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Agonistic display or courtship behavior? A review of contests over mating opportunity in butterflies
Male butterflies compete over mating opportunities. Two types of contest behavior are reported. Males of various butterfly species compete over a mating territory via aerial interactions until one of the two contestants retreats. Males of other butterfly species fly around larval food plants to find receptive females. Males of some species among the latter type can find a conspecific pupa, and they gather around it without expelling their rivals. Scramble competition over mating occurs when a female emerges from the pupa. Many studies have been performed on territorial species, and their contest resolution has often been understood from the point of view of contest models based on game theory. However, these models cannot explain why these butterflies perform contest displays despite the fact that they do not have the ability to attack their opponent. A recent study based on Lloyd Morgan's Canon showed that territorial contests of male butterflies are better understood as erroneous courtship between sexually active males. In this paper, I review research on contests over mating opportunity in butterflies, and show that the erroneous courtship framework can explain not only territorial contests of butterflies but also why males do not determine the owner of a conspecific pupa.
KeywordsCompetition Compound eyes Erroneous courtship Lloyd Morgan's Canon Mating success Pupal mating Sexual recognition Territory
Animals compete over limited resources in nature such as mates, food or shelter (reviewed by Hardy and Briffa 2013). Physical attack sometimes occurs, attended by the risk of serious injury or death. The outcome of such fights is often settled on the basis of asymmetry in resource holding potential (RHP) (sensu Parker 1974). In theoretical terms, individuals with higher RHP are able to inflict greater costs on their opponent and minimize their own cost accrual. RHP is usually correlated with body size or weaponry (reviewed by Arnott and Elwood 2009). Game theory has played a central role in constructing frameworks to understand animal contests since the landmark paper of Maynard Smith and Price (1973).
Although RHP is usually correlated with morphological structures, not all animals that compete exhibit such morphological adaptations. Butterflies provide the most typical example of this because they do not have weapons or organs such as teeth, nails or horns with which to injure their opponents. Butterflies rarely compete over food or shelter (but see Peixoto et al. 2012). However, male butterflies compete over mating opportunity, yet lack any obvious means to impose costs on their opponent. Two types of contest behavior are well known. Males of various butterfly species perch on twigs, leaves or the ground in their mating territory, which is located at a sunspot or a small open space in forests, etc., and compete over the territory via aerial interactions (reviewed by Kemp and Wiklund 2001). In many cases, these aerial interactions are non-contact, which makes it difficult to estimate costs imposed on the contestants. On the other hand, not all butterflies have a territorial mating system. Males of other butterfly species perform patrolling: flying around larval food plants to find receptive females (Rutowski 1991). Since a first comer can mate with a female in this mating system, males do not necessarily compete directly over a female. However, in certain cases, males directly compete over mating opportunity. Males of some butterfly species can find conspecific pupae that are going to emerge within a few days. Sometimes several males gather around a pupa, and scramble competition occurs among them when a female emerges (e.g., Elgar and Pierce 1988; Deinert et al. 1994; Deinert 2003).
In addition to the apparent lack of ability to inflict costs on their opponent, further difficulties are imposed by the limitation of butterflies' cognitive abilities. That is, it is not clear that butterflies are able to recognize whether their opponent is a rival during male–male aerial interactions (Suzuki 1976), although usual contest models assume that contestants can distinguish between rivals and others such as potential partners (e.g., Maynard Smith and Price 1973; Enquist and Leimar 1983; Mesterton-Gibbons et al. 1996; Payne 1998; but see Yabuta 2008). Reflecting these difficulties, the issue of contest resolution in butterflies has been controversial (Baker 1972; Suzuki 1976; Davies 1978; Austad et al. 1979; Stutt and Willmer 1998; Hardy 1998; Field and Hardy 2000; Kemp 2000a, 2013; Kemp and Wiklund 2001, 2004; Takeuchi et al. 2016). The persistence of such a long-lasting controversy means that behavioral ecologists have remained interested in this issue. Butterflies provide an ideal opportunity to examine the evolution of a contest system that is not simply influenced by the ability to attack rivals.
In this paper, I review research on contests over mating opportunity in butterflies. First, I give an overview of the theoretical basis for understanding animal contests. Second, I review the relevant empirical studies on butterflies, namely, studies on contests over a mating territory, and on contests over a conspecific pupa. Last, I try to understand the two forms of contests comprehensively, and propose future directions for research on this issue.
Theoretical models
First, a "contest" should be defined. I basically adopt the definition of a contest used by Hardy and Briffa (2013), namely, a direct and indirect behavioral interaction that determines the ownership of an indivisible resource unit. In this paper, however, a contest can include a behavioral interaction over an indivisible resource unit that fails to determine the owner.
Key features of the three major contest models
Retreating decision based on
The relationship between contest duration and resource holding potential (RHP)
Contest dynamics and structure
Sequential assessment model
(Enquist and Leimar 1983)
Information that the opponent has greater RHP
Loser (+)
Winner (−)
Progressing into increasingly intense phases, but constant within phases
Cumulative assessment model
(Payne 1998)
A threshold cost that is a result of the loser's own and the opponent's actions
Loser (+)
Winner (−)
Constant, escalating or de-escalating during contests
War of attrition model
(Mesterton-Gibbons et al. 1996)
A threshold cost that is a result of the loser's actions
Loser (+)
Winner (0 or +)
Constant, escalating or de-escalating during contests
Kemp and Wiklund (2001) claimed that territorial contests of butterflies are excellent examples of the war of attrition family of theoretical models that deal with contests (1) that consist only of display, (2) where costs are inflicted continuously, (3) the outcome of which is determined by persistence. Since then, territorial contests of butterflies have frequently been regarded as wars of attrition (Kemp 2002a, 2003, 2013; Kemp and Wiklund 2004; Takeuchi 2006a, b, 2011; Takeuchi and Honda 2009; Bergman et al. 2010). There have also been a few studies suggesting that contest dynamics of butterflies accord with a sequential assessment model (see Table 1) (Kemp 2000b, 2003).
One potential pitfall of such a hypothesis-testing approach is that the same prediction can be drawn from other models that are based on premises different from those of the three contest models. In such cases, researchers cannot distinguish among the three models and the other models by analyzing which of the predictions of the three models best explain the data obtained about contest dynamics. If the animals' characteristics do not fulfill the premises of the candidate models, it is meaningless to claim that obtained data fit the prediction of the models. Therefore, in empirical research, testing the premises of the candidate models is as important as testing the predictions of the models (Kokko 2013). All three contest models assume that (1) animals can inflict costs on their opponent even if the opponent does not exhibit contest behavior such as display, and that (2) animals can discriminate their rivals from other individuals such as partners or natural enemies during contests. The first of these premises is required because if it is not fulfilled, cheats who delay or stop their display to gain an energy advantage can invade (Payne 1998). Clearly these two premises have not been confirmed for every animal yet.
Takeuchi et al. (2016) critically reviewed past research on territorial contests of butterflies, and found no evidence that the two premises were fulfilled. Takeuchi et al. (2016) then presented another framework to understand butterfly contests, termed the erroneous courtship hypothesis, that does not require the two premises. The erroneous courtship hypothesis is not based on game theory in that it does not analyze the evolution of strategies. The logical basis of the hypothesis is the principle of parsimony in comparative psychology, i.e., Lloyd Morgan's Canon: in no case is an animal's activity to be interpreted in terms of higher psychological processes if it can be fairly interpreted in terms of processes which stand lower on the scale of psychological evolution and development (Morgan 1894). The erroneous courtship hypothesis is based on two premises: butterflies are not able to inflict significant costs on a non-displaying opponent, and butterflies are not able to fully discriminate the sex of flying conspecifics. Under these premises, aerial contests of territorial butterflies are viewed as follows. Males chase each other expecting that their opponent is a receptive female. One of the two males retreats when the probability that his opponent is a receptive female falls below the level acceptable to him. Assuming that this acceptable level is determined by the abilities and/or experiences of individuals, the erroneous courtship hypothesis can also explain the contest duration predicted by the three major contest models.
Contests over mating territory
Males of many butterfly species compete over mating territories. In these contests, butterflies of the various species perform similar aerial interactions (Kemp and Wiklund 2001; Kemp 2013). A territorial male occupies a specific area, such as a sunspot in the woods or a lookout point, where there are no obvious resources such as food or oviposition sites, but to which females sometimes come. When a female flies into the territory, the owner detects her visually (Rutowski 1991), and chases her, which sometimes results in copulation. During this process, the pair does not copulate in the air. If a female flying into the territory alights nearby, the male also alights there, walks to her, and bends his abdomen to copulate with her (e.g., Wickman and Wiklund 1983; Takeuchi and Imafuku 2005; Takeuchi 2010). When another male intrudes into the area, the territorial male takes off towards him. Then, the two males fly around each other, followed by a horizontal chase without apparent physical attack until one of them leaves the area. Therefore, their aerial interactions function as contests because an owner of the territory is determined via this behavior. In a few species, males perform horizontal chases for a long time (Takeuchi 2011). Research performed before 2000 was reviewed by Kemp and Wiklund (2001). Here, I will mainly focus on research performed since then.
The first question is whether possessing a territory actually increases the mating success of its owner. Surprisingly, there are only a handful of studies investigating the reproductive advantages of territory owners in butterflies. Perhaps this is because mating of territorial butterflies is rarely observed (e.g., Cordero 2000; Kemp 2000b; Takeuchi and Imafuku 2005). In Lycaena hippothoe, matings were more frequently observed within territories than outside of territories (Fischer and Fiedler 2001). Similar results were obtained in Lethe diana (Takeuchi 2010). Bergman et al. (2007) performed a cage experiment that revealed that males of the speckled wood butterfly, Pararge aegeria, occupying sunspot territories enjoyed higher mating success than males wandering in the shade. Although more studies are required, these findings showed that occupying territories enhances the mating success of owners.
The second question is how contests of territorial butterflies are resolved. From the point of view of the usual contest models, the particular difficulty in butterfly contests is that it is unclear what kind of costs they can impose on the opponents. Kemp and Wiklund (2001) pointed out this difficulty at the beginning of the twenty-first century; however, no one has determined the actual costs in butterfly contests yet. The territorial contest of butterflies came to be considered a good example of the bourgeois strategy [to escalate in a resident role, and to retreat in an intruder role (Maynard Smith and Parker 1976)], when Davies (1978) showed in P. aegeria that owners temporarily removed from their territory could not retake the territory after it became occupied by a newcomer. Presumably the bourgeois strategy was accepted because there seemed to be no other explanation of how these weaponless animals could otherwise settle their contests. However, later studies revealed the opposite results: in P. aegeria an owner of territory that leaves it temporarily can retake the territory when it has been occupied by a newcomer (Wickman and Wiklund 1983; Kemp and Wiklund 2004). Although the bourgeois strategy has also been disproved in other species (Takeuchi 2006a; Peixoto and Benson 2012), a type of residency effect exists in butterfly territorial systems as well as in other animals (Sherratt and Mesterton-Gibbons 2015). In the hairstreak Chrysozephyrus smaragdinus, males that have occupied the contested territory longer tend to chase their opponent longer, and as a result, tend to win irrespective of their morphological or physiological characteristics (Takeuchi 2006a, b, 2016; Takeuchi and Honda 2009). Similar results were reported in Melanitis leda (Kemp 2003) and P. aegeria (Kemp and Wiklund 2004). Takeuchi et al. (2016) pointed out that these results can be interpreted in the context of the erroneous courtship as follows: males reduce the level of risks (such as predation risk) arising from continuing aerial interaction, and consequently chase their opponent longer as their residence duration increases.
Relationship between characteristics and territorial status
Relationship to territorial status
Body size
+: Limenitis weidemeyerii (Rosenberg and Enquist 1991), Eumaeus toxea (Martinez-Lendech et al. 2007), Paryphthimoides phronius (Peixoto and Benson 2008), Lethe diana (Takeuchi 2011), Moneuptychia soter (Peixoto and Benson 2011), Hermeuptychia fallax (Peixoto and Benson 2012), Actinote pellenea (Carvalho et al. 2016)
−: Heliconius sara (Hernandez and Benson 1998)
0: Papilio polyxenes (Lederhouse 1982), Hypolimnas bolina (Kemp 2000b); Melanitis leda (Kemp 2003), Pararge aegeria (Kemp and Wiklund 2004; Kemp et al. 2006a; Bergman et al. 2007), Chrysozephyrus smaragdinus (Takeuchi 2006a,b), Hermeuptychia fallax (Peixoto and Benson 2011), Parnassius imperator (Da et al. 2016)
Flight muscle ratio
+: Lethe diana (Takeuchi 2011)
−: Hermeuptychia fallax (Peixoto and Benson 2012)
0: Hypolimnas bolina (Kemp 2002b), Chrysozephyrus smaragdinus (Takeuchi 2006b), Pararge aegeria (Kemp et al. 2006a), Hermeuptychia fallax, Moneuptychia soter (Peixoto and Benson 2011)
Fat reserve
+: Hermeuptychia fallax (Peixoto and Benson 2011)
−: Chrysozephyrus smaragdinus (Takeuchi 2006b)
0: Hypolimnas bolina (Kemp 2002b), Eumaeus toxea (Martinez-Lendech et al. 2007), Lethe diana (Takeuchi 2011), Moneuptychia soter (Peixoto and Benson 2011)
Age (wing wear)
+: Hypolimnas bolina (Kemp 2000b), Pararge aegeria (Kemp et al. 2006a)
