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Brazilian Journal of Biology
Print version ISSN 1519-6984On-line version ISSN 1678-4375
Braz. J. Biol. vol.64 no.1 São Carlos Feb. 2004
Anurans from a local assemblage in Central Brazil: linking local processes with macroecological patterns
Anuros de uma assembléia local do Brasil Central: relacionando processos locais a padrões macroecológicos
Diniz-Filho, J. A. F.I; Bini, L. M.I; Bastos, R. P.II; Vieira, C. M.III; Souza, M. C.IV; Motta, J. A. O.V; Pombal, J. P. Jr.VI; Peixoto, J. C.IV
ILaboratório de Ecologia Teórica e Síntese, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, CEP 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
IIDepartamento de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, CEP 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
IIILaboratório de Biodiversidade do Cerrado, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Av. Juscelino Kubitschek, 146, Bairro Jundiaí, CEP 75110-390, Anápolis, GO, Brazil
IVPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Biologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, CEP 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
VIDepartamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CEP 20940-040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Macroecological variables of Anuran species found in a local assemblage from Central Brazil (Silvânia, Goiás State) were linked to population dynamics statistics of these species. Geographical range size (GRS), body size, and species' midpoints were the macroecological variables investigated for those species found in the local assemblage and for all other species (105 in the total) found in the Cerrado biome. For each species found in the local assemblage, data on abundance was obtained. Using this data, local population variability as expressed by the coefficient of variation was estimated. Distribution of means, medians, maximum, variances, and skewness (g1), for both GRS and body size, estimated in the local assemblage were compared, using null models, with the data extracted from the overall Cerrado species pool. The results indicated a clear macroecological relationship between GRS and body size and a decrease in local abundance when distance between the locality analyzed and species midpoint increased. According to null models, both body size and GRS values measured in the local assemblage can be considered a random sample from the regional species pool (Cerrado region). Finally, a three-dimensional analysis using body size, GRS, and local population estimates (abundance and variability), indicated that less abundant and more fluctuating species fell near the lower boundary of the polygonal relationship between GRS and body size. Thus, macroecological results linked with local data on population dynamics supported the minimum viable population model.
Key words: Anura, macroecology, population abundance, Cerrado.
Variáveis macroecológicas de uma assembléia local de espécies de anfíbios anuros do Brasil Central (Silvânia, Estado de Goiás) foram relacionadas com estatísticas de dinâmica de população dessas espécies. A extensão de ocorrência (GRS), o tamanho de corpo e o centro de distribuição das espécies foram as variáveis macroecológicas investigadas para as espécies da assembléia local e para todas as outras espécies (105 no total) encontradas no bioma de Cerrado. Também foram obtidos dados de abundância para 15 espécies da assembléia local. Usando esses dados, a variabilidade populacional foi estimada pelo coeficiente de variação. A distribuição de médias, medianas, máximos, assimetrias e curtoses, para GRS e tamanho de corpo, da assembléia local foi comparada, por intermédio de modelos nulos, com os dados do conjunto de espécies do Cerrado. Os resultados indicaram clara relação macroecológica entre a GRS e o tamanho do corpo, bem como diminuição da abundância local com o aumento da distância entre os centros de distribuição das espécies e a localidade analisada. De acordo com os modelos nulos, os valores do tamanho de corpo e da GRS das espécies da assembléia local podem ser considerados uma amostra aleatória proveniente da composição regional de todo o Cerrado. Finalmente, uma análise tridimensional considerando o tamanho do corpo, a GRS, a abundância local e a variabilidade populacional indicou que espécies menos abundantes, com maior variabilidade populacional, estão próximas ao limite inferior da relação poligonal entre GRS e tamanho de corpo. Assim, os resultados macroecológicos, quando relacionados a dados obtidos em pequenas escalas espaciais, corroboraram o modelo de população mínima viável.
Palavras-chave: Anura, macroecologia, abundância, Cerrado.
Macroecology evaluates the relationship among complex ecological variables (usually body size, geographical range size, and population density) measured for multiple species on a continental scale (Brown, 1995; Maurer, 1999; Gaston & Blackburn, 2000; Blackburn & Gaston, 2001). In recent years, a considerable increase in macroecology research programs has occurred worldwide, addressing many questions about patterns and processes related to statistical distributions (Blackburn & Gaston, 1994a, b), relationships among macroecological variables (Gaston & Blackburn, 1996), and their spatial and phylogenetic patterns (Brown, 1999; Duncan et al., 1999; Gaston & Blackburn, 1999, 2000; Cardillo, 2002).
However, as Blackburn & Gaston (1998) and Gaston & Blackburn (1999) recently pointed out, one of the main criticisms of macroecology research programs is that they do not yet include a substantial body of mathematical modeling and an associated unifying theoretical framework. Moreover, Brown (1999) also points out that major emphasis in macroecological analyses has been in the establishment of patterns, but not in discovering underlying ecological and evolutionary processes.
These criticisms are linked to the common problem of inferring ecological processes from large-scale patterns (Ricklefs & Schluter, 1993; Levin, 1992). Thus, it is necessary to go down in the ecological hierarchy to a local spatial scale, which is the relevant one for natural assemblages. Subsequently, specific processes acting on local assemblages can be invoked to explain large-scale patterns (Cyr et al., 1997). A well known example is the relationship between local population density and body size, that is usually linked to the energetic processes in local communities by the so-called "energetic equivalence rule" (EER) (Damuth, 1981; Blackburn & Gaston, 1997a, b, 1999). Despite many recent criticisms of EER (Bini et al., 2001 and references therein), it is nevertheless a good example of how a large-scale trend can be understood based on theory and models previously developed to be applied in a lower hierarchical level (Cyr et al., 1997).
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate how macroecological patterns in a local assemblage of Anura from Central Brazil (Silvânia, Goiás State) can be linked to local population dynamics. Despite the relatively low number of species, data on population dynamics among them are available, permitting, through extrapolation of inferred processes, the explanation of macroecological patterns.
From June 1995 to May 1998, monthly, surveys were made in a tropical (1,600 mm annual rainfall) Brazilian national forest conservation unit in Goiás State (Silvânia Municipality; 16º39'S, 48º36'W). The protected area (900 MSL) occupies approximately 466 ha, and presents typical cerrado physiognomies: Cerrado (sensu stricto), cerradão, campo cerrado, and riparian forest (Oliveira-Fillho & Ratter, 2002).
In each survey, anurans were registered by visual encounter survey (Crump & Scott Jr., 1994) and by audio strip transect (Zimmerman, 1994). Abundance data of 15 out of the 26 species found in Silvânia that were also included in the macroecological analyses (see below) were obtained by using this sampling procedure (Table 1). Based on an extensive literature review and on records of the Museu Nacional (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), macroecological data was collected for a pool of 105 species found in the Cerrado area of Central Brazil (Appendix 1; see also Colli et al., 2002). Species whose taxonomic status was undefined or that probably belong to groups of species (i.e., Scinax gr. ruber or Bufo gr. granulosus) were excluded from our macroecological data set. For each species, GRS (extent of occurrence) was defined by a minimum convex polygon based on occurrence points (Gaston, 1994). Based on this, we defined the geographical distance from Silvânia, where the local assemblage was monitored, to the species midpoint, determining in this way if the population in this local assemblage, for a given species, is a central or peripheral population (Channell & Lomolino, 2000). Body size was considered as the average snout-vent length (SVL) obtained in the literature and expressed in millimeters. Thus, when comparing the fauna of Silvânia with that of the Cerrado overall, 15 species were included when using population dynamics data, and 26 species were used when dealing with macroecological (SVL and GRS) data only.
Data analysis
A first-order autoregressive model was fitted to estimate the degree of temporal autocorrelation of each time series (abundance data for each of the 15 species). The following model was used:
where xt is the abundance (in logarithmic scale plus 1.0) estimate for month t, f1 is the autoregressive parameter, and e is the random error component. Each observation is made up of a random error component and a linear combination (if more than one auto-regressive parameter is fitted) of prior observations.
For each species, we calculated the mean value of xt and used it as a measure of local abundance. Variability of the xt values was characterized by their coefficient of variation (McArdle et al., 1990). We then correlated these local estimates (mean, coefficient of variation, and autoregressive coefficient) with large-scale macroecological data established across species.
The shape of the relationship between geographical range size and SVL was defined as a left triangle, with a symmetrical and upper right boundary. The null hypothesis of no relationship between GRS and SVL (i.e., the selected shape can be obtained by chance alone) was assessed by randomization procedures implemented in EcoSim v. 7.0 (Gotelli & Entsminger, 2000). Two criteria were used. First, the dispersion index (i.e., variance), which was calculated by dividing the bivariate space into four quadrants based on location of species points (median of the two variables), was compared with the distribution of variances obtained after randomizing the species positions in the bivariate space. The distribution was created by 1,000 simulated data sets. Thus, this procedure detects only nonrandom aggregation of species in the bivariate space formed by GRS and SVL. Second, a polygonal shape, as defined above and using the default options of EcoSim for the selection of the shape, was imposed on the data and the number of species falling within the envelope was counted. This value was then compared with a null distribution of point counts constructed by randomizing 1.000 times the species position in the bivariate space. If the species are unusually clustered within the shape, then the observed number of species will be significantly larger than the number found in most randomized data sets.
