text:
Harmonie in Cronica
Progressio in Educatia
John Mearsheimer, University of Chicago, USA
This article is an almost verbatim version of the E.H. Carr Memorial Lecture delivered at Aberystwyth on 14 October 2004. I argue that Carr's central claims in The Twenty Years' Crisis are still relevant today. He maintained in that classic realist work that states are the main actors in world politics and that they are deeply committed to pursuing power at each other's expense. He also argued that British intellectual life in his day was dominated by idealists who largely ignored power politics. Despite the great changes that have taken place in the world since 1939, when The Twenty Years' Crisis was published, states still dominate the international system and they still pay careful attention to the balance of power. Furthermore, idealists now dominate international relations scholarship in Britain, more so than they did in the late 1930s. Indeed, it is hard to find a realist theorist in the contemporary British academy, a situation that would almost surely shock Carr were he alive today. This powerful bias against realism, I argue, is intellectually foolhardy and hurts not only students but the idealist scholars who so dislike realism.
Keywords: British Committee on International Relations Theory, E.H. Carr, hegemonic discourse, idealism, realism
It is a pleasure and a privilege to be invited to Aberystwyth to give the E.H. Carr Memorial Lecture. Indeed, it is a special honor for me, a card-carrying realist, to pay tribute to one of the most important realist thinkers of all time. It is even more special to be able to do this at an institution that has a rich history of producing international relations scholars and theories.
It was actually 68 years ago to the day – on 14 October 1936 – that Carr gave his inaugural lecture at Aberystwyth as he assumed the Woodrow Wilson Chair of International Politics. That was three years before the publication of The Twenty Years' Crisis, his classic realist tract. It was also three years before the start of World War II.
The world has changed a lot since then, and I am happy to say that most of these changes have been for the better. Nevertheless, the core arguments that Carr laid out in The Twenty Years' Crisis are as relevant today as they were in the dark decade of the 1930s. He made two main points in that path-breaking book. First, he argued that states, the principal actors in international politics, care greatly, although not exclusively, about power. This perspective, of course, is what makes Carr a realist. Second, he maintained that British academics and intellectuals were idealists who neglected the crucial role of power when thinking about international politics.
I will argue in the spirit of Carr that, globalization and al Qaeda notwithstanding, states are still the main actors on the world stage and are likely to remain so for the foreseeable future. Those states will also continue to worry a great deal about the balance of power, and this concern will shape much of what they do. In short, power politics are alive and well in the world around us.
Furthermore, I will argue that idealism is now more firmly entrenched among British international relations scholars than it was in the late 1930s. Carr, I think, would be appalled by the almost complete absence of realists and the near total dominance of idealists in the contemporary British academy. In fact, it is difficult to imagine any British university hiring a young scholar today who makes argu- ments like those found in The Twenty Years' Crisis. The great paradox is that this book has lost none of its intellectual luster over time, and it is still widely read and debated by students and professors at Aberystwyth and other British universities. If that is so, then why are there no heirs to Carr within British academic life? It is as if people continued to read and discuss Adam Smith and Alfred Marshall, while universally rejecting laissez-faire economics. Finally, I will argue that it is unwise for good intellectual reasons to have just idealists teaching international politics. Even idealists, not to mention their students, would benefit from having realists as colleagues.
I will proceed by first describing Carr's main arguments in The Twenty Years' Crisis. I will concentrate on showing that Carr is a realist and elaborating his ideas about the relationship between power and morality. I will then describe the thinking of the post-Cold War idealists who now dominate British universities, paying attention to how they resemble and how they differ from the interwar idealists whom Carr wrote about. Finally, I will assess the post-Cold War idealists' efforts to crush realism by monopolizing the discourse about international politics, and explain why I think this is a misguided course.
Carr's realism
When Carr set out to write The Twenty Years' Crisis in July 1938, his goal was not to articulate a theory of realism, but instead to criticize British (and American) intellectuals for largely ignoring the role of power in international politics. He made this point clear in November 1945 in the preface to the second edition: 'The Twenty Years' Crisis was written with the deliberate aim of counteracting the glaring and dangerous defect of nearly all thinking, both academic and popular, about inter- national politics in English-speaking countries from 1919 to 1939 – the almost total neglect of power.'1
The problem with British thinkers, according to Carr, was not just that they ignored power, but that they were utopians as well. He thought they held a hopelessly idealistic view of international politics. In particular, they had a normative agenda which led them to pay little attention to the world around them and to focus instead on changing how states relate to each other. Indeed, they were determined to radically transform world politics and create a peaceful international order where statesmen no longer cared about the balance of power.
The idealists, Carr believed, saw themselves as the key agents for accomplishing this revolution. 'The utopian', he wrote, 'believes in the possibility of more or less radically rejecting reality, and substituting his utopia for it by an act of will.'2 He later expanded on this point, noting that 'intellectuals are particularly reluctant to recognize their thought as conditioned by forces external to themselves, and like to think of themselves as leaders whose theories provide the motive force for so-called men of action'.3
Carr surely would have been happy to transcend the world of the late 1930s and move to the utopia that the idealists hoped to create. Who in Britain at the time would not have welcomed such a development? However, Carr did not think it was possible to escape the existing world, a world where 'power is an essential element of politics'.4 The fact is that Carr was a determinist at heart who did not think that individuals could purposely re-order the international system in fundamental ways. Consequently, he took out his cudgel and hammered away at the idealists' world- view. When he was done, little of that enterprise was still standing.
But The Twenty Years' Crisis was more than just a wrecking operation. Carr also forcefully made the case that power is an essential ingredient in politics. 'Inter- national politics', he wrote, 'are always power politics; for it is impossible to elim- inate power from them.'5 Moreover, he asserted that 'the ultima ratio of power in international relations is war', which led him to conclude that of all the instruments of statecraft the military is of 'supreme importance'.6 These claims about power in The Twenty Years' Crisis earned Carr his realist spurs.
However, as I have pointed out elsewhere, Carr did not directly address the two key questions that motivate most realist thinkers.7 First, why do states want power? What is the underlying logic that explains why great powers compete for it? Carr insists that they do, and offers plenty of evidence for his position, but he never explains why. Second, how much power do states want? How much is enough? On this second question, he hints at one point that states have an insatiable appetite for power. 'The exercise of power', he writes, 'always appears to beget the appetite for more power.'8 But he does not elaborate this point to any significant extent. The explanation for these omissions, I think, is that Carr's main goal in The Twenty Years' Crisis was not to elaborate a theory of realism, but instead to criticize and undermine interwar idealism, which he considered delusional as well as dangerous.
Carr's arguments about the centrality of power notwithstanding, he emphasized that international politics is not only about the pursuit of power. 'Pure realism', he argued, 'can offer nothing but a naked struggle for power.'9 Instead he maintained that serious policymakers and intellectuals pay attention to ideals as well as power. 'Utopia and reality', he wrote, are 'the two facets of political science', and there- fore, 'any sound political thought must be based on elements of both utopia and reality' .10
In fact, it is abundantly clear that Carr thought power politics 'is only part of the story'. Specifically, he wrote, 'The fact that national propaganda everywhere so eagerly cloaks itself in ideologies of a professedly international character proves the existence of an international stock of common ideas, however limited and however weakly held, to which appeal can be made, and of a belief that these common ideas stand somehow in the scale of values above national interests. This stock of common ideas is what we mean by international morality.'11
Carr is certainly correct when he says that states are not motivated by power calculations alone. Virtually all of us, realists included, recognize that there is a well-developed and widely accepted body of idealist or liberal norms in inter- national politics. They prescribe acceptable forms of state behavior in peacetime as well as wartime and they also proscribe unacceptable kinds of behavior. These norms are inextricably bound up with just war theory and liberal ideology, and many of them are codified in international law. Moreover, we recognize that most leaders and most of their followers want their state to behave according to those ideals and norms, and that state behavior often conforms to these general principles.
Thus, Carr's claim that states care about both power and liberal ideals is not terribly controversial. The critical task is to explain how power and utopia relate to each other. In Carr's words, the key is to find the proper 'combination of utopia and reality'.12 However, he is not especially helpful in this regard, because he also argues at different points that utopia and reality are incompatible with each other. He writes, for example, 'Politics are made up of two elements – utopia and reality – belonging to two different planes which can never meet.'13 He goes on to say, 'This constant interaction of irreconcilable forces is the stuff of politics. Every political situation contains mutually incompatible elements of utopia and reality, of morality and power.'14
For what it is worth, I believe that Carr overstates the conflict between the pursuit of power and ideals. After all, states sometimes can pursue these two goals simultaneously, as the United States did when it fought Nazi Germany in World War II, and when it opposed the Soviet Union during the Cold War. In both cases, the United States was engaged in a just conflict that also made eminently good strategic sense, and so it did not have to choose between its ideals and its concerns about power.
There are also cases where the pursuit of idealist goals has no effect on the balance of power, and thus once again there is no conflict between realism and idealism. Human rights interventions in the developing world usually fit this description, because they tend to be small-scale operations that cost little and do not detract from a great power's prospects for survival. The American intervention in Somalia between 1992 and 1993 is a case in point. Furthermore, the United States could have intervened to stop the genocide in Rwanda in 1994, which certainly would have been the morally correct thing to do, without having jeopardized American security.
There are, however, many instances where the pursuit of power conflicts with liberal ideals: where there is, in Carr's words, an 'antithesis of utopia and reality'.15 These cases are where the rubber meets the road, because they force national leaders to choose between two starkly different sets of calculations. Realists argue that states will privilege power over ideals in such instances, and the historical record supports that view quite strongly. Carr is no exception in this regard; he believes that power ultimately trumps all other considerations in the nasty and dangerous world of international politics. And that is why Carr is a realist.
