text:
This is a collection of articles concerning China and the prospect of conflict or war.
[Some of the articles for this post were provided by DEFCONStudios.]
Warnings [of conflict and war] as China's rise spooks the West – The West Australian
In Washington, defence analyst Dana Dillon, author of The China Challenge, wrote earlier this year that China's assertiveness in its claim to sovereignty over the South China Sea, "could well be the first rounds in an escalating shoving match between China and the US". He concluded that China "posed a substantial military threat".
International relations scholar Aaron Friedberg agrees. With regard to the possibility of war at sea he notes, "the stakes are about as high as they can get, and the potential for conflict particularly fraught".
Similarly, University of Queensland academic Daryl Morini recently wrote that, "The Australian strategic debate about the rise of China is heating up…(and) the possibility of a future Sino-American war is no longer considered outrageous or alarmist."
Henry Kissinger, the ultimate foreign policy realist, in his recent book On China, argues the stakes are such that the US should yield to China's geo-strategic ambitions in Asia in order to avoid all out conflict.
Warnings as China's rise spooks the West – The West Australian
China preparing for armed conflict 'in every direction'
China is preparing for conflict 'in every direction', the defence minister said on Wednesday in remarks that threaten to overshadow a visit to Beijing by his US counterpart next month.
"In the coming five years, our military will push forward preparations for military conflict in every strategic direction," said Liang Guanglie in an interview published by several state-backed newspapers in China. "We may be living in peaceful times, but we can never forget war, never send the horses south or put the bayonets and guns away," Mr Liang added.
China repeatedly says it is planning a "peaceful rise" but the recent pace and scale of its military modernisation has alarmed many of its neighbours in the Asia-Pacific, including Japan which described China's military build-up as a "global concern" this month.
China vs. America – Empires at War
Chinese analyst calls for war in South China Sea – Taipei Times
Long Tao wrote that Beijing should strike the Philippines and Vietnam, the two 'noisiest troublemakers,' to strike fear into other claimants
The op-ed, titled "A good time to take military action in the South China Sea," was penned by Long Tao, a strategic analyst at the non-governmental China Energy Fund Committee and also at Zhejiang University's Non-Traditional Security and Peace Development Research Center.
Through military action, he wrote, China could transform the South China Sea into "a sea of fire," an act made possible by the fact that "of the more than 1,000 oil rigs and four airfields on the Spratly Islands, none belongs to China."
Chinese analyst calls for war in South China Sea – Taipei Times
Why a U.S. War With China May Be Inevitable – Stephen Glain (usnews.com)
In its annual report on China's military modernization, the Pentagon this week expressed concerns about what it interprets as Beijing's increasingly offensive posture and lack of transparency. (This from a bureaucracy that, according to its own inspector general, fails every year to account for hundreds of billions of dollars in unsupported expenditures.) No doubt China has its own hegemonic ambitions for a region that has been largely Sino-centric for the last three millennia. Washington meanwhile, appeals for a "peaceful" evolution of Chinese power even as it refuses to concede an inch of its own suzerainty over Asia's seaways and air corridors. The two sides are talking past one another even as they engage in a menacing arms race; absent a diplomatic effort to reconcile their divergent positions, some kind of Sino-U.S. conflict is inevitable.
Why a U.S. War With China May Be Inevitable – Stephen Glain (usnews.com)
Why We Should Worry About a War with China | Foreign Policy
Is it possible that, a decade after 9/11, America has become too preoccupied with the threat from "nonstate actors" and too complacent about the more classic dangers posed by powerful and self-aggrandizing states? Or, put more succinctly, how afraid of China should the United States be?
… But should Americans regard China as a national security threat and not merely an economic one?
The authors of "Asian Alliances in the 21st Century," a report published by the Project 2049 Institute, a conservative think tank that focuses on East Asia, insist that we must. (The lead author is American Enterprise Institute scholar Dan Blumenthal of Foreign Policy's Shadow Government blog.) The report concludes that "China's military ambitions threaten America's Asian allies, raise questions about the credibility of U.S. alliance pledges, and imperil the U.S. military strategy that underpins its global primacy."
Is China Planning a Surprise Missle Attack?
The comment by retired general Xu is not a smoking gun, but it is consistent with a pattern of comments made by Chinese officers. This pattern of comments over time indicate that China is planning to confront the US at some point.
The problem here is that China's official policy is no first use of nuclear weapons. So why is it planning a surprise attack?
A retired Chinese general recently revealed that his country might be planning a surprise missile attack on the United States. The public comment of Xu Guangyu came in response to WikiLeaks revelations that last year Washington had warned its allies beforehand of China's test of a missile interceptor.
The Hong Kong paper noted that Xu said that "if China could no longer keep secret its missile launches, it would not be able to launch a surprise attack on the US."
Is China really in the process of planning to destroy the American homeland with a preemptive barrage of nuclear-tipped missiles? Xu's comment, of course, is not proof, but it does reveal that Chinese flag officers are thinking about doing so.
Unfortunately, Xu's hostile sentiment fits within a worrisome trend. Especially since the beginning of last year, there has been a series of belligerent comments from China's generals, admirals, and colonels, some talking about war with the US in the near future. Last February, for instance, Colonel Meng Xianging said the People's Liberation Army would "qualitatively upgrade" its capabilities to force a showdown on US policy toward Taiwan within the decade "when we're strong enough for a hand-to-hand fight with the US."
China's hawks demand cold war on the US
Is China Planning a Surprise Missile Attack?
Chinese Author's Call for a Direct Confrontation [War] with the United States
The poll, conducted by the official Communist Party newspaper Global Times, was done in response to a 2010 book called "A Chinese Dream: Big-Power Thinking and Strategic Positioning in a Post-American Era." Its author, Senior Col. Liu Mingfu, director of the Research Institute of Military Development at the Chinese National Defense University, designates, as transparently as he could, the United States as China's main enemy, and calls for a direct confrontation with the United States globally and militarily because "the world is too important to be left in the hands of the United States." He also asserts that "China must save itself and save the world" and concludes, "Thus China must be ready to become the world's helmsman."
Col. Liu believes that "there has never been such a thing in the world as a nation's 'peaceful rise.' " …
Although Col. Liu announced at the time of the book's publication that views expressed in the book were his own, he immediately followed that by stating his were the "prevailing views within quite a portion of China's military and political establishments." So far, no Chinese official has formally denounced these points raised by a senior military leader.
The red dragon is rising and preparing for war
Beijing is making more aggressive territorial claims as its power grows. This is particularly worrisome in resource-rich Southeast Asia where numerous nations lay claim to the same area. The Chinese Communist Party considers the whole South China Sea to be its historical waters, promising unending friction with Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Taiwan, Brunei, the Philippines and Singapore, which all border that important strategic space. China already fields the world's largest standing army and is working overtime to arm it with more sophisticated weapons. Many experts fear the PLA's development of a blue-water navy is to acquire force projection sufficient to take resources it needs for its growing import-dependent economy. As the Defense Department's report states, "In 2006, PLA NavyCommander Wu Shengli called for a 'powerful navy to protect fishing, resource development and strategic passageways for energy.' "
China-U.S. Conflict All But Inevitable
At the end of the PLA's increasing capabilities are emboldening it to more directly challenge US military policies—such as the air and maritime surveillance activities—that it has long opposed but had to put up with. This being the case, confidence-building measures will have little effect. Why? Because the problem the two countries face isn't the risk of accidental clashes due to misunderstandings. It's the fundamental disagreement of principle between Beijing's expanding notion of national sovereignty and the Pentagon's insistence on freedom of movement in the global commons.
China's growing assertiveness in South China Sea seen as prelude to war
China's aggressive assertion of maritime controls over the South China Sea is increasing the risk of a future war in Asia, according to an Australian think tank.
The Sydney-based Lowy Institute for International Policy said Chinese military activities in both South and East China Seas, combined with China's growing demands for resources and greater assertiveness, is the basis for the assessment.
"The sea lanes of Indo-Pacific Asia are becoming more crowded, contested and vulnerable to armed strife," the study said. "Naval and air forces are being strengthened amid shifting balances of economic strategic weight." The report was written by Rory Medcalf and Raoul Heinrichs.
[This is a Geostrategy-Direct.com article.]
China's growing assertiveness in S. China Sea seen as prelude to war
South China Sea disputes could lead to war in Asia: think tank
Risks are growing that incidents at sea involving China could lead to war in Asia, an Australian policy think tank warned on Tuesday.
Concentrated on the South and East China seas, the risk-taking behavior of the Chinese military, resource needs, and greater assertiveness, raised the possibility of armed conflict that could draw in the United States and other powers, the Lowy Institute said in a report.
South China Sea disputes could lead to war in Asia: think tank
A RISING star of the People's Liberation Army has called for China to rediscover its "military culture", while challenging unnamed Communist Party leaders for betraying their revolutionary heritage.
General Liu Yuan displays sympathy for Osama bin Laden, says war is a natural extension of economics and politics and claims that "man cannot survive without killing".
Aussies fear threat of war with China | Herald Sun
ALMOST half of Australians think their country will face China's military might within 20 years, a poll has found.
