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Browse our image gallery of June's top London gigs
Green Day
Emirates Stadium, Sat Jun 1
After the release of three albums in quick succession late last year, some cancelled shows and a stint in rehab for frontman Billie Joe, the kings of pop punk are back in London for a massive show at the home of Arsenal FC. Expect fist pumping, fireworks, some excitable anti-Republican sentiment, and lots of raucous sing-along hits.
Emirates Stadium, 75 Drayton Park, N5 1BU. greenday.com
Barbra Streisand
The O2, Jun 1 & 3
Having racked up more than 30 studio albums in a recording career spanning six decades, this singer-cum-actress-cum-writer-cum-director is one of the most commercially and critically successful entertainers in modern entertainment history. The Barbra Streisand Live show will see the US star accompanied by a full orchestra, with appearances from special guests Chris Botti, her son Jason Gould, and sister Roslyn Kind.
The O2, Peninsula Square, SE10 0DX. barbrastreisand.com
Toro y Moi
Koko, Tue Jun 4
This genre-hopping bedroom producer almost defies definition. A captivating live performer who seamlessly turns his hand to myriad instruments and live production roles, Chazwick Bundick mixes minimal and chillwave with disco, funk, house and indie to create an almost overwhelmingly broad soundscape. Three great albums in as many years and a long list of industry fans make this unassuming 26-year-old from South Carolina a sure hit on the summer festival circuit this year.
Koko, 1a Camden High Street, NW1 7JE. toroymoi.com
Mt. Wolf
Union Chapel, Fri Jun 7
Hot off the success of their sold-out headline gig at XOYO earlier this year, Mt. Wolf bring their ethereal electronic folk to the intimate Union Chapel. The unique, candlelit setting will no doubt be the perfect backdrop for Kate Sproule's dreamy, haunting vocals – listen out for their biggest track, Life Size Ghosts.
Union Chapel, Compton Avenue, N1 2XD. mtwolf.co.uk
The Stone Roses
Finsbury Park, Jun 7-8
The newly-reunited Madchester veterans lead a surprising line-up of acts at the London park in which Jimi Hendrix first burned his guitar. An almost festival bill of support acts across the two nights features Dizzee Rascal, Johnny Marr and Rudimental, as well as The Courteeners, Miles Kane and Public Image Ltd.
Finsbury Park, Haringey, N2 2NQ. thestoneroses.org
Kings of Leon
The O2, Jun 12-13
A mid-week set on the Greenwich Peninsula may be a far cry from their Nashville beginnings, but these southern rockers will be glad to be back after a cancelled tour and a side project from bassist Jared sparked rumours of a split back in 2011. Don't worry though, the whiskey-soaked, leather-clad family band are back in their adopted home, with a new album expected sometime this autumn.
The O2, Peninsula Square, SE10 0DX. kingsofleon.com
Twickenham Stadium, Jun 15-16
Currently romping through Europe on her chaotic Diamonds World Tour, the headline-grabbing Barbadian singer already proved her show-stopping mettle last year with performances at the Hackney Weekender alongside hip hop megastars Jay-Z and Kanye West. Her latest album shot to number one across the globe, and last week in Lisbon she set herself on fire in front of thousands of fans. Enough said.
Twickenham Stadium, 200 Whitton Road, TW2 7BA. rihannanow.com
Charli XCX
O2 Academy Islington, Wed Jun 19
It took this 20-year-old synthpop songstress four years to put together the recently released True Romance album, so thank goodness Charli XCX (real name Charlotte Aitchison) got it spot on. Her schizophrenic new wave sound jumps from Grimes to Gaga, throwing a load of eclectic samples in there only to end up smacking you round the chops with a shiny pop chorus.
O2 Academy Islington, 16 Parkfield Street, N1 0PS. charlixcxmusic.com
Tame Impala
Hammersmith Apollo, Tue Jun 25
Playing tracks from their Lonerism LP, this fuzzy, psych-rock band have won rave reviews in both live and recorded realms. Hailing from Perth – one of the most isolated cities on earth – Tame Impala come from the long lineage of low-key, but intensely talented and innovative indie rock bands for which the area on Australia's west coast has become known.
Hammersmith Apollo, 45 Queen Caroline Street, W6 9QH. tameimpala.com
Hard Rock Calling
Olympic Park, Jun 29-30
The London mini festival has crossed town to Stratford, having ditched its traditional Hyde Park setting, as apparently the Mayfair locals couldn't handle the noise. 2013 sees HRC take on a less than 'hard rock' theme, but a fine bill of bands is still on offer. At this year's Soft Rock Calling, you can catch Bruce Springsteen, Kasabian, Paul Weller, The Cribs, The Black Crowes and Miles Kane, to name a few.
Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, E20 2ST. hardrockcalling.co.uk
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Appearing on Saturday's NBC Today, left-wing Washington Post opinion writer and MSNBC contributor Jonathan Capehart dismissed a congressional investigation into the Solyndra debacle as just "the GOP looking to scratch, trying to find a scandal in an administration that is remarkably free of scandal."
After co-host Lester Holt noted that "Republicans have seemed to caught a whiff of scandal" with Solyndra, Capehart argued: "...it's the only program that failed, Solyndra. And also, the other thing to keep in mind is that this is a program that was started – a process that was started under President George W. Bush."
As The Hill reported on Monday, a second company backed by an Energy Department loan, filed for bankruptcy. Beacon Hill Corp., an energy storage company, received $43 million in 2010.
Capehart's claim that the Bush administration was responsible for the Solyndra loan was also inaccurate, given that an Energy Department panel under President Bush voted down approval of the loan prior to Barack Obama taking office.
In another example of NBC bringing on a liberal to downplay an Obama administration scandal, on Sunday's Meet the Press: Press Pass, host David Gregory asked Democratic Congressman Elijah Cummings what Congressional Oversight Committee Chairman Darrell Issa was "up to" by investigating the Fast and Furious gun-tracking scandal.
Cummings ranted: "I really think this is a witch hunt....a lot of this is politics. Trying to make this U.S. attorney look bad, that is the Attorney General. Then trying to make the President look bad....I talked a little bit earlier about these efforts to destroy this president. I think this is part of it."
Here is a full transcript of Capehart's October 29 Today appearance:
LESTER HOLT: Now to politics and the race for the White House. The first GOP primary is just over two months away and with the clock ticking, the challengers are stepping up their attacks on each other and the President. Jonathan Capehart is a political analyst and MSNBC contributor. Jonathan, good morning. Good to see you.
JONATHAN CAPEHART: Good morning, Lester. Great to be here.
HOLT: Before we talk about the race, I want to talk about something Republicans have seemed to caught a whiff of scandal, potentially, in the Obama administration, with regard to stimulus loans made by the Energy Department to green companies. One of them, Solyndra, just went into bankruptcy to the tune of $500 billion – or half a billion dollars. What does that mean for the White House, who suddenly appointed an independent investigator here?
[ON-SCREEN HEADLINE: Obama's Energy Crisis? Bankrupt Company Touted By Obama Costs Taxpayers About $500M]
CAPEHART: Well, look, the White House is trying to get ahead of wherever congressional investigators are trying to go. This – the thing to keep in mind is that Solyndra, as you said, 500 – half a billion dollars in loan guarantees lost, in a program that's 38 to 40 billion dollars. It's a huge program, it's the only program that failed, Solyndra. And also, the other thing to keep in mind is that this is a program that was started – a process that was started under President George W. Bush. So we're looking at the GOP looking to scratch, trying to find a scandal in an administration that is remarkably free of scandal.
HOLT: Alright. I want to turn to now the presidential politics. Michele Bachmann, Tea Party favorite, came out of the Ames straw poll as the winner. She was in the news for about a day after that and has fallen off the radar. And now there's controversy within the Tea Party about where she's going and whether this is the person they should be wrapping their arms around. What's going on?
[ON-SCREEN HEADLINE: Decision 2012; Is the Tea Party Over For Michele Bachmann?]
CAPEHART: What's going on is I think there's some Tea Party factions that want to win. They want to get behind a candidate who they think can get to the nomination and do the things that they want to do in terms of shrinking the deficit, bringing the federal government to heel in terms of government spending. And right now, it doesn't look like Michele Bachmann is going to be that the person.
HOLT: Help me understand what's going on with Rick Perry. Is folks now are saying he may only compete in one more debate. Now we've heard a lot that he's struggled in debates. But what would lead him to perhaps not appear in any more?
CAPEHART: The previous five debates, where his debate performance has just been horrendous. Remember, you mentioned Michele-
HOLT: But that's waving the surrender sign, though, isn't it?
CAPEHART: Pretty much, yes. Remember, when he came into the race he stomped all over Michele Bachmann's day in the sun. She won the Ames, Iowa straw poll and the next day he announces and he's riding high. He hits that first debate, he stumbles. Second debate, he stumbles. All the way through. If you're Rick Perry and you see your poll numbers sliding down and it's because – you can trace it back to your debate performances, would you want to show up at the next debate? No. But it's, I think a tactical mistake on his part because it looks like he's scared.
HOLT: Interesting turn of events. Jonathan Capehart, good to have you here.
CAPEHART: Thanks, Lester.
HOLT: Thanks very much.
CAPEHART: Thank you.

subset: commoncrawl


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What the Old Testament Prophesied About the Messiah
- 2005 16 Aug
Crosswalk.com aims to offer the most compelling biblically-based content to Christians on their walk with Jesus. Crosswalk.com is your online destination for all areas of Christian Living – faith, family, fun, and community. Each category is further divided into areas important to you and your Christian faith including Bible study, Bible verses, marriage, parenting, movie reviews, music, news, and more.Who Is Jesus Christ - Questions and Answers


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Starting in the other side of the world. The path begins.
Good luck son. 2 weeks. I believe in you.
Starting in the other side of the world. The path begins.
Good luck son. 2 weeks. I believe in you.
Solid supporter of: Tomasz Adamek. Maurício Rua. Daniel Ghiţă
Good luck Ian
Liam Bad Intentions James, pro mma uk featherweight!!
Totally not going to happen but if he can perform and gradually start fighting at a lighter weight then he may do alright. Got a feeling that he will struggle with the big punchers though.
If you didn't see it with your own eyes, or hear it with your own ears, don't invent it with your small mind and share it with your big mouth!
Not one to snark on threads but he is actually fighting at feather.
Just said it because I don't think the weight was ever bought up in the other thread as concrete, a lot of speculation on it.
Not to be a complete cock, although I believe my use of the word actually made me sound a bit cunty.
Maybe it did and I missed it.
Anyhow that's that.
Should be an interesting one.
16-bit for life http://findingdyluck.blogspot.co.uk/
If he can get the fight to the floor I think he will do ok, if not could be difficult, a bit like Sass maybe.
Don't Take Life Too Serious Or You'll Die Stressed!!!
Does anyone know how many grappling comps he has entered and won with heel hook or is it literally the two wins in MMA?
As regards Enty winning or losing I have this sneaky feeling he will surprise a lot of people and do well, he just seems to be one of them people that is able to find the win, and we all know that's what it's all about.
Don't Take Life Too Serious Or You'll Die Stressed!!!


