text:
Timeline for the Crusades and Christian Holy War to c.1350
Compiled by Dr. Richard Abels
for HH315: Age of Chivalry and Faith at the United States Naval Academy.
Copyright 2009
(Feel free to use this document for academic purposes, but please provide proper citation)
Link to general chronology c.950-c.1350
Historical definition of "crusade":
The crusades were a series of holy wars called by popes with the promise of indulgences for those who fought in them and directed against external and internal enemies of Christendom for the recovery of Christian property or in defense of the Church or Christian people. Crusades were characterized by the taking of vows and the granting of indulgences to those who participated. Like going on pilgrimage, to which they were often likened, crusading was an act of Christian love and piety that compensated for and paid the penalties earned by sin. It marked a break in earlier Christian medieval conceptions of warfare in that crusades were penitential warfare. Crusades combined the ideas of: a) Holy War and b) and Pilgrimage to produce the concept of "indulgence" (remission of penance and/or sin granted by papacy for participation in sacred activity).
Where were crusades fought? This is a matter of dispute among
historians. "Traditionalists" would limit true crusades to expeditions aimed at
recovering or protecting
When were the crusades? The
first crusade was launched by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont in 1095.
There is controversy over the last crusade. "Traditionalists" would end the
crusades in 1291 with the fall of
the last crusader castle of the
Difference between Augustinian "just war" and "crusade":
The standard for a Christian "just war" as developed by Augustine (c. A.D. 400) is: "rightful intention on the part of the participants, which should always be expressed through love of God and neighbour; a just cause; and legitimate proclamation by a qualified authority." (Quoted from J. Riley-Smith, The Crusades, Yale University, 1987.) The doctrine of holy war/crusade added two further assumptions: 1) Violence and its consequences–death and injury–are morally neutral rather than intrinsically evil, and whether violence is good or bad is a matter of intention. (The analogy is to a surgeon, who cuts into the body, thus injuring it, in order to make it better/healthier.) 2) Christ is concerned with the political order of man, and intends for his agents on earth, kings, popes, bishops, to establish on earth a Christian Republic that was a "single, universal, transcendental state' ruled by Christ through the lay and clerical magistrates he endowed with authority.
follows from this that the defense of the
Economic Backdrop
Economic Backdrop
c.950-1300 Period of steady demographic and economic growth in
expansion of agricultural production encouraged and made possible the growth of towns, increased trade, and an
integrated European-wide monetized commodity economy. Flourishing textile
industries arose in the towns of Flanders (
c. 950
Revival of Christian trade in the
Mediterranean, as
Fairs of
c. 1300 Decline of
Pope Stephen II tells the Carolingian ruler of the
Franks Pepin the Short that St. Peter will remit sins of those who fight for
his Church. This is directed against the Lombards who threatened the pope's
control over
852 In
the 846 a Saracen fleet of 73 ships landed at
886-908 Ten German bishops killed in battles. Theologically, the Church was opposed to clerics getting involved in warfare. Canon law forbade priests from shedding blood, and the Council of Chalcedon of 451 prohibited priests from joining armies, which was repeated (with an interesting escape clause) in a capitulary (edict) issued by Charlemagne in 769: priests may not carry weapons or going to war, except to celebrate mass, pray for Christian victory, or carry relics of saints. The Council of Tribur forbade prayers being offered for clerics killed in wars of brawls. Nonethless, bishops and abbots in the early middle ages were men of great wealth and power. German bishops in particular exercised extensive secular power as royal officials and agents. This often entailed them leading troops into battle in the service of the king. In terms of Christian warfare, doctrine and practice were seriously at odds.