On the eve of Prime Minister Julia Gillard's first trip to China, a Lowy Institute poll found 44 per cent of people think the Asian powerhouse will pose a military threat to Australia.
Of those people, 82 per cent thought Australia's land and resources could be a reason for an attack or invasion.
Most people worried about China's military rise think a war between China and the US, in which Australia would take part, is a more likely cause of strife.
Many fear China's growing might The Australian
Rise of China seen as concern Sydney Morning Herald
The Age – Brisbane Times
Of the many stories about Chinese arrogance, two are pointed. The ruling CPC's official magazine has warned countries on China's periphery, including India, that it is prepared to go to war to safeguard national interest. The more entertaining story is of a Chinese seminarist who, while in Washington, DC, said that "India was an indisciplined country where plague and leprosy still exist. How a big and dirty country like that could rise so quickly has amazed us." Taken together, they reflect the astonishing decline in India-China relations when our diplomats who were posted in that country continue to paint a rosy picture.
China's hawks demand cold war on the US
An independent survey of Chinese-language media for The Sunday Times has found army and navy officers predicting a military showdown and political leaders calling for China to sell more arms to America's foes. The trigger for their fury was Obama's decision to sell $6.4 billion (£4 billion) worth of weapons to Taiwan, the thriving democratic island that has ruled itself since 1949.
"We should retaliate with an eye for an eye and sell arms to Iran, North Korea, Syria, Cuba and Venezuela," declared Liu Menxiong, a member of the Chinese people's political consultative conference.
"This time China must punish the US," said Major-General Yang Yi, a naval officer. "We must make them hurt." A major-general in the People's Liberation Army (PLA), Luo Yuan, told a television audience that more missiles would be deployed against Taiwan. And a PLA strategist, Colonel Meng Xianging, said China would "qualitatively upgrade" its military over the next 10 years to force a showdown "when we're strong enough for a hand-to-hand fight with the US".
Report warns of China's military threat in Pacific
Professor Babbage said China did not seem to appreciate that any shooting war with the US would be unlikely to finish quickly.
Their strategy for taking out most of the (US)
bases in the Western Pacific really quickly in a matter of hours was
remarkably like the Japanese strategy around 1940.
The US
would suffer very dramatic losses in such an opening strike, with
forward bases on Guam and Okinawa wiped out, along with many ships at
Some of the Chinese strategic writing was much like Japan in the leadup to the attack on Pearl Harbour, Professor Babbage said.
"Here we have got to actually talk some sense into them," he said.
"They have assumed that the Americans will go away. I don't think so at all."
Is China Now Where Germany Was in 1900?
We all learned at school how the status quo powers mismanaged the
spectacular rise of Germany before World War I, a strategic revolution
so like the rise of China today.
The German historian Fritz Fischer has in a sense muddied the waters
with his seminal work, Griff nach der Weltmacht (Bid for World Power).
He draws on imperial archives in Potsdam to claim that Germany's general
staff was angling for a pre-emptive war to smash France and dismember
the Russian Empire before it emerged as an industrial colossus. Sarajevo
provided the "propitious moment".
Is China now where Germany was in 1900? Possibly. There are certainly
hints of menace from some quarters in Beijing. Defence minister Liang
Guanglie said over New Year that China's armed forces are "pushing
forward preparations for military conflict in every strategic
Professor Huang Jing from Singapore's Lee Kwan Yew School and a
former adviser to China's Army, said Beijing is losing its grip on the
"The young officers are taking control of strategy and it is like
young officers in Japan in the 1930s. This is very dangerous. They are
on a collision course with a US-dominated system," he said.
Appeasement is the proper policy towards Confucian China – Telegraph
What a War Between China and the United States Would Look Like
Any Chinese move to take over Taiwan would trigger a
confrontation with the U.S. Navy and Air Force. Is the U.S. prepared to
counter this growing threat?
"I get criticized often for saying this, but I think Beijing is
capable of acting irrationally when it comes to Taiwan," says retired
Rear Adm. Eric McVadon, who served as a naval attaché in Beijing and is
currently senior adviser of Asia-Pacific studies at the Institute for
Foreign Policy Analysis in Cambridge, Mass. "They are obsessed with
Taiwan. On some given day, it's entirely possible for people to be
standing around a table in the Politburo in Beijing, and someone gets
the ball rolling. And when it stops, we're at war."
China and Taiwan War – U.S. Chinese Military Relations – Popular Mechanics
War Is Not Far from Us and Is the Midwife of the Chinese Century
The following is a transcript of a speech believed to have been given by Mr. Chi Haotian, Minster of Defense and vice-chairman of China's Central Military Commission. Independently verifying the authorship of the speech is not possible. It is worth reading because it is believed to set out the CCP's strategy for the development of China. The speech argues for the necessity of China using biological warfare to depopulate the United States and prepare it for a future massive Chinese colonization. "The War Is Not Far from Us and Is the Midwife of the Chinese Century" was published on February 15, 2005 on www.peacehall.com and was published on www.boxun.com on April 23, 2005. This speech and a related speech, "The War Is Approaching Us" are analyzed in The Epoch Times original article "The CCP's Last-ditch Gamble: Biological and Nuclear War."
The Epoch Times | War Is Not Far from Us and Is the Midwife of the Chinese Century
Is Chinese Regime Preparing for Nuclear War?
Defense analysts for the British intelligence service MI6 believe China is preparing for the "eventuality of a nuclear war." The conclusion follows evidence that Beijing has built secretly a major naval base deep inside caverns which even sophisticated satellites cannot penetrate.
The Chinese Regime's Patient War With the West
That the U.S. government somehow has gotten the idea that the Chinese regime will cooperate with the United States, as if the Chinese communist regime and the U.S. share some common interests. The U.S. governemnt acts as if the Chinese regime is no different from a freely elected government—this has always been puzzling.
After the collapse of the former Soviet Union and the communist regimes in Eastern Europe, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) launched a war whose goals were first to prevent its own fall and then to defeat the free world.
CCP Gambles Insanely to Avoid Death (Part I)
Nuclear war and hundreds of millions of deaths proposed
In a show of strength to save itself from demise, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) rolled out its sinister plan prepared for years, a plan in which the Party makes an insane gamble from its deathbed. It did so in the form of a "speech" posted on the Internet (see Boxun.com of April 23, 2005). The "speech" consists of two parts: "The War Is Approaching Us" and "The War Is Not Far from Us and Is the Midwife of the Chinese Century." The two, judging from their echoing contexts and consistent theme, are indeed sister articles.
The "speech" describes in a comprehensive, systematic, and detailed way nearly 20 years of the CCP's fear and helplessness over its doomed fate and its desperate fight to stave off death. In particular, the "speech" uncharacteristically lays bare what is really on the CCP's mind and hides nothing from the public—a rare confession from the CCP that could help people understand its evil nature. If one truly understands what is said in this confession, the CCP's thinking is plainly visible to the naked eye.
In short, the "speech" is worth reading and a comment.
Commentary: China Signals War
So, why is the West ignoring the signs and lessons of history yet again? Could it be that the news out of China is not clear or compelling enough to grasp our attention?
On July 14, 2005, a top Chinese general threatened nuclear war against the United States, noting that China would destroy "hundreds of cities" in America if the U.S. honors its commitment to defend Taiwan against a Chinese attack:
"… we will have to respond [to the U.S. defense of Taiwan] with nuclear weapons." "… the Americans will have to be prepared that hundreds of [their] cities will be destroyed by the Chinese."
That was not the first time China threatened the U.S. with nuclear war, nor the second. It was the third.
On July 4, 2005, China and Russia unveiled their joint plan for a "New World Order," detailing their intention to re-shape everything from the world's economy to the rule of law to individual countries' military structures. This new agreement represents the most significant Sino-Russian alliance since before the days of Khrushchev and Mao Zedong.
World Must Wake to China Threat
People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Zhu Chenghu recently showed his true colors when he boasted in a manner typical of a bully and one accustomed to a rigid social hierarchy. Zhu threatened that if the US intervened in a war between China and Taiwan, China would not hesitate to use its nuclear weapons against cities on the American west coast.
What is more surprising about Zhu's statement, however, is his unabashed disregard for the lives of Chinese citizens. Chinese leaders have in the past had no qualms about making cannon fodder (and now nuclear fodder) of their citizens. Mao Zedong's willingness to let millions of Chinese die to serve his aims and ego are well documented. However, in the past the reality of such disregard was always masked with protestations of love for the common man. Not so with Zhu; he brazenly went on to say that China "should be prepared to lose all of the cities east of Xian."
Hu Talks of a "Peaceful Rise"—China Prepares for War without Limits
Chinese President Hu Jintao's address to the United Nations on September 14 provides an important occasion to take a look at China's role in the world.
Hu Jintao himself often speaks of China's "peaceful rise." According to Hu, China is destined to grow into a regional power, but that growth will not be at the expense of any of its neighbors. It will play a positive and responsible role in the region and the world, increasing stability and the chances for peace.
Recent comments and publications by top Chinese military officials place Hu's comments in a very different light. Far from preparing to promote peace in the world, China appears to be heading rapidly towards war, and the beguiling talk of a "peaceful rise" is in fact part of the long range strategy preparing for this war.
