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Focus on Economic Data: U.S. Employment and the Unemployment Rate, September 2, 2011
This lesson focuses on the September 2, 2011, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Employment Situation" announcement of employment data and the unemployment rate for the month of August, 2011. This lesson introduces the basic concepts of the BLS employment and unemployment data. The meaning and importance of the data are discussed. Assessment exercises are included for reinforcing knowledge of the concepts.
Business Cycles, Full Employment, Labor Force, Macroeconomic Indicators, Types of Unemployment, Unemployment, Unemployment Rate
- Review the most recently reported U.S. employment and unemployment data.
- Determine the changes in U.S. employment and unemployment from the past month and year.
- Determine the factors that have influenced the change in the U.S. unemployment rate.
- Explain the implications of the employment and unemployment data for individuals, population groups, and the U.S. economy.
Current Key Economic Indicatorsas of November 30, -0001
Each month, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) releases data from the monthly "Household Survey" conducted by the Bureau of the Census, providing a comprehensive body of information on the employment and unemployment experience of the U.S. population, classified by age, sex, race, and a variety of other characteristics.
The BLS also conducts the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program, surveying about 150,000 businesses and government agencies, representing approximately 390,000 individual work sites, in order to provide detailed industry data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls.
The BLS compiles information from these sources and announces the monthly "Employment Situation," reporting the current U.S. employment and unemployment data estimates. The monthly announcement reports employment data from the previous full month.
This lesson is about the September 2, 2011, BLS announcement, "Employment Situation: August 2011 ." This lesson will introduce the basic concepts and data for employment and unemployment.
"Employment and Unemployment Rate" Focus on Economic Data Lesson Schedule
During the first half of the 2011-2012 school year, (September-December), EconEdLink will publish four Focus on Economic Data lessons on employment and the unemployment rate. During this time period, the lessons will begin with the 'basics' in September (this lesson) and progressively focus more on complex data, issues and comparisons. All monthly Focuses on Economic Data will include the current data and significant recent changes.
- September: employment and unemployment data basics. What is employment? What is the unemployment rate? How are they measured? What is the current data? What do they mean?
- October: details and issues about the measurement and meaning of employment and unemployment, adding concepts such as underemployment, full employment, etc.
- November: detailed breakdown of the data by region and industry (trends, identifying trends and comparisons of regions and demographic groups
- December: the relationships of employment and unemployment data to other economic data, such as GDP, CPI, etc., and the business cycle.
For additional information about the Employment and Unemployment data announcements, teachers should visit these BLS sites:
- Bureau of Labor Statistics: The Current Population Survey (CPS): This site contains a monthly survey of households conducted by the Bureau of Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. It provides a comprehensive body of data on the: labor force, employment, unemployment and persons not in the labor force. www.bls.gov/cps/
- Bureau of Labor Statistics Pages: These BLS pages provide additional information related to Employment and the Unemployment Rate.
- Fact Sheet on Seasonal Adjustment in the CPI, http://www.bls.gov/cpi/cpisaqanda.htm
- Labor and Productivity Costs: This BLS site provides full historical annual and quarterly measures of labor productivity and costs in the U.S. www.bls.gov/lpc/
- August 30, 2011 Productivity and Costs Report: The following links provide productivity and cost reports for a number of economic sectors in the U.S. http://www.bls.gov/news.release/prin1.nr0.htm
- Historical Changes in Employment: This BLS site provides employment percentages dating back to 1939. http://data.bls.gov/PDQ/servlet/SurveyOutputServlet?data_tool=latest_numbers&series_id=CES0000000001&output_view=net_1mth
- Historical Unemployment Rate: This BLS site provides unemployment data dating back to 1948. http://data.bls.gov/PDQ/servlet/SurveyOutputServlet?data_tool=latest_numbers&series_id=LNS14000000
- Ranks of Discouraged Workers and Others Marginally Attached to the Labor Force Rise During Recession: This report addressed the long-standing issue of the importance of including discouraged and marginally attached workers in determining the real level of unemployment. www.bls.gov/opub/ils/pdf/opbils74.pdf
- BLS, Employment and Unemployment FAQs.http://www.bls.gov/cps/#faq
Key Economic Indicatorsas of September 2, 2011
On a seasonally adjusted basis, the CPI-U increased 0.5 percent in July after falling 0.2 percent in June. The index for all items less food and energy rose 0.2 percent in July after increasing 0.3 percent in June.
Employment and Unemployment
Nonfarm payroll employment was unchanged (0) in August, and the unemployment rate held at 9.1 percent. Employment in most major industries changed little over the month.
Real GDP
U.S. real gross domestic product increased at an annual rate of 1.0 percent in the second quarter of 2011, (that is, from the first quarter to the second quarter. In the first quarter, real GDP increased 0.4 percent.
Federal Reserve
To promote the ongoing economic recovery and to help ensure that inflation, over time, is at levels consistent with its mandate, the Committee (FOMC) decided today to keep the target range for the federal funds rate at 0 to 1/4 percent. The Committee currently anticipates that economic conditions--including low rates of resource utilization and a subdued outlook for inflation over the medium run--are likely to warrant exceptionally low levels for the federal funds rate at least through mid-2013.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics "Employment Situation" news release for the month of August, 2011, was far more negative than most of the experts' predictions and reinforced the consensus that the U.S. economic recovery is sputtering at best. The U.S. economy created no net new jobs in August.
The New York Times cited "a prolonged increase in economic anxiety in August that began with the brinksmanship in Washington's debt-ceiling debate, followed by the country's loss of its triple-A credit rating, stock market whiplash and renewed concerns about Europe's sovereign debt" as contributors to the poor economic performance. (DeWan, Shaila, "Job Growth at Halt in U.S.; Worst Showing in 11 Months, NYTimes.Com, September 2, 2011)
The Employment Situation – August 2011
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Released: September 2, 2011
"Nonfarm payroll employment was unchanged (0) in August, and the unemployment rate held at 9.1percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Employment in most major industries changed little over the month. Health care continued to add jobs, and a decline in information employment reflected a strike. Government employment continued to trend down, despite the return of workers from a three week partial government shutdown in Minnesota."
According to the BLS report, total private employment increased by 17,000 jobs, but government payrolls decreased by 17,000 jobs, resulting in a net change of zero. The report did mention two significant events in August that impacted the overall numbers – the 45,000 Verizon Communications workers who were on strike in August (now over) and the end of the three week partial government shutdown in Minnesota. The Minnesota government employees returned to work by August, and the Verizon employees will be back at work in September. These are good examples that tell us to look closer at the numbers to understand the real story.
Household Survey Data - Unemployment
"The number of unemployed persons, at 14.0 million, was essentially unchanged in August, and the unemployment rate held at 9.1 percent. The rate has shown little change since April." See Table A-1 for details. But, as usual, the burden of unemployment was not evenly distributed among demographic groups or around the nation.
Unemployment Rates by Demographic Group,
|Adult Men
|Adult women
|*See Tables A-1, A-2, and A-3 for details.
Unemployment by Educational Attainment
|Total, 25 years and over
|Bachelor's degree and higher
|Some college and associate degree
|High school graduates, no college
|Less than a high school diploma
BLS data tells us that "education pays" in more than one way. Those with higher educational attainment typically earn higher incomes and they are less likely to be unemployed. For more information on the relationship between educational attainment, median income, and unemployment rates, see the BLS "Education Pays" webpage, http://www.bls.gov/emp/ep_chart_001.htm.
Discussion Question: Does education pay?
Key Labor Market Data, August, 2011
"The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks and over) was about unchanged at 6.0 million in August and accounted for 42.9 percent of the unemployed." See Table A-12 for details. The length of joblessness for the long-term unemployed did not increase in August.
"The labor force rose to 153.6 million in August. Both the civilian labor force participation rate, at 64.0 percent, and the employment-population ratio, at 58.2 percent, were little changed." See Table A-1 for details. The size of the labor force increased by 200,000 in August.
The size of the labor force is a key factor when looking at the numbers. If the labor force grows and the number of unemployed stays the same, the unemployment rate decreases. If a few more people are unemployed and the labor force shrinks, the unemployment rate can increase much more. There have been months when fewer people have been unemployed and the unemployment rate increased because more entered the workforce.
"The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons (sometimes referred to as involuntary part-time workers) rose from 8.4 million to 8.8 million in August. These individuals were working part time because their hours had been cut back or because they were unable to find a full-time job." See Table A-8 for details." 400,000 more people who wanted full-time work were working part-time in August. Those working part-time are counted as employed and their loss of income is not reflected in the unemployment data. So-called "underemployment" - people working part-time or people working in jobs that do not fully utilized their skills(with lower pay) is not reflected in the unemployment rate but can be a significant burden for some who are counted as "employed."
"About 2.6 million persons were marginally attached to the labor force in August, up from 2.4 million a year earlier. (The data are not seasonally adjusted.) These individuals were not in the labor force, wanted and were available for work, and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months. They were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey." See Table A-16 for details. Many of these people may have just given-up looking for jobs because they did not think they would find one. If their numbers were added to the number of unemployed, the total of unemployed would be 16.6 million.
If 16.6 million people had been counted as unemployed in August, what would the unemployment rate have been? (16,600,000 divided by 153,594,000 equals .108 or 10.8 percent.)
"Among the marginally attached, there were 977,000 discouraged workers in August, down by 133,000 from a year earlier. (The data are not seasonally adjusted.) Discouraged workers are persons not currently looking for work because they believe no jobs are available for them. The remaining 1.6 million persons marginally attached to the labor force in August had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey for reasons such as school attendance or family responsibilities." See Table A-16 for details. Apparently, some of the discouraged workers have begun looking for work. Is this a positive sign that they think they will find work or is it that they have been out of work so long, they are in more dire need of income?
Establishment Survey Data - Employment
"Total nonfarm payroll employment, at 131.1 million, was unchanged (0) in August. Employment changed little in most major private-sector industries." See Table B-1 for details. Again, total private employment increased by 17,000 jobs, but government payrolls decreased by 17,000 jobs in August.
Employment Data by Industry Group, August, 2011
As usual, in August, there was growth in some industries and lob losses in others. The monthly changes in selected major industry groups are listed below.
|Industry Group
Job Growth/Loss
August 2011
|Education and Health Services
|Professional and Business Services
|Mining and Logging
|Financial Activities
|Leisure and Hospitality
|Wholesale Trade
|Retail Trade
|Information Industry
|*Verizon communications strike, -45,000
Workweek Data
The length of the average workweek or the amount that employees work overtime can be an indicator of economic growth or decline. As things get better, employers may choose to pay more overtime rather than fully commit to hiring more full-time workers. An increase in the average workweek is usually a positive sign. In August, the average workweek declined. In manufacturing, the amount of overtime increased.
"The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 hour over the month to 34.2 hours. The manufacturing workweek was 40.3 hours for the third consecutive month; factory overtime increased by 0.1 hour over the month to 3.2 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged down to 33.5 hours in August, after holding at 33.6 hours for the prior 6 months." See Tables B-2 and B-7 for details.
Average Hourly Earnings
"In August, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls decreased by 3 cents, or 0.1 percent, to $23.09. This decline followed an 11-cent gain in July. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 1.9 percent. In August, average hourly earnings of private sector production and nonsupervisory employees decreased by 2 cents, or 0.1 percent, to $19.47.See Tables B-3 and B-8 for details.
Revisions of the June and July 2011 Employment Estimates
To add to the bad news, the BLS revised the non-farm employment estimates for the past two months to show 58,000 jobs fewer jobs than previously reported. "The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for June was revised from +46,000 to +20,000, and the change for July was revised from +117,000 to +85,000."
Key Employment and Unemployment Terms
What is the unemployment rate?
The unemployment rate is the number unemployed persons as a percent of the labor force. For instance, if there are one million people in a nation's labor force and 100,000 of them are unemployed, the nation's unemployment rate is 10 percent. 100,000 divided by 1,000,000 is .10 - expressed as 10 percent.
The U.S. unemployment rate in August, 2011, was 9.1 percent, the same as the previous month, July, 2011. Figure 1, below, shows the recent history of the U.S. unemployment rate since 1990. Note the periods of increases and decreases that correspond with the business cycles. The higher levels of unemployment begriming in December 2007 and reaching over 10 percent in 2009 represent the most recent recession.
[Teacher Note: Help your students identify pattern of the "business cycles" in Figure 1. Remember, the business cycles consist of periods of growth, peak, decline and trough. You may see the patterns of the cycles in the employment and the real GDP growth figures in the EconEdLink lessons. For more about business cycles, go to the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) webpage: http://www.nber.org/cycles.html .]
Who is counted as unemployed?
According to the BLS web site glossary, the unemployed are, "Persons aged 16 years and older who had no employment during the reference week, were available for work, except for temporary illness, and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed."
The two pieces of data used to determine the unemployment rate are the number of unemployed as determined through the BLS Current Population Survey and the size of the labor force.
What is the labor force?
According to the BLS glossary, the labor force includes "all persons classified as employed or unemployed..."
Who are the "employed"?
According to the BLS Glossary, employed persons are "persons 16 years and over in the civilian non-institutional population who, during the reference week, (a) did any work at all (at least 1 hour) as paid employees; worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm, or worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in an enterprise operated by a member of the family; and (b) all those who were not working but who had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent because of vacation, illness, bad weather, childcare problems, maternity or paternity leave, labor-management dispute, job training, or other family or personal reasons, whether or not they were paid for the time off or were seeking other jobs."
Note: if you worked just one hour for pay during the survey week, you were "employed."
[Teacher Note: Ask your students: Is one hour of paid work in a week meaningful employment? Should someone who works for, say, just five hours in a week be counted as fully "employed"?]
Discussion Question: What about a person who has given-up looking for a job? Is that person "unemployed." The BLS definition says no. What do you think?
What is payroll employment?
"Employment is the total number of persons on establishment payrolls employed full or part time who received pay for any part of the pay period which includes the 12th day of the month. Temporary and intermittent employees are included, as are any workers who are on paid sick leave, on paid holiday, or who work during only part of the specified pay period. A striking worker who only works a small portion of the survey period, and is paid, would be included as employed under the CES definitions. Persons on the payroll of more than one establishment are counted in each establishment. Data exclude proprietors, self-employed, unpaid family or volunteer workers, farm workers, and domestic workers. Persons on layoff the entire pay period, on leave without pay, on strike for the entire period or who have not yet reported for work are not counted as employed. Government employment covers only civilian workers."
Counting the number of jobs, workers, or employment is sometimes difficult. Some people have multiple jobs. Some people are not legally working. Some people are not paid, but do contribute to the nation's output of goods and services. Why aren't the owners of small businesses counted in the number of employed?
Discussion Question: What do you think is a good definition of "employment."
Types of Unemployment BLS Definitions)
There are generally three types of unemployment typically identified by economists, each of which describes the particular circumstances of the individual and their employment situation.
Frictional unemployment is temporary unemployment arising from the normal job search process. Frictional unemployment helps the economy function more efficiently as it simply refers to those people who are seeking better or more convenient jobs and those who are graduating and just entering the job market. Some frictional unemployment will always exist in any economy.
Structural unemployment is the result of changes in the economy caused by technological progress and changes in the demand for goods and services. Structural changes eliminate some jobs in certain sectors of the economy and create new jobs in faster growing areas. Persons who are structurally unemployed do not have appropriate job skills and may face prolonged periods of unemployment, as they must often be retrained or relocate in order to find employment.
- Cyclical unemployment is unemployment caused by a drop in economic activity. This type of unemployment can hit many different industries and is caused by a general downturn in the business cycle. Lower demand for goods and services reduces the demand for workers. Much of the increase in unemployment in 2008 was cyclical as a result of the economic downturn and recession.
The BLS publishes monthly data on "Unemployed Persons by Reason for Unemployment" as part of the Employment Situation report (Table A-11). This data does not distinguish between the "types" of unemployment listed above. Take a look: http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.t11.htm
At the levels of unemployment that economists consider to be the lowest possible sustainable levels (discussed below), the only unemployment that exists is due to friction in labor markets and structural changes in the economy.
Full Employment
Economists define the approximate unemployment rate that is 'full employment'. If unemployment falls to a very low rate, there will be upward pressure on prices. If unemployment rises to a very high rate, there will downward pressure on prices or prices will remain steady. In the middle is a level, or more likely a range, where there is not pressure on wages to rise or fall. That is the full employment rate of unemployment.
Economists do not agree or know for certain what that rate is and it does change over time. A consensus estimate is that the full employment rate of unemployment is currently between 4.5 and 5.0 percent of the labor force being unemployed.
[Teacher Note: For more information, see the BLS employment and unemployment FAQs. ' ]
Discussion Question: Between 2008 and 2010 federal laws extended eligibility for unemployment compensation for up to 99 weeks in states with persistently high unemployment rates. Some argue that longer eligibility for unemployment compensation may, in fact, discourage people from seriously seeking employment. Do you agree or disagree?
[TEACHER NOTE: There is no "correct" answer for the underlying question. Students should be able to reason that receiving compensation while unemployed may be a disincentive to work. Others may argue that since the compensation is usually much smaller than typical rates of pay, people will seek employment.]
What About Part-time Workers?
According to the BLS, part-time "refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week." These people are counted in the labor market as employed.
Some people work part-time for economic reasons, "those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand."
Some people worked part-time for noneconomic reasons, "such as "persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons."
Persons Not in the Labor Force
In August, 2011, about 86 million people in the United States were "not in the labor force," not employed or unemployed. Who were they?
The BLS explains: "Labor force measures are based on the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years old and over. Excluded are persons under 16 years of age, all persons confined to institutions such as nursing homes and prisons, and persons on active duty in the Armed Forces. As mentioned previously, the labor force is made up of the employed and the unemployed. The remainder—those who have no job and are not looking for one—are counted as "not in the labor force." Many who are not in the labor force are going to school or are retired. Family responsibilities keep others out of the labor force."
- Those under age 16 are not in the labor force.
- Those who are retired and not working are not in the labor force.
- Those in the military are not in the labor force.
- Those who are institutionalized (incarceration or hospitalized) are not in the labor force.
- Those who have not sought work in 4 weeks are not in the labor force.
- Those who simply do not have to or want to work are not in the labor force.
For answers to some common questions about labor market data, such as "Who is not in the labor force?" go to the BLS FAQs, http://www.bls.gov/cps/cps_htgm.htm#nilf .
Alternative Measurements of Unemployment
The BLS explains, "there is only one official definition of unemployment, and that was discussed above (in the lesson). However, some have argued that this measure is too restricted, and that it does not adequately capture the breadth of labor market problems. For this reason, economists at BLS developed a set of alternative measures of labor underutilization . These measures are published every month in the Employment Situation news release. They range from a very limited measure that includes only those who have been unemployed (as officially defined) for 15 weeks or more to a very broad one that includes total unemployed (as officially defined), all persons marginally attached to the labor force, and all individuals employed part time for economic reasons."
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer as a percent of the civilian labor force
- U-2 Job losers as a percent of the civilian labor force
- U-3 Unemployed persons 25 years and over as a percent of the civilian labor force 5.6 for persons 25
- years and over
- U-4 Unemployed full-time job seekers as a percent of the full-time civilian labor force
- U-5 Total unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate)
- U-6 Total full-time job seekers plus 1/2 part-time job seekers plus 1/2 total on part-time for economic reasons as a percent of the civilian labor force less 1/2 of the part-time labor force
- U-7 Total full-time job seekers plus 1/2 part-time job seekers plus 1/2 total on part-time for economic reasons plus discouraged workers as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers less ½ of the part-time labor force
Discussion Question? Which of these do you think is the most meaningful measurement of unemployment in the economy?
BLS "Employment Situation" Announcement Tables, August 2011
- Employment Situation Summary Table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted
- Employment Situation Summary Table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted
- Employment Situation Frequently Asked Questions
- Employment Situation Technical Note
- Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
- Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age
- Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age
- Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment
- Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and sex, not seasonally adjusted
- Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally adjusted
- Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted
- Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status
- Table A-9. Selected employment indicators
- Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
- Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment
- Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment
- Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted
- Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted
- Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization
- Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
- Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
- Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
- Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Short Answer Questions:
1. How is the unemployment rate determined?
[The number of unemployed persons divided by the labor force expressed as a percentage equals the unemployment rate.]
2. What is a "marginally attached" worker?
[Marginally attached workers are persons "not in the labor force who want and are available for work, and who have looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months), but were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Discouraged workers are a subset of the marginally attached."]
The September 2 BLS announcement said, "Nonfarm payroll employment was unchanged (0) in August, and the unemployment rate held at 9.1percent..."
The number of unemployed persons was little changed and the unemployment rate remained the same at 9.1 percent." The labor market has stagnated for the past few months after signs of recovery in early 2011.
Again, the employment data presents a "good news - bad news" scenario. The private sector is growing - but very slowly. The government sector lost jobs. The net result, no change in employment. Overall, the lack of job growth was a shock to many analysts and planners.
Employment is not the only criteria used by the National Bureau of Economic Research when determining the beginnings and endings of recessions, but it is an important component. The recent recession "officially" ended in June 2009, but the continuing weakness and lack of job growth convinces many that the recession continues or is back. GDP growth has been very weak in 2011.
Are we in a recession?
Youth Unemployment
In August, the BLS released data concerning youth employment and unemployment during the late Spring and Summer of 2011. Take a look at this data and compare it to your students' experiences. (http://bls.gov/news.release/youth.nr0.htm)
Employment and Unemployment Among Youth - Summer 2011
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Released: August 24, 2011
"From April to July 2011, the number of employed youth 16 to 24 years old rose by 1.7 million to 18.6 million, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. This year, the share of young people who were employed in July was 48.8 percent, the lowest July rate on record for the series, which began in 1948. (The month of July typically is the summertime peak in youth employment.) Unemployment among youth increased by 745,000 between April and July, more than last year's increase of 571,000, but well below the levels seen in 2008 and 2009 (1.2 and 1.1 million, respectively). (Because this analysis focuses on the seasonal changes in youth employment and unemployment that occur each spring and summer, the data are not seasonally adjusted.)"
Youth Labor force
"The youth labor force--16- to 24-year-olds working or actively looking for work--grows sharply between April and July each year. During these months, large numbers of high school and college students search for or take summer jobs, and many graduates enter the labor market to look for or begin permanent employment. This summer, the youth labor force grew by 2.4 million, or 11.8 percent, to a total of 22.7 million in July. (See table 1.) The labor force participation rate for all youth--the proportion of the population 16 to 24 years old working or looking for work--was 59.5 percent in July, the lowest July rate on record. The July 2011 rate was down by 1.0 percentage point from July 2010 and was 18.0 percentage points below the peak for that month in 1989 (77.5 percent)."
"The July labor force participation rate for 16- to 24-year-old men, at 62.7 percent, was down by 2.2 percentage points from a year earlier, and the rate for women, at 58.1 percent, was down by 3.0 percentage points over the year. For several decades prior to 1989, the July labor force participation rate for young men showed no clear trend, ranging from 81 to 86 percent. Since July 1989, however, their participation rate for the month has trended down, falling by about 20 percentage points. The July labor force participation rate for young women peaked in 1989 at 72.4 percent, following a long-term upward trend; their rate has since fallen by about 14 percentage points."
Youth Employment
"In July 2011, 18.6 million 16- to 24-year-olds were employed, about the same as last year. This summer's increase in youth employment--from April to July--was 1.7 million, down slightly from last summer (1.8 million). The employment-population ratio for youth--the proportion of the 16- to 24-year-old civilian noninstitutional population that was employed--was 48.8 percent in July, a record low for the series, though only marginally lower than in July 2010."
Youth Unemployment
"The number of unemployed youth in July 2011 was 4.1 million, down from 4.4 million a year ago. The youth unemployment rate declined by 1.0 percentage point over the year to 18.1 percent in July 2011, after hitting a record high for July in 2010. Among major demographic groups, unemployment rates were lower than a year earlier for young men (18.3 percent) and Asians (15.3 percent), while jobless rates were little changed for young women (17.8 percent), whites (15.9 percent), blacks (31.0 percent), and Hispanics (20.1 percent)."
Discussion Question: What were the employment prospects for young workers in your region during the past spring and summer? Why?