989 Peace of God. Synod of
Charroux (at a Benedictine monastery in La
1027 Truce of God. Council
of Toulouges
(in eastern
1033 Peace of
God. Peace council at
1073 Pope
Gregory VII
(r. 1073-1085) initiates a new
conception of the Church and the role of the papacy within it. According to
Gregory, the Church is obligated to create "right order in the world"
rather than withdraw from it. Gregory seeks to create a papal monarchy with
moral authority over the "temporal sword" (secular state) and rule over the
clergy. Gregory's claims are
enunciated in the "Dictates of the
Pope" (Dictatus Papae), a
list of 27 assertions recorded in Gregory's papal register under 1075: a) the supremacy of the Roman pontiff over the entire
Church, including the eastern branch ('That the Roman pontiff alone can with
right be called universal/That his name alone shall be spoken in the churches')
and rule over the episcopate, which entailed the right of deposing and
reinstating bishops (a right that could be exercised even by a legate), the
power of organizing diocese, the right to be the ultimate judge in
ecclesiastical cases, and a claim to be exempt from human judgment); b. The power to issue canon law; c. the sanctity of the pope qua pope
(through the merits of St Peter); d.
papal supremacy over the princes of the earth ('That he alone may use
the imperial insignia/That of the pope all princes shall kiss the feet'), with
the practical and revolutionary claim 'that he may absolve subjects from
their fealty to wicked men.' [There is an indication here of Gregory's view
of the pope as the final judge over the entire feudal system; in his treatment
of Henry IV at
Upon assuming the papacy in 1073 issued bulls urging Christian princes to recover lands from Muslims in Spain, over which he claimed papal sovereignty on the basis of ancient right. Gregory's ideas about Christian war, which were extended to fighting against domestic enemies of the papacy and Church (the Emperor Henry IV), were adopted by his successors in the papacy. Gregory VII's idea that popes were responsible for the right order in the world, which could only be obtained through righteous Christian violence directed by the papacy, forms the basis for the Crusades.
1095 Council of Clermont. The First Crusade is initiated when
Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus requests help in reconquering from the
Seljuk Turks the lost
1096‑1099: Phases and major events of the First Crusade.
People's Crusade. About 20,000
lesser nobles and peasants from northern
1096‑1099: Princes' Crusade. Force of
about 50-60,000 (including
noncombatants), of which about 7,000 were knights. Led by dukes and counts: Godfrey of Bouillon, Baldwin of Boulogne, Raymond IV of Toulouse, Stephen of Blois, Robert Curthose of
Normandy, Hugh of Vermandois, Bohemond of Taranto (Norman of southern
Italy), and Robert of Flanders. The
crusade did not have a military commander or a chain of command. Its moral
leader was Bishop Adhemar of Le Puy,
the papal legate. Results:
1097-1098 Siege of
1099 The
crusaders of the First Crusade, numbering now around 20,000, capture Jerusalem, massacring its inhabitants (Muslims, Jews,
and Christians alike). The Crusaders divide their new territories into four
principalities. Godfrey of Bouillon
is named "defender of the Holy Sepulcher" and ruler of
the Crusade of the Faint-hearted (coda to
the First Crusade). Pope Paschal II,
taking up where his predecessor Pope Urban II left off, preached another crusade to aid the fledgling
The Song of Roland, the oldest chanson
de geste (medieval epic poem) is
composed by an anonymous poet in Anglo-Norman French. The poem is set in
1114 Catalan crusade to
recover the
1119/1129: First Crusading Military Orders founded. "Military Orders" were a hybrid creation combining knighthood and monasticism. The Brother Knights lived under a monastic rule modeled in the case of the Primitive Rule of the Templars upon the Cistercian rule. Their monastic "work" was prayer and warfare. Like the Cistercians, the Military Orders only accepted adults into their ranks.
Knights Hospitaller ("Knights of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem"), founded in 1099 but recognized by papacy as a religious order in 1113. Although founded earlier than the Templars, the Hospitallers became a "military order" later, c. 1126.