Hu Talks of a "Peaceful Rise"—China Prepares for War without Limits
Leading Chinese Dissident Warns: China Planning Nuclear War
One of China's most famous democracy advocates says that America has not paid enough attention to the threat of nuclear war with China. Wei Jingsheng, who spent 18 years in confinement in China, spoke at a forum on Chinese leader Hu Jintao at the National Press Club, sketching a disturbing picture of a powerful nation on the march to war.
The forum consisted of China expert panelists giving their various perspectives on the underlying meaning behind the visit of Chinese leader Hu Jintao, who has been in power for the last two years.
Wei stated that China needs the distraction of a war with Taiwan to turn attention away from the Chinese people's frustration with rampant corruption and failed policies at home.
The CCP Is Directing China and the World to Unimaginable Tragedy
It is self-evident that it will not be out of concern for the nation's interest if the CCP declares war on Taiwan. It is only for preserving the benefits of the privileged and for resuming its dictatorship.
The Communist regime is even attempting to use the attack on Taiwan as a fuse to turn countries supporting terrorism into its allies. In this way, it can launch a global war on democratic countries. The evilest thought of the Communist regime is that if it is doomed to destruction, it will make mankind die with it.
The CCP Is Directing China and the World to Unimaginable Tragedy
More articles from DEFCONStudios:
Matt here are further additional resources/articles/links for you:
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"Humanitarian" Wars: Libya, Syria… Algeria?
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Libya: A War on Africa
Washington Lists BRICS Countries as a "Threat to National Security"
U.S. furthers Reagan's Star War plans with Global NATO
NATO Uses Libya To Match, Surpass and Supplant UN
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Africa: Final Conquest For Pentagon's Global Military Sphere Of Influence
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Inside China
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Collapsing the Economy in the Buildup to World War III
The following will remain the top post for the next few days. It is an update of "10 of the Most Important Economic Events of the Last 10 Years: Collapsing the Economy in the Buildup to World War III ", which in turn was an update of "7 of the Most Important Economic Events of the Last 7 Years: Collapsing the Economy in the Buildup to World War III."
For those who have been following this series, minor updates were made to events 1 through 10 and the Implications section, and event 11, the Short selling ban, was added. I also reformatted the piece and have supplied permalinks for ease of reference.
Since 1999, the following events have either caused or been the symptom of the present economic crises:
1) Year 1999: Introduction of the euro to world financial markets (permalink)
2) Year 2000: Collapse of the Dot-com bubble (permalink)
3) Year 2000: Iraq dumps the US dollar and switches to the euro (permalink)
4) Year 2005: Rewriting the U.S. Bankruptcy Law (permalink)
5) Year 2006: Discontinuance of M3 (permalink)
6) Year 2006: Iran moves from US dollars to the euro (permalink)
7) Year 2006/07: Subprime Market Collapses (permalink)
Year 2007: Run on The Bank in the US and UK (permalink)
9) Year 2007: 52% Support U.S. Military Strike Against Iran (permalink)
10) Year 2008: US comptroller general and head of the Government Accountability Office resigns (permalink)
11) Year 2008: US and UK impose Short selling ban (permalink)
Implications: Expansion of War or New Sustainable Paradigms? (permalink)
1) Year 1999: Introduction of the euro to world financial markets
In 1999 the euro was introduced as an accounting currency (travelers' checks, electronic transfers, banking, etc.) and then launched as physical coins and banknotes on 1 January 2002. The euro replaced the former European Currency Unit (ECU) at a ratio of 1:1. However its value quickly began to drop, reaching a low of 0.8252 relative to the US dollar on 26 October 2000. This proved to be a solid support level for the next two years, and in 2002 the euro began its appreciation reaching a high of 1.60 on 23 April 2008 relative to the US dollar.
click to enlarge source
Aside from consolidating power for the new European Union, the euro added liquidity and flexibility to the financial markets, which in time has made the euro a very attractive and safe investment as a major global reserve currency. Two of the main reasons why the euro was introduced are:
* 1. A new power had to be created to fill the vacuum left behind by the collapse of the Soviet Union. The challenge to US hegemony could not be done on a military level. Therefore it had to be done on an economic level. The euro was created to challenge the US dollar as the preferred reserve currency. Since its inception, it has gained market share while the US dollar has lost market share. According to third quarter reports for 2007, US reserve currency market share is 64.6% and the euro is at 25.8%. Less the 1998 levels of Swiss and French francs, and German marks, this means that the euro has gained 9.3% of the global reserve currency market in less then 9 years, and this trend is accelerating, even though the European Union seems to be quite concerned about the rapid rise of the euro.
* 2. It was predicted that the United States would not be able to survive the collapse of the Soviet Union since its existence was fatally connected with that of the former Russian Empire. As a result the euro was created to provide a safe haven for the transfer of wealth. As of the beginning of 2007, within five short years, euro notes in circulation have exceeded the value of circulating US dollar notes. Considering that the US dollar, at its most recent low, was devalued by approximately 50% since reaching a high relative to the euro in 2000 (euro gaining approximately 100%), we can only assume that the transfer of wealth has been going smoothly and that this trend will continue, especially since Banks have been shifting funds out of the US and into Europe in response to US government policy that a weaker dollar is good for American exports. (More on the euro and the US dollar below).
2) Year 2000: Collapse of the Dot-com bubble
The dot-com bubble, which had its climax on 10 March 2000 with the NASDAQ peaking at 5132.52, was a period during which "stock markets in Western nations saw their value increase rapidly from growth in the new Internet sector and related fields." Aside from being a stock market bubble, numerous other reasons caused the correction that occurred in the value of shares across-the-board in the technology sector. Three of these were:
* 1. During the peak of the NASDAQ bubble, margin debt was at an all time high. Investors and speculators were borrowing against their holdings to be able to purchase additional stocks. When the correction occurred, the value of their securities dropped, which meant that they were required to deposit funds or securities into margin accounts to maintain margin requirements set by their brokers. This in turn created a chain reaction. To cover margin calls, stocks were sold, reducing their value since there were more sellers than buyers, which in turn reduced the value of securities in margin accounts, which in turn resulted in additional margin calls which caused more selling. This was one of the main reasons for the rapid decline in stocks in the year 2000.
* In 2007, this was one of the main fears of what was happening to the markets. Last year, the amount of margin debt hit a record $285.6 billion in January on the New York Stock Exchange "raising concerns on Wall Street about what might happen if a major correction occurs." Those concerns raised in 2007 have proven to have been valid. Bank writedowns from subprime mortgages resulted in margin calls, which at the beginning of 2008 were predicted to cost mortgage lenders $325 billion. Of course now, towards the end of 2008, we have come to realize that that was an extremely low estimate.
* 2. From 1999 to early 2000, the Federal Reserve had increased interest rates six times, increasing the Fed Funds Rate from 4.75% to 6.5%, an increase of over 35%. This meant the end of cheap money for investors, venture capitalists, and technology companies whose lifespan was measured by their burn rate. In essence, the Federal Reserve brought an end to Greenspan`s irrational exuberance, or more accurately stated, the end to expansion of wealth. A self-induced prophecy, many have argued.
* During the boom, companies were able to bypass banks and raise capital through private venture capitalists. This meant that banks, which in the past were able to acquire shares in companies seeking startup money, were no longer getting in at rock bottom prices. Many individuals during this period created wealth by investing in multiple high-tech companies. Even if 1 out of 10 proved to be a success, those who had invested were easily made independently wealthy. This went against established banking and investment practices and forced the Federal Reserve, a centralized private bank that sets the monetary policy for the United States, to increase interest rates until an adjustment in the markets occurred.
* The belief is that interest rates were increased rapidly to induce a crash, consolidating assets, and increasing the powers of the elite in our centralized governments.
* 3. Standard & Poor's composite price-earnings ratio (real prices divided by the 120-month average of trailing real earnings) was at 46 even after the March correction in 2000. Until the NASDAQ boom, "the highest it had ever been (the data go back to 1871) was 33, in September 1929 — the month before the crash." The dividend yield on the Standard & Poor's index stood at 1.1%, the lowest ever. "The previous low was 2.6% in January 1973, just before the 1973-74 crash." Margin debt had also increased 87% in the previous year, hitting $265.2 billion. In 2000, all of this was a very good indication that at some point a correction would have to come.
* As stated above, margin debt in 2007 was higher than that of 2000, which could explain what we are witnessing now in the markets, and why the 2008 market crash is forcing people to postpone their retirement by almost 6 years.
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The Dot-com bubble crash wiped out approximately $5 trillion in market value of technology companies from March 2000 to October 2002 in paper wealth on the NASDAQ alone. The peak was $6.7 trillion in March 2000 and the trough was $1.6 trillion in October 2002. "It was the largest stock market collapse in the history of industrial capitalism." However, exit rates of dot com firms were "comparable with or perhaps lower than exit rates of entrants in other industries in their formative years. Five year survival rates of Dot Com firms approach 50%," a testament to their strength and importance.
