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The Christian doctrine of the Trinity (from)[1] holds that God is three consubstantial persons[2] or hypostases—the Father, the Son (Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit—as "one God in three Divine Persons". The three persons are distinct, yet are one "substance, essence or nature". In this context, a "nature" is what one is, whereas a "person" is who one is.
According to this central mystery of some Christian faiths, there is only one God in three persons: while distinct from one another in their relations of origin (as the Fourth Lateran Council declared, "it is the Father who generates, the Son who is begotten, and the Holy Spirit who proceeds") and in their relations with one another, they are stated to be one in all else, co-equal, co-eternal and consubstantial, and "each is God, whole and entire". Accordingly, the whole work of creation and grace is seen as a single operation common to all three divine persons, in which each shows forth what is proper to him in the Trinity, so that all things are "from the Father", "through the Son" and "in the Holy Spirit".
While the Fathers of the Church saw even Old Testament elements such as the appearance of three men to Abraham in Book of Genesis, chapter 18, as foreshadowings of the Trinity, it was the New Testament that they saw as a basis for developing the concept of the Trinity. The most influential of the New Testament texts seen as implying the teaching of the Trinity was Matthew 28:19, which mandated baptizing "in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit". Reflection, proclamation and dialogue led to the formulation of the doctrine that was felt to correspond to the data in the Bible. The simplest outline of the doctrine was formulated in the 4th century, largely in terms of rejection of what was considered not to be consonant with general Christian belief. Further elaboration continued in the succeeding centuries.[3]
Scripture contains neither the word Trinity,[4] nor an expressly formulated doctrine of the Trinity. Rather, according to the Christian theology, it "bears witness to" the activity of a God who can only be understood in Trinitarian terms. The doctrine did not take its definitive shape until late in the fourth century. During the intervening period, various tentative solutions, some more and some less satisfactory, were proposed. Trinitarianism contrasts with nontrinitarian positions which include Binitarianism (one deity in two persons, or two deities), Unitarianism (one deity in one person, analogous to Jewish interpretation of the Shema and Muslim belief in Tawhid), Oneness Pentecostalism or Modalism (one deity manifested in three separate aspects).
The word "trinity" is derived from Latin trinitas, meaning "the number three, a triad". This abstract noun is formed from the adjective trinus (three each, threefold, triple), as the word unitas is the abstract noun formed from unus (one).
The corresponding word in Greek is Greek, Ancient (to 1453): Τριάς, meaning "a set of three" or "the number three".
The first recorded use of this Greek word in Christian theology was by Theophilus of Antioch in about 170. He wrote:
In like manner also the three days which were before the luminaries, are types of the Trinity [{{lang|grc|Τριάδος}}], of God, and His Word, and His wisdom. And the fourth is the type of man, who needs light, that so there may be God, the Word, wisdom, man.
Tertullian, a Latin theologian who wrote in the early 3rd century, is credited as being the first to use the Latin words "Trinity", "person" and "substance" to explain that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are "one in essence—not one in Person".
The Ante-Nicene Fathers asserted Christ's deity and spoke of "Father, Son and Holy Spirit", even though their language is not that of the traditional doctrine as formalised in the fourth century. Trinitarians view these as elements of the codified doctrine. Ignatius of Antioch provides early support for the Trinity around 110, exhorting obedience to "Christ, and to the Father, and to the Spirit". Justin Martyr (AD 100–c. 165) also writes, "in the name of God, the Father and Lord of the universe, and of our Saviour Jesus Christ, and of the Holy Spirit". The first of the early church fathers to be recorded using the word "Trinity" was Theophilus of Antioch writing in the late 2nd century. He defines the Trinity as God, His Word (Logos) and His Wisdom (Sophia) in the context of a discussion of the first three days of creation. The first defence of the doctrine of the Trinity was in the early 3rd century by the early church father Tertullian. He explicitly defined the Trinity as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit and defended the Trinitarian theology against the "Praxean" heresy. St. Justin and Clement of Alexandra used the Trinity in their doxologies and St. Basil likewise, in the evening lighting of lamps.[5]
Another early, and already more philosophic, formulation of the Trinity (again without usage of that term) is attributed to the Gnostic teacher Valentinus (lived c.100 – c.160), who according to the fourth century theologian Marcellus of Ancyra, was "the first to devise the notion of three subsistent entities (hypostases), in a work that he entitled On the Three Natures". The highly allegorical exegesis of the Valentinian school inclined it to interpret the relevant scriptural passages as affirming a Divinity that, in some manner, is threefold. The Valentinian Gospel of Phillip, which dates to approximately the time of Tertullian, upholds the Trinitarian formula. Whatever his influence on the later fully formed doctrine may have been, however, Valentinus' school is rejected as heretical by orthodox Christians.
Although there is much debate as to whether the beliefs of the Apostles were merely articulated and explained in the Trinitarian Creeds, or were corrupted and replaced with new beliefs, all scholars recognize that the Creeds themselves were created in reaction to disagreements over the nature of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. These controversies, however, were great and many, and took some centuries to be resolved.
Of these controversies, the most significant developments were articulated in the first four centuries by the Church Fathers in reaction to Adoptionism, Sabellianism, and Arianism. Adoptionism was the belief that Jesus was an ordinary man, born of Joseph and Mary, who became the Christ and Son of God at his baptism. In 269, the Synods of Antioch condemned Paul of Samosata for his Adoptionist theology, and also condemned the term homoousios (ὁμοούσιος, "of the same being") in the sense he used it.
Sabellianism taught that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit are essentially one and the same, the difference being simply verbal, describing different aspects or roles of a single being. For this view Sabellius was excommunicated for heresy in Rome c. 220.
In the fourth century, Arius, as traditionally understood,[6] taught that the Father existed prior to the Son who was not, by nature, God but rather a changeable creature who was granted the dignity of becoming "Son of God". In 325, the Council of Nicaea adopted the Nicene Creed which described Christ as "God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father".[7] [8] The creed used the term homoousios (of one substance) to define the relationship between the Father and the Son. After more than fifty years of debate, homoousios was recognised as the hallmark of orthodoxy, and was further developed into the formula of "three persons, one being".
Athanasius, who was present at the Council as one of the Bishop of Alexandria's assistants, stated that the bishops were forced to use this terminology, which is not found in Scripture, because the biblical phrases that they would have preferred to use were claimed by the Arians to be capable of being interpreted in what the bishops considered to be a heretical sense. Moreover, the meanings of "ousia" and "hypostasis" overlapped then, so that "hypostasis" for some meant "essence" and for others "person". Athanasius of Alexandria (293–373) helped to separate the terms.
The Confession of the Council of Nicaea said little about the Holy Spirit. The doctrine of the divinity and personality of the Holy Spirit was developed by Athanasius in the last decades of his life. He defended and refined the Nicene formula. By the end of the 4th century, under the leadership of Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa, and Gregory of Nazianzus (the Cappadocian Fathers), the doctrine had reached substantially its current form.
Gregory of Nazianzus would say of the Trinity, "No sooner do I conceive of the One than I am illumined by the splendour of the Three; no sooner do I distinguish Three than I am carried back into the One. When I think of any of the Three, I think of him as the whole, and my eyes are filled, and the greater part of what I am thinking escapes me. I cannot grasp the greatness of that One so as to attribute a greater greatness to the rest. When I contemplate the Three together, I see but one torch, and cannot divide or measure out the undivided light."[9]
Devotion to the Trinity centered in the French monasteries at Tours and Aniane where Saint Benedict dedicated the abbey church to the Trinity in 872.[10] Feast Days were not instituted until 1091 at Cluny and 1162 at Canterbury and papal resistance continued until 1331.[11]
In the synoptic Gospels the baptism of Jesus is often interpreted as a manifestation of all three persons of the Trinity: "And when Jesus was baptized, he went up immediately from the water, and behold, the heavens were opened and he saw the spirit of God descending like a dove, and alighting on him; and lo, a voice from heaven, saying, 'This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased.2c MtBaptism is generally conferred with the Trinitarian formula, "in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit".2c Mt Trinitarians identify this name with the Christian faith into which baptism is an initiation, as seen for example in the statement of Basil the Great (330–379): "We are bound to be baptized in the terms we have received, and to profess faith in the terms in which we have been baptized." The First Council of Constantinople (381) also says, "This is the Faith of our baptism that teaches us to believe in the Name of the Father, of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. According to this Faith there is one Godhead, Power, and Being of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit." 2 Matthew may be taken to indicate that baptism was associated with this formula from the earliest decades of the Church's existence.
Nontrinitarian groups, such as Oneness Pentecostals, demur from the Trinitarian view on baptism. For them, the formula in the Book of Acts defines and affirms that all other considerations, alike,[12] are to be used in the name of Jesus Christ. For this reason, they often focus on the baptisms in Acts. Those who place great emphasis on the baptisms in Acts often likewise question the authenticity of 2 Matthew in its present form. Most scholars of New Testament textual criticism accept the authenticity of the passage, since there are no variant manuscripts regarding the formula, and the extant form of the passage is attested in the Didache and other patristic works of the 1st and 2nd centuries: Ignatius, Tertullian, Hippolytus, Cyprian, and Gregory Thaumaturgus.
Commenting on 2 Matthew, Gerhard Kittel states:
This threefold relation [of Father, Son and Spirit] soon found fixed expression in the triadic formulae in 2 2Cor and in 2 1Cor. The form is first found in the baptismal formula in 2 Matthew; Did., 7. 1 and 3....[I]t is self-evident that Father, Son and Spirit are here linked in an indissoluble threefold relationship.