Knights Templar
("Poor Knights of Christ and the
1146‑1174 Nur‑al‑Din, Turkish ruler of
1147-1148 Second
Crusade called by Pope Eugene II, preached
by St. Bernard of Clairvaux, and led by King Louis VII of France and King Conrad of Germany, to recover the
city of
1147 Crusade: capture of
1147 Wendish
Crusade: first of the Northern Crusades. Pope Eugene extends
crusading privileges to Germans campaigning against the pagan Wendish Slavs settled around the
1157-1158 Crusade in
1169 Kurdish general Saladin
(r. 1169-1193) rules
1170 Almohad dynasty establishes
1187 The entire army of the
1188 Saladin
Tithe. Upon
hearing of the fall of
1189-1192 Third Crusade: Crusade to recapture
1190 Massacre of the Jews of
1191-1192 Richard the Lionheart leads the Third
Crusade. The arrival at Acre
of King Philip II Augustus of France in April and King Richard I of
1193 Teutonic Order established as a new
Military Order, grew out of a German order of monks who ran a hospital in
1198-1212 Livonian Crusade in present-day
1199 Crusade. Pope Innocent III calls a crusade against Markward of Anweiler,
Margrave of Ancona
and Count of Abruzzo in central
1203-1204 Fourth
Crusade: Innocent III calls for
a crusade to liberate
Innocent III establishes new German Military Order, the
Brothers of the Sword, to aid in the establishment of
Christian rule in
1209-1229 Albigensian Crusade against the 'Cathar' heretics of southern
France/Cathar heresy. After the murder of the Cistercian monk and papal
legate (St) Peter of Castelnau
following a stormy meeting with Count
Raymond VI of Toulouse (1156-1222) over the count's supposed protection of
heretics, Pope Innocent III calls
for the Albigensian
Crusade against the dualist Cathar
heretics (Albigensians) and
their supporters in Languedoc ("land
of the language of 'oc' [yes]"=southern France, as opposed to 'Langedoïl,'
northern France where people used "oïl"/oui
to say yes). Although King Philip II
Augustus of
The Cathars were dualists who believed that
there were two gods, the good god of the New Testament who created the world of
spirit and the evil god of the Old Testament who created the material world.
They believed that the evil god had imprisoned the souls of men into prisons of
flesh, and that unless released by the sacrament of the Consolamentum (akin to baptism but without the use of water), the
soul upon the physical death of a person would transmigrate to a new "prison of
flesh." The Cathar clergy, known as "Perfects" (also
as the Good Men and the Good Women), lived lives of purity, abstaining from
meat, fish, sex, or any worldly pleasures or luxuries, and conceived of
themselves to be living vessels of the Holy Spirit. Upon death their souls
would be released to go back to heaven. There were few Perfects. There were
many more who were "Believers," Cathar laity, who lived lives much like their
Catholic neighbors but hoped to receive the Consolamentum upon their deathbeds.
Of course, the Cathars rejected completely the Catholic Church, its clergy, and
its sacraments. Even in southern France Cathar believers made up only a small
minority of the population. But they were disproportionately well represented
among the lesser nobility and were tolerated—and sometimes protected—by
Catholic nobles, including the count of
1212 Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. Combined army of the Christian kingdoms of Spain led by King Alfonso
VIII of Leon/Castile and King Pere II of Aragon-Catalonia decisively
defeats the Almohads at Las Navas de Tolosa (northeast of Cordoba), driving
the Almohads back to Morocco. Turning point in the Christian Reconquista of
1212 Children's
Crusade This actually refers to two separate peasant
movements. One was led by a German shepherd who led about 7,000 peasants of all
ages across the Alps to
1218‑1221 Fifth
Crusade directed
Frederick II, who had taken crusader vows in 1215 and 1220, married (by
proxy) Yolande (aka Isabella) daughter of John of Brienne, the nominal ruler
of the
Emperor Frederick II excommunicated for failing to fulfill crusader vow.
II set sails from
Crusade of Emperor Frederick II. Ignoring his
excommunication, Frederick
II leads a crusade to
1239-1241 Crusades
to the East of Thibault, count of
1244 Montsegur, the last
Cathar stronghold, surrenders.
