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|Patriots Look Poised For Another Super Bowl Run
|Bruins Trade For Drew Stafford
|Black and Gold Bruins Turn Yellow On Parade Day
|Inconsistency Will Continue For Bruins Unless A Change Is Made
Everyone should know how these work by now, so without further ado I bring you the SoB NBA Preseason power rankings.
With the lockout-shortened season resulting in a condensed schedule. the best combination for success seams to be fresh legs and continuity. Keeping that in mind, this is how I ranked each team going into this year.
1) Miami Heat – I'd love to write something negative here, but I can't. They made the finals last season after a pretty terrible start based on the talent on the team. Add in a whole year together, Shane Battier, and Norris Cole … they aren't 2/1 odds to win the championship for nothing.
2) Chicago Bulls – Their one weakness was Keith Bogans starting at guard next to Derrick Rose. Now, Rip Hamilton is just about a perfect a fit next to Rose.
3) Oklahoma City Thunder – Another prime example of a team that didn't do a whole lot during the offseason and didn't have to. They added Boston College guard Reggie Jackson and lost 30+ pounds of Kendrick Perkins. I like them coming out of the Western Conference.
4) New York Knicks – Tyson Chandler took the Mavericks from pretenders to contenders (did I just say that?), and I think he can do the same for the Knicks. If – and it's a big fat "If" – Baron Davis can recover from his back injury in time to find his rhythm with the rest of these guys, look out. Oh, and Iman Shumpert!
5) LA Clippers – Yes, I put the Clippers ahead of the Lakers. Again – this is PRE season power rankings. Clippers stole Chris Paul from the Lakers, added Caron Butler, retained DeAndre Jordan, and added Chauncey Billups. Bravo.
6) LA Lakers – Mike Brown + Josh McRoberts – Phil Jackson + Lamar Odom = Angry Kobe Bryant. All kidding aside, I actually like the ADDITIONS the Lakers made. I don't understand giving Odom away for a trade exception (unless they get Dwight Howard by year's end), but the addition of McRoberts and rookie Daruis Morris will help. They should be fine, but with both Gasol and Kobe a year older, I see them slipping a bit from last season, not improving.
7) Dallas Mavericks – The defending champs lost their best defender and should now fall back to where they were before they got him. I like what Dallas did after they realized Chandler was gone, bringing in Odom, West, and to a lesser extent an over-the-hill Vince Carter. They will be good, but I don't think they will have enough to repeat.
8) Memphis Grizzlies – I keep going back and fourth on the Grizzlies. I look at the roster and what they were able to do last season and am immediately impressed. Then I remember that they are the Grizzlies. Logic would tell you that adding a healthy Rudy Gay and rookie Josh Selby would make your team better. The true wildcard this season, they could finish first in the West or miss the playoffs entirely.
9) San Antonio Spurs – This spot is more out of respect for the Spurs than what I actually think could happen to them this year. They didn't add a whole lot (although I do like Kawhi Leonard quite a bit). They are old. Really old. But they still are the Spurs, and they still have the best coach in the entire league.
10) Boston Celtics – Unfortunately they are in the same boat as the Spurs. Solid team, old team, and a good coach. Losing Jeff Green will hurt. The additions of Keyon Dooling, Brandon Bass, Chris Wilcox, and Jajuan Johnson will give them better depth then they have had in years past, but this teams championship window has just about shut.
After the top 10, things start to get pretty dicey.
11) Denver Nuggets – The Nuggets should be pretty decent. They were able to Keep Nene and Afflalo which where clearly their top two priorities. They have a lot of solid pieces and a good enough coach to make the playoffs.
12) Orlando Magic – I'm putting Orlando here and I'm totally uncomfortable with it. If they lose Howard this could be the worst roster in basketball.
13) Atlanta Hawks – I'd like to see the Hawks do something. They have had the same basic core for a few years now and it hasn't won them anything. They are good, but what is the long-term plan here? They have just about maxed out their potential. They brought in Tmac though … so they have that going for them.
14) Indiana Pacers – I like Indiana! They added David West (creating a very good big man trio of Hansbrough, West, and Hibbert). They added George Hill. Paul George is a year older…I like what Larry Bird is doing.
15) Portland Trailblazers – Just another solid, solid team. The addition of Jamal Crawford and Ray Felton should help solidify them as a playoff team. Now if Oden could just get healthy…
16) Philadelphia 76ers – They fit the 'fresh legs, same team' theme pretty well. They brought back Thaddeus Young and their young players should improve, but Spencer Hawes is still the starting center. Opposing teams, plan accordingly.
17) Houston Rockets – I secretly really like Kevin McHale as a coach. Houston has a solid mix of veterans (Kevin Martin, Louis Scola) and young players (Kyle Lowry, Jordan Hill, Patrick Patterson). They should be right in the mix with about 8 other teams for the final few playoffs spots in the west.
18) Milwaukee Bucks – The Bucks have a lot of young pieces, and when you get to this point in the list you have to start looking for a few little things that separate each team because they are all incredibly close. Bogut is a top-5 center in this league, and I love rookie Tobias Harris. Beno Udrih will also help them, I promise.
19) Sacramento Kings – The Kings are my number one "If they figure it all out" team. DeMarcus Cousins and Tyreke Evans both have the potential to be in the top tier of players at their position THIS season. They have great depth at every spot, and they should be able to win more games than they lose. I repeat, they should. Who knows if they will?
20) Minnesota Timberwolves – They have a ton of pieces. Kevin Love is fantastic. Derrick Williams will be in contention for rookie of the year, and they also have Beasley, Rubio, Barea, Ridnour, Johnson … lots of talent.
21) Golden State Warriors – I know they can score, but I don't know if Mark Jackson can coach or if they can defend. If those two things happen, they can make the playoffs.
22) Utah Jazz – Another team that could either be much better or much worse than #22. They should have a nice rotation of bigs with Jefferson, Favors, Kanter, and Millsap. So good that it makes you wonder if they can improve the rest of their roster by trading one of them.
23) New Jersey Nets – This was a tough team to place. They have a now-injured Brook Lopez and Deron Williams. but beyond that you're looking at a pretty lackluster roster. If they land Kirlenko that will surely help, and there is also the possibility of landing Dwight Howard.
24) Phoenix Suns – Want to know how much I respect Steve Nash? They are No. 24 despite having one of the more underwhelming rosters in the entire league.
25) Washington Wizards – The success or failure of this team will fall entirely on the shoulders of John Wall. If he can play at an elite level they will be decent.
26) New Orleans Hornets – Once again, PIECES. New Orleans has them. They won't be great, but they have some players you can build around.
27) Detroit Pistons – I feel for Pistons fans. They are in just about the worst spot you could be in as a franchise. They have some older talent and bad contracts but are just good enough to finish better than the bottom few teams (who all get a shot at a top draft pick).
28) Cleveland Cavaliers – Kyrie Irving should win rookie of the year, and fellow rookie Tristan Thompson should get a lot of playing time. That's a good place to start your rebuild.
29) Charlotte Bobcats – Bismack Biyombo and Kemba Walker. I'll watch them so you don't have to! Seriously though, they might not be horrible.
30) Toronto Raptors – They will be much better when top pick Jonas Valanciunas joins the team in the next few years. Until then, expect DeMar DeRozan to shoot the ball every time he gets it.
Phew! Expect a shorter version just about every week here on Sports of Boston. Christmas can't come soon enough!
Tags: Boston Celtics, Miami Heat, NBA Power Rankings
Boston, Massachusetts, is home to several major league sports teams, including the Boston Red Sox baseball, Boston Celtics basketball, and Boston Bruins hockey. The New England Patriots football and New England Revolution soccer play at Gillette Stadium in nearby Foxborough. Thanks.


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Welcome to the
Association of Costs Lawyers
The ACL is the representative body for Costs Lawyers - regulated legal professionals who specialise in the law relating to legal costs. The ACL promotes the interests of Costs Lawyers and lobbies on their behalf. It also provides education and training for its members and the wider legal profession.