The GRS/SVL relationship was also analyzed using the 26 species found in Silvânia only, and compared with the same relationship based on the 105 species in the Cerrado species pool.
Species assembly rules assessment
We randomly drew 26 species from the Cerrado species pool (n = 105), matching then with the species richness in Silvânia, and repeated this procedure 1,000 times, comparing the distribution of means, medians, maximum, variances, and skewness (g1) (Sokal & Rohlf, 1995), for both GRS and SVL, with real values defined for the local assemblage from Silvânia (Blackburn & Gaston, 2001). These estimates were expected to describe the statistical distribution of these two variables, which is usually extremely asymmetric (Gaston & Blackburn, 2000). Thus, it would be possible to determine if the GRS and SVL of those species found in the local assemblage (Silvânia) is a typical assemblage randomly extracted from the overall Cerrado species pool.
Despite the relatively low number of species and consequent difficulties in testing relationships by standard regression approaches or definition of constraint envelopes (due to low statistical power), some relationships between local statistics and macroecological variation followed overall expected tendencies (Fig. 1). There was a decrease in abundance when distances between Silvânia and species midpoint increases, but there was not a positive relationship between local population abundance and geographical range size, as expected (Fig. 1A, B). There was also a negative relationship between auto-regressive coefficient and body size (Fig. 1C) and between local population abundance and body size (Fig. 1D). As indicated above, these are only general tendencies with interpretable upper boundaries (see Discussion).
The frequency distributions of SVL and geographical range sizes from both Silvânia and Cerrado species pool were right-skewed (Fig. 2), as expected by considering patterns in other macroecological data (Blackburn & Gaston, 2001, and references therein). More importantly, for the two variables, means, medians, variances, maximums, and g1, estimated in the local assemblage can be considered random values extracted from the Cerrado species pool (Table 2) (with a single exception, i.e., variance in body size, with a P-value of 0.03).
Considering the 105 species pool, there is a clear triangular relationship between GRS and SVL (Fig. 3), that is significant at p = 0.039 by the randomization procedures in EcoSim using the dispersion index. This indicates that there is a significant concentration of species in one of the corners of the bivariate space. Also, there is a significant fit of the triangular constraint envelope, since the number of species falling within the limits of this polygon is also significantly larger than that observed by chance alone (p = 0.047).
When the relationship is tested using the Silvânia species, the overall triangular shape remains, with a large overlap between the two polygons (Fig. 3). However, the statistical tests of dispersion and species count are no longer significant. Considering the small number of species in the local assemblage studied, this result can be attributed to low statistical power. However, as indicated above, the relationship was similar to that detected with the large-scale data.
We performed a contouring procedure on both local population abundance and population variability (as expressed by the coefficient of variation of local abundance), using the distance weighted least squares procedure (DWLS), over the bivariate space formed by GRS and SVL (Fig. 4). Thus, contour regions indicate the third variable analyzed (GRS, SVL, and population abundance in Fig. 4A, and geographical range size, SVL, and population variability in Fig. 4B). It is possible to note that less abundant and more fluctuating species fall exactly within the lower boundary, with a gradient of increasing abundance and decreasing fluctuation toward the central region of the polygon.
The links between local processes of community or population dynamics and macroecological patterns are not easily established, by reason of difficulties in sampling and variable definition (Blackburn & Gaston, 2001). In our study of anurans from Silvânia, the main problem is that the number of species analyzed at the local scale by population dynamics variables (abundance and variability) is only a relatively small part of the Cerrado species pool for which macroecological patterns can be established.
Thus, the detection of expected relationships is constrained due to data paucity, noise, scaling effects, complexity, and non-linearity of the relationships. Despite the low statistical power, few interesting and interpretable patterns appeared in our relatively small data set.
Using body size expressed by SVL as a predictor, it is possible to see that both mean population abundance and autoregressive coefficients tend to be smaller for species with larger body size.
Thus, larger species are less abundant and have low auto-regressive coefficients (less predictable or with less variation in abundance) when compared to smaller species. A negative relationship between population abundance and body size can be explained by mass-related energy requirements (Carbone & Gittleman, 2002, and references therein). The different forms of the interspecific relationship between abundance and body size in animals (a simple monotonic relationship or a nonhomogeneous polygonal relationships), however, may be a product of different sampling scales (Lawton, 1989; Blackburn & Gaston, 1997a). High temporal autocorrelation may indicate population stability, which tends to be higher in large-bodied species. In this way, the negative relationship between abundance and temporal autocorrelation is hard to explain.
Besides, the coefficient of variation does not show a clear tendency, indicating that magnitude of population variability is not related to other variables, at least at this scale. Mean population abundance also decreases with increasing distance from species midpoint to Silvânia, indicating that local populations in the periphery of the distribution, tend to be less dense (Brown et al., 1995; Blamires et al., 2002). Thus, local abundance is both a function of attributes (such as body size) and of the demographic and adaptive parameters (i.e., growth rate) that may be associated with local environment in terms of distance to the optimum of the species (Maurer, 1994).
Resampling procedures indicate that both SVL and GRS values measured in the local assemblage studied can be characterized as a random sample coming from the regional species pool (Cerrado region). This result can be explained by the central position of Silvânia within the Cerrado region, both geographically and in terms of habitat representation occurring at a more regional scale. Also, the significant polygonal relationship between GRS and SVL is similar to those in other groups of species (Brown & Maurer, 1989; Brown, 1995) and more clear than those found for anurans in other parts of the world (Murray et al., 1998). For Silvânia species only, the pattern is quite similar. But the most important aspect to note is how less abundant and more fluctuating species overlap on this bivariate space, a consistent pattern for which would support the minimum viable population model explaining the relationship between body size and geographical range size (Brown & Maurer, 1987, 1989; Gaston & Blackburn, 1996). Indeed, less abundant and more fluctuating species fall near the lower boundary, with a gradient toward the central region of the polygon.
This pattern is consistent with the minimum viable population model, in which the lower boundary is a probabilistic constraint line linked to a stochastic extinction process. In general, larger-bodied species require larger range sizes in order to maintain minimum viable populations (Brown & Maurer, 1987). Differential extinction of species of large body size with low population abundance prevents the occurrence of numerous widely distributed large-bodied species in the regional pool. In addition, species of large body size tend to have extensive geographical ranges. As indicated by Figs. 3 and 4, a species is unlikely to occur with the following characteristics combined: low population abundance, large body sizes, low geographical range size, and higher population variability. The slope of the lower boundary would be largely variable among different groups of organisms and dependent on many factors, including extinction rates, dependence of population dynamics on body mass, and intensity of local competition. Although the number of species analyzed is small, predictions are in agreement with minimum viable population model, both in terms of local abundance and population variability, another variable that has been linked to high extinction probability.
Murray et al. (1998) in analyzing macroecological patterns in Australian frogs rejected Brown's minimum viable population model because partial relationships between body size and geographical range size, after taking into account population density, are still significant. This suggests that this relationship is not fully explained by underlying variations in species density. The preceding authors found out that Gaston's (1991) homeostasis model better explains this relationship. However, it is important to note that relationships among these macroecological variables in not well described by linear models, and partial correlation may be flawed. We believe that observing the overlay between the three variables, as performed here, provides a better approach for understanding more complex non-linear patterns. Although no statistical test on this overlay was performed (and, in fact, it would be useless due to low statistical power), we believe that observed macroecological patterns, linked with data of local population dynamics, support the minimum viable population model.
Acknowledgments We thank L.P. Lima and M.B. Alcantara for help in fieldwork, and Ibama for providing logistical support in Silvânia. Financial support was provided by several grants from CNPq (Programa Centro-Oeste de Pesquisa & Pós-Graduação - PCOPG 520804/99-6, proc. 400381/97-4 to RPB, and productivity fellowships to JAFD-F, LMB, RPB and JPP-Jr), FUNAPE/UFG, and Capes.
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Correspondence to
José Alexandre F. Diniz-Filho
Laboratório de Ecologia Teórica e Síntese, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás
CEP 74001-970 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Received August 19, 2002
Accepted January 24, 2003
Distributed February 29, 2004
(With 4 figures)