220 Cathar perfects are burnt. Marks the effective end of organized Catharism in
1245 Pope
Innocent IV at the Council
of Lyons declares Emperor Frederick
II deposed and absolves his subjects from their oaths of fidelity, charging
him with oath breaking, committing sacrilege by imprisoning cardinals and
bishops, violating the peace between himself and the Church, showing contempt
for the papacy, sacrilege, heresy, and "joining in odious friendship with the Saracens." The German princes elect an 'anti-king'
Order of the Teutonic Knights allowed to wage a
permanent crusade in
Seventh Crusade. (St.) King Louis IX of France, having organized the best funded crusade
to date and having taken the Egyptian port city of Damietta without opposition,
gets himself and his entire army captured as he marches down the Nile in hope
of taking Cairo. Louis agrees to a ransom for himself and his army of 50,000
gold bezants, about the same amount as the annual royal revenue of
1256-1270 Crusades: War of Saint Sabas. a
commercial war between the Mediterranean maritime republics of
1258 Mongols
destroy Baghdad and end the Abbasid
caliphate. The
Mongol Ilkhanate ruler Hulagu Khan, leading a massive composite army of Mongol,
Turkic, Persian, Chinese, and Georgian troops, took the capital of the Abbasid
Caliphate after a two week siege and destroyed it. Among the casualties was the
Grand Library of Baghdad. The sacked city lay depopulated and in ruins. The
economic impact of the Mongol invasion has been debated among historians . Some
think that the Mongols destroyed the irrigation infrastructure of
1260 Battle of Ain
3 September 1260. Victory of the
Egyptian Mamluks over the Mongols in
Charles of Anjou, younger
brother of King (St) Louis IX of
[St] King Louis IX's second
crusade. Louis dies from dysentery while on crusade in
1271 Lord Edward (soon to be Edward I of
Crusade: Papacy calls for a crusade against King Peter of
1291 The fall of Acre to the Muslim Mamluks
marks the end of the Crusader States
in the
1306 Hospitallers take control of the
1307-1312 Suppression of the Knights Templar. In 1307 King Philip IV ordered the arrest of all the
Knights Templar in
1314 Crusade in
1321 Crusade in
1325 Crusade in
1328 Crusade
against King Louis IV of
1340 Crusade
against heretics in
1348 Crusade of
King Magnus of


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Simply amazing.
These guys might be called Park Rangers, Supervisors or Santa Claus for all I care but the fact remains is that they function as LEO's.
Part of what they do is to watch for problems, crime, etc. If they see a crime in progress, currently all they can do is call the local LEO's.
Sounds much more effective to train them, arm them and provide an on site law enforcement presence.
Ironically, this is like the LEO vs citizen argument in reverse. Citizen's with concealed carry permits can carry in those parks but the Park Rangers can't.
I hope the judge is a thinking person.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Hello everyone!
My name is Jeff, and I just picked up my 2011 4 door WRX in Obsidian Black Pearl a couple weeks ago! I've had 2 other Subaru's in the past (both Imprezas) but never had a WRX. Due to $$ situations, I had been stuck driving a Mazda3 and was absolutely MISERABLE in that car. Things finally turned around, and I'm now in a car that I love and will keep for years and years. I've been on the NASIOC forums for awhile (think I'm jhemy there too) and decided to come over here and see how it is. Not sure what I will d for mods at this point since I love the car the way it is and want to enjoy it that way for awhile at least. Here she is!
Look forward to talking with everyone here!


text:
How to Buy
Solutions Overview
This script is Copyright (C) 2012-2016 Tenable Network Security, Inc.
Synopsis :
The remote Scientific Linux host is missing a security update.
Description :
Ivan Markovic discovered a cross-site scripting (XSS) flaw in
SquirrelMail caused by insufficient HTML mail sanitization. A remote
attacker could send a specially crafted HTML mail or attachment that
could cause a user's Web browser to execute a malicious script in the
context of the SquirrelMail session when that email or attachment was
opened by the user. (CVE-2008-2379)
It was discovered that SquirrelMail allowed cookies over insecure
connections (ie did not restrict cookies to HTTPS connections). An
attacker who controlled the communication channel between a user and
the SquirrelMail server, or who was able to sniff the user's network
communication, could use this flaw to obtain the user's session
cookie, if a user made an HTTP request to the server. (CVE-2008-3663)
Note: After applying this update, all session cookies set for
SquirrelMail sessions started over HTTPS connections will have the
'secure' flag set. That is, browsers will only send such cookies over
an HTTPS connection. If needed, you can revert to the previous
behavior by setting the configuration option '$only_secure_cookies' to
'false' in SquirrelMail's /etc/squirrelmail/config.php configuration
See also :
Solution :
Update the affected squirrelmail package.