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Serpent 3.5x12x0.2mm Shim Set (10)
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Fire safety activities
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Slice meat into strips about three-quarters of an inch wide and about one-eighth-inch thick. Thread them onto bamboo skewers and marinate in teriyaki sauce for about an hour before grilling.
Shirley's Pork Version
Pork is delicious too and has won over even those who never eat the "other white meat." While many people would prefer a pork loin, we've always used the lean section of a pork butt. There's more marbling, and obviously a bit more fat, but also greater taste.
Cut lean pork into strips as you would the beef above and thread similarly.
Remembering Diamond Head, Remembering Hawai'i
A Cookbook Memoir of Hawai'i and Its Foods
by Shirley Tong Parola and Lisa Parola Gaynier
Diamond Hawaii Press
Published 1999, $19.95/trade paperback
Illustrations by Jill M. Ault
Recipe reprinted by permission.
This page created March 2002
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[This is an archival profile page]
Prof. Caudill was a professor at W&L from:
> Fall 1989 - Spring 2005
David S. Caudill
David S. Caudill received his J.D. from the University of Houston Law Center, his B.A. in philosophy from Michigan State University, and his Ph.D. in philosophy from the Free University of Amsterdam. He clerked for the Hon. John Brown of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit before serving as an adjunct professor at the University of Texas and as a visiting faculty member at Cardozo School of Law, Southern Illinois University, and the University of Florida. He is presently Professor of Law at Villanova University and a Senior Fellow at the University of Melbourne.
For the MediaFind subject matter experts.