See main article: Monotheism. Christianity, having emerged from Judaism, is a monotheistic religion. Never in the New Testament does the Trinitarian concept become a "tritheism" (three Gods) nor even two. God is one, and that God is a single being is strongly declared in the Bible:
In the Trinitarian view, the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit share the one essence, substance or being. The central and crucial affirmation of Christian faith is that there is one savior, God, and one salvation, manifest in Jesus Christ, to which there is access only because of the Holy Spirit. The God of the Old Testament is still the same as the God of the New. In Christianity, statements about a single God are intended to distinguish the Hebraic understanding from the polytheistic view, which see divine power as shared by several beings, beings which can and do disagree and have conflicts with each other.
In Trinitarian doctrine, God exists as three persons or hypostases, but is one being, having a single divine nature. The members of the Trinity are co-equal and co-eternal, one in essence, nature, power, action, and will. As stated in the Athanasian Creed, the Father is uncreated, the Son is uncreated, and the Holy Spirit is uncreated, and all three are eternal without beginning. "The Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit" are not names for different parts of God, but one name for God because three persons exist in God as one entity. They cannot be separate from one another. Each person is understood as having the identical essence or nature, not merely similar natures.
For Trinitarians, emphasis in Genesis 1:26 is on the plurality in the Deity, and in 1:27 on the unity of the divine Essence. A possible interpretation of Genesis 1:26 is that God's relationships in the Trinity are mirrored in man by the ideal relationship between husband and wife, two persons becoming one flesh, as described in Eve's creation later in the next chapter.2c-nb Genesis
See main article: Perichoresis. Perichoresis (from Greek, "going around", "envelopment") is a term used by some theologians to describe the relationship among the members of the Trinity. The Latin equivalent for this term is circumincessio. This concept refers for its basis to 2 John, where Jesus is instructing the disciples concerning the meaning of his departure. His going to the Father, he says, is for their sake; so that he might come to them when the "other comforter" is given to them. Then, he says, his disciples will dwell in him, as he dwells in the Father, and the Father dwells in him, and the Father will dwell in them. This is so, according to the theory of perichoresis, because the persons of the Trinity "reciprocally contain one another, so that one permanently envelopes and is permanently enveloped by, the other whom he yet envelopes". (Hilary of Poitiers, Concerning the Trinity 3:1).Perichoresis effectively excludes the idea that God has parts, but rather is a simple being. It also harmonizes well with the doctrine that the Christian's union with the Son in his humanity brings him into union with one who contains in himself, in the Apostle Paul's words, "all the fullness of deity" and not a part. (See also: Divinization (Christian)). Perichoresis provides an intuitive figure of what this might mean. The Son, the eternal Word, is from all eternity the dwelling place of God; he is the "Father's house", just as the Son dwells in the Father and the Spirit; so that, when the Spirit is "given", then it happens as Jesus said, "I will not leave you as orphans; for I will come to you."2c John
According to the words of Jesus, married persons are in some sense no longer two but are joined into one. Therefore, Orthodox theologians also see the marriage relationship between a man and a woman to be an example of this sacred union. "Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh." Gen. 2:24. "Wherefore they are no more twain but one flesh. What therefore God hath joined together, let no man put asunder." Matt. 19: 6.2c image or "icon"
Trinitarianism affirms that the Son is "begotten" (or "generated") of the Father and that the Spirit "proceeds" from the Father, but the Father is "neither begotten nor proceeds". The argument over whether the Spirit proceeds from the Father alone, or from the Father and the Son, was one of the catalysts of the Great Schism, in this case concerning the Western addition of the Filioque clause to the Nicene Creed. The Roman Catholic Church teaches that, in the sense of the Latin verb procedere (which does not have to indicate ultimate origin and is therefore compatible with proceeding through), but not in that of the Greek verb ἐκπορεύεσθαι (which implies ultimate origin), the Spirit "proceeds" from the Father and the Son, and the Eastern Orthodox Church, which teaches that the Spirit "proceeds" from the Father alone, has made no statement on the claim of a difference in meaning between the two words, one Greek and one Latin, both of which are translated as "proceeds". The Eastern Orthodox Churches object to the Filioque clause on ecclesiological and theological grounds, holding that "from the Father" means "from the Father alone".
This language is often considered difficult because, if used regarding humans or other created things, it would imply time and change; when used here, no beginning, change in being, or process within time is intended and is excluded. The Son is generated ("born" or "begotten"), and the Spirit proceeds, eternally. Augustine of Hippo explains, "Thy years are one day, and Thy day is not daily, but today; because Thy today yields not to tomorrow, for neither does it follow yesterday. Thy today is eternity; therefore Thou begat the Co-eternal, to whom Thou saidst, 'This day have I begotten Thee.'"2c Ps
Most Protestant groups that use the creed also include the Filioque clause. However, the issue is usually not controversial among them because their conception is often less exact than is discussed above (exceptions being the Presbyterian Westminster Confession 2:3, the London Baptist Confession 2:3, and the Lutheran Augsburg Confession 1:1–6, which specifically address those issues).
The economic Trinity refers to the acts of the triune God with respect to the creation, history, salvation, the formation of the Church, the daily lives of believers, etc. and describes how the Trinity operates within history in terms of the roles or functions performed by each person of the Trinity—God's relationship with creation. The ontological (or essential or immanent) Trinity speaks of the interior life of the Trinity2c John—the reciprocal relationships of Father, Son, and Spirit to each other without reference to God's relationship with creation.
The ancient Nicene theologians argued that everything the Trinity does is done by Father, Son, and Spirit working in unity with one will. The three persons of the Trinity always work inseparably, for their work is always the work of the one God. Because of this unity of will, the Trinity cannot involve the eternal subordination of the Son to the Father. Eternal subordination can only exist if the Son's will is at least conceivably different from the Father's. But Nicene orthodoxy says it is not. The Son's will cannot be different from the Father's because it is the Father's. They have but one will as they have but one being. Otherwise they would not be one God. If there were relations of command and obedience between the Father and the Son, there would be no Trinity at all but rather three gods. On this point St. Basil observes "When then He says, 'I have not spoken of myself', and again, 'As the Father said unto me, so I speak', and 'The word which ye hear is not mine, but [the Father's] which sent me', and in another place, 'As the Father gave me commandment, even so I do', it is not because He lacks deliberate purpose or power of initiation, nor yet because He has to wait for the preconcerted key-note, that he employs language of this kind. His object is to make it plain that His own will is connected in indissoluble union with the Father. Do not then let us understand by what is called a 'commandment' a peremptory mandate delivered by organs of speech, and giving orders to the Son, as to a subordinate, concerning what He ought to do. Let us rather, in a sense befitting the Godhead, perceive a transmission of will, like the reflexion of an object in a mirror, passing without note of time from Father to Son."
In explaining why the Bible speaks of the Son as being subordinate to the Father, the great theologian Athanasius argued that scripture gives a "double account" of the son of God—one of his temporal and voluntary subordination in the incarnation, and the other of his eternal divine status. For Athanasius, the Son is eternally one in being with the Father, temporally and voluntarily subordinate in his incarnate ministry. Such human traits, he argued, were not to be read back into the eternal Trinity.
Like Athanasius, the Cappadocian Fathers also insisted there was no economic inequality present within the Trinity. As Basil wrote: "We perceive the operation of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit to be one and the same, in no respect showing differences or variation; from this identity of operation we necessarily infer the unity of nature."
Augustine also rejected an economic hierarchy within the Trinity. He claimed that the three persons of the Trinity "share the inseparable equality one substance present in divine unity". Because the three persons are one in their inner life, this means that for Augustine their works in the world are one. For this reason, it is an impossibility for Augustine to speak of the Father commanding and the Son obeying as if there could be a conflict of wills within the eternal Trinity.
John Calvin also spoke at length about the doctrine of the Trinity. Like Athanasius and Augustine before him, he concluded that prescribed how scripture was to be read correctly. For him the Son's obedience is limited to the incarnation and is indicative of his true humanity assumed for human salvation.
Much of this work is summed up in the Athanasian Creed. This creed stresses the unity of the Trinity and the equality of the persons. It ascribes equal divinity, majesty, and authority to all three persons. All three are said to be "almighty" and "Lord" (no subordination in authority; "none is before or after another" (no hierarchical ordering); and "none is greater, or less than another" (no subordination in being or nature)). Thus, since the divine persons of the Trinity act with one will, there is no possibility of hierarchy-inequality in the Trinity.
Catholic theologian Karl Rahner went so far as to say:
The "economic" Trinity is the "immanent" Trinity and the "immanent" Trinity is the "economic" Trinity.
Richard Rubinstein says that Emperor Constantine and his advisor Hosius of Cordoba were aware of the usefulness of having a divinely ordained church in which the church authority, and not the individual, were able to determine individual salvation, and threw their support toward the homoousion Trinitarian formula. Constantine suggested the initial use of the term homoousios at the Council of Nicaea.[13] Constantine later changed his view about the Nicene formula and supported the bishops who rejected it,[14] as did several of his successors, the first emperor to be baptized in the Nicene faith being Theodosius the Great, emperor from 379 to 395.[15]
From the Old Testament the early church retained the conviction that God is one. The New Testament does not use the word Τριάς (Trinity) nor explicitly teach the Nicene Trinitarian doctrine, but it contains several passages that use twofold and threefold patterns to speak of God. Binitarian passages include Rom. 8:11, 2 Cor. 4:14, Galatians 1:1, Eph. 1:20, 1 Tim. 1:2, 1 Pet. 1:21, and 2 John 1:13. Passages which refer to the Godhead with a threefold pattern include Matt. 28:19, 1 Cor. 6:11 and 12:4ff., Gal. 3:11–14, Heb. 10:29, and 1 Pet. 1:2. These passages provided the material with which Christians would develop doctrines of the Trinity. Reflection by early Christians on passages such as the Great Commission: "Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit"2c Matt and Paul the Apostle's blessing: "The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ and the love of God and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit be with you all",2c 2Corinthians while at the same time the Jewish Shema Yisrael: "Hear, O Israel: the Lord our God, the Lord is one"2c Deuteronomy led the early Christians to question how the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are "one". Later, the diverse references to God, Jesus, and the Spirit found in the New Testament were systematized into a Trinity—one God subsisting in three persons and one substance—to combat heretical tendencies of how the three are related and to defend the church against charges of worshiping two or three gods.
