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The first nuclear weapons, though large, cumbersome and inefficient, provided the basic design building blocks of all future weapons. Here the "Gadget" device is prepared for the first nuclear test: Trinity.
Nuclear weapon designs are physical, chemical, and engineering arrangements that contribute to the detonation of a nuclear weapon. They are divided into two classes, based on the dominant source of the weapon's energy.
- Fission bombs derive their power from nuclear fission. Heavy nuclei typically uranium or plutonium, are bombarded by neutrons and split into lighter elements, more neutrons and energy. These newly liberated neutrons bombard other nuclei, causing them to split and subsequently bombard other nuclei, and so on. The result is called a nuclear chain reaction that releases immense amounts of energy. These fission weapons are historically called atomic bombs, atom bombs, or A-bombs. These names however, are not precise because most chemical reactions release energy from atomic bonds (excluding bonds between nuclei) and fusion is no less atomic than fission. Despite this confusion, nuclear weapons, specifically fission-types, are referred to as atomic bombs.
- Fusion bombs rely on nuclear fusion. Light nuclei such as deuterium and tritium (isotopes of hydrogen) combine together into heavier elements to release an immense amount of energy. Weapons that have a fusion stage are referred to as hydrogen bombs or H-bombs because of their primary fuel. hydrogen bombs are also called thermonuclear weapons because the fusion reactions within the weapons require extremely high temperatures to occur.
Similarities between weapon types
The distinction between these two types of weapon is blurred by the fact that fission and fusion reactions are combined in nearly all modern nuclear weapons. In a fusion weapon, an initial small fission reaction is used to reach the necessary conditions of high temperature and pressure required for fusion. Conversely, in a fission weapon, Fusion elements may be present in the core of the fission device because they generate additional neutrons, increasing the efficiency (known as "boosting"), of the fission reaction. Additionally, most fusion weapons derive a substantial portion of their energy (often around half of the total yield) from a final stage of fissioning which is enabled by the fusion reactions.
Since both fission and fusion weapons release energy from transformations of the atomic nucleus, the general term for all types of nuclear explosive devices is nuclear weapon.
Other nuclear weapons
Other specific types of nuclear weapons include: neutron bomb (enhanced radiation) and cobalt bomb (increased fallout).
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[edit] Fission weapons
The simplest nuclear weapons are pure fission bombs. Fission devices were the first type of nuclear weapon built during the Manhattan Project. They are the basic building block for all advanced nuclear weapons.
[edit] Fissile materials
A fissile material is one that can support a fission chain reaction. Uranium-235 and plutonium-239 are the fissile materials most often used in nuclear bombs. Producing or procuring them is usually the most difficult part of a weapons development program. During the Manhattan Project for example, around 90% of the total program budget was devoted to the production of U-235 and Pu-239. Modern weapon cores known as pits (see below), often combine the two isotopes.
The most desirable isotopes used for a nuclear weapon are those which have a high probability of fission reaction, yield a high number of excess neutrons, have a low probability of absorbing neutrons without a fission reaction and have a low spontaneous fission rate. The primary isotopes which fit these criteria are U-235, Pu-239 and U-233.
Several other isotopes have been considered as potentially usable in fission weapons, though no country has been known to produce them for this purpose. Bombs using uranium-233 are possible, however it is not known if any have been tested. The fact that neptunium-237 "can be used for a nuclear explosive device" was declassified by the U.S. Department of Energy in 1992.[1] Research by the Los Alamos National Laboratory in 2002 determined that the critical mass for Np-237 is about 60 kg, 20% higher than that of U-235. [2]
[edit] Uranium-235
The Calutron was an early form of electromagnetic isotope separation used to produce enriched uranium, and operated on the principle that U-235 is slightly lighter than U-238.
Naturally occurring uranium consists mostly of the isotope U-238 (99.29%), with only a small part being the fissile isotope U-235 (0.71%). The U-238 isotope has a high probability of absorbing a neutron without a fission, and also a higher rate of spontaneous fission. As such, the presence of too much U-238 in a fission weapon will impede the chain reaction and result in a fizzle. For weapons, uranium is enriched through one of many varieties of isotope separation, most of which rely on the fact that U-235 is slightly lighter than U-238. The most difficult part of any nuclear weapons production program, is the considerable technological investment needed for isotope enrichment. Uranium of more than 20% U-235 is called highly enriched uranium (HEU), and weapons grade uranium is at least 93.5% U-235. U-235 has a spontaneous fission rate of 0.16 fissions/(s•kg), which is low enough to make super critical assembly relatively easy. The critical mass for an unreflected sphere of U-235 is about 50 kg. This is a sphere with a diameter of 17 cm. The critical size can be reduced to about 15 cm with the use of a neutron reflector surrounding the sphere.
When compressed using the implosion method, the critical mass is reduced, so these values do not indicate the amounts needed for a weapon.
[edit] Plutonium-239
A "button" of reactor-bred plutonium.
Plutonium (atomic number 94), occurs naturally only in small amounts within uranium ores. Military or scientific production of plutonium is achieved by exposing purified U-238 to a strong neutron source, such as in a breeder reactor. When U-238 absorbs a neutron, resulting U-239. The isotope beta decays twice into Pu-239. Pu-239 has a higher probability of fission than U-235, and a larger number of neutrons produced per fission event, resulting in a smaller critical mass. Pure Pu-239 also has a low rate of neutron emission due to spontaneous fission (10 fission/(s•kg)), making it feasible to assemble a supercritical mass before predetonation.
In practice, however, reactor-bred plutonium will invariably contain a certain amount of Pu-240 due to the tendency of Pu-239 to absorb an additional neutron during production. Pu-240 has a high rate of spontaneous fission events (415,000 fission/(s•kg)), making it an undesirable contaminant. Because of this limitation plutonium-based weapons must be implosion-type, rather than gun-type (see below). Weapons-grade plutonium contains no more than 7% Pu-240; this is achieved by only exposing U-238 to neutron sources for short periods of time to minimize the Pu-240 produced. The critical mass for an unreflected sphere of plutonium is 16 kg, but through the use of a neutron-reflecting tamper the pit of plutonium in a fission bomb is reduced to 10 kg, resulting in a sphere with a diameter of 10 cm.
Whether plutonium with higher Pu-240 content is usable in a nuclear weapon is not certain from the unclassified literature, but some sources claim that it is possible [3]. Even if technically feasible, such a weapon's yield would be unpredictable and probably much lower than with weapons-grade plutonium given a similarly sophisticated bomb design, and the radioactivity of the Pu-240 would considerably complicate handling.
Roughly the following values apply: there are 80 generations of the chain reaction, each requiring the time a neutron with a speed of 10,000 km/s needs to travel 10 cm; this takes 80 times 0.01 µs. Therefore, the supercritical mass has to be kept together for 0.8 µs.
[edit] Uranium-233
U-233 is an artificially produced isotope, bred from thorium-232 in a nuclear reactor. The fissile properties of U-233 are generally somewhere between those of U-235 and Pu-239. In practice, uranium 233 is relatively difficult to use in weapons because its high rate of alpha emission acts on impurities producing unwanted neutrons. After a few years its decay products produce harmful radiation, dangerous to anyone refurbishing the weapons. However, using U-233 as fissile material is considered viable, especially for countries such as India, that have thorium but not uranium deposits.
[edit] Efficiency
- Main article: Nuclear weapon yield
The efficiency of a fission weapon is the fraction of the fissile material that actually fissions. for a pure fission weapon, the maximum is approximately 25%. For Fat Man it was 14%, for Little Boy only 1.4%. Fusion boosting increases the fission efficiency to 40%.
[edit] Critical mass
A mass of fissile material is called critical when it is capable of a sustained chain reaction, which depends upon the size, shape, and purity of the material as well as what surrounds the material. A numerical measure of whether a mass is critical or not is available as the neutron multiplication factor, k, where
- k = f − l
where f is the average number of neutrons released per fission event and 'l' is the average number of neutrons lost by either leaving the system or being captured in a non-fission event. When 'k = 1 the mass is critical, k < 1 is subcritical and k > 1 is supercritical.
A fission bomb works by rapidly changing a subcritical mass of fissile material into a supercritical assembly, resulting in a chain reaction producing large amounts of energy. In practice the mass is not made slightly supercritical, but goes from slightly subcritical (k = 0.9) to highly supercritical (k = 2 or 3), so that each neutron creates several new neutrons advancing the chain reaction quickly.
The main challenge in producing an efficient explosion using nuclear fission is keeping the bomb together long enough for the release of a substantial fraction of the available nuclear energy.
Prior to detonation, a nuclear weapon consists of one or more pieces of weapons-grade fissionable materials which are in a subcritical state, physically seperated from each other. At detonation, the two subcritical masses are rapidly brought together. The main method employed is the implosion method, where one sphere of material is compressed and becomes supercritical.
A simpler method is the gun method, this is where there are two pieces, one subcritical because of the limited mass, the other subcritical because of being unfavorably shaped or, in small-yield weapons, also because of mass, however, the two pieces are shaped favorably. i.e. The first piece fits into a hole in the second piece when brought together. Alternatively, two subcritical hemispheres are brought together to create a critical sphere, or more than two pieces may be used.
In order to avoid predetonation, whereby the material heats up and expands rapidly before being in its optimal state, and to produce an efficient nuclear detonation, the fissile material must be brought into its optimal supercritical state very rapidly. Consequently, only a small—sometimes very small—part of the fissionable material actually undergoes fission and the yield is correspondingly low.
To start the chain reaction at the right moment, a neutron trigger / initiator is used.
The main technical difficulty in design and manufacture of a fission weapon is the need to both reduce the time of assembly of a supercritical mass to a minimum and to keep the number of stray (pre-detonation) neutrons to a minimum.
[edit] Supercritical mass combination methods
There are two techniques for assembling a supercritical mass. One brings two sub-critical masses together, the Gun method, the other compresses a sub-critical mass into a supercritical one, known as the Implosion method.
[edit] Gun method
- Main article: Gun-type fission weapon
The simplest technique for assembling a supercritical mass is to shoot one piece of fissile material as a projectile against a second part as a target. This is called the gun-type method. The Little Boy weapon detonated over Hiroshima worked this way.
Because of the relatively long amount of time it takes to combine the materials, this method of combination can only be used for U-235 as predetonation is more likely for Pu-239 which has a higher spontaneous neutron release due to Pu-240 contamination. Becuase of this disadvantage, a plutonium gun-type weapon would have to be impractically long to accelerate the plutonium "bullet" to the required extreme velocity.
Although in Little Boy 60 kg of 80% grade U-235 was used (hence 48 kg), the minimum is approximately 20 to 25 kg, versus 15 kg for the implosion method.
For technologically advanced nations the gun method is essentially obsolete. With regard to the risk of proliferation and use by terrorists, this relatively simple design is a concern, as it does not require as much fine engineering or manufacturing as other methods. With enough highly enriched uranium, nations or groups with relatively low levels of technological sophistication could create an inefficient, though still quite powerful, nuclear weapon.
The scientists who designed the Little Boy weapon were confident enough of its likely success that they did not test a design first before using it in war. In any event, it could not be tested before being deployed as there was only sufficient U-235 available for one device.
[edit] Implosion method
The more difficult, but in many ways superior, method of combination is referred to as the implosion method. It uses conventional explosives surrounding the material to rapidly compress the mass to a supercritical state. This compression reduces the volume by a factor of 2:3.
For Pu-239 assemblies, a contamination of only 1% of Pu-240 produces so many spontaneous neutrons that a gun-type device would begin fissioning before full assembly, leading to very low efficiency. For this reason the more technically difficult implosion method must be used for plutonium bombs such as the test bomb used in the Trinity shot and the subsequent Fat Man weapon detonated over Nagasaki.
Weapons assembled with this method are generally more efficient than the weapons employing the gun method of combination, even ignoring the problem of spontaneous neutrons. The reason that the implosion method is more efficient is because it not only combines the masses, but also increases the density of the mass, and thereby increases the neutron multiplication factor k of the fissionable assembly. Most modern weapons use a hollow plutonium core, or pit, with an implosion mechanism for detonation. Also, low density Pu also called delta-plutonium is used due to its high compressibility. [1] [4]
This schematic animation shows the basics of the implosion process.
A two-fold increase in the density of the pit will tend to result in a 10-20 kiloton nuclear explosion. A 3-fold compression may produce a 40-45 kiloton nuclear yield, a four fold compression may produce a 60-80 kiloton nuclear yield, and a five-fold compression of the pit, which is very hard to achieve, may produce an 80-100 kiloton nuclear yield. Getting a 5-fold compression of the pit requires a very strong, massive and very efficient lens implosion system.
This precision compression of the pit creates a need for very precise design and machining of the pit and explosive lenses. To convert spherically expanding shock waves into spherically converging shock waves requires a hyperbolic boundary between fast and slow explosives. This in turn requires accurate milling/turning of the surface of pre-molded explosives. The milling machines used are so precise that they could cut the polished surfaces of eyeglass lenses[citation needed]. There are strong suggestions that modern implosion devices use non-spherical configurations as well, such as ovoid shapes ("watermelons").
The primary of a thermonuclear weapon is thought to be a standard implosion method fission bomb, though probably built with a core boosted by small amounts of fusion fuel for extra efficiency (see below). Also see, Teller-Ulam design.
[edit] Pit
The core of a nuclear weapon, the fissile material and any reflector or tamper bonded to it, is known as the pit.
Casting and then machining plutonium is difficult not only because of its toxicity, but also because plutonium has many different metallic phases. As plutonium cools, changes in phase result in distortion. This distortion is normally overcome by alloying it with 3–3.5 molar% (0.9–1.0% by weight) gallium which causes it to take up its delta phase over a wide temperature range.[1] When cooling from molten it then suffers only a single phase change, from epsilon to delta, instead of the four changes it would otherwise pass through. Other trivalent metals would also work, but gallium has a small neutron absorption cross section and helps protect the plutonium against corrosion. A drawback is that gallium compounds themselves are corrosive and so if the plutonium is recovered from dismantled weapons for conversion to plutonium dioxide for power reactors, there is the difficulty of removing the gallium. Modern pits may be composites of plutonium and uranium-235.[1]
Because plutonium is chemically reactive and toxic if inhaled or enters the body by any other means, for protection of the assembler, it is common to plate the completed pit with a thin layer of inert metal. In the first weapons, nickel was used but gold is now preferred.[4]
Pits made of alloys containing a mixture of both plutonium and uranium have been used in the past, and may possibly continue in currently stockpiled designs.
[edit] Explosive lens
Modern high explosive lenses. The colored areas are the fast explosive, while the white areas are the slow explosives.
It is not sufficient to pack explosive into a spherical shell around the tamper and detonate it simultaneously at several places because the tamper and plutonium pit will simply squeeze out between the gaps in the detonation front. Instead the shock wave must be carefully shaped into a perfect sphere centered on the pit and travelling inwards. This is achieved by using a spherical shell of closely fitting and accurately shaped bodies of explosives of different propagation speeds to form explosive lenses (see also shaped charge).
The lenses must be accurately shaped, chemically pure and homogeneous for precise control of the speed of the detonation front. The casting and testing of these lenses was a massive technical challenge in the development of the implosion method in the 1940s, as was measuring the speed of the shock wave and the performance of prototype shells. It also required electric exploding-bridgewire detonators to be developed which would detonate at exactly the same moment within the lenses simultaneously. i.e. within 100 nanoseconds. Once the shock wave has been shaped, there may also be an inner homogeneous spherical shell of explosive to give it greater force, known as a supercharge.
The Fat Man device dropped on Nagasaki used 32 lenses in a pattern of a truncated icosahedron. later, more efficient bombs used 40, 60, 72, and 92 lenses. The arrangement of lenses is similar to a soccer ball.
It is speculated that modern designs may use a prolate spheroidal pit and two-point detonation, i.e. just a single explosive lens at each end of the weapon. The end result being formation of a supercritical sphere, but with a vastly superior level of reliability when compared to a weapon requiring dozens of simultaneous detonations[citation needed].
Nowadays, exploding-bridgewire detonators have been replaced by slapper detonators, an improved design in both modern nuclear and conventional weapons.
[edit] Pusher
The explosion shock wave might be of such short duration that only a fraction of the pit is compressed at any instant as it passes through it. A pusher shell made out of low density metal such as aluminium, beryllium, or an alloy of the two metals (aluminium being easier and safer to shape and beryllium for its highly neutron reflective capability) may be needed. A pusher is located between the explosive lens and the tamper. It works by reflecting some of the shockwave backwards thereby having the effect of lengthening its duration.
A tamper or reflector may be used as the pusher as well, although a low density material is best used for the pusher but a high density one for the tamper. To maximize efficiency of energy transfer, the density difference between layers is minimized.
Most U.S. weapons since the 1950s have employed a concept called pit "levitation", whereby an air gap is introduced between the pusher and the pit. The effect of this is to allow the pusher to gain momentum before it hits the core, allowing for more efficient and complete compression. A common analogy is that of a hammer and a nail. Leaving space between the hammer and nail before striking greatly increases the compressive power of the hammer (as compared to putting the hammer right on top of the nail before beginning to push).
Many modern nuclear weapons use a hollow sphere of Pu-239, or U-235 placed inside of a hollow sphere of beryllium, tungsten carbide, or U-238 serving as the tamper. This may also be placed inside of a hollow pusher sphere made of aluminium, steel, or other metallic material. Additionally, a gram or so of tritium and/or deuterium gas may be injected into the hollow core prior to implosion to achieve a "boosting" effect by a small amount of nuclear fusion.
[edit] Tamper reflector
A tamper is an optional layer of dense material (typically natural or depleted uranium or tungsten) surrounding the fissile material. It reduces the critical mass and increases the efficiency by its inertia which delays the expansion of the reacting material.
The tamper prolongs the short time the material holds together under the extreme pressures of the explosion, thereby increasing the efficiency of the weapon. i.e. increases the fraction of the fissile material that actually fissions. High density (hence high inertia) is important; tensile strength has a negligible effect. Materials of high density also tend to be good reflectors of neutrons.
[edit] Neutron reflector
A neutron reflector layer is an optional layer commonly found as the closest layer surrounding the fissile material. This may be the same material used in the tamper, or a separate material. While many tamper materials are adequate reflectors, beryllium metal is the best reflector material but makes an extremely poor tamper.
The materials used as reflectors, from highest to lowest efficiency are;
- Beryllium metal,
- Beryllium oxide or Tungsten Carbide,
- Uranium,
- Tungsten,
- Copper,
- Water,
- Graphite or Iron.[1]
There is a design tradeoff in choosing to employ a tamper, reflector, or combined material. The weight of the combined pit assembly (the pusher, tamper, reflector, and the fissile material), has to be accelerated inwards by the implosion assembly explosives. The larger the pit assembly, the more explosive energy is required to compress it at the correct velocity and pressure. Early implosion nuclear weapons used heavy pushers and tampers, which were moderately effective reflectors (natural uranium tampers, for example). Levitated or hollow pits increase the energy efficiency of implosion. Using highly efficient, lightweight reflectors made of beryllium further increase the mass efficiency of the implosion system. Such pits are only slightly tamped, and will dissassemble rapidly once the fission reaction reaches high energy levels.
Before fusion boosting, it was arguable whether the most efficient overall system employed dedicated high mass tampers or not. Now that modern weapons typically use fusion boosting, which increases the reaction rate tremendously, lack of tamper material is no longer a drawback. This has helped in miniaturization of nuclear weapons.
[edit] Neutron trigger / initiator
One of the key elements in the proper operation of a nuclear weapon is initiation of the fission chain reaction at the proper time. To obtain a significant nuclear yield, sufficient neutrons must be present within the supercritical core at just the right time. If the chain reaction starts too soon, the result will be only a 'fizzle yield', much below the design specification; if it occurs too late, there may be no yield whatsoever.
Several ways to produce neutrons at the appropriate moment have been developed. Early neutron triggers consisted of a highly radioactive isotope of polonium (Po-210), which is a strong alpha emitter combined with beryllium which will absorb alphas and emit neutrons. This isotope of polonium has a half life of 138 days. Therefore, a neutron initiator using this material needs to have the polonium replaced frequently. The polonium is produced in a nuclear reactor.
To supply the initiation pulse of neutrons at the right time, the polonium and the beryllium need to be kept apart until the appropriate moment and then thoroughly and rapidly mixed by the implosion of the weapon. This method of neutron initiation is sufficient for weapons utilizing the slower gun combination method, but the timing is not precise enough for an implosion weapon design.
The Fat Man weapon of World War II used a finely tooled initiator known as an "urchin", made of alternating concentric layers of beryllium and polonium separated with thin gold foils. When these layers are mixed by the Munroe effect, the high-energy alpha particles produced by the polonium hit beryllium nuclei, expelling neutrons initiating the fission process.
Another method of providing source neutrons is through a pulsed neutron emitter, which is a small ion accelerator with a metal hydride target. When the ion source is turned on it creates a plasma of deuterium or tritium, a large voltage is then applied across the tube accelerating the ions into a tritium-rich metal (usually scandium). Ion acceleration increases the probability of nuclear fusion. The deuterium-tritium fusion reactions emit a short pulse of 14 MeV neutrons sufficient to initiate the fission chain reaction. Using this method, the timing of the pulse can be precisely controlled (to the millisecond). because of this precision, this method is particularly suited to an implosion weapon.
An initiator is not strictly necessary for an effective gun design, as long as the design uses "target capture", which is a method that ensures that the two subcritical masses once together, cannot come apart until they explode. Initiators were added to Little Boy later in its design.
[edit] Comparison between methods
The gun-type method is essentially obsolete and completely abandoned by the United States by the early 1960s. There was some use of the design, or possibly a variant "double gun" design (in which two subcritical masses were accelerated towards each other), in nuclear artillery [2]. Other nuclear powers, such as the United Kingdom, never built any of this type of weapon. As well as only being possible to produce this weapon using highly enriched U-235, the technique has other severe limitations. The implosion technique is much better suited to the various methods employed to reduce the weight of the weapon and increase the proportion of material which fissions.