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Results 1 to 4 of 4
Thread: Chances of having twins?
Threaded View
25th October 2013 10:38 AM #1
- Join Date
- Oct 2013
- Posts
- 6
Chances of having twins?
Hi everyone!
Just a few questions while i was looking over all the forums. My grandmother on my fathers side miscarried twins and one of my sisters on my mothers side actually had twins about two years ago. Just a quick question, I am really just curious, what are the chances of having twins and is there anyway to actually boost chances of having twins? Thanks everyone!


text: Meryem Linear Earrings Style: 570073613 Out of Stock Love it? Everyone else did too. This item sold out! Use our search tool, chat online or call 1.888.855.4986 to find something equally desirable. A stud, a washer, and a swingy fan pendant with a chic molten finish. Metal. Post. Read More… Share on Facebook Tweet Pin


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Articles about reggae music, reviews, interviews, reports and more...
Jamaican singjay Hi Kee recently dropped his debut album 'Self Reliance' to etailers worldwide. It's 15 contemporary one drop productions and a ska tune from a variety of producers from all over the world – Finland, New Zealand and Jamaica are just a few of the countries represented.
Hi Kee first recorded in 2004, but his first single Woman of Virtue didn't hit the streets until 2009. From then on he has voiced a bunch of riddims. Most memorable is probably Fire Blaze on the mighty Prison Break riddim produced by Bassrunner Productions. He has also tried is hands on the ska flavoured Kokoo riddim and the sweet Tek A Train riddim.
Most remarkable about Hi Kee is his deep melodic voice and its resemblance to Prezident Brown. It actually sounds like they're the same person, particularly in the deejay parts on some of the tunes.
I'm a huge fan of the Prezident, so this is my cup of tea, especially Babylon Your System Collapse, a duet with Luciano and legendary deejay Brigadier Jerry, and Give Jah Thanks and Praise, with some nice melodica.
Swiss-based The Scrucialists did a great job with Mykal Rose in 2005 when they released Catch up di Fire. Included on 'Self Reliance' is a duet with Hi Kee and Mykal Rose on the same riddim. Unfortunately Mykal Rose's voice is tortured with auto-tune. A shame really.
With such a diverse range of producers you would assume 'Self Reliance' to be a schizophrenic effort. But it's surprisingly consistent and if you like the usual Eurocentric one drop it should probably belong in your record collection.
|Posted by ghjgh on 05.16.2017
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Interview: Things you didn't know about Derajah
By Angus Taylor
Interview: Ken Boothe in Kingston (Part 1)
By Angus Taylor
Interview: Kabaka Pyramid in Kingston
By Angus Taylor
Thomas Brooman - My Festival Romance
By Gerard McMahon
Reggae on the River 2016
By Lee Abel
Culture - Two Sevens Clash (40th Anniversary Edition)
By Erik Magni
The Techniques & Friends
By Erik Magni
Total Reggae: Greensleeves
By Erik Magni
Interview: Lloyd Parks in Kingston (Part 2)
By Angus Taylor
© 2007-2017 United Reggae. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part is prohibited. Read about copyright
Terms of use | About us | Contact us | Authors | Newsletter | A-Z


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The Utah Highway Patrol says a blown tire likely led to a fatal rollover crash on Interstate 15 in Box Elder County.
UHP Sgt. Todd Royce said Maria Morfin Arreola, 58, of Ogden, died from injuries sustained in the 8:30 a.m. Wednesday accident near the freeway's northbound Riverside exit.
Arreola was near mile post 384 when the right rear tire came apart, sending her 1999 Ford Explorer into the median, where it rolled repeatedly, crushing the roof in the process.
Arreola was wearing a seat belt, but suffered severe head trauma. She was taken by ambulance to Bear River Valley Hospital in Tremonton, where she was later pronounced dead.