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Eva Shockey Covers Field & Stream Magazine
Posted on May 2, 2014
Eva Shockey covers the May 2014 issue of Field & Stream magazine. Eva is holding her bow on the cover. The Outdoor Channel says Eva is only the second woman to cover the publication in its 119-year history. The only other woman to cover the magazine was Queen Elizabeth, who covered the magazine in 1976 with her hunting dogs.
Eva stars on the show, Jim Shockey's Hunting Adventures, which airs on the Outdoor Channel. The long-running show is now in its 12th season.
Eva says she flew 35 hours from Russia to New York and back for the shoot. She says of the experience, "It was all actually a pretty big deal. I got there at a Chelsea studio, obviously jetlagged. They had 10, 15 people -- hair stylists, nails, makeup, lighting, a big-name professional photographer. It kind of felt like what you'd see in the movies."
Photo: Field & Stream
More from Shoppers Shop


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Editors' Note: The download button opens the iTunes App Store, where you may continue the download process. You must have iTunes installed with an active iTunes account in order to download and install the software. This download may not be available in some countries.
read more +
|Educational Software
Publisher's Description+
From NeoSoar: Link Dropbox to own your Cloud Personal Library; bulk import your eBooks and Auto-Sync across your devices! NeoSoar eBooks is a powerful PDF & ePub reader, support Adobe DRM eBooks. Select book content and directly query information including Dictionary, Translation, Google, Wiki, then One-Click to digest and save the result as notes, even insert Audio/Video hyperlink to make your own multi-media book, make notes without typing or copy-paste. The underline and highlight color strokes, the tooltip notes and full-page notes, full-text search function enrich your learning experience, no need to sign in to use. You may manage eBooks from either Dropbox or the reader, to import, add, or delete them. The Cloud Personal Library Auto-Restore the eBooks when you add or replace devices. Dropbox Auto-Sync function is embedded, it works even you don't install Dropbox App. Click the App Cloud-Sync button to link with your Dropbox now!*Support e-book format1. PDF2. ePub3. Adobe DRM PDF4. Adobe DRM ePub* Include 2 selected books for free.- The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes- The Great Gatsby
What's new in this version:
Fix incorrect display language under iOS9.
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Browsing Chemical Engineering Theses by Subject "Nanostructured materials--Design and construction."
Now showing items 1-1 of 1
[2010-02-09] Templated growth of platinum nanostructures Novel platinum nanostructures were synthesized by templating the growth of platinum on treated polymer surfaces and within disk-like aqueous bicellar assemblies. The growth mechanisms of all structures were examined in ...


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WHW Winterhilfswerk original Label from Germany 1939/40
- Sold for: Start Free Trial or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Item Category: Sports
- Source: eBay
- Sold Date: Nov 16, 2008
- Channel: Auction House
Original label from Winterhilfswerk 1939/40. Grossdeutschlands Winterhilfwerk November . Payment is by paypal or cash in a letter. Posting in a letter is 3 Dollar. Posting by registered letter is 5 Dollar.


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Wiles Takes Over Santa Fe Football Program
Published June 28th, 2012
Loading Video...
Santa Fe football players got a chance to meet the newest head coach of Raider football. Bill Wiles made his return to North Central Florida, replacing Tommy Keeler who stepped down after one season with Santa Fe. Wiles coached South Walton last year, and had previous stops at area schools like Branford, Trenton, and Bell. He won a Class 1A state championship back in 1993 with Graceville, and looks forward to trying to bring the same success to Raider Nation. Wiles biggest concern is getting to know his current team and personnel, which will dictate the offense and defense Santa Fe will run in the upcoming season.
Related Stories
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- "Wiles Hero's" Anti-Bullying Program
- Santa Fe College Softball Takes On FSCJ
- Santa Fe Takes Home 2016 Hitchcock's Challenge Title
- Vanguard, PK Yonge, Santa Fe Take Home District Championships
- Gator Baseball Takes Game One in Series Over UConn
- Softball Takes Series Over Ole Miss
- Florida Baseball Takes 5-1 Win over UCF


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We'll help you find the right solution for your needs
Does this sound like your topic?
Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
This troll nut case who is always talking crap about my sister is trying to subpoena me because i apparently "threatened" him. Well basically I just got fed up with his crap . My family and his family don't have a great history or whatever. . . anyways i went on a rant to him in a long message. In the message i said things like like f*ck you , f*ck your whole family called him trash, a piece of sh*t and then told to him to play in traffic and take his family with him. His friend told him he can report me to authorities so now the troll claims he's is going to subpoena me to court because basically i told him to kill himself and his whole family. He's taking that as a threat. (just to find some way to get me in trouble) ( the guy is 20 and i am 18 so i have no idea if he's joking around abo
I always counsel my clients not to interact with Internet trolls. It just adds fuel to the fire.
I doubt the police would want to become involved in this petty bickering, absent a threat of physical bodily harm that could be considered seriously - which I doubt this is.
The Troll could sue you for your comments, but I doubt he will want to put any money up front with a lawyer - so I doubt he will go this route.
Finally, as I said up top -- Don't interact with the Trolls - it only gives them more ways to attack you.
This post is provided for general informational purposes only and is not intended to be legal advice specific to you. This general information is not a substitute for the advice of an attorney in your jurisdiction. The attorney client relationship is not established by this post.Ask a similar question
I agree, you aren't doing yourself any favors by responding to him. Leave him alone and stop giving him what he wants.
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Hales, Smith and Brady all thankful for support, even though only two will go on
Supporters at both Charlie Hales' and Jefferson Smith's parties Tuesday night were thrilled by the results - while those at Eileen Brady's party tried to remain hopeful with her third place position but eventually had to admit defeat.
Immediately after the first count was posted, Hales admitted he was "pretty surprised and excited to have that kind of lead." He thanked his supporters, mainly his wife, Nancy, and told the crowd at his campaign headquarters on Southeast Grand Avenue that "there are things we can start now," including strengthening the parks system, doing a better job community policing, and getting the streets in good condition. "We've heard that message, and I'm hear to tell you I won't forget," he said to loud cheers. Some in the crowd held cardboard cutouts of Hales' face or wore buttons that said "Hales yeah!"
Other priorities Hales cited: improving access to preschool and public school in every neighborhood, cleaning up the Willamette River, and working together to reverse the epidemic of gang violence in the city. He pledged to lead with "substance, not sound bites, results, not rhetoric."
Just as he wrapped up his brief address, his wife noticed and pointed to something just outside the glass windows: a passing streetcar. She started waving at it, and clapping, and Hales and the crowd followed suit and cheered, chanting "Choo Choo Charlie!" As an engineer, he's considered the father of the Portland Streetcar, one of his biggest accomplishments.
At the Smith party at a ballroom on East Burnside, meanwhile, several hundred people gathered as a DJ played pulsating music and a Baliwood performer danced on stage to warm up the crowd before Smith appeared at the podium. When he finally did so, about 9:15 pm., his supporters greeted him like a rock star, cheering wildly as he delivered line after line, including a twist on his traditional opening: "Hi, I'm Jefferson Smith, and I think I'm still running for mayor."
In his brief five minutes of remarks, Smith thanked his wife, Katy, who stood nearby on stage, as well as his volunteers and staff who "worked until their fingers bled for the past eight months." He said his volunteers knocked on 49,000 doors; Hales said his campaign reached 35,000 doors. Hales was the first to declare candidacy, in October. Smith said his campaign collected financial contributions from 2,500 people, the largest number in Portland's history.
Smith told the crowd that upon entering the race, "a candidate told me to bow out because I don't have a chance. I don't know what's going to happen now, but I know I've got a chance." He said he's the candidate who's stood up to controversial projects, and who wants to make sure developers pay the basic share of their fees. "We're all in this together," he told the crowd, promising to stick around as late into the night as they did.
Brady's supporters gathered at the Portland Spirit river tour boat, which was moored along the west bank of the Willamette River in Tom McCall Waterfront Park. Brady mixed with the crowd throughout the evening and also talked with reporters, expressing her gratitude for the support she received in her first run for political office. Brady also mentioned some of the many people she met on the campaign trail that made a lasting impression on her.
Bradyoriginally said she would wait until all the votes are counted before accepting the outcome, but conceded around 11 p.m. as the gap between her and Smith widened.