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Caleb Wilde
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The Landmark has been sold and it is unlikely it will continue as an event center.
Burien Arts Association's Sixth Annual Highline Classic Jazz Festival from 2:30-10 p.m. will offer 14 bands playing on three separate stages.
The musicians will perform a wide variety of jazz styles including early and mid-20th century jazz, from Dixieland, Gypsy Jazz, Blues, Western Swing, Ragtime, Big Band Swing and cool Latin jazz as well as Straight Ahead Jazz classics.
This great jazz experience includes concerts, dancing, food, drink and an opportunity to mingle with the musicians.
The unique festival also features FREE Swing and Latin dance instruction. Get ready to show off your new moves as you dance to the great bands following the clinic.
Festival director Lance Haslund is sad to be losing the venue.
"Jazz festival attendees will truly miss the chance to visit this amazing venue, as will many others who have, over the past decade, attended weddings and other events such as the Poverty Bay Wine Festival," Haslund noted.
"At this time, the future of the festival is uncertain, "Haslund revealed. "We in Burien Arts want to keep our festival in the Highline area, but no other venue in the area that we know of offers a comparable experience.
"We may have to rethink the entire festival if a suitable replacement cannot be found. Several alternatives to the current format are under consideration."
As this year's headliner, Haslund has secured Casey McGill's Orchestra, a 14-piece group playing Big Band swing.
"Casey is known around town as one of the classic jazz guys," notes Haslund. "He lives the part. He's got a little pencil-thin mustache, wears clothes from the era, plays ukulele and coronet and sings."
Other top classic bands featured are:
• Ambience (www.ambiencejazz.net)
• Double Bill (Bill Anschell & Bill Ramsey) (www.billanschell.com)
• Holotradband (www.holotraband.com)
• Jacqueline Tabor Jazz Band (www.jacquelinetabor.com)
• The Jangles (www.janglesband.com)
• Jennifer Scott & Rene Worst (www.jenniferscott.ca)
• Jump Ensemble (www.jumpensemble.com)
• Odell's Medley (Alison Odell & Julian Smedley)
• Pearl Django (www.pearldjango.com)
• Ranger and the "Re-Arrangers" (www.rangerswings.com)
• Susan Pascal's Soul Sauce – A Tribute to Latin jazz legend Cal Tjader (www.susanpascal.com)
• Steinwagon (Ryan Burns & Dawn Clement)
* Uptown Lowdown Jazz Band
There will be dancing and comfortable seating in the Auditorium and in the Banquet Hall. The elegant Living Room is the perfect place for the Acoustic Lounge, featuring small groups in an intimate setting.
EJ's Catering (www.ejscustomcatering.com) will serve a full dinner, at $16. There will also be two no-host wine bars and a coffee bar.
Tickets are $40 for adults, $35 for seniors (65 and over), and FREE for youth 18 and under. They are sold at Burien Arts Gallery, 826 SW 152nd St., in Burien. Tickets are also available at Brown Paper Tickets, www.brownpapertickets.com/event/553955.
For more information visit www.highlineclassicjazz.com.
We encourage our readers to comment. No registration is required. We ask that you keep your comments free of profanity and keep them civil. They are moderated and objectionable comments will be removed.