Risk factor :
Medium / CVSS Base Score : 5.0
Family: Scientific Linux Local Security Checks
Nessus Plugin ID: 60519 ()
Bugtraq ID:
Get Nessus Professional to scan unlimited IPs, run compliance checks & more
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text:
I love all the different holidays and national observances. One of them is the National Pizza Party Day and of course National Pizza Month!! Everyone gets excited over pizza except for my daughter who does not like them unless you scrap all the cheese and sauce off the top.
We love to make homemade grilled pizzas and very rarely do we steer away from our grilled pizza routine. When we make our homemade pizzas, I like to save money by price matching all my fresh produce and using Frugal Ferret's coupon database to find additional savings for the store.
National Pizza Day
First, let's start with a homemade pizza crust recipe from Cleverly Simple.
How fun is this Angry Birds Pizza from Kara at The Joys of Boys?
If you think the Angry Birds Pizza is fun, check out this Pirate Pizza from Sunshine and Sippy Cups.
Looking for more pizzas for kids? Check out this English Muffin Pizza by Simms Works Family (they are not just for kids as my "adult kids" love to make these all the time!)
Bob will love this vegetarian pizza recipe from Deal Peddler. We just picked some fresh zucchini the other day so this one will be a great way to use it!
Asian Chicken Pizza from Brandie at Home Cooking Memories. Brandie's recipes never fail for fill your tummy with lots of yummy goodness!
Cute as a Fox had a pizza party and check out all the pizzas they made, shown below is her Pesto Chicken Pizza.
I love garlic on anything and there's no reason it can't be on a pizza! Below is a Deep Dish White Chicken and Garlic Pizza from Tammi Lee Tips.
These Cauliflower Pizza Bites look like something new and fun to try for my family – thanks Guide 4 Moms.
I know lots of folks are going gluten free because of their health or just because they want to lead a gluten free life. Below are a few gluten free pizza recipes such as a gluten free pizza crust from A Few Short Cuts (and check out her bread stick recipe too!).
And yum, check out Roasted Garlic and Chicken Pizza this from Kids Are Grown.
Are you hungry yet for pizza? I know I am! If you have a favorite pizza, comment below to share with others.


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Rider 3, Niagara 2
Women's College Soccer
Rider University 3, Niagara University 2
LAWRENCEVILLE-On Senior Day, a junior saved the day.
Junior Jennifer Meier (Sayville, NY/St. Anthony's) had an assist on the first goal and scored the game-winner with 5:04 left in the second half, to lead Rider to a Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference win over Niagara Saturday.
"We tried to win it for the seniors and we did," Meier said.
"A little bit too much tension for me to enjoy Senior Day," said Rider head coach Drayson Hounsome. "They say good teams find a way to win and we did that today. Jen scored a quality goal. We've seen her do that a lot."
"Meg (senior Meghan Mohr of Holtsville, N.Y./Sachem) did a great job of winning the ball back for us and she played a great through ball to me down the line," Meier said. "I saw the defender taking away the outside so I cut back in took the left-foot shot upper 90."
"We moved Jen into the midfield this year and she's more dynamic for us there this year," Hounsome said. "That is what we need."
"It has been an adjustment, since I'm not used to playing the defensive part of the game," Meier said of her new position this year, "but I think the change has helped us win more balls and keep possession."
Rider (9-3-3, 4-2-1 MAAC) took a 1-0 lead just 41 seconds into the game on a goal by junior Jody Sokol (Bensalem, PA/Bensalem), assisted by Meier. "We got off to a great start," Hounsome said.
Rider senior Abi Cottam (Leominster, England/Ludlow) scored to give Rider a 2-1 lead with 15 minutes left in the first half. "Last year when we played at Niagara Abi had more shots than their entire team and we ended up losing," Hounsome said.
"I was running toward the goalkeeper and the ball came off of her," Cottam said. "I had my back to the goal so I tried to find the goal with my left foot and I did."