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This site is pretty much in mothballs now. There's not much here - some blog posts unlinked from anywhere because they're so old, a few tiny old programming projects I got around to releasing publically, and a bunch of old old links.
http://hur.st may be of more immediate use if you're trying to get in touch. Anywhere else may be of more immediate use if you're looking for something of interest.


text: Production Anniversary Number Two: 14 Million Passats Share Comments Emden/Wolfsburg, 27 April 2006 – Volkswagen in Emden today produced the 14 millionth Passat worldwide. The model is one of the most popular mid-range cars and currently the most successful vehicle in its class in Germany. "The Passat guarantees safety, quality and economy", said Plant Manager Siegfried Fiebig as the vehicle left the production line. This is confirmed by numerous accolades from experts, journalists and customers who have put the car through its paces in recent months. The anniversary vehicle is a reflex silver 103 kW (140 bp) Passat Variant Highline 4-Motion. Worldwide, Volkswagen currently produces 2,900 vehicles from various Passat series every working day at the plants in Emden, Zwickau/Mosel, Shanghai (China) and Anchieta (Brazil). Last year, Europe's leading automaker delivered some 600,000 Passat to customers all over the world. The main markets in Europe include Germany, UK, France, Spain and Italy. The main sales areas for the Passat outside Europe are Asia and the USA. Volkswagen in Emden The Volkswagen Emden plant produces the Passat Limousine and is the only plant to produce the Passat Variant. 2005 was the year of the new Passat (6th generation) ramp up. Some 216,400 vehicles left the assembly lines in Emden in 2005. Europe's most modern press shop has been in operation in Emden since 2001. Two vacuum transfer presses, each designed for a total force of 73,000 kilonewtons, can produce about 20,000 parts per day. At the end of December 2005, about 8,800 people were employed at the plant. For more discussion on this story, click on the link to our discussion forums at the left.


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Welcome to The Mystic Sea! Welcome to the realm of Mara Gimel. Mara Gimel means Camel Of The Mystic Sea. It is my role to lead you through this world of the occult, the unseen and the unexplained. Enter this realm with an open mind, it's time to remember what you have forgotten.
Tuesday, 26 March 2013
Unlimited Vision
Daily OM: We can only see so much from where we sit in our particular bodies, in the midst of our particular lives, rooted as we are in the continuum of space and time. The divine, on the other hand, is not limited to the constructs of either space or time, and its wisdom and workings often elude us as we try to make sense of what is happening in our lives. This is why things are not always what they seem to be and even the best-laid plans are sometimes overturned. Even when we feel we have been guided by our intuition every step of the way, we may find ourselves facing unexpected loss and disappointment. At times like these, we can find some solace in trusting that no matter how bad or just plain inexplicable things look from our perspective, they are, in fact, in divine order. Even as we take our places in this earthly realm, a part of us remains completely free of the confines we face here. Regardless of what is happening in our lives, this part of us remains infused with joy and gratitude, connected to the unbroken source from which we come. Our small self, on the other hand, who is caught up in our false identity as a being limited in space and time, regards happiness as the result of things going the way it wants them to go....read more>>>...


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- Half the calories and fat of our Real Mayonnaise all of the rich, creamy taste. Use it to make outrageously juicy meals! (from Hellmann's)
Water, Soybean Oil, Vinegar, Modified Starch (Corn, Potato)**, Eggs Sugar, Salt, Vinegar, Lemon Juice, Sorbic Acid**, And Calcium Disodium EDTA, (Used To Protect Quality), Natural Flavors, Vitamin E.
**Ingredients Not In Mayonnaise. GLUTEN FREE.


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"Who decides in America? The people, as the books claim? Or the elite, as common practice seems to have it? And so the rage. And soon the fire . . . the Democratic Party has essentially been hijacked by an educated, an over-educated elite group who basically don't care about the people who constitute the Democrat Party. " ~ Democrat Consultant & Gadfly, Pat Caddell
Caddell believes that the Nation is in a "pre-revolutionary" state.
More here.


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Gentle oscillation that never exceeds 0.6G may improve posture, balance and coordination, increase flexibility, speed healing of fractures, sprains and strains, help to decrease cortisol (the stress and belly fat hormone) and aids in detoxification. Whole body vibration also helps to increase bone density and reduce risk for osteoporosis and age-related bone thinning. When used with specific ballast weights, whole body vibration can help improve posture, even for those with severe posture problems like scoliosis.
Watch a recent news show on the benefits of properly-applied WBV.
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"The magnitudes used in those devices, well in excess of 8.0g, are well beyond the limits recommended for human tolerance by ISO and OSHA, are 35 times greater in amplitude than those mechanical signals that we study, are inherently dangerous, and to our knowledge, show little if any evidence that their devices are safe for bone, cartilage, muscle, tendon, ligaments or any of the major organs." -Dr. Clinton Rubin
Our whole body vibration is safe and effective, based on sound scientific research. Click here for the science behind WBV.


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GlenOak junior tailback Bri'onte Dunn has received a scholarship offer from Ohio State University, the Canton Repository is reporting.
Dunn, 6-f00t-1 and 210 pounds, has rushed for more than 300 yards in each of the last two weeks has drawn offers from Notre Dame, Pittsburgh and Cincinnati as well. Alabama is reportedly interested as well.