Carr's realism comes shining through when he notes that although states almost always use idealistic rhetoric to justify their actions, this cannot disguise the fact that their motives are usually selfish and usually based on calculations about the balance of power. He writes, for example, The exposure of the real basis of the professedly abstract principles commonly invoked in international politics is the most damning and most convincing part of the realist indictment of utopianism . . . What matters is that these supposedly absolute and universal principles were not principles at all, but the unconscious reflections of national policy based on a particular interpretation of national interest at a particular time.16
In short, 'Morality is the product of power'.17 Carr's realism is also manifest in his discussion of international law, where he makes it clear that he does not see it 'primarily as a branch of ethics', but instead considers it 'primarily as a vehicle of power'.18 And on the matter of 'international society', a concept dear to the hearts of idealists, Carr wrote to Stanley Hoffmann in 1977: 'We tried to conjure into existence an international society' but 'no inter- national society exists'.19
In sum, there is no question that Carr rejects pure realism; he recognizes that there is an idealist dimension to international politics that bears serious consid- eration. Nevertheless, he maintains that in the crunch, power calculations matter the most to policymakers. 'In the international order', he wrote in The Twenty Years' Crisis, 'the role of power is greater and that of morality less.'20 Idealists, on the other hand, privilege liberal ideals over power. Indeed, Carr accused them of ignoring power almost completely, which is why he was so hostile to idealism.
Carr's worst nightmare
Carr's indictment of idealism, coupled with the onset of World War II and then the Cold War, dealt it a devastating blow. It was not until the late 1950s, when the British Committee on International Relations Theory was established, that idealism began to get back on its feet. Since then it has made an amazing comeback. Today, almost every British international relations theorist is an idealist. I cannot identify a single realist theorist in Albion.
If Carr were alive today, I think that he would be mortified by the almost complete triumph of idealism over realism in British universities and intellectual life. One could argue, in fact, that idealism is more influential today than it was in the late 1930s. If nothing else, at least Carr was teaching then! More seriously, it is now clear from the work of scholars like Brian Schmidt and Peter Wilson that Carr exaggerated the influence of idealism in his day, while I am not exaggerating its influence today.21
It also seems clear that, if Carr were with us, there would be little interest in offering him a professorship, at least not on the basis of The Twenty Years' Crisis. Some idealists might argue that he would be hired because he is not a realist but a closet idealist. This is not a serious argument; Carr is a realist.22 The only plausible reason some department might hire him is that he would be a famous name on the masthead and would boost its standing in the competition for resources from the Higher Education Funding Council. But otherwise, why would a community of idealist scholars who loathe realism hire or promote someone who is not only a legendary realist, but is also a sharp critic of idealism? Those idealists certainly have not been inclined to hire anyone of that persuasion for a long time, which is how Britain became a realist-free zone.
For those who doubt that Carr, or someone like him, would face hostility from British scholars today, consider Carr's experience with the British Committee on International Relations Theory. Herbert Butterfield and Martin Wight established that committee in 1959. They felt that it had a 'corporate purpose': to develop an idealist alternative to realism, which was then the most influential paradigm in the Anglo-Saxon world.23 Carr was not invited to join that endeavor, even though he was Britain's most famous international relations theorist at the time. According to Wight, there was a danger that Carr, who was 'so much a Great Power in this region . . . might deflect our discussions into channels opened up by his own work'.24 In other words, Carr's ideas were potentially dangerous to this nascent idealist project; therefore he had to be kept away from it. F.H. Hinsley was also excluded from the committee because he was too much of a realist.25
While Cold War idealists like Butterfield and Wight, and later Hedley Bull, were hostile to realism, they nevertheless believed that the balance of power played a role in international politics.26 Their goal was to minimize its importance, while, in Bull's words, 'maintaining and extending' international society, which was clearly a non-realist concept.27 However, British idealism has evolved over the past two decades in ways that make it much more hostile to realism than it was in the heyday of the British Committee on International Relations Theory and more akin to inter- war idealism. This antipathy toward power-based theories among post-Cold War idealists explains in large part why realists are not welcome in British universities today. Let us consider this latest manifestation of idealism in more detail.
Post-Cold War idealism
First off, let me acknowledge that it is obviously an oversimplification to portray British theorists of international relations as an intellectual community comprised solely of idealists. I realize that there are important differences between these scholars: some are critical theorists, while others are feminists or postmodernists. There are various sorts of constructivists as well as scholars who self-identify as members of the 'English School'. In one sense, in short, it is a heterogeneous and lively group of thinkers. Nonetheless, there are also important common elements in the various theories that this group of scholars advance, which make all of them idealists.
I might add that there are important differences among realists, but they too share common perspectives which make it possible to locate them together in a single category. Still, one must be careful not to caricature the target group when lumping rather than splitting.
Today's idealists share the same basic goal as the interwar idealists whom Carr wrote about in The Twenty Years' Crisis. They still abhor the way states behave towards each other, and they still have, in the words of Tim Dunne and Nicholas Wheeler, 'an imperative to change the world'.28 Of course, their radical agenda aims to change things for the better. Indeed, they want to transform international politics so that states no longer care about power and no longer engage in security competition, but instead are content to live together in harmony. There is much talk about 'emancipation' among post-Cold War idealists, which means breaking away from realist thinking, which the idealists fear has great staying power.29
In essence, contemporary idealists would like to make the planet one giant 'security community', to use Karl Deutsch's famous phrase, where states worry about the welfare of all people, not just their own citizens, and where states act ethically and respect not only international law, but each other as well. The idealist enterprise remains normative and dovish at its core.
Where post-Cold War idealists differ from interwar idealists is over how to achieve utopia. Those earlier idealists were children of the Enlightenment who believed that reason could be employed to get beyond realism. People had to think hard about international politics, so the argument went, and they would recognize the imperative for fundamental change in how states deal with each other. Once large numbers of people saw the light of day, public opinion would become a powerful force for change in countries around the world. Carr captured this per- spective when he wrote that the interwar idealists believed that, 'Reason could demonstrate the absurdity of the international anarchy; and with increasing knowledge, enough people would be rationally convinced of its absurdity to put an end to it.'30
Post-Cold War idealists have a different strategy for changing the world. They believe that the master causal variable is discourse, not reason itself. It is not enough to have the better argument; rather, one wins the day by having the only argument. Specifically, they maintain that how we talk and think about the world largely shapes practice. In other words, the ideas that are in peoples' heads matter greatly for determining how states deal with each other. Behavior follows from beliefs. The material world, which realists tend to privilege, is greatly overrated according to contemporary idealists. Discourse is what gives meaning to the world around us. In Alexander Wendt's famous words, 'Anarchy is what states make of it.'31
The problem up to now, say the idealists, is that realists have dominated the discourse in international politics. Indeed, realism has long been a hegemonic dis- course, which not only puts the state up in bright lights, but also emphasizes that states should care about military security. As Steve Smith notes in his recent presidential address to the International Studies Association, 'It is the security of the state that matters in International Relations.'32 British idealists, according to their own logic, must therefore radically alter the language of international politics by creating a new hegemonic discourse. To put it in Smith's words, they must 'sing into existence' a new world.
Not surprisingly, the post-Cold War idealists have taken dead aim at the concept of security, which they say needs to be broadened and deepened. Security, they argue, involves much more than just military threats and the balance of power; it also involves dangers like AIDS, environmental degradation, and poverty, just to name a few. Therefore, it is a fundamental mistake to define that critically important concept so narrowly.
Now there is no question that humankind faces many non-military dangers that we should worry about and seek to defeat quickly and decisively. Moreover, there is no reason that they could not be called security threats. Definitions are just definitions; they are never right or wrong. But what is the purpose of this relabel- ing? It is hard to imagine that calling AIDS or poverty a security threat is going to change how we think about those problems, or make them any easier to solve.
I suspect that the idealists' real goal is not to broaden the meaning of security, but to transform its meaning so completely that it has little if anything to do with military threats.33 This approach would certainly be consistent with the idealists' agenda. Moreover, it seems to be reflected in their writings. How else is one to understand Dunne and Wheeler's assertion that their 'theory provides a radically different theoretical account of the meaning and production of security'?34
Idealists are also determined to get us to stop thinking of the state as the main unit of analysis in world politics, and instead to focus our attention on 'either humanity as a whole or the individual'.35 This is not to say that they argue for replacing the state with some new political organization. On the contrary, most idealists appear to recognize that the state is unlikely to disappear anytime soon. Instead, their argument is that our moral referent point should not be the state, but the individual or all of humanity. Ken Booth puts the point succinctly: 'The litmus test concerns the primary referent object: is it states, or is it people? Whose security comes first? I want to argue . . . that individual humans are the ultimate referent.'36
In short, for the idealist enterprise to work, it is necessary to radically alter how we think and talk about security, while simultaneously shifting our focus away from the state itself and onto the people around the globe who live in those states. This discussion raises an important question: who are going to be the principal agents of change? Who is going to lead the way forward in transforming the existing dis- course about international politics?
