorheological fluid compositions and prosthetic knees utilizing same
|Feb 15, 2006
|Aug 17, 2006
|Magnus Oddsson
|System and method for data communication with a mechatronic device
|Feb 15, 2006
|Aug 17, 2006
|Magnus Oddsson
|System and method of synchronizing mechatronic devices
|May 3, 2006
|Sep 7, 2006
|Henry Hsu
|Magnetorheological fluid compositions and prosthetic knees utilizing same
|Jul 28, 2006
|Feb 1, 2007
|Kwon Ho C
|Automatic height adjustment leg of laundry handling apparatus and laundry handling apparatus
|Aug 30, 2006
|Mar 1, 2007
|Ragnarsdottlr Heidrun G
|System and method for determining terrain transitions
|Sep 28, 2006
|Apr 3, 2008
|Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc.
|Damper assembly
|Oct 10, 2007
|Apr 16, 2009
|Wlodarczyk Anthony M
|Irrigation valve
|Mar 23, 2009
|Sep 3, 2009
|Ossur Hf.
|Transfemoral prosthetic systems and methods for operating the same
|Apr 18, 2006
|Dec 3, 2009
|Lisa Gramnaes
|Combined Active and Passive Leg Prosthesis System and a Method for Performing a Movement With Such a System
|Jan 22, 2010
|Jul 22, 2010
|Ossur Engineering, Inc.
|Control system and method for a prosthetic knee
|Aug 12, 2010
|Dec 23, 2010
|Ossur Hf
|Systems and methods for processing limb motion
|Sep 27, 2010
|May 5, 2011
|Ossur Hf
|System and method for motion-controlled foot unit
|Jan 10, 2011
|Jun 9, 2011
|Victhom Human Bionics, Inc.
|Control device and system for controlling an actuated prosthesis
|Feb 28, 2011
|Sep 15, 2011
|Ossur Hf
|Systems and methods for actuating a prosthetic ankle
|Jul 18, 2012
|Jan 31, 2013
|David Batterbee
|Methods and apparatus for controlling a fluid damper
|Aug 7, 2012
|Feb 13, 2014
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Electro-rheological micro-channel anisotropic cooled integrated circuits and methods thereof
|Jul 28, 2014
|Jan 29, 2015
|Helmut-Schmidt-Universit�t Hamburg
|Valve for field-sensitive liquids, and hydraulic system having a valve of this type
|Apr 29, 2003
|Dec 25, 2007
|�ssur hf
|Computer controlled hydraulic resistance device for a prosthesis and other apparatus
|Jul 20, 2006
|Nov 8, 2011
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Electronically controlled prosthetic knee
|U.S. Classification
|188/267.2, 251/129.17, 267/140.14, 137/909
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 12, 1999
Owner name: ADVANCED FLUID SYSTEMS LIMITED, UNITED KINGDOM
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BROOKS, DOUGLAS ALAN;REEL/FRAME:010011/0234
Effective date: 19990506
|Sep 21, 2005
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Mar 6, 2006
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|May 2, 2006
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20060305


text:
Arch Sinfonia - Live at LSO St. Lukes
Conduct Arch Sinfonia - Fleet Street
Inside the Orchestra - Arch Sinfonia
Arch Sinfonia return to the SPECR Concert Series at St. Phillips Church on the Earls Court Road with conductor, Chloé van Soeterstèdeand trumpet soloist, James Fountain.
Wagner Siegfried Idyll
Hummel Trumpet Concerto
Beethoven Symphony No. 1
James Fountain, trumpet
Chloé van Soeterstède, conductor
Sunday 25th June 2017 - 19.30
St. Phillip's Church, W8 6QH
Tickets £15, £10, £4
Supported by
Geneva Instruments
Brass Wind Publications
EDHEC Risk Insitute