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Aristotelian and Whiteheadian Conceptions of Actuality: I
by Reto Luzius Fetz
Reto Luzius Fetz is Professor of Philosophy at the Catholic University of Eichstaett, West Germany. He has recently published a book about Jean Piaget and is organizing an International Congress on Edith Stein for 1991. The following article appeared in Process Studies, pp.15-27, Vol. 19, Number 1, Spring 1990. Process Studies is published quarterly by the Center for Process Studies, 1325 N. College Ave., Claremont, CA 91711. Used by permission. This material was prepared for Religion Online by Ted and Winnie Brock.
(Note: This article is translated by James W. Felt. James W Felt S.J., is Professor of Philosophy at Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053. Independently of Fetzs book he had published in Process Studies 14/4 (Winter 1985) an essay along some of the same lines: Whiteheads Misinterpretation of Substance in Aristotle."}
(*This is Section 3.1 of Fetzs book, Whitehead: Prozessdenken und Substanzmetaphysik [Friburg/Munchen: Verlag Karl Alber, 1981]. Two other chapters of this work are in subsequent issues of Process Studies. }
Whitehead and the Tradition of Substance Metaphysics
Aristotle had raised the fundamental question about being [on],and in the seventh book of the Metaphysics he makes it the question about "entity" [ousia]2 -- about "substance," as it will be called in the Latin tradition. Whitehead explains in the Preface of his chief work, Process and Reality, that he is concerned with "the becoming, the being, and the relatedness of actual entities" (PR xiii/xiv). Like Aristotles substances they constitute "the final real things of which the world is made up" (PR 18/27). Nevertheless Whitehead does not want to identify his [actual] entities with Aristotles "first substance." Rather, his concept of [actual] entity is meant to stand the traditional concept of substance on its head (PR xiii-xiv/vii-ix; 154-155/234). Whiteheads whole metaphysics must be understood not only as a destruction of the previous concept of substance but also as a reconstruction of a more adequate concept of [actual] entity. The relationship of Whiteheads metaphysics to the traditional philosophy of substance, and especially to Aristotles concept of entity, is thus the central point not only for any systematic exposition of Whitehead but also for his historical interpretation.3
Viewed historically that relationship is far less clear-cut than would appear from Whiteheads own presentation and from his critique of substance. This is a result of the history [210] of substance metaphysics, with its multiplicity of historical approaches.4 The notion of a uniform, simple concept of substance must itself be viewed as the product of a critique of substance that began with Locke and was generalized in the nineteenth century. Such a notion moreover does no justice at all to the complexity and historical variability of the fundamental concept of substance. But the same charge must be leveled against Whitehead insofar as he carries on the same line of criticism. His criticism, however, is not only original in many ways; it turns out also to be ambivalent, as is especially apparent in the stance he takes toward Aristotle.
When Whitehead speaks of "substance," he has in mind the concept of substance that derives from Aristotles logic, that passed from the middle ages to modem times, that is dominant in Descartes, and, finally, that has been constantly criticized since Locke and Hume. It is the concept that defines substance as self-contained and as the enduring bearer of qualities. As Whitehead points out, this concept of substance mirrors the ordinary concept of a thing, according to which reality consists in "things" that are simply located, are isolated from one another, and manifest an unchanged, enduring essence, their very "substance," that underlies their fixed or changeable determining conditions or "accidents."5 Whitehead shows how this concept of a thing, a concept that grew out of practical dealing with the actualities of the world, entrenched itself in the subject-predicate structure of language and from there made its way into Aristotles theory of the Categories. In the modem era, then, the originally logical schema of substance-quality was raised to the level of the fundamental structure of all reality -- with catastrophic [211] results that should allow us to recognize that in metaphysics this concept is "sheer error" (PR 79/122). This moves Whitehead to construct a radically transformed concept for his actual entities. In it, enduring substances are reinterpreted as events, and the previously dominant qualities are superseded by constitutive relations.
Doubtless Whitehead has hit upon a main strand of the substance tradition, and his rejection of this concept of substance is absolutely justified.6 At the same time, though, Whitehead points out that Aristotle himself, who in his Categories (a work of his youth) stands at the beginning of this development, does not allow his own metaphysics to be dominated by the explicitly logical thought structure of the Categories. Thus Whitehead can even go so far as to say, paradoxically, that "probably Aristotle was not an Aristotelian" (PR 51/81), insofar as the thought structure of the Categories is supposed to be the hallmark of the Aristotelian substance tradition. Thereby, however, Whitehead in principle leaves unanswered how this concept of an actual entity is related to the genuinely Aristotelian concept of entity as found in the Metaphysics. For Whitehead is silent on this point.
Historically Whitehead is certainly right that the initial scheme of Aristotles Categories proved to be much more influential than the more profound but more complex descriptions in his Metaphysics which were in large part obscured by the former.7 This state of affairs has its repercussions in interpretations of Whitehead which usually [212] facilitate the historical comparison of the Aristotelian and the Whiteheadian concept of entity by subsuming it under the concept of substance found in the Categories.8 But such a procedure not only fails to take account of genuine aspects of the Aristotelian concept of entity, it scarcely gets beyond the comparison Whitehead already made.
If we are to create new possibilities for comparison we shall, in my opinion, have to draw upon just that part of Aristotles works in which Whitehead conjectures the presence of another way of thinking of substance, but without analyzing it. That idea gives the following interpretation its direction. We raise the question, to what degree can equivalents to Whiteheads movement of thought be discovered in Aristotles philosophy of nature and metaphysics? We come to the perhaps surprising conclusion that Whiteheads criticism of previous substance thinking and his own conception of an "actual entity" can in decisive points be regarded as a retrieval and a radicalization of the genuinely Aristotelian concept of entity.
Natural Entity: Neither Logical Subject nor Material Substrate
Whiteheads critique of substance thinking is parallel to the genuinely Aristotelian approach to the problem insofar as Aristotle too rejects as inadequate a logical kind of consideration that orients itself only on the subject-predicate schema. For that would lead to the identification of entity with the underlying material substrate of the actualities of the world. True, the ultimate substrate seems most to be entity precisely because in any statement it always remains the subject to which all determinations are ascribed as predicates though it itself is never a predicate. But this way of looking at it is inadequate since, with the removal of all the predicated determinations, an utterly undetermined "primary matter" would remain as entity. Entity would become equivalent to matter.9 Whiteheads suggestion that the concept of substance provided the basis for scientific materialism (PR 73/120) stands out as an historical confirmation of this train of thought.
But why, according to Aristotle, should matter not be entity? Because matter, the fundamental substrate of actuality, does not yet constitute something self-sufficient, a "that-there" bearing the mark of an individual. And so entity must be looked for in a principle that has the power to determine -- in "form," that is, rather than in "matter" (1029 a 27-30). What Whitehead conceives as the subjectivity of an actual entity, its self-determination, has to do, in Aristotles doctrine, with his principle of "form." To inquire seriously about entity, one must begin with the recognition that it is "a principle and a cause," that is, the decisive reason why something is what it is, and as it is.10 The answer to this "Why?" is entity (i.e., ousia or "substance"). But this apparently simple question, "Why?" has to be broken into two parts to be asked meaningfully. The question, say, "Why is this a house?" has to be formulated explicitly, "Why are these things, namely bricks and stones, a house?" Here we are not inquiring into the purpose or the effective cause that produced the house, but rather into the kind of cause that makes material such as bricks and stone to be a house.
So analyzed, the question. "Why?" yields the question why such and such a character advenes to something else that did not previously exhibit it. For the things that develop naturally, indeed, as distinguished from artifacts, it is not completely obvious just what it is that takes on such a character -- as when one asks why that is a human being. But even here the question clearly aims at asking why some material thing displays this determinate character. To ask about entity is at once [214] to ask about the cause that makes stuff to be something definite, and this cause is its formal determination. Whatever we concretely call "entity," therefore, must display an intrinsic formal determination as the first reason of its being (1041 b 28). We can even give this determination the name "entity" (ousia) since in its relation to matter it is the proper reason why something concrete can be called "entity" (1043 b 13; 1037 a 29).
But besides the stuff, is this formal determination a cause in its own right?11 Just as the house can be taken apart into its bricks, so a natural thing can be reduced to its elements. But wherever something composed of elements is more than a mere heap, there must be something present besides the elements. This is already clear in the example of the house, which is not constituted by its bricks and their arrangement. For the latter is not itself something added to the elements as still another element that is their arrangement, but it is something different that determines how the elements are ordered to one another. That is most obvious if we pass from artifacts to the sort of thing that has grown and developed as a unity and as a whole. For when such a whole disintegrates into its elements, they no longer constitute that whole that had been formed out of them, no matter how they are arranged. Thus the separated parts of a living being have only the name in common with what they once were (1035 b 24). And so we must assume, in addition to the elements, a proper pervasive actuality that is not itself an element nor composed of elements. (Otherwise the problem would simply repeat itself.) But this Other, this proper contrast to the elements, is entity considered as formal determination; this is what many thinkers overlook, and speak only of "stuff (1043 b 12). Here it is quite clear that Aristotle differs, just as Whitehead does, from the idea that one can reduce entity to the mere function of a substrate, overlooking the formal principle of its own proper self-existence.
[215] For Aristotle, indeed, this stress on formal determination as the ground of entity leads also to his limitation of what can be called "entity" in the full sense of the word. Typically it is just those pragmatically constituted "things" that drop out of consideration -- "such as house or utensil," as Aristotle says (1043 b 20). Of the things that exist in nature, that thing cannot finally count as entity which does not exhibit a genuine unity: "earth and fire and air." These are only in potentiality to being entity, insofar as they could be the elements making up a genuine unity (1040 b 5).
In the concrete, then, what can be called "entity"? That which has a "nature" and exists by reason of nature (1043 b 22). For "nature," with its structuring power manifests itself in the actualities of the world as that which is not an element but a principle, and to that extent, entity (1041 b 29). The manifestation of a "nature," then, marks off where we are concretely dealing with entities and where we are not. So that is not entity in the full sense that does not yet manifest a "nature" and thereby a final form, such as the elements mentioned above. Neither is that an entity in the full sense that has lost its "natural" way of being and has been worked up into a "thing."
In this respect Aristotle and Whitehead are at one in rejecting "things" as entities. Moreover they also agree that our thinking about entity must be determined by just those wholes that manifest themselves as organic. Thanks to modern natural science these wholes can for Whitehead be much more closely investigated than they could for Aristotle with his rudimentary means of observation. Thus Whitehead can discern structured wholes that exist independently, or are integrated within a greater whole, where for Aristotle, in the case of "elements," there is nothing much more than mere material that only potentially counts as entity.
As a consequence of the new knowledge of nature Whitehead followed to a radical conclusion the road opened by Leibniz. He shifted "entity" to ultimate event-unities that constitute only a minimal [216] event within what Aristotle, operating on the plane of the everyday world, accepts, and ontologically interprets, as one entity. What is at stake in this for Whitehead is the achieving of a new concept of entity that he believes can reside only in these ultimate events. Since Aristotle and Whitehead are at one in distancing themselves critically from entity understood as substrate, since they both have in mind the existence of a "self " as the decisive characteristic of entity, and since moreover they both turn in the direction of organic unities and not of "things," it becomes all the more urgent to ask just how the Whiteheadian concept of an actual entity is related to the Aristotelian concept of "entity."
Natural Entity as Process Being
How Aristotle thinks of entity can best be judged by the way he links it to his concept of "nature" as dwelling in concrete things. It is nature, indeed, that allows something concrete to be "entity" in the full sense. Now it is decisive that this concept of "nature" includes precisely what Whitehead holds to be so essential, namely, "that aspect of self-production, of generation, of physis, of natura naturans" (PR 93/143). Aristotle states explicitly that of the many senses of the word, "nature," the first and most proper is that by which "nature" means that principle that allows an entity, over and above its adventitious processes, itself to grow)12 "Nature" is entity in the sense of form, with the additional condition that it is now regarded as "in some sense the factor which initiates movement and rest"13 of just those processes that take place within the concrete being itself that "has" the nature. In a natural being processes can be evoked by the influence of other beings, and the being can itself have an effect on others in virtue of its efficacy. "Nature" differs from this kind of "efficacy" in that it is not a ground [217] of the becoming within another, but within that very being in which it dwells.14 "Nature," so understood, is "form" as the determining ground of its own becoming.
