text: Ashby Shrug Style: 570103320 Out of Stock Love it? Everyone else did too. This item sold out! Use our search tool, chat online or call 1.888.855.4986 to find something equally desirable. The shrug-style cardigan: a light little layer with a ribbed back panel that angles into the ribbed hem. It textures the sleeves, too. Ribbed trim. Length: 24". 53% cotton, 47% rayon. Machine wash. Imported. Read More… Share on Facebook Tweet Pin


text:
Subaru WRX Forum (http://www.wrxtuners.com/forums/)
- Bolt-On Tech (EJ205 2.0L '02-05 WRX) (http://www.wrxtuners.com/forums/f52/)
- - 2005 engine swap question (http://www.wrxtuners.com/forums/f52/2005-engine-swap-question-26954/)
2005 engine swap question
I have an 05 wagon and want drop an 07 sti engine in it
Wil I have any problems
You will need the sti wire harness because the sti is drive by wire. I've heard its very difficult to swap.
Do I need the sti tranny or could I run it on the 5 speed
It will fit though right
Not only the wiring harness, if I recall since one is drive by cable and one drive by wire you need to change pedals also. Im not sure about the transmissioni.
Putting an STi bottom end on WRX heads is a much more desirable choice, it makes the swap easier. Search hybrid block on here. You could continue to run your 5 speed either way, you just need a WRX clutch between them.
Well the problem is I have blown engine the top and bottom are no good so I need a whole engine and I want 2 upgrade to 2.5 sti engine and I found 2007 one for good price so dats y I am asking the questions and only thing I am really worring bout is if I am going need the transmision but chase it doesn't matter and from ### has been posted it going be diffcult swap but needs 2 be done
You can't drop an 07 sti motor into a wrx with a ton of work. Harnesses, pedals, ecu, are just a few of the things needed. I think you have swap the motor harness and the body harness to get the STI ECU to work.
Buy the STI motor, sell the heads, get wrx heads. This would make life a lot easier.
ok i just talk to the guy its not a sti engine its 2.5 wrx engine but it does not come with ecu has every thing else including wiring harness can i use my old ecu or no
It might work if you swap out the intake manifold and TB from the 05.
so i have to buy a ecu for a 07
btw thanks for the help i really need to her running again
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
And once you move don't tell anyone about the good parts of California, we have too many people here. Better to be thought of as the land or Fruits and Nuts (people not agricultural) it keeps people from moving here.
I'm in the East Bay; the Lafayette/Walnut Creek/Danville area starts 10-15 miles east of me
Hey everyone,I'm considering a job opportunity that would take us back to California (Northern). While I don't like the thought of moving the opportunity is exciting.Would anyone know about any regulation (city/state law) stopping me from taking my soon-to-be-resurrected two beehives with me, and have them in my backyard? Of course I'd make sure they have the right care and all that good neighborly stuff. I'm more concerned with backyard beekeeping rules in general.Regards,UtahBees (Scott)It's California. Of course there is a law...lol


text:
Games of skill or games of chance? The combination of lottery luck and the
desperation of the gambler has set up an absorbing grand final between Sydney
and Brisbane on Sunday at the Olympic stadium, following two anxiety-laced
matches at the weekend.
The Broncos attacked Parramatta yesterday with all the subtlety of bull
elephants in a mating season and the Eels adopted a conservative strategy of
persistently seeking overlaps on the edge of the field, but as the scorelines
became closer strategy was surrendered and risk was rampant.
Everyone knows if you put the knife to your throat too many times you'll
eventually cut it, but tell that to the players in Sunday's final game of the
Compounding risk is the bizarre decision-making of the officials, adding a
confusing mix to the outcome of these late-season games. Midway through the
second half of the Brisbane-Parramatta game at the Olympic stadium yesterday,
Broncos replacement Shaun Berrigan seemingly scored a try when the impact of two
Eels forced him over the line.
He had been on the field only two minutes and, with Brisbane leading 10-6,
his ``try" would have provided a buffer against a resurgent Parramatta.
But after almost as many replays as there have been repeats of Seinfeld
episodes, video referee Graeme West ruled ``no try".
Only a few minutes earlier a stadium official had flashed ``penalty try" up
on the big screen after the Eels had scored in the corner.
He had pressed the wrong button, meaning this is not a person we should put
in charge of a nuclear silo should the threat of World War III ever return.
The no-try decision momentarily deflated Brisbane and lifted Parramatta, and
in the 70th minute Eels centre David Vaealiki shrugged off the Broncos' Ben Ikin
to slip the ball to his unmarked winger Jason Moodie.
The conversion attempt of fullback Clinton Schifcofske traced a confident arc
towards the posts before it drifted to the left, preventing a drawn scoreline.
Vaealiki had been given the ball by Parramatta's ubiquitous utility Dennis
Moran, yet it was Moran who lost possession deep in his own territory shortly
after the kick-off.
Brisbane second-rower Brad Thorn then crashed over from near the ruck for the
final scoreline of 16-10, the conversion attempt of Michael DeVere bouncing
back from the upright, denying the Broncos the buffer they spent the game
If these kicks part validate what coaches have been saying for eons football
is a game of inches the tenet was confirmed the previous evening at Sydney
Football Stadium.
Roosters captain Brad Fittler twice risked manoeuvres in the second half
which led to tries and demonstrated to his young teammates the urgency he was
desperately seeking to instil.
As the Roosters attempted to claw back from 16-2, he intercepted an Andrew
Johns pass for a try and steered a long ball to his flank which itself could
have been seized.
The wobbly ball fortuitously arrived in the hands of Matt Sing, the
conversion giving the Roosters a 10-point buffer.
You can call him Freddy the gambler, or Fiddler on the Roof of the rugby
league world because he could end the year earning unparalleled honours: captain
of a premiership team; leader of Australian and NSW teams which defeated the
Kiwis and Queensland respectively, by record margins; and skipper of a
victorious World Cup team.
The National Rugby League's accountants are not happy with a Brisbane-Sydney
grand final because it combines an out-of-town team with one of the league's
smallest crowd-pullers.
Perhaps there won't be as many spectators as a Newcastle-Parramatta grand
final, but the Roosters surely have a few thousand more fans than they had last
The game on Sunday is arguably the most mystifying of the potential
It won't have the thud of a Broncos-Knights match, nor the innocent passion
of an Eels-Roosters encounter.
Indeed, it could be closer than a meeting of a relatively fresh Newcastle
against a spent Parramatta.
It combines Fittler willing to risk and Gorden Tallis desperate to destroy,
such was the Brisbane forward's Godzilla-like charges, perhaps inspired by the
soundtrack of the movie which greeted him as he ran out onto the field.
This is a grand final which offers mystery, romance and the unexpected.
It is another Packer-Murdoch battle, with trillionaire Kerry, a Roosters
supporter, against zillionaire Rupert, majority owner of the Broncos.
The live match broadcast yesterday arose from a possibility which could have
caused some angst between these two: the option of offering it to pay TV.
When the NRL learned Channel9 planned to telecast the match at 6.30pm, owing
to its cricket commitments, the league raised the option of Optus and Foxtel
also showing the game. Nine then decided to televise it live, an option that
also guaranteed a boost in advertising revenue.
The Olympic stadium almost hosted two football finals on successive days.
In an incredible bungle, both the NRL and the NSW Rugby Union were allowed to
book the SFS for matches on Saturday.
The NRL secured it for its grand-final qualifier between Newcastle and Sydney
in the evening and the NSWRU booked it for the Sydney grand final between
Randwick and Sydney University in the afternoon.
The Sydney Cricket Ground Trust attempted to resolve the matter by
transferring one of the matches to the Olympic stadium, requesting Athletics
Australia vacate the venue for the final day of its Games track and field
However, AA described the financial offer to move as ``a few pennies" and
the rugby grand final was shifted to Waratah Stadium, Concord.
NRL chief executive David Moffett confirmed the double booking but insisted
it was never an option for the game on Saturday night to be shifted.
``This was justified by the fact we sold every single ticket we could sell
[28,000] to the match," Moffett said. The crowd yesterday was 31,087.
Who:Sydney Roosters v Brisbane Broncos
When:Sunday, August 27, 2.40pm
Where:Olympic stadium, Homebush Bay
Betting: Brisbane $1.50, Sydney $2.50 (SportOdds)
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text:
Vintage Dish Company
By:Christine Baldwin
Friday, January 4 2013
photo credit:Vintage Dish Company
Meet the Vintage Dish Company, a boutique china and tabletop accessory rental company based here in Seattle. Sporting an eclectic combination of patterns spanning from the 20s to the 60s, discover hidden gems including pieces from Rosenthal, Royal Doulton, Johnson Brothers, Noritake, Haviland Limoges, Minton, and Royal Bayreuth. Complete your vintage look with vases, champagne coupes, candlesticks and votive holders, brocade linen dinner napkins and footed crystal punch bowls. Visit the Vintage Dish Company at the Seattle Wedding Show on Saturday, January 12 and Sunday, January 13.