−: Melanitis leda (Kemp 2003), Hermeuptychia fallax (Peixoto and Benson 2011)
0: Chrysozephyrus smaragdinus (Takeuchi 2006b), Paryphthimoides phronius (Peixoto and Benson 2008), Lethe diana (Takeuchi 2011), Moneuptychia soter (Peixoto and Benson 2011)
Characters that differ between owners and intruders have often been regarded as RHP-correlated characters, and researchers have often interpreted owners' and intruders' behavior based on the three major contest models by analyzing contest dynamics (Kemp 2000b, 2003; Kemp et al. 2006a; Peixoto and Benson 2012). Of the three contest models, the predictions of sequential assessment or the war of attrition best fit the contest dynamics of these butterflies. However, Takeuchi et al. (2016) pointed out that the erroneous courtship hypothesis can also explain these results, considering that the butterflies' species recognition is uncertain and there is a possibility that an opponent is a natural enemy. That is, a male with an inferior ability (or lower motivation) should retreat earlier.
In some species, aerial clashes occur. These cases have been reported as "rare examples" of butterfly contests. Carvalho et al. (2016) reported that males of the Neotropical butterfly Actinote pellenea grab their opponent in the air and fall to the ground in 10 % of their territorial contests. Males with larger body size tend to win the contests. Their contests can be interpreted as erroneous courtship because also in male–female aerial interactions, a male grabs a female, causing both to fall to the ground. However, males might be able to impose physical costs on their opponent by an erroneous copulation attempt, and larger males would impose more costs on their opponent than smaller males. In such cases, usual contest models may be applicable. Lehnert et al. (2013) reported that males of the Homerus swallowtail, Papilio homerus, clash during their aerial interactions. Unfortunately, the form of male–female interactions of P. homerus is unknown, perhaps because this species is rare (Garraway et al. 2008). Chaves et al. (2006) reported the unusual case of the lekking butterfly Charis cadytis: after aerial interactions, two males sometimes alight on a leaf, and push each other with their wings. However, they are not injured by the contact, and it is normally not possible to determine which male wins the pushing contest because they often restart aerial interactions after the pushing phase. In C. cadytis, two male–female interactions were observed: in both cases, a male flew after a passing female, which immediately landed and mated without further ado (Chaves et al. 2006). Because the two females were receptive and they did not resist the male, the degree of similarity between male–male and male–female interactions is not yet sufficiently known in this species.
Contest over conspecific pupae
Not all butterfly species have a mating territory. Males of some butterfly species instead fly around larval food plants to find receptive females (Rutowski 1991). Among such species, there are some in which males aggregate around a conspecific pupa that is close to emergence, and copulate with a female when she emerges (Watanabe 1978; Fukuda et al. 1982, 1983; Elgar and Pierce 1988; Kato and Nakane 1989; Deinert et al. 1994; Hernandez and Benson 1998; Deinert 2003; Estrada et al. 2010; Walters and Harrison 2011). Whether males can discriminate the sexes of pupae depends on the species. Heliconius hewitsoni (Deinert 2003) and Heliconius charithonia (Estrada et al. 2010) can distinguish the sexes of pupae, whereas Jalmenus evagoras (Elgar and Pierce 1988) and Eurema hecabe (Kato and Nakane 1989) cannot.
Quantitative studies on this type of contest were made on two species, H. hewitsoni (Deinert et al. 1994; Deinert 2003), and J. evagoras (Elgar and Pierce 1988). The pupal mating system of H. hewitsoni has been well studied. Gathering males sit around a female pupa. Larger males enjoy advantages in sitting on a pupa. However, they do not necessarily remove the rivals. That is, they do not determine an owner of the pupa (an indivisible resource). When a female emerges, gathering males try to grasp her and to copulate. Interestingly, smaller males enjoy advantages at this stage. Consequently, there is no net advantage dependent on body size in H. hewitsoni. The mating system of J. evagoras provides another case. Males aggregate around conspecific pupae without discriminating the sexes of the pupae. Not only a pupa itself but also the presence of conspecific males is used as a cue to find pupae. Males do not determine an owner of a pupa, and therefore sitting males form a "mating ball" on the pupa. Scramble competition occurs when a female emerges. Larger males enjoy higher mating success in this species.
Clinging behavior
Suzuki and Matsumoto (1990) reported an unusual form of mate competition in butterflies. Males of the papilionid butterfly Atrophaneura alcinous fly around larval food plants to find receptive females. When males find a conspecific mating pair, they cling to the pair, and clinging males copulate with the female after the previous copulation ends. Up to five males were observed clinging to a mating pair. Although males make a mating plug at the ostium bursae of their sexual partner, about 50 % of remating males succeeded in transferring a spermatophore to the female because mating plugs were still soft at this time. The male that had mated with the female previously did not expel the clinging males. At present, clinging behavior has not been reported in other butterfly species.
In butterflies, there is a clear difference in the style of contests between territorial males and males that gather around pupae. In contests over territories, one male monopolizes a territory (a future mating chance), whereas in a pupal mating system, two or more males do not determine an owner of a pupa (a future mating chance). The fact that scramble competition over an emerging female occurs indicates that the owner of a pupa was not determined. Why do males not determine the owner of a pupa, a clearly indivisible resource, although males determine the ownership of a mating territory? If males can expel their rivals by aerial interactions, not only territorial males but also males gathering around conspecific pupae should compete via aerial interactions. It is difficult to explain why there is such a difference using the framework of the usual contest models. One might think that it is due to a difference between aggressive species and gentle species. However, the mating system of H. sara rules out this possible explanation because males of this species exhibit both territorial and pupal mating systems (Hernandez and Benson 1998).
Males of A. alcinous allow another male to copulate with a female after their own copulation with her. This suggests that the butterfly cannot inflict costs on its rivals, and therefore cannot physically expel them. This is congruent with the premises of the erroneous courtship hypothesis. In contrast, odonates that can attack their opponent exhibit mate-guarding behavior after copulation (Corbet 1999). Butterflies have evolved extraordinarily elaborate mating plugs (Simmons 2014). This may be because male butterflies cannot expel their rivals by physical attack, and instead invest their resources in a mating plug to ensure paternity.
One characteristic property of territorial contests of butterflies is that morphological or physiological traits correlated with contest success vary widely among species. Moreover, the relationship between traits and contest success was inconsistent between studies in H. fallax (Table 2). This contrasts with contests of other animals, where body size is usually correlated with RHP (Arnott and Elwood 2009). If contestants can impose physical costs on their opponent, the contestants with larger body size are generally expected to enjoy advantages because they can generate larger kinetic energy. The fact that traits correlated with contest success vary widely among species suggests that the ability to inflict physical costs on their opponent plays a minor role in butterfly contests.
It should be noted that the erroneous courtship hypothesis is based on a null hypothesis that males cannot fully discriminate the sexes of flying conspecifics. Consequently, the premise of the erroneous courtship hypothesis cannot be directly tested. Based on Lloyd Morgan's Canon, the erroneous courtship hypothesis should be adopted as long as there is no evidence that males can fully discriminate the sex of flying conspecifics. If one could find such evidence, for instance, of territorial males rushing towards intruding males and attacking them, but not rushing towards intruding females but rather exhibiting courtship display towards them in their territories, one could rule out the erroneous courtship hypothesis. Therefore, not only the form of male–male interactions, but also that of male–female interactions, is important for understanding aerial contests of butterflies.
Future directions
At present, the erroneous courtship hypothesis is adequate for butterfly contests, since it is based on simpler cognitive assumptions than the usual contest models, and does not contradict the inability of butterflies to impose costs on their opponent. However, this is based on the available evidence, which is insufficient. Butterflies depend largely on vision for their communication, and strong volatile female pheromones like those of moths have not been reported in this taxon (Rutowski 1991; Vane-Wright and Boppré 1993; Sarto i Monteys et al. 2016). However, butterflies use sex pheromones at a close distance (Sarto i Monteys et al. 2016). Males engaging in an aerial interaction might evaluate the sex of their opponent using odor. In any case, a key factor in understanding contest behavior in butterflies is sex discriminative abilities. If one tries to apply the usual contest models to territorial contests of butterflies, the ability to recognize sexes of flying conspecifics must first be tested.
It is relatively easy to test the color vision of animals because one can use learning interrogation for this purpose (Marshall and Arikawa 2014). In contrast, it is much more difficult to examine the spatial acuity of animals, which is important for recognizing the identity of objects. Spatial acuity of compound eyes has often been inferred from the results of measuring interommatidial angles on the basis that smaller interommatidial angles enable higher spatial acuity (Land 1997). Past research indicated low spatial resolution of butterfly compound eyes (Rutowski and Warrant 2002; Rutowski et al. 2009). To measure interommatidial angles, live animals and a goniometer are required, which makes the measurement rather laborious. Recently, Bergman and Rutowski (2016) have developed a convenient method to measure interommatidial angles of compound eyes using micrographs of dead animals and focus stacking. This method will help to evaluate the spatial acuity of butterfly eyes.
However, we should remember that this is a crude estimate of animal vision. Real cognitive abilities must be tested by behavioral experiments. Unfortunately, most territorial butterflies do not respond to static models, which makes it difficult to study their cognitive abilities (e.g., Warzecha and Egelhaaf 1995). Recently, Imafuku and Kitamura (2015) developed rotating wing models using a motor, and succeeded in inducing responses of territorial males of two hairstreaks. Although their experimental results should be interpreted carefully (Takeuchi 2015), behavioral experiments using such devices will provide information on the cognitive abilities of butterflies required for testing the premise of the usual contest models.
From the point of view of erroneous courtship, the reason why butterfly aerial interactions end is a problem. Takeuchi et al. (2016) proposed the erroneous courtship model assuming that a male–male territorial interaction ends when one male judges that the probability that its opponent is a receptive female is smaller than the threshold level based on the flight duration of the opponent. However, it is also likely that a male evaluates the probability that its opponent is a female based on the shape, movement or odor of its opponent, and that the duration of their interactions reflects the time required to gather information on the identity of the opponent (however, uncertainty should remain because if a male can know that its opponent is not a natural enemy but a conspecific male, there is no reason why one of the males would leave the territory). Territorial males chase not only conspecifics but also heterospecifics such as other butterfly species, other insects, birds or thrown boards (e.g., Tinbergen et al. 1972; Lederhouse et al. 1992; Bergman and Rutowski 2015). By analyzing the form and duration of the interactions with various objects, one may reveal which assumption about cognitive ability is better.
Cognitive ability is the key to the more general question of why some species of butterflies have a territorial mating system while others do not. Bergman et al. (2007) showed that males of P. aegeria can detect passing females more frequently in their territories (sunspots) than in the shade, although the frequency of female visits did not differ within compared to outside their territories. This result suggests that territories are sites where male butterflies can minimize the disadvantages of their low cognitive abilities. Possibly, butterflies that have difficulty in searching for mates have a territorial mating system.
As mentioned above, studies investigating whether territories really provide mating advantages to owners are very limited in butterflies, perhaps because counting the number of matings that each male achieves is difficult in nature. Recently, Sasaki et al. (2015) developed a method to infer recent mating experiences of male butterflies. They found that the simplex (a part of the male reproductive organ) is shortened for 2 days after copulation in the pipevine swallowtail butterfly, Battus philenor. Such methods open the way to study individual mating success of butterflies in nature. However, there is a cautionary point. Territory owners of the hairstreak Chrysozephyrus smaragdinus disappeared from their territories after copulation (Takeuchi and Imafuku 2005). Perhaps mated males had a worsened body condition, since male butterflies transfer a large amount of ejaculate to their sexual partner (e.g., Svärd and Wiklund 1989; Stjernholm and Karlsson 2006; Takeuchi 2012). That is, the mating experience may change their mating strategy. Thus, the present mating strategy of an individual may not represent its mating strategy when a recent mating was performed.
Some other flying insects, such as moths (Sarto i Monteys et al. 2016), odonates (Corbet 1999), wasps and flies (e.g., Kemp and Alcock 2003), also exhibit aerial territorial contests. In the territorial wasp Hemipepsis ustulata, physical injury during aerial contests was never observed during 20 years of study (Kemp et al. 2006b). The erroneous courtship hypothesis may provide new insights into the contest behavior of these animals.
I am grateful to the editors of the Journal of Ethology for giving me the chance to write this review. I am also grateful to Y. Suzuki and the two anonymous reviewers for valuable comments on the manuscript. This work was in part supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI grant number 16K07523.
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The author declares that he has no conflict of interest.
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This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by the author.
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Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.