Some scholars dispute the idea that support for the Trinity can be found in the Bible, and argue that the doctrine is the result of theological interpretations rather than sound exegesis of scripture. The concept was expressed in early writings from the beginning of the 2nd century forward, and other scholars hold that the way the New Testament repeatedly speaks of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit is such as to require one to accept a Trinitarian understanding.
The Comma Johanneum, 2 1John, is a disputed text which states: "For there are three that bear record in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one." However, this passage is not considered to be part of the genuine text, and most scholars agree that the phrase was a gloss.
The Gospel of John has been seen as especially aimed at emphasizing Jesus' divinity, presenting Jesus as the Logos, pre-existent and divine, from its first words, "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God."2c John The Gospel of John ends with Thomas's declaration that he believed Jesus was God, "My Lord and my God!"2c John There is no significant tendency among modern scholars to deny that John 1:1 and John 20:28 identify Jesus with God. John also portrays Jesus as the agent of creation of the universe.
There are also a few possible biblical supports for the divinity of Jesus found in the Synoptic Gospels. The Gospel of Matthew, for example, quotes Jesus as saying, "All things have been handed over to me by my Father."2c Mt This is similar to John, who wrote that Jesus said, "All that the Father has is mine."2c John These verses have been quoted to defend the omnipotence of Christ, having all power, as well as the omniscience of Christ, having all wisdom.
Expressions also in the Pauline epistles have been interpreted as attributing divinity to Jesus. They include: "For by him all things were created: things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or powers or rulers or authorities; all things were created by him and for him"2c Colossians and "For in Christ all the fullness of the Deity lives in bodily form",2c Colossians and in Paul the Apostle's claim to have been "sent not from men nor by man, but by Jesus Christ and God the Father".2c Galatians
Some have suggested that John presents a hierarchy when he quotes Jesus as saying, "The Father is greater than I",2c-nb John a statement which was appealed to by nontrinitarian groups such as Arianism. However, Church Fathers such as Augustine of Hippo argued this statement was to be understood as Jesus speaking in the form of a man.
As the Arian controversy was dissipating, the debate moved from the deity of Jesus Christ to the equality of the Holy Spirit with the Father and Son. On one hand, the Pneumatomachi sect declared that the Holy Spirit was an inferior person to the Father and Son. On the other hand, the Cappadocian Fathers argued that the Holy Spirit was an equal person to the Father and Son.
Although the main text used in defense of the deity of the Holy Spirit was Matthew 28:19, Cappadocian Fathers such as Basil the Great argued from other verses such as "But Peter said, 'Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit and to keep back for yourself part of the proceeds of the land? While it remained unsold, did it not remain your own? And after it was sold, was it not at your disposal? Why is it that you have contrived this deed in your heart? You have not lied to men but to God.'"2c Acts
Another passage the Cappadocian Fathers quoted from was "By the word of the Lord the heavens were made, and by the breath of his mouth all their host."2c Psalm According to their understanding, because "breath" and "spirit" in Hebrew are both "רוּחַ" ("ruach"), Psalm 33:6 is revealing the roles of the Son and Holy Spirit as co-creators. And since, according to them, because only the holy God can create holy beings such as the angels, the Son and Holy Spirit must be God.
Yet another argument from the Cappadocian Fathers to prove that the Holy Spirit is of the same nature as the Father and Son comes from "For who knows a person's thoughts except the spirit of that person, which is in him? So also no one comprehends the thoughts of God except the Spirit of God."2c 1Cor. They reasoned that this passage proves that the Holy Spirit has the same relationship to God as the spirit within us has to us.
The Cappadocian Fathers also quoted, "Do you not know that you are God's temple and that God's Spirit dwells in you?"2c 1Cor. and reasoned that it would be blasphemous for an inferior being to take up residence in a temple of God, thus proving that the Holy Spirit is equal with the Father and the Son.
They also combined "the servant does not know what his master is doing"2c John with 1 Corinthians 2:11 in an attempt to show that the Holy Spirit is not the slave of God, and therefore his equal.
The Pneumatomachi contradicted the Cappadocian Fathers by quoting, "Are they not all ministering spirits sent out to serve for the sake of those who are to inherit salvation?"2c Hebrews in effect arguing that the Holy Spirit is no different from other created angelic spirits. The Church Fathers disagreed, saying that the Holy Spirit is greater than the angels, since the Holy Spirit is the one who grants the foreknowledge for prophecy2c 1Cor. so that the angels could announce events to come.
The usage of the word "paraclete" (Greek: parakletos) for the Holy Spirit in John 14:16, which can be translated as advocate, intercessor, counsellor or protector, and the Holy Spirit's essence and action characterized by truth, as all three persons of the Trinity are linked with truth (see v. 17), are seen as arguments that he is a divine person; especially that Jesus calls him another counsellor, in this way expressing that the Holy Spirit is similar to himself in regard to our counsel.
In addition, the Old Testament has also been interpreted as foreshadowing the Trinity, by referring to God's word, his spirit, and Wisdom, as well as narratives such as the appearance of the three men to Abraham. However, it is generally agreed among Trinitarian Christian scholars that it would go beyond the intention and spirit of the Old Testament to correlate these notions directly with later Trinitarian doctrine.
Some Church Fathers believed that a knowledge of the mystery was granted to the prophets and saints of the Old Testament, and that they identified the divine messenger of 2 Genesis,2-nb Gen, 2-nb Gen, 2 Exodus and Wisdom of the sapiential books with the Son, and "the spirit of the Lord" with the Holy Spirit. Other Church Fathers, such as Gregory Nazianzen, argued in his Orations that the revelation was gradual, claiming that the Father was proclaimed in the Old Testament openly, but the Son only obscurely, because "it was not safe, when the Godhead of the Father was not yet acknowledged, plainly to proclaim the Son".
Genesis 18–19 has been interpreted by Christians as a Trinitarian text. The narrative has the Lord appearing to Abraham, who was visited by three men.2c Gen Then in 2 Genesis, "the two angels" visited Lot at Sodom. The interplay between Abraham on the one hand and the Lord/three men/the two angels on the other was an intriguing text for those who believed in a single God in three persons. Justin Martyr, and John Calvin similarly, interpreted it such that Abraham was visited by God, who was accompanied by two angels. Justin supposed that the God who visited Abraham was distinguishable from the God who remains in the heavens, but was nevertheless identified as the (monotheistic) God. Justin appropriated the God who visited Abraham to Jesus, the second person of the Trinity.
Augustine, in contrast, held that the three visitors to Abraham were the three persons of the Trinity. He saw no indication that the visitors were unequal, as would be the case in Justin's reading. Then in 2 Genesis, two of the visitors were addressed by Lot in the singular: "Lot said to them, 'Not so, my lord.'"2c Gen Augustine saw that Lot could address them as one because they had a single substance, despite the plurality of persons.[16] Some Christians see indications in the Old Testament of a plurality and unity in God, an idea that is rejected by Judaism.
According to Swedenborg, the three angels which appeared to Abraham do represent the Trinity, but a Trinity of one being: the Divine Itself, the Divine Human and the Divine Proceeding. That one being is represented is indicated by the fact that they are referred to in the singular as Jehovah and Lord. The reason why only two of the angels went to visit Sodom and Gomorrah is that they represent the Divine Human and the Divine Proceeding, and to those aspects of the Divine belongs judgment, as Jesus declared that all judgment was entrusted by the Father to the Son. The three angels did indeed appear to Abraham as three men, but they are only a symbolic representation of the Trinity, which should not be taken literally as three distinct persons. In the Old Testament, Swedenborg finds the earliest direct reference to a Trine in the Divinity in the account of Moses' encounter with the Lord in Exodus which states, "And Jehovah passed by upon his face, and called, Jehovah, Jehovah, a God merciful and gracious."2c Exodus
Some Christians interpret the theophanies or appearances of the Angel of the Lord as revelations of a person distinct from God, who is nonetheless called God. This interpretation is found in Christianity as early as Justin Martyr and Melito of Sardis, and reflects ideas that were already present in Philo. The Old Testament theophanies were thus seen as Christophanies, each a "preincarnate appearance of the Messiah".
Non-orthodox views of the Christian Trinitarian God have also been suggested by process theologians like Lewis S. Ford, who endorse the entitative view of God as timeless and eternal concrescence, but interpret the Whiteheadian natures of God (primordial nature, consequent nature, and superjective nature) in a Trinitarian way. Other process theologians like Joseph A. Bracken consider the three divines persons, each understood in the Neo-Whiteheadian societal view of God sensu Charles Hartshorne and David Ray Griffin, as constituting a primordial field of divine activity.
See main article: Trinity in art. The Trinity is most commonly seen in Christian art with the Spirit represented by a dove, as specified in the Gospel accounts of the Baptism of Christ; he is nearly always shown with wings outspread. However depictions using three human figures appear occasionally in most periods of art.[17]
The Father and the Son are usually differentiated by age, and later by dress, but this too is not always the case. The usual depiction of the Father as an older man with a white beard may derive from the biblical Ancient of Days, which is often cited in defense of this sometimes controversial representation. However, in Eastern Orthodoxy the Ancient of Days is usually understood to be God the Son, not God the Father (see below)—early Byzantine images show Christ as the Ancient of Days,[18] but this iconography became rare. When the Father is depicted in art, he is sometimes shown with a halo shaped like an equilateral triangle, instead of a circle. The Son is often shown at the Father's right hand.2c Acts He may be represented by a symbol—typically the Lamb or a cross—or on a crucifix, so that the Father is the only human figure shown at full size. In early medieval art, the Father may be represented by a hand appearing from a cloud in a blessing gesture, for example in scenes of the Baptism of Christ. Later, in the West, the Throne of Mercy (or "Throne of Grace") became a common depiction. In this style, the Father (sometimes seated on a throne) is shown supporting either a crucifix[19] or, later, a slumped crucified Son, similar to the Pietà (this type is distinguished in German as the Not Gottes)[20] in his outstretched arms, while the Dove hovers above or in between them. This subject continued to be popular until the 18th century at least.