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Verified Purchase
This Glutathion work very well!! I'm going to buy again ana again
Was this review helpful to you?
Posted by 5038609028243739167 on Jul 24, 2014 | Verified Purchase
This Glutathion work very well!! I'm going to buy again ana again
Good results!
Posted by Reviewer1845111 on Sep 06, 2011 | Verified Purchase
Despite the evidence that it may not be well absorbed, find that it aids mood and energy.
good product
Posted by Reviewer1070226 on Feb 10, 2009 | Verified Purchase
very effective product.
online service and shipping so quick
Posted by Reviewer1336851 on Dec 25, 2007 | Verified Purchase
Twinlab glutathione 250 mg caps
Posted by Reviewer2039299 on Oct 18, 2007 | Verified Purchase
very good product! i love it because there is no side effect and they are easy to take! I wish they make 500 mg caps in the near future! Thanks for this wonderful product.
Can also lighten skin
Posted by Reviewer2862611 on Aug 15, 2007 | Verified Purchase
I just found out recently that L-Glutathione can also help lighten your skin. Try this product & you will see the difference less than 2 months.
twinlab, mega l-glutathione
Posted by Reviewer1497425 on May 06, 2009 | Verified Purchase
I have been taking it, so far i haven't seen any improvements. I think i have to take it for 6 mos. My niece she is a Doctor in Derma she is the one who advice me to take it. So far i haven't seen anything that will impress me. But i will keep using it. I notice that i gain weight in my tummy area. i don't know if this is the side effect.
Kirsten Cornelissen
Posted by Reviewer1284070 on Apr 08, 2008 | Verified Purchase
I started L-Glutathione recently. This will be my 2nd bottle. I have M.S. I hope this will help my nerve function/regeneration or at least stop further decay. It is too early to tell any difference.
I feel misled
Posted by Reviewer2135862 on Sep 19, 2011 | Verified Purchase
I have been taking glutathione intravenously from a naturopath doctor. After 10 sessions and some improvements, i stopped and decided to order this to take orally to save money. I was told later that this product taken orally serves no purpose and did some research on line which support my doctor's statement. I ordered this with R-lipoic acid and just finish the bottles up and hope something in there will help. We make mistakes and we learn.
1-9 of 9 total


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Review links from your group.
ASPCA home page
2. Pasado Safe Haven
A safe place for animals
3. US Congress.org
From this site you can get the contact info of your local and national representatives.
4. IMOM--Dog abuse laws by state.
A state by state listing of dog abuse laws.
5. Animal Law Center
Excellent animal law resource center.
6. Justice for Kahn
Read about what happened to poor Khan
7. lisaviolet.com
List of state penalty classifications
9. Letter Suggestion
This is pet-abuse.com's page of suggestions for writing letters to politicians
10. Sun Bear Squad
The Sunbear Squad has all kinds of tips on how to be a good samaritan to animals. There's all kinds of advice on handling a variety of abuse situations, as well as other cool stuff.
11. Animal Abuse Petitions
Here is the list of all petitions in the animal abuse category that are currently active. There are tons, each with its own heartbreaking story.
12. President Isabel's BSL Task Force
President Isabel's Task Force on ending Breed Specific Legislation in the United States, Canada, and worldwide.
13. Save Knuckles
Help save Knuckles from being wrongly executed. There is a petition to sign and contact info.
14. The Case for Felony Laws
An excellent argument for why felony laws are necessary.
15. How One Can Make a Difference
From the Best Friends Site. Things you can do in your community to help fight abuse.
16. Click For Food
Click on the purple button and shelters get free food. The only way that could be any better is if we got free food too BOL!
17. CHAI Concern for Helping Animals in Israel
CHAI is an Israeli based organization that works to improve conditions for animals, provides spay/neuter clinics, and advocates for animals.
18. In Hope Video
This video was furnished by Brightlion. It depicts the struggle shelter workers face, and the needless suffering of animals. If only humans cared about animals as much as they do about money, and their own children, perhaps these scenes could become a thing of the past.
19. Bashan Kennel
This is an Israeli kennel in northern Israel currently rescuing animals from the war zone.
20. ASPCA Online Cruelty Action
Links to FBI and DOJ as well as advice on taking action
This page has a lot of great resources including a list of cruelty arrest laws by state, and a link to a page for fighting online cruelty.
22. Stop Gas Chambers
This site is dedicated to ending the use of gas chambers in North Carolina shelters, and shelters around the country. Look for the NC state petition link and add your voice.
23. Petstorecruelty.org
Read all about Petland and its relationship with the Hunte Corporation.
24. American Humane


text:
Big thanks going out to everybody who participated! You helped us raise over $2,000 for the American Cancer Society, and helped us log over 200 miles for Charity Miles! It has been a great experience for me, and based on all the emails that came in, all the runners had a great time too.
You can check out my recaps of the race HERE and HERE.
The medals are all mailed and should be arriving to the participants shortly!
Have a great day, thanks for participating, and I'm already working on ways to make the next Virtual even bigger and better!
Registration is closed! Thank you so much everybody, the response to this race has been absolutely overwhelming. We far exceeded our expectations, I can't wait to share all the further details with you. More info coming soon, have a great weekend, and don't forget to email me in your times.
So here we are! I am very proud to announce the Chilly Cheeks Virtual 5K!
Please refer to this insanely helpful FAQ:
Ok, so here's the deal. A virtual 5K is a race just like any other, except there's no official race location. You register for the race and then you run during the designated race weekend: when you want, where you want; and then just email in the results when you're done (email to: firstname.lastname@example.com). All the results will be complied and sent out to all participants after the race is over. Any pictures or stories to accompany your official time are encouraged as well!
The official race weekend is Friday, Feb 1 thru Sunday, Feb 3.
Like I said above, in order to participate, all you need to do is register for the race, run it at any point during the weekend of Feb 1-3, and then email in your results. (Along with any pictures or stories about the experience you'd like to share)
Every race participant gets an official Chilly Cheeks 5K medal and Completion Certificate. That, plus the satisfaction of knowing that the vast majority of your entry fee is being donated directly to charity; so all your sweat and effort is not only doing you good, but others as well.
No it's not! All entries also get entered into a random drawing to win some pretty awesome prizes! See the complete list of giveaways below. I know I'm biased, but I think they are some pretty badass prizes.
All this for the low low price of $25.00!
All you need to do is click on the "Register Now" button above. It links directly to Paypal, to guarantee that the transaction is safe and secure for you.
Well thank you! And we have a button for that too! If you want to donate but not run in the race, please click on the "Donate Now" button above. It will take you to a PayPal screen that will allow you to choose the amount you would like to donate and allow you to do it safely.
All monetary profits from this race will be donated directly to the American Cancer Society through their DetermiNation program. See below for a more detailed explanation of what's going on here…
This race is going to be used as a fundraiser for The American Cancer Society and Charity Miles.
We are a team of 3 runners who signed up to run the 2013 Blue Cross Broad Street Run in Philadelphia on Sunday, May 5th. This race is one of the biggest 10 mile races in the country. Rather than just register for the race and run it, we are using this opportunity to link up with the American Cancer Society and use this as a fundraiser as well (The official charity partner of the race). We have joined their DetermiNation program, And have set an initial team goal of $1500 to be raised between the three of us running. We want to challenge ourselves by running the race, and also to give a little back at the same time. We are dedicated to meeting and with any luck, far surpassing our initial goal of funds to be donated to this worthwhile cause. Cancer is a horrible and far reaching disease that continues to impact countless people, odds are you or someone you know has to deal with this reality. We are just trying to do our part and help fix that as best we can.
In addition to the ACS, we are also very pleased to announce a way to "double up" on the good we can generate in a partnership with Charity Miles. This is an organization dedicated to utilizing the efforts of active people everywhere to log the miles they walk/run/bike to earn corporate donations that can then be applied to the eligible charity of their choosing.
So how exactly does Charity Miles fit into all of this you ask? It's pretty simple, actually. Charity Miles is a company that is dedicated to generating donations to charity through corporate sponsors by logging the miles of active people's workouts. The easiest way I can think to break it down is like this: Supposing you were doing a fundraiser and in order to raise money, you solicited friends and family to sponsor you and donate so much money per mile you run. This is the same exact thing, on a much larger scale. Charity Miles has secured corporate benefactors agreeing to donate 25 cents to charity for every mile that the people using their app run or walk and 10 cents for every mile you bike. They developed a free iphone and android app that is used to track your workouts via your phone's GPS.
I discovered Charity Miles recently and I absolutely love the fact that I can give back and really have an impact on others, especially while I am doing something that quite frankly does not cost me a dime and I would be doing anyway. It does not make any sense to me NOT to use it. So as I was planning out this Virtual 5K, I had the idea of linking up with Charity Miles because it will be great if instead of only my 3 miles, they get everybody's 3 miles who's running. The way I see it is: We're running, why not get as much good out of this as we can? So I strongly encourage you to download the app if you don't already have it, and use it while you run, please. All of the available charities are very worthwhile, and it's really a situation where nothing but good can result.
I hope you consider running with us for this Virtual 5K race.
Feel free to contact me with any questions: email@example.com
Here are the giveaways we have thus far (I'm working hard to add some more as we speak, as more get added I'll post them up here):
1 big box of assorted GU Energy Labs Products (will look something like THIS)- Gels, Roctane, Chomps, Recovery Drinks, Etc.. It's a pretty badass sampling of stuff
RoadId: $35 Gift Card (enough to buy any of their products)
HydraPak: GetBot- an awesome combo water bottle that is made to also hold your energy gel.
Injinji: 2 pairs of Injinji Socks
Pearl Izumi: Tech Tee (in the size of the winner, of course)
Allied Medal Hangars: 2 Medal Hangars (2 winners, one to each winner)
Pro Compression: 2 Pairs of Compression Socks (2 winners, one to each winner)
Charity Miles: 2 T-shirts with their insanely cool logo (2 winners, one to each winner in your correct size)