On this website, you can find details of Costs Lawyers throughout the country, information about becoming a Costs Lawyer, and news from the world of legal costs.

subset: commoncrawl


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Seemingly everyone is expecting a big breakout year from Ravens quarterback Joe Flacco . The latest vote of confidence came from the man standing directly behind him on most plays, running back Ray Rice.
"In pecking order, this is Joe's offense, then everyone else," Rice said Thursday to the Baltimore Sun. "And he's proven that this preseason with how he's played, his tempo, how vocal he is, and the quiet Joe phase is pretty much over ... I think he's going to prove to everybody why he's a top quarterback in the league.
"I just can't wait to get out there with the guy so we can go out there and show guys what he's really capable of doing."
Fantasy Analysis:
I'd like to see it before buying into it. Flacco was really good this preseason, completing more than 70 percent of his throws. He has a nice set weapons in Rice, Torrey Smith and Anquan Boldin, and the no-huddle offense should mean a higher volume of passes. But as I've said before, this team went 1-4 during the 2011 regular season when Rice didn't get 20 touches. He should be the go-to guy in this offense if the Ravens want to win consistently. Perhaps the Ravens can find a way to make that happen while showcasing Flacco, who is a promising QB2 in fantasy. But I think it's a reach to say he will finish in the top 12 at the position.


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timing advance on a lightly built 350 (300 horsepower)
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Originally Posted by
To start with, having no cam specs and not knowing what the real compression ratio is, along w/no idea (I'm guessing) what the quench distance is, there's gonna be a lot of guesstimating going on here...
Having a vacuum advance has far more advantages and basically no drawbacks on a street driven engine. It aids economy, it will allow a cooler running engine, at idle especially. It can help smooth the idle. Definitely a good thing to have.
Basically, you want as much timing advance, as soon as possible- w/o the engine detonating at all. Detonation (pinging) will kill power the moment it begins and in severe cases will ruin an engine outright. To answer your question, no- 2800-3000 RPM is not to low of an RPM to bring the total in by. BUT, this will depend on a lot of things: vehicle weight, use, fuel octane rating, gear ratio, carb tuning, etc. There is no number that's correct for all engines. The numbers given are a starting point from where you will add and subtract timing as required to keep the engine out of detonation and making the best power.
First, there is no amount of main or rod bearing wear that will ever be great enough to cause a significant change in the compression ratio.
To compute the CR you need to know the head gasket and cylinder bore diameter, the stroke, the piston deck clearance (how far down the hole the piston is), the head gasket thickness, the piston volume and the chamber volume. If you don't know these figures, you're guessing and the difference could easily be more than a 12% variation.
The large chamber SBC heads are crappy flowing and the chambers are inefficient. Given that, the work you did may or may not have actually helped flow- w/o a flow bench, this is a crap shoot once you alter the stock port profile. Just cleaning up the ports and port matching the heads to the intake can help.
I seem to get that you didn't get a valve job done. And that means that likely the guides are also untouched. These two areas are wear points that have to be addressed on every used SBC OEM head I've ever seen. The guides always wear and are loose after being used for any real length of time. The seats being done correctly w/a multi-angle valve job and back cutting the valves will give you more flow increase at the lifts where it matters most, than most anything else a home porter could ever hope to accomplish unless the home porter has a
of experience and/or has served under a pro.
What are the specs from the cam card?
Always use long tube headers any time they CAN be used. The shorter headers leave power on the table.
I doubt seriously you need a billet torque converter! Use a good TC builder and get a TC that has a stall RPM that about matches the torque peak RPM of the engine, or slightly lower. That does not mean the TC will rev to the torque peak every time you pull away from a stop sign. It will mean that when there's traction and you mat the throttle, the TC will flash to where the engine is making the most torque for the best launch.
Hey thanks for all the help and answers -
Looks like the amount of money I spent on this motor, I shot myself in the foot.
THe origional idea was just to give it a little power, till IU bought my LS2 motor and built that a little. But after everything, Ive overspent on a motor that wasnt properly tuned it looks like
Cam specs -
.050 duration - 204 intake 214 exhaust
sae duration - 278 intake 288 exhaust
valve lift .422 intake .444 exhaust
Lobe separation - 107 int 117 exhaust
.050 timing BTC -5 ABC 29 BBC 44 ATC -10 (??)
engine is a goodwrench crate 350 with stock 8:1 compression ( if that helps for compression calculation)
I didnt get a valve job done, I spent quite a bit of time lapping the valves, also cleaned the valve bowl really well.
I couldnt fit long tube headers, theyd be about 1.5" off the ground if I put them on
car weighs 3600 lbs
I dont know if any of this helps..
With that non vacuum advance diz, do you think its really gonna kill me on gas? and rough idle?
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Mikohn's Big Payout Could Be a Buyout
In Las Vegas, slot-machine makers are on a roll: Stocks have rebounded sharply from mid-September lows. But one laggard is Mikohn Gaming (MIKN ), which has developed an innovative line of slot machines based on board games such as Battleship, Yahtzee, Clue, and Trivial Pursuit. Its shares haven't joined the rally mainly because it has had little Street following. "Mikohn may be the best value in the entire group," says one California hedge-fund manager, who has been snapping up shares, currently trading at 5, down from a high of 8.50 in early July.
One other reason he is accumulating shares: Mikohn, which has 2,600 slot machines that it leases to casinos, is a potential takeover target in a consolidating industry. This pro notes that Australia's top slot maker, Aristocrat Leisure, has a mere 3% market share in the U.S.--and has said it hopes to hit 20%. So far, Aristocrat has bought two small U.S. gambling machine makers this year. Mikohn, which expects to lease out an additional 1,200 machines to casinos this year, is a "logical acquisition" for Aristocrat, says the fund manager.
"Mikohn has provided some of the most compelling gaming products and equipment around the world since 1987," says David Bain at Roth Capital Partners, who rates the stock a buy. He expects the company to earn 59 cents a share this year on projected sales of $100.8 million, and $1.41 in 2002 on sales of $111.2 million.
By Gene G. Marcial


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I don't think the author meant to be bullying, and I do think this attempts to be more satirical than mean, but experience has taught me that this is not innocuous in the least
So that link above is a really good look at where I go to school. A lot of things I've struggled to explain to you can be seen very clearly through it. I should say that as far as I can tell, most women on campus dress modestly or decently and there was little or no need for the editorial's call for – well, I'll let the author explain:
…"long skirt" signifies more than a daily clothing choice; it is a frame of mind that values modesty for the sake of holiness. You can be a long skirt, and you should encourage all the women in your life to adopt the modesty and prudence of long skirtness for the sake of their beauty and the benefit of everyone who has to look at them.
The problem with this kind of talk isn't that a lack of modesty is a good thing. The problem is that there are a lot of people who are, to say the least, not-very-nice hiding behind this sort of rhetoric. I've known fundamentalist families and friends who will yell at anyone over anything. I don't think I need to spell out where and how I've met them. And while no school should be connected to what at times might be termed "abuse," the unfortunate reality is that a university's culture can reinforce some of the worst things human beings can do to each other.
In this case, it absolutely is the case that this kind of talk encourages self-hate and paranoia over nothing. Witness this comment:
This article really made me re-think about what I'm wearing. I don't usually wear leggings, but I do wear semi-fitted to fitted pants (which the majority of the world wears now). Still, it made me aware of the fact that I need to exercise modesty.
I hope this is a joke, because it has absolutely nothing to do with faith or treating people well or loving justice or walking humbly with one's God. The way it is written, it seems to have everything to do with jumping through arbitrary hoops and saying that's the essence of faith. What's at play is fundamentalist peer pressure. I'm not saying the author of the comment shouldn't be more aware of what she already wants to do, i.e. be more modest. If that's what she wants, fine. I can see how that might generate something people would consider holy. But it looks to me that the article has achieved something that can only be called sinister.