By the end of the 15th century, larger representations, other than the Throne of Mercy, became effectively standardised, showing an older figure in plain robes for the Father, Christ with his torso partly bare to display the wounds of his Passion, and the dove above or around them. In earlier representations both Father, especially, and Son often wear elaborate robes and crowns. Sometimes the Father alone wears a crown, or even a papal tiara.
See main article: Nontrinitarianism. Nontrinitarianism (or antitrinitarianism) refers to Christian belief systems that reject the doctrine of the Trinity as not having scriptural origin. Nontrinitarian views differ widely on the nature of God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit. Various nontrinitarian views, such as Adoptionism, Monarchianism and Arianism existed prior to the formal definition of the Trinity doctrine in AD 325, 360, and 431, at the Councils of Nicaea, Constantinople, and Ephesus, respectively. Following the final victory of orthodoxy at Constantinople in 381, Arianism was driven from the Empire, retaining a foothold amongst the Teutonic tribes. When the Franks converted to Catholicism in 496, however, it gradually faded out.[21] Nontrinitarianism was later renewed in the Gnosticism of the Cathars in the 11th through 13th centuries, in the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century, and in some groups arising during the Second Great Awakening of the 19th century.
Modern nontrinitarian groups or denominations include Christadelphians, Christian Scientists, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Dawn Bible Students, Friends General Conference, Iglesia ni Cristo, Jehovah's Witnesses, Living Church of God, Members Church of God International, Oneness Pentecostals, the Seventh Day Church of God, Unitarian Universalist Christians, United Church of God, and The Shepherd's Chapel.
Islam and Judaism traditionally profess a concept of monotheism with a singular God,[22] and consequently reject Trinitarianism. Islam considers Jesus to be a prophet but not divine, and Allah to be absolutely indivisible; several verses of the Quran state that the Trinity doctrine is blasphemous.


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Pakistan restores Afghan border centers in step forward
By Sanjeev Miglani
KABUL (Reuters) - Pakistan has restored liaison officers at coordination centers on the Afghanistan border, NATO said on Monday, in a slight easing of tensions, after NATO air strikes last month killed two dozen Pakistani soldiers and provoked fury across the country.
But the U.S.-led coalition's supply lines that run through Pakistan remain closed since the November 26 incident and it is both in the interests of foreign forces as well as Pakistan that the routes be opened sooner rather than later, the alliance said.
Ties between the United States and Pakistan are fraught, with Islamabad blocking the Afghan supply line for one of the longest periods yet. Last week, U.S. lawmakers agreed to freeze $700 million in aid to Pakistan demanding it disrupt the movement of fertilizers used in making homemade bombs, the deadliest killer of foreign troops.
But the top NATO commander in Afghanistan, U.S. General John Allen, had spoken to the Pakistani army chief General Ashfaq Kayani and there were signs of progress over the last few days, Brigadier General Carsten Jacobsen, a spokesman for the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), told reporters.
"We have seen liaison officers, Pakistani officers, return to border coordination centers, General Allen has spoken to General Kayani, so we are moving in the right direction," he said.
The border control centers were set up to help NATO and Afghan forces and their Pakistani counterparts on the other side of the porous border to coordinate operations against militants and avoid the kind of the incident that occurred last month in which two Pakistan army posts in Mohmand came under NATO fire.
Pakistan said the United States had carried out an unprovoked attack, an accusation rejected by Washington. An investigation has been ordered and Jacobsen declined to go into details of the incident ahead of the results.
But he urged Pakistan to reopen the two supply routes into Afghanistan, which carry just under a third of all cargo for foreign forces fighting in the landlocked nation. Continued...

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Every now and then, someone's photographic work really stands out and catches your eye. Hailing from Portugal, Pedro Afonso is one of those people. Operating in two very divergent fields: landscape and fashion, his images are carefully crafted and masterfully … READ MORE
It's time to profile another local photographic talent: Ace Eribal. He is a graphic designer by trade, expat from the Philippines, and long-term resident of Shenzhen. I was first exposed to Ace's artistry as the frontman of his rock n' … READ MORE
Our shot of the week comes from photographer Michael Chaint in Singapore. It is part of a wonderful series he did entitled Runaway Bride. The lighting for this shot was rather simple, but the effect is great. He used … READ MORE
So lately, news of an iPhone 3Gs in the studio is making the rounds on the internet. The photographers demonstrated that it could create pleasing results (using state of the art lighting equipment no less). Be sure to watch the … READ MORE


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About Me
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JBHomemade offers natural, botanical skincare and the gentle hair removal method called sugaring. The use of Nature's Bounty to provide a natural lifestyle, skin care and health has been around for centuries. Our organic gardens thrive with homegrown flowers, herbs and vegetables. In this second chapter of my life, I share a commitment with my family to live a clean, natural, self-sustaining, homesteading lifestyle here in TN.
The concept of Clean, natural living inspires each of my homemade products.
Sugaring Paste & Natural Pink Rose Petal Sugar Scrub Bundle
Handmade item
Materials Included: Sugaring Hair Removal Bundle:
Natural Sugaring Paste 8 oz
, Organic Raw Sugar with Purified Water, Fresh Squeezed Organic Lemon Juice, Cornstarch,
Pure Aloe Vera Gel
Pink Rose Petal Sugar Scrub 8 oz
Made to order
Ships worldwide from United States
Sugaring is a less painful, all natural method of hair removal.
Exfoliation is the key to getting the best results during your at-home sugaring hair removal sessions.
In my experience and research, you will get better results from sugaring if you take the time to take care of your skin before and after your sugaring treatments at home. Exfoliation is one of the key ways to keep your skin soft and happy between your hair removal treatments!
is a hair removal, or epilation, method that has been used for centuries - all the way back to ancient Egypt and that beauty guru Cleopatra, Persia, and Arabia! This organic all natural hair removal paste is quite thick, feeling almost like taffy, firm but pliable. Benefits of using an organic paste include that you don't need to mess around with hair removal strips or heating. All that is required are your fingers or applicator alone! Sugaring paste is a less painful alternative to waxing. This product is excellent for anyone that would like a natural alternative to body waxing without all the expense and hassle of going to the salon. This paste can be used for all areas of the body, such as the legs, arms, underarms, bikini, upper lip, chin....from your eyebrows to your toes! Sugaring paste is ideal for all skin types including those with eczema, psoriasis, even varicose veins.
If you have not sugared before, it does take a little practice (I strongly recommend watching the tutorial videos provided on my YouTube Channel), but once you get the hang of it, it truly is amazing. This method is certainly much less painful than waxing, less messy (easily cleans up with warm water), and is much more beneficial for your skin. No burns, no chemicals, no redness or irritation. With sugaring, your hair grows back softer, slower, and finer. Over time you will have less and less hair.
The most common question asked is "Is it painful like waxing in a salon?"
The answer is an emphatic NO! Honestly, the pain level will depend on your personal threshold of pain, though in general, the pain level is much less than salon waxing, and just feels like removing a bandage.
is the action of gently removing dead or old skin cells from the outermost surface of your skin. The healthiest way to do this is with natural skin products with small granules which rub away the old skin. Exfoliation will bring softer, younger skin cells to the surface. Sugar scrubs are perfect for regular exfoliation in your skincare regimen or maintaining aftercare, your skin will be ready to go.
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It's important to keep your skin exfoliated before and after you begin your at home sugaring treatment, ensuring that only your unwanted hairs get removed. By maintaining an exfoliation routine in between sessions, your sugaring treatments will produce the best results. You don't want to clog the sugaring paste with dead skin cells. Your sugaring paste will last longer during use.
Fact: While being spread in the opposite direction of growth, the sugar seeps into your follicles/pores. This action essentially "lubricates" the hair, allowing for gentle extraction.
~Quote Alexandria Professional
Sugar scrubs
are great for exfoliating off your old dead skin cells and uncovering your new, beautiful skin underneath. Organic
Fresh Pink Rose Sugar Scrub
makes an excellent exfoliant, moisturizes your skin to a soft, silky feel. The results give you perfect nourishment for your dry and problematic skin! Pink roses have long been a symbol of grace and elegance, as well as sweetness and poetic romance, but did you know that roses are also highly prized for their skin care properties? Roses contain tons of Vitamin C, which is known to help heal sun damaged spots, is a natural astringent which will help tone your skin, and is also a natural anti-inflammatory agent.
All natural, organic ingredients, so it is perfect for those with sensitive skin.
Sugaring Paste Ingredients:
Organic raw sugar (Saccharum officinarum L), freshly squeezed lemon juice (Citrus × limon), purified water (oxidane)
Natural Pink Rose Petal Sugar Scrub Ingredients:
Organic Cane Sugar (Saccharum officinarum L), Organic Grapeseed Oil (Vitis vinifera seed oil), Pink Rose Petals (Rosa Bridal Pink), Rose Pure Essential Oil (Rosa centifolia)
Corresponding Wax Bundle:
Sugaring Wax & Natural Pink Rose Petal Sugar Scrub Bundle
General Instructions:
Click here to download a printable version
Apply cornstarch to clean, dry skin after a gentle exfoliation with a non-oily scrub*.
• Using the applicator, spread a layer of the sugaring paste in the OPPOSITE direction of hair growth in the desired area three times, using slight pressure.