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Porsche 911 Carrera Models and 911 Carrera History
In 1998, the popular Carrera coupe got a new locking rear differential, and the 4S got a new Aerokit with two new 18 wheels to choose from and the Porsche Ceramic Composite Brake system (PCCB). Punchier engines, rack-and-pinion steering and adjustable suspension were keynotes for the 1999 model year. All Carrera trim levels got the all-wheel-drive option for 2000, in addition to the long-awaited Carrera power kit, which increased horsepower to 381. Improved GPS, updated 19 wheels, a new tire-pressure monitoring system and a cut-off switch for passenger airbags rounded out the updates. No changes were in store for 2001, with carbon fiber racing seats being added in 2002. The Carrera boasted a new front fascia, a new direct-injection engine, larger brakes, and a new touchscreen and center stack when it arrived on showroom floors in 2003.Read more Read less
New and Used 911 Carrera Prices, Porsche 911 Carrera Model Years and History
2003 Porsche 911 Carrera
The 2003 Porsche 911 Carrera is a two-door sports car available as a coupe or convertible in a wide range of trims, all of which are incredibly capable on the road and on the track.
2002 Porsche 911 Carrera
An iconic sports car available in a wide range of trims, the 2002 Porsche 911 is available as a coupe, convertible, or with a targa top and with RWD or AWD.
2001 Porsche 911 Carrera
Available in a variety of trims, with all versions of the 2001 Porsche 911 are confident and capable high-performance two-door sports cars.
2000 Porsche 911 Carrera
The 2000 Porsche 911 Carrera is a two-door high-performance sports car that has retained a similar and iconic shape for decades.
1999 Porsche 911 Carrera
The 1999 Porsche 911 Carrera is two-door, high-performance sports car that lets drivers explore the true joy of motoring.
1998 Porsche 911 Carrera
The 1998 Porsche 911 Carrera is a two-door, high-performance RWD sports car which is available as a coupe, convertible, or with a removable targa roof.


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Frequently Asked Questions
6. What are the signs of diabetes?
Many people with diabetes experience one or more symptoms, including extreme thirst or hunger, a frequent need to urinate and/or fatigue. Some lose weight without trying. Additional signs include sores that heal slowly, dry, itchy skin, loss of feeling or tingling in the feet and blurry eyesight. Some people with diabetes, however, have no symptoms at all.


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Turn your pet rock into a necklace using paint, glue, wire and string. Turn your pet rock into a necklace! Decorate your pet however you like, just make sure he's not too big so you can wear him comfortably.What You Need:
Optional: Yarn can also be used for your necklace. However, depending on the weight of your rock, you may want to braid three strands of yarn together.Recommended Books/Products:
The Kids' Summer Handbook
This compendium of activities offers ideas galore for young vacationers. Six broad sections-Shoreside, Landside, After Dark, Hiking and Camping, Rainy Days, and Cottage Crafts-cover a wide range of nature investigations, water sports, arts and crafts, recipes, and safety information that varies greatly in both difficulty and age appropriateness. From crayfish trap to canoe strokes, raising monarch butterflies to building a tree fort, paper-folding to whittling, there is something for everyone here.


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Do Bad Past Debt Decisions Make Voters Weary of Transit Investments?
Wonder why voters seem to be coming down against big transit projects like the ARC? Over at "It's a Free Country," our colleague Bob Hennelly tallies up what local governments have spent on big projects like stadiums and shopping malls.
Much of the state and local debt can be traced to the proliferation of so-called "special district" governments like your local "economic development" or "incinerator authority."
These entities can be used to build critical transportation and water projects or to finance higher education. But they also can provide the grease for the "private-public" partnerships that builds sports stadiums and shopping malls for the politically connected.
In 1952, there were just 12,340 of them. By the start of the 21st century there were 35,359 of them. Eleven states each now have over one thousand such publicly-funded independent authorities. Not surprisingly, Illinois tops the list with 3,145, followed by California with 2,830 and Texas with 2,245. Pennsylvania has 1,885 and New York has spawned 1,135.
Full story here. -- TN


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Toronto FC president Kevin Payne promised reinforcements, and now he's delivering.
On Friday, midfielder John Bostock became the latest player to link up with the Reds, joining Toronto on loan from English Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur. Bostock will be officially added to the Toronto FC roster and eligible for selection upon receipt of his International Transfer Clearance (ITC). Per league and club policy, terms of the deal were not disclosed.
MLS Match Preview: Toronto FC vs. Sporting Kansas City
"I know John from our time at Tottenham and we are very excited to have him in Toronto," Toronto FC head coach Ryan Nelsen said in a statement. "He is a creative player and he will fit in well with the club."
Bostock, 21, was on trial with the San Jose Earthquakes before ending up in Toronto and most recently spent time on loan in with Swindon Town FC of England's League One. He began his youth career at Crystal Palace FC and signed with the first team for the 2007-08 season. Tottenham purchased Bostock ahead of the 2008-09 campaign, and he became the youngest player in history to play for Spurs, at the age of 16 years, 295 days in a UEFA Cup match against Dynamo Zagreb.
READ: Luis Silva racing to regain fitness in time for Toronto FC's home opener
Since joining Tottenham, Bostock has gone on four different loan spells in England with Brentford FC (2009-10), Hull City AFC (2010-11), Sheffield Wednesday (2011-12) and Swindon Town (2012-13). He was part of Swindon Town's League Two Championship winning side in 2012. He was returned to Tottenham in January.
Bostock has also represented England at the U-16, U-17, and U-19 levels. He served as captain for England's U-17 side.


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Maxiglide Hair Straightener
Take your hair from frizzy to smooth with Maxiglide, the revolutionary, heat styling appliance unlike any other hair straightener on the market.
An absolute must for frizzy or wavy hair. It's not ionic, and doesn't have the bells and whistles of the newer, flashier brands and versions, but I love it all the same, because it works.Tags: beauty, hair care, blogging, bloggers, hair straightening, hair straighteners, flat iron, solano sapphire, solano flatironAdded 10 Years Ago from Folica


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Size 4.895 MB 0 seeders Added 2011-11-05 03:31:19
CNET Editors\' review by: CNET staff on January 31, 2011 We\'re constantly installing and uninstalling the programs that we review for Download.com, and we\'re sure you can imagine the mess that this creates on our computer: files, icons, and menu items that are left behind, and lots and lots of registry errors. Fortunately, there\'s a wide variety of registry cleaners that can tidy things up for us. Argente - Registry Cleaner is one such program. We can\'t say that there\'s anything about it that really sets it apart from the crowd, but it does an adequate job as far as we can tell. The program\'s interface is plain, with its features arranged in a menu down the left side and a large empty pane in the middle where registry errors are displayed. It immediately started searching for updates to its database when we launched it. Once that was done, we clicked the Start New Analysis button and waited a few minutes for Argente - Registry Cleaner to do its thing. When it was finished, it had located 1,176 registry errors. Yikes! These were displayed in a list with check boxes, allowing us to select or deselect them as desired. We then clicked the Repair Selected Errors button and it set to work cleaning things up. Unfortunately, as with most such programs, there\'s no way to know whether or not you\'re inadvertently deleting something that shouldn\'t be deleted, so novice users should proceed with caution. The program does include a registry backup utility, which we appreciated, although it would have been nice if a Help file were included to give inexperienced users some guidance. Overall, we thought that Argente - Registry Cleaner worked just fine; it didn\'t rock our world, but it did seem to do a thorough job of searching and repairing our registry. Argente - Registry Cleaner installs politely but leaves a folder behind upon removal.