There's an additional problem. Not only is there implicit (and in some cases, explicit – read some of the comments by the article's defenders) bullying. It's also the case that now, instead of talking about whether French intervention in Mali will be successful or Platonic thoughts about justice carry over into Augustine, we're stuck on this. All of a sudden, in one bold stroke, everything a school tries to be intellectually is gone. And the price is more than intellectual. After all, what's happening is some form of bullying. What is lost as an educational institution is any sense of maturity.
We lose the ability to produce people who can talk about relevant issues. We lose the ability to seriously critique the worst aspects of our culture. We lose the ability to create leaders who can be trusted by everyone. Does it surprise you that the article sounds like a number of people who are thought to be unelectable? What makes someone unelectable is when they create an "us" vs. "them" with no credible reconciliation of the gap. That was what made Romney's "47%" remark fatal: there's no real attempt to try and say "we." There's only "good" and "bad" with one group always being "bad."
No one's saying there can't be a more conservative culture or calls for decency. But this is what you get on a conservative campus, and yes, it probably is related to the GOP's current problems. To be blunt: I couldn't stand Leftist causes at state university. But at least those Leftist causes were aware, in large part, that there were other people in the world and that those other people deserved better. What is so striking about the next generation of conservatives, from what I can see, is an almost endless amount of self-absorption. As if morality were only a personal code of conduct – as if "love thy neighbor" was an option.


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DIY: Turn Your Room into a Walk-In Camera
Extra photos for bloggers: 1, 2, 3
What could be better than a shiny new camera? How about a walk-in camera?
That's right! We're making cameras big enough to have a party in.
Check out this tutorial for a step by step guide to turning any room into a giant camera.
It's kind of like making a pinhole camera but on a real-life scale.
So grab some poster board, a roll of tape, and invite your friends over for a camera party.
Turn Your Room into a Camera Obscura
p.s. Want even more Photojojo? Yeah, you do! Like us on Facebook for more DIYs & inspiring photo stuff.
Why it's cool:
Way before pixels, polaroids, and even the earliest of films, artists used a camera obscura to project the outside world into a room.
Camera obscura literally means "dark room".
Artists used this method to create drawings and paintings, and it's what led to the invention of photography. Pretty cool, right?
See how cameras work first hand.
And while you're at it, you can make some pretty sweet (digital) images.
- 2-5 pieces of Black Poster Board, depending on your window size
- Black Electrical Tape
- Flashlight
- Xacto
- Tripod
- Camera
- White Sheet, optional
- Aluminum Foil, optional
STEP 1: Find a View:
Pick a room to make your camera obscura.
Ideally, this room will have one window, and a blank wall opposite that window.
But don't worry, you can make any room will work.
If your room has more than one window, you will need additional poster board to cover those windows.
If the opposite wall is not blank, you'll want to hang a white sheet. Keep reading, we'll show you how.
Step 2: Make a Lens:
Grab your flashlight, and unscrew the lens.
Just like your camera has a lens, your camera obscura needs one too.
This will help focus the light coming through the window in order to make an image.
The larger the lens, the more light will come through. However, the image may not be very sharp.
Smaller lenses will create sharper images, but will not let as much light through.
Step 3: Cut a hole:
Take one piece of posterboard, and place your flashlight lens in the center.
With your Xacto knife, cut a hole around the lens.
Easy, right?
Step 4: Tape in Place:
Use black electrical tape to keep your lens in place.
Tape all sides, creating a good hold on the lens.
Make sure the hole around your lens is completely sealed.
You don't want any stray light streaks coming through.
Step 5: Optional Adjustable Lens:
As an option to get sharper images, experiment with cutting different size holes to use as a lens.
Just like the aperture in your camera, the bigger the hole, the more light comes through, but the softer the image.
The smaller hole lets less light in, but the light that does come through will be more focused, resulting in a sharper image.
Aluminum foil is lightproof, and easy to customize.
Cut 5″x5″ squares of aluminum foil. Use an Xacto to cut three different size holes, one large, one medium and one small.
Instead of using the flashlight lens, cut a 4.5 x 4.5″ square out of your poster board.
Tape your aluminum foil lens in place, making sure the edges are completely sealed.
Step 6: Cover Windows:
You want to cover all the windows with black poster board.
Leave a space in the center for your poster board with the lens attached.
Use electrical tape to secure all sides.
You can use black masking tape or duct tape if you prefer, just make sure it won't strip the paint when you remove it.
Step 7: Place Your Lens:
Place your lens in the center of your window.
Tape down all the sides securely.
You want to make sure the only light entering the room is coming from the lens you created.
Step 8: Hang a White Sheet
If the wall opposite your window is not blank, you can hang a white sheet to display your image.
Our opposite wall had a window.
We blacked out the window first, then hung a sheet over it.
Pull the sheet as taut as you can. Use pushpins to hold it in place.
Step 9: Look for Leaks
Sneaky light. It tends to creep through under doors and in places we don't expect it to.
Look around your room and see if there's any extra light coming through.
Place a towel or blanket along doorways.
Step 10: Turn off the Lights:
We want to let the sun do it's magic.
Switch off the light, and wait a few minutes for your eyes to adjust.
Step 11: Watch your image appear:
Depending on the time of day, your image will start to appear on your white sheet.
It will be projected upside down.
Why? There's a whole science behind it.
Our eyes adjust pretty fast to the dark room, but you'll need a long exposure on your camera to replicate what you see.
Grab your tripod, and start with your camera set to 30 seconds, at an aperture opening of f/8.
If your image is too bright, try less time.
If it's too dark, increase your time. Try one whole minute.
Step 12: Document your Camera Obscura:
Be sure to take plenty of photos to document your creation.
Get creative have your friends sit in front of the projected image. You could make really interesting portraits.
If your projected view has moving elements, like cars driving down the street, a short video clip could be really fun.
Take it further
- Visit San Francisco's permanent Camera Obscura.
- Check out Ian Ruhter's traveling camera obscura van.
- Try this SLR pinhole lens for dreamy images on the go.


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Is there any way to have XBMC start on my PC when I open the XBMC remote app on my Tablet?
I use my PC for more then just XBMC and having to open the program with the mouse before using the remote on my tablet completely defeats the purpose of using the remote at all. I can just use the mouse I already have in my hand.
Is there any plans on doing this or a work around that will give me a one button press on my tablet that will open the program on my PC.
I have looked for other options and nothing exists that will put a shortcut on my home screen that will launch a PC program with just one press. Everything involves opening and App and navigating 5 menus.
Please tell me this is in the works.
Start XBMC when I open the Remote App
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2011-02-03 22:55 Post: #1
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2011-02-04 01:28 Post: #2
In case of Windows, I recommend this thread:
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UNM Heads West for Three Matches
Sept. 24, 2012
Enjoy Lobo Volleyball with the Lobo Pride Pass
New Mexico Lobos Volleyball (14-2, 2-0 MW)- On the Road @ CSU Bakersfield, Fresno State and UNLV
Wednesday, Sept. 26: Lobos at CSU Bakersfield, 7 p.m. MT -- Live Stats
Thursday, Sept. 27: Lobos at Fresno State, 8 p.m. MT -- GameTracker
Saturday, Sept. 29: Lobos at UNLV, 8 p.m. MT -- GameTracker
GoLobos.com: Box scores/stats and game recaps
Next Home Match: The next home Lobo volleyball match will be held in The Pit on Thursday, Oct. 4 against Boise State. The match begins at 7 p.m. MT.
New Mexico carries an overall record of 14-2 and is coming off two big conference wins at home over MW preseason No. 1 Colorado State (3-2) and Wyoming (3-1). The Lobos came back from an 0-2 deficit on Thursday night to beat the Rams, and after dropping the first set of Saturday's match against Wyoming, the Lobos rallied to win the next three. The Lobos are 5-1 in matches in which they've dropped the first game and are 4-1 in five-set matches.
With three matches on this week's slate, Lobo head coach Jeff Nelson's biggest concern is the health and energy level of his student-athletes.
"My biggest hope for this team is just that they don't run out of gas," Nelson said of his 10-player roster. "They work so hard -- I'm very impressed with how hard this group works."