The answer: idealist academics. They believe that they can take us to the promised land because they have significant influence over how large numbers of influential people think about world politics. Academics, after all, are responsible for educating the future elites, which means that international relations theorists are well positioned to change the way tomorrow's leaders think about security and the state. The guest editor of a recent special issue of International Relations put the point well when he wrote, 'In late modernity the university is an important site for knowledge construction about international relations . . . The university looms large in the development and distribution of such knowledge, if for no other reason than that most practitioners get their conceptual and intellectual bearings there.'37
However, for the post-Cold War idealists to make this truly ambitious social engineering project work, they must completely control the commanding heights of the discipline. They cannot tolerate realists in the ranks, because they are trying to demolish realism and replace it with a more peaceful hegemonic discourse. The idealist enterprise is all about domination, not peaceful coexistence, and certainly not about an open debate designed to advance our understanding of contemporary policy problems or enduring historical tendencies. The problem with having realists competing in the marketplace of ideas is that they might convince some impres- sionable young students – maybe even a lot of them – that there is no such thing as international society or a security community, and states should therefore worry about their position in the global balance of power. If that happens, however, idealism would never become a hegemonic discourse, which is the idealists' ultimate goal.
Interwar idealists could afford to be more tolerant of realists in their midst, because they believed that reason was on their side and that they could wield that formidable weapon to move the world away from realism. The post-Cold War idealists, however, focus mainly on controlling what people think and say, and doing everything possible to make sure that their discourse, and not realism, is dominant. The idealists' emphasis on creating hegemonic ideas is coercive in nature and thus cannot help but foster intolerance towards competing worldviews, especially realism. This is why realist theorists are absent from British universities today.
The prospects of a new international order
In keeping with the tradition established by Carr, I would like to offer an assessment of post-Cold War idealism. I have three main points. First, while the contemporary idealists have produced a rich body of scholarship, it is not going to transform international politics or how we study the subject in any meaningful way. The best evidence that realism is not headed down the road to oblivion is the remarkable staying power of The Twenty Years' Crisis. That book – which is a realist tract – is still considered the most important work on international relations theory ever written in Britain. Moreover, it continues to attract widespread attention among idealists. Indeed, over the past 15 years, they have produced a veritable cottage industry of articles and books about Carr and his ideas.38
Perhaps no work better illustrates the continuing relevance of Carr's ideas than The Eighty Years' Crisis: International Relations, 1919–1999, a book of essays published in 1998 by Cambridge University Press. The editors – Tim Dunne, Michael Cox, and Ken Booth – a distinguished group of idealists for sure, wrote in the introduction:
To underline the point that E.H. Carr provides the inspiration behind the volume, we have not only exploited the title of his best-known book in international relations, we have also borrowed his chapter titles and section headings in what follows. The fact that this was easily possible, offers clear testimony to the continuing relevance of Carr's questions – and indeed some of the answers.39
They go on to say, 'In our judgment, The Twenty Years' Crisis is one of the few books in 80 years of the discipline which leave us nowhere to hide.'40
The reason that The Twenty Years' Crisis is still relevant is that there are endu- ring features of world politics about which realism has a lot to say. For example, the state remains the main actor in the international system and people around the globe remain deeply loyal to their own state. And people without a state, like the Palestinians, the Kurds, and the Chechens, are determined to create one. The main reason that most people privilege the state over both the individual and the whole of humanity is nationalism, which remains the most powerful political ideology on the planet and shows few signs of disappearing anytime soon. I might add that many peoples want states because they are in fact interested in human security, and they realize that peoples who do not have their own state are often vulnerable to the predations of others. After all, why did the Zionists want to create the state of Israel?
Carr hinted in The Twenty Years' Crisis, and then clearly stated after World War II, that nationalism was a spent force and that the nation-state was rapidly becoming an anachronism.41 But he was wrong. Nationalism remains a potent force, as the American and British militaries have discovered in Iraq, and as the Israelis are reminded every day in the occupied territories.
Furthermore, states still care greatly about security in the traditional military sense of the term. The United States, after all, has fought five wars since the Cold War ended, and Britain has fought alongside its close ally in all of them. Moreover, it is possible, although unlikely, that China and the United States could end up in a shooting war over Taiwan within the next few years. Most importantly, we live in a world where there are thousands of nuclear weapons and where the number of states with nuclear arsenals seems sure to grow in the years ahead. Nuclear war is not likely, but one would be foolish to argue that it cannot happen. It is not difficult, for example, to posit plausible scenarios where India and Pakistan end up using nuclear weapons against each other. All of this is to say that states still worry about their survival, and military power still counts a lot for them. In such a world, Carr is sure to remain not just a great power in Britain, to use Wight's words, but the greatest power.
Second, it is unwise, if not dangerous, for idealists to try to marginalize the study of traditional security issues in British universities. Military questions are of the utmost importance, not simply because states still fight wars with each other, but also because of the danger that a conflict might escalate to the nuclear level. Plus there is the ever-present danger of terrorists with nuclear weapons.
Given these daunting security problems, which involve the survival of real people, not just the survival of an intellectual paradigm, it is imperative that the best minds in the academy address them. That includes leading international relations theorists in Britain. Moreover, it is essential that their students be pushed to think long and hard about traditional military issues as well as new ones. To rule them out of court, as some idealists would like to do, is irresponsible.
Third, it is unwise from an intellectual perspective for any group of international relations scholars, be they idealists or realists, to promote a hegemonic discourse. Scholarship is best advanced in any discipline when there are contending schools of thought that are free to compete with each other in the marketplace of ideas. Pluralism, not monopoly, is what we should all foster in our departments and in the broader field of international relations.
Those who pursue hegemony for their theory are essentially saying that they have found the magic formula for thinking about international politics. In essence, they believe that they have discovered truth, and those who disagree with them are wrong and should therefore be silenced. John Stuart Mill was spot on when he wrote, 'All silencing of discussion is an assumption of infallibility.'42 In this case, of course, realism must be quashed, because the idealists think that they have erected an incontrovertible body of theory and realism stands in its way.
One obvious problem with this kind of thinking is that the idealists might be wrong about important issues. Is there anyone here who has not at some point in his or her life abandoned an idea or theory that they once thought was a powerful tool for understanding how the world works? If I have learned anything about devel- oping social science theories, it is to be humble, because the real world often deals harshly with our most cherished ideas. It is for good reason that Albert Einstein said, 'Whoever undertakes to set himself up as judge in the field of truth and know- ledge is shipwrecked by the laughter of the Gods.'43
But even if one has an impressive theory or perspective, it cannot tell us all we need to know about international politics. The reason is simple: the world is remarkably complicated and all of our theories – including the best ones – have limited explanatory power. To make sense of the world, we need to have a variety of perspectives at our disposal.
Another reason for fostering pluralism is that we learn from engaging scholars who look at the world in ways that are fundamentally different from our own. I certainly benefited from having Alexander Wendt as a colleague at the University of Chicago, and I would hope that he benefited from interacting with me, even though we thought about international politics in profoundly different ways. I would presume, by the way, that idealists in Britain continue to read The Twenty Years' Crisis because they benefit from engaging Carr's ideas, even if they do not agree with most or all of them. In short, Mill was right again when he said, 'The only way in which a human being can make some approach to knowing the whole of a subject, is by hearing what can be said about it by persons of every variety of opinion.' 44
I want to emphasize that I am not arguing that idealists should stop criticizing realism. On the contrary, I think it is an unalloyed good for the discipline when rival schools of thought engage in intellectual combat. My argument is that the interwar idealists had the smart strategy for waging war, which is to rely on reason to show the inadequacies of power politics. It is a far superior strategy to excluding realists from the academy and outlawing realist language and thinking. Or to put this matter another way, if contemporary idealists really do have powerful theories to offer, they do not need to be afraid of realism.
One might argue that this is a case of the pot calling the kettle black, since realism has long been the hegemonic discourse, and what the idealists are doing is trying to beat the realists at their own game. For sure, realism has been the most important discourse in international relations for most of that discipline's history. Still, it has never been a hegemonic discourse. There have always been idealists and other non-realist scholars in the discipline, which is exactly as it should be.
I might add that I do not know a single realist who thinks that our field should be populated only by realists. I certainly do not think that way, and all the realists I know favor a discipline that houses a variety of perspectives, not one controlled by any single-minded group of scholars. This catholicism, I believe, is due in part to the fact that realists, like the interwar idealists, are confident that their theories will do well against the competition in the marketplace of ideas.
In conclusion, I think that the effort to make idealism a hegemonic discourse is a mistake. It would have been smarter for the British international relations community to promote diversity in its ranks, by hiring realists as well as idealists, and plenty of other types of thinkers besides. Intellectual diversity is one of the great virtues of democracy, and it should be encouraged, not curtailed.
I believe it is a thoroughly admirable irony that E.H. Carr, a realist, was hired to fill a chair named after Woodrow Wilson, a liberal whose ideas Carr deeply dis- liked, and that Ken Booth, a dedicated idealist, was hired to fill a chair named after Carr. I hope that when it comes time to fill a chair named after Professor Booth, a realist will be chosen to occupy it. That would not only be good for realism, but also good for idealism and for the field of international relations more generally. And perhaps most important of all, it would be good for our ability to understand the world as it is, and thus to nudge it, however slowly and painfully, in a more humane direction. I am a realist, and believe there are limits to how good the world can become, but we are more likely to move in the right direction if we do not narrow our vision or silence different voices. Thank you.
*Editor's note. Professor Mearsheimer delivered the Carr Memorial Lecture at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, on 14 October 2004. This series of annual lectures was inaugurated to honor the contribution to the field of E.H. Carr (1890–1982), who was the fourth Woodrow Wilson Professor in Aberystwyth. During his time in the department, between 1936 and 1947, Carr wrote, among other works, his landmark book, The Twenty Years' Crisis 1919–1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1939; second edition 1946). The first Memorial Lecture was given in 1984 by Professor William T.R. Fox, Bryce professor emeritus of the history of international relations at Columbia University. A set of responses to Professor Mearsheimer's lecture will be published in the next issue of International Relations.