Rider's all-time assist leader with 24, the goal was the 25th of her career, third most ever at Rider, and her last goal on Rider's Ben Cohen Field.
"It's very sad," Cottam said of Senior Day. "I mean it is nice that we won and it was a lovely day, but it is sad."
The Broncs lost 2-0 at Niagara last year despite out-shooting the Purple Eagles 21-9.
Niagara (8-9, 3-5 MAAC) tied the score at 2-2 just 15 seconds into the second half. "We had some mental lapses that gave them two goals," Hounsome said.
Rider out-shot Niagara 19-3, including 11-3 in shots on goal.
Rider senior goalkeeper Jenn Nichols (Stratham, N.H./Exeter) made one save.
With the victory the Broncs head into the final weekend of the season in fourth place. The four-team MAAC Championship is November 2-4 in Poughkeepsie, NY.
The Purple Eagles were MAAC runner-up in 2009 and won the MAAC in 2006.
The last time Niagara visited Rider the Broncs won 2-1 in 2010.
Rider and Niagara have now met 16 times since the series began in 1997 with Rider winning six.
"We're confident," Hounsome said. "We didn't play our best today but we're playing good soccer right now."
Rider is 4-0-1 in its last five games. "We have to play next weekend the way we played the last two weekends," Meier said.
"We're very proud of what we've done," Cottam said. 'We expected to be in this position and we are."
Rider travels to Siena Friday and Marist Sunday for the final games of the regular season. "We have to go on the road and win," Hounsome said. 'That's what we're focused on."


text:
2017 Registration Information
Upper Midwest Porcelain Art School (UMPAS), June 26-30th, 2017
Please print this page, fill out the following information, and mail with your deposit.
Instructor Choices: Four-Day Sessions (Please number choices 1-3)
______ Marty Hill/ Portrait of Choice including Animal of Choice 8x10 tile
_______ Mary Gosden/ Architectural design, Student's Choice 8x10 tile
_______ Paula Collins/ peonies with lusters and techniques
_______ Alzora Zaremba/ Elk in Wintry Forest 10x14 tile
______ Michael Turner/ Large oval tile with roses and grapes
______ Nancy Bergman/ Fashion Design and Christmas Ornaments with Lusters
Instructor Choices: Bonus Three-Day Session June 24-26th, 2017
_______ To be determined Oil PaintingTuition: $375 for 4 days session china painting. $200 for 3-day session oil painting. Both sessions for $525. Please send a $50 deposit with your registration to reserve your seat.
The remaining amount will be due on or before April 1st, 2014
Registrations are numbered and classes are filled on a first-reserved basis. Registration by e-mail will open for 2016 participants on June 13th at 8:00 AM. Order will be determined by the time the e-mail was sent to me. If no e-mail is available you may call me at 319-667-2350 and leave a message with the exact time if I do not answer. UMPAS 2016 participants will have the opportunity to register first. People who are not registered for UMPAS 2016 may begin registering on June 15th using the same procedure as above. All registrations must be followed by a deposit of $50 within 7 business days or the registration will be cancelled. Remaining payment of $325 is due April 1st 2017 or placement preference may be forfeited. Please indicate a second and third choice when registering as our classes fill rapidly.
$50 registration Fee is non-refundable. No refunds of any money will be made to students who cancel after March 15, 2017
Please mail registration and fees to:
UMPAS, % Linda Grice, Director, 25739 170th St, South English, IA 52335-8636
Registration Information Schedule Contact Director


text:
Get Over Getting Burned
Relationships are one of the most important parts of entrepreneurship. In order to build or grow any business, you have to trust people. Think of the people you trust every day: contractors, employees, vendors, partners, advisors, customers. You rely on these people to communicate with you so that you can do your part- run your business and make everyone happy.
But sometimes relationships go south. Deliverables are not delivered on time or at all. Work product is poor quality. Someone misunderstands their role in the big picture, does not value the opportunity, or simply is unethical. And if there is big deal on the table and one of these things happens, you find yourself in a bad place with fewer resources to turn things around.