Nelson knows his team will be tested this week, not just because the team is on the road, but because the teams UNM will face are playing well.
CSU Bakersfield (6-7*) is riding a four-match win streak after winning its Roadrunner Classic last weekend with two 3-1 wins over Maryland-Eastern Shore and a win over Utah Valley. Fresno State (8-6*, 1-1 MW) did well in its non-conference schedule and opened up MW play on the road last week, outlasting Boise State, 3-2, on Thursday night before dropping a 3-1 match at Air Force on Saturday. Like the Lobos, the Rebels (9-5*) are 2-0 in conference play, picking up a win at Air Force, 3-1 on Thursday and a five-set win at Boise State on Saturday. *All three teams have matches before playing the Lobos this week. Fresno State leads the league in digs, averaging 15.57/set. UNLV is No. 1 in assists (12.98) and kills (13.83) and is second for attack percentage (.243).
"It's a tough road trip for us," Nelson said. "Fresno State is playing well, they've won a lot of tight matches and they're gaining confidence. UNLV is improving match-by-match throughout the season."
The Lobos too, should carry some confidence with them on the road. New Mexico is first in the MW in win-loss percentage, .875, and is first in ace serves with 98 total (1.61/set).
Redshirt sophomore Chantale Riddle also tops the league in kills, averaging 4.16/set and points, earning a set average of 4.81.
New Mexico will return home next week, Thursday, Oct. 4 for a 7 p.m. match against Boise State in The Pit.
On CSU Bakersfield (6-7 overall*)
All-time series... 0-0, first meeting
2011 record... 8-18, Independent
Returners... Four letterwinners, including two starters
Newcomers... 12, six transfers and six freshmen
Last time out... CSUB is riding a four-match win streak after winning its Roadrunner Classic last weekend with two 3-1 wins over Maryland-Eastern Shore and a win over Utah Valley.
Common opponents in 2012... UNM topped UMES, 3-1 on Sept. 1 while CSUB defeated the Hawks twice last weekend, 3-1, each match.
Leaders... Junior OH Debra Araujo (4.08 kills, .199 pct., 2.10 digs, .67 blks), freshman OH Kelsee Sawyer (2.37 kills, .191 pct., .39 blks) and junior setter Fernanda Goncalves (10.02 sa, 1.39 digs, .47 blks)
Misc. Notes... Please use CSU Bakersfield, CSUB or Bakersfield instead of Cal State Bakersfield, Bakersfield State, UC Bakersfield and Cal-Bakersfield.
On Fresno State (8-6*, 1-1 MW)
All-time series... 8-7, Lobos H: 4-2 A: 2-5 N: 2-0
Last meeting... The last time the two teams met, the Bulldogs took a 3-0 match from the Lobos on Aug. 29, 2003 in Fresno.
Last time the Lobos defeated Fresno State... Nov. 16, 1996 in a five-set match in Fresno.
2011 record... 21-11, 9-5 WAC
Preseason... Fourth in MW
Last time out... Fresno State opened MW play on the road, picking up a 3-2 win at Boise State on Sept. 20 and dropping a 3-1 decision at Air Force on Sept. 22.
Common opponents in 2012...The Bulldogs topped UC Santa Barbara, 3-2, on Sept. 15. The Lobos also beat UCSB, 3-2, on Sept. 8
Leaders... RS junior OH Marissa Brand (3.80 kills, .186 pct., 2.98 digs), junior OH Korrin Wild (2.83 kills, .110 pct., 2.91 digs) and senior setter Barbara Alcantara (11.28 sa)
On UNLV (9-5*, 2-0 MW)
All-time series... 13-16, Rebels H: 7-8 A: 6-8 N: 0-0
Last year Lobos vs. Rebels... The Lobos got the season sweep over UNLV, 3-0 at home on Oct. 6, and taking a 3-1 match at UNLV on Nov. 5. UNM has won the last five meetings and hasn't lost to the Rebels since Oct. 17, 2009.
2011 record... 14-17, 4-10 MW (7th)
Returners... Eight letterwinners, including six starters and last year's libero
Last time out... The Rebels opened up MW play with two road wins last week, defeating Air Force, 3-1, on Sept. 20 and topping Boise State, 3-2 on Sept. 22.
Common opponents in 2012... UNLV dropped a 2-3 decision to Portland on Sept. 1 while UNM swept Portland on Sept. 8.
Leaders... Junior MB/OH Madeline Westman (2.88 kills, .335 pct., 1.46 blks), sophomore OH Daryn Glenn (2.60 kills, 2.52 digs), freshman setter Kinsey Caldwell (10.46 sa, 2.77 digs)
Nelson nears another Milestone... Lobo head coach Jeff Nelson's collegiate head coaching record sits at 349-203, just one win shy of 350 career victories. On Sept. 7, Nelson earned his 100th Lobo victory with a 3-2 win over Georgia Southern. He became just the second coach in UNM volleyball history to reach the 100-win mark, doing so in just over five seasons. Laurel Brassey Iverson is New Mexico volleyball's winningest coach with a Lobo record of 290-210, built over 17 seasons (1983-86, 1988-2000), but Nelson takes the crown as the UNM volleyball coach with most overall wins.
Shock and Rock... The Lobos opened Mountain West play by shocking and rocking Mountain West preseason No. 1 (RV) Colorado State. New Mexico dropped the first two sets (10-25, 18-25) of the Sept. 20 match before rallying to claim the next three (25-11, 25-20, 15-9). Alijah Gunsaulus led all players with a career-high 14 kills and 13 digs. It was the freshman's third collegiate double-double. It was just the third time since 1997 (when Rams' head coach Tom Hilbert took over CSU's program) that the Lobos have beaten CSU and the first time since 2006 that Colorado State dropped its conference opener. New Mexico improved to 2-0 in MW matches with a 3-1 (23-25, 25-17, 25-18, 25-19) win over Wyoming on Sept. 22. Chantale Riddle led all players with 18 kills, nine digs and three blocks. Junior Lexi Ross hit an exceptional .476, finishing with 13 kills (ties career-high) on 21 attempts and adding five blocks and three digs. Lena Skipper was the third Lobo to record double-digits in kills, tallying 10 and adding 10 digs.
Gutsy gals... Jeff Nelson's 2012 Lobos have gutted out four five-set match wins and have dropped just one match that has gone to five games. Last season the Lobos struggled in five gamers, going 1-6.
Come back kids... New Mexico dropped the opening sets of both of its matches this week and still managed to pick up two wins. The Lobos are 5-1 in matches in which they lose the first set.
Down the road... The Lobos return home for a pair of games next week. New Mexico welcomes Boise State to The Pit on Oct. 4 for a 7 p.m. match. The Lobos will play Air Force at 12 p.m. in the Johnson Center on Oct. 6.
There's No Place Like home... New Mexico has built an 8-1 record at home this season, and hasn't dropped a home match since Aug. 24 (1-3 to Duquesne). New Mexico is 5-0 when playing at a neutral site and is 1-1 when playing on the road.
Early Bumps... New Mexico's roster consists of 10 healthy players after losing three Lobos to season-ending injuries. Sophomore Elsa Krieg is out for the remainder of the season with a torn ACL. The Lobos' middle blocker was off to an excellent start on the season, leading the MW in hitting percentage with a .399 and service aces (19 tot., .53/set). Krieg sustained the injury in practice on Sept. 11.
New Mexico is also without freshmen Ashley Kelsey and Sara Stelzer. Kelsey, a dynamic outside hitter, will redshirt the season due to a torn ACL sustained in the first set of the Lobo Alumni Match on Aug. 18. Defensive specialist Stelzer is also missing from UNM's lineup as she is out due to a flare up of a concussion that happened outside of volleyball this summer.
Ace, Ace Baby... The Lobos lead the Mountain West in ace serves having recorded 98 on the season (1.61/set). Five players (four active) have double-digits in aces: Lexi Ross and Elsa Krieg lead UNM and Ross is third in the MW with 19, Ashley Newman has 17, Jordan Russell has 13 and Lena Skipper has 11.