† I much appreciate the comments of Michael Desch, Stephen Van Evera, and Stephen Walt on earlier drafts of this lecture, as well as the comments I received at a seminar at the Institute for Defense and Strategic Studies in Singapore.
1E.H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations, 2nd edn (New York: Palgrave, 2001), p.cv. All references to this book, hereafter cited as TTYC, are from this edition.2TTYC, p.12. For a good discussion of idealist thinking in the interwar years, see Michael J. Smith, Realist Thought from Weber to Kissinger (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1986), Chapter 3.
3TTYC, p.14. 4 TTYC, p.100. 5 TTYC, p.130. 6 TTYC, p.102. 7 John J. Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York: Norton, 2001), pp.12,18–19. 8 TTYC, pp.104–5. 9TTYC, p.87.10TTYC, pp.10, 87. 11TTYC, p.130. 12TTYC, p.14. 13TTYC, p.87.
14TTYC, p.88. 15TTYC, p.12; and more generally pp.12–19. 16TTYC, p.80 (emphasis added). 17TTYC, pp.63, 75. 18 TTYC, p.161. Carr's bottom line about international law is on p.166. His views about international law are reinforced in the subsequent two chapters (11 and 12), which deal with 'The Sanctity of Treaties' and 'The Judicial Settlement of International Disputes', respectively. 19 Quoted in Tim Dunne, Inventing International Society: A History of the English School (New York: St Martin's Press, 1998), p.xii. 20 TTYC, p.151.
21Brian C. Schmidt, The Political Discourse of Anarchy: A Disciplinary History of International Relations (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1998); and Peter Wilson, 'The Myth of the "First Great Debate"', Review of International Studies 24(5) 1998, pp.1–15. Also see the various articles in International Relations 16(1), 2002.
22It should be emphasized that when I define Carr as a realist, I am describing him as such on the basis of the arguments he made in The Twenty Years' Crisis, not his subsequent writings. Carr himself recognized that he had written a hard-hitting realist treatise. For example, he notes in an autobiographical sketch that he 'began to be a bit ashamed of the harsh "realism" of The 20 Years Crisis' shortly after its publication. E.H. Carr, 'An Autobiography', in Michael Cox (ed.), E.H. Carr: A Critical Appraisal (New York: Palgrave, 2004), p.xix. Also, he wrote in the preface to the second edition (1945) that 'some passages of The Twenty Years' Crisis state their argument with a rather one-sided emphasis which no longer seems as necessary or appropriate to-day as it did in 1939'. TTYC, p.cv.
23Dunne, Inventing International Society, p.93. That the committee was determined to develop a clear alternative to realism is a central theme in Dunne. Also see Joao Marques de Almeida, 'Challenging Realism by Returning to History: The British Committee's Contribution to IR 40 Years On', International Relations 17(3), 2003, pp.273–302.
24Dunne, Inventing International Society, p.93. 25 Dunne, Inventing International Society, pp.13, 93. 26Butterfield and Wight were actually well-established realists who embraced idealism rather late in
life. See Dunne, Inventing International Society, Chapters 3–4. This transformation probably explains in part why they did not dismiss the balance of power altogether in their idealist phase. Also, it would have been difficult to ignore military power in the late 1950s and early 1960s, when the Soviet Union and the United States were involved in serious crises over Berlin and Cuba.
27Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), p.315. Also see Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (eds), The Expansion of International Society (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984).
28Tim Dunne and Nicholas J. Wheeler, '"We the Peoples": Contending Discourses of Security in Human Rights Theory and Practice', International Relations 18(1), 2004, p.9. Also see Dunne, Inventing International Society, p.xi.
29See Ken Booth, 'Security and Emancipation', Review of International Studies 17(4), 1991, pp.313–26; Andrew Linklater, 'Dialogue, Dialectic and Emancipation in International Relations at the End of the Post-War Age', Millennium 23(1), 1994, pp.119–31; Roger D. Spegele, 'Emancipatory International Relations: Good News, Bad News or No News at All', International Relations 16(3), 2002, pp.381–401.
30TTYC, p.28. 31Alexander Wendt, 'Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics',
International Organization 46(2), 1992, pp.391–425. 32Steve Smith, 'Singing Our World into Existence: International Relations Theory and September
11: Presidential Address to the International Studies Association (February 27, 2003, Portland,
Oregon)', International Studies Quarterly 48(3), 2004, p.504. 33I would not be surprised if Britain's idealists eventually put their gun-sights on the concept ofrealism and attempted to broaden and deepen its meaning. The idealists could then call themselves realists and argue that there is no discrimination against realism. In fact, they would probably claim that realism was making great advances, because sophisticated realists like them were overtaking crude realists like me.
34Dunne and Wheeler, 'We the Peoples', p.504. 35 Smith, 'Singing Our World into Existence', p.504. 36Booth, 'Security and Emancipation', p.319. Also see Dunne and Wheeler, 'We the Peoples'. 37 Stephen J. Rosow, 'Introduction', to special issue on 'Teaching IR: Critical Knowledge in the Corporate University', International Relations 18(2), 2004, p.147. 38 See Michael Cox, 'Introduction' in TTYC, pp.xlvii–liv; Michael Cox, 'A Guide to the Secondary
Literature on E.H. Carr', in TTYC, pp.lxiv–lxxi; and Cox, E.H. Carr: A Critical Appraisal. 39Tim Dunne, Michael Cox, and Ken Booth (eds), The Eighty Years' Crisis: International Relations
1919–1939 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p.xiii. 40 Dunne et al., Eighty Years' Crisis, p.xiv. 41 See Carr, TTYC, pp.cvi, 209–13; E.H. Carr, Nationalism and After (New York: Macmillan, 1945). 42 John Stuart Mill, On Liberty and Other Essays (ed.), John Gray (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p.22. 43From the Proverbia.net website. 44Mill, On Liberty, p.25.
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Tuesday, February 26, 2013
Hard Candy Introduces 45 New Nail Polish Shades!
Hard Candy is on top of it! 45 new shades coming to Walmart and they're priced at only $3.97 each. There will be 5 collections with 9 shades in each collection. Here's a look at the press information I just received. I've seen some swatches on line, so they are arriving in stores now. Of course my Walmart doesn't have them yet, but I'll keep checking. What do you think about this huge assortment of shades from Hard Candy?
Winter is wrapping up and color is beginning to pop everywhere. From the runways to the cosmetic aisles of Walmart the story is color and Hard Candy's new collection – set to roll out immediately – tells a tale of "Poppin Pigments" and shades that will have you "All Lid Up!"
What you will be interested in is the 45 (!!!) new shades of Nail Lacquer that Hard Candy is launching. 5 new collections. 9 shades in each. Glitter, Chrome, Rich tones – something for everyone! Not only will nail aficionados fall for the colors but they will also flip for the price of $3.97 each!
Crushed Chrome Collection. Luxurious and timeless hues embellished with a golden textured finish. This collection boasts refinement and sophistication and is infused with a vivacious luster.
Itsy Glitzy Collection. Intense, illuminating, and incandescent hues saturated with the richest and most extreme mica and glitter. Inspired from the runway and now at your fingertips.
Crystal Confetti Collection. A unique collection based on artistic expression. Flourishing, adventurous, full coverage shades with various particle sizes and creative textures. Graffiti is revolutionary; it's an outlet to create public art. Now take this artistic and creative expression to your nails.
Candy Sprinkles Collection. Suspended in a clear top coat, shimmery flecks sparkle brilliantly with different shapes of shiny glitter. Candy Sprinkles is a fabulous top coat over any color.
Glitteratzi Collection. The combination of confident opposites and intimate tonalities mixed with the right amount of sparkle creates enthusiasm for the vitality of life. The hues are natural and are becoming more evolved and colored. Tasteful tones with all the personality to satisfy every trend setter.
Labels: Hard Candy, Nail Polish
5 comments:
wow, that's so awesome! they've kind of lagged in the nail polish realm recently. i love Beetle and Mr. Wrong. I can't wait for these to show up at my Walmart! i love that they're not cremes!!ReplyDelete
Urgh I wish I could get these.. Stupid Royal Mail and their ban on internationally shipping polishes! Sad face =( I like the look of all 45 of them! 630 Crush on Lava is calling me the most for some reason though.. MAC Bad Fairy dupe perhaps? XxReplyDelete
This looks so amazing, I can't wait!ReplyDelete
Is this Canada only?ReplyDeleteReplies
No, they have already been spotted quite a bit in the U.S., and I believe they will also be in Canada.Delete
Feel free to comment or just say hello! While I don't always have time to respond to each comment, I do read and appreciate all of them.
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NEW HAVEN — "This is a large project and there's a lot of pros and cons," said New Haven selectboard chair Kathy Barrett, as Anbaric Transmission continues to woo New Haven as the site of its proposed $150 million converter station and as New Haven continues to weigh its options.
"There's a lot of information out there — accurate and inaccurate. I think that everyone has to become as informed as possible and make their own personal decision."
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NEW HAVEN — A company looking to build a massive power converter station in New Haven as part of a renewable energy project said it would not only pay an estimated $2.6 million annually in property taxes, as previously promised, but officials have added more sweeteners.
Officials representing Anbaric Transmission's Vermont Green Line Project told the New Haven selectboard on Tuesday that they would pay the town $700,000 for 20 years. They also spoke about additional support the project would give the town.