text:
Man, seven~ you've been around almost since the first run, I am so happy to see you happy.
Man, seven~ you've been around almost since the first run, I am so happy to see you happy.
*oops* double post!
Last edited by kimncris; Mar 31, 2007 at 4:32 PM. Reason: double post
Thanks KnC,
You guys are the first zam pioneers I am so glad you're happy with it too.
All the rest of ya's- just don't scream at me when you get it sewn...(ZIA ducks as the kitchen sink whizzes by..)
I received the fabric for benkenove's and mine ( .. well raul / droidcollector).
Hubby sent out 4 more today 4:30 p.m. EST, list updated, emails sent.
Your neoprene is within biting distance, thanks.
I've had to pay a £48.05 customs charge then they'll try and redeliver it for me.
I hate this country. It sucks. For Zam I've paid well over £250 in custom charges alone!
Wow! That's a lot in custom charges. I feel for you.
Last night I was having dreams of sewing on the material...and all I have right now is the tracking number as it was only shipped yesterday. I really do have this costume on the brain don't I
Yikes! Isn't that like about $90 ?
Yeah MM We have ... well John has paid nearly $500 in customs so far on this
I told you he was a keeper!
Got my neoprene today -- looks great! Everything arrived in good condition.
Thanks, ZIA!
Got the notice in my box that said the material is here. Need to pop over tomorrow during business hours to actually pick it up.
I am so excited!
well, sorta...pending all the shipments get received ok. I mailed out the last batch today, and the rest of the overseas people should be getting an email soon! Yay! Thank you SEVEN for recognizing the humongosity of the project. There was like a problem with every single vendor I dealt with on this run, except for where I got the long boxes from. The bubblewrap company didn't ship enough, the neoprene co, enough said, the dyeing co had some issues and timing, and dealing with my own stupidity of estimating the weight wrong on most of the packages. Don't worry guys if you see the shipping cost and notice the difference, you won't have to owe me anything, I just am HAPPY to get it out. Pray over your packages folks, I am just so relieved that I can get back to paying more attention to my son.
Yay! Thank you again a million times over for doing this It was so generous of you to spend your time on all aspects of arranging and ordering this neoprene run so that the rest of us Zam-wanna-bes can actually have some high quality fabric in the right color!
Zam you WILL be, Zam you WILL be...
Or, Zams you ARE...
wow, it's late, I am getting seriously slap happy for y'all...
It's here! (Its been here for a week but that's another story)
Yvonne, from me and Becky, x! Thanks lots
I think it's spot on with you and is fairly easy to work with (according to my local seamstress anyway )
Can I ask an urgent favour from the current Zams out there please.
Can I have a photo of your inner purple suit pieces please.
On or off you it's ok. PM or email firstname.lastname@example.com please
My local seamstress has quoted me £50 to do this for Becky and has already worked out how to do the seams for me.
Picked up the box on Friday and it's sitting on the library floor at the moment. Haven't been able to open it up yet..too much "help" from the little ones and we weren't home almost all weekend. The box seems to have bent a little in the middle at some point, but not in a way that looks like it would have damaged anything. I'm going to try to open it up tonight after Jon gets home from work to check it out and pull out the greeblies so I can get to painting them.
Need to finish the taxes so I can get that money back into our bank and not the IRSs and order all my bits from MonCal now
I can not thank you enough ZamIam for doing this material run for us and allowing me to tack myself into it! I know I would have never gotten this far without it. It was my "start button" to finally get going.
Thank you thank you thank you!!!!!
Yeah Zam I Am, i just wanna enphersize what John andeveryone else has said. Thank you so much for doing this run. I remember missing the very frst run and nearly missing this one too if it wasnt for John.
Now all i need is my leather, its going to be awesome!!!
If anyone does have any more pics if their suits it would be very helpfull for my seamstress. Im hoping to get measured asap, for the CE deadline is fast approaching lol!!!
Thanx again Zam I Am, you really made this costume a reality for lots of ppl
Well, I just wanted to say, Langsuir666, your posts prompted me to do the second run. You guys are most wholeheartedly welcome.
I have to think about my son and make him my #1 priority, cause I have seen quite a difference when I am away from the computer instead of posting/replying to emails. I am sorry, but will be backing off on replying to more zam questions for awhile. It's been unfair to my son. I have also always wanted to fix my own costuming stuff, and with all the time spent on the comp with emails/what-not, I am not doing what I need to for my own stuff. My fourth procedure (non-surgical) for my other eye needs to be done too. So...I am glad to finaly have the neoprene monkey off my back, so that I can devote my time to other things. Thank you all for being so supportive and trusting. I hope you all get your costumes done for whatever event you plan for.
Good luck with everything hun, family and health are very important!!! You know i cant say thanx enough! :thumbup
I had a dreeam last night i was in my Zam neoprene, the suit all made up. Hehehehehehe ..... hehehehe hehehehehehehehe
8 )*Laiori Paid Sent - Arrived
12)*BFett333 Paid Sent - Arrived
16) * tk2542 Paid Sent, In customs
18 )* Swannie17 Paid Sent, Left U.S.
For the following people, just wanted to know - is it in your clutches yet???
What I have down is what I gathered from the United states Postal service tracking.
Please pray for TK2542's package, it hasn't shown up at her house yet!
Yep yep!!! Got mine! I was a little worried at first when I saw it because the box had broken in half and was sort of taped just to hold the two halves together. But.....all the greeblies on the inside were just fine and there was no marking on the neoprene!
Thanks so much ZIA!
So...I don't suppose anyone has decided they don't want their fabric and would like to get rid of it?
(The wife has finally decided she will do a Zam)


text: Rev Al Sharpton sounds like he's a newly-minted fan of Paris Hilton, in large part because of her Presidential campaign vid. But here's the deal -- remember that whole "N" word thing with Paris? Did the Rev forgive, or just forget?\n\nSee Also\n\n Paris to McCain: "See You at the Debate, Bitches!"\n Car Revs Over Al's Daughter