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[Date Index]
[Thread Index]
[Author Index]
Re: modulo solving lacking domain?
On 12 Jun 2012, at 07:59, Richard Fateman wrote:
> Solve[12*n==8,n,Modulus->20]
> returns
> {{n->4+5*C[1]}}
> It omits C[1] element of Integers.
> I doubt that this is a feature; is it a bug?
> C[1] is not necessarily a member of the finite field of
> integers modulo 20. It is obvious not an arbitrary Real.
Integers modulo 20 do not form a finite field.
Since 4*5 = 0 modulo 20, so 4 and 5 are zero divisors modulo 20 Integers modulo 20 do are not even an integral domain.
The constant in the answer is obviously an integer modulo 20. Probably a mariginally better answer would be
{{n->ConditionalExpression[4+5 C[1],Element[C[1],Integers]}}
Andrzej Kozlowski


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losing weight on a cruise ship: MSC Fantasia Cruise Review by morsad
Overall Member Rating
losing weight on a cruise ship
Destination: Europe - Western Mediterranean
Embarkation: Rome (Civitavecchia)
Day one - Genoa - the excursions were cancelled because of weather. Very little information. As a matter of fact, the staff gave us very little information on anything. The port of Gibraltar was also passed by More and no information given. We were told we could not pull in and we would go straight to Malagar and arrive at 5 PM. We pulled into Malagar at 2 PM - no further announcement.
The food for lunch was boring, lots of stews, goulash, rice, pathetic pasta, more like a hospital cafeteria. Some sliced meats and cheeses, and extremely limited choice of desserts. The pizza was of the quality of supermarket frozen pizza (on an Italian cruise line) no salad bar unless you call iceberg lettuce, tomatoes and onions a salad bar. The fruit consisted of apples, bananas sliced melons and canned fruits. We spent an extra $800 going to the French and Mexican restaurants for something edible.
The "crowning glory" was departing in Civitavecchia. We needed to get to the train station from the ship. The day before leaving we asked at Reception. We were told that the taxis would be available. Upon disembarking (in the rain) the taxi driver refused to take us because the trip was too short and told us to walk to the far end of the parking lot (with our luggage) and get on a bus provided by MSC which would take us to the train. Me and my 76 year old husband dragged our luggage to the bus only to be dropped off at the only destination which was far enough from the train to take us a good ten to fifteen minutes walk in the pouring rain again dragging our luggage. We had to stay in these wet clothes for several more hours as we took the train to Rome then changed to the train to Florence. I spent the next few days nursing my sciatic nerve which was killing me since I had to drag my luggage from the bus to the train station.
The highlight of this trip was the trip to Mijas (Spain) and Marrakesh (Morocco). The excursions were well run and the guides were terrific.
It's too bad the rest of the trip was so disorganized and the food was cheap and mushy. There were very few activities and over-all extremely disappointing!! Less
Published 01/07/10
Cabin review: bal12147
the cabin was very nice. the bed comfortable. the cabin service very good.
Port and Shore Excursions
Beautiful city. A must is the Gaudi church. Worth the trip to Spain
Read Cruise Critic's MSC Fantasia Review >>
Enjoyable and entertaining
Mediterranean Family Cruise
Best Experience
A Mixed Bag
Pre cruise let down
Mini Easter Break
lovely ship
Shame on Msc
Sponsored Links


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Ann Richards Documentary Debuts on HBO
Monday, April 28, HBO premiers a documentary about former Texas Governor Ann Richards at 8pm CDT.
The film tells the story of Dorothy Ann Willis' upbringing in small town, rural Texas, her college years at Baylor, the move to Austin with husband Dave Richards, a political career that began in 1978 with a seat on the Travis County Commissioners Court and ended as the highest ranking Democrat in the very conservative state of Texas.
"I think the real message for Texans is the fact that my mother had a real vision for where she thought Texas needed to go," Ellen Richards, the late governor's youngest daughter, tells KTRH News. She describes her mother's vision as a government run for and by the people, that looks like the people it represents, and should be there to serve the people of Texas.
WATCH: "All About Ann: Governor Richards of the Lone Star State" Trailer
Many prominent Democratic political figures are featured in interviews in the documentary, including former President Bill Clinton; Michael Dukakis; Ronald Kirk, former mayor of Dallas; and Henry Cisneros, former mayor of San Antonio. Several members of her former staff and family are also featured.
Ellen Richards says most people remember her mom for her witty one-liners and excellent oratory skills, but hopes through the film people will have a deeper understanding of how much her mother cared for Texas, the people of Texas, and making sure those people had the opportunity to live full and rich lives.
Richards lost her bid for reelection in 1994 when she was defeated by future President of the United States George W. Bush.
This year another Bush is running for office in Texas and another woman is running as a Democrat to be the state's next governor.
"I would suggest that Wendy Davis watch this film and be inspired by it. Watch what my mother went through to become governor of Texas, what she withstood, be inspired to know that anything is possible, and that she has a great shot at being governor of Texas," Ellen Richards says.
Ann Richards died of esophageal cancer in 2006 at the age of 73.
"All About Ann: Governor Richards of the Lone Star State" will be rebroadcast on subsequent Monday's following tonight's debut.