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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California : Counties : Napa (34)
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Calistoga [8 mi. NW] (50)
Pope Valley [8 mi. N] (0)
Yountville [9 mi. SE] (19)
Woodleaf [9 mi. NW] (0)
Glen Ellen [10 mi. S] (22)
Agua Caliente [13 mi. S] (0)
Santa Rosa [14 mi. W] (197)
El Verano [14 mi. S] (9)
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St. Helena is a city located in Napa County, California. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 5,950.
Ellen White, co-founder of Seventh-day Adventism, had a home called Elmshaven near St. Helena, beginning in 1900. She died there in 1915 and the site is now a National Historic Landmark.
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City of St. HelenaOfficial city website with departments and board, services and events, news and views.
Grace Episcopal Church, St. HelenaFeatures parish news, outreach ministries, information on Alpha course and building project. Includes sermons in audio format.
LEF FoundationGroup supporting the creation and presentation of contemporary work in the fields of visual art, performing art, new media, literary art, architecture and design. History, guidelines, funding deadlines, and contact details.
Montessori Family CenterSt. Helena, CA
Playground at Crane ParkThis site tells of how and where they can take their children to enjoy a new and exciting public playground.
St. Helena Chamber of CommerceInformation for visitors including lodging, wineries, restaurants, shopping, transportation, and a business directory.
St. Helena Star Online EditionA weekly newspaper with content based on Napa Valley's wine industry and local St. Helena news. Published in the heart of the Napa Valley since 1874.
Sunrise StablesProvides horse boarding and riding lessons. Includes biographies of their horses.
Taxi CabernetProvides transportation service in the Napa Valley. Services, price list, and information about tours.