Riddle An Individual Leader in the Mountain West... Redshirt sophomore Chantale Riddle leads the Mountain West in kills (4.16/set) and points (274.0 tot., 4.81/set).
Feel that freshmen impact... A few of New Mexico's freshmen are seeing plenty of court time and are making an impact for the Lobos. Redshirt freshman Hannah Johnson has played in every set and is averaging 5.38 assists/set. Johnson also has 28 kills, two ace serves, 26 digs and 36 blocks, including three solo blocks. True freshman Alijah Gunsaulus has played in all but two of the Lobos' sets, averaging 2.16 digs and 1.25 kills. Gunsaulus has also recorded seven ace serves and ten blocks. True freshman Skye Gullatt and Megan Short have seen more playing time since Elsa Krieg is out with a torn ACL. Gullatt is averaging 1.27 kills/set and carries a .312 hitting percentage. She also adds .73 blocks/set. Short brings 1.10 kills/set and .52 blocks/set.
Double Up... Chantale Riddle is fourth in the MW for season double-doubles with seven. Jordan Russell has four double-doubles, Alijah Gunsaulus has three while Lena Skipper has two so far this season.
Three October Matches in The Pit... Lobo volleyball will play three of its five home matches in October at The Pit in order to avoid parking and other logistical conflicts as The Lion King is showing at Pope Joy Hall on the campus of UNM. While The Pit is known as being the home of Lobo basketball, the UNM volleyball program called The Pit home from 1996-1999. The Lobos split time between the Johnson Center and The Pit in 1999, playing conference matches at the Johnson Center and non-conference contests in The Pit before moving back to the Johnson Center full time in 2000. The Pit was also the site of the 1992 NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Final Four in which Stanford defeated UCLA by a 3-1 decision, while Long Beach State and Florida were semifinalists.


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One Direction Takes Over the BRIT Awards Stage: Watch Here!
Making all the young girls swoon, One Direction hit the stage during the 2013 BRIT Awards on Wednesday night (February 20).
Held at London's O2 Arena, Niall Horan, Zayn Malik, Liam Payne, Harry Styles, and Louis Tomlinson sang their hit "One Way Or Another (Teenage Kicks)" to their hometown crowd.
Before taking the stage, Louis hopped on Twitter to share, "Ahhhhhhh The Brits todayyyyyyy!!"
Also slated to perform is Harry's ex-gal Taylor Swift. The two both hit the red carpet before the show, but avoided an awkward confrontation by arriving at separate time.


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- Meets ANSI Z87.1 and CSA Compliant
Leather Welding Helmet with Lift Front is a K-C Professional brand product.
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Garden Games and all new Essences! Plus, Hollywood, just stop it!
Ahoy! We're buzzing to know the answer and who doesn't love a bit of Euro Pop?


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Rockland Flooring Inc. specializes in installation, repair, wood refinish and resurfacing, sanding, and water damage repair. We also have remnants in stock for immediate installation by our own staff and carpet installers. Located in Stony Point, New York, we stock a huge inventory of carpeting, hardwood, laminate and tile flooring from leading manufacturers at affordable prices.
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Results 1 to 7 of 7
Home Equity Loan or Refinance or Neither - opinions ?
First off, I'm new here - just found you all on a DR google search. So, hello!
Second, I'd appreciate any input as I have been tossing these ideas about in my head and had a firm decision, til I found Dave's advice.
Okay, the facts first:
Our current mortgage is $82k down from $90 original. 5 years of paying mostly the regular payment, with a couple of years of extra principle payments. Rate is 6.125%.
We have just under $30k of credit card debt. $9k of that is 2 yr old business expenses that is owed to us by our business partner. He is paying it off a little each month. But, I'd like to treat it as my debt, since it is, and since I want to take charge of it in case he cannot pay it. So-so rates on the cards as I try to transfer to take advantage of special offers. Ranging from 0% til next summer to 15% on the smaller balances.
One vehicle is paid off, one vehicle is almost paid off - $590/mo for one more year.
Debt repayment itself is something I can figure on my own as I've been-there-done-that before, unfortunately. But I have a plan in place, have gone back to work part time to earn the money, and can pay off the debt in 12-15 months from the time the bleeding stops (spending greater than cash income), which should be next month.
The issue:
I have three choices for the debt - refinance our mortgage with other cc debt added in at a lower rate for 15 or 30 years fixed, get a home equity loan, or just leave it as is on the cards with a higher interest rate and pay it off eventually.
Current rates here are in the 3-4% range depending on term (15-30). With the reduction in interest rate, we can roll the $82k at 6.% and the $30k debt into a 15 year mortage instead of the current 30 year... and only increase our monthly payments by $250. 0 points through our credit union, 1 point through our bank, and I've no idea about other closing costs yet.
A home equity loan is running at 5 - 5.5% for 60 months...obviously a bigger monthly payment but separate from the mortgage and paid off sooner. We have plenty of equity as we paid for a big chunk of our home in cash (thank you, DR) and have since doubled the size & upgraded, again all in cash.
Lastly, I could leave the debt on the cards, pay a bit more in interest, and pay it off. The idea I get from DR is that this is the way to go, less for purely cost issues and more for the behaviour issues, if that's the right word.
The intangibles -
I'm a mom and want to be home with my kids ASAP. I'm working part time only until this is resolved. Refinancing would allow me to quit sooner and just let hubby deal with the $250. I would most definitely look for other ways to make money such as house cleaning or babysitting, but without any doubt, my biggest job would be supporting him, being his assistant, which means he'd bring home more $$ each month.
Hubby just started a new job, commission based, which will be paying all our monthly bills and expenses by January at the latest.
Anything else I need to input into this? I'm really tired today so hopefully I've not confused anyone
Thanks so much in advance for any light you can shed / advice you can give!
well you will be turning a short term unsecured debt into a long term secured debt where you can lose the house. and pay on it for 30 years.08-19-2010, 05:14 PM #3
Don't do a HELOC, no matter how good the rate sounds. For the above mentioned reason by itlw8, don't refi the mtg with cc debt rolled in. You don't want to lose the house. Not to mention, for the HELOC, it's a pretty sure bet you are upside down on your mtg, unless you got a ridiculously low price when you bought 5 years ago. I bought a house around the same time, and it went down in value when we sold it at the beginning of this year.
You can try talking down the interest rate with each company, but if that doesn't work, then just pay them off as quickly as you possibly can.
I can totally relate to you wanting to be home with your kids. I am a SAHM to 4 little ones, and that's the reason I haven't gotten a part-time job to help with our debt snowball. I am looking into ways to help earn some money, but for now, we are very careful with dh's income and do the best we can. If, without refinancing, you can't make ends meet, then you have to keep that part-time job. I hate to say it, because I know how important it is for Mom to be home, but becoming more upside down and wrapped inside your debt is not going to help matters at all.
I hope this helps you make your decision. We will always be here for encouragement or to whip you back into shape, whatever the current situation warrants.Sponsored Links Remove Advertisements08-19-2010, 05:25 PM #4
My house even with the added debt would be at less than 40% financed (60% equity is available) at current market price, even being very conservative. The issue that caused the debt was a one time deal, closing our business, which has been dealt with.
I guess my question, in a nutshell, is that this seems like a no brainer to me to refinance the house. We may do it anyway, just for the 3.35% rate with 0 points. But I read Dave's advice on his site and it made me pause.
If we rolled in the $30k, we would still pay the additional amount off early but would have the option in a bad economic situation to just pay the $250.08-19-2010, 05:31 PM #5
Thanks for this.
As I said in my first response, this isn't an average situation but I'm having a little trouble seeing the downside so any opposing thoughts help a lot.
Hubby's job will be better soon, or it'll be a different one. It's growing by about 75% per month so January is a conservative goal. My involvement with a PT job is limited to a year at most - that was our agreement. He's a multi-talented little bear and I've no worries that he could just find something different if need be.