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The Australian Advocacy Institute (AAI) was launched on 11 September 1991 during the 27th Australian Legal Convention.
The AAI was established under the auspice of and with the financial support of the Law Council of Australia. Since 1995 the Institute has been financially independent.
Its birth was in response to the ever growing demand by the Australian profession for advocacy training which could no longer be fulfilled by a handful of enthusiastic, committed individuals. It marked the acceptance by the profession of the need to improve advocacy standards and that advocacy skills can be taught at all levels.
Aims of the AAI
Good advocacy is important to the litigant and to the integrity of our adversary system.
The primary role of the advocate in the adversary system is to persuade the tribunal of the merits of the client's case. Advocates must be up to that task, so that client interests are properly represented, and courts are assisted. Representation is now a requirement in serious criminal cases in which its absence may result in an injustice.
The Institute is committed to the principle that a client's right to representation is a right to professionally competent representation.
The aims of the Australian Advocacy Institute are to:
Litigation today demands increased efficiency and economy for the private client and the State. At the same time it is essential that the interests of the parties are effectively represented and that just results are not sacrificed for the sake of efficiency.
The achievement of this balance requires preparation, discipline, skill, and a professional approach by advocates capable of analysing the issues and succinctly presenting cases for their clients.
The Institute is dedicated to the pursuit of professional excellence.
The Institute's patrons have been the Hon. Sir Anthony Mason AC KBE, the Hon. Sir Gerard Brennan AC KBE, the Hon. A M Gleeson AC and currently the Hon. Justice Robert French, Chief Justice of Australia.
.... back to top.
The Philosophy of the AAI
Advocacy is the art of persuasion in court. To be persuasive an advocate must be prepared, disciplined, skilled and able to communicate effectively with the tribunal.
Until the 1970's there was a common belief that advocacy could not be taught. It was thought that good advocates were born not made.
Reading about advocacy and exposure to
senior advocates were thought sufficient for new advocates to learn their
skills by observation and osmosis and to develop them by experience.
Many did learn, and some who had talent
became excellent advocates. However, it often came at a cost to clients.
Some did not learn from experience but simply perpetuated bad advocacy practices.
Experience does not necessarily equate with competence, far less excellence.
The 1980's saw the demise of the attitude that advocacy could not be taught.
The breakthrough came with the realisationthat advocacy involves skills and talent. Skills are best taught by the workshop method of performance and instruction in a manner akin to coaching rather than by observing and acquiring information and experience.
This process enables advocates to see and
analyse their performance, to improve it and to continue learning more effectively
from experience in practice.
There is no one correct style of advocacy. Individual styles and abilities must be developed. However, an analysis
of the work of good advocates shows that there are fundamental common features
although the expression of them differs with individual style and ability.
The Institute's teaching methods enable individuals to develop their own
styles within these touchstones of good advocacy. Once these fundamentals are established, the advocacy skills based upon them can be applied in all jurisdictions and before all tribunals despite
different practices and procedures. Experience has shown that advocacy skills at all levels can be developed and individual talents enhanced by the workshop method used by the Institute. Participants at workshops have the benefit of demonstrations by the teaching faculty who are practising advocates and trained teachers. The teaching methods and materials are under review by Management. Members of management, the Board and the Senior Faculty keep in touch with developments in advocacy training throughout Australia and overseas.
.... back to top.
The AAI Teaching Method
1. Advocacy Workshops
A typical weekend workshop commences with an introductory session on the Friday evening. The purpose is to introduce the Institute's philosophy of advocacy and its teaching method. This session is conducted by the workshop Moderator.
It is followed on the Saturday/Sunday by analysis sessions and short individual performances of advocacy tasks.The performances, which are conducted in groups of eight, are video recorded. Each performance is analysed and reviewed by the instructor within the group. Positive, constructive instruction is provided and a demonstration given to assist participants with ways they can improve.
Each participant's video is viewed individually, analysed and reviewed with emphasis upon communication skills and style. Participants retain their video for later personal review. The analysis sessions are interactive and concentrate on preparation for performance, communication skills and advocacy techniques. Each participant will perform at least three advocacy tasks in a workshop.
Thorough familiarity with case files and preparation in advance of the workshop are essential in order to benefit from this intensive teaching method.The workshops enable participants to improve their skills at their individual level and to gain the ability to self-assess and continue development in practice.
2. Materials
Much time and effort is devoted by experienced advocacy teachers to the preparation of suitable teaching materials. Materials are designed to achieve specific teaching objectives at various levels.The workshops materials are sent to the participants in advance with a guide for preparation.
3. Instructors
Instructors qualified to teach with the Institute must be good, experienced advocates who have undergone a teacher training course provided by the Institute, which qualifies them to use the Institute's teaching methods and materials.
While the Institute achieves a degree of uniformity in its teaching approach, there is strong emphasis on individual contributions by instructors. The development of individual style is thus emphasised.
Judges, Senior Counsel and senior advocates from around Australia have attended teacher training workshops, which are by invitation only and are conducted by the Institute's most experienced instructors.Trained instructors give their time generously, usually without remuneration, because of their commitment to the improvement of the standards of advocacy.The Institute is grateful for this strong support by the profession and the judiciary.
.... back to top.
The AAI Board of Directors.
The Hon. Justice Ann Ainslie-Wallace
Chair, Australian Advocacy Institute
1978 Admitted to the Bar. Frederick Jordan Chambers, Practice - Family Law.
Pioneered the role of counsel for separate representatives in family law cases representing children
Family law and related jurisdictions together with extensive appearances for the State Crown – counsel assisting inquiries, inquests, appearances for government bodies in all courts and tribunals at all levels
1995-1997 Acting Judge of the District Court
1997 Appointed to the Bench of the District Court of New South Wales
2010 Appointed to the Appellate Division of the Family Court of Australia
2015 Appointed as Bencher, Inner Temple (UK)
Visiting Faculty, National Institute for Trial Advocacy (USA)
Fellow of the Australian Academy of Law
Professor of Law (Advocacy), University of Technology, Sydney
As part of a Law Council/Legal Aid Commission of New South Wales initiative, founded the Separate Representative Training Course – a three day intensive, multi-disciplinary training course for children's advocates
1997-1999 Former member of the District Court Policy and Planning Committee
Former member of the NSW Bar Council
Former member of the NSW Bar Association Professional Conduct Committee
Former member of the NSW Bar Association Family Law Committee
Former member of the Family Law Executive, Law Council of Australia
Chair, College of Law Master of Applied Law [Family Law] Advisory Committee
Council Member, National Judicial College of Australia
Former NSW Representative, Australian Association of Women Judges 2008-2010.
Investigators, Expert Witness and Advocacy Skills Workshops: Securities and Futures Commission, Hong Kong: 2004 to date
Instructor, New Practitioners Workshops, Inner Temple, London 2013 and 2015
Instructor, AAI Advanced Teacher Training Program, UK Advocacy Training Council, London 2013
Instructor, AAI workshop on Advocacy for Victims of War Crime, International Criminal Court, The Hague 2013
Senior Moderator and Instructor with the Australian Advocacy Institute with teaching commitments throughout Australia and in Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia, the UK, the USA and The Hague
Member Australian Bar Association International Advocacy Team teaching advocacy in Bangladesh from 1996-2000.
Her Honour Judge Felicity Hampel SC
Deputy Chair
Barrister since 1981
Queen's Counsel since 1996, now Senior Counsel
Appointed to the bench of the Victorian County Court in 2005
Visiting faculty member National Institute for Trial Advocacy (USA)
Adj. Professor, Faculty of Law, Monash University
Former Member of the Victorian Bar Readers' Course Committee
Former Convenor, Women Barristers' Association
Former Member of the Victorian Bar Equality before the Law Committee
Past President of the Victorian Council for Civil Liberties
Extensive advocacy teaching experience as Senior moderator and Instructor in Australia, USA, England, Scotland, Singapore,
Malaysia, Hong Kong, New Zealand and The Hague since 1984
Former Deputy Co-convenor, Australian Republican Movement Victoria
Foundation Board Member, Australian Women Lawyers.
Grant Brady SC
Deputy Chair
Barrister since 2000
Appointed Senior Counsel 2015
Past Chair, ACT Law Society Criminal Law Committee
Past Member, National Criminal Law Liaison Committee
Instructor NSW Bar Association Readers Course
Accredited Teacher, Australian Bar Association
Member, Education Committee NSW Bar Association
Senior Instructor and Moderator, Australian Advocacy Institute at workshops across Australia and AAI workshops in Singapore, Hong Kong and at Monash University, Italy.
Carolyn Davenoprt SC
Barrister since 1977
Appointed Senior Counsel 2004
Past Chair, NSWBA Criminal Law Committee
Past Member, NSWBA Education Committee
Senior Instructor and Moderator, Australian Advocacy Institute at workshops across Australia and AAI workshops in Hong Kong and at Monash University, Italy.
Craig Smith SC
Barrister since 2001
Appointed Senior Counsel 2014
2006-present: Barrister, NSW Public Defender's Office
2014: Appointed Deputy Public Defender
Past Vice-President, Criminal Defewnce Lawyers Association
Senior Instructor and Moderator, Australian Advocacy Institute at workshops across Australia and AAI workshops in Singapore and at Monash University, Italy
Ian Robertson SC
Barrister since 1986
Appointed Senior Counsel 2008
Past Member, Law Council of Law Society of South Australia
Executive Member, South Australian Bar Association
Faculty Member, Australian Bar Association Advocacy Training Group.
Extensive advocacy instructor experience witrh the AAI across Australia.
Saul Holt QC
Barrister since 1998
Appointed Queens Counsel 2012
Chief Counsel, Victoria Legal Aid 2012-2014
Practicing in Queensland since 2014
Extensive advocacy instructor experience witrh the AAI across Australia.
AAI Management
General Manager:
Scott Wallace
Phone: 02 9427 1620 or 0418 473 303
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Post: AAI, PO Box 446, Lane Cove, NSW 2066
.... back to top.


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Thank you for your interest in iReport.
QIAGEN strives to develop and deliver innovative and functionally rich products that address customer needs. We constantly evaluate how features are being used and consider new ways to enhance your experience with QIAGEN's Ingenuity products. We do this to create user friendly, analytically focused solutions for the biological interpretation of your experimental results. Sometimes, this means we need to remove or discontinue a feature or product to focus on areas that most benefit our customers. That is why, on December 10th, we will retire the iReport product line.
What's changing and what to expect
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tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2058183008078317465.post1389268326819883944..comments2017-06-27T04:09:57.393-04:00Comments on Nibble Me This: Papas Asadas - Easy Cuban Roasted PotatoesChrishttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-2058183008078317465.post-87356851159113066172013-01-09T12:54:51.792-05:002013-01-09T12:54:51.792-05:00Oh my pork chop that looks good! You make stuffing...Oh my pork chop that looks good! You make stuffing a pork chop look so easy! I have tried making a slit in it and stuffing and that was not good!! I will definitely try this method for stuffing in the future. Your pictures!!!!Desihttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-2058183008078317465.post-51839498608404233222012-12-17T11:30:10.661-05:002012-12-17T11:30:10.661-05:00I love it! The potatoes look amazing but the pork ...I love it! The potatoes look amazing but the pork has me drooling. I love Cuban sandwiches and this pork is screaming my name.Pamhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-2058183008078317465.post-1410740758553794672012-12-16T20:30:51.414-05:002012-12-16T20:30:51.414-05:00Wow, that looks amazing - great idea!Wow, that looks amazing - great idea!Mary | Deep South Dishhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-2058183008078317465.post-29989212688896465042012-12-15T22:43:23.526-05:002012-12-15T22:43:23.526-05:00Hubs is going to love this whole meal, but the por...Hubs is going to love this whole meal, but the pork chop sandwich is going to send him to 7th heaven!~3 Sides of Crazy~http://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-2058183008078317465.post-7158203455963198892012-12-15T15:29:05.063-05:002012-12-15T15:29:05.063-05:00I'm loving everything about this meal. I have ...I'm loving everything about this meal. I have to try that Cuban non-sandwich. And maybe someday those McCormick gourmet spice packets will make their way to cow town. Lea Ann (Cooking On The Ranch)http://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-2058183008078317465.post-44038345703303543542012-12-15T09:20:36.631-05:002012-12-15T09:20:36.631-05:00Chris, what were the ingredients for the Cuban San...Chris, what were the ingredients for the Cuban Sandwich...I'm a midwest redneck, no clue from the pictures what type of cheese, meat or red stuff that was from the pictures. LOL.
Tonythebtlshttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-2058183008078317465.post-6287375283664874902012-12-15T09:19:45.505-05:002012-12-15T09:19:45.505-05:00I wouldn't have thought to ever remove the bre...I wouldn't have thought to ever remove the bread from a Cuban sandwich and yet, why not? It looks and sounds delicious! P.S. I solemnly swear I won't call you tomorrow night at 9pm.Mary Younkinhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-2058183008078317465.post-22979460952959332192012-12-15T07:09:53.549-05:002012-12-15T07:09:53.549-05:00How do roasted potatoes just seem to MAKE a meal? ...How do roasted potatoes just seem to MAKE a meal? I am so into them lately.Joannehttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-2058183008078317465.post-43323867661697010492012-12-14T08:48:33.313-05:002012-12-14T08:48:33.313-05:00I really like what you did with the pork as we are...I really like what you did with the pork as we are big Cuban sandwich fans. Tha whole plate of food looks outstanding.Big Dudehttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-2058183008078317465.post-18701328578795974432012-12-14T07:16:44.174-05:002012-12-14T07:16:44.174-05:00I'm so excited for the BBQ Pitmasters return t...I'm so excited for the BBQ Pitmasters return too! I've had this whole in my Sunday nights now that The Walking Dead has taken it's mid-season break!
As for the "sandwich".. another fantastic idea! It looks incredible!Jennhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-2058183008078317465.post-6691802965456046312012-12-13T17:15:52.829-05:002012-12-13T17:15:52.829-05:00I've got your phone number on speed dial for S...I've got your phone number on speed dial for Sun. night. Nice work.StephenChttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-2058183008078317465.post-23643071261665343182012-12-13T17:08:11.322-05:002012-12-13T17:08:11.322-05:00We love a good Cuban sandwich. The best we ever at...We love a good Cuban sandwich. The best we ever ate was near the airport in St. Pete in a dive where you ordered at a window, then sat one of those round concrete tables and ate outside while the airplanes flew above. I know I would love this. I didn't know there was a Cuban seasoning. Have to keep an eye out for it. Bobby Flay rocks.
SamSam @ My Carolina Kitchenhttp://email@example.com