text:
21 Grey Street, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B, Canada
21 Grey Street is an example of Georgian Revival residential architecture as designed by René-Arthur Fréchet. In 1919, Ora C. Hicks built this two-storey building, located on the south side of Grey Street in Fredericton. Grey Street extends between University Avenue and Waterloo Row.
The heritage value of 21 Grey Street as a Local Historic Place resides in its being an expression of Georgian Revival residential architecture as designed by René-Arthur Fréchet. Montreal-born and educated, Mr. Fréchet settled in Moncton. He was inspired by Georgian architecture and this influence is clearly illustrated at 21 Grey Street. Fréchet, who built his career primarily in church design, prepared plans for churches throughout the Maritimes, including Souvenir-Church in Nova Scotia and Church of Scoudouc in New Brunswick. That this house was one of the few private residences ever designed by Fréchet is of value. Ora C. Hicks, employed in the New Brunswick Provincial Government, built this house using the plans provided by René Fréchet.
Source: City of Fredericton, Historic Places File, "21 Grey Street"
The character-defining elements of 21 Grey Street as an expression of Georgian Revival architecture include: - set back from the street with a manicured lawn;- rectangular two-storey wood frame structure; - balanced front façade;- attic fanlights on north and west facing sides;- regularly spaced rectangular windows with multiple panes;- central front door with sidelights;- front porch with a gable roof, arched pediment and square pillars;- moderately-pitched gable roof with returned eaves.
New Brunswick
Local Governments (NB)
Local Historic Places Program
Municipal Register of Local Historic Places
René-Arthur Fréchet
Ora C. Hicks
City of Fredericton, Historic Places File, "21 Grey Street"
796 Queen Street, Fredericton, New Brunswick
Crocket House, is located at 796 Queen Street, on the corner of Queen and Church streets in…
774 King Street, Fredericton, New Brunswick
The Smyth (or "Smith") House, situated on a city lot at the lower end of King Street in…
668 Brunswick Street, Fredericton, New Brunswick
York County Gaol consists of a two and a half storey split-faced granite and sandstone building…
Administered by Parks Canada


text:
Welcome to WebmasterWorld Guest from 18.104.22.168
Forum Moderators: open
Thanks a lot!
If you can do it, remove the pages from your site and submit them so that they are removed from the index. Once they are gone then re-submit the ones with your new title and description. It is hard to say which method is faster, since "deleted" pages can hang around for a while too.
I prefer the first method, i.e. to just wait, but I suppose it depends on how bothered you are by your current title and description.


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Winters axle build
I have been collecting an Axle " one piece at a time" From E Bay. Now I realise it will not be easy to assemble without some help, So my Question is can any one recommend a site that is Winters specific , or even a site that covers sprint car axles in general, I already have lots of very interesting reading done on the internet, but still not finding the full picture.
PS I have been on the Winters Site +looked on the search function here too.
Did you call them to see if a service manual was available?
Are you talking qc?Speedway catalog used to have a big picture of the rear end with all the parts. Sprintcars are different than other applications
I use the word "Hybrid" as im intending to use some European components IE. an Audi geared differential , that part of the project is just lathe work. What I will end up with is a very slim , and independent type axle,and cheap shafts( Audi again ), very strong and locally available,So its just the Winters part thats slowing me at present.
I will try and post a few photos of all the parts, later.
Still not sure what you are asking,there were independent qc made by some companies Most qc are close to the same and use the same parts.
What im hoping to find is any articles or sites that are dedicated to the subject, As an example if I was building a SBC 383 and googled up on that I would be swamped with endless information and specifications.
Again I don't know what you are looking for,qc are different for ports car,stock cars and sprint car, spools, lockers, axles, axle tubes, hubs.
What size ring gear do you have?
The ring gear is 10" diameter and the Winters box says 4.5;1 . I am not under any pressure as this is hobby work, so I will keep looking Thanks.
10 inch ring gear is a sprintcar type ,What do you mean by the winters box reads 4.5; ?
There is a ring and pinion that is a 4.57,4.11,and 4.86 for a quick change with a 10" ring gear
Kaedings is a local sprint car shop in Campbell close to San Jose. They should be able to supply you with everything. Make sure you get a gear chart for the 4.57 so you know what final drive gears to get.
Lots of information here http://www.wintersperformance.com/catalogs.htm
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Definition of contemptuous
: manifesting, feeling, or expressing deep hatred or disapproval : feeling or showing contempt
Examples of contemptuous in a Sentence
He owned a fine Kentucky rifle, with a cherry wood stock, and was contemptuous of the bulky carbines most of the troop had adopted. —Larry McMurtry, Dead Man's Walk, 1995
He felt familiar enough to indulge in outbursts of rage or contemptuous sarcasm in her presence, and to display the most withering side of his character, lashing out at the people he despised. —Cynthia Ozick, New Yorker, 20 Nov. 1989
In his 1978 Harvard commencement address, Mr. Solzhenitsyn seemed at times contemptuous of American democracy … —Daniel Patrick Moynihan, New York Times Book Review, 24 Nov. 1991
loutish tourists who are contemptuous of the ways and traditions of their host countries
contemptuous comments about the baseball team's pathetic showings
Recent Examples of contemptuous from the Web
A contemptuous term for a black or dark-skinned person.
The recordings reveal a man who is fixated on his own celebrity, anxious about losing his status and contemptuous of those who fall from grace.
But the lawyer's defense may not be enough to counter the contemptuous testimony of men like the bigoted prison surgeon, J. Bruce Thomson, who contributes his own sour observations to the medical reports and witness statements presented in court.
When talking about Trump, her tone was contemptuous.
There's Letterman looming at left, his arms crossed, his face broken out in that contemptuous, though infectious, cackle.
Some people would say that his films — M*A*S*H, 3 Women, Nashville, Short Cuts — are nasty, expressing a worldview that's out-and-out contemptuous of human beings.
(And of which Alan Simpson is indecently contemptuous.)
These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'contemptuous'. Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback.
What Is the Difference Between contemptuous and contemptible?
Contemptuous and contemptible are sometimes confused with each other. This is neither surprising, as they are similar in appearance, nor is it unprecedented: the words were used interchangeably for several hundred years (from the 16th through the 18th century), with each one meaning both "deserving contempt" and "showing contempt." By the early 19th century, some commentators began raising objections when the words were used synonymously, suggesting that they should be distinguished, with contemptuous meaning only "showing contempt" and contemptible only "deserving contempt."
In the following passage, for example, a would-be critic is ridiculed for using contemptible in the sense "showing contempt":
"Young man! my opinion of you is very contemptible." "All your opinions are contemptible," rejoined Phillip, quietly. – Garry Avenel, Zou Mou, in The Iris, September, 1841
The distinction hinted at in this rebuke has been observed in English, by professional writers anyway, for close to 200 years.
Origin and Etymology of contemptuous
Latin contemptus —see contempt
First Known Use: 1574See Words from the same year
CONTEMPTUOUS Defined for English Language Learners
Definition of contemptuous for English Language Learners
: feeling or showing deep hatred or disapproval : feeling or showing contempt
CONTEMPTUOUS Defined for Kids
Learn More about contemptuous
Thesaurus: All synonyms and antonyms for contemptuous Spanish Central: Translation of contemptuous Nglish: Translation of contemptuous for Spanish speakers Britannica English: Translation of contemptuous for Arabic speakers
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text: Genuine Amethyst Heart Earrings $8.00 $69.99 + $2 Shipping Choxi Coupons See Deal About this Deal Nomorerack! Flag this deal Edit deal What's the matter? Choose a reason Dead deal Duplicate Bad link Spam Inaccurate No value Alive again Comments (1) erick99 Mar 07, 2012 Though don't give an indication of size so they might be tiny. Each one is about .4 "gem weight" if that helps. They look great but I wish they would set them alongside something like a coin (or an ear) to provide a sense of the size. Reply Cancel Load More Comments