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I am not sure how many of you read all the comments, especially from the older posts so I am printing this for all to see. It is an incredible piece of research and done by someone I would love have working for me. The only problem is that I stated that 2000 was a fudge because it would be too easy to find the singer. I stand by the fact that it would be explosive if it ever came out, and there is only one person who can come forward to reveal all and it is not going to be me.
With all the websites that have linked to the story all with their own comments sections, of course people have guessed it, but I am not going to say. With all of that, I wanted to post this and say this is truly incredible.
Anonymous has left a new comment on your post "Let me preface this post, by saying that if this s…":
my friend did some sleuthing and concluded that this may be a hoax. His response is below: This smells like a hoax to me but I don't like mysteries so I went ahead and tried to solve this one: The album in question was prolly released in 2001. I guessed that year because the story says that the singer was approached in "late 2000" and heard herself on the radio "several months later". There were 373 albums released in 2001 in America. For the moment, let's only consider albums released by a female solo artist. Believe it or not, that cuts the list down to 29 with a list of women that includes Alicia Keys (sorry, Cat), Madonna, Jessica Simpson, Pink, Mariah, Missy, Bjork, and three Spice Girls. Now if we limit the list again to women whose FIRST solo album came out that year, we are left with 5. (By the way, Jessica Simpson's first CD came out in 1999, with the hits "I wanna love you forever" and "I think I'm in Love with you" being two of the singles. I know some of you thought it was her.) So who's on that list? Album Artist Release Date A Girl Like Me Emma Bunton 16-Apr Songs in A Minor Alicia Keys 5-Jun The Spirit Room Michelle Branch 14-Aug Victoria Beckham Victoria Beckham 1-Oct Laundry Service Shakira 13-Nov The story went on to say that the artist in question was "taking off" and "had several Top 40 songs and CD's." Also, the "star" was "everywhere..on television, radio, awards, shows, commercials..EVERYWHERE.". Well, the Spice Girls are out since Emma only sold 125,000 of her first CD. And while Victoria did slightly better, Wikipedia has this to say : "Despite being one of the most famous celebrities in Britain, and having all her music reach the UK top ten (the only solo Spice to do so), Victoria Beckham's career as a solo artist is largely considered to have been a commercial failure." Also, it seems that Posh shelves more music than she releases and has not been all that prolific in the past 5 years. This leaves our curious threesome of Shakira, Michelle Branch, and Alicia Keys. Michelle Branch – Apparently, this girl has been rocking out since she was 8 years old and, technically, her first album was released in 2000. It was a self release CD called Broken Bracelet. Also, she toured with Hanson in December of 2000 when Madonna noticed her and signed her up to Maverick records (What the hell was Madonna doing at a Hanson concert?!!?). She went on to win Grammies and have 3 top 40 singles of that first Maverick-backed CD. In 2002, she did that Carlos Santana song "A Game of Love" which earned her another Grammy. Her second album went platinum but only spawned one top forty single. Alicia Keys – Allmusic.com reports that "Around the time that Songs in A Minor was released, Keys was popping up everywhere, including an Associated Press story. Where had she been before then?" Good question. Ms. Alicia Augello-Cook has has been playing the piano since age 7, wrote her first song at age 14, and graduated from the "Fame" high school at age 16. Her first commercial offering sold 235,000 the first week and sold more than ten million worldwide. This was followed by several Top 40 hits and five Grammies. Her next CD, released 2003 sold 618,000 copies the first week and has, to date, sold over 7 million units worldwide as well as earned her four more Grammies. However, Alicia's first recordings were in 1997 when she had a song on the Men In Black soundtrack. In addition, she was featured on the soundtracks of both Shaft (2000) and Dr. Doolittle 2 (2001). Shakira – Possibly the most famous of these three, Shakira steamrolled us all in 2001 with "Whenever, Wherever", all hips and moaning. Her CD, Laundry Service, sold more than 13 million copies and spawned several top 40 hits. She has performed at numerous award shows (including singing "Dude looks like a lady" at MTV Icon in 2002. A curious choice, isn't it. Maybe she's trying to tell us something…) and has herself snagged a carload of awards both her and overseas. She is the highest selling Columbian artist of all time (unless cocaine export is considered an art) and is quite possibly one of the most influential Latin American artists ever. Of course, what hasn't been mentioned is that Shakira was already a smashing success before she reached our shores, releasing her first (failed) CD in 1991 followed by 3 more, the last which made her a household name in Latin America and Spain. The Verdict: All three of these women have been in commercials and award shows and have been well covered by the media (Michelle Branch, prolly less so). But none of them really fit the description of the story. I mean, all these women have recordings that pre-date 2001. Finding differences in the vocals between now and then would be so easy a New York Post reporter could uncover it. What's more, all these women make a habit of performing live and while this can be faked, I would be SHOCKED to find it had been. So, in conclusion, I have no idea. Problems: if this happened in another country, the UK for example, this is all for naught since they have different release schedules and stars altogether. Also, wherever the email came from other details might have been changed such as the year that this happened which would throw everything off. Again, I think it's a hoax. Bib: Allmusic.com, Wikipedia.org, Amazon.com