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I am Necrarch Player, but after reading the Army List for the Army of Sylvania it is awsome. But, what do some of you other VC players think of the list expecially the strength and weakness of this list? I dont like the fact they take away the necromancers from the heroes choices.
Roll over to the Tactics forum and check out the Army of Sylvania tactica that Strewart put up. It's a very thorough tactica and he includes a bit about the advantages and disadvantages.
Here's a link to it.
The army is a good one and worth investing in. Everyone who plays it raves about it.
Painting Videos--My Warriors of Chaos--WHFB Tactica Index
Oh yes, it is great. I should know, I wrote the said tactica.
The lack of necromancers really isn't a problem if you play it properly and avoid battles between 1001 and 1999 points. 1000 or under is fine, 2000 or over is fantastic. Especially when you reach 3k or 4k.
I wouldn't play VC any other way now, though I would still like to try ghouls sometime... Sylvanians rock!
Yep, and one nice thing about Sylvania is that they really play "Vampire Counts" instead of "Necromancer Lords", as strewart has once said
Use Light, Beasts, Metal instead of Heavens
NecroLords: Use at least one Death Mage
Brets: Use Peasants&Damsels
Skaven: Don't use Skryre SAD
Originally Posted by Teron
Hey, not only do people read what I write they also remember! Its been ages since I've said that.
Grave markers and earth bind help make up for the lack of necromancers, as does spectral attendants. Any more specific questions, just ask. There are a few people around here who know a fair bit about Sylvanians so you should be able to get answers easily.
well iv just Changed my BD army to Sylvanian, im going to be getting woodelfs when they come out though, but im still a loyal Vamp!!
I think the Sylvanian list has the potential to be FAST, with Aura of dark majesty, your count in a unit of Templars, flanked by 10 wolvs either side, they are Speedy.
~~ Surrender and serve me in life, or die and slave for me in death~~
Don't get me wrong, I love the Army of Sylvania, but there are some situations where the army is pretty much nullified. They are my main force, but I would have to say while possibly more powerful, they are less reliable then the traditional VC force. With all the praise here, you'd think that Sylvania was the only option.
Well yeah i have to agree with you there, but they still pack one hell of a punch, im geting a laminan now though, because if i personaly theme my army 9not like the lists in the back) i can more or less make the forces interchangeable, it will be totaly legal though because im just picking the units i want, not altering the army list at all.
~~ Surrender and serve me in life, or die and slave for me in death~~
How does wOLF LORD WORK? CAN A NON MAGIC VAMPIRE STILL PLAY WITH IT?
Hmm, not sure how much info we're allowed to give, but this should be vague enough, I hope. . . Wolf Lord gives a Von Carstein thrall, count, or lord the same movement as a dire wolf. As for how much movement, check the VC codex. It's all explained there.Originally Posted by Count Or'loff
I don't understand what you mean about a "non-magic vampire" though. If you mean a thrall, yes, a thrall can take that bloodline power.