Gun-type weapons also have safety problems. It is inherently dangerous to have a weapon containing a quantity and shape of fissile material which can form a critical mass through a relatively simple accident. Also, if the weapon falls into water, then the moderating effect of the light water can also cause a criticality accident, even without the weapon being physically damaged. Neither can happen with implosion-type weapons since there is normally insufficient fissile material to form a critical mass without the correct detonation of the lenses.
Implosion-type weapons normally have the pit physically removed from the center of the weapon and only inserted during the arming procedure so that a nuclear explosion cannot occur even if a fault in the firing circuits causes them to detonate the explosive lenses simultaneously as would happen during correct operation. It has also been hypothesized, based on open sources, that the Permissive Action Links for some types of nuclear weapons may involve the use of encoded secret timing offsets for the explosives in a given weapon's combination of explosives and lenses, needed to create a unified focus for the shockfront.
A diagram of the Green Grass warhead's steel ball-bearing safety device, shown left, filled (safe) and right, empty (live). The steel balls were emptied into a hopper underneath the aircraft before flight, and unlike the chain-filled design favoured by the US, the steel balls could be re-inserted using a funnel by rotating the bomb on its trolley and raising the hopper. This design in Green Grass, also known as the Interim Megaton Weapon was fitted in Violet Club and Yellow Sun Mk.1 bombs. The US W47 warhead used in Polaris A1 and Polaris A2 had a safety device consisting of a boron-coated-wire inserted into the hollow pit at manufacture. The warhead was armed by withdrawing the wire onto a spool driven by an electric motor. Once withdrawn, the wire could not be re-inserted. Source: Hansen: Swords of Armageddon.
Alternatively, the pit can be "safed" by having its normally-hollow core filled with an inert material such as a fine metal chain, possibly made of cadmium to absorb neutrons. While the chain is in the center of the pit, the pit can't be compressed into an appropriate shape to fission; when the weapon is to be armed, the chain is removed. Similarly, a serious fire will detonate the explosives, destroying the pit and spreading plutonium to contaminate the surroundings (as has happened in several weapons accidents) but cannot possibly cause a nuclear explosion.
The South African nuclear program was probably unique in adopting the gun technique to the exclusion of implosion type devices, and disclosed to the IAEA upon joining that organization that they had built six of these weapons before they abandoned their program and dismantled the weapons.
[edit] Practical limitations of the fission bomb
The most powerful fission bomb ever tested was probably the American Ivy King with a yield of 500 kt, close to the limit of what is possible (the British Orange Herald design used a type of fusion boosting, as discussed below, although the boosting is believed to have failed). It is technically difficult to keep a large amount of fissile material in a subcritical assembly while waiting for detonation, and it is also difficult to physically transform the subcritical assembly into a supercritical one quickly enough that the device explodes rather than prematurely detonating such that a majority of the fuel is unused (inefficient predetonation). The most efficient pure fission bomb possible would still only consume ~25% of its fissile material before being blown apart, and can often be much less efficient (Little Boy, for instance, was only about 1.4% efficient). Large yield, pure fission weapons are also unattractive due to the weight, size, and cost of using large amounts of highly enriched material.
Note that for nuclear weapons in general the energy just from fission is not limited: e.g., the Castle Bravo was a fission-fusion-fission weapon with a yield from fission alone of 10 Mt, and an additional 5 Mt from fusion. Thus, the direct effect of fusion on the yield is, in this case, smaller than the fusion's effect of enabling greater fission.
Another limitation of some fission bomb designs is the need to keep the electronic circuitry within a certain range of temperatures to prevent malfunction. Some weapons were designed with internal heaters to maintain a stable temperature (a method still used by NASA in its space probes); other, more unusual, methods were contemplated by the United Kingdom (see chicken powered nuclear bomb).
[edit] Linear implosion
Normal implosion weapons take a subcritical mass of fissile material and compress it into supercriticality.
Linear implosion uses a mass of nuclear material which is more than one critical mass at normal pressure and a spherical configuration. The mass is configured in a lower density non-spherical configuration prior to firing the weapon, and then small to moderate amounts of explosive collapse and slightly reshape the nuclear material into a supercritical mass which then undergoes chain reaction and explodes. The material does not attain higher densities than standard. [5]
Three methods are known to compress and reshape the nuclear material:
- Collapsing hollow spaces inside the nuclear material
- Using plutonium which is stabilized in the low density delta phase at a density of 16.4, which changes phase to stable denser alpha-phase (density 19.8) under moderate explosive compression from shockwaves. Alpha phase plutonium is stable at a density of 19.8 at standard conditions, so this phase change does not count as explosive compression per se.
- Shaping an explosive and nuclear material so that the explosive pressure changes a stretched-out, elliptical or football shape to collapse towards a spherical or more spherical end shape.
Linear implosion is utilized for weapons where a very small diameter, only slightly larger than a critical mass' diameter, is needed in the weapon. 6 inch (152 mm) diameter linear implosion weapons were deployed by the US, the W48 and designed and tested but never deployed W74 and W82, and smaller ones are allegedly possible.
A bare critical mass of plutonium at normal density and without additional neutron reflector material is roughly 10 kilograms. To achieve a large explosive yield (tens or hundreds of tons), a linear implosion weapon needs somewhat more material, on the order of 13 kilograms. 13 kilograms of (highest density) alpha-phase Plutonium at a density of 19.8 g/cm3 is 657 cubic centimeters, a sphere of radius 5.4 cm (diameter 10.8 cm / 4.25 inches).
Linear implosion weapons could use tampers or reflectors, but the overall diameter of the fissile material plus tamper/reflector increases compared to the volume required for an untamped unreflected pit. To fit weapons into small artillery shells (155 mm and 152 mm are known; 105 mm has been alleged to be possible by nuclear weapon designer Ted Taylor), bare pits may be required.
Linear implosion weapons have much lower efficiency due to low pressure, and require 2-3 times more nuclear material than conventional implosion weapons. They are also considerably heavier, and much smaller than conventional implosion weapons. The W54 nuclear warhead used for special purposes and the Davy Crockett nuclear artillery unit was about 11 inches diameter and weighs 51 pounds. The W48 artillery shell is 6 inches in diameter and weighs over twice as much, and probably requires at least twice as much plutonium. Independent researchers have determined that one model of US conventional implosion fission weapon cost $1.25 million per unit produced, of which $0.25 million was the total cost for all non nuclear components and $1 million the cost of the plutonium. Linear implosion weapons, requiring 2-3 times more plutonium, are extremely expensive.
[edit] Fusion weapons
Fusion is the combination of two light nuclei, usually isotopes of hydrogen, to form a more stable heavy nucleus and release excess energy. Nuclear weapons which utilize nuclear fusion can have far greater yields than weapons which use only fission, as fusion releases more energy per kilogram and can also be used as a source of fast neutrons to cause fission in depleted uranium. The light weight of the elements used in fusion make it possible to build extremely high yield weapons which are still portable enough to deliver. Compared with large fission weapons, fusion weapons are cheaper and much less at risk of accidental nuclear explosion. The fusion reaction requires the nuclei involved to have a high thermal energy, which is why the reaction is called thermonuclear. The extreme temperatures and densities necessary for a fusion reaction are generated with energy from a fission explosion. A pure fusion weapon is a hypothetical design that does not need a fission primary, but no weapons of this sort have ever been developed.
[edit] Boosting
- Main article: Boosted fission weapon
The simplest way to utilize fusion is to put a mixture of deuterium and tritium inside the hollow core of an implosion style plutonium pit (which usually requires an external neutron generator mounted outside of it rather than the initiator in the core as in the earliest weapons). When the imploding fission chain reaction brings the fusion fuel to a sufficient pressure, a deuterium-tritium fusion reaction occurs and releases a large number of energetic neutrons into the surrounding fissile material. This increases the rate of burn of the fissile material and so more is consumed before the pit disintegrates. The efficiency (and therefore yield) of a pure fission bomb can be doubled (from about 20% to about 40% in an efficient design) through the use of a fusion boosted core, with very little increase in the size and weight of the device. The amount of energy released through fusion is only around 1% of the energy from fission, so the fusion chiefly increases the fission efficiency by providing a burst of additional neutrons.
Boosting is typically done with a deuterium/tritium mixture in gas form which is pumped into the core during the arming sequence from an exterior reservoir. Tritium has a short half life (12.3 years), is very expensive and is very chemically reactive with uranium and plutonium. Having the tritium reservoir outside of the bomb allows easy replenishment and removal of waste Helium-3 without having to take the bomb core apart. (Theoretically, there are ways a solid hydride or a deuterium/tritium liquid could be used instead, but the use of gas is almost universal.)
Fusion boosting provides two strategic benefits. The first is that it obviously allows weapons to be made much smaller, lighter, and use less fissile material for a given yield, making them cheaper to build and deliver. The second benefit is that it can be used to render weapons immune to radiation interference (RI). It was discovered in the mid-1950s that plutonium pits would be particularly susceptible to partial pre-detonation if exposed to the intense radiation of a nearby nuclear explosion (electronics might also be damaged, but this was a separate issue). RI was a particular problem before effective early warning radar systems because a first strike attack might make retaliatory weapons useless. Boosting can reduce the amount of plutonium needed in a weapon to below the quantity which would be vulnerable to this effect.
While this technique, sometimes known as "gas boosting," uses fusion — the reaction associated with the so-called "hydrogen bomb†— it is still seen as simply boosting a "fission" bomb. In fact, fusion boosting is very common and used in most modern weapons, including the fission primaries in most thermonuclear weapons.
- See also: Layer cake, Joe 4, ("Alarm Clock").
[edit] Staged thermonuclear weapons
A simplified Teller-Ulam thermonuclear weapon design.
- Main article: Teller-Ulam design
Staged thermonuclear weapons, also known as hydrogen bombs, utilize the power of a fission bomb to ignite fusion fuel. They are considered "staged" in that they chain together different weapon components for increasingly large explosions.
The basic principles behind modern thermonuclear weapons design were developed independently by scientists in different countries. Edward Teller and Stanislaw Ulam at Los Alamos worked out the idea of staged detonation coupled with radiation implosion in what is known in the United States as the Teller-Ulam design in 1951. Soviet physicist Andrei Sakharov independently arrived at the same answer, which he called his "Third Idea", in 1955.
The full details of staged thermonuclear weapons have never been declassified and among different sources outside the wall of classification there is no strict consensus over how exactly a hydrogen bomb works. The basic principles are revealed through two separate declassified lines by the United States Department of Energy: "The fact that in thermonuclear (TN) weapons, a fission "primary" is used to trigger a TN reaction in thermonuclear fuel referred to as a "secondary"" and "The fact that, in thermonuclear weapons, radiation from a fission explosive can be contained and used to transfer energy to compress and ignite a physically separate component containing thermonuclear fuel."
The process by which the "secondary†(fusion) stage is compressed by the x-rays from the "primary†(fission) stage is known as radiation implosion. Its exact operation has never been declassified though a number of theories have been put forward by people outside the classified domain, based on speculation, declassified information, interviews with former weapons scientists, and independent theoretical calculations.
One approach often cited, following on the 1979 court case of United States v. The Progressive (which sought to censor an article about the workings of the hydrogen bomb; the government eventually dropped the case and much new information about the weapon was declassified), is as follows:
A fission weapon (the "primary") is placed at one end of the warhead casing. When detonated, it first releases x-rays at the speed of light. These are reflected from the casing walls, which are made of heavy metals and serve as x-ray mirrors. The x-rays travel into a space surrounding the secondary, which is a column or sphere of lithium deuteride fusion fuel encased by a natural uranium "tamper"/"pusher". Here, the x-rays cause a pentane-impregnated polystyrene foam filling the case to convert into a plasma, and the x-rays cause ablation of the surface of the jacket surrounding the secondary, imploding it with enormous force. Inside the secondary is a "sparkplug" of either enriched uranium or plutonium, which is caused to fission by the compression, and begins its own nuclear explosion. Compression of the fusion fuel and the high temperature caused by the fission explosion cause the deuterium to fuse into helium and emit copious neutrons. The neutrons transmute the lithium to tritium, which then also fuses and emits large amounts of gamma rays and more neutrons. The excess neutrons then cause the natural uranium in the "tamper", "pusher", case and x-ray mirrors to undergo fission as well, adding more power to the yield. This last effect can greatly increase both the yield of the device and the amount of fission-related fallout. Non-fissionable materials (lead, tungsten, etc.) can be used in the tamper/pusher and case instead of fissionable ones (uranium or thorium), reducing the yield and the fallout accordingly.
Firing sequence for a Teller-Ulam design thermonuclear weapon, according to the "foam" scheme.
Others have questioned the "foam" mechanism of radiation implosion described above, and instead indicated that the actual mechanism that compresses the secondary stage is neither the "radiation pressure" of the x-rays, nor the physical pressure of the plasmatized foam, but suggest rather that only the x-ray radiation 'burning' the outside surface of the tamper/pusher away. X-rays surround and heat the whole outside of the tamper/pusher until the outside layer of it ablates/explodes away from the secondary in all directions, creating an inward "ablation pressure." In other words, heated by x-rays, the outside layers of the tamper/pusher explode outward, like a rocket, driving the remaining layers inward in an implosion.
Modern nuclear weapons probably use fusion stages that are spherical, rather than cylindrical. [3]
[edit] Advanced thermonuclear weapons designs
The largest modern fission-fusion-fission weapons include a fissionable outer shell of U-238, the more inert waste isotope of uranium, or X-ray mirrors constructed of polished U-238. This otherwise-inert U-238 would be detonated by the intense fast neutrons from the fusion stage, increasing the yield of the bomb many times. For example, in the Castle Bravo test, the largest US test ever, of the total 15 megaton yield, 10 megatons were from fission of the natural uranium tamper. For even higher yield, however, moderately enriched uranium can be used as a jacket material.
In 1999, information came out implying that in some U.S. designs, the primary (top) is oblate, while the secondary (bottom) is spherical.
For the purposes of miniaturization of weapons (fitting them into the small re-entry vehicles on modern MIRVed missiles), it has also been suggested that many modern thermonuclear weapons use spherical secondary stages, rather than the column shapes of the older hydrogen bombs. In 1999, it also became known that certain advanced U.S. thermonuclear designs used non-spherical (oblate) primaries.
Three-stage thermonuclear devices have also been developed, whereby a third, larger fusion stage (a "tertiary") is compressed by the energy of the fusion "secondary" (described above). A three-stage bomb, the Mk 41, was deployed by the United States, and the USSR's Tsar Bomba was also a three stage weapon. In theory, there is no limit to how many stages could be added. Though there is currently no need for five- or six-stage weapons with yields that could approach a gigaton, they could possibly be of use in deflecting Near-Earth Objects such as Asteroids and Comets which are in danger of colliding with the Earth and large enough to do significant damage (have high Torino Scale values).
The cobalt bomb uses cobalt in the shell, and the fusion neutrons convert the cobalt into cobalt-60, a powerful long-term (5 years) emitter of gamma rays, which produces major radioactive contamination. In general this type of weapon is a salted bomb, and variable fallout effects can be obtained by using different salting isotopes. Gold has been proposed for short-term fallout (days), and tantalum and zinc for fallout of intermediate duration (months). To be useful for salting, the parent isotopes must be abundant in the natural element, and the neutron-bred radioactive product must be a strong emitter of penetrating gamma rays.
The primary purpose of this weapon is to create extremely radioactive fallout to deny a region to an advancing army, a sort of wind-deployed mine-field. No cobalt weapons have ever been atmospherically tested, and as far as is publicly known none have ever been built. A number of very "dirty" thermonuclear weapons, however, have been developed and detonated, as the final fission stage (usually a jacket of natural or enriched uranium) is itself sometimes analogous to "salting" (for example, the Castle Bravo test). The British did test a bomb that incorporated cobalt as an experimental radiochemical tracer (Antler/Round 1, 14 September 1957). This 1-kt device was exploded at the Tadje site, Maralinga range, Australia. The experiment was regarded as a failure and was not repeated.
The thought of using cobalt, which has the longest half-life of the feasible salting materials, caused Leó Szilárd to refer to the weapon as a potential doomsday device. With a five-year half-life, people would have to remain shielded underground for a very long time until it was safe to emerge, effectively wiping out humanity. However, no nation has ever been known to pursue such a strategy. The movie Dr. Strangelove famously incorporated such a doomsday weapon as a major plot device.
Another variant of the thermonuclear weapon is the enhanced radiation weapon, or neutron bomb, which are small thermonuclear weapons in which the burst of neutrons generated by the fusion reaction is intentionally not absorbed inside the weapon, but allowed to escape. The X-ray mirrors and shell of the weapon are made of chromium or nickel so that the neutrons are permitted to escape. The intense burst of high-energy neutrons is the principal destructive mechanism. Neutrons are more penetrating than other types of radiation, so many shielding materials that work well against gamma rays do not work nearly as well. The term "enhanced radiation" refers only to the burst of ionizing radiation released at the moment of detonation, not to any enhancement of residual radiation in fallout (as in the salted bombs discussed above).
Nuclear bombs are capable of creating a destructive electromagnetic pulse (EMP) on a wide scale. The Soviet Union conducted significant research into producing nuclear weapons specially designed for upper atmospheric detonations, a decision that was later followed by the U.S. and the UK. Only the Soviets ultimately produced any significant quantity of such warheads, most of which were disarmed following the Reagan-era arms talks. EMPs can also be created by non-nuclear electromagnetic bombs.
[edit] Miniaturization
Comparing the relative size of a number of U.S. nuclear weapons.
The Fat Man weapon (60 inch (1.5 meters) diameter) compared to the W54 weapon (11 inch (28 centimeter) diameter), put into service only 16 years later. The two images are to the same scale.
The first nuclear weapons were large, idiosyncratic devices weighing many tons that could be dropped only out of especially large aircraft as gravity bombs. In the years following World War II though, developments in rocketry spurred efforts to reduce the size of nuclear weapons so that they could fit on a missile. Soon, miniaturization of weapons proved a major investment of nations with nuclear weapons and was one of the primary justifications for programs of nuclear testing, which provide the data necessary for advancing nuclear-weapons design. Weapons systems that require relatively small thermonuclear weapons, such as MIRVed missiles, are thought to be achievable only with many tests. The smallest nuclear warhead deployed by the United States was the W54, which was used in the Davy Crockett recoilless rifle; warheads in this weapon weighed about 23 kg and had yields of 0.01 to 0.25 kilotons. This is small in comparison to thermonuclear weapons, but remains a very large explosion with lethal acute radiation effects and potential for substantial fallout. It is generally believed that the W54 may be nearly the smallest possible nuclear weapon, though this may be only smallest by weight or volume, not simply smallest diameter.
Certainly nuclear warheads of much smaller diameter have been made. Nuclear artillery was available to NATO during the cold war era, the nuclear warheads could be fired from standard 155mm (just over 6 inches) artillery pieces.
In 16 years, the US went from the Mark III nuclear weapon (Fat Man design), which was roughly 60 inches (1.5 meters) in diameter and weighed roughly 10,300 pounds (4,700 kilograms), to the W54 design, less than approximately 11 inches (28 centimeters) diameter and weighing about 51 pounds (23 kilograms), a factor of 162 times smaller volume and over 200 times lighter. The Mark III had a yield of 21 kilotons, while the W54 design was tested up to 6 kilotons; the W54's yield is a factor of 46 times greater per unit volume and 56 times greater per unit mass. The W54 warhead could fit inside the explosive lens assembly of the Mark III.
It has been suggested that the Soviet Union's lack of miniaturization technology in the 1950's was directly responsible for their early advances in the space race. Since they were unable to reduce the size of their weapons to the same degree as the U.S., they were forced to build larger missiles to deliver them. It was these large missiles that allowed the USSR to put satellites and humans into orbit before the U.S.
[edit] Stockpile stewardship
After the Cold War, most nuclear powers have stopped conducting programs of nuclear testing, primarily for political reasons. In many countries, inability to test has led to questions about the safety and reliability of aging nuclear weapons systems. In the U.S., a program of "stockpile stewardship"—managed by the Los Alamos National Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory—has attempted to gauge the reliability of old warheads without full nuclear testing, often by using computer simulation.
[edit] References
[edit] Specific
- ^ a b c d "Restricted Data Declassification Decisions from 1946 until Present", accessed Sept 23, 2006
- ^ Separated Neptunium 237 and Americium, David Albright and Lauren Barbour
- ^ A Fresh Examination of the Proliferation Dangers of Light Water Reactors. The Nonproliferation Policy Education Center (2004-10-22). Retrieved on 2006–11-16.
- ^ a b Fissionable Materials section of the Nuclear Weapons FAQ, Carey Sublette, accessed Sept 23, 2006
- ^ Nuclear Weapons FAQ: 126.96.36.199 Hybrid Assembly Techniques], accessed March 11, 2007
[edit] General
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
- Glasstone, Samuel and Dolan, Philip J., The Effects of Nuclear Weapons (third edition), U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977. PDF Version
- Cohen, Sam, The Truth About the Neutron Bomb: The Inventor of the Bomb Speaks Out, William Morrow & Co., 1983
- Grace, S. Charles, Nuclear Weapons: Principles, Effects and Survivability (Land Warfare: Brassey's New Battlefield Weapons Systems and Technology, vol 10)
- Smyth, Henry DeWolf, Atomic Energy for Military Purposes, Princeton University Press, 1945. (see: Smyth Report)
- The Effects of Nuclear War, Office of Technology Assessment (May 1979).
- Rhodes, Richard. Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb. Simon and Schuster, New York, (1995 ISBN 0-684-82414-0)
- Rhodes, Richard. The Making of the Atomic Bomb. Simon and Schuster, New York, (1986 ISBN 0-684-81378-5)
[edit] External links
- Carey Sublette's Nuclear Weapon Archive is a reliable source of information and has links to other sources.
- Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions: Section 4.0 Engineering and Design of Nuclear Weapons
- The Federation of American Scientists provide solid information on weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons and their effects
- Globalsecurity.org provides a well-written primer in nuclear weapons design concepts (site navigation on righthand side).
- More information on the design of two-stage fusion bombs
- Militarily Critical Technologies List (MCTL) from the US Government's Defense Technical Information Center
- "Restricted Data Declassification Decisions from 1946 until Present", Department of Energy report series published from 1994 until January 2001 which lists all known declassification actions and their dates. Hosted by Federation of American Scientists.