We're definitely, most definitely, not upside down on our mortgage by anyone's calcs. We paid $60k down in cash and added 1000 sf of addition. We could take a big hit on selling it and still be ok.
Again, I appreciate it.08-19-2010, 07:48 PM #6
Just wanted to say thanks again and that we've made our decision. Just the act of typing it out here, getting a bit of feedback, and reading more from DR and others including threads here helped tremendously.
After talking with the C.U. again and getting closing cost info, we're going with the 15 year mortgage refinance for sure. Just the refi alone, with no adding the credit card $$ saves us $50,000 over the life of the loan and pays it off 10 years faster and our payment only goes up $50 per month to $580. That's a crazy good ROI %.
And adding the credit card debt to it increases the monthly payment by $220. and results in $7,000 in finance charges if we do not pay anything extra at all and let it ride out the 15 years, which we won't do anyway. That $7k is not terribly far from what we'd pay the cc company on a 3 year payoff schedule but it gives us a tremendous amount of flexibility.
So we've saved a net $43k in interest, increased our mortgage payment by $266/month, and can pay extra on the loan at any time without penalties.
I've resisted this because I hate to go backwards in home equity, but the real fact of the matter is that the equity loss happens at the time of the debt, be it cc debt or other. This way, I can get back to my kids sooner and the debt will be paid off eventually.
Thanks again.08-19-2010, 08:11 PM #7
Welcome Rachel! I'm glad it's all working out for you. That's awesome you can cut that back so much.Debt repayment itself is something I can figure on my own as I've been-there-done-that before, unfortunately.~Russ
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Diagnosing Lassa Virus Infection by Tracking the Antiviral Response
2012-11-09T13:16:49Z (GMT) by

Hemorrhagic fever viruses can only be diagnosed by conventional methods when the infection has spread to the blood the patient (viremia, around 8 days after infection). We set out to determine if the transcriptional dynamics of the circulating immune cells (PBMCs) in non-human primates infected with the Lassa virus could be used as an ealier indicator of infection. We identified a strong signal of infection that appear almost 5 days earlier (3dpi) than the one detected by conventional methods.


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Parting Out
Parting out your car? Post your entire list of BMW parts for sale in one forum. Single items should be posted in one of the other classified forums.
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Dinan CF CAI and OEM clears
I've pulled these items out of my year 2000 323ci and putting up for sale. Here are the details on both items...
Dinan Carbon Fiber CAI - $150 Shipped
This includes the pipe, rubber flange to mount direct to the throttle body (both hose clamps) and the bracket for support in the lower fender. You will need to supply your own filter as mine was in bad shape.
This has been in my car now for 8 years and a bit of the clear coat has peeled off along the sides where the 2 sheets of CF were fit together to make the pipe. I've cleaned it thoroughly and can attest there are no holes or cracks, just the outer clear epoxy is peeling away along those lines...
OEM Clears - $110 Shipped
Full set of OEM clears purchased by me from Circle BMW several years ago. They are in excellent condition and will get them cleaned up and post pics. The rears will need the black gasket pulled from yours in order to seal them properly when installed.
I will try to post pics of all items in the next few days. Paypal preferred payment
In Houston if anyone locally is interested and I can deliver
Thanks for looking,
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Introduction to Sphingolipids and Membrane Rafts
1. Sphingolipids
The sphingolipids comprise a complex range of lipids in which fatty acids are linked via amide bonds to a long-chain base or sphingoid. The root term "sphingo-" was first coined by J.L.W. Thudichum in 1884 because the enigmatic nature of the molecules reminded him of the riddle of the sphinx. The term "sphingolipide" was introduced by Herbert Carter and colleagues in 1947. While they are perhaps less enigmatic than they once were, sphingolipids are extremely versatile molecules and surprises are certainly expected as new knowledge is gained of their functions in healthy and diseased animal and plant tissues. They are also found in a few bacterial genera (but especially Sphingomonas and Sphingobacterium).
A long-chain base, such as sphingosine, is the simplest possible functional sphingolipid, but ceramides, which contain a fatty acid linked by an amide bond, are not only important molecules in their own right, but are the precursors of phospholipids and glycolipids with an immense range of functions in tissues. These are quite distinct from the properties of the complex glycerolipids. For example, sphingomyelin has structural similarities to phosphatidylcholine, but has very different physical and biological properties, while the complex oligoglycosylceramides and gangliosides have no true parallels among the glycerolipids.
Complex sphingolipids are located mainly in the plasma membrane of mammalian cells where they have a structural function, although they also serve as adhesion sites for proteins from the extracellular tissue. However, they have analogous intracellular functions in all cellular compartments, including the nucleus. It is now evident that sphingolipids and their metabolites have important roles in signal transduction.
In recent years, it has become apparent that sphingolipids are involved in the pathophysiology of many of the more common human diseases including diabetes, many different cancers, microbial infections, Alzheimer's disease and other neurological syndromes, and diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Sphingolipids and their metabolism are therefore likely to prove of ever-increasing interest to scientists.
2. General Comments on Sphingolipid Metabolism
The biosynthesis and catabolism of sphingolipids involve a large number of intermediate metabolites, many of which have distinctive biological activities. In animals the relationships between these metabolites have been rationalized in terms of a 'sphingomyelin cycle'.
Many different enzymes (and their isoforms) are involved, and their activities depend on a number of factors, including intracellular location and mechanisms of activation. Each of the various compounds in these pathways has characteristic metabolic properties, and these are discussed in more detail on the web pages on the individual compounds. Thus, free sphingosine and other long chain bases, which are the primary precursors of ceramides and thence of all the complex sphingolipids, function as mediators of many cellular events, for example by inhibiting the important enzyme protein kinase C. Ceramides are involved in cellular signalling, and especially in the regulation of apoptosis, and cell differentiation, transformation and proliferation, and most stress conditions. In contrast, sphingosine-1-phosphate and ceramide-1-phosphate promote cellular division (mitosis) as opposed to apoptosis, so that the balance between these lipids and ceramide and/or sphingosine levels in cells is critical.
Similarly, the 'structural' sphingolipids, such as sphingomyelin, monoglycosylceramides, oligoglycosylceramides, gangliosides and sulfatides, all have unique and characteristic biological functions, most of which are due to their physical properties and location within membranes (see below).
Metabolic pathways that are comparable to those of the sphingomyelin cycle are believed to occur in plants, although they have not been studied as extensively as those in animals (sphingomyelin itself does not occur in plants). However, sphingolipid metabolites such as sphingosine-1-phosphate have been linked to programmed cell death, signal transduction, membrane stability, host-pathogen interactions and stress responses, for example.
Plants also have a unique range of complex lipids in their membranes, such as ceramide phosphorylinositol and the phytoglycosphingolipids, and these are now known to constitute a higher proportion of the total lipids than had hitherto been supposed. The functions of these have hardly been explored.
3. Fatty Acid Components of Sphingolipids
The fatty acids of sphingolipids are very different from those of glycerolipids, consisting of very-long-chain (up to C26) odd- and even-numbered saturated or monoenoic and related 2-R-hydroxy components, while even longer fatty acids (C28 to C36) occur in spermatozoa and the epidermis. In plants, 2-hydroxy acids predominate sometimes accompanied by small amounts of 2,3-dihydroxy acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are only rarely present, although sphingomyelins of testes and spermatozoa are exceptions in that they contain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are even longer in chain length (up to 34 carbon atoms), including 28:4(n-6) and 30:5(n-6). Skin ceramides also contain unusual fatty acids, while yeast sphingolipids are distinctive in containing mainly C26 fatty acids.