subset: commoncrawl


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Supply Chain Leadership
Are Social Media Faux Pas Sabotaging Your Career Prospects
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Rob O'Byrne
It's no secret that social media networking has become a primary tool for career trailblazing, and if you're planning a career move or looking for progression, you're probably well aware of the need to network, both in the physical and online sense. Of course physical networking has its limitations, whereas networking through social media offers unlimited scope for making new connections and showcasing your talents. At the same time though, the accessibility of your online profile (and those of your network contacts) can be a curse as much as a blessing—more so in fact, as time goes on. Rob's Tips to Stay Squeaky Clean on Social Media Rob O'Byrne has a passion for helping people succeed, whether they are business-owners or career professionals. Rob also has plenty of experience in managing an online presence. He is active on many social media platforms, both in promotion of his consulting, education, and business service companies, and as a business authority with a desire to help others. One of the things that Rob is very aware of, is the need to represent his brands professionally in all his social media activities. Of course, Rob has a lot of business brands to look after, but even if the only brand you currently have is yourself, the way in which you represent it on social media can make or break your chances of a successful career. Indeed, if you have an online presence on social media and you care about career progress, you better make sure that presence is a positive one, because everyone's looking—and your current and prospective employers may well be looking in more depth than most. Avoid These Career-damning Social Media Mistakes The reason for these words of warning is simple. We're all aware of the kind of blatantly dumb things you just shouldn't do on social...
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Presidential hopefuls participating in the first Republican debate Thursday and all contenders for the White House would do well to voice their visions on how to protect the poor and the planet, said more than 70 Catholic and Christian leaders.
"Candidates for the most powerful office in the world have a responsibility to clearly articulate plans for addressing two of the most urgent moral challenges of our time: economic inequality and climate change," they said in a letter Tuesday arranged by Faith in Public Life.
Copies of the letter were sent to representatives for each presidential campaign in both political parties.
The faith leaders noted that in his own encyclical letter on the environment, Pope Francis "reminds us that 'the cry of the earth and the cry of the poor' are one and demand a collective response. The same global economic system that puts profit before human dignity leads to the sin of environmental degradation."
"Poverty, inequality and climate change are not abstractions. They are life and death issues," their letter said.
The group pointed out that in Cleveland, site of the first debate of the 2016 presidential election cycle, there exists high rates of child poverty and infant mortality.
According to the National Center for Children in Poverty, 54 percent of children in Cleveland grew up in poverty in 2013, second only to Detroit, which had a child poverty rate of nearly 59 percent. In addition, Cleveland ranked sixth in the nation in the fastest growing child poverty rate, increasing nearly 12 percent since 2007 and the beginning of the Great Recession.
Nearly 20 percent of all U.S. children live in poverty, as do 30 percent of children in the nation's largest 71 cities.
In terms of air quality, the Northeast Ohio region ranked 10th for most annual particle pollution in the American Lung Association's State of the Air 2015 report. ALA said that daily breathing of high levels of particle pollution -- a mix of solid and liquid bits in the air that can emerge from, among other sources, construction, mining operations and the burning of fossil fuels -- has been linked to lung cancer, shortened life spans by up to 3 years, and slowed lung function growth in children and teens.
"These intolerable conditions are the reality in many cities and communities across our country and globe. It's a reality no nation should ever accept," said the Christian leaders, adding Latino and African-American children in low-income neighborhoods are often disproportionately affected.
In the release Monday of the final rules of its Clean Power Plan -- which aims to combat climate change and improve human health -- the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimated that by 2030 its standards for reducing carbon emissions from power plants could prevent 90,000 annual asthma attacks and 3,600 premature deaths.
Among the Faith in Public Life letter's signees were:
- Adrian Dominican Sr. Donna Markham, president of Catholic Charities USA;
- Archbishop Emeritus Joseph Fiorenza, former president of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops;
- retired U.S. Ambassador to the Holy See Miguel Diaz;
- Immaculate Heart of Mary Sr. Sharon Holland, president of the Leadership Conference of Women Religious;
- James Winkler, president and general secretary of the National Council of Churches;
- John Gehring, Catholic program director for Faith in Public Life;
- Dan Misleh, executive director of the Catholic Climate Covenant;
- the leadership team of the Sisters of Mercy of the Americas;
- Fr. Anthony Cutcher, president of the National Federation of Priests' Councils;
- Social Service Sr. Simone Campbell, executive director of NETWORK, a Catholic Social Justice Lobby;
- Patrick Carolan, executive director of the Franciscan Action Network;
- Christopher Hale, executive director of Catholics in Alliance for the Common Good;
- Notre Dame de Namur Sr. Patricia Chappell, executive director of Pax Christi USA;
- Michael Galligan-Stierle, president of Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities;
- and 10 heads of Catholic colleges and universities.
The field of 10 participants for the first Republican debate has yet to be set from the 16 declared candidates. Of those 16, six are Catholic, including expected debate participants Jeb Bush, the former Florida governor; U.S. Sen. Marco Rubio of Florida; and New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie.
"We ask all presidential candidates -- in particular those who identity as people of faith -- to recognize and act upon our shared responsibility to be stewards of the earth and to build an economy of inclusion," the faith leaders said.
Presidential elections, they suggested, should be less about scoring political points and sharpening partisan divides and more about values and priorities.
"The 2016 election is an opportunity for a national examination of conscience," their letter said.
[Brian Roewe is an NCR staff writer. His email address is firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow him on Twitter: @BrianRoewe.]
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About Group
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Group Description
This is a group where fans, friends, and scholars of writer Russell Hoban (Turtle Diary, Riddley Walker, The Medusa Frequency, The Mouse and His Child, A Birthday for Frances, Soonchild, et al.) can gather to discuss the man, his work, and where to find it, as well as exchanging news & info, and generally conspiring to advance awareness and appreciation of his work. This group is associated with the official Russell Hoban website at http://www.russellhoban.org/ as well as The Head of Orpheus (the original Russell Hoban reference page) at http://www.ocelotfactory.com/hoban ... check them both out for more info about Mr. Hoban and his illustrious career.
Group Website
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- Books and Writing
- Sep 5, 1999
- English
Group Settings
- This is a public group.
- Attachments are not permitted.
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Category Archives: Financial Institutions
Duncan Named President of the Indianapolis Bar Foundation
Bose McKinney & Evans LLP is pleased to announce that partner David Duncan was selected as president of the Indianapolis Bar Foundation's board of directors for 2014. The foundation is the charitable arm of the Indianapolis Bar Association. Its stated … Continue reading
Bose McKinney & Evans Elects Nathan Danielson as Partner
Nathan Danielson has been elected a partner of Bose McKinney & Evans LLP, effective January 1, 2014. Danielson is a member of the firm's Bankruptcy & Creditors' Rights Group and Financial Institutions Group. He represents clients in a variety of … Continue reading
Article explains possible risks involved for banks capturing digital images of checks
Nathan Danielson's article "Checking in on Check 21: Risks Associated with Increased Use of Remote Deposit Capture" appears in the October 2013 issue of the Indiana Bankers Association Hoosier Banker.
Posted in Bankruptcy and Creditors' Rights, Educational Programming, Financial Institutions Tagged banking law, Bose McKinney & Evans, Check 21, Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act, check processing, digital images of checks, electronic picture, financial institutions law, Hoosier Banker, Indiana Bankers Association, Nathan Danielson, RDC, Remote Deposit Capture Leave a comment
Bose McKinney & Evans Named Among "The Best Law Firms"
Bose McKinney & Evans LLP is proud to announce its inclusion in the list of 2014 "Best Law Firms" by U.S. News & World Report and Best Lawyers. Bose McKinney & Evans received national rankings for Corporate Law and Venture Capital … Continue reading
Posted in Administrative Law, Bankruptcy and Creditors' Rights, Construction Law, Corporate Law, Education Law, Employee Benefits, Energy, Entertainment Law, Environmental Law, Estate Planning, Financial Institutions, Firm News, Insurance Law, Labor and Employment Law, Litigation, Local Government, Real Estate, Technology, Utilities Law, Venture Capital Law Tagged 2014 Best Law Firms List, Best Law Firms, Best Lawyers listing, Bose McKinney & Evans, Corporate Law, U.S. News and World Report, Venture Capital Law Leave a comment
Environmental Attorney Offers Ideas for Bankers Dealing with Brownfield Properties
Partner Kathleen G. Lucas contributed the article "From Contamination to Comfort: Helping Bankers Sell or Redevelop Brownfields" to the Indiana Bankers Association's most recent issue of Hoosier Banker.
Posted in Administrative Law, Educational Programming, Environmental Law, Financial Institutions, Firm News Tagged banks, Bose McKinney & Evans, Brownfield properties, Brownfields, comfort letters, Environmental Law, financial, Indiana Bankers Association, Kathleen Lucas, Kathy Lucas Leave a comment
Bose Means Banking (and Breakfast!) Series: The Economic Impact of Dodd-Frank
Bose McKinney and Evans LLP is pleased to continue its Bose Means Banking (and Breakfast!) series with a presentation by Dr. Matthew Will, a professor from the University of Indianapolis School Of Business. This third installment of the series, "The … Continue reading
Bose McKinney & Evans Offers Briefing for Financial Institutions on 2013 Indiana Legislative Session
Bose McKinney & Evans LLP will focus its next Bose Means Banking (and Breakfast!) briefing on the Indiana legislative session, which is expected to conclude on April 29. As the second roundtable of the 2013 series, "The Impact of the … Continue reading