text:
door sealant before trim
1 Attachment(s)
I haven't installed trim on my entry door and was wondering if i should put Quad sealant between the jamb and the wall opening before installing trim or is it sufficient to only apply a bead around the trim once installed.
Attachment 54052
Do both.
If it was mine I would not use Quad though on this one. Reason being your going to have a mess trying to clean it up off of the brick wall.
I'd use Alex 230 instead.
Spray foam or backer rod and sealant the larger gaps.
You will make a mess trying to seal the larger gaps with sealant alone.
Any closed cell, window and door specific (i.e. low pressure) works great here.
But only if there's room for it. Looks like somehow you ended up with tiny gaps. But your there and we only have a picture to go by.
That is why I said for the larger gaps. There may be more space between he framing and the door than is being shown between the brick and the door.
I got ya, just did not want him to try and use the foam like it was caulking. I've seen DIY's do it before, gee that was fun trying to get it all off.
On customer had tryed to use it to stop a leak in a sink drain, now that was a sight. They had put the tapered sealing ring in backwards when the drain was installed.
i use the needle tip on my foam gun for small gaps like that,less foam/ less expansion
i should have said less foam less pressure
Hilti foam gun does miracles in what a teeny bead it lets you apply. Like literally 1/8"
but the needle tip lets you get the foam deeper in the crack instead of expanding out past the frame which after it hardens needs to be trimmed back sometimes falling out in the process
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text:
Tag Archive for 'soccer ball'
A Sheltie's 2nd best friend
Coty poses…but I'm sure is more eager to give chase!Beautiful photo Shelia!
Does any Sheltie not like a soccer ball?
Nope, not this one. Arnie is clearly a happy boy!Welcome to Sheltie Nation, Terry & Karen!
A face that could bring world peace…
Sheltie deep thoughts…
This is Mitzy, pondering her soccer ball. She is considering if it is worthy of herding… or not. Better to use telepathy and intellect rather than possibly aimlessly chasing it, right?Thanks to Suzanne!