• On the third spreading motion, remove the sugaring paste by using a Flicking motion in the SAME direction of the hair growth.
This Sugaring Paste & Natural Pink Rose Petal Sugar Scrub Bundle includes:
• One
8 oz Sugaring Paste
• One
8 oz Natural Pink Rose Petal Scrub
(Great anytime or for post sugar exfoliation after 48 hours, every 2-3 days)
• 30 ml sample of my
Pure Aloe Vera
(Soothing, moisturizing post sugaring care)
• A pouch of Pure Corn Starch
• Instruction cards
Sugaring applicator
• Follow up with the
Natural Pink Rose Petal Sugar Scrub
for healthy, nourishing aftercare after 48 hours. Exfoliating will prolong the smooth results and ensure minimal chance of ingrown hairs caused by dead skin cells blocking the pores.
See tutorial video for a demonstration of flicking motion.
*It is highly recommended that you gently exfoliate your skin gently before sugaring with a non-oil based exfoliant.
**Detailed instructions are provided.


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NASHVILLE, Tenn. - Plagued by putting troubles, the 14th-ranked Tennessee women's golf team struggled during the second round of competition at the NCAA Championships Wednesday.
The Lady Vols finished the day 18-over in the competitive field at the national championship event held at the Vanderbilt Legends Club.
The Big Orange has a two-day total of 300-307=607 (+41) at the tournament, siting in a tie for 21st place heading into the third round.
"We got off to a good start and played the front nine fairly well," head coach Judi Pavon said. "We had a very poor back nine and missed a lot of short putts. The good news is that we have 36 holes to make some kind of comeback in the next two days."
Alabama holds the team lead with a 5-under 571 tally while the Crimson Tide's Brooke Pancake sits atop the individual leaderboard through first two rounds.
Senior Nathalie Mansson leads UT at the event, tying for 64th with a two-day tally of 150. The Stockholm, Sweden, native recovered from a double bogey on No. 1 and used two birdies to pace the Lady Vols and finish Wednesday's second round at 76 (+4).
Junior Erica Popson also turned in a four-over 76 performance in round two. After making the turn at one under, Popson picked up three bogeys and a double bogey on her way in to finish four over par. She has a two-day score of 153 (+9).
Junior Sara Monberg also made the turn under par for Tennessee, sitting 1-under through 12 holes before bogeying four straight holes and picking up a double bogey on No. 17. The Juelsminde, Denmark, product has a 36-hole total of 152 (+8) - good for a tie for 75th.
Sophomore Chessey Thomas rounded out the scorers for Tennessee in the second round with a 6-over 78 in the Championship's second round. She holds a two-day mark of 76-78=154 and a share of 89th place.
Freshman AJ Newell added a second round 83 to her first round 75 for a 158 total through the first two rounds in her first NCAA Championships appearance.
Tennessee returns to the course Thursday for the third round at the NCAA Championships. The Lady Vols will tee off in a group with Ohio State and Stanford at 7:33 a.m. off No. 10.
Live scoring will be available at NCAA.com.


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Forrester Will Lower Its Tech Market Forecast By One-To-Two Percentage Points, Depending On Federal Debt Ceiling Outcome
Posted by Andrew Bartels on July 28, 2011
- 486 Recommendations
- 2 comments
On Tuesday, we were ready to publish our mid-2011 global IT market forecast. It projected 7.4% growth in the US IT market in 2011, and 10.4% in 2012. Global growth in US dollars was forecast at 10.6% in 2011 and 7.6% in 2012, with the dollar rebounding in 2012 from its weakness in 2011; measured in local currencies to eliminate currency fluctuations, growth was projected to be 7.8% in 2011 and 9.1% in 2012. Our definition of the IT market included business and government purchases of computer and communications equipment, software, and IT consulting and outsourcing services -- it did not include their purchases of telecommunications services, which are declining in the US and growing slowly globally.
Our forecast did recognize three threats to economic growth, and thus three risks to our forecast: 1) a failure to reach a sensible resolution to raise the US debt ceiling and start on a path to lower budget deficits; 2) a failure of European governments to reach a sensible resolution to the Greek debt crisis that lowered the Greek debt burden and reduced the risk of a broader debt crisis that included Italy and Spain; and 3) overreaction by China and India to rising inflation that reduced their growth.
As of last weekend, the second risk seemed to be defused, with the European Union and European Central Bank agreeing on a plan to reduce the Greek debt levels and provide new financing (though questions have since arisen as to whether this plan would be adequate). Meanwhile, on the first risk, President Obama and House Speaker Boehner were negotiating a deal that would raise the debt ceiling through the end of 2012 with deficit reduction of $4 trillion over 10 years through $3 trillion in spending cuts and $1 trillion in tax increases. Moreover, quarterly earnings releases for Q2 2011 from large tech vendors like Accenture, IBM, Microsoft and Oracle were all in line with our growth projections.
But then things fell apart. By Monday, the grand bargain was dead, House Republicans and Senate Democrats were scrambling to put together rival bills, and all the available options for resolving the debt ceiling increase would have negative impacts directly for the US economy, and indirectly on the global economy. And lower economic growth in turn translates to lower tech investment.
So, we pulled our forecast, because it was clear the projections described above were too optimistic.
Now, the question is how much to lower our forecast, and that will depend on what happens between now and August 2nd. Here are the scenarios as I see them:
- If the debt ceiling is not raised by August 2nd (or perhaps a day or so later), and the US goes into default, we will lower our forecast for 2011 US IT market growth to 5.5% in 2011 and around 7% in 2012. Global growth in local currencies would be similar, though growth in US dollars may actually be similar to those in our planned forecast, due to a sharp drop in the value of the US dollar.
That may seem a big change for a seemingly small event, but the implications of a default are quite scary. Faith in the creditworthiness of US government securities would be shaken, foreign investors would reduce their buying of US bonds, and interest rates would rise -- not only on US treasuries, but also on US state and local governments. So, too, would interest rates on business and consumer loans. Financial markets would be disrupted, as investors looked for safer options, with loans becoming harder to get. Stock markets would fall even further than they fell on Tuesday, wiping out stock wealth and depressing spending. In an already weak economy, it is not hard to see US real growth shrinking to 1% in Q3 and Q4 of 2011 as a result, with effects lasting into 2012.
- If the debt ceiling is raised before August 2nd along the lines of House Speaker John Boehner's bill (with about $2 billion in spending cuts but the need to raise the debt ceiling again in 2012), we will lower our forecast for the 2011 US IT market growth to 6.5% to 7% and to around 7% in 2012. Local currency global growth would be 7% in 2011 and 8% in 2011.
Here, the damage would be three-fold -- 1) near-term cuts in US government spending that would hurt economic growth; 2) the potential for a downgrade in the US government's credit rating, which would raise interest rates a bit, also slowing growth; and 3) a repeat of all the political disfunction that characterized this episode, with the attendant financial market disturbances. US real GDP growth in Q3 and Q4 2011 would probably be around 2% to 2.5% -- about a percentage point lower than we assumed. Growth would also be weak in 2012, as all three sources of damage recur.
- If the debt ceiling is raised under Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid's proposal (with about $2 billion in spending cuts but the debt ceiling raised high enough to get into 2013), we will lower our forecast for the 2011 US IT market growth to 6.5% to 7%, but 2012 IT market growth would be 8%. Local currency global growth would be similar.
In this case, the first two sources of damage occur, but not the third. We would assume similar weak growth in the second half of 2011, but slightly better economic growth in 2012.
I want to emphasize that we continue to see the tech market outperforming the economy in the US, and to a lesser degree globally. As long as the US stays out of recession, we expect US tech investment will continue to grow twice as fast as US growth measured in current dollars (that is, without adjustment for inflation). While US businesses are proving reluctant to hire workers because of uncertain demand, they are showing themselves to be very willing to invest in technology that will allow them to cut costs and improve profits in the face of that uncertain demand. Even US governments, which have been cutting spending and hiring to eliminate budget deficits, are making fewer and shallower cuts in their tech investments, for the same reason.
In addition to awaiting the outcome of the Federal debt ceiling increase debacle, I will also be looking at the release of the US Department of Commerce's estimates for Q2 2011 GDP and tech investment. If those numbers are weaker than we expect, that would tilt our forecasts a bit lower; if they are stronger, that would edge our forecasts up a bit. Depending on when the dust settles around the debt ceiling increase, we will publish our revised global IT market forecast in either the first or second weeks of August.
Hi, I am looking for the US
Comment from McKelle Coleman (not verified) on Sat, 07/30/2011 - 17:06
Hi, I am looking for the US department of commerce's estimates for tech investment, could you tell me where you find that data? I am working on a paper for college. Thank you very much, it would be MUCH appreciated if you could let me know ASAP.
Comment from santosh mohanty on Thu, 08/11/2011 - 02:43
Hi you just invest in the share market for totally profit.
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AC Milan's Balotelli Slams Time In England With Manchester City
Mario Balotelli has hit out at England, claiming the only good things were the Manchester City fans, his team mates and the coach.
The Italian international joined AC Milan in January for a fee of €20 million, plus bonuses and was quick to express his relief at being back in Italy.
"At Inter I won playing and not playing, I came here [to Milan] because I want to win as a leading player," he told the press.
He was also questioned about Rossoneri president Silvio Berlusconi calling him a 'rotten apple', "In England I didn't even know about it, I only heard it later and so I have nothing to say," he replied.
"If I have to be honest English football is beautiful. It's ahead of Italian calcio. But I had this dream to play for Milan.
"In England they talk about my personal life and exaggerate. Here in Italy you report their reports. I'm focused on calcio.
"I spoke to [Italy coach Cesare] Prandelli and he told me he's happy I'm back in Italy and I can get back to playing football.
"I have to say thanks to all City fans for always supporting me. I have to thank my teammates and my manager.