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it is useful and important to me to know if a theme supports modern mobile web browser. I find it hard to purchase if it does not display well on the ipad. but I am all open to specific category for that but the best thing I would like to have is one wordpress backend to control the mobile version and the desktop version..
Um guys… just to let you know that there IS a Mobile category both for Site templates and WordPress.
(Un)fortunately the iPad isn't really a mobile device. I mean, there is no need to design a smaller, more simple version of a website only for the iPad.
But, the browser has a few glitches which need to be addressed, to be 100% sure that the site looks the same on the iPad.
Locking old thread attracting spam


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« Tag Books |
| The New Catalogs are coming .... On Friday! »
Check out what came in my mail yesterday from Leslie!!!
She used # 120063 July Fourth acrylic mount stamp set from the Summer Mini catalog and the star punch in the Idea book and Catalog!
I just love it!
Thanks Leslie for making my day brighter!
Posted on June 23, 2010 at 12:29 PM in cards | Permalink
acrylic stamps, cardmaking, cardstock, crafting, fourth of july, friends, holidays, july, mail, paper, paper crafts, punch, punches, punching, rubber stamping, scrapbooking, stampin up, stars
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I also used new colors - Daffodil Delight and Cherry Cobbler. Aren't they fabulous?!!!!
Posted by:
Leslie |
June 23, 2010 at 04:34 PM
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how to determine rear end is Posi or not
Yes this is farmall1206 - and i was wondering if someone could help me!!!!
I have a Ford Rear end that has no tags or markings of any kind on it!!! Can you tell how tell for sure if it;s a Posi rear end and how to tell the gear ratio in it???
I got it in trade and the fellow told me it was a Posi but never told me gear ratio or anything
I'm looking to sell it so it would be good to know the above details!!!
Thank you
To the best of my knowledge ford never made a factory true "posi" rear end. It shoudl either be a limited slip or an open differential. All you have to do is get both sides off the ground and turn one side. If the other side goes in the same direction it is either a factory limited slip or possibly has a spool installed or the spider gears welded. if the other side turns the opposite direction it is an open differential or a limited slip with worn out clutches. As for the gear ratio, turn one wheel, one full round and count the number of times the pinion shaft (where the drive shaft bolt on) turns. That will get you close enough you can probably figure out what gear it is. Do you know what rear end it is? 8", 9", 8.7, 7.5, 8.8? post a picture that will prob help too. Also if the tag is missing someone has most likely been inside of the differential at some point and left it off. Hope this helps some. I'm sure someone more knowledgeable can give you something that makes more sense. Best of luck to you.
By the way welcome to the forum
Gear ratio check
There is only one way to know for sure what you have, and that is to remove the cover or remove the chunk, depending on which Ford rear end you have, and look inside. ALL OTHER METHODS ARE UNRELIABLE. You can spin the alxes all you want, but you can be easily fooled by this method. Worn clutches, galded shaft, bent axle tubes and other things can cause a false reading. The only way to know for sure is to look inside.
gear ratio
turn the drive shaft and count how many turns to get BOTH wheels to turn over one time OR how many turns to get ONE WHEEL to turn over TWO times then do the math
3 Attachment(s)
here are pictures of the ford rear end I have can you tell me maybe what it is for sure by the pictures???
Looks like a standard big bearing rear end from a truck. There is no way of knowing from the outside what gear ratio or differential is in it if you don't have the tag.
The term Posi refers to GM Positraction, so technically it was never installed on a a Ford. Gov Lock is also a GM-specific limited slip rear end.
Ford used Traction-Lok for most applications, and for a few cars you could order a Detroit Locker. I've owned cars with Traction Lok, but I don't know how it differs technically from Positraction. I'm sure you can find some articles out there on Traction Lok and then pull the cover and find out if that is what you have.
The Detroit Locker was very uncommon in Fords, and usually only available with 4.30 gear ratio for Mustangs and Torinos.
Actually Posi is what Eaton calls their clutch type limited slip differential that was used in the Chevy 8.2 10 bolt and 12 bolt in the '60s and early '70s. Eaton has a trade mark on the name Posi. The name was so popular that people started using it for all limited slip differentials, the way Asprin was used for pain killers and Roller Blade is used for inline skates. Governor Lock is also a Eaton differential that is used in GM trucks.
The 9 inch Ford Trac Lock is also a clutch type limited slip differential. Most of them have 4 pinion gears, but the early ones had 2 pinion gears. They use a clutch stack in the left side of the differential and a block with 4 small coil springs between the axle gears for preload. The clutch plates are lined with an organic friction material and are the same as the C4 transmission clutch plates, with the exception of the plate that goes against the clutch hub. The axle splines on the left side are split between the axle gear and the clutch hub. The differential cover on the left side is weak and is usually the first thing to fail. I've seen many of these that were broke by stock engines with automatic transmissions.
Carolina's method has worked for me for years at least in ballpark ,you can tell a 4.56 from a 3.00 mabey not a 308 /300 also early Fords mostly wagons were marked between the reinforcing ribs a large P or an N the n meant nodular iron,which is much stronger ,most but noy all marked with a p were limited slip,ddont know how yo id Detroit locker fron outside used in late sixties early 70s probably wont find one of these anyway also a 9 in you cannot get a socket an bottom bolt the others you can
Most, but not all 9 inch Ford nodular cases were marked with a N directly above the pinion. The P cases are not 9 inch Ford cases, but '55-'64 Chevy cases. The P cases were made with one of the braces inside deleted so that the limited slip differential would fit in them. These were used mostly in Corvettes, but also in the high performance full size Chevys from '55 to '64.
Ford put the gear ratio, differential type and ring gear size on the tag. If you had a 9 inch Ford with a 3.25 gear and the Trac Lock differentail the tag would say 3L.25 9 xxx on the bottom line. If there was no L in the gear ratio then it was a standard differential. If it was a 8 inch rear end instead of the 9 inch then it would have 8 instead of 9.
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Here is an example of the Chevy P case and the 9 inch Ford nodular case. This is a tag from a 9 inch Ford with a 3.50 gear and the Trac Lock differential.
thanks gear head hope i can remember what i THOUGHT i knew LOL
if there is no tag on my rearend how can i determine what gears i have without pulling the housing
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Green Remodeling: Make Your Home More Energy-Efficient
You can retrofit your current home for cheaper energy bills and a more beautiful, livable space — without having to move. Five energy experts and architects explain how to make your home more energy-efficient.
Prioritize your window renovations; sealing up existing windows is often a better option than installing new.
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Valedictory Speakers
Lopiccolo, Dustin
Thank you Dr. Jones for that humbling introduction. I would first like to acknowledge President Wright, Mayor Hannemann, fellow graduates, families and friends both here and to those who could not attend and to all those watching online. It is truly an honor to be selected for this prestigious distinction. Thank you all for finding the time to share in our moments of triumph and collective sighs of relief as we enter into a bright new future of possibilities at this 71st graduation ceremony of Hawai`i Pacific University.
In 2000, my bachelor's degree in Marine Biology from Hawai`i Pacific University immediately landed me a job as a Marine Research Technician at Oceanic Institute. Soon afterward, my undergraduate degree took me as far as I could go. In spring of 2007, with some firm encouragement from my wife Shanie, I returned to school to earn a Master's degree along side all of you. Years of long sleepless nights later we find all our hard work and effort culminating at this grand occasion. I don't want to dwell on the difficulties we underwent to achieve our degrees. Instead, I offer some thoughts when entering a technical career field.
Appreciate constructive criticism and learn from advice given by those with experience. Take the time to listen to others trying to help. It is very possible they are privy to information you are not aware of. Professional careers, trade secrets and even entire businesses are at risk by careless mistakes and abuse of privileged access. Be steadfast in your conviction to privacy and prove to your superiors that you have the fortitude to uphold and defend not only your position but the trust that others have confided in you. Finally, be willing to share your knowledge and experiences with others. Hording information only stifles advancement and ultimately builds walls, not bridges.
I am whole heartedly thankful for the encouragement of my friends the love of my family, and all of that and so much more from my beautiful wife Shanie. Without her determination and overwhelming support I would not be here today
In conclusion, as graduates, we have been given the means with which to plant our own success. It is now up to us to nurture those plants, because we shall undoubtedly reap what we sow. The futures that we create will be ones that make us, and those who believe in us, proud.
Congratulations Class of 2008 and may our skills lead success to find each of us. Goodnight and Thank you all once again.


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US Week in Review - Week ending 31 May 2012
The US Week in Review highlights this week's developments and emerging issues in the financial reporting world and gives you direct access to relevant technical accounting guidance and thought leadership produced by Ernst & Young.
Standard Setter updates
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)
FAF issues final report on PCC
The Financial Accounting Foundation issued its final report on its establishment of the Private Company Council (PCC) to improve the standard-setting process for private companies. The report describes the PCC's responsibilities and operating procedures, and includes background and key issues considered by the Trustees.
30 May 2012 FASB meeting
Technical corrections - The FASB discussed feedback received and agreed to certain changes to its proposal. The Board also agreed on transition guidance and effective dates for selected amendments.
Investment property entities - The FASB discussed the feedback received on its proposal. No decisions were made.
For additional details of the Board's discussions, see the FASB Action Alert.
Upcoming meetings and webcasts
6 June 2012 FASB meeting
The Board is scheduled to discuss the following projects:
- Impairment of indefinite-lived intangible assets
- Not-for-profit financial reporting: financial statements
- Definition of a nonpublic entity
- Revenue recognition
For additional details of the planned discussions, see the FASB calendar.
Education sessions
See the FASB calendar for upcoming education sessions. No decisions are made at these sessions.
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
SEC staff revises its nonpublic submission policy for foreign private issuers
The Division of Corporation Finance staff revised its policy for the nonpublic submission of initial registration statements by foreign private issuers (FPIs) to be consistent with its confidential submission policy for emerging growth companies (EGCs). The SEC staff has allowed certain FPIs and foreign governments to submit initial registration statements on a confidential basis. Under the old policy, draft registration statements, staff comments and issuer responses before the FPI's first public filing remained confidential.
The revised policy requires eligible FPIs to publicly file all nonpublic draft registration statements as exhibits to their first public registration statement. In addition, all SEC staff comments and FPI responses will be posted on EDGAR following completion of the registration process. The new policy applies to FPIs that submit initial drafts after 30 May 2012.
International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)
May 2012 IFRIC Update
The May IFRIC Update summarizes the IFRS Interpretations Committee meeting held in London on 15-16 May 2012. The following issues were discussed:
- Current agenda
- IFRS Interpretations Committee tentative agenda decisions
- Issues considered for Annual Improvements
- Post-implementation review - IFRS 8 Operating Segments
- IFRS Interpretations Committee work in progress
- Trustee's review of the efficiency and effectiveness of the IFRS Interpretations Committee
PAFA issues resolution to adopt IFRS
The Pan African Federation of Accountants (PAFA) General Assembly has issued a resolution to adopt IFRS and the IFRS for SMEs. The IASB acknowledges the resolution as a broad policy statement that requires action from the 39 constituent members of PAFA, which was established in May 2011 to accelerate the development of the accountancy profession in Africa. While some PAFA members have already adopted IFRS or are taking steps toward doing so, the Board hopes that the PAFA policy will encourage others to follow.
Upcoming Thought center webcasts and podcasts
The Ernst & Young Q2 2012 financial reporting update
Co-sponsored by Financial Executives International (FEI)
7 June 2012, 1:00 p.m. Eastern time
The lessons learned from year-end reporting
Hosted by Ernst & Young's Global IFRS Services
26 June 2012, 11:00 a.m. Eastern time


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Laws, Regulations & Annotations
Business Taxes Law Guide – Revision 2017
Hazardous Waste Fee Health and Safety Code
Article 9.1. Facilities and Generator Fees*
Section 25205.23
25205.23. Settlement. Notwithstanding Chapter 3 (commencing with Section 43151) of Part 22 of Division 2 of the Revenue and Taxation Code, at the request of any party contesting any fee imposed pursuant to this chapter or Chapter 6.8 (commencing with Section 25300), the department may hold an informal conference to attempt to settle the dispute. Upon the payment of any sum agreed upon between the contesting party and the department in settlement of the disputed fee liability, the liable person shall be released from any further liability for payment of the disputed fee.
* SEC. 29. It is the intent of the Legislature that any provision of Section 25205.2, 25205.17, 25205.21, or 25205.22 of the Health and Safety Code, as amended or added at the 1993 session of the 1993–94 Regular Session of the Legislature, that reduces or eliminates hazardous waste facility fees required to be paid under existing law, shall provide amnesty from those fees not yet paid for all persons who failed to pay the required fee under that law. It is the further intent of the Legislature that, except as otherwise provided in subdivision (f) of Section 25205.2 of the Health and Safety Code, those persons who paid the then applicable fees are not entitled to any refund of the fees paid.