This distinction between the naturally determined stages of becoming within the being itself, and its processes which call forth an effect in another, already approaches the thinking of Whitehead who in fact eliminates causally efficacious "transitions" from the very concrescence itself that constitutes the "formal inner constitution" of an actual entity. If Whitehead emphasizes the process character of an actual entity, so too Aristotles concept of a "natural" entity comprises its process of becoming. For "nature," or more exactly, "physis," designates for Aristotle the very process of becoming that leads to a fully developed "nature."15 Thus the decisive question is posed: How does Aristotle conceive the relation between "natural" processes and "natural" entity?
It is indispensable to a "natural" process that it have a natural aim in which the process finds its conclusion. For nature, according to Aristotle, is a principle of activity that develops toward a goal. When nature is called a "principle of change and endurance," we can catch in this "endurance" a glimpse of the naturally given conclusion of a natural process. The process comes to rest because it has achieved its aim. Thus for the natural entities of Aristotle there is something analogous to the subjective aim and to the final stage of satisfaction of Whiteheadian actual entities.
The Aristotelian concept of a natural entity, then, includes both its own processive becoming and its own aim for that process. A natural being is one which, by reason of an intrinsic principle constantly maintained in process, has achieved a definite goal of its process. This goal of its process is the complete development of its proper nature. If "physis" also denotes "becoming," and this becoming is the "way to physis" or "nature" (193 b 12), it becomes clear that [218] "physis" is a process that received its name from what stands at the end of the process, that is, the fully developed "physis" or "nature." But that is the natural entity in its mature form; this mature form is the developed and thus "true" nature (193 b 18). "Hence, also, we say of things that are or come to be naturally, that even though they contain the source of their being, they do not have their nature until they have their form or shape."16
Thereby the decisive distinction is evident by which even for Aristotle a natural entity -- entity in the full sense of the word -- is regarded as a subject and superject of its own process, to use Whiteheads language. That which underlies the process of natural becoming proceeds from an initial form to a final form. 17 But what is its proper form, its full entity? "Not what it is growing out of but what it is growing into" -- the final form that develops in the process (193 b 18). The form is that for the sake of which (199 a 31), the (complete) being and the final goal are one and the same (198 a 25). It could hardly be said more explicitly that the complete entity is not found in the whence of its own process but in the whither -- in the resulting superject of Whitehead.
But in the same passage Aristotle also emphasizes that the form, as formal principle, must be intrinsic to the processes that lead to it. Even when something does not yet have its full nature, that is already present from which it will naturally come to be. For the naturally becoming entity already "has" a nature, and that nature is, then, that according to which it comes to be.18 The aim, as the "for the sake of which" of the process, must be intrinsic to the process itself.
These assertions, linked mainly to Aristotles concept of nature, are confirmed and deepened where Aristotle in his metaphysics explicitly asks about the actuality 1219] of the actual. Aristotle thinks of it in terms of the two concepts, energeia and entelecheia. Energeia is the efficacy of the actual that carries within itself and educes the "work" -- ergon. But the "work" is the aim -- telos. The complete actuality is thus that which contains the aim as actualized within itself -- the entelecheia. When Aristotle deliberately expresses the commonality of energeia and entelecheia, and when he further asserts that energeia, as the efficacy of the actual, strives toward entelecheia as toward its fulfillment,19 it seems to us that the decisive point of convergence between these concepts and Whiteheadian thought has been hit upon.
But Whitehead is part of the historical development of these concepts, at least in his terminology. Surely it is more than a mere accident that Whitehead so conceives the "actuality" of his actual entities in such a way as to fit the Aristotelian sense of energeia and entelecheia, both of which are rendered by the Latin actus and its derivative forms.
The Polarity of Entities
Aristotle deals with the complexity of natural entities in terms of the concepts matter and form. Of itself matter yields no definite "entity" and no "this-something"; it is that which, "though it is not actually a this-something, yet it is potentially a this-something."20 One can first speak of a particular thing only by reason of its form. The unity between matter and form, which always results in a single entity, is secured by this relationship between potentiality and actuality. For the stuff that immediately constitutes entity, the "proximate matter and the form, are one and the same: the matter as its potentiality, the form as its actuality (1045 b 18).
[220] What corresponds to this in Whitehead? As analogous to "proximate matter" we can take the objectified other actual entities which -- or more exactly, whose prehensions -- the newly arising entity takes over.21 The "proximate matter" is then the many prehensions of the initial phase insofar as we abstract from their subjective unity and their directedness toward the subjective aim. It is true of them, as it is of Aristotelian matter, that they are potentially identical with the newly arising entity whose ground of possibility they constitute.
What is the aspect that corresponds to Aristotelian form? Whitehead denies to what is objectified any formal existence, by which he means, that which formally constitutes entity. That exists formally, however, which governs the process of its own concrescence, imparts to its components subjective unity, and thereby directs them toward the subjective aim. This subjectivity of an actual entity has its concrete ground in the mental pole in virtue of which it is able to devise and strive after its own self-identity. Thus the mental pole can serve as the analogue of Aristotelian form, while the physical pole takes on the role of the "matter" of the actual entity. This exactly fits in with equating matter with the objectively given, inasmuch as the "physical pole" is the essence of physical feelings in which the given is prehended. That leads us to ask how the similarity goes between the Aristotelian relation of matter and form and that of the physical and the mental pole.
First of all, it is as true for Aristotle as it is for Whitehead that in dealing with natural actuality we always encounter both principles or poles, which together constitute one natural entity, whose duality or bipolarity is part of its essence. Thus both of these principles will be thought of as strictly ordered to each other. They are co-principles which in their mutual relationship enable entity to become actual in such a way that this actuality -- again by reason of the two principles -- is itself processive. Just as determinable matter becomes entity in the full sense [221] only by reason of its intrinsic, determining form, so for Whitehead that which is physically pre-given enters into the self-identity of an actual entity first through the reaction of the mental pole.
Aristotle and Whitehead also agree in ascribing to "form" or to the mental pole, respectively, different properties than to "matter" or to the physical pole (see PR 283-285/434-436). Continuity and divisibility are properties that, for Aristotle as well as for Whitehead, belong to an entity by reason of its "matter" or its physical pole. There must correspond to them a principle of an altogether different sort, one that is not spatial and not divisible, in order for a genuine unity to arise.
Here it should be noted, however, that Whiteheads mental pole also includes in its concept what has traditionally been called spirit [Geist]. For Whitehead the polarity of physical and mental pole is primarily intended to supersede Cartesian dualism that posits spirit and matter as separate substances. For Aristotle it is an open question whether the human "spirit" ought to be identified with the human "form" -- that is, whether the human soul, considered as "form," can at the same time be a spiritual soul.22 With his conceptual prehensions Whitehead unequivocally attributes to the mental pole functions that encroach on the sphere of what according to Aristotle belongs to spirit. He can thus be regarded as standing in the line of that Aristotelian tradition that attempts to think of "form" -- yes, even "form" in its relation to "matter" that it informs -- simultaneously as "spirit." What Thomas Aquinas requires, namely that the human must be essentially conceived as soul and matter, so that the one spiritual soul is at the same time the form of the matter,23 is now elevated by Whitehead to the fundamental structure of every single entity. Here Whitehead proves himself to be the thinker who radically carries forward the true beginnings of the Aristotelian tradition.
Whiteheads thoroughgoing transfer to the whole of natural reality of a polar, spirit-matter conception such as was attempted by Thomas Aquinas for the human [222] is not so astonishing inasmuch as Whitehead takes the human self as the model case of an actual entity. Relative to the human person Whitehead can be regarded as the Aristotelian who restores the original spirit-matter unity of the human person that had been sundered in Descartes dualism of spiritual substance and material substance. Whitehead, too, argues as Thomas did that human spiritual existence always manifests itself as embodied. (That Whitehead ends up dissolving the human person into a multiplicity of societies of actual entities is another question.) But Whitehead goes decisively beyond every previous form of the Aristotelian conception of unity when he posits, at least as a genuine potentiality in every actual entity, what in the human person manifests itself as "spirit" in its full actuality. For all actual entities exhibit the same principles of reality and these same fundamental polar structures, and the differences in the mental pole are of a gradual rather than a fundamental sort. Thomas Aquinas, indeed, saw in the human soul as form the high point and conclusion of the hierarchically ordered formal principles in nature. But as "spirit" the human soul simultaneously belongs to another realm of being, the realm of immaterial forms, and as such is contrasted with other formal principles of nature, so that its ontological status is altogether different.24
This generalization indicates the decisive point at which Whiteheads transformed understanding of nature breaks with that of the ancients: the word that sums it up is "Evolution." Whitehead endeavors to think of nature as a coherent, self-developing whole in which there are no longer spirit and matter as mutually isolated realms. What happens in the human person as the culmination of natures development must be posited of the whole of nature. The entities of nature are therefore always to be conceived as spirit-matter and as developing toward consciousness. In this connection it is decisive how Whitehead takes up the Aristotelian distinction between potentiality and actuality and at the same time provides a new solution to the problem that goes clear back to Plato, that of an ideal realm. [223] And so the question arises: what place does Whitehead himself occupy in the European tradition that he characterized as a "series of footnotes to Plato" (PR 39/63)?
The Relation of the Possible to the Actual and the Problem of the Ideal
Since the time of Plato and Aristotle, the problems of potentiality and actuality, of reality and ideality, meet in the problem of form. In this tradition "form" applies to the definiteness that belongs to a being and makes it what it is. But Aristotle also calls "form" the real principle in which the definiteness of an entity is grounded. Insofar as "form," thus understood as a real ground, brings a natural entity, or more exactly, its "matter," to its requisite definiteness, it must be regarded as the ground of the actuality of the entity. The form relates to the matter as actuality to potentiality. But for Aristotle that means that form itself must be conceived as actuality, as act.
In Whitehead these aspects show up rather differently. What for Aristotle does the work of "form" as real principle, is accomplished for Whitehead by the mental pole, through which an entity in process achieves the actuality of its self-identity. This comes about because the mental pole structures the entity in accord with its subjective aim that settles the form of the entity as the determination properly belonging to it. But this form, as such, is not in itself actuality, act, but potentiality. Thus Whitehead appears to break here with the fundamental Aristotelian identification of form and act.
This impression is strengthened when we take a look at what corresponds in Whitehead to Aristotelian "matter." As the analogue of "proximate matter" we have to take the objectified other entities, or more exactly the physical prehensions of them that are objectified in the newly arising entity. Whitehead [224] interprets such a transition as the reenaction of the old in the new. It is a matter of a causal act in the sense of efficient causality. From this it is clear that the physical prehensions corresponding to "proximate matter" should by no means be conceived as something passive that requires the influence of form in order to become active. The prehensions are already in themselves activity, and what the mental pole contributes to them is not an efficacy that of itself raises the activity to a higher level but the aligning of the given "forces" toward a subjective aim.
Finally, Whiteheads explicit statement has to be treated as authoritative, namely, that for him creativity takes the place of Aristotelian "primary matter" as the inclusive ground of unity of all realities in the world. But "creativity" implies pure activity and no longer a passive receptiveness for an actualizing form (PR 31-32/46-47). In any case creativity, which takes the place of "primary matter" and which is supposed to be in itself just as indeterminate as the latter, constitutes the actuality of an actual entity -- its reality for itself and finally, as an objectified entity, its reality for others.
But with this the Aristotelian equivalence of form with actuality and of matter with potentiality now seems to fail altogether, yes even to shift into its opposite. In the place of a potential matter we have an actual creativity as the ground of the unity of the worlds actuality, and the determination or form that belongs to the individual entities is interpreted as potentiality instead of as actuality. Is this a true "reversal" of the Aristotelian position, as has already been maintained?26
To answer this question we must consider more exactly the concepts implied here. For one thing Whiteheads distinction between different concepts of potentiality becomes important. Potentiality for Whitehead has two meanings.27 In the first place Whitehead speaks of the real potentiality of given actual entities to enter into a new entity in one way or another. This potentiality [225] is conditioned; it depends on the conditions of what in fact is already "given." Yet it always continues to imply an indeterminateness with respect to the concrete determinateness that arises in the new actual entity by the process of its concrescence in which it settles its self-identity in accord with its own subjectivity.