Very-long-chain saturated and monoenoic fatty acids are produced by specific elongases (ELOVL), and there is increasing evidence that specific isoforms are involved in the biosynthesis of certain ceramides. For example, ELOVL1 has been linked to the production of ceramides with C24 fatty acids (see our web page on long-chain bases). Hydroxylation is effected by a fatty acid 2-hydroxylase in mammals, i.e. an NAD(P)H-dependent monooxygenase, which is an integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum. It converts free long-chain fatty acids to free 2-hydroxy acids in vitro and probably also in vivo. For example, experimental evidence has been obtained that is consistent with 2-hydroxylation occurring at the fatty acid level prior to incorporation into ceramides in the brain of mice. Similarly, in skin, 2-hydroxy and nonhydroxy fatty acids as their CoA esters are used with equal facility for ceramide biosynthesis by ceramide synthases. It is possible that a proportion of the odd-chain fatty acids in brain at least are synthesised by peroxisomal α-oxidation of the 2-hydroxy acids. In plants, it is possible that 2-hydroxyl groups are inserted into fatty acyl chains while they are linked to ceramide, as ceramide synthase does not accept hydroxy fatty acids in vitro at least. Two fatty acid 2-hydroxylases have been found in Arabidopsis, with one specific for very-long-chain fatty acids and one for palmitic acid.
Although the fatty acids are only occasionally considered in terms of the biological functions of sphingolipids, their influence is considerable, especially but not only in relation to their physical properties and function in membranes (see the comments on rafts below). For example, synthetic glycerolipids containing very-long-chain fatty acids (C26) specifically allow growth in yeast mutants lacking sphingolipids, probably by stabilizing the proton-pumping enzyme H+-ATPase. Similarly, ceramides containing different fatty acids can be used in highly specific ways. For example, in fungi, C16 or C18 hydroxy acids are used exclusively for synthesis of glucosylceramide, while those containing very-long-chain C24 and C26 hydroxy acids are used only for synthesis of glycosyl inositol phosphorylceramide anchors for proteins. In plants, sphingolipids containing 2-hydroxy acids are protective against oxidative stress.
4. Membrane Rafts and Caveolae
Raft structure and organization
It is impossible to understand the functions of sphingolipids without some understanding of their distinctive physical location within membranes. Sphingolipids are located only in the outer (exoplasmic) leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer, while glycerophospholipids such as phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine occur only in the inner (cytoplasmic) leaflet under normal circumstances. Cholesterol is believed to occur in roughly equal proportions in both leaflets. Further, sphingomyelin and other sphingolipids together with cholesterol are located in an intimate association in specific subdomains or 'rafts' (or related invaginated structures termed 'caveolae') of membranes. These are laterally segregated regions that form as a result of selective affinities between sphingolipids and membrane proteins, which act to compartmentalize the latter and thereby separate different biochemical functions. It has become evident that such rafts do not represent a single monolithic structure, but a heterogeneous collection of domains differing in their protein and lipid compositions as well as in their stability with respect to time. Many aspects of raft structure especially are uncertain and controversial, because of the technical difficulties involved in their study, although new insights are being obtained by super-resolution fluorescence microscopy.
The packing of cholesterol with the saturated acyl chains of sphingolipids is thermodynamically favoured over that with unsaturated acyl chains, and cholesterol is essential to the process of raft formation. If one of either the sphingolipid or cholesterol is depleted by any means, the other follows and vice versa. Indeed, there is evidence that in animal tissues sphingomyelin regulates the capacity of membranes to absorb cholesterol and thereby controls its flux between the plasma membrane and regulatory pathways in the endoplasmic reticulum.
A formal definition of rafts has been proposed, i.e.
"Membrane rafts are small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions."
Earlier definitions have tended to depend on the methods used experimentally to isolate raft preparations and especially their resistance to nonionic detergents, i.e. their insolubility in cold 1% Triton X-100, for example. They have then been described as detergent-resistant membranes or 'DRM'. This has resulted in much confusion and controversy in the literature. DRM certainly contain raft material, but it is now considered that they should not be treated as rafts per se, as more robust methods of studying raft formation are available.
As much as 50% of the plasma membrane may consist of such rafts, and the apical membrane of epithelial cells especially may behave like a large raft. As sphingolipids containing long, largely saturated acyl chains, they pack more tightly together, thus giving sphingolipids much higher melting temperatures than membrane glycerophospholipids. This tight acyl chain packing is essential for raft lipid organization, since the differential packing facility of sphingolipids and cholesterol in comparison with glycerophospholipids is believed to lead to phase separation in the membrane, giving rise to sphingolipid-rich regions ('liquid-ordered' phase) surrounded by glycerophospholipid-rich domains ('liquid-disordered' phase). This ordering is responsible for the resistance to attack by detergents. As these rafts are relatively small (approximately 50 nm diameter and containing roughly 3000 sphingomyelin molecules) and mobile, they are not easy to study by microscopic methods. They are thicker than normal membranes (46 versus 40 angstroms). Sphingolipids tend to have more free hydroxyl groups, both in the long-chain bases and fatty acid components than glycerolipids, and these enter into hydrogen bonding and contribute to the stability of rafts. The presence of very-long-chain fatty acid components (e.g. C26) is believed to be essential. Cholesterol interacts particularly strongly with sphingomyelin, and much less with glycosphingolipids.
Membranes should be regarded as lipid-protein composites rather than a solution of protein in a lipid solvent. Indeed, membrane proteins are essential for raft formation, and the reggies/flottilins are especially important in that they promote the assembly of glycerophosphoinositol(GPI)-anchored proteins into rafts. However, many other proteins are present including tyrosine kinases, phosphatases and other signalling proteins. Palmitoylation or myristoylation can target proteins to lipid rafts (see our web page on proteolipids), and for example flotillin is anchored in the lipid bilayer via N-terminal myristoyl and palmitoyl groups; it also binds to actin and the cytoskeleton and it is now evident that these are involved in raft formation. Other proteins with transmembrane segments are targeted to rafts by specific amino acid sequences. These provide much of the important biological properties of rafts, and are also required to maintain their stability. The interplay of lipid-based raft units together with protein-mediated assembly of specific protein complexes generates functional domains with high biological activity in cell membranes. From comparisons of membrane solubility in different detergents, it appears that there may exist subsets of membrane raft domains, which differ in their molecular compositions. In particular, they may contain distinct ganglioside species as well as the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol anchors.
Rafts also contain some glycerophospholipids and these often consist of relatively simple molecular species with one saturated and one monounsaturated acyl chain. In addition, both ethanolamine plasmalogens, especially those containing arachidonic acid, and phosphatidylserine are enriched in rafts as compared to the plasma membrane as a whole.
Plants and yeasts: Specific microdomains or rafts that are enriched in the characteristic plant sterols, sterol glucosides and sphingolipids, such as glucosylceramide and especially the glycosyl-inositol-phosphoceramides, have also been detected in the plasma membrane and Golgi apparatus of plant cells. These contain distinct sets of proteins, including those anchored by glycosyl phosphatidylinositol or glycosyl inositol phosphorylceramide. As in animal cells, such rafts may assist in positioning proteins in specific regions of the cell where they can function in development, membrane trafficking and signalling. In the plasma membrane of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae raft-like structures have been identified, which do not contain ergosterol but are composed primarily of sphingolipids, possibly inositol phosphorylceramide, and contain glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins. Microdomains enriched in both ergosterol and sphingolipids have been found in the plasma membrane of other yeast species.
Those subdomains in the plasma membrane related to rafts and termed 'caveolae' lack glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins and are stabilized by particular membrane-spanning scaffolding proteins, the caveolins, a family of three palmitoylated hairpin-like proteins of which caveolin-1, a 24 kDa integral membrane protein with three palmitoylation sites at the C-terminal domain, is the main structural component. These aggregate into large complexes and organize flask-shaped invaginations 50 to 100 nm in diameter in membranes. In addition to the caveolins, caveolae are known to contain some specific signalling proteins, including Ras proteins, G-proteins and growth factor receptors, not present in other raft microdomains. The presence of caveolins rather than invaginations is now considered the defining property of caveolae.