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Have a Tax Question? Ask a Tax Expert
Thanks for using JustAnswer.com! I will do my best to provide you with a clear and concise answer to your tax question based on the information that you have provided.Since the 401K and all estate income appears to be required to be distributed to beneficiaries, the money would be reported as income on the 2012 1041 and deducted as part of the income distribution deduction. There would need to be a 2012 K-1 for form 1041 to each individual beneficiary reporting each individuals portion of the 401k. From my understanding of fiduciary returns, the timing of the actual distribution is not the issue for determining income on the K-1 and taxable income on the form 1041, the only factor that determines the income distribution deduction is whether the distributions are required by the trust document or the estate.If there are additional questions or concerns, please reply to this answer so that I may assist you further. If this answers your question, please rate my performance between OK and Excellent so that I may receive credit for my work.
I am struggling with the notion that each individual beneficiary will have income in 2012 even though the distribution does not take place until 2013. There are estate expenses in 2013 that will reduce the amount of funds available to be disbursed.
Does the estate have to claim the income distribution deduction?
Is this really considered income in 2012 to beneficiary or am I missing how this is represented on the k-1 to the beneficiary?
That was very helpful. I have a follow-on question, but here is some additional information that may have a bearing on your reply
The decedents estate does not have a will, nor a trust document. Under VA law the beneciaries are the "next closest relatives" and they receive equal shares of the estate.
The decedent also owned one other significant asset that is now part of the estate - a presonal residence that is in the process of being sold in 2013.
In summary, I am working on the assumption that decedents estate will pay income tax on the amounts received from the 401K in 2012 less any deductible estate expenses. These funds, when distributed to the heirs in 2013 will not be taxable to the heirs on their K1's. Can you tell me where on the K1 this distribution will appear. What line?
As for the house, will the decendent estate will assume a "stepped up basis" for the capital gain calculcation? If there is a gain, can the decendent estate elect to pay the income tax? Would this also result in a tax free distribution to the beneficiaries?
Thank you


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FLORENCE, S.C – Francis Marion University's Jazz Express will perform in concert, Thursday, April 6, with visiting artist Berke McKelvey.
The performance will begin at 8 p.m. in the McNair Science Building auditorium. Admission is free and open to the public.
The program will be selected from 10 numbers including "Have You Met Miss Jones," "Harlem Nocturne," "Fascinating Rhythm," and "Amazing Grace/Mercy, Mercy, Mercy."
The group is directed by FMU professor of music Craig Alberty.
McKelvey is currently an associate professor at Berklee College of Music in Boston. He teaches in the ear training department, harmony department, and the summer performance program. The latter includes the Berklee Saxophone Weekend, Guitar Sessions, World Percussion Festival, and the five-week Summer Performance Program.
McKelvey also maintains an active performing and conducting schedule in his home area on Cape Cod. He conducts the Barnstable Town Band, plays lead alto with the Cape Cod Conservatory Jazz Ensemble, plays tenor sax in Pocket Full of Soul (a local R&B band), and freelances in a variety of other musical settings. His most unusual regular chair is performing as laptop computer player in a free jazz group made up of Berklee faculty called Moksha.
He has performed with the Boston Pops Orchestra, Boston Opera Orchestra, St. Louis Symphony Orchestra, San Diego Symphony Orchestra, the Glenn Miller Orchestra, the Temptations, Gladys Knight and the Pips, and for Disneyland. Recordings include work for Buena Vista Records, Daybreak (RCA) and MCA/Curb. McKelvey has also recorded music for Sesame Street and Captain Kangaroo.
His formal study includes degrees from the Berklee College of Music, Principia College, and a Master of Arts degree from the University of California at San Diego.
Members of Jazz Express, by hometown, are:
Florence: John Propst (bass), Michael Griffin (drum set), Rod Brown (tenor saxophone)
Latta: Rachel Corbett (piano)
Sumter: Brian Bieger (guitar)
#160 / 3-29-06


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Can fresh fruits or vegetables be purchased with FFVP funds and prepared as part of a cooking demonstration and served to children in a slaw, salad or other dishes?
Fresh (not canned, frozen, dried or otherwise processed) vegetables that are cooked, must be limited to once-a-week and must always include a nutrition education lesson related to the prepared item. Schools may not claim any additional ingredients that are part of the cooked fresh vegetable dish that are not a fresh fruit or vegetable.
FAQ Category:


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This property has been removed by the agent. It may be sold or temporarily removed from the market
4 bedroom mews house for saleCullen at Oakwood, Bluebell Walk, Cumbernauld, G67
From £189,995
Property Description
Key features
- master bedroom en-suite
- integral garage
- cloaks
- Integral Single Garage
Full description
This charming home with its inviting frontage makes it clear that this is a wonderful family home, reinforced by its clever use of space to create attractive, functional rooms. The ground floor boasts a hallway leading to a lounge complete with French doors that help integrate the garden with the interior. Continuing onto the first floor are three bedrooms and a bathroom.
Please note: elevational treatments may vary
Parking - Single Garage
Room Dimensions
- lounge - 4.7 x 5.1 metre
- kitchen - 2.65 x 2.82 metre
- cloaks - .86 x 2.24 metre
- bedroom 4 - 2.32 x 2.62 metre
- bedroom 2 - 3.05 x 4.09 metre
- bedroom 3 - 2.44 x 3.7 metre
- bathroom - 1.99 x 2.22 metre
- master bedroom - 3.37 x 5.85 metre
- en suite - 1.78 x 1.92 metre
More information from this developer
To view this media, please visit the on-line version of this page at www.rightmove.co.uk/new-homes-for-sale/property-22563783.html
Listing History
Map & Street View
View in fullscreenView in fullscreen
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Market Info
Disclaimer - Property reference 8058400000002_4_22_101178. The information displayed about this property comprises a property advertisement. Rightmove.co.uk makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of the advertisement or any linked or associated information, and Rightmove has no control over the content. This property advertisement does not constitute property particulars. The information is provided and maintained by Miller Homes Scotland West. Please contact the selling agent or developer directly to obtain any information which may be available under the terms of The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 or the Home Report if in relation to a residential property in Scotland.
Map data ©OpenStreetMap contributors.