NEW HAVEN — The bobolinks that nested in Vermont hayfields and grasslands this past summer are already winging their way toward winter homes in Argentina and Brazil. Environmentalists warn that when the birds return next spring some of their nesting habitat may have been swallowed up by the spread of solar arrays.
NEW HAVEN — Municipal planners looking for input from residents on an update to the New Haven Town Plan executed a kind of civic "speed dating" this past Saturday.
NEW HAVEN — The New Haven Conservation Commission, in partnership with the University of Vermont's PLACE program, will offer an "Outdoor Naturalist" event on Saturday, Oct. 24, as part of the New Haven "Armchair Naturalist Series." Local naturalist Craig Zondag will lead a public walk to explore mushrooms, birds and some other highlights of the Watershed Center's public trails.
NEW HAVEN — The New Haven Community Library has two public events scheduled this month.
NEW HAVEN — The town of New Haven will hold a Spooktacular full of Halloween fun on Saturday, Oct. 24, from 4:30-9 p.m. at the New Haven Congregational Church and on the town green.
The event kicks off with "trunk-and-treat" car decorating from 4:30-5:30 p.m. in the church parking lot, located on Town Hill Road across from the town green. From 5:30-6:30 p.m., trunk-and-treaters can come see the decorated vehicles and get candy from tricked-out trunks. There will be a people's choice prize give for the best vehicle.
NEW HAVEN — The state's utility regulators will give the town of New Haven a voice in their consideration of three separate proposed solar power projects. The town, which boasts open fields and a proximity to a main power transmission line, has been the target for many solar array proposals.
Town officials are glad to get a chance to protect their interests.
NEW HAVEN — With cooling temperatures and a fire-red sunset outside of Tourterelle Restaurant and Inn's tented pavilion, the Addison County Chamber of Commerce recognized Two Brothers Tavern, Paul Ralston and the Middlebury Rotary Club with its top awards at the organization's annual meeting last Wednesday evening.
Middlebury's Two Brothers Tavern received the 2015 Business of the Year Award, which recognizes businesses that have grown, while providing excellent products or service and doing well by their employees and the community.
NEW HAVEN/NEW YORK CITY — Like a lot of little girls in Addison County, Zoe Rabinowitz started studying dance at age five with longtime dance teacher Patty Smith.
Today the New Haven native is living the dream as a New York City-based dancer and choreographer about to set off on a tour of Jerusalem, Japan and Korea with Yaa Samar! Dance Theatre, a dance group that she co-founded 10 years ago and of which she is the associate artistic director.
Though dancing has allowed the 31-year-old to travel the world, she always remembers where she came from.
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brick fireplace conversion
I want to convert my brick place into a fireplace for outdoor use. The fireplace is conventional brick and is located at the back of the house. If I brick in the front and dry wall it, I would then open the back (which faces the backyard) for outdoor use. I would then build a deck off the back of the house and enjoy my new outdoor fireplace. Does this make sense and could it be done without jeopardizing the construction of the fireplace?
In a nutshell--NO.
A fire box is carefully shaped to create a proper draw and draft----back curved--damper to the front of the fire box---Simply closing off the opening and making a new opening in the back will not draw right.
The fire box would need to be reshaped,too.
You need to consult an architect/landscape architect, fireplace or chimney expert, or a mason---or all three. What you have in mind is extremely dangerous, will not pass code, and will invalidate your fire insurance policy instantly. As mentioned, you (hopefully) have a firebox designed to draft fire properly. It will not work backwards.
You are probably better off designing and building a new fire feature element, with its own chimney, from scratch in your outdoor living area?
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BREAKING!! Obama to bypass congress to ban semiautomatic firearms!!
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Quoting: Anonymous Coward 1310640
Quoting: s. d. butler
Quoting: Anonymous Coward 1310640
...Quoting: Anonymous Coward 28614102
I have seen the warfighter simulations for a civil uprising in the US, these have been run at the Command General Staff College at Kansas and it is and I quote "An impossible battle to win, much less a war" -General Tommy Franks
WEll now, that's interesting.
Did they shut off power and utilities?
Did they shut down transportation grids and delivery of food and supplies?
Did they blast pockets of 'resistance with arty and air assets and run over them with tracks and armor?
Did the shut down netflix and youpron?
I'd think if the gloves were really off, scorched earth and unrestrained violence against civilians would do the trick to a population more suited for dancing with the stars instead of shooting at them.
Personally I think that when any pretext of civility towards so called rebels is removed by the mocha messiah, no quarter will be given until the wite debbil is all but exterminated
War to the knife and knife to the hilt against their own people is exactly what will lose it for tptb. They will lose anyway but it will be bloodier if they adopt extermination tactics against their own population.
Not to mention that they aren't even close to being omnipotent no matter how many state worshippers there are.
Any reasonably intelligent person should be able to figure that out.
history proves you wrong, and repeatedly so, pal.
If the public is not clever enough to prevent a rogue from acquiring the levers of power from them and demanding crippling taxes without any resistance, those that cannot refuse their pens and checkbooks will not instead offer their property, lives and luxury in any combat against a far more aggressive and well provisioned foe that already regards them as disposable.
The present crop of residents have nothing in common with those that turned the world upside down over 3 centuries back, for those understood the consequences of claiming or relinquishing power to outsiders and deceivers, and the ones now do not.
History proves me right. Whether the population can rise to the occasion remains to be seen. Your opinion notwithstanding.
You are another who thinks asymetric war is about who has the most force and the biggest guns.
It is amusing that you speak of systems disruption by gubmint forces as a war fighting measure. It doesn't work well in COIN. It might work in a 2nd or 3rd gen war against another nation/state but that isn't the situation here.
It won't be about force on force.
Last Edited by s. d. butler on 11/29/2012 03:14 PM
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About 10 years ago I was listening to a San Diego talk radio station that was interviewing a former member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Since this General served most of his career during the Cold War, the talk shifted to the Russians and all the "What If" scenarios.
One scenario that was discussed was a Russian land invasion of the United States. It was to come from 4 different directions - East and West Coast, Mexico and Canada. The Canadian plan specifically called for an air Campaign against Alaska & Canada to neutralize aircraft interceptors and ground to air missiles, followed by an air drop of two crack Russian Divisions in the Southern Reaches of Canada. These two divisions were to march south and attack different regions of the Northern US.
Apparently, the Communist scrapped the plan as a workable solution. Guess why? The Russians realized both Divisions would be wiped out inside of 2 weeks. Not due to the US Army or Airforce. But because of a million US gun owners with long range deer rifles. That's why.
For you guys who don't understand warfare, please consider that the average soldier is armed with a short range carbine. Most of those guys aren't going to be hitting targets beyond 300 to 400 yards accurately. Yes, it is true that they will be backed up by artillery and air assets but that doesn't mean that every squad or every company will have aircraft circling overhead or that they will always be operating within an artillery fan. All it takes is a half dozen guys to be sniping from long range, from 3 or 4 directions to create casualties and chaos.
Not to mention the supply effort to support an Army in the field is a logistical nightmare. Lots and lots of convoys and some lightly guarded. Soldier don't fight too well without bullets, beans and gas.
The Iraq war is a playground to what an invasion force would have to withstand here in ConUS. In addition to gun owners and hunters, the United States boasts the world's largest civilian pool of combat trained veterans. This is to say nothing about the active duty Soldiers, Sailors, Marines & Airmen that would come over to our side.
In short, there is no possible way in Hades that any military on the planet is going to take on the US population and win short of using Nukes, Chemical & Bio Warfare. Even then, it would be tough as pockets of resistance could overwhelm them. That's why anyone wanting to do us damage MUST disarm us first. And the only way that is going to be accomplished is if we disarm ourselves. Don't ever give up your guns and it won't be an issue.


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Private lesson tuition is payable to your private teacher:
30-min lesson: $27.00
45-min lesson: $40.50
1-hour lesson: $54.00
Our students are expected to attend lessons and classes regularly. In the event of a student absence, the private or group teacher needs to be notified 24 hours in advance. Should the teacher be absent, the private lesson will be made up. (There are no group make-ups.) There will be a limit of one make-up lesson per semester. In case of snow and bad driving conditions, we follow the Madison Schools' policies: No lessons on a Madison snow day, if school has been canceled. In the event of class cancellation due to a late afternoon storm, you will receive a call no later than 4:00 pm.


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S&P Affirms Puerto Rico's BBB- Rating, Negative Outlook
Some market mavens already consider Puerto Rico debt tantamount to junk bonds, but the rating agencies still don't agree. Standard & Poor's just affirmed its BBB- rating - the lowest tier of investment grade - and negative outlook on the commonwealth's general obligation and appropriation debt.
S&P acknowledges "currently weak economic trends that began in fiscal 2007, including population declines and economic contraction," but still cites the commonwealth's "large and diverse economy" and its strong ties to the U.S. economy, resulting in a significant flow of trade and income transfers. Other factors S&P says its rating is based on:
- Structural deficits in the commonwealth's general fund for more than a decade
- Recent willingness to tackle some long-term structural issues
- High level of debt and retirement liabilities
- A governmental framework that constitutionally places repayment of GO debt ahead of other expenses, and broad legal authority to adjust revenues and expenditures
- Debt market access risk
- Support from the Government Development Bank for Puerto Rico "which in our view provides a source of liquidity and back-up market access for the commonwealth."