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Product Information
The NYMPH TROUT flies Collection is a selection of 36 essential nymph trout flies that are known as leading nymph patterns worldwide. Whether you're fishing your local waters or fishing international destinations these 6 renowned nymph patterns will never let you down.
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Bonnie Kenaz-Mara is a writer-photographer-potter-painter-actress-animal wrangler-general creatrix and Mama to two amazing kiddos.
See more of Bonnie's stories here.
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In Pool Review: Nineteen Wetsuits Frequency SuitPosted on Mar 07, 2011 under fitness, Raves | 1 Comment
This morning, as part 2 of my review (part 1 found here) I wore a Nineteen Wetsuits Frequency suit for my 1.5 hr Monday morning swim. Want to get some odd looks, don a full wetsuit in the YMCA changeroom at 5:45am and head for the pool. You're guaranteed to get at least 1 snicker, a couple of smirks and several questions 🙂 All good fun!
As with my show-room review, the suit went on well, zipped cleanly and the leash nicely stowed away into the leash pocket. Upon entering the pool, my worst fears of the morning swim were realized: the water was warm, very warm. Fortunately I always bring a bottle with Amino Vital or some other product along, so I'd at least be able to slake my thirst :).
In the water, the suit felt amazing. I put it through every test I could think of short of doggie paddling:
- Did 1.5 hrs of mostly Total Immersion style free-style, but mixed it up with some breast-stroke, back-stroke, butterfly, skulling, treading water, mid-water sprint starts, sighting, and under-water swimming.
- In the 18m YMCA pool, there were also many many turns: did some as flip turns, some as touch turns (my normal) and even threw in some dolphining in the shallow end.
- When I got out of the pool, I did a T1 suit-peal to see how the wet suit comes off. 20ish seconds. Not bad. I was happy with it 🙂
This suit, so far, is the bomb! I haven't yet found anything negative to report about it, and trust me I'm trying. Ok, perhaps a slight (insignificant item): during touch turns, the suit would occasionally gulp a bit of water around the neck seam. The elasticity of the torso flushed it right away, so it really was a non-issue (in fact in the very warm pool, it was a bit of a relief). I may not have had the neck closed properly at the back and this didn't happen when swimming, just when I was tap-turning at the ends of the pool (occasionally), so… like I said… non-issue.
Tomorrow I leave for Atlanta for a week. I've found a YMCA not far from the hotel to keep my swims in place. I'm taking the suit with me in the hopes that I can get in an OW swim session in some cool water for part 3 of this review series. If you're in Atlanta and know where I can go to OW swim, please reach out and let me know. You're also more than welcome to tag along!
Stay tuned. 🙂


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|Fugii, T
|Kasai, N
|Nishi, S
|Dubey, Jitender
|Gennari, S
Submitted to: Journal of Parasitology
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 8/30/2001
Publication Date: N/A
Citation: N/A Interpretive Summary: Neospora caninum is a single-celled parasite of livestock and companion animals. It causes abortion in livestock and paralysis in companion animals. It is the major cause of abortion in dairy cattle in the U.S. Scientists at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center and the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil report antibodies to N. caninum in 64% of 222 female water buffaloes from Brazil. This is the first survey for Neospora infection in buffaloes in Brazil. These results will be of interest to parasitologists, biologists and veterinarians.
Technical Abstract: Antibodies to Neospora caninum were assayed in sera of 222 female water buffaloes from Ribeira Valley of S o Paulo State, Brazil, using an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and Neospora agglutination test (NAT). IFAT antibodies were found in 64% of buffaloes with titers of 1:25 (42 buffaloes), 1:50 (53 buffaloes), 1:100 (31 buffaloes), 1:200 (10 buffaloes), 1:400 (3 buffaloes), or ò 1:800 (3 buffaloes). NAT antibodies were found in 53% of buffaloes; in titers of 1:40 in 52 buffaloes, 1:80 in 27 buffaloes, 1:160 in 21 buffaloes, and ò 1:320 in 17 buffaloes. Results indicate a high prevalence of N. caninum exposure in water buffaloes in Brazil and warrant an investigation of the role of N. caninum as an abortifacient in water buffaloes.


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Using Safety Culture to overcome market force influence on construction site safety
Cipolla, Dean, Sheahan, Vaughn L., Biggs, Herbert C., & Dingsdag, Donald P. (2006) Using Safety Culture to overcome market force influence on construction site safety. In Clients Driving Innovation: Moving Ideas into Practice. The Second International Conference of the CRC for Construction Innovation, 12-14 March 2006, Surfers Paradise, Gold Coast.
|PDF (83kB)
The Australian Construction Industry's safety performance is less than optimal (Cole Royal Commission, 2003). A common perception within the industry is that the current level of safety performance reflects the heavy production demands placed on organisations and their workforce. As a consequence, real improvements in safety cannot be easily made because it is very difficult to modify contractually determined completion times required of the industry. It is argued that safety can be improved within this demanding context by improving the level of safety understanding of those people who hold safety critical positions and roles. Preliminary results of focus groups conducted revealed that the behaviour and actions of 11 key roles were seen as the most critical to driving a safety culture; as well as general, anecdotal support for the argument that improving safety skilling and understanding within these key positions could minimise the influence of market factors. Based on these findings, a survey was undertaken to identify the tasks that people in these roles think are important to reducing injury and incidents on site. Using this data, a framework is presented that articulates the tasks those safety critical roles holders must be competent to complete in order to develop and maintain a positive site safety culture.
Impact and interest:
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|Item Type:
|Conference Paper
|Additional URLs:
|Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification > MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES (110000)
|Current > Research Centres > Centre for Accident Research & Road Safety - Qld (CARRS-Q)
Current > QUT Faculties and Divisions > Faculty of Health
Current > Institutes > Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation
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|Copyright 2006 (please consult author)
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|The contents of this conference can be freely accessed online via the organisation's web page (see link).
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|19 Jul 2006 00:00
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- Home
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Annual Report 2012/13
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NZQA's performance
NZQA's outcomes focus is on ensuring New Zealand qualifications are increasingly valued as credible and robust
In order to achieve this, NZQA has worked to:
- enhance quality in senior secondary assessment and tertiary education
- improve the usefulness of qualification pathways for learners and whānau in order to inform decision-making
- make qualifications more relevant to employers, iwi, industry; to better match their needs
- increase the recognition and portability of New Zealand qualifications.
NZQA will measure the impact it is having through:
- reviewing its senior secondary assessment practices in 2014
- implementing recommendations from the independent evaluation of NZQA's evaluative quality assurance framework undertaken in 2012
- conducting a review of the New Zealand Qualifications Framework in 2013
- an independent evaluation2 in 2018 of NZQA's work with stakeholders to ensure that qualifications are useful and relevant to future learners, employers and other stakeholders
- recognition of qualification arrangements with other countries.
NZQA also contributes to education sector system performance indicators and the Government's Better Public Services programme. NZQA operates in the senior secondary and tertiary environment, meaning that Better Public Services targets 5 and 6 are relevant to NZQA's work. Those targets are:
- 85 per cent of 18 year-olds will have achieved NCEA Level 2 or an equivalent qualification in 2017
- 55 per cent of 25 to 34 year-olds will have a qualification at level 4 or above in 2017.
The selection of NCEA Level 2 and NZQF Level 4 targets underscores the importance of qualifications as a way of documenting the transfer of knowledge and skills, and creating a pathway for learners into higher education.
NZQA's role is to provide assurance to New Zealanders that the quality of qualifications is maintained whilst better results are achieved.
NZQA's performance against its 2012/13 – 2014/15 Statement of Intent is described on the following pages.
Why this is important
Education has an integral place in our society, providing the knowledge and skills needed for people to become employable graduates who are themselves capable of creating new skills and knowledge.
Qualifications provide documentation of the transfer of knowledge and skills. Learners, education providers, employers and the community, need to be assured that New Zealand qualifications will meet their expectations – for further study, for employment, for making positive contributions to the community and to wider society. Higher quality in New Zealand's senior secondary assessment and tertiary education, leads to education providers, employers and the community, valuing the qualifications gained by learners.
As referenced in the Starpath project3 at the University of Auckland, learners often experience success, for the first time, through the achievement of a national secondary school qualification. Having a positive learning experience in secondary school education sets a solid foundation for further success in higher levels of education.
NZQA data on the National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA) indicates that students who stay at school until Year 13, and achieve at least NCEA Level 2, are well prepared for further learning or work.
There is a high correlation between success in NCEA and success at University as both systems rely on continuous assessment around research, project work, essay writing and problem solving – modern skills in a system designed to validate the widest possible skill set of the learner.
The flexibility that NCEA offers enables students to follow varying pathways that are relevant to their learning or vocational interests.
People benefit hugely from participating in tertiary education. A positive relationship has been shown to exist between the proportion of the workforce with higher-level tertiary qualifications and the earning potential of that workforce. A well-qualified workforce is more likely to have the necessary skills and knowledge for effectively contributing to the economy, and will therefore be more valued by employers. Good careers are associated with better health, better well-being and more satisfying lives.4 Graduates of tertiary education earn substantially more than upper secondary graduates who earn more than those whose attainment does not go beyond basic education.5
NZQA's impact
New Zealand qualifications are increasingly valued as credible and robust, both nationally and internationally. This is demonstrated through:
- the strength of New Zealand's senior secondary education assessment system as recognised by:
- the OECD, finding that NCEA examinations have acquired a high level of credibility
- the New Zealand Council for Education Research, finding that over 75 per cent of participants in NZQA run best practice workshops gained increased confidence in making assessment decisions
- The Office of the Auditor-General, finding that "students, their parents, caregivers, employers and tertiary education institutions can be confident that NZQA has effective systems to support the consistency and quality of internal assessment for NCEA"
- an international, independent panel finding New Zealand's evaluative tertiary quality assurance system, including MM EQA, is the right approach, and that NZQA has made a successful start in its implementation6
- stakeholders working together to improve the qualification system
- increased international demand from countries wanting to work with New Zealand on the mutual portability and recognition of qualifications.
2 The independent evaluation has been scheduled for 2018 to allow time for New Zealand qualifications arising from the Targeted Review of Qualifications and mandatory reviews to be used, and for employers, industry and other stakeholders to gauge their utility.
3 Madjar, I. and McKinley, E. (2011), Understanding NCEA NZCER Press.
4 Earl, D. (2009) Skills, qualifications and wages: An analysis from the Adult Literacy and Life Skills survey
Wellington: Ministry of Education.
5 OECD (2012) Education Today 2013: The OECD perspective,OECD publishing
6 NZQA commissioned a panel to conduct an independent evaluation of NZQA's Evaluative Quality Assurance Framework (PDF, 277KB), with report findings released in October 2012.