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2.5 Liter Lever Action Airpot Bunn - Stainless Steel, 6/Pack
Bunn 2.5 Liter Lever Action Airpot - 6 Pack
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"Pet projects": If you're a typical tech toiler, those two words no doubt made your hair stand up on end. How often have you been assigned to labor on a project that you suspect reflects your immediate supervisor's interests or office-politics goals, but does little or nothing for the health and profits of your organization as a whole? We asked some readers to share their own horror stories in this department -- to serve as gruesome entertainment and provide cautionary examples. Note that the names and details in some of these stories have been tweaked a bit to protect the innocent -- and the guilty.
Buzzword compliance, please
A little knowledge can be a dangerous thing -- especially a little knowledge about the latest trends in IT, or just "computers" in general, because then those trends start becoming priorities for front-line workers. A civilian employee on a U.S. military base, who wants to remain anonymous, is in just such a spot. "My boss wants to do Twitter, Facebook, Flickr, YouTube -- 'all that social media stuff' -- and a blog, video, RSS, Sharepoint, 'or some other CMS' -- basically, any of the buzzwords in new communication you can think of. His resources? Me, and a budget of a few thousand dollars."
Is your project fully buzzworded?
While you may be sniffing at that list -- "Pssht, everyone wants a buzzword-compliant Web 2.0 site these days" -- you probably aren't facing the same set of troubles that our anonymous correspondent is. Military networks are a quite a different animal than whatever's been cobbled together at your local startup. "What I'm up against is a completely locked-down computer network that prevents access to those sites, and a bureaucratic IT department that doesn't know how to implement VPN or WebDAV for remote access to a Web server, for example," my correspondent writes. You'd think that his manager would see the mismatch, but, as he puts it, "It's been my experience that supervisors in technical fields are promoted to get them out of the way of those who can actually implement, maintain and fix things."
Good intentions gone wrong
Sometimes even initiatives that that start off with valid business purposes can go awry, especially when the requirements haven't been worked out in enough detail and good money is thrown after bad.
An IT architect at a major midwestern university was directed by his boss to help set up a virtual dashboard that would indicate the status of the school network. When users had a problem, they'd be able to see for themselves what isn't working, or why the Internet is slow. "This will make them feel empowered and lend a sense of inclusiveness and transparency to what we do!" his boss explained. Sounds good, right?


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Royds, Mabel (1874-1941), 'The Umbrella', Oil on Board, c.1915.
Signed. On reverse of board is another painting by Royds, 'The Holy River' illustrated above. Price stated is for the board with both paintings.
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Answers Home
» Behavior & Training
i have a 1 year old kitten and she "eats" and chews on my hair.........Is that normal?
Asked by
Member 566595
on Feb 4th 2008
in Behavior & Training
- This question is closed.
MOL sounds like she is trying to groom you-I LOVE doing that, but it is harder with the girls-they are long haired, but my daddy only has a little hair, so it is easier.
Cleo (The Queen) RIP answered on 2/4/08. Helpful? / 0
A friend's kitty (a rescue that she adopted at 3 weeks and had to bottle feed) also did that and probably still does. It's not something every cat does, but it is a way to comfort themselves. My friend's cat also chewed on her ear lobes and fingers. She's just looking for a little lovin'from her Meowmie! Of course, don't let her actually "eat" your hair as that can cause blockages you don't want to deal with.
Izadore (Izzie) answered on 2/5/08. Helpful? / 0
Yes it is even CrazyKitty does that! He loves to do that! In the mornings he likes to chew on my head and hair.Your cat must be telling you he loves you!
CrazyKitty answered on 2/5/08. Helpful? / 0
I like to "make biscuits" in my Mommy's hair at night. I sit behind her head while she's in her recliner and go to town. We both love it! :D
Oscar J. Cat answered on 2/5/08. Helpful? / 0
I do this to my mom, and it drives her crazy! Sometimes I pull a little too hard when I'm chewing MOL
Zoe answered on 2/6/08. Helpful? / 0
Its totally normal! Emma loves to sneak attack my hair when I'm blow drying it! Just make sure she doesnt chew too much on your hair and end up swallowing it...thats no fun! maybe try getting her a fuzzy toy or one with feathers... just make sure you keep an eye on her when shes playing with them in case she rips one off!
Emma Lynn answered on 2/6/08. Helpful? / 0
Cats chewing on hair is completly normal! I have 3 cats and they all love hair too. Cats chew on hair mostly because they think it's some sort of toy. If you don't like her chewing on your hair, then a bit of scolding will make her understand that it's not acceptable. Cats are also very big on texture and your hair might taste very interesting to her.
Callie answered on 2/6/08. Helpful? / 0
3 of my children (not kittens anymore) do that all the time! One time one of my owners woke up with half of his head wet with cat spit! MOL! He took a LONG shower after that!
Nala answered on 2/6/08. Helpful? / 0
My kitty does this to me too EVERY morning like clockwork! He gets on top of my pillow and chews at my hair and rips at it with his claws. I just think he is trying to wake me up because he wants to play :) If I don't pay attention to him he tries to go underneath the covers and attack my arms and legs. I think that I have gone through about 20 comforters because he has shredded the sides of them from him scratching trying to get underneath to get to me. The funny thing is though he will NEVER do that to my husband. I love him though. He is adorable.
Buddy answered on 2/15/08. Helpful? / 0


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Published on 01-22-2013 10:52 PM
Some nice runs here from VWBoost member zhijjawi10. He has a 2010 Volkswagen MKVI GTI 2.0T with a Borg Warner EFR-7163 turbo upgrade, meth injection, and upgraded injectors. The first 335i he runs into (silver) has a front mount intercooler, downpipes, a JB4, and was running an E85 mix. The 335i pulls on the GTI although the Volkswagen was having some traction issues. Regardless, the first 335i was the faster car. ...
Volkswagen steals AMG engine guru Friedrich Eichler responsible for the M156, M133, M157, and Pagani Huayra motor from Mercedes-BenzPublished on 01-22-2013 01:20 AM
Volkswagen is playing some hardball. For those unfamiliar, the AMG motors you have loved in the past couple generations of AMG models have had the commonality of high performance engine engineer Friedrich Eichler involved in development. He has helped develop the M156 6.2 liter naturally aspirated AMG V8, the M157 5.5 liter twin turbo V8, the Pagani Huayra twin turbo V12, and most recently the amazing M133 354 horsepower M133 2.0 liter turbo four-cylinder with 26 psi of boost stock. ...Published on 01-17-2013 01:20 AM
Ok, you may be asking yourself, what is the Golf GTD? Well, it's a diesel Golf, you probably have that part down. But it's a higher performance version than the TDI. It's basically a GTI and a TDI combined. The result is a 168 horsepower 2.0 liter turbocharged four-cylinder diesel with 258 pound-feet of torque. And all that torque is available from 1750 RPM. Sounds great right? Yep, except that this car is not sold in the United States. ...
Volkswagen reveals their 7-seat SUV... kind of. Volkswagen CrossBlue Plug-In Hybrid Diesel three row SUV concept - Pictures and Press ReleasePublished on 01-14-2013 09:22 PM
Volkswagen was rumored to reveal their new 7-seat SUV at the Detroit Auto Show and they sort of did, in concept form. Introducing the Volkswagen CrossBlue Concept offering 3rd row seating. The concept car features a plug-in hybrid diesel powertrain with the ability to travel 14 miles per hour on electric only power at up to 75 miles per hour. Output of the 2.0 liter turbo diesel and the two electric motors is good for 305 horsepower and 516 pound-feet of torque. ...Published on 01-13-2013 06:20 PM
Volkswagen will officially reveal their seven passenger sport utility at the Detroit Auto Show this month. Rumors are that it will be priced very competitively and possibly even less than Touareg. It will not have the same off-roading ability. The vehicle will be manufactured in the United States at the same plant where the Volkswagen Passat is produced and it will likely put the nail in the coffin of the Routan once and for all. ...Published on 01-12-2013 03:10 PM
Here is a dyno comparison at the crank from the MKVI Golf R one of which is equipped with the APR Stage II+ kit which utilizes the stock K04 turbo and the Stage III kit which utilizes a Garret GTX series turbo. The Stage III offers more power but what the spool is what is impressive as there is much more top end without a big sacrifice in lag. The graph shows only about a couple hundred RPM difference between the stock and upgraded turbo. ...Published on 01-11-2013 11:44 PM
Following hot on the heels of the announcement that the new Beetle will get R-Line trim in the United States Volkswagen announced that the Touareg and Tiguan R-Line will be available. Just like the Beetle, the R-Line is all cosmetic and Volkswagen USA states the R-Line is for those who want the sporty looks of R model (Like the Golf R) but without the engine performance. So, this is simply a cosmetic line. ...
2012 Volkswagen Beetle 2.0 Turbo DSG test numbers and curb weight - 0-60 in 6.4, 1/4 mile in firstname.lastname@example.com on 01-04-2013 07:32 AM
The new Beetle is a good looking car and a reasonable value with its as tested price of $28,385. For a front wheel drive car with only 200 horsepower from its 2.0 turbocharged and direct injected four-cylinder performance is respectable. 60 miles per hour comes in 6.4 seconds and the 1/4 mile sprint takes 14.8 seconds with a trap speed of 94.3 which is slightly faster than a stock 2001 E46 BMW 330i which had 225 horsepower. ...Published on 01-03-2013 01:11 AM
Some good news for VW Bettle fans as the R-Line of enhancements will be available in the United States. What is the R-Line? Well, nothing too major as it is all cosmetic. Changes include exterior and interior parts to make for a more aggressive and sporty looking Beetle. This includes a more aggressive front bumper, chrome frame for the turn signals, racy looking rear diffuser, R-line logos, 19 inch wheels, and bi-Xenon headlights. ...Published on 12-31-2012 12:32 AM
Very cool video here from a very happy owner of an APR Stage III Golf R. Said owner decided to use a VBOX to measure his 0-60, 0-130, and 60-130 acceleration numbers. Some very good driving from the owner as well who launches and shifts well. The car pulls pretty hard as expected for a car capable of high 11's in the 1/4 mile. 0-60 comes in 3.8 seconds, 0-100 in 8.4 seconds, and 60-130 is measured at 9.3 seconds. ...Published on 12-23-2012 05:17 PM
Those who live in winter climates know that in heavy snow or harsh winter conditions getting traction with tires certainly can be a big problem. Volkswagen decided to do an interesting take on a vehicle to tackle the winter elements with their Snowareg based on the Touareg of course. VW replaced the tires with a rubber track based system purchased from a company based in Minnesota named Mattracks. ...
Reports of Routan's death grossly exaggerated- Volkswagen not killing off the Routan, will resume production for 2013Published on 12-23-2012 03:50 AM
Earlier this month VWBoost reported that Volkswagen killed off the Routan. It would appear the Routan's death was greatly exagerrated and that although Volkswagen does plan to end the model it will be produced for 2013 and still built by Chrysler in Canada with no changes for 2013. When it was revealed VW stopped production everyone just assumed they came to their senses and killed the model off. ...Published on 12-21-2012 05:06 PM
With the Eos getting the axe it is only natural for the Golf Cabrio to fill the void. And the Golf R model does exactly that in great style. The Golf R convertible was revealed early in a video before its official debut at the Geneva auto show and the car looks great. Similar body work to the hatchback Golf R except a much sleeker look losing the high roof from the hatch. With a dual clutch transmission, all wheel drive, and a turbo motor this car will be a hit. ...Published on 12-21-2012 12:06 AM
A lot can change in a week. Just a little while ago VWBoost posted an article on these two same cars racing and the Volkswagen appeared to be the slightly stronger of the two. The Volksagen GTI is an APR Stage IV built motor car with a GT28 turbo, fairly quick. The Evo made changes to its setup since the earlier runs namely being on the correct boost setting for 93 octane gas. And what a difference that setting makes, with the Evo pulling several car lengths. ...Published on 12-19-2012 09:30 PM
APR's Stage III upgrade makes for a very nice boost to MKVI Golf R vehicles. The 6-Speed manual Volkswagen Golf R is capable of 11's in the 1/4 mile with the APR Stage III kit. The upgraded Garrett GTX2867R clearly makes a considerable difference and on dynos with 93 octane pump gas has been shown to boost power to 420 wheel horsepower from the stock 273 wheel horsepower. ...