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emergency roomnounuk /ɪˈmɜː.dʒən.si ˌruːm/ us /ɪˈmɝː.dʒən.si ˌruːm/ abbreviation ER, UK A & E, casualty
Thesaurus: synonyms and related words
(Definition of "emergency room" from the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)
(Definition of "emergency room" from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)
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to follow a curved path around a planet or star


text:
Braveheart Films Launches Kickstarter to Finance CARRIE PILBY Adaptation
Award winning Braveart Films is now crowdfunding a feature film based on the critically-acclaimed and best-selling novel "Carrie Pilby". The novel, written by Caren Lissner in 2003, was among the first novels published by Harlequin Enterprises's Red Dress Ink imprint which was created to take advantage of the "chick lit" phenomenon, including humorous books about young women like "Bridget Jones' Diary". In 2010, due to reader demand by its young female audience, "Carrie Pilby" was republished by Harlequin?s Teen line, and was subsequently published in France, Spain, Italy, Mexico, Australia, Indonesia and the UK where it has continued to gather a following and critical distinction.
Now, Independent Spirit Award winner Susan Johnson of Braveart Films will make her feature directorial debut with Suzanne Farwell and Susan Cartsonis producing the adaptation of "Carrie Pilby" by Lissner. The trio of veteran filmmakers are seeking partial funding for the independent film via the most popular crowdfunding site for artists today, Kickstarter.
Over 80% of working filmmakers are male, and women make up only 13.5% of film and television directors in the Directors Guild of America. Not to mention, films with female leads are almost non-existent. Today, the gender of the storyteller matters and, unless filmmakers are creating a remake of an existing movie, a sequel, a genre movie or a superhero movie, it's extremely hard to find financing. Although "Carrie Pilby" has the support of three dominant filmmakers, 5-star reviews on Amazon and over 50,000 copies sold, financial backing is the trio's biggest challenge in getting the film to production.
As of today, the Kickstarter campaign for CARRIE PILBY has been running for a little over a week and seen great support from backers and fans alike on Twitter, Facebook and blogs around the world. With just 16 days left in the campaign, these three women in film are optimistic about their journey to raise the $2,500,000 in capital needed to shoot the film this fall.
Carrie Pilby is a 19-year old genius who graduated early from Harvard with no emotional resources or concept of how she fits into the world. Her psychiatrist issues a five-point plan to adjust Carrie?s quest for moral superiority which challenges her with funny and life-changing consequences. Ultimately, Carrie faces the Universal question: "which trade offs, if any, are acceptable in order to fit in?"
"I love this book! Carrie is brilliant, fragile, funny, conscious, inquisitive and Brave enough to say the things we wouldn't dare," says Johnson. "We have put together a terrific team to bring this story to life. I'm honored to be working with producers Suzanne Farwell and Susan Cartsonis, and that Caren Lissner is trusting us with her beautiful story. Caren's been a constant source of inspiration for us, and an invaluable resource as production of the feature film begins."
Johnson earned an MFA in Directing on full scholarship at the American Film Institute, and moved on to produce eight feature films, and produce and direct over 30 music videos for which she received nominations and/or awards from Billboard Magazine, VH-1, MTV, CMT, CMA and NARAS. Susan's first film, MEAN CREEK, screened in competition at the Sundance Film Festival and Cannes (Director's Fortnight), and won the Humanitas Award along with two Independent Spirit Awards before being distributed by Paramount Pictures and Focus Features. This year will see the release of Johnson's most recent films, EYE OF THE HURRICANE, also partially funded through Kickstarter, starring Melanie Lynskey, Campbell Scott and Nicola Peltz; and THE BETWEEN, starring Joel Courtney, Isabelle Fuhrman, James Le Gros, Peter Bogdanovich, and Trace Adkins.