From this it is clear that the above equivalence of the process of objectification and of creativity with actuality needs to be narrowed. Even though the objectifications, as early phases, make up the actuality of the newly arising entity, they must at the same time be regarded as potentialities insofar as the form of their ultimate incorporation into the new entity is not yet fully determined, and will experience its determination only in the process of concrescence. This interpenetration of actuality and potentiality is above all characteristic of the Whiteheadian boundary-concept of creativity. In it, becoming is comprised purely as such, and as becoming it must count as activity and therefore as actuality. But insofar as in this boundary-concept becoming is thought of as lacking all determination (although in the concrete there exists only a determinate becoming), it is, in its relation to form, just as radically to be thought of as potency, as Aristotelian "primary matter."
Beyond these so-called "real" potentialities there are for Whitehead general potentialities rooted in the eternal objects and their interrelations. In them we are dealing with pure possibilities that have not yet been subjected to the conditions of already completed realizations. Now insofar as Whitehead thinks of these eternal objects as forms, we have in fact a case of a radical identification of form and potentiality. For as "forms of definiteness," eternal objects are, by their very mode of existence, "Pure Potentials for the Specific Determination of Fact." And so the properly Platonic problem has now to be [226] taken up -- the question, that is, of how the relation of form and entity is to be conceived.
Whiteheads originality stands out when his solution to the problem is thus compared with Platos and with Aristotles. For the question whether Whitehead is a Platonist or an Aristotelian does not, at first sight anyway, admit of an unambiguous answer. Whitehead can count as an Aristotelian insofar as he too does not take forms to be entities. His ontological principle precludes that, for according to it, actual entities must be regarded as the only real things; all forms therefore can exist only as forms of entities in which they are grounded. Whitehead explicitly calls this principle Aristotelian (PB. 40/64) together with its application to the problem of form, and in this judgment he is doubtless correct. On the other hand Whiteheads "forms," or more exactly his eternal objects, transcend the reality of the world in a way that reminds one more of Plato than of Aristotle. For Whitehead does not, like Aristotle, take his forms to be exhausted by the worlds actuality. The potentialities given with the eternal objects are more varied and richer than what is actualized in the actualities of the world. In this additional function of potentialities in his revised account Whitehead takes account of a modem scientific revolution in virtue of which he reconceives the whole problem. This was above characterized by the word "Evolution." A comparison with Aristotle should in conclusion clarify their fundamental differences in understanding the world and nature.
Aristotelian Dynamics of Nature and Whiteheadian Evolutionary Thought
Aristotle always takes that which is identical in kind -- a human individual, say, as a kind of being -- to be actuality when he wants to explain the transition from potentiality to actuality in the single individual.28 Even if temporally the individual, as such, represents a potentiality -- as does every living being in its seed -- nevertheless the full actuality of the species must simply be supposed to exist earlier: the seed is ordered to reconstituting a fully developed living being. For a natural being "becoming" means coming to be out of something and through something; matter calls for a cause if it is to produce a natural being. But this cause must be identical in kind with what is produced, and must have that distinguishing form as its actuality.
If for Aristotle the fundamental thesis of the absolute priority of actuality over potentiality holds with respect to time, it thereby holds also with respect to entity (1050 b 4). An actual being of a certain sort precedes its possible successors, and the actuality of the entity grounds its reproducibility and thereby its potentiality. Thus, too, Aristotle finally posits the form of the entity primarily as actual in order to ground its potentiality in a succeeding entity.
What is the significance for the problem of form of this dynamic, but non-evolutionary, Aristotelian view of natural actuality? It means that form, and in particular the various forms of entities, are always situated within what really exists in nature as actual. That is why Aristotle is not forced to suppose that his forms transcend the actuality of the world: they are the forms of actualities in the world that actually are. So Aristotle can reject the absolutizing of the "Ideas" that he is critical of in Plato. The ontological principle that Whitehead called Aristotelian is employed by Aristotle himself in such a way that every form of being can always be found in previously existent entities.
Aristotle viewed the forms of natural beings as held in a continuity such that every higher form presupposes the actualization of its proximate lower form. For Whitehead, too, the forms are thought of as belonging to a continuously connected whole. But differently than for Aristotle, this connected whole extends beyond what is previously given in the formal determinations of actual beings. In the place of stable beings of a particular kind already fully in act, we have an [228] extended stream of individual events, and the stream in its universal conditions makes up a cosmic epoch. This stream of events is characterized by creativity; it ceaselessly enriches itself, and in the course of time ever more complex and superior entities arise. Evolution therefore means the emergence of newer and higher entities. It is no accident that in the Preface to Science and the Modern World Whitehead expressly refers to Convy Lloyd Morgan and Samuel Alexander.
For Whitehead this means that the complex form that informs a new entity exists previously as possibility rather than as actuality, and that in an absolute sense. One must conceive the being of such an entity as first of all a pure possibility -- as a complex eternal object. It will be actualized in time, but only when the requisite conditions for entity are realized in a given situation. Time is what first makes a real potentiality out of what was always possible only as a pure, general potentiality.
The emergence of new forms in time thus implies that at any particular moment of evolution the possibilities are more varied than those that have been actualized up to that time. For actuality -- which for its part always presupposes the possibility of itself -- further possibilities always lie open. Whitehead made of this possibility for actuality a separate category of existence -- the category of propositions that mediate between actual entities and eternal objects. 29 More perhaps than do eternal objects, these propositions show how far Whitehead has come with his new solution to the problem of form: he has provided a free space for the unfolding of creativity in world-process. But in Whitehead, propositions are inconceivable without eternal objects; these can be possibilities for actuality only because there is an inclusive realm of pure possibilities to begin with.
This manifest transcendence of the possible in the emergence of new forms of actuality is accompanied in Whitehead by [229] still another form of transcendence. The realm of possibilities transcends any particular actuality not only insofar as the latter is open to new possibilities, but also insofar as particular actuality is itself only one of the many possible forms of its own actualization. This holds just as well for the stream of becoming within a cosmic epoch and its history: the history could have fallen out quite differently, and it cannot be wholly understood why just these forms of actualization came about (PR 47/74-75). The possibilities of the relations of eternal objects to one another (their relational essence, therefore) are far richer than the one possibility that we encounter in the concrete as actualized. Thus for Whitehead the eternal objects, or pure "forms of definiteness," as such, precisely do not constitute actuality. It is, rather, described by a different operation than the simple determinations of form. It is a decision by virtue of which one possibility among many becomes actuality and is "given" (PR 42f/67f). Against the background of forms as possibilities Whitehead achieves a new concept of facticity as that of the act of a decision among possibilities.
Whitehead thus emphasizes the transcendence of forms in a way that prevents him from treating them only as forms of entities -- at least, entities of the worlds actuality.30A strictly Aristotelian exposition of the ontological principle, according to which all forms are situated in the worlds actuality, is thereby excluded. Will Whitehead then become a Platonist, giving forms an absolute status as "Ideas?" Once again that would not agree with the ontological principle according to which everything must be grounded in an actual entity. So the only remaining conclusion is that the eternal objects have their ground in a supertemporal entity, in God, who conceptually holds within Gods primordial nature the totality of possibilities for creation.
In the broader historical perspective Whitehead thus stands in the neo-Platonic tradition which situated Platonic "Ideas" in God and [230] interpreted them as Gods ideas for creation. Yet also here a radical shift of meaning is immediately apparent. For while neo-Platonism and the Christian metaphysics of creation modeled on it regard God and the ideas as efficacious, Whitehead rather ascribes all efficacy to the becoming entities themselves. It is not God and Gods ideas that are creative; the properly creative act, the transition from possibility to actuality, belongs to the actual entities themselves. That is just what constitutes their actuality. As the principle of concretion God is the ground that makes this creation possible inasmuch as God already holds the possibilities within Gods self as a structure of meaning participating in God. But God is no longer the effective cause that gives these possibilities their actualization. The actualities of the world do that themselves, inasmuch as creativity is their decisive, fundamental character. This creativity is itself an ultimate that cannot be traced to a cause transcending itself with the exception of its formal determination which arises in the creature from Gods primordial nature but which the creature again freely takes over.
Creation as Whitehead thinks of it is thereby a process of solidarity carried out in different ways by God and the world. If the Middle Ages allowed the creature to participate in creation as a "secondary cause," for Whitehead creatures become the immediate bearers of their own process of self-creation. They take from God only the possibilities of their own self-identity, and indeed as mere possibility, not as something that God calls into being. This is Whiteheads way of expressing his conviction that with respect to all-encompassing creativity, evolution is itself the creative process that is supported by entities arising within it. Whitehead thus wants to secure for temporal creatures a new measure of autonomy, freedom, and self-sufficiency, and at the same time relieve God of the function wrongly imputed to God, of being an oppressive ruler of the world who governs with force and not with the attractive power of love.31
1Page numbers from the original text appear in brackets here. The translation has been reviewed and approved by the author. In order to remain close to the original, endnotes instead of parenthetical references have sometimes been used for documenting sources.
In the original title of the chapter, "Aristotle und Whiteheadscher Wesenheitsbegriff" lurks a problem of translation that haunts the whole chapter. The author consistently renders Whiteheads actual entity as wirkliche Wesenheit. If, however, the word Wesenheit were here everywhere rendered as entity, clarity would be sacrificed to consistency. For in the very first sentence of the text it is manifest that the focal point of the chapter is not entity in general, but that primary entity that Aristotle called ouisa and Whitehead called actual entity. On balance, "actuality" has been chosen as the most feasible English rendering of "Wesenheit" in the title of the essay.
2Met VII, 1 1028 b 2. Translators note: All direct quotations from Aristotles Physics and Metaphysics are taken from the translations by Richard Hope.
3See especially I. Leclerc, "Whiteheads Transformation of the Concept of Substance, The Philosophical Quarterly (St. Andrews) 3 (1953), 225-243; "Being and Becoming in Whiteheads Philosophy." Kant-Studien 51 (1960), 427-437; "Form and Actuality," The Relevance of Whitehead (ed. Leclerc; London: 1961), 169-189; R. Rorty, "Matter and Event," The Concept of Matter (ed. F. McMullin; Notre Dame: 1963), 497-524; G. Bohme. "Whiteheads Abkehr von der Substanzmetaphysik," Whitehead. Einfuhrung in seine Kosmologie (ed. E. Wolf-Gazo; Freiburg/Munchen: 1980); also D. Bidney, The Problem of Substance in Spinoza and Whitehead," The Philosophical Review 45 (1936), 574-592; A. W. Levi, "Substance, Process. Being. A Whiteheadian-Bergsonian View," Journal of Philosophy 55 (1958), 749-761.
4Despite numerous particular studies, no inclusive history of substance metaphysics has yet been written. With reference to our problem one should note especially W. Stegmaier (Substanz. Grundbegriff der Metaphysik (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, 1977], 19f) which deals with the development of the concept of substance in Aristotle, Descartes, and Leibniz. There too one can find all the pertinent literature grouped together In a systematic list.
51t is easy to recognize how that global notion of substance, characterized by Paulsen as Isolated, fixed bits of reality," also holds Whiteheads thought fixed. See W. Stegmaler (1977), p. 20.
6For a discriminating assessment one could consult Cassirers classic work, Substanzbegriff und Funktionsbegriff (1910). and H. Rombach, Substanz. System, Struktur: Die Ontologie des Funktionalismus und der philosophische Hintergrund der modernen Wissenschaft (2 vols.; Freiburg/Munchen: 1981).
71t should be pointed out that Leibniz once again proves to be a big exception, for with respect to the usual descriptions of substance as the ultimate subject and enduring substrate he explicitly invokes the Aristotelian definition of entity as the originative ground of its own activity. Proofs of this are in G. Martin, Leibniz. Logik und Metaphysik (Berlin: 1967), 144-147.
8G. Böhme says this explicitly in "Whiteheads Abkehr von der Substanzmetaphysik," p. 46.
9Met. VII, 3, 1029 a 1-27. See also A. Parmentier, La philosophie de Whitehead et le problème de Dieu (Paris: 1968), p. 190, who insists on this difference.
10Met. VII, 17 1041 a 6ff.
11For what follows, see Met. VII, 3 1041 b 11ff.; VIII, 3 1043 b 5 ff.
12Met V, 4.
13Phys. II. 1 192 b 21.
14Met. IX, 8 1049 b 5-10.
15Phys. II, 1 193 b 12; also Met. V, 4 1014 b 16.
16Met. V, 4 1015 a 3-5.
17Phys. II, 1 193 b 17.
18Met VII, 7 1032 a 22.
19Compare Met. 1047 a 30 and 1050 a 22, and the commentary on these passages by W D. Ross, Aristotle Metaphysics. Vol. II (Oxford: 1953). 245.
20Compare De An. II. 1 412 a 7 and Met. VIII, 1 1042 a 27.
21R. Rorty speaks similarly in "Matter and Event," p.512.
225ee De An. II, 2 413 b 25 and the difficulties about De An. III, 5.
23See Sum. Theol. 1,76, 1 and parallels, especially the "Tractatus de unitate intellectus contra Averroistas."
24See S.C.G. II, 68.
25On the whole issue, see PR 236-239/361-365.
26See I. Leclerc, "Form and Actuality," The Relevance of Whitehead, p. 178; R. Rorty, "Matter and Event," p. 508.
27See PR 45f/71f; 65/101-102; 22/32; SMW 198.
28See Met. IX, 8 1049 b 17 ff.
29The propositions constitute the sixth Category of Existence. See PR 22/32-33.
31See PR V.
List of Abbreviations
Referring to works of Aristotle:
Cat. -- Categories
De An. -- De Anima (On the Soul)
De Gen. et Corr. -- De Generatione et Corruptione (On Generation and Corruption)
Met. -- Metaphysics
Nic.Eth. -- Nicomachean Ethics
Phys. -- Physics
Referring to works of Thomas Aquinas:
S.C .G. -- Summa contra Gentiles (Summa against Unbelievers)
S.T. -- Summa Theologiae (Summa of Theology)