One of the main consequences of the crash was that it slowed the exponential dissemination of information that was taking place though the Internet. "The bursting of the dot-com bubble marked the beginning of a relatively mild yet rather lengthy early 2000s recession in the developed world."
3) Year 2000: Iraq dumps the US dollar and switches to the euro
The following article, "The Real Reasons for the Upcoming War With Iraq", which was written before the U.S. invasion of Iraq, lays forth an argument that the war in Iraq was not just about oil but about the currency in which oil is traded. It is mandatory reading for anyone who wants to understand the basic concepts of American foreign policy, economics, and its military operations around the world. This article states that the principle reason why the United States invaded Iraq was because Saddam Hussein in the year 2000 went ahead with his plans to stop using the U.S. dollar in its oil business and started using the euro.
Iraq switching from the U.S. Petro-dollar to the euro meant that countries would no longer be obligated to buy oil in U.S. dollars, so they would no longer have to maintain their U.S. dollar reserves.
Since reaching a double top in the year 2000/01, the US dollar devalued relative to the euro by as much as 50% by April 2008.
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Even though Iraq's dumping of the US currency is no longer an issue since the United States is now occupying Iraq, many countries continue to sell the dollar, converting their reserves to other currencies. Some of these countries are: Iran, Sweden, Cuba, U.A.E., China, Russia, India, Indonesia, North Korea, Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina, Syria, and many more.
4) Year 2005: Rewriting the U.S. Bankruptcy Law
After years of lobbying, the "dream bill for credit card and financial service companies" finally came into effect in the United States. Three years ago the financial institutions that were preparing for the coming crash were able to lobby Congress to pass the 'Bankruptcy Bill.' This law that took effect in 2005 created what is now widely referred to as Debt Slavery and is "the biggest rewrite of U.S. bankruptcy law in a quarter century".
The Bill was conveniently introduced at a time when US household debt was at an all time high.
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Those who were wise enough to realize what the implications of the Bill would be, declared bankruptcy before it took effect. Those unfortunates who have been caught unaware are now just realizing that corporations, whose debts are wiped clean when they declare bankruptcy, have more rights then they do. Unfortunately, since personal bankruptcies have been surging, many people are finding out about their slave status the hard way.
In essence, passing of this Bill meant that people became second class citizens relative to corporations in the United States.
5) Year 2006: Discontinuance of M3
"On March 23, 2006, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System" ceased publishing the M3 monetary aggregate. The M numbers (M1, M2, and M3) are "components of the United States money supply", which "show the amount of dollars in circulation".
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"M1 is the most volatile, equivalent to cash on the loose. M2 is less volatile, equivalent to savings account deposits. M3 is least volatile, equivalent to Rich Folks Money which they park." One of the most important things that the M numbers are used for is to measure inflation. Clearly, the data indicates that "there has been substantial money growth since 2000."
If there is more money in circulation then it becomes devalued. The downside of devaluing a currency is that it can cause inflation and force the government to increase interest rates. But there are positive effects.
As the Federal Reserve states, "a key effect of devaluation is that it makes the domestic currency cheaper relative to other currencies. There are two implications of a devaluation. First, devaluation makes the country's exports relatively less expensive for foreigners. Second, the devaluation makes foreign products relatively more expensive for domestic consumers, thus discouraging imports. This may help to increase the country's exports and decrease imports, and may therefore help to reduce the current account deficit."
However, not knowing how much money the Banks are printing means that there is no longer an accurate indication of how much currency is in circulation. This basically means that we are playing Monopoly with people who can take money out of the bank anytime they want, because they are the bank. This should be raising alarm bells across the United States the way it has done across the world, as the dumping of the US dollar by most countries indicates. After all, why would anyone want to hold on to a currency that can lose more than 67 percent in five-years relative to its peers?
With the discontinuance of M3 and the apparent flooding of US dollars into the economy by creating money "Out of Thin Air", the U.S. currency has been devalued to the point where "central banks and finance ministries (of other countries) are setting up obstacles to keep the falling dollar from threatening company profits and economic growth." The ultimate question is, how long are other countries going to be able to keep the American economy from collapsing in on itself, specially since there is "talk of worst recession since the 1930s."
6) Year 2006: Iran moves from US dollars to the euro
At the end of 2006 Iran announced that they would "use the euro instead of the US dollar in the country's budget for the next Iranian year." This announcement is at least an order of magnitude more significant than Saddam Hussein saying that Iraq would start selling oil in euros.
If the United States was willing to invade Iraq to prevent oil from being traded in any other currency than the dollar, then it would be logical to assume that they will also confront Iran regarding their plans to permanently and absolutely phase out the US dollar.
The United States now finds itself between a rock and a hard place, because they will either need to invade, bomb, or enforce sanctions against Iran along with any other country that decides to stop using US dollars in their oil exports, or they will have to watch the complete collapse of their economy and the devaluing of the Federal Reserve currency known as the US dollar.
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On 17 February 2008, Iran accelerated its plans to eliminate the US dollar from its finances when the first phase of Iran's oil and petrochemical bourse in Kish Island was inaugurated, paving the way for "all major currencies of the world" to be used in future oil transactions. The implications of what this means to world financial markets can not be over emphasized. Further information regarding this unprecedented economic crisis for the United States at: "The Implications of the opening of Iran's Oil Bourse: The Final Nail in the Coffin for the American Empire."
Where this will lead is yet to be determined but we now know that the United States is willing to sacrifice hundreds of thousands of lives, both American and foreign, and is willing to execute the leaders of sovereign countries to prevent them from switching from US dollars to the euro.
7) Year 2006/07: Subprime Market Collapses
"Subprime lending , also called B-paper, near-prime, or second chance lending, is the practice of making loans to borrowers who do not qualify for the best market interest rates because of their deficient credit history. The term also refers to paper taken on property that cannot be sold on the primary market, including loans on certain types of investment properties and certain types of self-employed individuals. Subprime lending is risky for both lenders and borrowers due to the combination of high interest rates, poor credit history, and adverse financial situations usually associated with subprime applicants."
In the US the competition between these lenders became so fierce that "when the rates were getting too low, they switched to competing by way of advance ratio versus selling price."
"In other words, if lender 'A' was offering 90% financing, lender 'B' would go to 100% financing, then lender 'C' would advance 100% of selling price plus costs, then to 105%, etc. We have seen the U.S. equity lenders now go to 130% of selling price, giving back 10-15% to the purchasers to help buy furniture, large electronic products, groceries, while the remaining 15-20% was eaten up in fees."
Why would a lender risk giving someone 130% of the value of a property, especially if the people are considered to be high risk? Fractional-reserve banking of course: a system that has been established to allow financial institutions to "loan their customers many times the sum of the credit reserves than they hold." It's a pyramid scheme in which everything continues to work until the bottom falls out, and the bottom has fallen out in the United States where "States have subprime exposure between 18% to 30%" and early payment defaults are rising. This problem with the subprime mortgage market is intensifying with the US and UK housing market crashes.
Just how bad is the housing bubble? The diagram below paints a clear picture of what is about to hit the United States and a few other Western countries.
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The following animated documentary contains further information on our present monetary system, and is a great introduction to fractional reserve banking: Money As Debt (47:07)
With this kind of banking system where money is created from debt, is it any wonder that the International Monetary Fund is warning that "house prices in the UK are overpriced by as much as 40 per cent and the bubble might burst" in Britain as well as other European markets as it has in the United States.
An important thing to keep in mind is that even though our centralized government representatives would like us to believe that the subprime mortgage crisis was not expected, the truth is that it was expected and authorities knew that a multi-billion dollar crime was being committed.
In 1999 the New York Times reported that the easing of credit requirements on loans would mean that Fannie Mae would be "taking on significantly more risk, which may not pose any difficulties during flush economic times. But the government-subsidized corporation may run into trouble in an economic downturn, prompting a government rescue similar to that of the savings and loan industry in the 1980's… 'If they fail, the government will have to step up and bail them out the way it stepped up and bailed out the thrift industry.'" This was reported in 1999.
In 2004, "Long before the mortgage crisis began rocking Main Street and Wall Street, a top FBI official made a chilling, if little-noticed, prediction: The booming mortgage business, fueled by low interest rates and soaring home values, was starting to attract shady operators and billions in losses were possible. 'It has the potential to be an epidemic,' Chris Swecker, the FBI official in charge of criminal investigations, told reporters in September 2004. But, he added reassuringly, the FBI was on the case. 'We think we can prevent a problem that could have as much impact as the S&L crisis,' he said."
How unfortunate that they failed because the same people whose reckless practices triggered the global financial crisis are onto a similar scheme that could cost taxpayers tons more .
Year 2007: Run on The Bank in the US and UK
"A bank run is a type of financial crisis. It is a panic which occurs when a large number of customers of a bank fear it is insolvent and withdraw their deposits," and this is exactly what happened to Countrywide in the United States and to Northern Rock in Britain, the financial capital of the world, in August and September of 2007.