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And Now, Campaigns Are Up and Running!
Newly nominated Republican candidate for Governor, Bruce Rauner, wasted no time attacking current Governor Pat Quinn in his victory speech on Tuesday evening.
Rauner accuses Quinn of "the politics of division" and warns voters that they must choose between the "old status quo" and "a new direction" on Election Day this November 4th.
Governor Quinn did not wait for the Republican candidate to be named before he released television ads that criticized Republican over not wanting to raise the minimum wage in Illinois. According to Quinn, the working-class in Illinois are "the real everyday heroes of our state" and blasted Rauner's wealth as leaving him out-of-touch with the people.
Quinn has voiced his support of raising the state minimum wage from $8.25 to $10 while Rauner is on record as supporting moving back the minimum wage to the federal rate of $7.25.
Below is Gov. Pat Quinn's newest political ad.
Source: Chicago Tribune and Youtube


text:
Brahma Beer
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- Brewery
- Companhia Cervejaria Brahma
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- São Paulo, Brazil
- 4.6
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- 2.7
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- 20
About Brahma Beer
Brahma was born in Brazil, created by Joseph Villager in 1888. Ever since, it has flowed through Brazil, adding to the energy, passion and creative spirit called 'Ginga'. A Brazilian philosophy and approach to life fusing creativity and ingenuity, and living life with effortless flair. Brahma continues to be one of the most popular beer brands in Brazil, found everywhere from the backstages of São Paolo, to the beaches of Rio. It is available in more than 30 countries, including 20 outside Latin America. Served chilled, with a distinctive, easy-drinking taste, and original, fluidly curved bottle, Brahma is a beer to be enjoyed day and night.