text: We are a small school where children learn to build BRIDGES to their dreams. They become scholars, questioners, creators, artists. We believe that families and teachers must work together. We offer the best of a standards-based, rich and interesting school program in a caring atmosphere where children's best is celebrated!


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This article was published 22/11/2012 (1675 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
• City council received an audit and finance committee update from Dean Hammond, city treasurer and general manager of corporate services. Hammond updated council that there was a projected surplus in the General Fund of approximately $990,000 following completion of the September budget review.
Hammond said it's hoped the surplus can be maintained as the city moves toward the budget year-end. The Utility Fund also has a projected surplus of $333,955 due largely to the mild weather early in the year and increased water consumption revenues.
• Hammond also noted that the 2010 financial statements are currently with the auditor, with an unaudited surplus of $1.8 million. The 2011 financial statements, which are anticipated to be revenue neutral, will be sent to the auditor's shortly. The full report of the audit and finance committee can be found at the city's website.
• South Centre ward Coun. Garth Rice provided a verbal update on behalf of the Keystone Centre board of directors, which reported at its recent annual general meeting that the facility posted a small year-end profit of approximately $30,000. Rice also noted that ticket sales are moving along well for a trio of larger concert events that are being presented by the Keystone Centre in 2013.
• Assiniboine ward Coun. Jeff Fawcett also provided a brief verbal report on behalf of the Western Manitoba Centennial Auditorium board of directors. Fawcett reported that up to Nov. 1, the auditorium had been used 144 days this year.
• A brief verbal update on behalf of the poverty committee was provided by Green Acres ward Coun. Jan Chaboyer, who reported that its focus in the year ahead will remain on the provision of low-income housing and fresh food for those living in poverty, as well as discussions around the funding challenges being experienced by the proponents of the 7th Street Health Access Centre in the city's downtown.
• City council voted 6-to-5 to accept the proposal from Vionell Holdings Ltd. for the purchase and development of the former Brandon Police Service building and associated lands at 1340 10th Street for $1.04 million, plus GST, plus the site's generator for $10,000, plus taxes. The property will be used to build a 122-unit, life lease assisted living senior's facility, prior to which the company must complete a Phase 1 environmental assessment on the site at its own cost. During the extensive debate on the issue, a number of council members noted their disappointment that the proposal did not meet the community's need for affordable housing.
• City council approved an amendment of the list of next year's city council meeting dates to reflect a 2013 meeting date of Aug. 19 instead of Aug. 12.
• City council approved various council appointments for the coming year, including deputy mayor: South Centre ward Coun. Garth Rice and acting deputy mayor: Riverview ward Coun. Len Isleifson.
• Council gave final approval to an amendment of Zoning Bylaw No. 6642 to allow for a minimum 4.5-metre rear yard separation between mobile homes. The change allows for greater rear yard flexibility when new mobile homes are placed in a mobile home park on common property.
• City council granted municipal heritage site status for the property at 1037 Lorne Ave., owned privately by Randal Kurtenbach and Calvin Doherty. The building, commonly known as the former First Baptist Church, is interesting both architecturally and historically. The former First Baptist Church was built by one of Brandon's most famous and celebrated architects W.A. Elliot. With an estimated date of construction of 1905, the Tudor-style church has been a landmark of the neighbourhood for 107 years.
• A bylaw to authorize the expenditure and borrowing of money for construction costs of 14th Street south of Richmond Avenue as a local improvement was approved, with minor wording amendments. The local improvement levy, proportionally valued at $385,000, would be levied against the owner of the property at 1550 Richmond Ave. East.
• Final approval was given to a bylaw establishing a Police Board and its membership within the city of Brandon. The creation of such a board by Dec. 1 is a requirement of the provincial Police Services Act. The board will consist of: the mayor of the City of Brandon and one member of Brandon City Council; the city manager of the City of Brandon; a person appointed by the Lieutenant Governor in Council; and three people who reside in, are employed in or have a business interest in Brandon.
• First reading was given to a bylaw to rezone property located at 1406 Lorne Ave. from RLD Residential Low Density Multiple Family Zone to RMD Residential Moderate Density Multiple Family Zone to allow the proponent, Crofton Properties Ltd, to construct an eight-dwelling condo complex.
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Call Me Shay (; I'm the chillest person ever, till' you make me hot.
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Honey Cocaine is the wife, met her on 11/15/12 (; Kehlani is BAElani! She came to my college, ECU, on 01/28/16, took my poster, and said, "I like your hair!" <33
My favorite rappers are J Cole, Childish Gambino, and Chance the Rapper, in that order ˆ⌣ˆ
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Press release:
Whether you deep fry the bird or stuff the turkey, cooking together for Thanksgiving is a family tradition. But that very tradition (cooking) is the #1 cause of accidents over the Thanksgiving Holiday.
That's why urgent care centers like Doctors Express, the first ever national franchise of urgent care, expects a huge hike in patients over this holiday week.
Doctors offices are typically closed over weekends and you can wait for hours at the ER. Urgent Care centers like Doctors Express are open 7-days-a-week .
Here are the Top 5 Thanksgiving Injuries (and Tips To Prevent Them):
• Burns
Avoid wearing lose clothes. A dangling sleeve can easily catch fire. Make ovens a "Kid Free Zone" Keep pot handles toward the back burners to reduce risk of knocking pots over.
• Food Poisoning
Press release:
The Environmental Science Center (ESC) would like to invite the public to join us for this free ONCE A YEAR event at the Environmental Science Center at Seahurst Park. An After-Hours Beach Walk will take place Friday, December 14th, 2012 from 8:30 PM to 10:30 PM.
An especially low tide combined with the protective darkness of night will give you the opportunity to see marine animals in a new light- your FLASHLIGHT! Naturalists will be taking groups from the Environmental Science Center down to the beach to guide the experience and identify discoveries. Inside the center, you can learn more about marine life at the microscope station or join a game of marine bingo. Warm up with cider and cookies while socializing with fellow Puget Sound enthusiasts.
A few friendly pointers and reminders:
- Dress warmly
- Wear rubber boots
- Bring a flashlight
- Do No Harm
-Touch animals gently with a wet finger
- Watch where you step
- Leave rocks bigger than your fist where they are (don't flip over)
- Save the Children
- Leave ALL animals and shells where you find them (don't take them home)
- Pass It On
The Burien / Normandy Park Fire Department will be hosting their annual open-house event on Saturday, Sept. 8th at the downtown Burien fire station, 15100 8th Ave. S.W.
During the event from 10 a.m.- 3 p.m., there will be a wide range of activities. The firefighters will demonstrate their skills in emergency automobile extrication and high-angle rope rescue.
Kids can practice escaping from a burning house, squirt a fire hose, learn about safety in many areas, and answer questions for prizes.
Balloons, fire hats, and safety information will also be handed out. Bully prevention and low cost helmets for anyone over the age of 1 provided.
The Tukwila Pool is among 22 pools in King County that will hold free events where children and families can learn important water safety skills, while enjoying free swim time and games on April Pools Day, Saturday, April 21.
The Tukwila Pool, located at 4414 S. 144th St., will hold its free event from 1-3 p.m. Call 206-267-2350 for more information.
"Water sports are a great way to have fun and be physically active," said Dr. David Fleming, Director and Health Officer for Public Heath – Seattle & King County. "But please stay safe. That means closely supervising children, wearing a life jacket and avoiding the deadly mix of alcohol, drugs, and water activities."
"Research has shown that learning to swim is an important skill to help prevent drowning and that it's great exercise, as well," adds Elizabeth Bennett, Advocacy Director for Seattle Children's Hospital. "April Pools Day is a perfect time to visit your local pool and have fun as a family. You can also find out about water recreation programs and swim lessons, including scholarships that may be available so that all children can learn to swim."
Press release:
The Des Moines Area Food Bank received $5,000 and one of the 2012 Agency Excellence Awards for the organization's exemplary approaches to ending hunger through its mobile summer meals program for children in low-income households.
Food Lifeline presented the food bank with the Excellence in Collaboration award and $5,000 to continue expanding its mission, and to increase and better its capabilities to serve the hungry people in the Des Moines community.
The White Center Food Bank also received Honorable Mention in the Excellence in Client Service category.
While the Des Moines Area Food Bank has long prioritized the issue of child hunger, they recently discovered that the rate of food insecurity for children in their part of the county is nearly twice the rate found in Seattle or other King County communities. Through a series of innovative local collaborations the Des Moines Area Food Bank implemented a mobile summer meals program that resulted in over 14,000 nutritious summer lunches and snacks for children in the heart of low-income neighborhoods.
Crown Hill's Small Faces Child Development Center celebrated its 35th year as a nonprofit organization Sept. 11. And, for the first time in 35 years, the older children of Small Faces had a playground of their own to celebrate on.
In addition to the anniversary, Sept. 11 was the official debut of Small Faces' new playground for older children. Before that, Small Faces only had a preschool-centric playground.
John Otto, executive director of Small Faces, said he found a letter from the 1980s signed by students and a teacher asking for a playground for older children.
The new playground was built by volunteers in two days, but it took a week before children were allowed to use it, Otto said.
"The kids could just not wait," he said. "They were on the other side of the fence like, 'Please just let us in.'"
Otto said he is looking forward to another 35 years of Small Faces. And, now that Small Faces owns its facilities at the Crown Hill Center, there is a chance to make some real improvements, he said.
By Bethany Overland
It's mid-August, and the new school year is less than a month away. New clothes, shoes and school supplies can be hard on the budget of any family—that is, if you're lucky enough to have a budget.
For homeless parents, back-to-school can mean back-to-wondering how they'll meet their children's needs for the new academic year. But thanks to Project Cool, more than 1,800 homeless students across King County will enter the year with a brand-new backpack, binder and other basic supplies necessary for success in school—and eventually in life.
More than 30 volunteers met Aug. 11 at a former Baptist church in Crown Hill to stuff backpacks with school supplies. Thousands of packages of crayons and markers and stacks of notebooks littered the hall, and brand-new backpacks waited reverently in the pews.
Signups for Ballard Boys & Girls Club winter basketball camps and leagues start Sept. 8.
The kindergarten through first-grade boys camp runs on Tuesdays and Fridays from Oct. 19 to Dec. 17 and features 8-foot basketball hoops.
The second-grade boys camp runs on Mondays and Wednesdays from Oct 18 to Dec. 15 and features 9-foot hoops.
The second and third-grade girls camps runs on Thursdays and Saturdays from Oct. 21 to Dec. 18 and features 9-foot hoops.
Winter basketball in-house leagues for third-grade boys, fourth and fifth-grade boys, and fourth and fifth-grade girls start practice Jan. 3. Games begin in late January, and the leagues end March 4.
The cost for all leagues is $75 and includes a Boys & Girls Club membership.
In addition to basketball, the Ballard Boys & Girls Club is offering first through fourth-grade coed flag football. Signups are Aug. 13, and flag football runs Mondays and Wednesdays beginning Sept. 13.
For registration information, visit www.ballard.postiveplace.org or call 206.783.5775.
The final piece of the new Crown Hill Park is ready to be completed after a handful of parents, activists and skateboarders met with Seattle Parks and Recreation and Pillar Design Studios Aug. 2 to discuss the park's skateboarding area.
Kim Baldwin, project manager for Parks, said the public's reaction to a skatedot, a 1,500-square-foot skateboarding area, was overwhelmingly positive at previous meetings.
Out of a total budget of $1.2 million for Crown Hill Park, located on the north side of Holman Road Northwest between 13th Avenue Northwest and 14th Avenue Northwest, $55,000 has been designated for the skatedot, which will be located in the southeast section of the park.
By Sara Reardon
On July 30, the Ballard Library looked more like the battle deck of a sci-fi spaceship than a library. Little barrel-shaped robots blooped and bleeped and whizzed their way about on the carpet as teams of children and their parents programmed instructions. The Robot Challenge was underway.
This summer, the Pacific Science Center's Science on Wheels program has partnered with Seattle Public Library's Summer Reading Program to put on a number of free Robot Challenge events at different library branches.
"This is the first year we've focused on summer programming," said Emily Wojcik, an instructor with Science on Wheels who directed the event.
During the school year, the Science on Wheels program drives a brightly painted van to classrooms around the state, presenting workshops and hands-on science classes on a variety of topics from rock n' roll to the human body.
Usually they take the summer off, but a recent grant from JP Morgan Chase has allowed them to provide free science programs at community centers like libraries and Boys & Girls Clubs.