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The Nordic Tug 32 is a very fuel efficient vessel that is an ideal all weather cruiser for our Northwest four seasons. A dependable Cummins engine that is capable of reasonable speed when desired.
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Developing seed zones and transfer guidelines with multivariate regression trees
- First Online:
- Received:
- Revised:
- Accepted:
DOI: 10.1007/s11295-010-0341-7
- Cite this article as:
- Hamann, A., Gylander, T. & Chen, P. Tree Genetics & Genomes (2011) 7: 399. doi:10.1007/s11295-010-0341-7
Managing seed movement is an important component of forest resource management to minimize maladaptation of planting stock in forest plantations. Here, we describe a new approach to analyze geographic patterns of adaptive and neutral genetic variation in forest trees and to link this genetic information to geographic variables for the delineation of seed zones and the development of seed transfer guidelines. We apply multivariate regression trees to partition genetic variation, using a set of environmental or geographic predictor variables as partitioning criteria in a series of dichotomous splits of the genetic dataset. The method can be applied to any type of genetic data (growth, adaptive, or marker traits) and can simultaneously evaluate multiple traits observed over several environments. The predictor variables can be categorical (e.g., ecosystem of seed source), continuous (e.g., geographic or climate variables), or a combination of both. Different sets of predictor variables can be used for different purposes: In two case studies for aspen and red alder, we show (1) how latitude, longitude, and elevation of seed sources in a provenance trial can be used to develop simple seed transfer guidelines; (2) how ecosystem classes and elevation as predictor variables can be used to delineate seed zones and breeding regions; and (3) how climate variables as predictors can reveal adaptation of genotypes to the environments in which they occur. Partitioning of genetic variation appears very robust regarding the choice of predictor variables, and we find that the method is a powerful aid for interpreting complex genetic datasets.
KeywordsGenetic diversity Tree improvement Ecological genetics Genecology Aspen Red alder
Seed zones and seed transfer guidelines are essential tools in reforestation to ensure that seedlings are well adapted to the growing conditions of the planting site (e.g., Morgenstern 1996; Ying and Yanchuk 2006). Using planting stock for reforestation that originates within a restricted geographic area delineated as a seed zone aims at minimizing loss of productivity and forest health issues due to maladaptation. Alternatively, movement of seed can be restricted with seed transfer guidelines, also sometimes referred to as floating or flexible seed zones (Ying and Yanchuk 2006). Transfer guidelines avoid drawing fixed boundaries across continuous genetic clines by specifying a maximum distance and elevation movement from source location to a planting site to avoid maladaptation (e.g., Rehfeldt 1988, 1989).
Generally, there are two conceptual approaches to develop seed zones and seed transfer guidelines. The first aims at maximizing tree growth by comparing response functions of different genotypes over multiple test environments. The approach usually employs univariate or multivariate curve fitting techniques to analyze growth and adaptive traits as a function of environmental or geographic predictor variables (e.g., Lindgren and Ying 2000; Raymond and Lindgren 1990; Roberds et al. 1990; Wang et al. 2006b). The second approach aims at minimizing risk based on the assumption that local sources are optimally adapted to the environments in which they occur. Numerous techniques have been developed to match seed sources from various geographic locations to target environments, and these techniques use the environmental conditions of the seed source as matching criteria (e.g., Campbell 1979, 1986; Lesser and Parker 2006; Parker 1992; Rehfeldt 1988, 1989).
Both approaches pose major practical and research challenges. The response-function approach requires expensive series of test plantations over multiple environments, and it is generally difficult to fit mathematical response functions to traits that are influenced by multiple environmental variables, plus additional confounding factors related to test-site conditions (e.g., O'Neill et al. 2007). Further, it is often unclear how adaptive trait measurements correspond to fitness (e.g., we do not know what the optimal timing of leafout and budset is), and as a consequence, important adaptive traits cannot be taken into account in the same way as growth traits. Perhaps the largest drawback for the second, risk-avoidance approach is that the assumption of local optimality is not always valid (Mangold and Libby 1978; Mátyás 1990; Namkoong 1969) and that the approach will further lose relevance under observed and projected global climate change (Marris 2009; McKenney et al. 2009).
It is also difficult to translate genetic information into geographic zones or transfer guidelines—a second step that is required for both the risk-avoidance and growth-optimization approaches. Geographic information system (GIS)-based techniques have been developed to delineate seed-zone boundaries where response functions of differently adapted genotypes intersect or drop below a certain threshold (Hamann et al. 2000). For the risk-avoidance strategy, GIS-based seed-zone optimization techniques are available that assign groups of similarly adapted genotypes to their corresponding environments (O'Neill and Aitken 2004; Parker 1992). However, complications arise in this second step when genetic information for multiple growth and adaptive traits has to be integrated and then translated to practical seed zones and transfer guidelines that further have to account for administrative and operational planning realities of reforestation programs (Ying and Yanchuk 2006). To our knowledge, virtually all seed-zone systems in practical use have been developed by evaluating available genetic information and then subjectively deciding on reasonable transfer guidelines or seed-zone delineations that usually track ecological regions.
This practice has generally resulted in sensible guidelines that have been successfully used for many decades, and the methodology that we propose in this study is not meant to replace sound judgment. Using two case studies, we illustrate how multivariate regression tree analysis can be used to support subjective decisions by integrating and visualizing complex genetic information. The technique can be applied for both risk-avoidance and growth-optimization strategies and executes the genetic analysis and the geographic mapping of seed zones in one step. By using climatic variables or potentially other relevant environmental factors instead of geographic variables, the technique can further help us to understand how genotypes are adapted to their source environments. This is relevant not only for delineating seed zones under current environments but also for developing climate change adaptation strategies.
In two case studies for aspen (Populus tremuloides Michaux.) and red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.), we show (1) how latitude, longitude, and elevation of seed sources in a provenance trial can be used to develop simple seed transfer guidelines with multivariate regression trees; (2) how ecosystem classes and elevation as clustering criteria can be used to delineate seed zones and breeding regions; and (3) how climate variables as predictors can reveal adaptation of genotypes to their source environments.
Genetic trials and measurements
The aspen case study is based on a provenance trial series established by an industry cooperative in 1998 at five locations in western Canada and includes seed collections from British Columbia to Minnesota. At each test site, provenances were planted in a randomized complete block design with six replications in five-tree row plots. Trees were evaluated in 2006 for height after eight growing seasons in the field. For this analysis, we use means of 42 provenances in five-tree row plots as basic experimental units. Means of row plots were summarized at the provenance level as least-squares means, taking advantage of the blocked experimental design. A normalized version of these data is included as a sample dataset in the Electronic Supplement 1.
For the red alder case study, we re-analyzed previously published data from a trial series planted in 1994 by the BC Ministry of Forests with 55 provenances. To illustrate how multivariate regression tree analysis can handle various types of genetic information, we analyzed data from only a single site of this series, but we included multiple quantitative traits as well as genetic marker traits (Hamann et al. 1998, 2000). Measurements include provenance means for 4-year height and survival, the timing of leaf abscission in fall of 1998, the timing of bud break in 1999 (average Julian day calculated from observations at weekly intervals), and the extent of wilting of leaves during an exceptional drought period in July/August of 1999 (scored on a scale of 0 = no wilting to 5 = heavy wilting). Because of spatial heterogeneity of the test sites, least-squares means for each provenance were calculated after removal of spatial autocorrelations (Hamann et al. 2002). We further evaluate allele frequencies from six polymorphic allozyme loci for a subset of 19 provenances, using the frequency of the most frequent allele at each locus for analysis (Table 1 in Hamann et al. 1998).
Climatic and spatial datasets
To characterize the long-term climate conditions at the source locations of provenances, we used interpolated climate data for the 1961–1990 normal period that was generated with the Parameter Regression of Independent Slopes Model (PRISM; Daly et al. 2008). We enhanced this spatial database for use with sample data by applying lapse-rate based elevation adjustment functions to all climate variables that are based on temperature measurements (e.g., degree days, heat–moisture indices, or mean annual temperature). This improves climate variable estimates by accounting for the difference between the recorded elevation of the sample and the elevation that was used to estimate climate variable values with PRISM for the sample location (Hamann and Wang 2005; Wang et al. 2006a). Estimation of biologically relevant climate variables, lapse-rate elevation adjustments, and data extraction from grids for sample locations were carried out with a custom software application that we make freely available (Mbogga et al. 2009).1