These situations can leave us bitter and jaded. Walls go up quickly.
And sadly it can take years for these walls to come back down if we are not careful. Trust becomes difficult which, in turn, impedes the growth of your business and your professional development.
But how is this different from a natural disaster or an unexpected event? What if your backup failed? Your office flooded or your office computers were stolen? Would it feel the same if an employee embezzled or stole your ideas?
Probably not.
Of course all situations have their own scale and consequences. And natural disasters and major technical issues can add incredible distress to a business. (Just remember how last year's oil spil affected small businesses in Louisiana.) But while situations like these can leave us angry, in a bad place, and feeling down on our luck, it is somewhat less personal than when we lose trust or feel burned by another human being.
I have been surprised by the number of these stories I have heard from small business owners this year - embezzlement, bad agreements, employee scandal. I get most worried when an entrepreneur has repeated stories of relationships turned negative.
As a young entrepreneur in my first startup, I experienced too many of these situations. I chalked it up to inexperience and immaturity (I started at 23) and was forced to stomach the lost momentum and money. And finally my last bad deal left me promising myself to not let this happen again. Since then, I have spent a lot of time reflecting on my experience with bad relationships and creating an environment where these things can not happen.
- Write agreements from the get go - Hand shake deals are rarely successful. Think through the terms of a relationship and commit it to paper before working with someone- even if you are starting with a small project. You can always create a new agreement later.
This is most difficult for tech startups where determining value for business versus technical skills is challenging and boundaries of roles can be unclear. Be smart and get legal help with this from an experienced attorney. Each day you put it off, the more complicated and awkward it will get.
- Err on the side of overcommunication. Communicate your needs, concerns, and goals very clearly and make sure that you are heard. Let people know if you are uncomfortable with something, and if you feel like the other person is uncomfortable, ask them about it.
- Ask Why often.
- Learn how to call people out if you need to.
Most of all, realize that you can prevent these things from happening and decide not to be damaged by business relationships that have failed. This is a tall order, but it is important.
I usually add a "thank you" to every blog post. This time I will simply say thank goodness I am mostly past the "getting burned" learning curve in my life. Unexpected challenges continue to pop up on my entrepreneurial path, but I I know where more of the red flags are and how to avoid them.
And be sure to read Kyle Durand's blog post, "What Is Your Plan When It Hits the Fan?"
Photo by Harshit Sekhon


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Have you experienced cracked rims?
Hello Bimmerfest members.
Upon mounting new tires on my 2008 BMW 328i Convertible (w/ Sport Pkg) at a tire vendor in Danville, CA, the technicians informed me that both of my rear wheels were cracked, and they could not mount the new tires on the vehicle. (I was opting for non-RFT's since I have not been pleased with the Bridgestone Potenza's that came with the vehicle when I bought it new.) Upon inspection at BMW of San Francisco, my service advisor told me that it was in their opinion that an "impact" from a pothole or other irregular road surface caused the cracks in both rear wheels and warranty coverage is denied. I don't recall having hit or come into contact any potholes that caused me concern about potential damage to my car. When I googled "bmw cracked rims", I found the following BBC article about their investigation into the matter in October of 2009.
Has anyone else experienced a similar situation in the last couple years?
Another question I have is about the Ombudsmen of BMWCCA, and whether this service has been of help in having BMWNA cover the replacement of the wheels in this situation?
Obviously I LOVE my car, but I question BMW's decision to mount these particular RFT's and wheels if they seem to not be able to withstand regular road conditions.
Me Too
I along with thousands of others have experienced the same issues. And no one will help me. My insurance company said it is a BMW issue. And my dealer said they will not help and are not aware of any issues with the RFT and the alloy rims.
Yes I do have the 19" rims. And yes they are all out of round and 3 of them have bad cracks.
So far I have not done anything. The dealer was to call me back a week ago and I have not heard from them. So the car is sitting at the repair shop. I have begun to look into new rims. I hate having to pay for this but I have no choice. I am just not sure what to buy. I will not put the stock rims back on my car.