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EFG London Jazz Festival
Sun 20 November 2016
Vortex jazz session
Hannes Riepler leads our weekly session, involving some of the finest young musicians in London turning up to enjoy the company and the music. For the London Jazz Festival itself, […]
Downstairs: THELONIOUS
Hans Koller (Valve Trombone, Euphonium) Martin Speake (Alto Saxophone) Calum Gourlay (Bass) TBC (Drums) Taking inspiration from the Steve Lacy/Roswell Rudd School Days band from the early 1960s, Thelonious explore the […]
Mopomoso presenting the finest in free improvisation since 1991 Yoko Arai (piano) / John Russell (guitar) duo + Mark Wastell Quintet – Mark Wastell (cello) / Olie Brice (bass) / […]
Sat 19 November 2016
Appropriate for our late night season! We are happy that the Loop Collective, with Dave Smith, Rory Simmons are putting together a special late night show. Full details in the […]
Eve Risser + Bruno Heinen with the Camerata Alma Viva + Phil Robson Organ Trio
Exciting French pianist + a premier guitar/organ/drums trio + Bruno Heinen's Vivaldi-inspired concerto for piano and strings
Fri 18 November 2016
A late night top notch big band
Rae Forrest Project + Monocled Man
Paula Rae Gibson/Mike Forrest Flynn/Sam Leak; Rory Simmons/Chris Montague/Jon Scott
'some things presents: Ben Higham / Paul Jolly'
Some Things (Chris Dowding and Ben Higham) is an 'arresting trumpet duo' from Norwich hosting a short residency at the Vortex Downstairs during the London Jazz festival. When not playing […]
Thu 17 November 2016
LOOP CLUB NIGHT FOFOULAH SOUND SYSTEM LEAFCUTTER JOHN SURVIVAL SKILLS DAN NICHOLLS / ALEX BONNEY BE NICE Loop Collective curates a club night featuring some of London's most distinctive artists in […]
Wed 16 November 2016
Medusa Beats + The Enemy
Benoit Delbecq/Petter Eldh/Jonas Burgwinkel; Kit Downes/Petter Eldh/James Maddren
As part of our cosmopolitan enthusiasm, we are delighted to welcome Niklas Winter, Finnish jazz guitarist, composer and teacher. Performing in the intimacy of our Downstairs space with Henry Lowther (trumpet), […]
Tue 15 November 2016
Dice Factory; Robin Fincker's Bedmakers; Peedu Kass
A triple bill. Curated by Dice Factory with a new group from Toulouse of Robin Fincker and Estonian bassist Peedu Kass. FIRST BAND (PEEDU KASS) WILL BE START AT 8.15 Dice Factory […]
Cornetist and Composer Kirk Knuffke is the winner of Downbeat Magazine's "Rising Star"critics poll for 2015. He plays with one of our leading young bassists Olie Brice. Imagination personified
Mon 14 November 2016
Wild and wacky trio dedicated to one of the great entertainers and innovators along with an amazing Belgo-New York band.
Sun 13 November 2016
Vortex jazz session
Hannes Riepler leads our weekly session, involving some of the finest young musicians in London turning up to enjoy the company and the music. For the London Jazz Festival itself, […]
Eyes of a Blue Dog + Overground Collective
Eyes of a Blue Dog is a trio of Rory Simmons (Trumpet, electronics), Liz Nygaard (voice), Terje Evensen (drums, percussion). The band moniker Eyes of a Blue Dog derives from […]
Swedish guitarist Hallqivst collaborates in a duo with one of our favourite trumpeters, Yazz Ahmed.
London Jazz Orchestra
Celebrating 25 years, this is arguably London's premier regularly working big band
Sat 12 November 2016
Jim Rattigan's Pavillon
12 piece big band led by French horn maestro Jim Rattigan
Jazz2Rocksteady LJF *special* Downstairs at the Vortex
Bruno Heinen – Keys Rachael Cohen – Sax Larry Bartley – Bass Will Glaser – Drums Bruno's regular night is joined by the soulful saxophone sounds of Rachael Cohen […]
Hannes Riepler/Jasper Blom + Julie Sassoon Quartet
Hannes Riepler's guitar has rung out in the Vortex regularly over the past three years, not least as the host of our Sunday sessions. Here he invites one of the […]
Alex Bonney & Terje Evensen duo
An early evening duo to start our first Saturday of the EFG London Jazz Festival, with Alex Bonney (trumpet, electronics) and Terje Evensen (percussion, electronics). Alex Bonney is known for […]
Fri 11 November 2016
Clark Tracey Quintet
The English equivalent of Art Blakey – a great drummer, most often known here for his work with father Stan, works today with the stars of tomorrow. Playing originals and standards […]
'some things presents: chris dowding / julie kjaer'
some things presents two early evening sets Downstairs during the London Jazz Festival: Tonight: Chris Dowding and Ben Higham followed by an improvised set by Chris Dowding and Julie Kjaer some things […]
Thu 23 June 2016
Dice Factory + Robin Fincker
Iconic London quartet + band from France
Eyes of a Blue Dog + Paulo Duarte's Overground Collective
Double bill of imaginative trio + mega big band
Sun 22 November 2015
Sat 21 November 2015
Late night Loop – Simmons/De Rose/Crowley, BABs
Rory Simmons(trumpet), Dave De Rose (drums), George Crowley (sax) Big beats, free improv and modular synths BABs – Alex Bonney (trumpet)/ James Allsopp (reeds) /Olie Brice (bass) Ambient drones, electronica […]
Perfect Houseplants
An adventurous and accessible jazz group, formed by four of the most distinctive jazz musicians and composers in the UK. Mark Lockheart – soprano & tenor saxophones Huw Warren – […]
Magic Box and Sara Mitra presents…A Magical Musical Story Box
Live music/kids' theatre event for the young and young-at-heart, with fun interactive elements. A brand new family-friendly collaboration between jazz singer Sara Mitra and childrens' drama professional Lottie Allen. Showcasing the sounds […]
Fri 20 November 2015
Late Night Loop – Fofoulah & Nicholls/Sharkey
The Loop Collective takes over to see us into the early hours. Fofoulah Batch Gueye – vocals/dance Tom Challenger – sax/keys Phil Stevenson – guitar Johnny Brierley – bass Kaw […]
Emilia Martensson + all star guests (who double as friends)
For this special show, Emilia has assembled a starry line-up, including musicians known for their work with John Newman, London Vocal Project, Cinematic Orchestra, Snowpoet and more. Emilia Mårtensson is […]
Liane Carroll- CANCELLED
This concert is now CANCELLED. Replacement appearing soon.
Thu 19 November 2015
Orquestra Mahatma
At last. A welcome return for Orquestra Mahatma. Paul Clarvis (hitty things), Sonia Slany (thin strings), Stuart Hall (lots of different thickness of strings), Oren Marshall (blowy things). 'Wedding music […]
Bilbo Trio – Bruno Heinen, Antonio Fusco and Henrik Jensen. With special guest Rachael Cohen
Trio of Bruno Heinen, Antonio Fusco, Henrik Jensen. With special guest saxophonist Rachael Cohen. Ahead of a release on Babel in 2016. A special one-off Downstairs. You can come here, […]
Wed 18 November 2015
Berlin meets Berlin meets Cologne meets London: Double Trouble and Landfermann/Downes
Double Trouble: Peter Ehwald (sax), Robert Landfermann (bass), Andreas Lang (bass), Jonas Burgwinkel (drums) Berlin-based Peter Ehwald fuses the approach of London, where he lived and studied, allowing the creation of the Paragon Trio, with the underground pulse of Berlin. The power and […]
Blow The Fuse present: Laka Daisical and the Pushups
Laka D singer, piano player, composer, choir arranger and director whose soulful voice was featured with The Guest Stars and Emma Peel Fan Club. This gig will draw on personal […]
Tue 17 November 2015
Jazz and Poetry – Bobby Parker/ Roddy Lumsden/ Anouche Sherman/ Valeria Vescina/Riccardo Chiaberta/ Andrea di Biase/ Michele Caiati
Nicki Heinen curates a special night for the London Jazz Festival where jazz musicians and poets both work to give a special atmosphere. Bobby Parker, Roddy Lumsden, Anouche Sherman, Valeria […]
Match and Fuse Ignite Series – Water Boogie System, Blue Eyed Hawk, Magnus Loom
Match&Fuse present bold new music from the cutting-edge of numerous contemporary music scenes across Europe. Since 2011 M&F have championed the work of hundreds of UK and European artists and produced […]
Mon 16 November 2015
Amok Amor feat. Peter Evans; Dice Factory
A must see gig. Four geniuses run amok. Amok Amor is a new quartet whose music ranges from the gentle to the urgent. It is led by Petter Eldh, bass […]
Chris Dowding duo
'Some Things' Some Things are a brass duo from Norwich. They explore a range of original and other material as the basis for improvisation. Their instruments include trumpets, flugelhorns and […]
Sun 15 November 2015
Hannes Riepler – Electric Biddle ft Julien Lourau
An album launch for this band, bringing together French saxophone star Julien Lourau, drummer and vibes virtuoso Jim Hart, keyboard and sound wizard Dave Maric and guitarist Hannes Riepler.
Line Up MOLIMO – Spain Chefa Alonso (sax/perc) Barbara Meyer (cello) Cova Villages (voice) This excellent all woman trio return to Mopomoso after three years to promote their new CD. […]
Sat 14 November 2015
Warriors International presents Freedom
EFG London Jazz Festival special The Vortex's 'loft' groove jam night, curated by Orphy Robinson and Cleveland Watkiss, moves to a late night slot. Known for its wild, totally free evenings of challenging and up-lifting improvisations which […]
Annie Whitehead's Rude 2.0
Busy and ever-enjoyable jazz, ska and session trombonist Whitehead's best known for her engaging mix of African grooves, blues, ska and Ellingtonian expressionism. Here though, she reawakens her brilliantly freewheeling […]
Bruno Heinen/Kristian Borring – Postcard to Bill Evans
The collaboration based around the piano-guitar duo of Heinen and Borring has now spawned a new album on Babel as well as more and more music! A great way to […]
Magic Box and Sara Mitra presents…A Magical Musical Story Box
Live music/kids' theatre event for the young and young-at-heart, with fun interactive elements. A brand new family-friendly collaboration between jazz singer Sara Mitra and childrens' drama professional Lottie Allen. Showcasing the sounds […]
Fri 13 November 2015
Late night! South African Jazz Jam
To open our late night season at the London Jazz Festival, we're delighted to give a chance for musicians to get going with a South African Jam led by Adam […]
Jellymould night: Sam Leak's Aquarium/Kristian Borring
Aquarium is led by pianist and composer Sam Leak, described by Jazz FM as 'one of the brightest young stars in the jazz piano galaxy, a heavenly improviser and a […]
Sun 23 November 2014
Jazz Jam Session
Hosted by Hannes Riepler Continuing the long tradition of jazz jam sessions with musicians fine tuning their chops & maybe sparring a little too, the Vortex Jam Session offers the […]
Loop Collective presents REC London: Replay/Remix
The last in a series of club nights in various venues curated by Loop Collective brings together an array of Berlin and London's finest instrumentalists, performing music which will be […]
Yazz Ahmed: Family Hafla
Hafla: an Arabic word, meaning a friendly social gathering, a relaxed meeting of minds, over coffee and dates; a party; a concert.
Sat 22 November 2014
Led Bib
Following their UK tour and an electrifying 3 night residency at the Vortex in the Spring, Led Bib are back for their final London gig of the year, playing music […]
Late Sessions: Finn Peters Curates – Tiny Beast
Reeds player Finn Peters curates three late night sessions at the Vortex – catch them after the evening concerts. The Independent has described Finn's music as "nothing like you have […]
Fri 21 November 2014
Partisans are coming…
"Restless, almost reckless energy… delirious listening… consistently thrilling." – BBC Music Magazine
Late Sessions: Finn Peters Curates – Prescott
Reeds player Finn Peters curates three late night sessions at the Vortex – catch them after the evening concerts. The Independent has described Finn's music as "nothing like you have […]
Thu 20 November 2014
Evan Parker / Sten Sandell / John Edwards / Paul Lytton
Evan Parker's monthly Vortex residency with the master of free improvisation. Tonight Parker is joined by Sten Sandell (piano), John Edwards (bass) and Paul Lytton (drums). 'If you've ever been […]
Hannes Riepler
Guitarist Hannes Riepler has made his mark on the city's vibrant jazz scene, not only for his outstanding, inventive guitar skill and freewheeling energy, but as an extraordinarily talented composer. […]
Late Sessions: Finn Peters Curates – Jason Yarde's The Blue Box Diaries
Reeds player Finn Peters curates three late night sessions at the Vortex – catch them after the evening concerts. The Independent has described Finn's music as "nothing like you have […]
Wed 19 November 2014
Emile Parisien Quartet + Alexander Hawkins
"It's edgy music from an original who deserves a bigger stage" John Fordham
Part of the EFG London Jazz Festival 2014
A Pop-Up Circus Soapbox
"A heartening impression of the quixotic, optimistic and generously shared energies of London's young artistic community." – John Fordham
Tue 18 November 2014
Lafayette Gilchrist / Paul Dunmall / Mark Sanders
Pianist & composer Lafayette Gilchrist leads genre-defying band The New Volcanoes, while his solo work and trio Inside Out invite adventurous ears everywhere to enter his world. Tonight he'll be […]
Mon 17 November 2014
Tori Handsley Trio + Ollie Howell Quintet
Tori Handsley Trio Featured in Jazzwise Magazine's 'Who to Look out for in 2014' Composer, arranger and performer, playing pedal, electric and Latin harps. Tori Handsley is renowned for her […]
Chris Dowding + Sarah Woolfenden
Early session
Admission: Free Part of the EFG London Jazz Festival 2014
Sun 16 November 2014
Jazz Jam Session
Hosted by Hannes Riepler Continuing the long tradition of jazz jam sessions with musicians fine tuning their chops & maybe sparring a little too, the Vortex Jam Session offers the […]
For their EFG London Jazz Festival show Mopomoso have programmed four sets of intrepid music from the freer end of things. Martin Speake (sax) / Mark Sanders (drums, percussion) […]
London Jazz Orchestra
Part of the EFG London Jazz Festival 2014
Sat 15 November 2014
Hyperactive Kid + Kit Downes & Lucy Railton's Tricko Tareco + Starlight
A night of intrepid new music from Berlin and London. HYPERACTIVE KID Philipp Gropper – tenor saxophone / soprano saxophone Ronny Graupe – 7 string electric guitar Christian Lillinger – […]
Fri 14 November 2014
Bokani Dyer / Soweto Kinch / Neil Charles / Chris Williams SOLD OUT
"Dyer's music has an emotional depth and lyricism that one imagines any newcomer wanting to embrace." Kevin Le Gendre, Jazzwise