"The only good things in England were when I was at Carrington training. Everything else in England was bad things."
When asked what he didn't like about England he replied, "The press, the weather, the food, the way I like to drive, are all bad things about England."
Balotelli also refused to answer a question from a Sun journalist, stating, "Your newspaper always wrote bad things about me, so I don't want to answer any of your questions."


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Dell Eyes More Windows Tablet Sales, Exploring Wearable Tech
Dell's global vice-president of personal computing Sam Burd has opened up to the Guardian on his company's current strategy. He vaguely revealed the sales figures of Windows tablets made by Dell and talked about the strategy of moving to wearable tech.
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Google Won't Accept Any Facial Recognition Apps For Glass
When Google Glass was first unveiled, many of us were awed at the product. Glass serves as an excellent example of wearable computers. However, privacy concerns were cited by many since Glass comes with a camera. Google has now assured that we don't have to worry about that.
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Baidu Eye — Another Competitor Of Google Glass
Though Google Glass is the apparent pioneer in a new breed of augmented reality gadgets, it is not going to have a road of roses. We have already heard about similar developments by LG and Sony. Now, there is another entry in the list – Baidu.
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Meet The World's First Programmable T-Shirt With Wearable Display
Ever thought of a T-shirt with wearable LED display, camera, microphone, speaker and accelerometer, all packaged into it, that can be controlled via your smartphone? Most of us haven't. But, London-based interactive clothing company Cutecircuit has teamed up with Scotch whiskey distillers Ballantine's to create the world's first washable, sharable and programmable T-shirt with all the elements stated earlier – wearable LED display, wearable camera, wearable microphone, wearable speakers and wearable accelerometer.
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U.S. Army Getting Wearable Computers For Helicopter Pilots
Defense contractor Raytheon has made a wearable military computer called Aviation Warrior. This wearable military tablet PC, Aviation Warrior, comes with a wrist-mounted screen, allowing pilots to see radar images, surveillance video and maps even on the ground. They can communicate with a built-in radio or by text. It is being specially made for the US Army. The US Army will use Android and Windows based systems during missions in future.
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Glove One: Cellphone In Your Hand Gloves
Glove One's design is prototype that makes a point about the future of technology. Artist Bryan Cera has designed this wearable hand gloves cellphone. Bryan Cera's Glove One is not the first wearable cellphone device but its beautiful sleight design is more comfortable than previous models. Imagine, you will have cell-phones as part of your body. Glove One is designed and manufactured using parts from a 3D printer and and a wristwatch cellphone.
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Apple Working on Computers That You Can Wear
According to New York Times, Apple researchers are busy in developing the prototypes of such products which you can wear. Product which you can wear on your wrist, for instance, and they may send information back to iPhone. These products will also be compatible with other Apple devices such as iPad and iPod. According to the article, Google is also working on similar products for Android smartphones.
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How New Technology Could Change Fashion
Fashion Week is currently underway in New York City, and developments in the high tech world could inspire and influence the world's best fashion designers to create outfits that merge fashion and technology seamlessly. Previous attempts in this direction haven't been very successful (think Levi's iPod Jeans), but PC World has recently published some cool […]
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Welcome to MorganMaps.com, the site for maps and GIS projects curated by Jacob T. Morgan.
This site is currently being redeveloped. I plan to share my latest projects as well as other geographic topics of interest here. Check back occasionally to see what has been added.
If you would like to contact me in regards to the content on this site or just to chat about maps and GIS, you may email me at info (at) morganmaps (dot) com. Thanks!


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Watermelon Mojito with Mint Simple Syrup is
a refreshing cocktail for summertime sipping!
This cocktail (or mocktail), starts with fresh watermelon puree!
To make your puree, cut your watermelon into chunks and toss in a blender and puree until smooth. Pass watermelon through a strainer, discarding pulp and reserving watermelon liquid. Keep watermelon puree in the fridge to mix with sparkling water/soda or lemonade.
A traditional mojito is made by muddling mint leaves with sugar and lime. Instead of muddling your mint leaves, make an easy mint-infused simple syrup to keep on hand in the refrigerator.
Herb-infused simple syrups are easy to mix for flavoring and sweetening your beverages at the same time! Simple syrups are simply equal parts water and sugar, heating until sugar is dissolved. They will keep in the refrigerator for up to 2 weeks.
Try mint, rosemary or lavender-infused syrup to add to your lemonade, iced tea or cocktail. Directions here.
Watermelon Mojito with Mint Simple Syrup
To ice filled glass add:
1/2 cup (4 ounces) fresh watermelon puree
Juice of half a lime
1 1/2 – 2 ounces light rum
2 ounces mint simple syrup, or to taste
Sparkling water or soda to top off, (I used a lime flavored sparkling water)
Garnish with mint, lime or watermelon wedge if desired
For a mocktail, omit rum and add additional sparkling water/soda
Stir, Sip and Enjoy!
For more summer watermelon recipes
click on the links for a taste!
Watermelon Gazpacho
Goat Cheese-Melon Party Bites
Shrimp Salad over Zesty Watermelon
Catch & Release a
Watermelon Fish Centerpiece
In celebration of Bee Season, Garden Bouquets and
Summertime Sipping, I'm giving away 2 sets of 4
Quattro Stagioni Canning Jars!
To enter to win, leave a comment HERE.
Winners will be chosen August 8th.
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Inspire Me Tuesday, Wow Us Wednesdays
Home Sweet Home, Feathered Nest Friday,
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A Traditional Catholic Church
Our Lady of Peace is a Traditional Catholic Chapel, where only the Traditional Latin Mass is offered. This is the Tridentine rite, which is guaranteed Ex Cathedra as THE True Mass "in perpetuity", and whose Canon was inviolate for over a thousand years before the sweeping changes of the Vatican II Council in the early 1960's. The chapel is associated with the Society of St. Pius V - an organization of Traditional Catholic priests dedicated to the solidly established and unchangeable dogma of the Catholic Church as faithfully represented by the Traditional Latin Mass and the administration of the Traditional Sacraments. Only the rubrics of the Latin Rite Mass according to the Roman Missal (Missale Romanum) of 1954 are used, which precede the liturgical changes implemented in 1955 as well as the dramatic changes of the Vatican II Council and its "New Order". Here, St. Paul's admonition to hold firmly to tradition is taken seriously.
Just off I-95 about half an hour's drive from Ft. Lauderdale and West Palm Beach Florida, Our Lady of Peace Chapel is at 2121 South Seacrest Boulevard, 1/4 mile south of Woolbright Rd in Boynton Beach. Take the Woolbright Rd exit off I-95 and head east 1/4 mile towards the beaches. At the 1st stop light, turn right onto Seacrest heading south. The chapel is set well back from the road on the right (west) side, a block past the cemetery. Click here for map.
The traditional Latin Mass is offered on Sunday's (typically 4:00 or 5:00 pm), and often on the next day (Monday) starting between 730 and 930 am .
Due to frequent changes in airline schedules, it is best to call the local coordinator at 954 214 5019 to confirm Mass times.
Visitors Are Always Welcome
You are most welcome and encouraged to attend Mass. If you are unfamiliar with the requirements of the Traditional sacraments, we only ask that you defer taking Holy Communion until you can confer with the priest regarding its reception. Also, out of respect for our Lord's presence in the Most Blessed Sacrament, the faithful should dress modestly while assisting at Holy Mass.
Sunday Sermons
Listen to the current Sunday Sermons of the priests. They are repeated throughout the following week, and the site often includes recordings from previous years
Read catechism and apologetics by Fr. William Jenkins.
Pope St. Pius V
Pray For Us


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Mickey Fogarty- SA Regional Volunteer Award winner
20/08/2012 , 2:33 PM by Petria Ladgrove
Mickey Fogarty of Crystal Brook has been awarded by the Adelaide Crows as South Australia's regional volunteer of the year.
Mickey lives with Down Syndrome and is a tireless volunteer for the Crystal Brook Football club.
ABC's Saturday sports presenter, Brenton Hobart, spoke with his father, Mick Forgarty, about the award...
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The comments to this entry are closed.


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Make a Splash: Volta Park Pool Is Open
The D.C. Department of Parks and Recreation has opened its pools for Memorial Day weekend, including Georgetown's only public pool at Volta Park (1555 34th St., NW) -- 202-645-5669.
For the weekend of June 2, outdoor pools will be open on weekends only (Fridays and Saturdays), from noon until 6 p.m., until June 17 when District Public Schools are dismissed for the summer months. After June 17, all outdoor pools will operate on a summer schedule —open six days a week and closed one day per week for cleaning and maintenance.
DPR Director Jesús Aguirre said: "While we want everyone to have a great time in the District's pools, I would like to remind everyone that safety is key. We encourage everyone to learn how to swim and to follow all pool rules."
Pool Schedule—General Public Swim: Monday through Friday 1 p.m. to 8 p.m.; Saturday and Sunday, noon to 6 p.m.
Lap Swim—Monday through Friday, 8 a.m. to 9:30 a.m.
Closed on Monday.
For more information regarding DPR aquatic facilities, please visit DPR.DC.GOV or contact DPR's Aquatic Office at 202-671-1289 during regular business hours. For pools updates, schedule changes and the most up-to-date summer information, be sure to follow DPR on Twitter@DCDPR.


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Conversations shaping the future of emerging media
Comcast has now formally responded to Bloomberg's charge that the cable giant is not meeting one of the conditions imposed on it as a result of the NBC Universal merger. In a letter sent Monday, Comcast says it is not violating the condition, which deals with "neighborhooding," and that it does
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Take CableTV.com's Advice and Make DIRECTV Your Next TV Service Provider
With so many cable companies and television services available in your area, you want to know how each is different from the rest and who the best is. We use data from independent customer surveys to sort through satellite TV and cable companies in Pecos, NM, and according to our research, DIRECTV is the best TV service provider near you.