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- by user6553622
- 47
- 41m
- 7 years ago
I&I vs ray keith, B-Complex, Nu Tone, Ed Rush & Optical, Zinc and more.
first mix ive done in a while, loads of mistakes, just wanted to try uploading onto this.
bit of a mix some dark techie virus stuff , brockie ed solo, a few anthems as well.
Press play to try again.
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The selection of seats available on our site is among the largest online. We provide a vast assortment of seats for any event and back each purchase with our guarantee. Additionally, our friendly staff is available by phone to assist you with any questions or concerns.Guarantee
If the event is cancelled, you will receive a full 100% refund for the price of the tickets. Our guarantee covers other incidents as well such as no delivery, or invalid tickets. Please read the full details on our Guarantee Page. Thank you for using Front Row King. View Complete GuaranteeShipping
Shipping options for all orders depend on availability and buyer preference. Orders are almost always available for delivery via Fed Ex. More and more of our tickets are also available for electronic delivery (e-tickets), which means you will receive them by email and you can download and print your tickets immediately. This is a great option for last minute orders. Also, if you order the same day as the event, we can arrange to have a representative meet you at or near the venue with your order for your convenience. We ensure you will get your tickets in time for the event!Ordering
Making an online purchase for tickets is easier and safer than ever. Front Row King's online checkout is safe and secure. Our live customer service agents are standing by to assist or take your order over the phone.About Your Seats
There is no limit to the number of tickets you can purchase for this event, however, there are times when there are only 2 - 4 seats together in a group of tickets. If you're looking for more than 4 seats together, there may be some groups of tickets that have 6 - 8 seats together or more.Ticket Availability
Most tickets are available for immediate shipping, however, some tickets (clearly marked with a note), will be available to ship after a certain date. If you have questions, please call our staff.
See Kendrick Lamar YG & D.R.A.M. performing live in Toronto, ON. Front Row King prides itself in making finding the perfect seats simple by organizing tickets so you can choose based on which factors are most important to you. No future will ever replace the unforgettable time that you make at this concert. This Upcoming new group will be great to see in person. Kendrick Lamar will be performing at Air Canada Centre on August 23rd, 17 during their 2017 world tour.
Air Canada Centre
40 Bay Street
Toronto, Ontario M5J 2N8
Air Canada Centre Capacity:
Air Canada Centre Directions:
From the East take Hwy 401 West to DVP South to Gardiner Expressway to Yonge Street exit. Go West on Lakeshore to York Street. From the West take QEW East to Gardiner Expressway to York Street North.
Air Canada Centre Parking:
Public parking available on Queens Quay, Bay Street and surrounding area. For parking information call: Impark: 416.369.1801 There are more than 13,000 public parking spaces within immediate walking distance of the arena. During events, underground parking is generally for suiteholders only. Parking is not allowed in the west plaza unless authorized. Fans requiring accessible parking are asked to call (416)815-5743 in order to reserve a spot.
Air Canada Centre Public Transportation:
Subway to Union Station. Walk South on Bay Street to the Air Canada Centre Galleria entrance.


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Fresh Rosemary Tea Benefits skin & hair
We are loving… Fresh Rosemary tea, drink to cleanse & lower inflammation, rich in ... Read more
Join our VIP gang today and receive a 10% discount.
As a soothe-me VIP member you will excitingly receive exclusive deals and offers and new product news before anyone else! So jump in and join our gang today…
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text: 15 1 Review This frosting is a rich-tasting classic old-fashioned topping to a buttery cake. 10 min Prep Time 45 min Total Time 1 1/2 cups Ingredients 6 tablespoons Land O Lakes® Butter3 cups powdered sugar1 1/2 teaspoons vanilla3 to 4 tablespoons Land O Lakes® Half & Half Directions Melt butter in 1-quart saucepan over medium heat. Continue cooking, stirring constantly and watching closely, 5-6 minutes or until butter just starts to turn golden. (Butter will get foamy and bubble.) Remove from heat. Cool completely.Combine browned butter, powdered sugar and vanilla in bowl. Beat at medium speed, gradually adding enough half & half for desired spreading consistency. Recipe Tips Nutrition Facts (2 tablespoons) Calories 130 Cholesterol 15mg Carbohydrates 23g Protein 0g Fat 4.5g Sodium 35mg Dietary Fiber 0g Your Name: Your Email: Your Friend's Email: Page Name:


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Your version of Microsoft Internet Explorer is not supported for secure online transactions. Would you like to update your IE browser?
Omni Hotels offers guests online check-in. Save time at the front desk and check-in online 48 hours prior to arrival and we will have your room ready when you arrive.
Simply pull up your reservation online up to 6 p.m. hotel time and confirm your billing details and you will be set!
View reservations in your Select Guest Account
You can retrieve your Omni Hotels reservation information by entering the last name on the reservation and your confirmation number.
Member Number:
Nights to Next Level:
Free Nights:
Indulge. Purify. Transport yourself to another world. Whatever journey you choose, Joya Spa at Omni Scottsdale Resort & Spa at Montelucia has a unique day package and luxury suites that will pamper to your heart's content. Share the experience of a truly unforgettable spa day at Joya Spa during a girls' weekend, business trip or wedding.
Enjoy a 50-minute Classic Massage or a 50-minute Transformation Facial at special happy hour prices all day long.
Celebrate your birthday at Joya Spa. Enjoy a $35 credit to use towards any 50- or 80-minute full-priced service during your birthday month. Salon services excluded. Please present proof of birth date at spa check-in.
To book your service call (480) 627-3020. All services are to be booked by July 23, 2017. A 20% service charge will be applied on all spa services based on the full treatment price.
Services available June 1 - Sept 30, 2017
Choice of a 50-minute Classic Massage or Transformation Facial, choice of a Hydrating Manicure or Pedicure and a complimentary fitness class.
$165 per guest
Purchase one 50 or 80-minute spa service and receive one of equal or lesser value for 50% off.
Receive $40 off any full-priced 50- or 80-minute spa service. Includes a complimentary fitness class.
Choose a 50-minute service for $130 or an 80-minute service for $185. Upgrade to a deep tissue or specialty massage for just $20 more.
Excludes Microdermabrasion Facial.
Choose between a 50-minute Classic Massage or a Transformation Facial for $120.
Offer good 2:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.
Receive a complimentary hot stone add on aromatherapy upgrade to all 80-minute massages and a complimentary lip repair therapy with any 80-minute facial.
Treat yourself to a 30-minute petite manicure and a 60-minute hydrating pedicure, complete with an exfoliating sugar scrub and leg massage using luxurious body butter with leaves your skin feeling silky soft all day. Available Monday - Friday. $79 per guest.
Your choice of Three 50-minute Spa Services
$430 per person - Services must be booked on same day and used by the same guest.
50-minute Classic Massage
50-minute Balancing Organic Facial
Lunch on Joya Terrace
$305 per person
50-minute Classic Massage or Rejuvenation Facial
Hydrating Manicure & Pedicure
$250 per person
Your choice of one 50-minute Spa service, per person
Lunch for Two on Joya Terrace
$315 per couple
50-minute Expectant Mother Massage
50-minute You've Got the Glow Facial
Signature Joya Pedicure
Pregnancy Craving Amenity
$350 per person
$380 per person
Live a lavish day of luxury and celebrate your special lady with an extraordinary itinerary of events at Joya Spa. The day starts with a private escort to the Omni Scottsdale Resort & Spa at Montelucia for a day complete with shopping, private dining and extravagant spa treatments. There's no better way to celebrate the loved one in your life than to treat them like royalty.
Day of Relaxation for Two Includes:
Terms and Conditions:
Package starts at $5,000 for two. Car service valid within 15 miles of the resort and exotic car upgrades are available. Package includes accommodations for two people. Lunch includes one entrée per person. Subject to availability and 48 hours notice required.
*Microdermabrasion not available as a selection with Spa Day Packages
Your walk down the aisle begins at Joya Spa & Salon, and this special day is important to us. You and your bridal party will look and feel stunning after experiencing one of the top-rated spas in the country. We lavish our brides-to-be from head to toe with everything from unique spa treatments to bridal makeup, hair styling and nail services. Our six-month beauty preparation guide is sure to guarantee you will be looking your best on your big day.
To learn more about booking bridal salon and spa services please contact Sheena Kowalski (480) 627-3014 or email@example.com.
50-Minute Classic Massage
50-Minute Facial*
Hydrating Manicure
Hydrating Pedicure
Spa Terrace Lunch
*Excludes microdermabrasion facial service
Bridal Makeup Applications
Bridal Hair
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Wedding Gifts & Resort Memberships for the Couple
Take your senses on a voyage and experience Moroccan traditions amongst the views of Camelback Mountain. Enjoy a $100 daily spa credit and 15% off retail purchases which allows you to tailor your journey as you see fit.
Keep up your healthy routine with a fitness class or private training session.
See how one local couple celebrated their pregnancy with a once in a lifetime Babymoon filled with relaxation and celebration.


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Taking ideas and experiences from others and incorporating to yours make this a great hobby. Yes. There are a few things I would do different and most likely when I have a chance I will change them. 7. Overwatering will kill Christmas cacti, but they like to be misted on a daily basis. A horticulturist at the Oregon State University Extension Service recommend only adding water to the soil that a Christmas cactus is planted in when the soil is dry to the touch.
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Tschupp, Mark (29th
September 1957-????)
He is a bass singer born in Rahway, New Jersey, who
studied at the Mentor High School. Ohio, during the 1970s and was a member
of the Mentor Top 25 for two years from 1974 to 1976. He took further studies in music
education at Heidelberg College and while there he sang with the Singing
Collegians. During the 1990s
he was a member of the Robert Shaw Chamber Singers from Atlanta, Georgia,
and with them he appeared in many concerts and on the recording Songs of
Angels: Christmas Hymns & Carols.
We Have Heard on High (Traditional
Shippen Barnes )
Telarc 80377 (CD: Songs of Angels: Christmas Hymns
& Carols)
Conductor - Robert Shaw
© Feenotes 2006-2013


text:
Sausage Breakfast Muffins
Labels cheddar cheese, crescent rolls, eggs, sausage
Sausage burgers, sausage-loaf, sausage in spaghetti, sausage on pizza (wait, that's real).
You'd think, being their mother, that I'd know exactly why. But I don't.
Any how, here is some actual sausage (ta-da!) in a muffin!
And super easy to make. Cheap and easy dinner.
Sausage Breakfast Muffins
1 lb breakfast sausage
1 pkg (8) large crescent rolls
10 eggs
2 cups shredded cheddar cheese
Step #1: Brown sausage.
Step #2: Rip up crescent rolls and press into the bottom of a greased muffin tin. (12 total)
Step #3: Whisk 10 eggs in a large bowl.
Step #4: Place sausage evenly into roll cups.
Step #5: Pour eggs evenly over sausage, careful to leave a bit of space at the top.
Step #6: Bake at 350 degrees for 15 minutes until eggs are done.
Step #7: Sprinkle with cheddar cheese right after you pull them out of the oven.
6 comments:
aww thats so cute, so are the muffins! YummyReplyDelete
Oh, these would make a wonderful dinner for busy weeknights!ReplyDelete
Yum! I love portion controlled foods.ReplyDelete
What a fantastic idea! I love the way you linked this recipe to the muffins.ReplyDelete
Like you, I cook sausages if I want my boy to eat... LOL! I know sausages will be all gone if I cook anything with sausages :D This muffin idea is fantastic.ReplyDelete
It sounds funny..sausages everywhere :) But these muffins really would be great, I think for my breakfast :)ReplyDelete
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For knitting supplies: circular needles are curled up in the square one and the long one, as you can see, is the right size for double-pointed needles and a few other accessories. Many of my needles were my grandma's and I think of her when I use them.
Also note that I put the zippers facing the lefty way. Making my life easier one zipper pull at a time.


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My name is John Bocchino, and I go by John or Bo. I am a fly fishing manager and guide, and I live in western Colorado. I arrived in the Gunnison Valley in early 2006, when I came to work for one of the top resorts in the valley. I managed the fly shop and guide service there for five seasons and guided for eight seasons, prior to starting up my own fly fishing outfitting business and working for myself for a couple of years. I then worked for Eleven and Irwin Guides (based in Crested Butte) for two seasons. In my role as Colorado Fishing Manager, I helped run fishing operations, including managing the guided fishing services and retail fly shop at their new Taylor River Lodge. I also continued to guide clients on walk/wade trips. I will soon be moving to Ridgway, Colorado, where I will work as the General Manager for RIGS. Beginning March 15, 2017, I will be helping to run the fly shop and guide service there. I am very excited about this opportunity!
Fly fishing is my passion, and I spend as much time on the water as possible. This part of the Rocky Mountains is home to some of the best trout rivers in the country, and there are countless opportunities to fly fish on a variety of water in the area. I am a life member of TU, and fully support the TU mission to conserve, protect and restore North America's coldwater fisheries and their watersheds.
Prior to pursuing a career in the fly fishing industry, I spent 25 years in telecommunications, information technology, engineering and consulting. My business experience is extensive and has varied over the years. I worked for multi-national corporations with operations around the globe. I was fortunate enough to be able to travel around the US, Canada, Europe, and Hong Kong and China.


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The Magic Kingdom: Day One
There really isn't a happier place on earth-for children or adults. My parents take us on a trip to Disney every couple of years and since Jackson was sick for the last one, no one was more excited that our little ninja to be in Orlando. Once we checked in and met up with my parents (insert lots of squealing, hugs and kisses here) we started moving.
We avoided the heat on Monster's Inc. Laugh Floor, went to infinity and beyond to defeat Zurg, drove around the Speedway several times, and made it to the Haunted Mansion for several trips through the spooky and chilly interior. Throughout we dodged rain and used our magic bands to access our fast passes. Talk about magic! There's nothing better than beating the weekend crowds. We finished out day with dinner at The Liberty Tree Tavern exhausted and so, so happy. Needless to say, we all slept soundly with happy hearts.
Enjoy some pictures from our day at The Magic Kingdom!