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A picnic in the park takes on a whole new meaning when more than 30 food vendors occupy Worth Square for this month-long pop-up market. New eats include Southern curry chicken wings from Pig & Khao and rock-shrimp burgers from L&W Oyster Co., while veteran vendors like Roberta's, Red Hook Lobster Pound and Macaron Parlour will be back with their tried-and-true favorites.
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Contact us 24/7: +1 877 678 9627
View product details
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- - Italian sizing
- - Small to size, take the next full size up
Heel measures approximately 125mm/ 5 inches with a 25mm/ 1 inch concealed platform. In a soft shade of antique-rose, Brian Atwood's 'Maniac' pumps are a refreshing and refined choice for around-the-clock style. The glossy patent-leather and minimalist design will add perennial polish to any look. Master modern elegance and slip them on with everything from boardroom basics to party-time favorites.
Small to size. See Size & Fit tab.
Shown here with: J.W.Anderson top, Etro bracelet, Oscar de la Renta ring, Diane von Furstenberg skirt, Marc Jacobs clutch.
- - Heel measures approximately 125mm/ 5 inches with a 25mm/ 1 inch concealed platform
- - Antique-rose patent-leather
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I am not being smart when I say this, but I honestly think the man is retarded. He needs a dictonary too.
This is a discussion on Jesse Jackson joins the anti crowd! within the The Second Amendment & Gun Legislation Discussion forums, part of the Related Topics category; http://www.greenvilleonline.com/apps...=2007707260337 Yep. Ol' Jesse has joined the anti crowd to get some publicity. If anyone has had the "honor" of hearing this man speak, they ...
Yep. Ol' Jesse has joined the anti crowd to get some publicity.
If anyone has had the "honor" of hearing this man speak, they know what I mean when I say this. Like other grand standers, this one can talk around and around a subject without ever getting to the meat of the matter. He even contradicts himself.
Now, he thinks that terrorist are buying assault weapons in legal gun stores, and he wants to picket the gun stores. Semi automatics are getting attention too, because "we have no defense from semi automatic weapons at home." I don't know about you guys, but my protection sits strong side hip. He hasn't been in the news lately, so I guess he needs some camera time.
I am not being smart when I say this, but I honestly think the man is retarded. He needs a dictonary too.
"Just blame Sixto"
I reserve the right to make fun, point and laugh etc.
Rev. Riot is always there to stir things up...but he never solves real problems...
Proverbs 27:12 says: The prudent see danger and take refuge, but the simple keep going and suffer for it.
Certified Glock Armorer
NRA Life Member
Guess you missed the whole Chuck's Guns fiasco with Jackson and Pfleger.
"When a man attempts to deal with me by force, I answer himby force.
"... No, I do not share his evil or sink to his concept of morality: I merely grant him his choice, destruction, the only destruction he had the right to choose: his own." -John Galt, Atlas Shrugged
He has always been the back half of a very flatulent horse.
"If we loose Freedom here, there's no place to escape to. This is the Last Place on Earth!" Ronald Reagan
On THR they have proposed a Buy a Gun day on that day.
And it's even my day off. Gonna start counting my pennies!
Jackson joins the anti crowd? Didn't know he was anything else. If it walks, talks and smells like a duck ...Well, they would, if they'd simply realize that arming one's self is the first step to redemption, in this regard. Got risk of guns being used against you and the tooth fairie not granting your wishes? Get a gun and learn how to competently use it in your own defense. Then you'll have defense from a gun, semi-auto or otherwise, at home or otherwise.[Jackson] "we have no defense from semi automatic weapons at home."
Whatever else you do, Jackson et al, taking away my ability to defend myself against those guns won't help you be better prepared against the same criminals with guns. It'll only mean I'm in the same pile of cow dung as you, with little ability to defend myself. That is the full result of such disarmament desires by those who don't think through the ramifications. Disarming me won't protect you, 'cause I'm not the one gunnin' for you.
Your best weapon is your brain. Don't leave home without it.
Thoughts: Justifiable self defense (A.O.J.).
Explain: How does disarming victims reduce the number of victims?
Reason over Force: Why the Gun is Civilization (Marko Kloos).
You knoooooow... I've an ex whom I care deeply about living in the Greenville/Spartanburg area, who is for the use of firearms for personal defense, though does not currently have one for herself. I'll be selfish for a moment and suggest that it would be in Mister Jackson's best interest that she not be harmed as a result of those barring access to gun shops.
I hope Greenville residents feel the same way I do. Judging by the folks I know there, many will. Laid back town, but a strong cultural tie to firearms and taking care of one's own down (up?) there.
I still won't refer to him as "Reverend" until he legitimately earns the title. As I recall, he was kicked out of "priest school" (or dropped out, as it were) and was later given the title when he started gaining notoriety. Not legitimate in my books.
there are only two things that get that man excited and that is him being in the newspaper and money and the two normally go hand in hand. i will have to add that he does like to hear himself talk though. i also agree that he has no right to call himself a rev. number one he does not work for ANY church but the church of MONEY and number 2 he is only looking our for number 1!
He is nothing more than a panhandler and a gas bag. He must have figured he can somehow strong arm and blackmail yet another group to make a "contribution" to his rainbow coalition scam. I'd bet his personal security staff was packing semi autos. He makes rhymes, not sense.
"we have no defense from semi automatic weapons at home."
If that's not empty, meaningless grandstanding, then nothing is.
It's a swipe at the evil semi-automatics, because they're the unpopular item of the day at this point.
Does he mean that we have plenty of defense against pump shotguns, high-powered revolvers, et al.? I guess so!


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Turkish taekwondo athlete dies after heart attackAP , Associated Press
Feb. 16, 2014 8:54 AM ET
ANKARA, Turkey (AP) — An official says a 21-year-old Turkish taekwondo athlete has died after suffering a heart attack during a tournament in Luxor, Egypt.
Turkish Taekwondo Federation official Ramazan Ercin said Seyithan Akbalik collapsed while competing against a Slovenian athlete on Saturday.
Ercin said Akbalik was taken to the hospital where he died.
Akbalik was taking part in the men's 63-kilogram category at the Luxor Open, where Ercin said athletes hoped to earn points to qualify for the 2016 Rio Olympics. He was one of 13 Turkish athletes taking part.
Ercin told Turkey's state-run Anadolu Agency: "Seyithan was a successful athlete who was a youth European champion. We are very saddened."
© The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. Learn more about our Privacy Policy and Terms of Use.


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Sen. Graham Threatens to Block Obama's CIA Pick for Benghazi Answers
In a statement released Tuesday, Sen. Lindsey Graham (R-SC) telegraphed that he would delay the confirmation of President Barack Obama's CIA nominee John Brennan if the White House fails to answer questions about the Benghazi attacks.
"I do not believe we should confirm anyone as Director of the CIA until our questions are answered," he declared.
Mr. Graham said that any effort on his part to delay the confirmation process was not directed at Mr. Brennan but rather was meant to get to the bottom of intelligence failures involved in the Benghazi fiasco.
Senate rules allow any United States senator to block a potential nominee from proceeding to the Senate floor by placing a hold on the nomination.
Read more from this story HERE.