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Fox Nation Upset NY Times Doesn't Call Ft. Hood Suspect Pfc. Abdo "Muslim" Enough
Blog ››› ››› KEVIN ZIEBER
Fox Nation is decrying the number of paragraphs it took The New York Times to call the foiled Ft. Hood terror suspect, Pfc. Naser Abdo, a Muslim, arguing that in not saying "Muslim" earlier in the story, the Times "downplayed" the entire story:
Abdo was arrested in Killeen, Texas, near Fort Hood. He was found with weapons, explosive [sic], and jihadist materials. Sources said he was attempting to purchase more weapons at the same gun store where Maj. Nidal Hasan purchased weapons allegedly used to gun down 13 people and would 30 others in a 2009 terrorist attack at the military base.
But the New York Times downplayed Abdo and Hasan's Muslim faith - and ultimately the entire story.
The foiled plot appeared on page A-11 of the newspaper's print edition. The word "Muslim" was mentioned once - in paragraph nine of the 13-paragraph story. The newspaper's top national story was a feature piece about a boy who is following his dream to be a circus clown. That story had 28 paragraphs.
This bit of selective outrage is especially hypocritical given that some of Fox's biggest personalities have been lashing out at the media for reporting that Norwegian terrorist Anders Breivik is not a Christian.
Despite Breivik self-identifying as a Christian, right-wing media breathlessly worked to separate him from the rest of Christanity. Apparently in the Fox Nation, a terrorist's faith is only pertinent if that faith is Islam.
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- Diversity & Discrimination, Religion
- Network/Outlet
- Fox Nation
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Palliative Care position in SW Washington
PeaceHealth is passionate about growing palliative care and hospice services in Southwest Washington State. We seek a physician who is BC/BE in Palliative Care & Hospice Medicine. Medical Directorship or lead role also available. There are opportunities for precepting residents in family medicine. Hospitalist teams at both facilities are familiar with palliative medicine, and they are eager for more on-the-ground resources to meet their patients' needs.
We envision our program growing to include outpatient services, first in oncology and then in other specialties (e.g. CHF, dementia, ESRD, etc.).
PeaceHealth's hospitals in Southwest Washington include:
A few of the benefits of our positions:
For more information contact:
Kim Dianich, Physician Recruiter
Interested, in learning more? Explore our links:
PeaceHealth Career Site
PeaceHealth, based in Vancouver, Washington, is a not-for-profit Catholic health system offering care to communities in Washington, Oregon, and Alaska. PeaceHealth has approximately 16,000 caregivers, a multi-specialty medical group practice with more than 900 physicians and providers, a comprehensive laboratory system, and ten medical centers serving both urban and rural communities throughout the Northwest. In 1890, Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace founded what has become PeaceHealth. Today, PeaceHealth is the legacy of its founding Sisters and continues to serve communities when invited to do so with a spirit of collaboration and stewardship. This is The Spirit of Health—The Spirit of PeaceHealth.


text: Hi everyone, im new here, and i just found this website while trying to find something to help me on my upcoming :jango project. ive seen some of your coustumes, an i just :eek :eek :eek :eek :eek !!! im not even 11 yet, so try not to use swears, even blocked out ones when you see me on the boards. the point of this is, where can i find a good helmet that i can paint and put together? i checked on ebay, and they dont have anything! :cry can someone help me?:confused


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Office of General Counsel
Richard W. Wilson
Senior Counsel
Richard Wilson joined the Office of the General Counsel in May 2005, as a member of the litigation group with responsibility for professional liability program litigation and claims. Rick has degrees from Arizona State University, 1976, Business Administration, and University of Minnesota School of Law, 1979. After practicing law in the Minneapolis area for three years, he moved to Southern California where he began his career in the medical malpractice field for two years as a claims representative and regional claims manager for an insurance carrier. He then joined the San Francisco law firm of Hassard Bonnington LLP where he distinguished himself as a medical malpractice defense attorney. Rick left his partnership position at Hassard in 2001 and assumed a litigation management attorney position with the Judicial Council of California, Administrative Office of the Courts.
At the Office of the General Counsel Rick has primary responsibility for management and oversight of all Professional Liability claims and suits brought against the University and its health care employees.