Everyone wants to find the best price on TV service, but the best cable company in Pecos, NM should give you so much more. Shopping for a quality service should also include a comparison of packages and available channels. We provide information on the highest rated providers available in Pecos so you can see which companies offer the channels and features you want. You'll find that most TV packages in Pecos offer the same major channels, but there's a much bigger variety when it comes to smaller channels. Find the package that caters to your viewing habits so you won't ever miss your favorite show or a Dallas Cowboys or game again.
Customer service and reliability are key traits of a great TV provider. That's why those are some of the factors CableTV.com uses to rate and recommend providers. Using our recommendations to find the best cable company in Pecos, NM will make it easier to find a quality TV service that offers superior customer support.


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Geodesist Tank Tops are an Idakoos specialtiy! Idakoos has many things to offer. Whether you want to get a Geodesist Vest Top for a special occasion, give a Geodesist Singlet as a present or need to represent with a funny Geodesist Tank Top during Holidays or Family and Friends get-togethers, Idakoos is sure to have the right Geodesist Vest Top for you! Even if it turns out you can't find the right Geodesist Tank Top with the perfect design for your mother, father or children (or friends!); Idakoos offers all of its men's women's and children's Geodesist Tank Tops as Custom Geodesist Tank Tops. Personalize any Geodesist Singlet the way you want to ensure the perfect gift.
Showing 1 - 24 of 100 Tank Top


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March 1, 2011
Sat-Sun., March 5-6 -- at Big Ten Championships (Evanston, Ill.), 10 a.m. /1 p.m. CST
Twitter | Facebook | Intermat Blog | Tournament Site | TV: Big Ten Network (finals)
After a successful Big Ten Conference dual season, the No. 11-ranked University of Michigan wrestling team (11-5, 5-3 Big Ten) will look for continued success in the postseason when it heads to Evanston, Ill., to participate in the 2011 Big Ten Championships, hosted by Northwestern University on Saturday and Sunday (March 5-6) at the Welsh-Ryan Arena.
The Big Ten Championships will take place in three sessions over the course of two days. Wrestling will begin on Saturday (March 5) with the first session slated to start at 10 a.m. CST with the first and quarterfinal rounds of all weights. Consolation action and semifinal matches will take place Saturday evening at 5 p.m. CST. The Sunday (March 7) session will feature consolation finals at 1 p.m. CST and championship finals slated for approximately 3 p.m. CST. The finals will be broadcast live on the Big Ten Network.
U-M has won 11 Big Ten team championships (1929, '38, '44, '53, '55, '56, '60, '63, '64, '65, '73) and has produced the second-most individual champions (122) in the conference (Iowa is first with 186). Michigan has finished in the top five in 10 of the past 13 seasons but has not finished higher than its second-place showing in the 1990-91 season.
Michigan's Big Ten Championships Lineup
|Hometown (High School)
|Sean Boyle
|Lowell, Mass. (Blair Academy)
|Zac Stevens
|Monroe, Mich. (Monroe)
|Kellen Russell
|High Bridge, N.J. (Blair Academy)
|Eric Grajales
|Brandon, Fla. (Brandon)
|Brandon Zeerip
|Fremont, Mich. (Hesperia)
|Dan Yates
|Hesperia, Mich. (Hesperia)
|Justin Zeerip
|Fremont, Mich. (Hesperia)
|Hunter Collins
|Gilroy, Calif. (Gilroy)
|Anthony Biondo
|Clinton Twp., Mich. (Chippewa Valley)
|Ben Apland
|Woodridge, Ill. (Downers Grove South)
Complete Statistics: Through Feb. 18
LAST TIME OUT: at MICHIGAN STATE
The Wolverines used bonus points and a late surge to cruise past intrastate rival Michigan State, 24-15, their 2011 dual-meet finale on Feb. 18. Down three points with just two matches remaining, junior Zac Stevens and senior/junior Kellen Russell claimed a technical fall and pin at 133 and 141 pounds, respectively, to overwhelm the Spartans. Michigan also earned victories from sophomore/freshman Eric Grajales -- who knocked off 20th-ranked Dan Osterman, 10-1, at 149 pounds -- sophomore/freshman Dan Yates (165), fifth-year senior Anthony Biondo (197) and junior/sophomore Ben Apland (Hwt).
Looking For Another Trophy -- Michigan is in search of its 12th Big Ten Championships title in school history, and first since 1973, when the Wolverines sent two individuals to the winner's podium and earned 76 points to beat runner-up Iowa by seven points. U-M owns the fourth-most conference team titles in Big Ten history with 11.
No "I" in Team -- With 122 conference individual titles in program history (coming from 82 different wrestlers), the Wolverines boast the second most of any Big Ten school behind Iowa with 184. U-M has claimed at least one champion in eight of the last 10 seasons and has boasted three individual champions in two of the last three seasons.
A Young Crowd -- Three Wolverine wrestlers -- sophomore/freshman Eric Grajales (149), sophomore/freshman Brandon Zeerip (157) and sophomore/freshman Dan Yates (165) -- will be making their Big Ten Championships debut this weekend. Conversely, fifth-year senior Anthony Biondo (197) will make his fourth Big Ten appearance, looking to improve on this career-best third-place finish from last season.
The Host with the Most -- Northwestern University will serve as the host of the Big Ten Championships for the 13th time in conference history and first time since 2001. Michigan has placed among the top six in each previous trip to Evanston for the tournament, including first-place performances in 1938, 1944, 195 and 1963 and runner-up finishes in 1943, 1951, 1957 and 1974. In Michigan's most-recent host turn, in 2001, the Wolverines claimed fourth place with 109 points and one individual champion [Otto Olson, 174 pounds].
Back for More -- Senior/junior Kellen Russell will seek his third Big Ten title at 141 pounds after claiming back-to-back crowns in 2008 and 2009. [Minnesota's Mike Thorn took the 141-pound title during Russell's redshirt year in 2010.] Michigan has had 21 two-time Big Ten champions and nine three-time Big Ten champions, most recently Steve Luke, who captured three straight 174-pound titles from 2007-09. Russell is the first Wolverine wrestler to repeat in the 141-pound weight class. He owns a perfect 8-0 record in two previous appearances at the Big Ten Tournament.
Picture Perfect -- Senior/junior Kellen Russell remains one of the nation's lone undefeated wrestlers -- with a perfect 30-0 record -- and has done so against a tough field at 141 pounds. Among Russell's wins this season, he has defeated six ranked opponents, including four currently listed among the nation's top seven in Iowa's No. 3 Montell Marion, Minnesota's No. 2 Mike Thorn, Illinois' No. 4 Jimmy Kennedy, Cal Poly's No. 5 Boris Novachkov and Penn State's No. 7 Andrew Alton.
Russell is no stranger to starting a season on a tear; he kicked off 2007-08 -- his true freshman campaign -- with an 18-0 record before falling twice at the National Duals. Dating back to the seventh-place match at the 2009 NCAA Championships, Russell owns a 31-match winning streak. It is the longest win streak of his collegiate career. He previously recorded a 23-match win streak during his sophomore season. Russell has lost back-to-back matches on just two occasions his collegiate career -- at the 2008 National Duals and the 2008 NCAA Championships.
Big Bonus -- Michigan has shown a knack for scoring big points in tournaments this season en route to a pair of top-six team performances. The Wolverines earned bonus points in 10 of its 29 wins at the Cliff Keen Las Vegas Invitational, where they finished sixth with four individual placewinners. At the Southern Scuffle just weeks later, Michigan claimed bonus points in 24 of 45 wins -- earning 12 pins and eight major decisions -- en route to a fourth-place team finish and eight placewinners.
Reaching the Century Mark -- Fifth-year senior captain Anthony Biondo collected his 100th collegiate win with his 10-5, rally-inducing decision against Ohio State's Peter Capone on Jan. 28. With a career mark of 103-43, Biondo becomes the 33rd member of the Wolverines' prestigious 100-Win Club and the first since former Wolverines Steve Luke and Tyrel Todd surpassed the 100-win milestone during the 2008-09 season. Senior/junior captain Kellen Russell also stands within striking distance of the win milestone, carrying a 95-11 career record into weekend action.
Freshman Phenoms -- Michigan's starting lineup features three freshmen at consecutive weights -- Eric Grajales (149), Brandon Zeerip (157) and Dan Yates (165) -- and the trio has played a big role in the Wolverines' recent success, combining for a 15-8 record in Big Ten duals with two pins, a technical fall and two major decisions.
Give Me Just a Little More Time -- Senior/junior Kellen Russell claimed three straight overtime wins to end the Big Ten dual season, defeating Penn State's No. 7 Andrew Alton, 3-1, in the tiebreaker, before beating Minnesota's No. 2 Mike Thorn, 3-1, and Iowa's No. 3 Montell Marion, 9-5, in sudden victory. The overtime matches were Russell's first of the season. He owns a career 7-0 record in overtime matches.
A Reversal of Fortune -- After returning from a two-week absence from injury, senior/junior captain Justin Zeerip ended the Big Ten dual season on a high note, earning back-to-back wins over Big Ten wrestlers to whom he had previously lost. Zeerip kicked off the Wolverines' victory at Wisconsin with an upset win against 12th-ranked Ben Jordan, using 1:25 in riding-time advantage to secure a 2-1 decision and avenge a 4-1 loss in the wrestleback round at the Cliff Keen Las Vegas Invitational. The following week, he used an early takedown to edge Minnesota's No. 12 Scott Glasser, 4-1. It was Zeerip's first win over Glasser in four career meetings.