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This week im proud to once again be repping Vancouver's brightest up and comer, Sleepy Tom. Maybe its the rain that keeps these lethargic bros like Tom and Lazy Rich on the couch but its all cool by me if that's where they produce all this sweet music.
Toms work habits are far from lazy. His EP, The Currency just dropped on my favorite record label – Fools Gold – and hes set to headline this weeks #FVDED event at Celebrities.
Check out this promo mix of the new EP along side some of the freshest beats from Mad Decent and Fools Gold.


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If you are wondering how to implement social learning in your organisation – how to get staff to share their experiences with their peers online – then it is well worth listening to the Learning Curve (BBC Radio 4 with Peter Day), which was broadcast on 30th July 09 as part of the In Business Series.
Click here to listen with the BBC iPlayer ( 28 mins).
In the programme, Peter Butler , Director of Learning at BT discusses why BT has gone down this route and shares practical lesson's from implementing BT's Dare2Share (you can also read about this progamme here).
Karie Willyerd, Chief Learning Officer and Charles Beckham, Chief Technologist at Sun Microsystems comment on their Social Learning Exchange and highlight how they help staff create content that can be easily found by others and how the programme was rolled out virally across the organisation.
Peter Day also explores the business drivers behind social learning, how it fits with more traditional approaches and some of the barriers. Peter Day's blog commentary provides an intersesting discussion on the challenges this approach brings to corporate culture.
This is well worth a listen for anyone considering how they might harness the informal learning that is already taking place in their business.
Thank you to Eric Davidove for sharing the link with Towards Maturity.


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Geof Stone, "The Difference Between Conservative and Liberal Justices"
This is just a tidbit, but it is revealing. Each Justice of the United States Supreme Court has four law clerks. Law clerks are recent law school graduates who serve for one year as a legal assistant to a Supreme Court Justice. Law clerks are very important to the work of the Court. In each chamber, the Justice and the four clerks form a close-knit intellectual family. It is with their law clerks that Justices are able to speak openly and to engage in a candid give-and-take, testing ideas, theories and approaches as they consider the merits of each case. Moreover, in most chambers the law clerks play a central role in preparing drafts of a Justice's opinions.
I know this not only from my students who have gone on over the years to clerk for one or another of the Justices, and not only from my many conversations with individual Justices, but also from personal experience, because I had the great privilege of serving as a law clerk to Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. during the Court's 1972-1973 Term.
I was curious about how the current Justices select their clerks. All Supreme Court law clerks these days spend at least one year before clerking on the Supreme Court as a law clerk to a lower court judge, usually a judge on a United States Court of Appeals. In this way, they gain useful experience to prepare them for the task ahead.
For reasons of presidential
For reasons of presidential electoral history of the last generation, Republican appointees to the bench far outnumber Democratic ones (esp. at the senior level).
So you'd expect to see a right-leaning skew in both groups, even if they both preferred their own. It would be interesting to see this claim remade in statistical terms (given the available pool, how much more likely is (1) a liberal clerk to end up with a conservative justice and vice versa; (2) how much more likely is a liberal judge to hire a conservative clerk).


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If you are unfamiliar with the ASSA it stands for the American Shetland Sheepdog Association. All shelties breeders look forward to this event each year in hopes that their sheltie will be crowned BISS (best in specialty show) an honor for any sheltie. As I sat in the stands overlooking the main ring, the stud dog class took the spot light. I being a sheltie freak couldn't help but name off every single dog by their registered name that entered that ring.
"Am. Can Ch. Grandgables Lets show off…...sired by Am. Can. Int. Jap. Ch. Grandgables Its show Time ROMC …..dam is Grandgables Foxy Lady…"
A lady sitting next to me noticed I knew who her dog was and she said,
"You know Dallas?" I replied in shock thinking no one would notice me.
"Yes, I do….I didn't think anyone heard me."
"Do you have any dogs entered?" she said with a smile.
"No I do not but I hope to, maybe next year."
We talked for a long time sharing our thoughts on the stud dogs, their offspring and pedigrees. She was very impressed with my knowledge of pedigrees and the correct sheltie structure that she gave me her card and told me there was a litter out back of the building that had puppies sired by Dallas. She had told me that Dallas's puppies have a very unique look about them somewhat resembling a lion just like there Daddy. Hearing this just made me all the more curious to see what this sire was producing. When I approached the ex-pen outside the RV one puppy caught my eye. His head plans and exasperation were to die for, his top line and rare were strong and sturdy, one look and you just knew that pup was destined for greatness. I pick him up and told the breeder
"I like this puppy."
The breeder smiled and kind of laughed as he said.
"Sure you do, he is the pick puppy. We are keeping him to grow out. You have an eye for structure don't you."
It was kind of depressing to hear this but on the other hand the breeder said I had an eye for structure. So that was a good thing. As I left their RV I began to ponder what he said, he was not the first to tell me this. It would seem that I have a gift.
The trip home from the nationals was long and I could not stop thinking about what the breeder said. I really wanted to know just how good I was. So far I've picked the pick pup every litter I've seen and if that wasn't saying something. When I arrived home the first thing I did was e-mail the breeder that gave me her card to thank her, her name is Rose Mary. When she replied I was shocked. She told me she had a litter sired by Dallas over the nationals that her husband had to whelp. She wanted me to look at them. So I typed in her web address and went to the nursery's page. There was a picture of three puppies, two sable males and one bi black female. The pup in the middle really caught my eye with a full white caller. I e-mailed her back right away and told her I liked the pup with the full white caller and that I had been looking for a male for quite some time now. She replied and told me that he was her pick pup and was planning on keeping him but maybe she would reconsider. I was so excited that I could have jumped off the roof and flied. A few weeks later it was set in stone; he was mine and would be arriving by plane at an airport 2 hours away the next morning. I couldn't even sleep, puppy dreams filled the night.
I woke up early enough that we would be there an hour before the plane landed. Waiting for the plane to land was like waiting for and egg to hatch. I was almost asleep when I was told my puppy had arrived. I jumped from my seat and dashed to the counter. He was carried out in a small kennel that was set down at my feet. When I took him out he had a exasperation to die for, a top line and rear that was strong, sturdy and one look you just know he was destined for greatness.
It has been one year since then and every day my puppy (Titus) looks more and more like his dad. We will be seeing his dad and brothers at next year's ASSA nationals in 2010.
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