"The queues that formed outside Northern Rock, the country's fifth-biggest mortgage lender, represented the first bank run in Britain since 1866. The panic was prompted by the very announcement designed to prevent it. Only when the Bank of England said that it would stand by the stricken Northern Rock did depositors start to run for the exit. Attempts by Alistair Darling, the chancellor of the exchequer, to reassure savers served only to lengthen the queues of people outside branches demanding their money. The run did not stop until Mr Darling gave a taxpayer-backed guarantee on September 17th that, for the time being, all the existing deposits at Northern Rock were safe." This was in essence the same scenario that played out with Countrywide.
These banking crises in the US and UK are not individual anomalies that just became realized. Banks in the rest of Europe are also facing a crisis and all indications are that this "Force 5 economic-hurricane" is gaining strength, which the multi-trillion-dollar bailout of the US financial system indicates.
The following documentary is worth viewing to fully understand the causes and implications of what is taking place: ZEITGEIST, The Movie: Part 3 of 3 (47:05)
9) Year 2007: 52% Support U.S. Military Strike Against Iran
In a Zogby Poll released 29 October 2007, the "majority of likely voters – 52% – would support a U.S. military strike to prevent Iran from building a nuclear weapon."
Why would an attack on Iran be considered an economic event? Because war is the perfect consuming machine and a racket. "It always has been. It is possibly the oldest, easily the most profitable, surely the most vicious. It is the only one international in scope. It is the only one in which the profits are reckoned in dollars and the losses in lives", so stated Major General Smedley D. Butler, USMC, at the time of his death, the most decorated Marine in U.S. history.
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The US economy was on the verge of collapse before 911 and again before the invasion of Iraq, but it was saved thanks in large part to the wars. "What do the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and the economic recovery in the United States have in common? More than one might expect, to judge from the last couple of rounds of US growth figures (2004)."
How much did the Iraq war contribute to boosting the economy? "During the second quarter of 2003, when the war in Iraq was in full swing, some 60 per cent of the 3.3 per cent GDP growth rate was attributable to military spending."
"The war has been a large part of the justification for the Bush administration to run ever-widening budget deficits, and those deficits, predicated largely on military spending, have in turn pumped money into the economy and provided the stimulus that low interest rates and tax cuts, on their own, could never achieve."
This however has run its course and the American economy has taken a serious downturn. As is the case with delaying the inevitable, the present economic crisis is much graver than it was pre-Iraq, hence a bigger intervention is required to rejuvenate the American economy with its cannibalistic corporate structure.
Thanks to these wars, US debt is at historic levels, $10.6 trillion and counting, and all indications are that it is going to go a lot higher. (NOTE: The US debt clock does not include the additional liabilities from the Bailouts nor the nationalization of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac).
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So what does this ever-widening budget deficits mean? The above chart is a "projection of the US budget" for the near future. "These are the US government's own projections—and we all know they have every incentive to accent the positive. If this is the best they can do at this point, then you know things are not just bad, they are calamitous.
"This glimpse at the future clearly shows that the debt of the US will, in the foreseeable future, go from being a troubling yet manageable fraction of the economy to being several times the size of economy. That can't happen without serious repercussions.
"The US government will be spending money they don't have, which means creating more of it out of thin air and diluting the value of all the dollars that came before. It doesn't take a Harvard MBA to know that the kind of deficits projected above guarantee a persistently weak dollar, higher inflation and higher interest rates going forward."
So how does a collapsing empire as large as the United States recover from such disastrous fiscal policy? If history is any indication, a World War is the only solution. "The Great Depression ended as nations increased their production of war materials at the start of World War II. This increased production provided jobs and put large amounts of money back into circulation." Hence in large part, WWII helped to bring about the end of the great depression.
Unfortunately however it was not the general public that benefited from the war. "World War II spending often required a conversion of plants designed for civilian good production into military factories and back again over the 9 year period. Substantially higher federal tax rates that were paid by the majority of households imposed much stronger fiscal drags on the benefits of the spending. Finally, less of the military spending was earmarked for wages and use of locally produced inputs, which reduced the direct stimulus to the local economy." In essence, World War II just helped to consolidate corporate assets for the privileged few.
This attack on Iran will be nothing short of World War III which happens to be the mantra of the neocons who, with their corporate connections, would have everything to gain while the human race would have everything to lose, specially considering that this global war to save the American Empire is about to begin with the use of Nuclear weapons.
Unwittingly, the American populace is beginning to support the US administration's plans to attack Iran, but they fail to realize that the decision to start World War III is solely an economic one to prevent the banking institutions from collapsing.
10) Year 2008: US comptroller general and head of the Government Accountability Office resigns
David M. Walker, The Comptroller General of the United States and head of the Government Accountability Office, in February announced that he would resign in March to lead a new foundation focused on long-term public policy challenges … "Walker, 56, has repeatedly warned that the government faces a long-term fiscal crisis as the baby-boom generation retires, driving up spending on Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security."
"As GAO chief, Walker has warned that the government is ignoring threats to the nation's long-term fiscal security." The latest audit of the federal debt has revealed that "deficit spending and promised benefits for federal entitlement programs have put every man, woman, and child in the United States on the hook for $175,000." This is exclusive of the personal debt that each person may carry. In the following interview, Walker explains the seriousness of the situation.
Walker's resignation six years prior to the end of his 15 year term is a few orders of magnitude greater than the Chief financial officer (CFO) of the largest corporation in the world resigning. The position is so crucial to the functionality of the corporate structure of the United States of America that it's subject to Senate confirmation.
"The selection process is somewhat unusual. A commission made up of congressional leaders presents the president with at least three candidates for the job. The commission is made up of: the Speaker of the Houses, president pro tempore of the Senate, the Senate majority and minority leaders, the House majority and minority leaders, and the chairmen and ranking minority members of the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs and the House Oversight and Government Reform committees.
"The president chooses one of the three candidates for the job. His nominee must be approved by the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs panel and then confirmed by the Senate." This, indeed, is one of the most difficult and important positions in the United States.
What has transpired with Walker jumping ship and in the first three months of 2008 is nothing short of the beginning of the greatest consolidation of wealth in the history of the United States. Walker's resignation has removed the last obstacle for those controlling US fiscal policy to readily make available cheap money. The Federal Reserve has already lowered the Primary Discount Rate from 6.25% to 1.25% since August of 2007. What has followed is a blank check to bailout and buyout banks, defusing a global financial Chernobyl in the derivatives markets some have argued, while at the same time impoverishing American citizens.
Walker's resignation has been an amazing event, a harbinger of what is to come, but has virtually received no coverage in Western Mainstream Media!
11) Year 2008: US and UK impose Short selling ban
The clearest sign that a system is collapsing is when the rules of the game change, while the game is at play.
In September 2008, both the US's Securities and Exchange Commission and the UK's Financial Services Authority put a temporary ban on short-selling. This interference in the financial markets by UK and US regulators "will have repercussions far far beyond our imaginations."
In short, the Short selling ban was market manipulation for which the end result is that market integrity has been lost, forever, because it means that these same regulators will, in the future, change the rules anytime they want, without warning, for the benefit of the elite. Would you continue to invest your life savings in such a game? I didn't think so.
Why did this ban make my eleventh most important economic events list while the hundreds of billions of dollars in bailouts and the nationalization of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae by adding an additional $5.5 trillion to the US national debt didn't? Because the short selling ban means that the multi-trillion dollar derivatives market has now been deemed to be 'incompatible' with the current economic system.
As the pending lawsuits against UK's Financial Services Authority indicates, those who control trillions of dollars in the global markets are not happy about the rules changing in the middle of the game. And I don't blame them, would you be happy about it?
With the credit crunch and the disappearance of liquidity from the markets, the rules of the game are changing.
Centralized banks and financial institutions around the world are at present trying to prevent a rapid global economic meltdown – the key phrase here being 'rapid', since a meltdown is all but certain. The game has changed, the only question that remains is if the change will wipe out the established economic system or will the transition be moderate enough for centralized powers to consolidate assets?
Many investors, both large and small, will now flee markets in which the rules are changed at the whim of those in power. They will look for greener pastures where there is potential for profit and established rules and regulations without deception.
The most important thing to keep in mind is that it is our technological evolution that is bringing about this economic metamorphosis that we see manifesting itself as a global financial crisis. It is also this same technological evolution that is introducing new markets to investors, and has the potential to create a sustainable economy for our collective.
The Implications: Expansion of War or New Sustainable Paradigms?
So what are the implications of all this?
In a 2007 lecture, Seymour Hersh, a Pulitzer Prize winning American investigative journalist, stated that he feared what would happen if American citizens began to believe the propaganda from the US administration now that the rhetoric to attack Iran has changed from preventing Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons to stopping them from killing American troops in Iraq. He stated that this change in tactics seemed to be working and Americans were now starting to support an attack on Iran. As the Zogby Poll indicates, Hersh's fears are becoming realized.
It should be clear by now that the US economy is in a recession and headed for a very hard landing, due in large part to the subprime crisis and the inevitable end to fractional reserve banking. Unfortunately, as the expansion of current wars into the European continent indicates, most of our 'elected' officials and economists believe that the short term solution to saving the banking theocracies from completely collapsing, with a crisis of this magnitude, is to wage war. However this strategy has the reverse effect, and completely collapses an economy if the war drags on by mushrooming the national debt and depleting the resources of the warring nations. This kind of economic lifeline has two major consequences: First it devastates the populace and the environment, and second it consolidates assets for the elite.