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Phumo is a North East web and graphic design agency who pride themselves on delivering creative, bespoke, Drupal content managed websites, creative branding / logo design and marketing materials for small, medium and large businesses in the North East and throughout the UK.
As with most of our projects the site design was created by Nigel at phumo. We implemented Nigel's design in an easy to use content management system. Nigel is able to control the content on his website to promote his business more effectively. There are portfolios for his web and graphic design work, a blog, an RSS feed, contact facilities and Skype status.
Services provided
- Content Management
- Drupal Development
- PHP Development
- Support


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posted by Anonymous .
I need some help finding the net ionic equation for these two problems:
1. Bromine is added to a dilute solution of sodium hydroxide.
2. Sulfuric acid is added to a solution of lithium hydrogen carbonate.
This is what I have for reactants:
Br2 + NaOH and H2SO4 + LiHCO3.
I'm not sure about 1, since I don't think the rxn makes bromine hydroxide (activity series?)
And for 2, I thought it was a double replacement, but...it isn't? Help plz?
I would write #1 as
Br2 + 2NaOH ==> NaOBr + NaBr + H2O
This is the balanced molecular equation.
Now convert to ions using the following rules.
solids written as molecules
liquids written as molecules
solutions written as ions unless they are weak electrolytes which are written as molecules.
Br2 + 2Na^+ + 2OH^- ==> NaOBr + Na^+ + Br^-^- + H2O
Now cancel ions common to both sides.
1Na^+ can be canceled on each side.
What is left is the net ionic equation.
Br2 + Na^+ + 2OH^- ==>NaOBr + Br^- + H2O
Check my thinking. Check my work.


text:
Testosterone Acetate
English name: Methyltestosterone
Chemical name: 17beta-hydroxy-17alpha-methylandrost-4-en-3-one
CAS No.: 58-18-4
EINECS No: 200-366-3
Molecular formula:C20H30O2
Molecular weight:302.46
Characters: white crystal powder.
Application range widely applied in pharmaceutical, food, health care and other industries.
Use: androgenic hormone and used for all kinds of diseases lacking male sex hormone.
Packing: 1kg/aluminum foil bag
Other supplier products
|Boldenone Cypionate
|Testosterone Acetate
|Boldenone Cypionate
|Boldenone Cypionate
|Boldenone Cypionate


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Random Info: Made by Nintendo. E for everyone. IGN rating: 8.7/10. Available for Virtual Console, remake on 3DS soon.
Alright, before the review. I want to get rid of the obvious jokes...
Do a barrel roll! http://instantsfun.es/barrelroll
Krystal is hot!
Fox get this guy off me!
Cant let you do that!
Phew, im glad thats out of my system. now, onto real business.
Star Fox is an underestimated series. If you love replay ability, you should know all about this. The first game on SNES was one of the first 3D videogames and is loved by many, but it cannot compare to this, a game that has never aged, and is even getting a remake on 3DS. Be careful when playing this, you might get crack cocaine addicted to this. Dont sue me if this happens!
Story: You play as Fox Mccloud, a Fox/pilot of the Arwing, an aerodynamic plane with bombs and guns alike. You and your team mates Peppy, Slippy, and Falco must travel the galaxy to defeat the evil Andross and his own team, Star Wolf. Simple story, but deal with it.
Gameplay: You play in an Arwing for most of the game by shootin' down baddies and such, typical 3rd or 1st person shooting, only that you are constantly moving forward and you can only move left, right, up or down. The controls are tight, i might have said this before but, easy to use, hard to master. Some levels even have you in a tank which is almost the same but its alot of fun! There is also multiplayer but it is slightly lacking. Its low in substance, like the main part of the game. If you have 4 friends to play with, then its a blast! 2.....nah. The 3DS remake should have an online version of this!
Graphics: For the N64, its great! No lag at all, no performance downers, even water has reflection, which is automatically a Firethorn A+!
Sound: While the original still holds the record for best music in the series, this is a close second. While forgettable, it really gets you pumped! The voice acting is....decent, for years i thought slippy was a girl until Star Fox Assault when he was obviously a guy. Seriously? It took me 8 years to figure that out?!
Lasting Appeal: This is the hardest to explain but....... The main game is very short, but you wont need anything else. Two words: alternate paths. If you find a secret way through an area, you will get other ways to Andross' base, which is challenging and a blast! The multiplayer lack does draw some points, however.
-THE BEST replay ability in a campaign ever
-Impressive graphics
- R u M b L E p A k
-multiplayer is lacking
Rating: 9.5/10
Chances are, this game for you is a.....


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- Vajeeta
I'm wanting to sequence from my Roland MV8800 using my Fantom X7 as a sound module & controller for all other external sounds. I'm running Windows 8.1, Cakewalk Sonar Producer X3d. One problem is the MV88 only has 1 midi in and 2 midi outs. The Fantom has one of each but the USB functions as midi also. I also have an older model MOTU MIDI Express XT USB (which clock works does not work with). Does anyone run a set similar and if so any advice on how I can make this work for me the way I need it to?
February 28, 2014 @09:00pm