Zeerip is one of six different Michigan wrestlers to flip a loss to a familiar opponent this season. Sophomore Sean Boyle, sophomore/freshman Eric Grajales, sophomore/freshman Dan Yates and fifth-year senior Anthony Biondo all achieved the feat in Michigan's win over Lehigh at the Virginia Duals, while sophomore/freshman Brandon Zeerip avenged an early season loss to Central Michigan's Eric Cubberly with a dominant 19-7 major decision in a dual at CMU.
Tough Score -- Senior/junior Kellen Russell has only allowed five takedowns this season -- two of which came in the third period against Iowa's No. 3-ranked Montell Marion. He has also allowed takedowns against Lehigh's Stephen Dutton, Hofstra's Vicente Varela and Penn State's Andrew Alton. Russell has only trailed late in a match twice this season -- against Marion and in his first of three meetings against Alton. He converted on takedowns in the final 20 seconds to win both. For his part, Russell owns 58 takedowns on the season.
Dual Domination -- With fall against Michigan State's Levi Stance in the Wolverines' dual-meet finale, senior/junior Kellen Russell extended his dual winning streak to 32 consecutive matches. The Wolverine captain sat out last season with injury but, after starting 1-1 in 2008-09 dual meets, won 16 consecutive dual appearances to close out the season. Russell boasts an impressive 52-6 dual record over his collegiate career.
Bringing Out Brandon -- Since joining the starting lineup at 157 pounds, sophomore/freshman Brandon Zeerip has posted a 6-4 dual record and went 5-3 in Big Ten matches. He has earned three bonus wins, including a pair of falls, and claimed Big Ten Wrestler of the Week honors after pinning Purdue's 19th-ranked Colton Salazar (5:27, Jan. 14) in his dual-meet debut.
Boy-O-Boyle -- With 23 total wins on the season, sophomore Sean Boyle has already surpassed his win total from a year ago (20). He went 8-5 in dual-meet competition, including a 5-3 mark in Big Ten duals. Boyle also owns career highs in dual wins (8), pins (2) and major decisions (4).
A Strong Start -- Michigan won seven of 10 individual matches in each of its first five Big Ten duals of the season en route to a 5-0 start -- the Wolverines best start in conference action since going 8-0 en route to the 2005-06 Big Ten dual-meet title. Three of U-M's Big Ten wins came against ranked competition -- No. 6 Wisconsin (26-9, Feb. 4), No. 19 Northwestern (22-12, Jan. 21) and No. 21 Purdue (28-13, Jan. 14).
Marked Improvement -- The Wolverines' 21-18 semifinal victory over No. 9-ranked Lehigh provided the highlight of its 3-1 record and runner-up effort at the Virginia Duals, held Jan. 7-8. Michigan claimed six individual wins against the Mountain Hawks, taking five of the first six matches, and five Wolverine wrestlers avenged losses from U-M's 25-6 road loss against Lehigh earlier this season on Nov. 19. Sophomore Sean Boyle (125), sophomore/freshman Eric Grajales (149), fifth-year senior Aaron Hynes (157), sophomore/freshman Dan Yates (165) and fifth-year senior Anthony Biondo (197) all avenged decision losses in the previous meeting, while senior/junior Kellen Russell (141) claimed his second win over the Mountain Hawks this season.
Calling the Shots -- Head coach Joe McFarland is in his 12th season as head coach of the Michigan wrestling team. Since taking over the reins in 1999, McFarland has helped mold Michigan into a highly-touted national contender, guiding the U-M wrestling squad to three Big Ten dual-meet championships (2004, '05, '06) and eight consecutive top-10 finishes at the NCAA Championships (2001-08), including an NCAA runner-up performance in 2005. He is the third-winningest coach in program history with a 147-69-5 record at the helm and has led 18 different student-athletes to three NCAA individual titles, 39 All-America citations and 17 Big Ten individual crowns.
The Wolverines remained in the No. 11 position for the final 2011 NWCA/USA Today Division I Team Coaches poll, released last Tuesday (Feb. 23). Michigan also boasts nine individuals ranked among the top 25 wrestlers in their respective weight classes in the InterMat, Amateur Wrestling News, WIN Magazine or Division I College Wrestling polls:
|Sean Boyle
|Zac Stevens
|Kellen Russell
|Eric Grajales
|Brandon Zeerip
|Dan Yates
|Justin Zeerip
|Anthony Biondo
|Ben Apland
Thu-Sat., March 17-19, 10 a.m. -- at NCAA Championships (Philadelphia, Pa.)
Contact: Leah Howard (734) 763-4423
Sign up for Michigan Insider to be the first to learn about 2017-18 Michigan wrestling ticket opportunities.


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Please see the "What's New" page for information on upcoming events
Swetland Homestead
885 Wyoming Ave., Wyoming, PA
The original house was built on this site in 1803. The additions made to it as the Swetland family grew and prospered have transformed the structure into the elegant home one sees today. Period rooms, spanning the seventy years from the summer kitchen to the Victorian parlor of the 1860's, illustrate changes in living spaces and household objects as America and the Wyoming Valley passed from an agrarian economy to an industrialized society. The homestead is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Special events take place throughout the year including the Christmas Candlelight tours, in early December.
The Swetland Homestead is currently open by appointment only. Group tours are welcome. Call Mark Riccetti at (570) 823-6244 x 3 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com/society. Admission to the Homestead is $4.00 for adults and $2.00 for children. Parking is available along Swetland Lane just off Wyoming Avenue in the Borough of Wyoming.
Directions to Swetland
From Interstate 81 take exit 170B, onto the North Cross Valley Expressway (Route 309), eventually crossing over the Susquehanna River. Take exit 4 onto Welles Street, and follow Welles Street to the intersection with Wyoming Avenue (Route 11). Make a right onto Wyoming Avenue. Follow Wyoming Avenue approximately 2.5 miles, passing the Forty Fort Cemetery and Wyoming Valley Airport on your right. The Swetland Homestead is located on the left side of Wyoming Avenue, just past the Midway Shopping Center.
Nathan Denison House
35 Denison Street, Forty Fort, PA (one block off of Wyoming Ave., across from the Airport)
Born in Windham, Connecticut, Nathan Denison was one of the first forty shareholders in the Susquehannah Company to settle five new towns or townships in the Wyoming Valley in February of 1769. It was in town plot No. 1 in the Village of Wilkes-Barre that Denison would marry Elizabeth Sills in the first recorded wedding of the area.
Denison became a popular leader of the pioneer settlers from Connecticut. In the years 1774, 1776 and 1781-82, he served as a Justice of the Peace under Connecticut jurisdiction in Westmoreland County as the settlers first called Northeastern Pennsylvania.
As colonel of the local militia, and second in command to Colonel Zebulon Butler, Denison distinguished himself in the ill-fated Battle of Wyoming and negotiated the resultant surrender of Forty Fort to the British. Forty Fort was named for the 40 settlers that originally came to this area from Connecticut.
Both the Pennsylvania and Connecticut governments claimed the Wyoming Valley area. As a court judge, Denison helped arrange the disputed settlement claims. In 1786 when these titles were negotiated for the first time and Luzerne County was formed, he was chosen the area's representative to the Pennsylvania's Supreme Executive Council (similar to present-day Senate).
In 1790, Nathan Denison built his house on the western bank of Abrams Creek in then Kingston Township (now Forty Fort). He lived here until his death in 1809. Although typical of the homes in Connecticut, it was built in a style unusual to Pennsylvania. As visitors can see, the rooms in this type of New England house are arranged around a great central chimney.
Various members of the Denison family owned the house after the Colonel's death. In the 19th century, porches and several additions changed the character of the home. The original appearance of the house was revealed through research and archeological investigations. The Bureau of Historic Sites and Properties of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission began restoration in 1976. The house has been owned by the Luzerne County Historical Society since 2010.
Today the house appears as it did in the 1790s. Both the architecture and furnishings show the conservative taste of Nathan Denison.
The north room of the house was much like the family room of today. Here the family gathered for meals, for entertainment, indoor activities, or to sit around the fire and relax. The furnishings in this room came from both Connecticut and Pennsylvania, and reveal the influences the two areas had on the Colonel.
Located in the rear of this typical Connecticut home is the kitchen. This was the most important room in the 18th century. All the cooking and food preparation, as well as the family's laundry, was done here. The small rooms off the kitchen were used for storage or as warm bedrooms for the youngest or oldest family members.
As a prosperous businessman and local judge, Denison needed an office and a room in which he and his family could entertain neighbors and friends. The south room of the house served both purposes. The furnishings in this room were more fashionable than in others so guests could be entertained in style.
The upstairs portion of the Denison House contains the bed chambers. These rooms were used for both sleeping and storage of supplies and grains. One piece of furniture that stands out in this area of the house is the bed in the northeast bedroom. This reflects the wealth of the family as a high post bed with its hangings was one of the most expensive objects one could buy in the Colonel's time.
As you walk through the home, the effects that both Connecticut and Pennsylvania had on Denison are clearly visible. The beautiful antique furnishings (dating from 1790-1820) and landscaping of the house were chosen to simulate the rural characteristics of the area when it was predominantly a farming region, as well as reflect the background of the prosperous man who lived there.
The stone wall located in front of the Denison site also gives a Connecticut appearance to the Pennsylvania farm house. In Nathan Denison's time, it would have been located at the original property lines instead of near the home.
Behind this historic house is the service building in which the offices and information center of the Denison House and public rest room facilities are located.
The Denison Homestead of the New England Denison's is open to the public in Mystic, Connecticut. This historic site was built in 1717, and was the home of this family for several generations when Nathan moved to the Wyoming Valley. His house in Pennsylvania was fashioned after this Connecticut homestead.
The Nathan Denison House is open to the public on Sunday afternoons from 1pm-4pm during the summer (Memorial Day-Labor Day) with interpreted tours courtesy of the Denison Advocates; admission is $5 for adults and $3 for children. For more information call the Luzerne County Historical Society at 823-6244 x 3.