Here's S&P credit analyst David Hitchcock on the negative outlook:
The negative outlook reflects ongoing negative demographic, economic, and fiscal trends, and the possibility that market access concerns could affect the ability to roll over notes, finance operating deficits, and renegotiate liquidity agreements, if recent tax increases do not prove sufficient to lower operating deficits…. We could revise the outlook back to stable if the economy gains positive momentum and budget deficits remain close to budgeted projections through fiscal 2015.
S&P adds that said it "could lower the rating by one notch if the economy deteriorates to the point we believe it significantly hampers the ability to lower budget deficits, the projected deficit for fiscal 2014 widens, it appears that no significant budget reduction will likely occur in fiscal 2015, or the loss of market access significantly hampers the ability to finance deficits or roll over and refinance debt, liquidity agreements, or meet swap termination costs."


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As most readers are aware, enterprises have entered a new "Bring Your Own Device" era thanks to the widespread popularity of Apple's iPhone and iPad as well as mobile devices powered by Google's Android mobile OS.
This has created new challenges for IT managers who long have favored restricting access to their networks to "approved" devices such as BlackBerries and, um, BlackBerries.
But as recent survey shows, the BYOD ethos has spawned another workplace complication: "tech envy."
According to the latest Captivate Office Pulse survey from digital media company Captivate Network, 30% of North American white-collar workers are "very envious" of the devices their colleagues bring into the office.
"With the prevalence of personal technology around the office, and the high frequency that it's shared – 40 percent reported regularly see co-workers using tech devices – it's not surprising that tech envy occurs," Scott Marden, research director at Captivate Network, said in a press release accompanying the report. "Overall, we found that professionals want what they don't have – whether it's an upgrade to an existing device or the next new technology."
The device that arouses the most envy is the tablet, with 39% of respondents confessing to being "very envious" of work colleagues prancing around the office with their iPads, TouchPads and PlayBooks. OK, with their iPads.
This was closely followed by e-readers, which scored a 36% on the envy-ometer. There was big drop from there to smartphones, which were envied by 24% of respondents. This makes sense since more people own smartphones than tablets or e-readers.
And who are most device-envious people in the workplace? Working moms over age 30 with annual incomes less than $125,000. Sixty percent of those moms confess to tech envy.
Working moms, listen up. Envy, like hate, is corrosive. Indeed, it is one of the Seven Deadly Sins, along with wrath, greed, sloth, pride, lust and paying full price for clothing. You're better than that.


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G20 draft sets out action plan for growth
G20 leaders meeting in southern France will spell out an action plan to return the world economy to balanced growth that will include a pledge by Italy to bring down its public debt and deficit, a draft communique showed.
The draft document obtained by Reuters, dated November 2, says the G20 nations commit to coordinate actions and policies in a plan that is expected to hold countries with large budget deficits to fiscal consolidation and those with trade surpluses to work to boost internal demand.
The final communique will be unveiled on Friday afternoon as the last summit of France's presidency of the Group of 20 major economies winds up in the Riviera resort of Cannes.
Blanks in the draft document over phrasing on foreign exchange rate policies and on IMF resources suggested those areas were still under discussion, but otherwise the communique contained little that was unexpected as the Cannes meeting was largely eclipsed by the sudden possibility of a Greek exit from the euro zone.
Reflecting the level of anxiety over the risk of a fresh economic crisis, the draft showed the G20 is considering a proposal by the International Monetary Fund to create a new short-term credit line to help countries facing economic shocks beyond their control, a G20 source said.
The grouping is also considering injecting billions of dollars into the global economy through a second special allocation of IMF Special Drawing Rights (SDRs). Such a move should help manage anxiety over the euro zone crisis that is wreaking havoc with stock and bond markets.
French President Nicolas Sarkozy had hoped to use his year as G20 steward to achieve ambitious goals including a rethink of the global financial system and measures to fight commodity price volatility, but has had to scale back his expectations as the crisis that began two years ago in Greece has sucked in other heavy debtors in the bloc.
As Greece's place in the euro zone hung in the balance on Thursday, the draft communique underlined concerns that if Italy cannot get its finances in order and rapidly introduce pension and other reforms, it could follow Greece, Italy and Portugal in needing a bailout.
Italy commits to reaching a rapidly declining debt-to-GDP ratio starting in 2012 and a close to a balanced budget by 2013, the draft reads.
This objective, based on the full implementation of the 60 billion euro fiscal package approved during the summer, will be underpinned by the strengthening of the fiscal rules, stemming from both the European legislation and the introduction in the constitution of the balanced budget rule.
At a European Union summit on October 26, Italy agreed to balance its budget in 2013.
Seeking to tackle the imbalances that set the stage for the 2007-09 crisis, such as the gaping U.S. trade gap and the corresponding surplus in China, the G20 had named seven countries that should take action: the United States, China, Japan, Germany, France, Britain and India.
All 20 are now expected to promise measures, with France set to pledge billions of dollars in budget cuts.
The draft communique showed little progress has been made on France's initial G20 goal of launching a rethink of the global monetary system. It committed to work towards a system that better reflected emerging economies but gave no time frame.
It also agreed that the composition of the IMF's SDR basket should be adjusted and broadened over time to reflect currencies' changing role and characteristics, but made no mention of eventually including the yuan, as France had hoped.
(Reporting by Cannes G20 team; Writing by Catherine Bremer; Editing by Ruth Pitchford)


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535GT or 535xiT
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Thanks, SimiClyde,
I'm starting to think we should keep the Touareg for towing. It makes a damned nice tow vehicle for having a resale value of only $14k. It's rated towing cap is 8,700#, though it only has a 6k# hitch.
I got a response from Dean at Invisihitch. Their hitch for the GT is only 2500# cap. Even though we only tow the ski boat a few times a year, I think its 3500 lbs. would be too much strain on the GT when pulling the boat out of the water.
So, if I take towing out of the requirement list, maybe a loaded 2010 Touring would be the answer. CPO, of course. Owning an out-of-warranty car like this is not for the faint-of-heart.
FWIW, I've felt like our BMW dealer and BMWNA treated me much better than VW/Audi regarding warranty items. The BMW dealer would voluntarily repair or replace parts without me having to make a federal case out of it. Audi? At 48k the CPO Allroad had cracked CV joint boots. They called it normal wear & wanted $ 900. And don't get me started on VW. We had to replace the tranny in our daughter's '06 Jetta at 66k. Despite VW's announced warranty extension for the Jetta trannys, they refused to provide any assistance.
I've read about most of the E60 problems you mention. Without me restarting this thread on a new forum, do you thing buying a dealer buyback/lemon is safe. Did they actually fix the HPFP problem?
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Once you were a child, then a student, an employee, and now something else.
One day you're ecstatic, another you're depressed.
One week you are obsessed with work, the next with family.
Strip away the emotions, obsessions, and activities. What is left?
Do you know who you truly are?
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Zen Presence - Ideas for Meaningful Living
Identity, meaning, life, Buddhism, Who am I? Finding yourself.
Minimalism, simplicity, mindfulness, and personal development.
Experience and Awareness
It really doesn't matter so much exactly what is going on in your life. Satisfaction and meaning come from our awareness of and interaction with what is happening - not the events themselves. Focusing on our awareness we can find meaning and fulfillment in each moment regardless of the circumstances in our lives.
Zen Presence - Ideas for Meaningful Living
Awareness, mindfulness, being present, how to be happy and fulfilled. Blog
The key to growth is the introduction of higher dimensions of consciousness into our awareness.
~ Lao Tzu
Seek Meaning - Mindful Moment #2
If you want contentment and purpose, seek meaning. Fun and pleasure are fleeting. Meaning has the power to cohere an entire lifetime of activity.
If you want guidance and a path with heart, seek meaning. Rules and formal structure are rigid, inflexible, and lifeless. Meaning allows us to have a coherent theme, while spontaneously responding to the infinite possibilities around us.
In whatever you do, give your life meaning. In the end, it is only meaning that we seek.
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The Hero
Connection or Approval
The Sacred Moment
Zen Presence - Ideas for Meaningful Living
Live a fulfilled life. How to be happy. Find meaning.
Community - Getting Started
Life is fragile. We are all susceptible to illness, to fear, and finally to death. No one is exempt. Often we think that we are alone in facing life's hurdles and challenges, so we feel inferior. When we learn to see that we are all interconnected and share the same fate, we can learn to see that we are enough. Deep understanding and compassion can help us to face and manage our fears.
We don't have to feel inferior, weak, or alone. Start with yourself. Look deeply at your fears, hurts, and angers. Understand your emotions and fears with compassion, then use this understanding to connect with others
We do not need to be perfect or superhuman to live this life, but we should not try and face it alone. With a community, we are enough. We need not wait on someone else to choose us or to save us. We all have the power within to start, to reach out, to build a community. There are no valid excuses.
What will you do to ease the suffering in this world? Will you start with yourself and look at your fears and wounds so that they may be healed? Will you have compassion and forgive yourself for your mistakes? Will you use compassion, understanding, and wisdom to transform fear into love? Will you reach out to help someone or simply be there to share and understand their pain? Will you swallow your pride and ask for help or compassion if you need it? Will you share in what it really means to be human?
Zen Presence - Ideas for Meaningful Living
How to be happy.
Decluttering is boring
I have to say it - I'm sick of reading about decluttering. "976 ways to declutter your home, declutter your kitchen, declutter your car, declutter your garage, the 30 day declutter challenge"..... How many times can someone write about such a boring subject? Obviously a lot.