Ecosystem delineations of western Canada served as candidate seed zones for multivariate regression tree analysis. We use "Ecoprovinces" of the National Ecological Framework for Canada (Selby and Santry 1996) and for the USA we use the corresponding "Level 3" delineation of the United States Ecoregion System (EPA 2007). Note that we chose a coarse ecosystem delineation for illustrative reasons. The Natural Regions System of Alberta (NRC 2006) and the Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classification system for British Columbia (Meidinger and Pojar 1991) would also be appropriate for analysis but too detailed for display at the map scale we use in this paper. Species distribution maps were added for illustration, using the maps of Hamann et al. (2005) for red alder and Little's (1971) maps for aspen, intersected with remotely sensed deciduous forest land cover (Wulder et al. 2008).
Statistical analysis
Data for all traits, including allozyme frequencies, were standardized so that they are weighted equally in multivariate regression tree analysis. We subtracted the mean and divided by the standard deviation of each trait at each test site, so that all traits are expressed in units of standard deviations from a site mean of zero.
Multivariate regression tree analysis was implemented with the MVpart package v1.2–6 for the R programming environment (R Development Core Team 2008). Multivariate regression trees (MRT) are based on the same principles as Classification and Regression Trees (CART) but extended to more than one response variable (De'Ath 2002). MRT can be viewed as a constrained clustering methodology that is suitable for explanation as well as prediction. A set of clusters is grown by repeated binary splits of the genetic dataset. Splits are made using environmental predictor variables as criteria, so that the homogeneity of genetic response variables is maximized. Homogeneity is evaluated as sums of squares of traits around the multivariate mean of observations in a cluster (De'Ath 2002). As in CART, no assumptions are made about the mathematical nature of the relationship between response and predictor variables. For our application, it means that the reaction norms of genotypes over multivariate environmental gradients may take any form. Sample R code for this analysis is included in the Electronic Supplement 2.
Although not used in this study, we provide additional R code for missing value imputation in the genetic datasets (Electronic Supplement 3). Missing values are a common occurrence in provenance trial data (e.g., due to insufficient planting stock for a test series). Since the MVpart function requires a complete dataset, a bootstrapped regression tree analysis is first used to impute missing values based on similarity with other rows (genotypes) in the dataset. We use the bootstrap implementation rfImpute of the randomForest package v 4.5 for the R programming environment (Breiman 2001). Obviously, this procedure should not be used to fill a large number of missing values in unbalanced experimental designs. Similarly, several missing values in a data table row will degrade the quality of imputations, which have then to rely on a smaller number of remaining trait values to represent a genotype. In this case, samples should be removed from the analysis as in the second case study, where we excluded genotypes that were not screened for allozyme frequencies.
Reaction norms over multiple test sites
Using ecological regions and elevation as predictor variables (Fig. 1c, d), we obtain the same results as above with four groups. Adding another group explains a small amount of additional genetic variation (4%) and separates the Rocky Mountain Foothill provenances, which are weakly distinguished from Boreal Plains provenances by lower performance at several locations, including their local test site (33). Notably, elevation is not useful to further separate provenances within ecological regions, and the Alberta and Saskatchewan populations of the Boreal Plains cannot be genetically distinguished.
Multiple traits observed in a single environment
Using ecological regions and elevation as predictor variables (Fig. 2c, d), we obtain similar results as above with four groups. Notably, provenances from the Queen Charlotte Islands remain in the same group as the Mid Coast provenances of the mainland. In southern British Columbia, we find a new grouping that separates populations in the Georgia Depression (South Coast and Vancouver Island East) from more western sources. The Vancouver Island West group can be further divided into low-elevation sources that are typically located right on the west coast and more inland sources above 165 m elevation. The coastal, low-elevation group is distinguished by very late dates of budbreak. The new Georgia Depression group is distinguished by another adaptive trait, showing the least amount of wilting under drought conditions.
The third example for regression tree analysis with this dataset adds genetic marker information, which substantially changes the group partitioning (Fig. 2c, e). Now, most of the genetic variation is accounted for by separating the island from mainland sources. Provenances from Queen Charlotte Island and Vancouver Island generally show above-average values for the most frequent allele at all loci, indicating below-average heterozygosity. Further, one locus for aspartate aminotransferase is fixed for alternate alleles in the island and mainland populations (Fig. 2e, solid red bars). Subsequent splits of the genetic dataset are based on quantitative traits and approximately conform to the partitioning described in the previous example. Growth and adaptive traits primarily separate northern and southern sources, with southern sources generally showing better performance, later budbreak, and delayed leaf abscission. However, since this analysis was performed on a reduced set of 19 instead of 55 provenances (Fig. 2c, red dots), the results are not identical.
Adaptation to climatic source environments
Climate variables that could alternatively be used as criteria in the multivariate regression tree analysis for aspen shown in Fig. 3
Climate variable
Threshold (right side)
Groups 1, 2, 3 vs. 4
Mean annual temperature (°C)
Mean warmest month temperature (°C)
Groups 1, 2 vs. 3
Mean annual temperature (°C)
≥ −0.35
Degree days <0°C
Groups 1 vs. 2
Mean summer precipitation (mm)
Mean coldest month temperature (°C)
< −20.95
Climate variables that could alternatively be used as criteria in the multivariate regression tree analysis for red alder shown in Fig. 4
Climate variable
Threshold (right side)
Groups 1 vs. 2, 3, 4
Degree days >5°C
Mean warmest month temperature (°C)
Julian day where degree days reach 100
Groups 2 vs. 3, 4
Annual heat/moisture index (°C/m)
Mean coldest month temperature (°C)
Groups 3 vs. 4
Mean summer precipitation (mm)
Mean annual precipitation (mm)
Annual heat/moisture index (°C/m)
Interpreting dendrograms
First, we should point out that regression tree partitioning should not be taken as optimal seed-zone delineations at face value. The groupings not only reflect genetic differentiation but they are also influenced by the provenance sampling design and the nature of geographic variables. For example, longitudinal divisions in Fig. 1a do not necessarily imply a longitudinal genetic cline. Since the sampling design is roughly diagonal from northwest to southeast, a latitudinal division is equally possible. As an example of how the nature of geographic variables influences partitioning, note that the Foothills group of the aspen provenance trial (Fig. 1c) could not be separated based on latitude and longitude because it would have required a diagonally oriented (southwest to northeast) predictor variable.
Another obvious limitation is that genetic differentiation cannot be detected in regions that have never been sampled. In Fig. 1a, Minnesota sources are separated by the latitudinal mid-point between Saskachewan and Minnesota samples, an arbitrary division in a region that lacks sample coverage. However, the two case studies we present here are not unusual for the level of information that researchers and resource managers have available from provenance tests. A widely used means to overcome the limitation of very restricted geographic sampling is to partition species habitat into ecological zones that represent reasonably homogeneous environments as the basis of seed zones (Campbell 1991; Ying and Yanchuk 2006). Essentially, ecological proxy data (plant community composition and physiogeographic variables) are used to extrapolate where genotypes similar to a few tested samples may be found.
These limitations are not unique to multivariate regression tree analysis and need to be considered in developing seed zones and seed transfer guidelines using any technique. Ultimately, the regression tree clusters are driven by the degree of genetic differentiation observed in the available samples. If there is none, provenances will not be separated by any candidate partitioning criteria: geographic, ecosystem, or climate variables (e.g., Saskachewan vs. Alberta provenances from the boreal plains region). We find that groupings of genotypes are very robust, which can be explored by randomly or regionally removing provenance samples and repeating the analysis with a reduced dataset. Another indication of robustness is that alternative predictor variables such as geographic coordinates, climate variables, or various ecosystem delineations yield similar if not identical results.
Interpreting dendrogram bar charts