text:
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Home/Art By Artist/Frazier BOYD
Mehr-Maid Canvas Print
A stencilled 20's flapper girl on a distressed concrete wall by stencil artist Boyd.
In stock
SKU: ajh-stc-061a Categories: Art By Artist, Black Prints, Brown Prints, Frazier BOYD, Graffiti Art, Grey Prints, New Art, People, Retro Art Prints, Street Art Prints, Twenties
Mehr-Maid Limited Edition Art Print
Scottish stencil artists Frazier Boyd has been at it again stencilling a 20's flapper girl onto a distressed concrete wall. Produced on canvas exclusively by WHoArtNow.
More art prints for you
|2 kg
16×10 inch (41x25cm) box canvas, 24×16 inch (61x40cm) box canvas, 32×24 inch (82x61cm) box canvas, 48×32 inch (122x81cm) box canvas, 60×32 inch (153x81cm) box canvas, 72×48 inch (183x122cm) box canvas, Black Framed Giclee Print – 20×16 inch (51x40cm), Gold Framed Giclee Print – 20×16 inch (51x40cm), Unframed Giclee Paper Print – 20×16 inch (51x40cm), White Framed Giclee Print – 20×16 inch (51x40cm)
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text:
Question about Samsung DLP HL-P5663W 56" TV
My TV won't power up. The round indicator light on the front goes from flashing white to a red 'wait' state. The Samsung repairman said it was either the on board computer or something else. Sansung office didn't know which it could be. Both parts cost about $250/each and he said he would have to buy both since there was no way of knowing. The bottom line was going to about $700 repair bill. The TV is about 2 years old. Should we just dump it and buy a new one? If so is there some place that takes (or even buys) these tv's.
Posted by mjobauer on
SOURCE: I have freestanding Series 8 dishwasher. Lately during the filling cycle water hammer is occurring. How can this be resolved
a 6ya expert can help you resolve that issue over the phone in a minute or two.
best thing about this new service is that you are never placed on hold and get to talk to real repairmen in the US.
the service is completely free and covers almost anything you can think of (from cars to computers, handyman, and even drones).
click here to download the app (for users in the US for now) and get all the help you need.
Posted on Jan 02, 2017
Tips for a great answer:
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Aug 30, 2009 | Samsung DLP HL-P5663W 56" TV
Aug 20, 2009 | Samsung HL-S5087W 50" HDTV
Mar 30, 2009 | Samsung LNT3242H Television
Jun 10, 2008 | Samsung 52 in. LCD Flat-Panel HDTV
Mar 09, 2016 | Samsung DLP HL-P5663W 56" TV
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text:
Cheap Microwave Ovens for Sale
Another drawback might be the cost aspect. These ovens expense a lot more than the regular ovens. Nonetheless, you require to view microwave and convection ovens microwave oven combo as an expense for they can reduce your cooking meals time significantly alongside assisting you to make tasty and nutritious food with decreased work.
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0.6 microwave oven
Another nice element is getting in a position to bake several dish at a time and not obtaining to be concerned about the tastes blending. Baking veggies and fish at the exact same time, no problem. These kinds of ovens are excellent for roasting meats, simply because of the decreased temperature as nicely as the circulation of air, it allows the meat to cook equally swiftly and it keeps its dampness.
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You can save funds although acquiring an oven by deciding on the appropriate size of oven with regards to the needs of your family. Buying large ovens after you don't really want them could be a drain on your assets. Best Countertop Convection Ovens At the very same time an stove that is as well modest to meet your cooking demands but significantly less costly, can prove to be costlier within the longer run when you shall need to use them much more often.
Charles Strite was the initial who patented the auto popup toaster. The loaf of bread is absolutely (or off) instantly ejected after toasting. In 1950, this popup toaster originated. The newer versions have to reduce automatic functions that not want any levers or raise a slice of bread.
With the brand new creation of microwave currently even, several would rather use their loaf of bread toasters nevertheless, manufactured by heating microwave rice cooker method due to the scrumptious crispness. Which tends to make every bite sharp outside although maintaining the softness inside. Microwaves can not.
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Another point of getting a user friendly is that these devices can assist you cook swiftly as you possibly can without affecting the true taste of the meals that you are going to serve. Because the gadget consists of a timer you will be able to carry out other activities aside from cooking meals at exactly the exact same time. As a result a couple of issues at the right period is what you can possess with this specific. Fairly simple to use simply because all you have to do is to arranged the timer right after that do other things. The temperature can also be adjusted hence you will not genuinely have an overcooked charcoal seem meals because the temperature could be adjusted. The foodstuffs completed with this device such as roasting a poultry is genuinely completely cooked. The entire chicken is equally brown guaranteeing you that all the elements and what ever angle you appear the chicken is genuinely cooked.


text:
Deli Sub Sandwich Glass Ornament by Old World Christmas
Product Description
Glass Deli Submarine Sandwich Christmas Ornament, 4 inches, by Merck Family's Old World Christmas. OWC 32109.
Give this fully loaded delicatessen sub sandwich or hoagie sandwich ornament to a Fast Food, Quiznos, Blimpies, Subway, or deli employee, submarine sandwich lover or add it to your fast food or deli themed Christmas tree ornaments collection. Made of blown glass and hand-painted plus glittered accents.
This ornament will also sit on a flat surface. Place several on a platter or take out box for decor.
Size, Weight
- 4" long, 1 3/4" tall, 1 3/4" deep, 1.0 ounce.
- Free Old World Christmas Gift Box
Product Reviews
We implemented product reviews on our site 6/8/15. Review requests are sent to our customers for products they received from Christmas in Prescott. All submissions are reviewed and verified before being included on our website.
We use your email address simply to verify you are a real customer. It is not displayed on any review or provided to the staff. (This is to protect the reviews from spammers or invalid reviews).