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|Rivera, Chantal
|Abrams, Stephanie
|Tcharmtchi, Mohammad
|Allman, Monique
|Ziba, Tina
|Finegold, Milton
|Smith, C Wayne
Submitted to: American Journal of Physiology - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 9/7/2005
Publication Date: 10/13/2005
Citation: Rivera, C.A., Abrams, S.H., Tcharmtchi, M.H., Allman, M., Ziba, T.T., Finegold, M.J., Smith, C.W. 2005. Feeding a corn oil/sucrose-enriched diet enhances steatohepatitis in sedentary rats. American Journal of Physiology - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 290:G386-G393. Interpretive Summary: This paper demonstrates in a rat model that combining a high fat/high sucrose diet with a behavioral stress, hindlimb unloading (a model of sedentary behavior that promotes insulin resistance), increases liver inflammation and injury.
Technical Abstract: The current study investigated the combined effects of feeding a high-fat/high-sucrose (HF/HS) diet to rodents rendered sedentary via hindlimb unloading (HU). For 3 wk before HU, male Wistar rats were fed chow or a diet in which 32% of calories were derived from corn oil fat and 48% of calories from sucrose. Feeding continued during an additional 3-wk period of HU. Subsequently, blood samples were collected for determination of circulating leukocyte counts, insulin levels, and portal vein endotoxin. Inflammation, necrosis, and steatosis were assessed in formalin-fixed liver sections. No biochemical or histological evidence of injury was observed in control rats fed chow or HF/HS. HU increased circulating neutrophils and resulted in hyperinsulinemia. Mild hepatic fat accumulation and minimal focal necroinflammation were observed in this group. Feeding HF/HS during HU exacerbated hyperinsulinemia, hepatic steatosis, Kupffer cell content, and cytokine expression. Significant portal endotoxemia was noted in HU rats but was not influenced by HF/HS diet. On the other hand, feeding HF/HS significantly enhanced lipid peroxidation end products in liver of HU rats by approximately threefold compared with chow-fed rats. In summary, these findings demonstrate that feeding a high-calorie diet potentiates steatosis and injury in sedentary HU rats. Mechanisms underlying enhanced injury most likely involved lipid peroxidation. Importantly, these findings suggest that dietary manipulation combined with physical inactivity can be used to model steatohepatitis.


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A masterpiece in linen, Peacock Alley's Mandalay's clean lines are finished with choice of colored cording for a custom feel. A must for the well-made bed, these 100% linen pieces add character to your bed with natural slubs and irregularities found in linen. Colors and weave vary slightly from lot to lot, and these variations are not considered flaws, but enhancements to the overall natural beauty.
Colors Available: Linen, Mist, Moss, Navy, Pearl, White.
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bluezoo Girl's pink aztec print maxi dress
Item No.2320208104
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text:
My wife and I will be praying for your mom and you and your family.
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My wife and I will be praying for your mom and you and your family.
Have been, and will continue to include in prayers.
They're still coming, JD. We're wishing your Mom the best.
So they removed a "fist sized" tumor from behind Mom's right ear. The cancer is one of the more aggressive strains, but we're not sure yet what type/stage etc.
Mom will be starting chemo and radiation this week, they are calling for 30 radiation visits, don't know about the chemo yet as she is meeting the Chemo Oncologist today.
We were in MI visiting with her after her surgery and her spirits are lifting. As can be expected she has her good and bad days, but her mood as improved 100% over the last week.
Thanks for the prayers and please continue to pray for my mother.
Prayer offered for your Mom, John.
In nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti. Amen.
JD, Very sorry to hear this news... 30 radiation treatments on the brain is not going to go easy. This is going to very difficult for you and your family.
I will definitely keep you and your family in my thoughts and prayers!
I hope you get the opportunity to get to go back in be with her when she needs you guys.
Take care. Semper Fi.
More prayer for your mom and family.
Some days in life are hard.
Glad you can be there for her. That sure makes a difference.
JD, will definitely be keeping your mother, you and your family in our prayers everyday.
Sorry I missed this from the beginning, here now though.
Thankfully my employer is offering me as much time as may be needed pending on future circumstances.
JD, sorry to hear she is going to have to go through all of that treatment. Our prayers are with you mother and you and the family.
Your mom and my wife's aunt, also dealing with brain cancer, are in my prayers.
Prayers are in the works,lost both my parents to cancer
JD You are all in our prayers - so sorry to hear about this.
JD , you and your family are in our thoughts and prayers.
JD, will continue to pray for you and your mom and your time of need.


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Drag Race this coming Monday!
In preparation for our upcoming God Save the Kings and Queens Drag SHOW (November 14th!), Lambda's next meeting will be a drag race! Come to Tate 137 this Monday, Sep. 23, to play with make up, clothes, and to strut your stuff in a fun, little mini-competition (or to see board members do it. We all remember Jonana…and Sexy Chad). Starts at 5:30- see you there!
Posted on September 20, 2013, in Uncategorized. Bookmark the permalink. Leave a comment.


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Credit Hours
Criminal Procedure Law of the State of New York. Applicability of definitions, geographical jurisdictions of offenses, scope of prosecution, rules of evidence, preliminary proceedings, local criminal court, laws of arrest, proceedings from arraignment to plea, pre-trial proceedings, search and seizure. (3 cr. hrs.) (Fall, Spring). Prerequisite: CRJ 1010, ENGL 1010 and satisfactory completion of all reading placements.


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Laws, Regulations & Annotations
Business Taxes Law Guide – Revision 2012
Hazardous Waste Fee Health and Safety Code
Article 4. Listings
Section 25141.6
25141.6. Public notice of department determination. In any case where the department proposes to make a determination that a waste meets one or more of the criteria and guidelines for the identification of hazardous wastes adopted pursuant to Section 25141, but that it is not necessary to manage the waste as a hazardous waste because the waste possesses mitigating physical and chemical characteristics that render it insignificant as a hazard to human health, safety, or the environment, the department shall issue a public notice of that proposed determination. The public notice shall be electronically posted on the department's Internet home page at least 30 days before the determination becomes final and shall also be sent to all of the following:
(a) The Chairperson of the California Environmental Policy Council.
(b) The California Integrated Waste Management Board.
(c) The State Water Resources Control Board.
(d) Any person who requests the public notice.
(e) Any solid waste enforcement agency or California regional water quality control board, the jurisdiction of which the department knows will be affected by the determination.


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Social Security
Ask Social Security Questions and Get Answers ASAP
My mother's supplemental social security has been reduced drastictly, when we were told to write letters stating that we helped her financially by one of the Social Security personnel. We told her that it was not true, but she said the letters would help so her social security benefits would not be affected.?? Now we feel like we were set up. we were planing on going to speak to someone there tomorrow, any suggestions?
Response: If possible, you need to take your mother to your local Social Security Administration Office to discuss the matter. By writing letters to say that you help her, that means that she has other sources for assistance (income) and that would count against her and would result in reduction of her benefits. For more information on SSI, click here.


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This square double handle zip top tote is ready for your next shopping adventure. With branded Kardashian Kollection metal tone hardware, the main compartment has smooth fabric lining with multiple interior pockets that are perfect to carry around any daily essential you may need.
- H 26 cm x W 38 cm x D 13 cm
- Main compartment with top fold over metal button closure, multiple interior pockets and single exterior zip pocket
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text:
You can do a title search with the exact beginning of a serial title. Do not type initial articles (a, an, the, etc.).
Select the "Basic Search" from the Library Home page.
In the Basic Search screen select the "Journal Title begins with" option in the drop down menu. In the next box, enter the title you wish to search. Click on the Search button.
Choose your title from the list.
Choose your desired title from the following list. You can click on the number next to that title to see its full record. Select the call number to check for circulation status. You can also see whether or not the library's copy has been checked out by looking at the numbers on the right. "258/0" means the library owns 258 volumes and none currently checked out. The first record below is the print journal, and the second is the online journal.
Click on the call number to find specific information on the volumes in the library. Summary information is at the top of the page and information regarding specific volumes are found further down the page.
For online access, click on the link for "Internet Resource [Online]". On the next page, select the link next to "Online" to gain access. If you are off-campus you will need to login first.
Click here for information regarding call numbers and their locations.
Search the library catalog now.


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Centralized Application for Advanced Placement for International Dentists
The 2017-18 ADEA CAAPID application is now open!
The ADEA Centralized Application for Advanced Placement for International Dentists (ADEA CAAPID) is available to all individuals applying to the participating programs. Applicants to ADEA CAAPID are foreign educated dental graduates who wish to practice dentistry in the U.S. or Canada.
ADEA CAAPID includes advanced standing programs which are typically shorter in length compared to traditional D.D.S./D.M.D. degrees. ADEA CAAPID simplifies the application process by allowing you to submit one standardized application, rather than individual applications to each program. Advanced placement programs benefit by receiving uniform information on all applicants.
ADEA membership is not a requirement to apply through ADEA CAAPID.
Click here to view a recording of the "Introduction to the 2018 ADEA CAAPID Application" webinar.
You may also download a PDF of the "Introduction to the 2018 ADEA CAAPID Application" presentation for potential applicants by
clicking here.
The presentation covers topics including who should apply through ADEA CAAPID, what information is needed to complete the application process, when the application becomes available, where to access the application online, and why the application is easy to use.
Interested in learning about Bench Test Prep Courses for Internationally Trained Dentists?
Click here to learn about a course being offered by the New York University College of Dentistry, or register now!
Click here to learn about a course being offered by the University of Louisville School of Dentistry.
ADEA CAAPID® Customer Service Representatives are available Monday through Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time, except federal holidays.
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 617-612-2035


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Autocross Tires for 2013
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Registered User
Join Date: Apr 2008
Location: Boston
Posts: 4,971
My Ride: 2003 325xi
View My Garage
Autocross Tires for 2013
Thoughts on tires for the upcoming season?
I was hoping to start a discussion based on actual experience, rather than an analysis of Tirerack and C&D reviews.
A) Dunlop Start Spec 2
B) BFGoodrich Rival
C) Bridgestone RE-11A
Also, what's the deal with the Michelin SuperSports as an autox tire? I have read they are faster than the old Star Specs? Can anyone confirm or deny with actual experience? They weigh several pounds less than the tires listed above, so I am considering them.
I am currently on 235/40/18 Star Specs on BBS RCs and I think I could go faster on a shorter, lighter tire with slightly less grip. Straight line acceleration takes a big hit when I switch out my winter setup (225/45/17 Hakka's on BBS RKs) that weight 4.5 pounds less at each corner. Most of that weight increase is in the tire, and they also stand about 1/2" taller.
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