There is also one major setback to the expansion of the current wars, it will bring about World War III. But then again maybe that is what the US economy needs to stay alive, a World War: The Perfect Consuming Machine. After all it was World War II that decisively ended the great depression, and since most economic indicators are worse now then they were then, it would be reasonable to assume that the United States will start World War III for nothing other then to continue the American lifestyle, maintain the banking plutocracy, and consolidate world assets into the corporate coffer.
If World War III, the minimum expected death toll for which is 200 million, is allowed to take place to save the banking institutions from collapse, then it is a true sign of corporate economic intelligence and control. However this will not resonate well with humanity, but then again, corporations are anything but human and war is everything but humane, which is why we are in desperate need of a new sustainable paradigm.
Operation 'Shady Rat' – US Blames China For Hacking
Faber: Brace for a Global 'Reboot' and a War
Russia: NATO close to military steps in Syria for beachhead to attack Iran
'NATO planning military attack on Iran'
pt 3/3 Gerald Celente – Stock Market Decline & Future Global Crash – WW3 – Infowars Special Report
pt 2/3 Gerald Celente – Stock Market Decline & Future Global Crash – WW3 – Infowars Special Report
pt 1/3 Gerald Celente – Stock Market Decline & Future Global Crash – WW3 – Infowars Special Report
Run On US-European Banks Brings World To Brink Of War
Russia Downs US Missile After Norway, Obama Secrets Release
Russia Shoots Down U.S. ICBM Minuteman 3 Missile : Obama Stirs Of War?
Enforcing Kosovo's "Independence": NATO Sends Troops to Kosovo
Destabilization of Syria Based on Libya Model
"Beachhead for an Attack on Iran": NATO is planning a Military Campaign against Syria
NATO plans campaign in Syria, tightens noose around Iran – Rogozin
Major Naval Combatant relative growth chart USN vs. PLAN 1997-2009
A Warning Shot? Experts Believe Missile From Chinese Sub Fired Off US West Coast
Chossudovsky: Military Intervention in Syria Will Lead to Extended War
Israeli planes violate Lebanese airspace
Lebanon files UN lawsuit against Israel
Hezbollah warns Israel over gas fields
Nasrallah warns Israel against theft
Israeli drone violates Lebanon airspace
Israeli troops cross into Lebanon
Israeli jets violate Lebanese airspace
Israeli plane violates Lebanon airspace
Israel violates Lebanon's airspace
Israeli jets violate Lebanese airspace
Israeli planes violate Lebanon airspace
Israeli drones violate Lebanon airspace
Israeli plane violates Lebanese airspace
Israeli troops open fire on Lebanon
Israel aircraft breach Lebanon airspace
Hezbollah: Israel targeted all of Lebanon
11 Israeli aircraft skim over Lebanon
Ten Israeli aircraft enter Lebanon
'Israeli commandos enter south Lebanon'
Empire – The Middle East Arms Race
Empire – The New Arms Race
Empire – Lobbying and Economics
Empire – The Asian Arms Race
Why Is Russia Building 5000 More Nuclear Bomb Shelters In Moscow By The End Of 2012?
"The reality is much worse than just the implied threat from building these shelters. In reality there are several historical factors that are present today that indicate a great war is very near.
Historian Nial Ferguson points out that the three E's of war present in the 20th century are now present: Empires in decline, economic volatility and ethnic conflict.
Ethnic conflict acts as a catalyst for war. In this case the ethnic conflict refers to a conflict between civilizations – the Israeli conflict with its neighbors. It turns out this conflict will soon explode into a war unlike anything we've ever seen before. It is likely to be so bad that only one side will survive. It will include chemical weapons exploding over Israeli cities. It will also likely include an Israeli nuclear response that will cause millions to die.
Remember, the Israeli conflict acts as a catalyst for a much bigger war involving America, Russia and China.
Russia has already given us a hint about its future actions. Russia has declared that it reserves the right to a preemptive nuclear strike to protect itself and its allies. It turns out that Syria is a Russian ally.
What would Russia do if Israel destroys Syria with nuclear weapons?
Niall Ferguson also points out that the signs present right before World War I are present today:
1. Imperial overstretch.
2. Powerful rivals.
3. Weakened alliances.
4. Terror supporting countries.
5. Terrorist groups.
Historically, what happens to a world power when it starts to go into decline when powerful rivals are present? The last seven times this happened it resulted in war six times. So six out of seven times it results in war.
This implies that China will be gunning for America in the near future.
There are other historical factors that I can't elaborate on, but show that America runs into a crisis every 80 to 100 years. The current crisis period started in 2005 and runs to 2025.
There is other analysis showing that the further you get from a major crisis like World War II, then the closer you are to the next one. Society does not move into the future in a linear manner.
When will all of this happen?
I expect the Israeli conflict to occur in the summer of 2011. That would put retaliation on America in the spring of 2012.
If the Israeli conflict does not occur in the summer of 2011, then I would look to the summer of 2012 or 2013."
U.S. missile shield may be precursor for Iran attack – Rogozin
Russia Downs US Missile After Norway, Obama Secrets Release
Serbian Attackers Shoot at NATO Soldiers
U.S. Sees Iranian, al Qaeda Alliance
Why Is NATO Really In Libya?
China's military flexes its muscle
China tells US to halt spy plane flights: report
What Will China Do?
Missile System Aimed At Russia, US Can't Guarantee It's Not…….
China-US Spy Duel Heats Up – The Battle For Energy Resources – China Surrounded By US…
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text:
Building a private gun range
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July 9th, 2013, 07:53 AM
I'm the dude, man
Join Date: 12-02-09
Location: Waterford/Gladwin, MI
Posts: 6,963
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Mentioned: 78 Post(s)
Building a private gun range
I have some land up north, and after shooting at paper targets stuck to trees by the branches, I am really considering putting a small gun range up there.
I have a few ideas what I think I would need to get it started. I know I need a berm. My dad said I would want to use beach sand because I don't want anything with rocks in it. I think I read somewhere that I could use those chopped up tire pieces that they use in playgrounds. I would like to have shooting tables. Something to put your guns and ammo on while you are shooting. Possibly putting the shooting style chair/table combo so I would be able to shoot a rifle. As far as how to hang the targets, me and a buddy were thinking maybe making something like a frame on an stand and just stapling the targets to it.
That is all I have thought of so far. I don't quite know how long I would like it or how many lanes I would want to have. What do you guys think, any ideas?
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Markus Pauly
- Markus Pauly
- Biofuels, Carbon Sequestration
- Professor, Fred Dickinson Chair of Wood Science and Technology
- Energy Biosciences Building 212C
- 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, California 94720-5230
- Phone 510.642.1722
- Lab Phone 510.643.1027
- Fax 510.642.1490
PhD Technical University Aachen, Germany
M.S. Technical University Aachen, Germany, 1993
The most abundant renewable plant resource on this planet are the lignicellulosics present in the plant cell wall. They present a sophisticated, highly complex material consisting mainly of various polysaccharides and polyphenols. The Pauly lab uses a synthetic biology approach whereby all necessary components of the biosynthetic machinery of hemicellulosic and pectinaceous polysaccharides are identified. To achieve this goal we use various genetic approaches including forward, reverse, and chemical genetics with the model organism Arabidopsis, but also maize as a grass species.
Plant Cell Walls as a renewable resource for Biofuels and other commodity Chemicals
With an estimated annual production of 180 billion tons per year plant cell walls (lignocellulosics) present an enormous renewable resource, of which only 2% are utilized by humans. The major bottleneck in utilizing this carbon neutral resource for the sustainable production of second generation biofuels is the recalcitrance of the wall material to degradation. With our various research projects we aim at characterizing the structural features of the wall that lead to this recalcitrance. In the long run such knowledge will aid us in overcoming them.
The structure of the Plant Cell Wall
Higher plant cells are encased in cell walls that define their shape and contribute to the strength and structural integrity not only of individual cells, but also of the entire plant. Despite its necessary rigidity, the cell wall is a highly dynamic entity that is metabolically active. It plays crucial roles in diverse cell activities such as growth, differentiation, cell-to-cell communication and transport, senescence, abscission, and plant-pathogen interactions. Microcrystalline cellulose is embedded in a hydrated matrix consisting of coextensive networks of complex heteropolysaccharides and sometimes glycoproteins and polyphenols, such as lignin.
Our research entails the establishment of an analytical platform for the analysis of wall polysaccharides, a forward genetic approach to identify novel wall structures and reverse genetic approaches to gain insights into wall biosynthesis.
Analytical Platform for the Microanalysis of Wall Polysaccharides
Our lab uses mainly classical carbohydrate chemistry based methods to describe the structure of particular wall polysaccharides. These methods encompass solubilization of various wall polymers using sequential extraction procedures that make use of wall degrading enzymes and chemicals. The resulting fractions are then analysed using techniques such as monosaccharide composition and glycosidic linkage analysis see videos (Lignin analysis: http://www.jove.com/details.php?id=1745; Carbohydrate analysis http://www.jove.com/details.php?id=1837). We also determine the presence of ester substituents (such as O-acetyl-substituents). Since such an analysis is rather labor-intensive and time consuming, an oligosaccharide mass profiling method (OLIMP) using specific polysaccharide hydrolases in combination with mass spectrometry has been developed (Video:http://www.jove.com/details.php?id=2046). The sensitivity of OLIMP allows for the rapid assessment of even minute amount of tissue-materials. A profile can be obtained from preparations of as little as 500 Arabidopsis cells prepared by a laser-dissection catapulting instrument.