text:
Mr Miliband said the Nato ministers were clear Russia had broken international law during the conflict over the breakaway Georgian province of South Ossetia.
Speaking after the emergency summit in Brussels, he told reporters: "The Nato membership was clear that Russia had violated international laws as well as the rules of the international game."
The UK Government has been criticised for failing to send a representative to Georgia during the crisis.
Mr Miliband said it had been agreed that US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice would visit Georgia before the Nato summit and that he would go afterwards.
"Britain has been extremely active on this issue," he said.
Mr Miliband said: "I am delighted that I am going to be able to go to Georgia to report on real Nato unity.
"Unity that Russia must abide by the ceasefire agreement and withdraw its troops, and a unity that there must be new practical and political support for Georgia as it seeks to defend itself and ensure that its territory is respected, that its independence and sovereignty is recognised but also that it starts on the route to Nato membership that was set out in May."
Under the terms of the EU-brokered truce, Russian forces must withdraw from inside Georgia to their positions before violence erupted earlier this month.
Mr Miliband said: "I think there was a real feeling in the Nato meeting that Russia has failed to live up to its commitments and that has serious consequences for the trust that is placed in Russia as an international partner."
- More about:
- Country Of Georgia
- South Ossetia


text: News & CommentBriefing High Court Upholds EPA's "Bubble" Concept + See all authors and affiliations Science 13 Jul 1984:Vol. 225, Issue 4658, pp. 150DOI: 10.1126/science.225.4658.150 MARJORIE SUNFind this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site Article Info & Metrics eLetters PDF This is a PDF-only article. The first page of the PDF of this article appears below.


text:
5-10-15 Hours
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|"5-10-15 Hours"
|Song by Ruth Brown
|Rudy Toombs
"5-10-15 Hours" is a rhythm-and-blues song written by Rudy Toombs in 1952 for Ruth Brown and was one of several number-one R&B hits he wrote for her.[1] Her recording is smooth, sophisticated blues shouting at its best, has a touch of suppliance more characteristic of the vocal qualities of popular singers than of the blues. The recording features a tenor sax solo by Willis Jackson.[2]
When Brown was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, her induction said that "her best work was to be found on such red-hot mid-Fifties R&B sides as '5-10-15 Hours'".[3]
- ^ Shaw, Arnold (1978). Honkers and Shouters. New York: Macmillan. pp. 406–407. ISBN 0-02-061740-2.
- ^ Gillett, Charlie (1996). The Sound of the City: The Rise of Rock and Roll (2nd ed.). New York: Da Capo Press. p. 130. ISBN 0-306-80683-5.
- ^ "Ruth Brown". www.rockhall.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-05.
|Preceded by
"Booted" by Roscoe Gordon
|Billboard Best Selling Retail Rhythm & Blues Records number-one single
May 3, 1952 - June 7, 1952
|Succeeded by
"Have Mercy Baby" by The Dominoes
|This 1950s single-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
|This 1950s R&B/soul music song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


text:
Bangalore, Apr 16 (UNI) Seven candidates, including one each from the Congress and JD(S), have filed their nominations to the first phase of election to the Karnataka assembly elections scheduled for May 10.
According to sources from the office of the Chief Electoral Office (OCEC) here today, as many as seven nominations were received on the opening day of filing nominations, which kick started today.
S P Mudduhanumegowda had filed his nomination for the Kunigal Assembly seat as the Congress nominee, while Sannirappa K Thimmappa filed his nominations as the JD(S) candidate to the Madhugiri constituency in Tumkur district. Both the Congress and JD(S) are yet to announce the official list of the nominees to contest in the coming elections.
Five independent candidates also have filed their nominations in Kolar, Ramanagaram, Hassan and Mysore districts. No nominations had been received from Kodagu, Chickballapur, Bangalore urban, Chamarajanagar and Bangalore rural districts, the sources added.
Elections would be conducted in 89 assembly segments spread over 11 districts in the first phase, scheduled to be held on May 10.


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This is a family run business with a wide range of inexpensive food and wine. I noticed that they have a bottled cider as well. The charming table decorations are hand made and I was given a delightful cup cake with my bill. Well worth a visit.
Own or manage this property? Claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more.


text:
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