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Katriena Knights
Scully was starting to show. She'd known it would happen
eventually--you couldn't hide a pregnancy forever, after all. But
the reality of it had her riding a wave of confused feelings. She
was deeply content about her impending motherhood, especially since her
new doctor had put to rest so many of her concerns. But now that
the growing bulge under her skirt had become unmistakable, she'd have to
face the looming specter of What Other People Thought.
It had been easier to ignore the rumors and snide comments when Mulder was still with her. He'd just done the job, occasionally fostering his own bizarre reputation with a sort of masochistic glee. What was it he'd said? "Sometimes the need to mess with their heads outweighs the millstone of humiliation." In that spirit, she'd seriously thought about having a T-shirt made that said "ALIEN BABY" on it in big green letters, with an arrow pointing down. Or maybe one that said, "YES, I BOINKED MY PARTNER." But she didn't have Mulder's brass balls. Plus T-shirts didn't comply with the Bureau's dress code, and that last one definitely would have earned her a reprimand.
So yesterday, after spending the whole day with her skirt unzipped in the back, constantly adjusting her jacket to keep it from showing, she'd finally broken down and bought some maternity clothes.
She wore one of her new outfits today, a sleekly designed suit that didn't look matronly at all, except for the extra room in the front. She wasn't quite big enough to fill it out yet, but for the first time in a week she was comfortable.
Doggett looked up as she came in. It was impossible, apparently, to beat him to the office. She'd tried a few times, without success.
"New suit?" he asked.
She nodded. "I decided to give up pretending things still fit."
"It's nice." His gaze strayed to her stomach, where the cut of the blouse draped around the place where she would eventually expand to fill it.
"They actually make maternity clothes now that don't make you look like a flower shop exploded on you." She set her cup of coffee--decaf these days--on the desk. "So what do you think? Do the rumors start flying now?"
His mouth moved a little, not quite smiling, while his brows drew together. "The rumors have been flying, I'm afraid."
She sat across from him. "Not much I can do about it, then."
"No, not really."
She studied his face, wondering what he'd heard. "Is there something I need to know, Agent Doggett?"
"No." She'd been around him long enough now to know that was a bald-faced lie. "Nothing you need to know, Agent Scully."
He offered to take her to lunch, and she saw no reason to refuse. As they walked down the more occupied upstairs corridors, she felt people looking at her, heard whispers, a few giggles.
Now, that's not necessarily about you, she told herself. Maybe they're just discussing last night's CSI. That didn't usually involve giggles, though. Friends, maybe. But she found herself moving just a little away from Doggett, putting some space between them. She'd never even thought about that kind of thing with Mulder. More often than not they'd walked these corridors nearly shoulder-to-shoulder, so deep in discussion she hadn't been aware of anything but him and whatever cockamamie theory he was trying to justify to her. No wonder they'd started calling her Mrs. Spooky. The Widow Spooky now, she supposed, with Baby Spooky to keep her company.
Buckling her seatbelt in Doggett's car, she said suddenly, "Let's go to Casey's." She hadn't been there in months. She and Mulder had spent a great deal of time there, and just thinking about the place made her heart ache. But right now Baby Spooky wanted a burger.
Doggett just nodded and started the car.
As usual, the place was crawling with FBI. Scully took a deep breath as they went in the door, the smells of grease and charred meat reminding her of far too many things. A conversation, held nearly nose-to-nose, at that table. A birthday gift, given to her at that table over there. There'd been another conversation at the booth she and Doggett approached now. She remembered reaching for Mulder's hand across the table, squeezing it in reassurance while he beat himself up over the outcome of a case.
"You okay?" Doggett ventured, picking up his menu.
"I'm fine. Just hungry." She looked across the table at Doggett and for a moment saw Mulder, his darker hair and longer face. She missed his voice.
Doggett's expression told her he didn't believe her, but he didn't pursue the question. He did, however, cock an eyebrow at her when she ordered a half-pound burger with everything.
"Don't you usually have salad?"
"Baby wants a burger." She paused, fighting the instincts that told her to shut off, to tell him as little as possible. They were stupid instincts. "Mulder loved these burgers."
Doggett nodded. Mulder's name had come up between them maybe twice in the weeks since his funeral. As usual, Scully had been nursing her pain silently, putting up walls around it, not letting it show. Losing herself in the work, where she had to look at his name in various files and reports a hundred times a day. Her heart still couldn't encompass the reality of his death.
"I'll get one, too, then," Doggett said. He handed his menu to the waitress. "One more Fox Mulder memorial burger."
The waitress scribbled on her pad. "Whoever he was, I hope the burgers didn't kill him."
Doggett looked very much not amused. Scully smiled, though. "They would have eventually."
The basic problem with Mulder's burgers--not counting the high fat and cholesterol content--was that they took forever to cook. So she was left to sip her glass of water and wonder what she and Doggett would find to talk about. They usually came up with something, after five or ten minutes of awkward silence.
"So how's the baby?" Doggett said.
"Fine. Everything seems to be progressing normally."
"I'm glad to hear that. It's about time you had some normality in your life."
His frankness surprised her. "Yes. I have to say normality is a good thing."
Two suited men passed, sitting down in the booth behind them. She spared them a passing glance, registered the vague familiarity of their faces. More Bureau folk.
Doggett shifted in his chair, looked at the table, then at her. Working himself up to something, obviously. He went so far out of his way sometimes to keep from offending her, especially since he'd found out about the baby.
"Whatever it is, Agent Dogget, just say it."
He lifted his brows, apparently as surprised as Scully by the shift from the usual tenor of their conversation. "I know you've had some concerns about your pregnancy. I just wondered if, now you've got a new doctor and things seem to be fine, any of those concerns have been laid to rest?"
Tough question. She rubbed the back of her neck, feeling the small scar there, just below her hairline. "Some of them, I suppose. There are still questions, of course."
"And a lot of rumors."
She nodded. "Yes. Listen, Agent Doggett, I know there are bound to be rumors. You don't need to feel honor bound to protect me."
He started to say something else, then a piece of conversation floated over the back of the booth.
"Yeah, Dana Scully. You know, Mrs. Spooky. She's pregnant."
"No way! Are you sure?"
"She came in today in maternity clothes."
"Who's the father?"
"Duh. It has to be that weirdo partner of hers."
"Isn't he dead?"
"Yeah, but he disappeared about four-and-a-half, five months ago. Musta been his goodbye present…"
Scully felt vaguely ill. She looked automatically at Doggett, needing to see his reaction.
His face had gone hard and still. The sparking fire in his blue eyes fascinated her. Mulder had always gone very quiet and unreadable when he was about to go apeshit on somebody. This was a little different.
A third voice rose behind them. "I heard she was tight with AD Skinner."
Doggett came to his feet and turned to face the occupants of the booth behind them. "You guys want to shut the hell up?"
"Hey, look. It's Spooky the Second." Judging by the voice, this was the first agent who'd spoken, Agent Gossip Central. He looked young, and smug in his young-ness. He gave Doggett a bright grin and Scully grimaced. This guy must have just squeaked by the Bureau's intelligence requirement.
"Don't you guys have anything better to do?" Doggett said. "Maybe discuss a case or something?"
The set of Doggett's body alarmed her. She slid out of the booth and came up beside him, touching his elbow.
"Agent Doggett, it's not worth it."
Agent Gossip Central smirked. "Hey, Mrs. Spooky. Is the new partner getting some, too?"
Doggett tensed next to her. But before he could gather himself, Scully had planted her fist right in the other agent's face.
She took her hamburger back to the office in a Styrofoam box. Back at her desk, while Doggett watched in amazement, she managed to snarf down half before the phone rang. Doggett answered it.
"AD Skinner wants to see you right away," he said as he hung the phone back up.
"I can't say that's a surprise." She stuffed one more big bite of the burger into her mouth, wiped her hands neatly on a napkin, and headed out the door.
Skinner's assistant gave her a thumbs up as she opened Skinner's office door. "He deserved it," she whispered, then smiled demurely at the dark look her boss gave her.
Scully crossed the office to her usual chair and sat, folding her hands neatly in her slightly diminished lap.
"I'm sure you're aware why you're here, Agent Scully," said Skinner.
"Yes, sir, I am."
"You want to explain to me why you did it?"
"Agent Doggett was about to hit him, so I did it first. Strictly for the other agent's protection."
Skinner shook his head. "I'm sorry. I don't quite follow that."
"I couldn't have stopped Agent Doggett, so I hit the man instead. I knew if I did it, he wouldn't be as badly hurt."
"Agent Scully, you broke the man's nose."
Scully was relatively sure giggling was inappropriate at this juncture, so she swallowed before she said, "I underestimated my own strength, sir."
Skinner's glare could have melted glass. It was almost too intense. "Agent Scully, this is a very serious matter."
"Then why, sir, are you trying so very hard not to crack up?"
Skinner stared at her. His face went through a grotesque spasm and Scully was certain he was fighting back laughter. "I just wish I'd been there," he finally managed. "I've been wanting to pop that kid in the face for about the last two weeks. Now at least I have a reason to issue a formal reprimand."
"What about me, sir?"
"I'm restricting you to desk duty until further notice. And I'd suggest you stay away from Casey's."
Scully nodded. Desk duty was no problem, and would probably be better for the baby, anyway. But the other-- "I just wanted one of Mulder's burgers."
Skinner's face softened. "You get a craving for one of them again, let me know and I'll pick one up for you."
"Thank you, sir." She stood and started toward the door.
"Agent Scully." Skinner's voice stopped her.
"Yes, sir?"
"I know this has been difficult for you. If you need time off, or--whatever. Please let me know."
"Thank you, sir."
"And if anybody ever says anything like that to you again, you let me know and I'll mop the floor with him myself."
Scully smiled. "Thank you, sir."
Doggett looked up in apprehension when she came back in. "What did Skinner say?"
"I'm restricted to desk duty for a while."
His tension eased and she realized he'd been ready to rush to her defense if Skinner had come down too hard on her. A little more of the ice she kept around her heart melted at the thought. She'd been wrong to close him out, she knew, but old habits died hard. It had taken Mulder years to get through her shell.
"Next time," Doggett said, "you let me do the hitting."
She smiled. "I think I will." She lifted her hand, flexing her fingers into a fist. "I think I hurt myself."
To her surprise, he allowed himself a small chuckle. "You're quite a woman, Agent Scully."
She grinned smugly, running a hand over the bulge in her belly, where the baby had decided to start kicking. "I know, Agent Doggett."


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Home ›
Fruit Baskets to Dominican Republic ›
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You can send Fruit Baskets to Dominican Republic in the following locations.
What our Customers Say about our Service
"We were recipients of the basket for Christmas and have really enjoyed it all! The food is very tasty and fresh quality. We are enjoying the wine also! All very enjoyable! "
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"I have to tell you...you folks did a wonderful job. All the fruit was fresh and large and my son was thrilled to see fresh fruits. Thank you."
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See other testimonials or leave your feedback here.


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Gabriel Iglesias
Though he doesn't attract as much romantic attention from women as Enrique Iglesias (or, for that matter, Julio), the plus-size Gabriel Iglesias (no relation) keeps the ladies laughing. "When women hug me and walk away, they leave an impression," he says of his pillow-like body. "And when I want phone sex, I just have a girl coo the words 'chocolate cake' into the receiver." Appropriate, it seems, for a man who says his cologne "is from the maker of Tres Leches." The native of Long Beach, California, who jokes his mother named him Gabriel because "there were already too many Mexicans named Jesus and Jose," just released a new DVD, I'm Not Fat, I'm Fluffy - Live from El Paso. 8 and 10:30 p.m. Thursday, 8 p.m. Friday, 8 and 10:30 p.m. Saturday, and 7:30 p.m. Sunday. The Improv, 7620 Katy Freeway. For information, call 713-333-8800 or visit www.improvhouston.com. $30 to $65.
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Sunshine's Dance & Cheer Studio has recruited some of the Bay Area's most accomplished and talented dance instructors, each of whom brings their own personal approach to the dance floor. See below who they are:
Samantha Gaskin
Rebekah McKenzie
Jazz & Tutu's & Tap Shoes Instructor
Rebekah began her dance training at Stage One Dance at the age of 4 with ballet/tap. She fell in love quickly with jazz after watching her older sisters in class. At the age of 7 she began competition dance. Since then she has grown with her training in pointe, modern, contemporary, hip hop, and lyrical dance for 16 years. She has earned top awards for solo and group dances at Bay Area competitions. Becka's love for children and passion for dance came together in 2009 when she began teaching for her home studio. She loves inspiring and pushing her students to grow with every class. She is happy to bring her training and experience to Sunshine Dance and Cheer."Dance is the hidden language of the soul." - Martha Graham.
Taylor Braaten
Tap Instructor
Taylor started dancing at Jamie's Dance Studio at 3 years old and continued her training at Jazz N' Taps for 9 years and competed for 7. In the summer 2014, Taylor and her duo partner were invited to compete their jazz duo "Queen Bee" at Showstoppers Nationals in Anaheim, California where they placed 2nd overall. Taylor was a member of the Amador Valley High School dance team. She graduated from Amador June of 2015. Taylor is currently a Clinical Psychology major at Ohlone Community College in Fremont and plans to transfer to the University of Oklahoma. Taylor has experience in Tap, Jazz, Hip Hop, Ballet, and Lyrical. "When I practice until I get it right, I am an athlete. When I perform it and reveal my soul, I am a dancer."
Illora Shields
Jazz and Tap Instructor