There is substantial explanatory potential in cluster averages of genetic traits that are conveniently provided by the MVpart software implementation as bar charts (note that if the dependent variable is univariate categorical, these charts can also represent a histogram of class frequencies). The regression tree technique maximizes multivariate homogeneity within groups. For genetic information from a single test environment, as in the red alder example, bar charts therefore represent groups of genotypes that are similar in multiple genetic traits, each bar representing the group average for a different trait. If a single trait is analyzed over multiple test environments, as in the aspen example, each bar of the chart represents the trait average in a different environment. The groups could therefore be interpreted as provenances with similar response functions to multiple environments, although a better term would be similar "genetic reaction norms", since no mathematical function is fitted to a quantitative trait in response to an environmental predictor.
The lack of curve fitting could be viewed as an advantage or disadvantage. A fitted mathematical function allows general inferences of how to maximize growth throughout a study area through seed movement. But unless there is a good mathematical fit for response functions, such general inferences may not be appropriate for multifaceted genetic variation across complex landscapes. Multivariate regression tree analysis simply clusters genotypes with similar genetic reaction norms that can take any shape. The trade-off is that the environmental factors that drive the observed reaction norms remain undefined (for example, unknown soil conditions at the planting sites could very well contribute to the observed reaction norms). Instead of relying on general response functions, we now have to examine reaction norms for each group of genotypes to determine sensible restrictions to seed movement.
In the case of aspen, the bar charts are not difficult to interpret, suggesting asymmetric seed transfer guidelines. North or northwest movement maximizes height growth or results in a neutral effect compared to growth performance of local sources (Fig. 1b, d, bar charts for the Boreal Shield and Boreal Plains genotypes). In contrast, transfer to the south or southeast has increasingly negative effects relative to the local sources (Fig. 1b, d, bar charts for the Taiga Plains and Northern Boreal Plains genotypes). In a separate study, we make the case that the observed sub-optimality of local sources should be interpreted as adaptational lag due to recent climate trends toward warmer and drier conditions throughout the study area and that seed sources should therefore be moved north or northwest by 1° to 2° latitude (Gray et al., submitted).
For the red alder case study, there is an obvious cline in growth and adaptive traits (Fig. 2a, b) that could be accounted for by zones in north–south direction along the coast. In addition, it would be prudent to delineate a seed zone corresponding to the Georgia Depression seed zone (eastern Vancouver Island and the southern mainland). Populations of the dry Georgia Depression and wet west coast of Vancouver Island are genetically differentiated, which is revealed both by geographic criteria (Fig. 2d) and by climatic predictor variables (Fig. 4). Although only a small amount of genetic variation is explained, the genetic differences appear related to fitness: On the west coast, we find very late budbreak indicating high heat-sum or chilling requirements. This prevents populations from premature leaf flush due to forcing temperatures in mid-winter under the very maritime conditions of the west coast. In contrast, provenances from the comparatively dry southern Mainland and east Vancouver Island regions lack those high heat-sum requirements, resulting in an early growing season start that takes advantage of moist growing conditions in spring. They further show higher resilience to summer droughts.
While the example with neutral genetic markers that reflect refugial history (Fig. 2e) is meant as a proof of concept, such applications are likely to become increasingly valuable as we learn how variation in molecular genetic markers shape quantitative trait variation in trees. For example, Eckert et al. (2009) identified a number of candidate genes that appear to be the target of selection for cold hardiness in Douglas-fir. In a similar range-wide study for Sitka spruce, Holliday et al. (2010) identified genes that cumulatively explained one third of the phenotypic variance in cold hardiness and bud set. Multivariate regression tree analysis could powerfully link such data to geographic or environmental variables, and surveys of nucleotide diversity linked to adaptive traits could in turn become valuable information to develop seed transfer guidelines.
Although some of the data in this paper has been analyzed before (Hamann et al. 1998, 2000, 2002), we find that none of the previously employed multivariate analysis, spatial statistics, or curve fitting techniques is as powerful in reducing complexity in the genetic dataset and in revealing reaction norms, geographic structure, and local adaptation of populations. Although we did not use soil and topoedaphic predictor variables, we think it would be promising to employ the technique to study patterns of adaptive genetic variation at finer scales. However, this will likely require reliable soil and topoedaphic data and a higher density of provenance samples.
Developing seed zones and seed transfer guidelines
Partitioning genetic variation with multivariate regression trees primarily helps us to understand how populations are adapted to the environments in which they occur. Alternatively, we can emphasize practical applications rather than scientific insight by replacing environmental predictor variables with geographic variables or ecosystem delineations. Multivariate regression trees then provide a "first draft" of seed transfer guidelines or seed-zone delineations. The groupings of genotypes seem generally very robust with respect to the choice of predictor variables, and using ecosystem delineations or geographic variables as alternative predictors can meet different objectives.
Ecosystem delineations that are based on forest types can be very good integrators of biologically relevant environmental factors for which we often have only limited data. This may allow us to make reasonable extrapolations of seed zones beyond the data coverage of provenance samples. For example, we think that extrapolation of seed zones beyond coverage of provenance samples for aspen is more realistic for ecosystems (Fig. 1c) than for geographic variables (Fig. 1a). On the other hand, geographic variables as predictors can be useful if the objective is to arrive at simple and flexible transfer guidelines. Drawing a fixed seed-zone boundary across a continuous cline of genetic variation is not always a practical solution. In the case study for red alder, one could infer from Fig. 2a that a north or south movement of any seed sources up to 2° latitude is a sensible seed transfer rule.
In this context, we should point out that multivariate regression tree analysis does not support null hypothesis testing. For example, the technique does not test whether there is a significant difference among genotypes from region A versus B, or whether transfer distance X is associated with a significant change in trait Y. We do not think that this is a drawback because such null hypotheses are a priori known to be false (e.g., Cohen 1994; Johnson 1999). However, we find it useful to carry out an analysis of effect-size statistics after groups have been determined, in order to test whether a genetic difference among regions is "significant enough" (in a non-statistical sense) to warrant separate seed zones. This requires determining thresholds of acceptable performance following seed movement and the use of confidence intervals. For example, it is straightforward to determine if seed movement from one region to another results in performance that is above an acceptable threshold (e.g., at least 90% of local sources), given a predetermined confidence level. Such thresholds could also be set in terms of absolute values for growth traits if they determine the economic viability of a reforestation program.
Unfortunately, this approach will not work for genetic markers or adaptive traits because we are usually unable to determine a meaningful threshold to apply effect-size statistics. For example, we do not know if an advance in the date of budbreak by, say, 1, 5, or 10 days relative to local sources is problematic or perhaps even desirable. We further caution against using the amount of explained variance as a criteria how many seed zones are needed. Technically, optimal delineations for a predetermined number of breeding zones are possible with multivariate regression tree analysis, but it should only be carried out if all genetic traits can be objectively weighted. For example, economic weights of growth and wood quality traits may be applied by multiplying the economic weights with the normalized dataset of genetic traits. However, determining such weights is usually not possible, and even a small amount of genetic variation explained may indicate an important adaptation of a local population.
In conclusion, we concur with Ying and Yanchuk (2006) that the development of seed transfer guidelines is as much an art as a science. Multivariate regression tree analysis simply enables us to make better-informed subjective decisions on how seed transfer should be regulated, as illustrated in the case study examples.
Available for download at http://www.ualberta.ca/~ahamann/climate.html. An alternate download site is http://www.genetics.forestry.ubc.ca/cfcg/climate-models.html.
Funding was provided by an NSERC/Industry Collaborative Development Grant CRDPJ 349100-06 and Alberta Ingenuity Grant #200500661. We thank Alberta-Pacific Forest Industries, Ainsworth Engineered Canada LP, Daishowa-Marubeni International Ltd., Western Boreal Aspen Corporation, and Weyerhaeuser Company Ltd. for their financial and in-kind support. Dave Roberts contributed a useful missing value imputation algorithm based on regression tree analysis.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.


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