I don't mean to pick on anyone, but decluttering is boring. Yes, I've written about it and I'm a fan of doing it, but decluttering is a tool. Minimalism is only a tool. There is nothing romantic in depriving yourself or ridding yourself of everything except that it brings FREEDOM and DEPTH to your LIFE. The FREEDOM is the goal. In this instance I do not agree with the saying that the journey is the goal. Get rid of your shit so that you can enjoy life. Stop making a game of decluttering. Attachment to decluttering in no better than attachment to materialism. Declutter you mind and let go of decluttering.
Zen Presence - Ideas for Meaningful Living
I don't mean to pick on anyone, but decluttering is boring. Yes, I've written about it and I'm a fan of doing it, but decluttering is a tool. Minimalism is only a tool. There is nothing romantic in depriving yourself or ridding yourself of everything except that it brings FREEDOM and DEPTH to your LIFE. The FREEDOM is the goal. In this instance I do not agree with the saying that the journey is the goal. Get rid of your shit so that you can enjoy life. Stop making a game of decluttering. Attachment to decluttering in no better than attachment to materialism. Declutter you mind and let go of decluttering.
Zen Presence - Ideas for Meaningful Living
Because You Can
Be kind,
Be happy,
Help others,
Be strong,
Do wonders,
Enjoy life.
Not for money,
Not because I want you to,
Not because you should,
Not because you need to,
Nor because it's expected,
Do it because you're human,
Because you have magical abilities,
Because you can.
"I believe in everything until it's disproved." ~ John Lennon
If you would like, check out my new photo blog My Apophenia. I'll be posting pics almost daily.
Zen Presence - Ideas for Meaningful Living
Kick the Dog or Not?
I awoke in somewhat of a foul mood this morning. A particular problem was on my mind. The old me would have stewed in this state of negativity for most of the day. I would have kicked my dog and cussed my wife - after all isn't it their fault my life is so miserable?
Right now, this moment I'm turning it around. I'm going to do something positive with the situation. I'm going to spend a large portion of my day learning new skills and improving my knowledge in order to solve this problem. Then perhaps I'll spend a nice evening with my wife enjoying the sunset. I might even pet that miserable hound of mine and take him for a walk.
We can do this with our lives as a whole as well. We can ask, "Why did this have to happen to me?" Or we can ask, "What can I, with my skills, knowledge, and abilities, do to transform my life and how can I share my solutions with others to make their lives a little easier?"
When we see a successful person we can ask, "Why aren't I that lucky?" Another option is to ask "With all of the opportunities to learn - through reading, watching, asking questions, and networking - what new skills could I add to my arsenal?" "What value can I add to this world?"
I'm not just speaking of positive vs. negative thinking; I'm speaking of the words and actions emanating from your thoughts. Will you change yourself? Your life? The lives of others?
Positive or negative?
Adding or subtracting?
Ultimately you are responsible, not the dog.
"Optimism is the most important human trait, because it allows us to evolve our ideas, to improve our situation, and to hope for a better tomorrow." ~ Seth Godin
Zen Presence - Ideas for Meaningful Living
Making a difference, attitude, learning, Seth Godin, blog.
Remembering How to Be Happy
It's hard to be happy when you are stressed, resentful, or afraid. We all go through periods of time where events in life make us feel one or more of these negative emotions. When we experience these feelings for too long of a stretch, our brain establishes these emotions as a routine - it forgets how to be happy.
The first steps along the road to happiness are very simple. You may have to force yourself at first. If you are depressed, angry, or unhappy you can easily feel justified and become attached to these states.
- Be grateful - about anything - your spouse, your home, your life, the sunrise, your dog, your job - it doesn't matter what, just be grateful for something. Make it a practice to take a few moments every day and be grateful. Establishing a practice of gratitude first thing in the morning and again just before bed time in the evening can be very effective.
- Be generous - smile, forgive someone, give to charity, buy someone a cup of coffee, send someone a check in the mail ( for no reason ), offer your time. Knowing that you have more than enough ( time, money, love, whatever) will help you to acknowledge and share in the abundance of the world around you.
- Love yourself. This one always sounds corny to me. If it seems to cheesy or mushy to you, start off with loving life; you'll learn to love yourself later. Fake it if you have to. Tell yourself over and over - I LOVE LIFE! I LOVE MY LIFE! It may take a lot of repetitions to re-wire your brain, but it will happen eventually. The human mind is very malleable.
- Do something fun. Think back to something that you once really enjoyed doing and DO IT! Try doing it again. Give yourself permission to have fun.
There are many things that you can do to be happy. Below I've listed a few great resources, but for now, try with the few steps above. Establish these routines as habits - baby steps.
Zen Presence - Ideas for Meaningful Living
Nothing New - 9 Posts to Share
I have nothing new to say at the moment. I am practicing mindful living, working on fully awakening to life, and enjoying the beautiful summer weather. I try not to post here unless I have something meaningful to share. Today I'd just like to share what I feel are my most useful posts from the beginnings of this blog.
Almost Cut My Hair
The Problem with Problems
Middle-Aged Assholes
5 Ways Simplicity Allows You to Achieve More
5 Ways to Achieve Simplicity
Using the Power of Intention
Money and the Future
6 Steps for Building Strength
Proven Methods to Improve Your Happiness
Yes I know that 9 is an odd number but .....9 it is.
Zen Presence - Ideas for Meaningful Living
Best of Blog, Minimalism, Zen, Simplicity, Simple Living
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VelieVer ttt
James, thanks for talking on the phone with me a couple of weeks ago to diagnose my car's problems. You were 100% correct with your solutions to the problems. I wish I was closer for you to fix the car with no BS. It sucks to have a dealer that I have to explain to them how to fix all the problems. The dealer did replace the motor mounts to correct the "Normal Flywheel Shutter", did the TSB to fix the under dash rattle (that they could not duplicate), replaced the malfunctioning tire sensor and also replaced the clutch reservoir to fix the "excessive clutch usage".
Thanks again,
Thanks again,


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Any helpful sights or places to get a black jumpsuit
Any helpful sights or places to get a black jumpsuit
I'll give her a shot. Hopefully not to busy I have a con the end of July. Thanks.
Just look up Dickies or Red Cap and order a black set of coveralls. If you want a double sleeve just order a short sleeve and a long sleeve, cut the long sleeve off and sew it into the short sleeve set. Easy to do and not too expensive. Then you can use the leftover fabric from the long sleeve set for accessories.
Arkady is definitely worth the wait. Made me a perfect Jango suit.
Sent from my iPhone using Tapatalk
I was browsing around some retail sites earlier. Carhartt has some coveralls I thought could work. Plus, they even have some flame-retardant styles. You know, for when you have those pesky arm-mounted flame thrower malfunctions...
Haha sweet thanks ð¬


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Alfred Hitchcock Presents (TV Series)
The Foghorn (1958)
Plot Summary
Lucia meets and falls in love with a man named Allen Bliss at a party that is a celebration of her engagement to another man; John St. Rogers. She decides to break the engagement. She later discovers that Allen is already married. The lovers decide to go for a ride in a sailboat to discuss their plans. They are subsequently lost in the fog and are never seen again.- Written by Anonymous
Be the first to contribute! Just click the "Edit page" button at the bottom of the page or learn more in the Synopsis submission guide.


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Free personalized radio that
plays the music you love
The inspiration for Sileas was initially conceived when Seddon, who studied harp for four years with Alison Kinnaird, and MacMaster, who was mostly self-taught, played together in a short-lived band, Sprangeen. Named after a 17th century female poet who wrote in Gaelic, Sileas released their debut album, Delighted With Harps, in 1986. Produced by Freeland Barbour, the album showcased the two women's unique harp playing and their silken vocal harmonies with songs sung in both Gaelic and English. Sileas' second album, Beating Harps, released in 1988, continued the high-quality of its predecessor. The duo's third album, Harpbreakers, released in 1990, was their weakest effort, concentrating too heavily on an electronically-enhanced sound. Six years passed before the release of Sileas' fourth album, Play on Light, in 1996. Produced by Jim Sutherland, the album signaled a return to the acoustic sound of the duo's first two albums and included a medley of Bill Withers' "Ain't No Sunshine" and MacMaste 's instrumental composition, "The Flawless Juggler."
Seddon and MacMaster recorded an album, Sail On, with Clan Alba, a band of Scottish musicians assembled by Dick Gaughan, in 1996. Play on Light followed three years later. ~ Craig Harris
Selected Discography
Track List: Play On Light
Track List: Beating Harps
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There has been much talk of the Olympic legacy. Will elite sport receive the funding it needs to nurture future Olympians? Will there be greater investment in grassroots sports, thereby encouraging a healthier, more active nation?
Those are important questions that will be answered over time. But there is a vital legacy – one that doesn't require government spending or a review of policies – that is particularly relevant to social enterprises. London 2012 was the people's Olympics from the mass of volunteer Gamesmakers to the vast crowds turning out in all weathers for even the most niche of sports. An event designed to celebrate physical excellence turned out to be an event that captured hearts and minds. In the past week, the Paralympics been every bit as spectacular.
Two key ingredients in the success of London 2012 were imagination and confidence; the imagination to do things differently and the confidence that the impossible – holding an Olympics in an over-populated city with an already creaking infrastructure – could be made possible.
Most successful social enterprises have these qualities in spades. However, the Olympics offer a good opportunity to reflect and to set the bar yet higher. For example, the discus, shot and javelins could have been collected and returned for the next throw in the usual way. But someone had the imagination to put remote-controlled Minis into action as pickup vehicles and, better still, to have teams of teenage boys (yes, they did tend to be boys) operating them.