Other than the content of glycosyl phosphatidylinositol, the lipid composition of caveolae is similar to that of rafts in general in that they contain appreciable amounts of sphingolipids and cholesterol. However, the gangliosides GM1 and to some extent GM3 appear to be concentrated in caveolae. One hypothesis that cannot as yet be tested is that the neck region of caveolae with a strong positive curvature may be highly enriched in glycosphingolipids, which may be largely absent from their lumen. There is evidence that the caveolins interact directly with glycosphingolipids especially, and that the latter may have regulatory effects in the signalling functions of caveolae. It has been argued that caveolae best meet the accepted definition of a raft and should be used as a provisional standard against which other proposed raft structures should be judged, and it is believed that there may be different classes of caveolae with different compositions, physical forms and metabolic functions.
A general picture has emerged of caveolin-1 and sphingolipids forming the scaffold for an integrated network of interactions, which contribute to the regulation of cellular functions via their influence upon receptor molecules in the plasma membrane. Caveolae appear to have a role in controlling the level of free cholesterol in cells, and thence may affect signalling processes. They are especially abundant in endothelial cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, but have not been found in lymphocytes or mature neurons. In adipocytes, they may regulate the flux of fatty acids across the plasma membrane. Also in adipocytes, insulin is the main hormone that affects metabolism, and the receptor at the plasma membrane is located in caveolae with possible implications for diabetes, obesity and other metabolic disorders. In addition, caveolae function as an important route by which nutrients, such as folate and glucose, are able to cross the plasma membrane, although the mechanism is still obscure.
Raft function
It should be recognized that lipid rafts in general are dynamic structures, which can be formed or undergo compositional changes during signalling events and are short-lived (milliseconds or less). There may also be some form of cross-talk between different raft populations, which can coalesce during activity. Thus in resting cells, sphingolipids may exist in small and highly dynamic domains, which on stimulation can stabilize and grow. In the process, they initiate biochemical reactions by promoting interactions between proteins. Raft domains may also aid membrane trafficking, for example by facilitating the transfer of specific proteins, such as the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, from the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi to the plasma membrane.
Lipid rafts are believed to modulate signalling events in a number of different ways according to the composition of the specific subpopulations. Thus, the location of signalling molecules within one such microdomain might in itself be a control mechanism, as a protein activated by phosphorylation within the raft and might be prevented from interacting with an inactivating phosphatase in another region of the membrane, for example. By concentrating all of the components of particular signalling pathways within one domain, lipid rafts could promote signalling in response to stimuli, while movement of signalling molecules in and out of the raft could control whether cells are able to respond to stimuli. Similarly, communication between different signalling pathways could be simplified if the relevant molecules were concentrated in the same lipid raft. In contrast, rafts might also regulate signals in a negative manner by sequestering signalling molecules in an inactive state. The physical properties of rafts may be key factors in these interactions. Thus, in response to receptor activation or other stimuli, sphingolipid compositions in rafts may be altered with effects on membrane architecture or morphology producing further downstream events.
Raft formation appears to be particularly important to the activity of T cells, i.e. lymphocytes derived from the thymus gland that are intimately involved in antibody production. Lipid rafts are a key element of membrane organization that appear to be crucial for the initiation of T cell signalling by enabling efficient interaction between antigens and receptors.
It is also apparent that the biological functions of neurotransmitters and their receptors, in particular acetylcholine and serotonin receptors, are highly dependent upon sphingolipids and cholesterol in raft domains. The lipids interact with receptors to alter their conformation ("chaperone-like" effect), thus regulating neurotransmitter binding and signal transducing functions amongst other events.
There is evidence that certain pathogens activate the acid sphingomyelinase that releases ceramide in membrane rafts, transforming them into larger units. These can mediate the internalization of bacteria, viruses and parasites into host cells, to initiate programmed cell death (apoptosis) and release signalling molecules. They may also assist in the budding of viruses from infected cells. In effect, rafts and caveolae reorganize the receptor and intracellular signalling molecules in the cell membrane and enable the interaction of pathogens with cells. The lipids of viruses are derived from the host membranes, and for example, it has recently been demonstrated that the lipids of the HIV virus are enriched in sphingolipids that appear to be derived very specifically from rafts. Further, these lipids are essential for the infectivity of the virus. In contrast, rafts can assist cells to defeat infection by activation of transcription factors and the release of cytokines.
The problem of the actual size and lifetime of membrane rafts is not easily addressed. While a great deal of attention has been focused on rafts in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, little is known of the structural organization and properties of the corresponding inner leaflet or how the two layers interact.
Nonraft regions of membranes
A corollary of the existence of rafts, which are rich in cholesterol and with low levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, is that microdomains must also exist that are depleted in cholesterol and enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Indeed, the rigid structure of cholesterol and the highly flexible chains of docosahexaenoic acid, for example, are incompatible and promote the lateral segregation of membranes into rafts. Microdomains that are enriched in polyunsaturated lipids and cholesterol-poor are technically even less easy to study than rafts, but these may also contain distinctive proteins and have important biological functions. There are also suggestions that the interface between rafts and nonraft regions may attract a specific range of proteins.
Suggested Reading
- Cacas, J.-L., Furt, F., Le Guédard, M., Schmitter, J.-M., Buré, C., Gerbeau-Pissot, P., Moreau, P., Bessoule, J.-J., Simon-Plas, F. and Mongrand, S. Lipids of plant membrane rafts. Prog. Lipid Res., 51, 272-299 (2012) (DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.04.001).
- Christie, W.W. and Han, X. Lipid Analysis - Isolation, Separation, Identification and Lipidomic Analysis (4th edition), 446 pages (Oily Press, Bridgwater, U.K. and Woodhead Publishing Ltd, Cambridge, U.K.) (2010) - Woodhead Publishing Ltd.
- García-Sáez, A.J. and Schwille, P. Stability of lipid domains. FEBS Letts., 584, 1653-1658 (2010) (DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.12.036).
- Hama, H. Fatty acid 2-hydroxylation in mammalian sphingolipid biology. Biochim. Biophys Acta, 1801, 405-414 (2010) (DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.12.004).
- Hartlova, A., Cerveny, L., Hubalek, M., Krocova, Z. and Stulik, J. Membrane rafts: a potential gateway for bacterial entry into host cells. Microbiol. Immunol., 54, 237-245 (2010) (DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2009.00198.x).
- Merrill, A.H. Sphingolipids. In: Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes (5th Edition). pp. 363-397 (Vance, D.E. and Vance, J. (editors), Elsevier, Amsterdam) (2008).
- Merrill, A.H. Sphingolipid and glycosphingolipid metabolic pathways in the era of sphingolipidomics. Chem. Rev., 111, 6387-6422 (2011) (DOI: 10.1021/cr2002917).
- Pike, L.J. The challenge of lipid rafts. J. Lipid Res., 50, S323-S328 (2009) (DOI: 10.1194/jlr.R800040-JLR200).
- Sandhoff, R. Very long chain sphingolipids: Tissue expression, function and synthesis. FEBS Letts., 584, 1907-1913 (2010) (DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.12.032).
- Simon-Plas, F., Perraki, A., Bayer, E., Gerbeau-Pissot, P. and Mongrand, S. An update on plant membrane rafts. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 14, 642-649 (2011) (DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.08.003).
- Simons, K. and Sampaio, J.L. Membrane organization and lipid rafts. Cold Spring Harbor Persp. Biol., 3, 10 (2011) (DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a004697).
- Sonnino, S. and Prinetti, A. Sphingolipids and membrane environments for caveolins. FEBS Letts., 583, 597-606 (2009) (DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.01.007).
- Sonnino, S. and Prinetti, A. Membrane domains and the "lipid raft" concept. Curr. Med. Chem., 20, 4-21 (2013) (DOI: 10.2174/0929867311320010003).
- Sperling, P., Warnecke, D. and Heinz, E. Plant sphingolipids. In: Lipid Metabolism and Membrane Biogenesis. pp. 337-381 (ed. G. Daum, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg) (2004).
- Suzuki, T. and Suzuki, Y. Virus infection and lipid rafts. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 29, 1538-1541 (2006) (DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.1538).
Updated November 18, 2013


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