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|This page gives you links to find out timetables and fares for buses (to Oxford/Witney, London, airports, and elsewhere), trains (including Oxford Station departure board live), taxis, car hire, and ideas on nearby places to visit.
the S1 bus to Oxford and Witney
|The S1 bus (until 2009 the 100 bus) is the main connection to the rest of the world (Oxford and Witney in the first instance). It runs at roughly 15-minute intervals during the day, half-hourly in the evenings, and every 10 mins in rush hours. Once in Oxford it has its own bus-lane and bus-controlled traffic lights. At the Church stops there are Timing Boards which tell you how long till the next bus (see right- often (maybe usually) it shows the number of minutes you have to wait till the next bus).
Eynsham is lucky to have a bus-service like this - although the timings are often erratic and the prices are rather high.
Visitors and occasional users are advised to sit in the front row on the top deck - to get the most out of the startling roller-coaster ride through the English countryside between Eynsham and Oxford..
The S1 bus timetables - click View Timetable - you need Adobe Acrobat to be able to view it. If you haven't got Adobe Acrobat already, you can download it for free.
Other buses serving Eynsham
Stagecoach also run 2 other services through the village, and one along the A40:
11 Oxford to Witney - via Eynsham, Long Hanborough, Freeland and Northleigh
18 Oxford to Witney - via Eynsham, Stanton Harcourt, Standlake, Bampton
S2 - Oxford to Carterton - via Woodstock Road, A40 (not village)
Click here to see timetables - then put relevant number in Service No box
Click here to see map of bus routes through village - scroll down and click Bus Routes
|National Rail Enquiries - travel planner - type in your start-point and end-point, and your time of travel - and the planner will give you a selection of times - with any relevant train company.
You can also book a ticket online from this site - tickets bought 2 or 3 weeks in advance are significantly cheaper.
Virgin Trains - timetables, fares, promotions, etc
There is also the Oxford station departure board, live
BBC Oxford runs an Incidents page, where can find out if there have been railway "incidents".
Enquiries: 24 hours 08457 48 49 50
other buses
|SP Buses - 45 Spareacre Lane, Eynsham 880 518
to London
Oxford Tube - times and fares
Oxford Bus Co (X90) - times and fares
to Heathrow and Gatwick
The Airline - time and fares
other buses
MJ Taxis- 01993 800 999 - really good
Griffin Taxis 07593 104 611 - specialists for Eynsham
Radio Taxis - 242 424
Green Light Executive Cars Ltd - 07000 745 745
Damo's Taxis - 01993 703 322
round and about Eynsham - houses and villages near Eynsham that are worth a visit


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I am one day post-injections. I made sure to go to a reputable plastic surgeon who was experienced in these specific types of injections.
He used numbing cream under the eyes. The injections to the left eye were bearable. For whatever reason, the right eye hurt more, and I had more swelling there. However, I was immediately happy with the results. I thought I may have to wear my glasses to work today to hide any bruising or swelling, but I'm here in my contacts. There are a few small spots where injections were made and minor swelling, more under the right eye than left. No bruising. Before and after pictures show a hughe difference. I am 35.
Also have had Juvederm twice previously. First time was lips only, very pleased. Second time was nasolabial folds and lips, great results again. Juvederm lasts for a long time with me, over a year.


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Just like a car or the human body, a computer cannot run efficiently without proper care. Unfortunately, most people do not consider the computer to be a vital part and they run into problems such as viruses, intrusive spyware, or attacks from malicious hackers. Not protecting a computer also decreases its life expectancy, resulting in costly repairs, a malfunctioning PC, and even unexpected death.
This is why protecting your PC, either through registry cleanup, Anti-Spyware, Anti Virus, Spam Filter etc increases the performance and life of your computer.
Maybe you are the parent of a Myspace child. Perhaps you are a business professional, or someone who loves playing games on the internet. You might use your computer for organizing sensitive financial information, such as bank account information. No matter how you use it, each activity steadily exposes your risk & decreases the performance and safety of your computer.
Quick PC Solutions Will Just Help You Achieve That !
Feel free to browse through our list of recommended products, each providing solutions to unique computer problems. Also as an FYI, read important Tips and articles on various software and hardware subjects. This information have been compiled by a list of Computer Science Grads getting their Masters Degree. So you know, what they know - just put together in simple terms.
As an added resource, please check our Blog for daily commentary on PC Performance and solutions. We have also included a section for News to publish Newsworthy information.
This is a site truly dedicated to helping you. If you have any recommendations, please do not hesitate to contact us.


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A giant octopus and pool of lotus blossoms are bursting from an alley in a Tacoma neighborhood.
Come see the scene for yourself at the dedication of a new mural at 9:30 a.m. Sunday, Sept. 29, at the Tacoma Buddhist Temple. The artwork is on the temple's rear wall on Court D near 27th Street, three blocks up from the University of Washington Tacoma campus.
Artist Chelsea O'Sullivan has created a magical scene incorporating aquatic, Asian and Buddhist themes. A cherry blossom tree stretches its arms over a serene body of water, where lotus blossoms float and grace the tips of an octopus's tentatcles. The lotus petals glow, casting a soft light on a girl at the water's edge.
The mural is part of the Tacoma Murals Project sponsored by the City of Tacoma.
What: Dedication of mural in the Tacoma Murals Project When: Sunday, Sept. 29, 9:30 to 10 a.m. Where: Tacoma Buddhist Temple, 1717 S. Fawcett Ave., Tacoma, WA, 98402.


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The familiar pre-match schedule on Arsenal TV has returned to the Club's official website, giving Arsenal fans a very good reason to stay in on Friday evenings.
But if you missed our live shows, you don't have to miss out. Arsenal Live, the Spotlight interview and the Fans' Forum are all available 'on demand' on Arsenal TV Online from 11pm (UK time) on Fridays.
Take a look at what you missed - and catch up now:
with Dan Roebuck, Stewart Robson and Nigel Winterburn
7pm (UK time)
The evening kicks off at 7pm (UK time) with Arsenal Live. Dan, Stewart and Paul will reflect on the West Ham and Liverpool games and look ahead to the North London derby as well as the Champions League match against AZ Alkmaar. You can expect exclusive interviews with Arsène Wenger and stars from the Gunners first-team, plus your chance to those Tottenham tickets!.
featuring Andrey Arshavin
8pm (UK time)
Our popular 'Spotlight' series is back this season. These wide-ranging interviews give Arsenal's fans a chance to get to know the players they cheer on week-in, week-out. Most interviews focus on what's been happening on the pitch. Our 'Spotlight' interviews help you find out more about the players' lives off the pitch too.
with Dan Roebuck, Shovell and Jeremy Wilson (Daily Telegraph)
8:15pm to 10pm (UK time)
Hosted by Dan Roebuck, the Fans' Forum does exactly what you'd expect. It's your chance to speak your mind about Arsenal and speak directly to Shovell and Daily Telegraph reporter Jeremy Wilson. Don't just watch - get in touch too. There are three ways to contact our panel: CALL +44 (0) 207 359 0999, TEXT ATV to 60600 or E-MAIL firstname.lastname@example.com. Can we win a trophy? Should we buy a player? Who deserves a first-team chance? Have your say on the Fans' Forum.
Friday night is most certainly back! Don't miss it on Arsenal TV Online.
Copyright 2017 The Arsenal Football Club plc. Permission to use quotations from this article is granted subject to appropriate credit being given to www.arsenal.com as the source


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CANADA FX-C$ retreats after lower-than-expected factory sales data
TORONTO, Jan 20 (Reuters) - The Canadian dollar weakened to a session low against its U.S. counterpart on Tuesday after Canadian factory sales data fell 1.4 percent in November, double the expected decline. The Canadian dollar touched C$1.2022 to the greenback, or 83.18 U.S. cents, more than half a cent weaker than Monday's finish at C$1.1947, or 83.70 U.S. cents. (Reporting by Solarina Ho)
© Thomson Reuters 2017 All rights reserved.


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I'd like it if gun companies started going after each other and calling each other out in ads like car companies have been doing for years. The competition would probably get us newer/better/different designs.
BMW and Audi always seem to come out with the funniest jabs at each other:
Freelance.tv - FOR SALE: Advertisement War: BMW started it, Audi answered...Bentley chairman had final say.
Billboards War: BMW vs. Audi