Forward Genetic Approach: Identification of Structural Wall Mutants
We identify wall mutants by screening of populations of chemically mutagenised seeds for novel structural wall mutants.
An Arabidopsis mutants population was screened using OLIMP. It has lead to the identification of 36 distinct mutants with altered xyloglucan structures including the abundance of ester-substituents. Map-based cloning of the mutated genes gave valuable insights into biosynthesis, metabolism and function of structural variations of xyloglucan. For example, it became evident that the microheterogeneity of wall polysaccharides is dependent not on its biosynthetic machinery but on apoplastic "trimming" of the sidechains by glycosidases.
A maize mutant population was screened for altered sugar content. Indeed, one of the mutants, termed "candy-leaf 1" or Cal-1, exhibited a 250% increase in glucan content. Cal-1 is currently tested in the field for enhanced yields of biofuel production.
Massive parallel sequencing: Cell Wall Biosynthesis
Although information about the structural components of cell walls has increased considerably in recent years, very little is known about the biosynthesis of individual wall components on a molecular level. We employed Ilumina sequencing of plant species that synthesize only a single polysaccharide. This approach lead to the identification of genes in whole biosynthetic pathways. A reverse genetic approach is then employed with the correspondent Arabidopsis genes/mutants to ascertain the function of the gene and its role in polysaccharide biosynthesis. Currently, numerous novel genes involved in the synthesis of nucleotide sugars, the substrates for polysaccharide synthesis, have been identified through bioinformatic means by comparison to gene-sequences of well-characterized bacterial enzymes. In addition, we have identified genes that are responisble for polysaccharide O-acetylation. This substitution is an impediment to enzymatic degradation in a biorefinery and once released presents an inhibitor to many fermenting organisms.
The overall goal of these projects is to be able to assemble and reconstruct whole plant polysaccharide pathways in yeast that would produce the particular hemicellulose.
Recent Publications
(last 5 years, out of 88 total)
Xiong G, Cheng K, Pauly M, 2013, Reduction in xylan O-acetylation results in increased recalcitrance to saccharification as indicated by the Arabidopsis mutant tbl29, in press in Molecular Plant
Gille S, Sharma V, Baidoo EEK, Keasling JD, Scheller HV, Pauly M, 2013, Arabinosylation of an AGP-like polymer impacts root growth as exemplified by the Arabidopsis glycosyltransferase mutant ray1, in press in Molecular Plant
Cheng K, Sorek H, Zimmermann H, Wemmer DE, Pauly M, 2013, Solution-state 2D NMR spectroscopy of plant cell walls enabled by a DMSO-d6[Emim]OAc solvent, Analytical Chemistry, 85 (6) 3213-3221
Liu Z, Padmanabhan S, Cheng K, Xie H, Schwyter P, Pauly M, Bell AT, Prausnitz JM, 2012, Aqueous-ammonia delignification of miscanthus and enzymatic hydrolysis to sugars, Bioresource Technology, 135 23-29
Handford M, Furlán CR, Marchant L, Segura M, Gómez D, Alvarez-Buylla E, Xiong G, Pauly M, Orellana A, 2012, Arabidopsis plants lacking AtUTr7, a Golgi-localized UDP-glucose/UDP-galactose transporter, exhibit alterations in lateral roots, Molecular Plant, 5 (6) 1263-1280
Park SH, Mei C, Pauly M, Ong RG, Dale BE, Sabzikar R, Fotoh H, Nguyen T, Sticklen M, 2012, Down regulation of maize cinnamoyl-CoA reductase via RNAi technology creates brown midrib and improves AFEX-pretreated conversion into fermentable sugars for biofuels, Crop Science 52 (6) 2687-2701
Chiniquy D, Sharma V, Schultink A, Baidoo EE, Rautengarten C, Cheng K, Carroll A, Ulvskov P, Harholt J, Keasling JD, Pauly M, Scheller HV, Ronald PC, 2012, XAXT1, a grass specific xylan:xylosyltransferase in the glycosyltransferase family 61, Proceedings of the National Academy of the USA 109 (42) 17117-17122
Jensen JK, Schultink A, Keegstra K, Wilkerson CG, Pauly M, 2012, RNA-Seq. of developing nasturtium seeds (Tropaeolum majus): Identification and characterization of an additional glactosyltransferase involved in xyloglucan biosynthesis, Molecular Plant, 5 (5) 984-992
Gille S, Pauly M, 2012, Mechanism of plant cell wall O-acetylation, Frontiers in Plant Physiology 3:12, doi: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00012
Gille S, Souza A, Xiong G, Benz M, Schultink A, Ida-Reca B, Pauly M, 2011, O-acetylation of xyloglucan requires AXY4/AXY4L, proteins with a TBL and DUF231 domain, Plant Cell 23 (11) 4041-4053
Chuck G, Tobias C, Kraemer F, Sun L, Li C, Arora R, Singh S, Dibble D, Vogel J, Simmons B, Pauly M, Hake S, 2011, Overexpression of the maize conrgrass1 microRNA gene prevents flowering, improves digestability and increases starch content of biofuel crop plants, Proceedings of the National Academy of the USA 108 (42) 17550-17555
Gunl M, Neumetzler L, Kraemer F, Souza A, Schultink A, Pena M, York WS, Pauly M, 2011, AXY8 encodes an a-fucosidase, underpinning the importance of apoplastic metabolism on the fine structure of plant cell wall polysaccharides, Plant Cell 23 (11), 4025-4040
Troncoso-Ponce MA, Kilaru A, Cao X, Durrett T, Fan J, Jensen J, Pauly M, Wilkerson C, Ohlrogge J, 2011, Comparative deep transcriptional profiling of four developing oilseeds, Plant Journal 68, 1014-1027
Gille S, Kun C, Skinner ME, Liepman AH, Wilkerson C, Pauly M, 2011, Deep Sequencing of Voodoo Lily (Amorphophallus konjac): An approach to identify relevant genes involved in the synthesis of the hemicellulose glucomannan, Planta, 234, 515-526Manabe Y, Nafisi M, Verhertbruggen Y, Orfila C, Gille S, Rautengarten C, Cherk C, Marcus SE, Somerville S, Pauly M, Knox JP, Sakuragi Y, Scheller HVS, 2011, Loss-of-function mutation of reduced wall acetylation 2 in Arabidopsis leads to reduced cell wall acetylation and increased resistance to Botrytis cinerea, Plant Physiology, 155 (3), 1068-1078Gunl M, Pauly M, 2011, AXY3 encodes a a-xylosidase that impacts the abundance and accessibility of the hemicellulose xyloglucan in Arabidopsis plant cell walls, Planta, 233 (4), 707-719Gunl M, Kraemer FJ, Pauly M, 2011, Oligosaccharide mass profiling (OLIMP) of cell wall polysaccharides by MALDI-TOF/MS, Methods in Molecular Biology Vol 715: The Plant Cell Wall, 43-54, Editor Popper Z, Humana PressPerrson S, Sorensen I, Moller I, Willats W, Pauly M, 2011, Dissection of the Plant Cell Wall by High Throughput Methods, Annual Plant Reviews Vol 41: Plant Polysaccharides: Biosynthesis and Bioengineering, 43-64, Editor Ulvskov P, Wiley-BlackwellSuen G, Scott JJ, Aylward FO, Adams SM, Tringe SG, Pinto-Tomas AA, Foster CE, Pauly M, Weimer PJ, Barry KW, Goodwin LA, Bouffard P, Li L, Osterberger J, Harkins TT, Slater SC, Donohue TJ, Currie CR, 2010, An insect herbivore microbiome with high plant biomass degrading capacity, PLoS Genetics, 6 (9), 433-443Pauly M, 2010, A blue-print of the protoplast's dwelling, Plant Physiology, Classic collection, 154, 1Kaida R, Serada S, Norioko N, Norioka S, Neumetzler L, Pauly M, Sampedro J, Zarra I, Hayashi T, Kaneko TS, 2010, Potential role for purple acid phosphatase in the dephosphorylation of wall proteins in tobacco cells, Plant Physiology, 153 (2), 603-610Lopes FJF, Pauly M, Lau EY, Diola V, Passos JL, Loureiro ME, Brommonshenkel SH, 2010, The EgMUR3 xyloglucan galactosyltransferase from Eucalyptus grandis complements the mur3 cell wall phenotype in Arabidopsis thaliana, Tree Genetics and Genomes, 6, 745-756Gunl M, Gille S, Pauly M, 2010, OLIigo Mass Profiling (OLIMP) of extracellular polysaccharides, in production in Journal of visualized Experiments Journal of visualized Experiments, http://www.jove.com/index/details.stp?id=2046, doi: 10.3791/2046Pauly M, Keegstra K, 2010, Plant cell walls as precursors for biofuels, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 13 (3), 305-312Santoro N, Cantu SL, Tornqvist CEI, Falbel TG, Bolivar JL, Patterson SE, Pauly M, Walton JD, 2010, A high throughput platform for screening milligram quantities of plant biomass for lignocellulosic digestability, BioEnergy Research, 3 (1), 93-102Foster CE, Martin T, Pauly M, 2010, Comprehensive compositional analysis of Plant Cell Walls (lignocellulosic biomass); Part II: carbohydrates, Journal of visualized Experiments, 37, http://www.jove.com/index/details.stp?id=1837, doi: 10.3791/1837Foster CE, Martin T, Pauly M, 2010, Comprehensive compositional analysis of Plant Cell Walls (lignocellulosic biomass); Part I: lignin, Journal of visualized Experiments, 37; http://www.jove.com/index/details.stp?id=1745, doi: 10.3791/1745Li M, Xiong G, Li R, Tan D, Zhang B, Cui J, Pauly M, Cheng Z, Zhou Y, 2009, Rice Cellulose Synthase-Like D4 Is Essential for Normal Cell Wall Biosynthesis and Plant Growth, Plant Journal 60, 1055-1069Gille S, Haensel U, Ziemann M, Pauly M, 2009, Identification of plant cell wall mutants by means of a forward chemical genetic approach using hydrolases, Proc. Nat. Academy Sciences U.S.A. 106 (34), 14699-14704