How might your enterprise use technology more imaginatively to achieve social change? Slivers of Time, an online platform for micro-volunteering and micro-employment does just this by encouraging young people to take on short assignments, on a voluntary or paid basis. These assignments contribute to the experience that they can then demonstrate to prospective employers. Flip is another great example, with its online platform that lets young people who are not in employment or training build a personal profile based on feedback from their peers. This helps them communicate their strengths more effectively and connect with relevant opportunities.
There is also much that can be drawn from the 70,000 Gamesmakers, as tangible evidence of people's willingness to get involved when motivated by the right call to action, by shared purpose and agency. Both the Olympics and Paralympics have made visible and celebrated the significant impact that volunteering can have. How can social enterprises harness this energy and engage communities in new ways? Beatbullying is a pioneer in this respect with their social action model that cultivates the learning, development and wellbeing of all involved.
The current economic climate is placing huge pressure on social enterprises. It is those that use this as an opportunity to innovate, to think differently and take risks that will thrive. In case we struggle to visualise what this might look like, let each opening ceremony inspire us all to be bold and break the mold.
Finally, Team GB – third in the medals table – propelled us to something of a sporting superpower. It has often been said that if Bill Gates were British, he would have created the most successful software company in Basingstoke, indicating that the Brits sometimes lack the confidence to achieve large-scale success. Team GB, and now ParalympicsGB, have blown that theory to bits with their ambition, resilience and courage.
Of course, I hope that both the Olympics and Paralympics will lead to greater investment in sport both at grassroots and elite level. Whatever the case, London 2012 has achieved an incredible legacy for the social enterprise sector in firing us up to show greater imagination, confidence, ambition and courage as we engage communities in positive social change. This is our time.
Annika Small is chief executive of Nominet Trust, which funds projects that use the internet for social good.
This content is brought to you by Guardian Professional. To join the social enterprise network, click here.


text: I've had the stage 2 set up on for 5 days now and I love every second of driving it! The Helix system sounds awesome and the car is sooo much faster. I looked around all weekend for someone to test my new power out on and couldn't find anyting worthy at all. Then yesterday at a stop light I ran into something beautiful... a brand-new silver GTO! The guy driving was in his 50's + and was just looking at my car at the light. The light turned green and as I we both started to go I hear him dump it. I was still in 1st ~ 3500 rpm so i put it to the floor and went balls out. I actually had a full car on him by the time we shut down at ~ 60mph. I was suprised to say the least that I was able to pull on a GTO from a "roll". The guy was cool and asked what I had as he notioned to my hood. I told him " about 300" and he nodded and drove off. The funny thing was that two girls in a Jetta saw the whole thing and pulled along side me laughing at him (like they knew how fast a GTO was) and gave me a thumbs up! My first stage2 kill!


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My Movie
Treat your loved one to their favourite film or watch your own in one of our cinema screens for only £195! We'll screen it at 2pm on a Sunday afternoon, and give you 30 tickets for your friends and family. And if you'd like any more, you'll be able to purchase additional tickets at a special rate of £3.50 each. The rest of the tickets will go on sale to the public so you can spread the happiness!
The film of your choice will appear in our brochure, alongside your very own dedication, which we will also project on the cinema screen before the film. You and your party will also have a special roped-off area of the screen.
Some people book up to a year in advance, so it's worth getting in quick.
Click here If you would like More information about My Movie Or alternatively Download our My Movie booking form
(All of the available dates below….)
September 2017
Sun 24th - Available
October 2017
Sun 1st - Available
Sun 8th - Available
November 2017
Sun 12th - Available
To find out more, talk to Laura on 0115 952 6600 or email


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"I wouldn't have believed a card could make people so happy but everyone here was stunned by how great these cards looked. Previously we bought our cards from the big guys and we were so unhappy with the cards. We feel so lucky we finally found Tiny Prints. Outstanding company. We wish all our business suppliers gave us such a great product at such a great price with great customer service!!! We can't wait to get more cards!!! Thanks Tiny Prints!!"
"The quality of these super cute, modern cards is superb. Go with the pearl paper, you won't regret. Fun size! I like to be a little different; these pleased! Shipped fast."
"Great looking card, the designer helped me get the back of the card to look exactly as I wanted. The pearl finish stands out against my competitors cards. Delivery was very quick! Thanks Tiny Prints!"
"Good, heavy quality cardstock. I chose the teal option and find it to be both professional and eye-catching - I wanted a card that would be easy to find if flipping through a rolodex, since I don't have a logo, and this is exactly what I was looking for."
"I love these business cards! They have the perfect touch of simplicity yet are also unique at the same time. I will be proud to give these cards out to friends, relatives, and business professionals. Overall, I'm very pleased with my order! Thank you."
Copyright © 2004-2017 Shutterfly, Inc | Tiny Prints | Terms of Use. Designated trademarks and brands are the property of their respective owners.


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Forums Home » Cat Health
Need advice re: hand raising 2 & 1/2 wk old kittens! (have a post in kitten corner)This forum is for cat lovers seeking everyday advice and suggestions on health-related issues. Remember, however, that advice on a public forum simply can't be a substitute for proper medical attention. Only your vet can say assuredly what is best for your cat.


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Robert Clayton Dean (Will Smith) is a successful lawyer who stumbles upon evidence of a high-stakes political murder conspiracy. Hunted by a rogue NSA agent (Jon Voight) and his henchmen, Dean must turn to a surveillance expert and former spy (Gene Hackman) to help him escape the network of assassins coming after him. Directed by Tony Scott. With Jason Lee, Lisa Bonet, Barry Pepper and Stuart Wilson. Categories: Politics, Action, Drama, Thriller. Year: 1998.
Will Smith in Enemy of the State
Enemy of the State
Jason Lee in Enemy of the State
Jon Voight in Enemy of the State
Gene Hackman in Enemy of the State
Barry Pepper in Enemy of the State
Regina King in Enemy of the State
Enemy of the State
Tom Sizemore in Enemy of the State
Will Smith also appeared in I, Robot, Hitch, Ali, Shark Tale, Bad Boys, Bad Boys II, The Pursuit of Happyness, Men in Black, Men in Black II, The Legend of Bagger Vance, Hancock, Independence Day, and Seven Pounds.
Gene Hackman also appeared in The Firm, Wyatt Earp, The Quick and the Dead, The Royal Tenenbaums, The French Connection, Bonnie and Clyde, The Mexican, Superman, Superman II, Unforgiven, Crimson Tide, and Reds.
Jon Voight also appeared in Heat, Midnight Cowboy, Mission: Impossible, Ali, Zoolander, National Treasure, Glory Road, Transformers, Deliverance, Catch-22, U Turn, Pearl Harbor, National Treasure: Book of Secrets, Varsity Blues, Lara Croft: Tomb Raider, An American Carol, Four Christmases, and Pride and Glory.
Lisa Bonet also appeared in High Fidelity.
Regina King also appeared in A Cinderella Story, Ray, Jerry Maguire, Year of the Dog, and Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde.
Stuart Wilson also appeared in Vertical Limit, The Mask of Zorro, and Lethal Weapon 3.
Barry Pepper also appeared in Saving Private Ryan, The Green Mile, The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada, Seven Pounds, and Flags of Our Fathers.
Tony Scott also appeared in Spy Game, The Last Boy Scout, The Fan, Domino, Man on Fire, Days of Thunder, Beverly Hills Cop II, True Romance, Deja Vu, Crimson Tide, and The Taking of Pelham 123.
Jason Lee also appeared in The Incredibles, Vanilla Sky, I Love Your Work, Chasing Amy, Mallrats, Dogma, Alvin and the Chipmunks, Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back, Monster House, and Almost Famous.
Gabriel Byrne also appeared in The Usual Suspects, Excalibur, Miller's Crossing, Jindabyne, and Little Women.
Jack Black also appeared in Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy, Shark Tale, The Holiday, Dead Man Walking, King Kong, Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story, Be Kind Rewind, Kung Fu Panda, Tropic Thunder, Shallow Hal, High Fidelity, Year One, and Margot at the Wedding.
Seth Green also appeared in The Italian Job, Josie and the Pussycats, Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery, Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me, Rat Race, Sex Drive, Old Dogs, and Without a Paddle.
Jamie Kennedy also appeared in Scream, Scream 2, Scream 3, and Three Kings.
Scott Caan also appeared in Ocean's Eleven, American Outlaws, Gone in Sixty Seconds, Ocean's Twelve, Ocean's Thirteen, Lonely Hearts, Varsity Blues, Friends with Money, and Meet Dave.
Tom Sizemore also appeared in Saving Private Ryan, Heat, Black Hawk Down, The Relic, Natural Born Killers, True Romance, Pearl Harbor, Red, and The Flyboys.
Patent: 8,132,204


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|Discuss sbi rights issue at the Investors Grievances within the Traderji.com; hello i have 10 shares of state bank. i also paid for the rights issue ...
|Investors Grievances Discuss your personal grieviences and frustrations with stock market intermediatories like brokers, registrars, bankers, etc.
|Thread Tools
sbi rights issue
i have 10 shares of state bank.
i also paid for the rights issue that came in jan.
but till date the rights shares have not appeared in my icicidirect account.
how can i find about my allotment and how can i credit in my demat account.
could sb help:
Re: sbi rights issue
Re: sbi rights issue
see the demat balance, and manually add the shares to your portfolio. or ask the icicidirect customer care to do the same.
Re: sbi rights issue
hi everybody
|Thread Tools
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