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Hudson Middle School seventh graders Alex Clampffer and Blake Hartline were nominated and chosen for recognition by the "Kids Making a Difference" program, which is sponsored by The Royster Group and hosted by the Hudson Parent Teacher Organization. Honorable Mention was awarded to seventh graders Jonathan Coates, Emma Huston, Meredith Liechty, Vincent Lyon, and Will Wallace. Students were chosen for their significant accomplishments or achievements in and/or out of school and for helping others and contributing to their school and community in a positive manner.
Alex Clampffer is in the Respect community at the Hudson Middle School. She was nominated for being an exemplary student who always has kind words to share. If a friend is in need, Alex takes the time to listen and help that individual. Alex tries to do at least one random act of kindness a day, including opening doors for people as well as bringing in cupcakes for her class. Alex enjoys swimming, lacrosse and running as well as yoga and reading. She plans to attend college where she will continue swimming. Alex hopes to live a healthy life and travel in the future. According to Alex, "Kids can make a difference by being kind to each other and stopping bullying." She believes, "the most important and simple thing you can do is respect everyone."
Blake Hartline is a member of the Hudson Middle School Integrity community. He was nominated for his exceptional politeness, caring demeanor and willingness to help in any way. In particular, he reaches out to students with disabilities by volunteering in the special needs classrooms. Blake plays basketball, runs cross country for HMS and plays baseball for the Kings Baseball Club in Hudson. He also likes to hang out with friends and play basketball in Veterans Way Park. He looks forward to college and a possible career in professional sports or becoming a teacher and coach. Blake thinks kids can make a difference by "helping out others in need, rejecting passivity and doing things without being asked to do them." He adds, "It's important to be kind to one another and work hard to accomplish your goals."
The Hudson PTO congratulates these outstanding kids who are making a real difference in their school and community. The PTO thanks The Royster Group for their sponsorship of this program and for their generous donation each month. The proceeds of their donation will assist the children of the Hudson City Schools.