Obel N, Erben V, Schwarz T, Kuehnel S, Fodor A, Pauly M, 2009, Microanalysis of plant cell wall polysaccharides, Molecular Plant 2 (5), 922-932Abasolo W, Eder M, Yamauchi K, Obel N, Reinecke A, Neumetzler L, Dunlop JWC, Mouille G, Pauly M, Hoefte H, Burgert I, 2009, Pectins may hinder the unfolding of xyloglucan chains during cell elongation – implications of the mechanical performance of Arabidopsis hypocotyls with pectin alterations, Molecular Plant 2 (5), 990-999
Pauly M, Keegstra K, 2008, Tear down this wall, Current Opinion in Plant Biology 11 (3), 233-235
Cavalier DM, Lerouxel O, Neumetzler L, Yamauchi K, Reinecke A, Freshour G, Zabotina O, Hahn MG, Burgert I, Pauly M, Raikhel N, Keegstra K, 2008, Disruption of two Arabidopsis thaliana xylosyltransferase genes results in plants deficient in xyloglucan, a major primary cell wall component, Plant Cell 20:1519-1537
Jensen J, Sorensen S, Harholt J, Geshi N, Sakuragi Y, Moller I, Zandleven J, Bernal AJ, Jensen NB, Sorensen C, Pauly M, Beldman G, Willats WGT, Scheller HV, 2008, Identification of a xylogalactuonan xylosyltransferase involved in pectin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis, Plant Cell 20: 1289-1302
Wen F, Rhodesia MC, Nguyen T, Zeng, W, Keegstra K, Immerzeel P, Pauly M, Hawes MC, 2008, Inducible expression of Pisum sativum xyloglucan fucosyltransferase in the pea root cap meristem, and effects of antisense mRNA expression on root cap cell wall structural integrity, Plant Cell Reports 27:1125-1135
Pauly M, Keegstra K, 2008, Cell wall carbohydrates and their modification as raw materials for biofuels, Plant Journal 54, 559-568
Leboeuf E, Immerzeel P, Gibon, Y, Steup M, Pauly M, 2008, High throughput functional assessment of polysaccharide-active enzymes using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry as exemplified on plant cell wall polysaccharides, Analytical biochemistry, 373 (1):9-17
Recent Teaching
Bio1A - Biology - Molecules of Life/ the cell
MCB 102 - Principles of Biochemistry - Metabolism
199 - Supervised Independent Study
299 - Supervised Independent Study
PMB 122 - Bioenergy


text:
Maurice Jones-Drew is coming back from major knee surgery. Rashad Jennings is out for the season. It would seem that the Jaguars have a depth problem at running back and that they will look into adding someone to that mix. But head coach Jack Del Rio said Sunday that he likes "the whole group from top to bottom." He also said that while Deji Karim will have to fill the void on the depth chart behind Jones-Drew, others will also be used.
"I think we have depth," Del Rio said. "I think we have productive guys that will step up and play big for us. Deji is one of them. I think you'll see an increased role with Montell (Owens), an increased role with Brock (Bolen). But Deji in particular has been very explosive this preseason. He's got some real quicks, he's got great vision and he's been improved in all facets of his game. And the thing that stands out is the explosive element that he brings."
Fantasy Analysis:
However, Del Rio also said that MJD will still carry the load. So while more faces may be involved, this is still Jones-Drew's running game. He's a first-round pick in 12-team leagues, but given his touches count over the past 30 games (697) and his knee injury, Karim is a smart handcuff.


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Eclair is what is called a Clear Cream or an ee Cream. Unlike a shaded
Cream (who is born a charcoal color and lightens up eventually to a
cream) an ee cream is born a light buttery cream color and lightens up to a
pretty cream color. Some breeders try and claim to have clear cream
puppies but they are actually a clear red (ee red); they start out creamy-red
as puppies and darken into a light red color as adults. If BOTH parents do
not carry the cream gene, and the puppy is born a light cream color, the
puppy will not genetically be a true Cream.
Cream Dachshunds that are born charcoal colored and lighten up to cream
or shaded cream (with some black shading) are STILL true Creams. The
original English Cream (which originated in England, per it's name) is not
smooth hair. Some breeders offer smooth haired creams that do stay
cream as adults but they are not to the original standards of an English
PLEASE do your research before you spend a lot of money on a supposed
English Cream Dachshund!! Check pictures of BOTH parents and check
their 5 Generation AKC Pedigrees and adult pictures of BOTH sets of
grandparents. It would be so disappointing to be mislead into thinking you
were buying something you were not.
I would be more than happy to go over this with you on the phone. Please
do not hesitate to ask me any questions regarding the genetics and false
claims some breeders make. There are plenty of wonderful websites that
have more detailed information on the real cream dachshund that
originated in England. I would love to share those with you.
I have plenty more genetic resources. Please email me for further
research. Thanks! ~Virginia
Thomson's Cream Eclair
ee Cream
11 pounds 3 ounces
Click here for Eclair's Pedigree
|Click here for a birth to 6 month series
of pictures of a Shaded Cream
|Eclair has been spayed and placed in a wonderful companion home with
her daughter. She often visits and I am able to beg for babysitting time for
her. She is very loving but I decided I needed to move in a different
direction for conformation shows. However, she has always been an avid
hunter and still loves Earthdog competitions.
Knees: Patellas OFA Certified NORMAL 10/20/2010
Hips: OFA Certified NORMAL 10/20/2010
Elbows: OFA Certified Normal 10/20/2010
Eyes: PRA CORD1 Carrier
|beautifully there for her new Mom and
Dad :)


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Nintendo Opens Voice Recognition Project To Help Students With Hearing Loss
Nintendo is a very old company. It has been founded 1889 and since then it slowly developed into a video game company, becoming one of the most influential in the industry and Japan's third most valuable company. So now, it seems like Nintendo is looking to evolve into a different direction. Apparently the gaming giant is looking to test out the waters of …. education.
By Radu Tyrsina On February 3, 2012 Respond
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Asius ADEL Ambrose Diaphonic Ear Lens
Asius ADEL earbud balloon promises to take some pressure off your poor eardrums and could be the answer to listener fatigue. Ambrose Diaphonic Ear Lens is an inflatable polymer balloon that attaches to the ends of earbuds and effectively acts as a second eardrum, absorbing sound and redirecting it away from the ear's most sensitive regions…………
By MD. Obaiduzzaman Khan On May 21, 2011 Respond
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text:
To all my Euro Enthusiasts out there that are looking for a great crew to represent, start here by wearing our Flag, let all the euro enthusiasts in your community know about Dub Invasion.
Send a self address stamped envalope and $10 or $6 cash or money order to
Dub Invasion
Lynbrook NY 11563
Dub Invasion Crest sticker - $10
Dub Invasion written sticker- $6
Dub Invasion D.I. sticker- $4
PS please send a sample of color if not a regular color otherwise please specify what you would like your color of your sticker to be.
If you are interested in starting a Dub Invasion chapter in your community let me know, so that we may reconize you as Dub Invasion of ______. So that we can let our members know about who you are.


text:
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The Wiki features as broad a range of topics and subjects as the forums themselves, and the Articles are good reference points so that people don't need to read through lots of irrelevant forum posts to find the information they are looking for. As with posts on the site, unsuitable content will be edited and/or removed.
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Simple follow this link: https://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/wiki/TSR_Wiki:Write_a_new_page and enter the title of the page you wish to make.
Be sure to search the Wiki first, incase someone has already created a similar page!
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|I am unable to edit the page, why is this?
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Only a handful of members, known as the Wiki Support Team and including the moderators and community team are able to edit protected pages.
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