As a member of the SAE, I have seen technical papers that do assert that RFs impose higher stress/strain levels on wheels, thus a more robust design is called for. One must assume that BMW's wheel supplier is "all over this" and that appropriate design changes have been made. It would be nice to know this -- de facto admission of a fault, or quiet discontinuation of certain 18, 19" wheel designs.
I will be staying away from 19's
I have cracked 3 rear 18" stock rims on my 2007 e93 in less than 2 years. 2 cracks were on runflats and the last one was on normal tires.
Recent blogs indicate that BMW have abandoned this ridiculous "test" and are granting warranty "consideration" where no obvious impacts are evident. It seems that increasing bad press PR in the UK has prompted BMW to get off its high horse...sounds familiar as this is what prompted the U.S. HPFP recall.
I don't know what BMW NAs position on this is, but faced with the enormous "evidence" on the Internet, I can't imagine that they're going to "blow it off" too quickly. Wise consumers will know how to present this.
BMW NA is still reeling from their recent multi-million dollar penalty from NHTSA for their failure to bring safety defects to NHTSA's attention in a timely manner. You'd think this would change their behavior.
Had a cracked rim on 17 inch 2006 330xi 2-3 years back, dealer replaced for $500. It had a slow leak for air. I had the tire insurance package and it covered it.
We had both factory 19 back wheels crack, twice each in the first Summer we had the car. No impact damage and the tires were fine. We changed to 18's and go flat tires, no problem since. The factory wheels are either not tested on real roads or BMW has really low standards because it seems like everone has them crack. And the dealer was willing to sell me 2 new wheels and 2 run flats for about $4,000 (Canadian price) i said no way and I got 4 18 inch wheels and tires in the factory stagered size for $2,200
So I guess 16"s (Stock on XI) haven't cracked because they're too small ?
The 19's have a 30 profile back tire and it has only about 1 inch between the road and the rim. Add the camber in the back and the inside edge of the wheel is supporting most of the weight = cracked wheels.
in nyc, i run larger diameter than stock tires winter and summer-- 25.8", almost an inch bigger than stock for a little more cushion. my 17s have about the sidewall height of a 16, and my 19s are about the sidewall height of an 18. has helped quite a bit, although my 19s have had bubbled tires. (then again i cracked three 19s running stock spec tires on my last 335)
I wonder whats the best size for 18 ?
I remember I had 235/50-18 all fours instead of using 255/45-18 rears in my cadillac which went for a year (10,000miles) through NJ/NYC roads and never had a problem.
Tirerack recommends 225/40-18 Front 255/35-18 Rear don't know much about tires but what you said sounds correct
i run 245/35/19 all around for summers and 245/45/17 all around for winters.
I'm guessing XI and RWD also wear different shoes ?
Do you need any spaces for yours?
Do you run RFT or non ?
offsets are the same as well. the stagger is only in width, the diameters are very close, to within 0.1-0.2"
i run 19X8.5 ET 35 rims, no spacers needed, also non runflat tires, i carry the spare tire i researched (see sticky at top of forum)
No cracked rims, but 1 bubble on a front tire that I had to replace. Lots of potholes around here. I bought 17" winter tires and rims which helps avoid the impact issues. In my last BMW an e46 all 16" wheels were bent by the time I sold it. Tpuho
I've had three bent rims and three sidewall bubbles.
Two rims were my winter 17s (and all three sidewall bubbles). One rim was my style 162 18".
I am picking up a new e93 335 later this week and am seriously considering the wheel & tire insurance. I will have 18's with RFT (m-sport package). Of course it is contingent on price. I've read a lot about this and remain very confused about my risk of getting a bubble or cracked rim. Depending on who you speak to, it is a yearly occurrence or a never-event. Some people have had 3 or 4 rims/tires replaced, some none! Arrgh. It may be a lot of money to spend for nothing.
Any more thoughts?
There's a reason it's called tire "insurance"....
It all depends on how often you hit those destructive little road warts called potholes, how big they tend to be, and how fast you're going.
I'm on Long Island, and...well, you saw my last post.
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About the Indiana LotteryPlay Indiana Lottery
The state of Indiana is chock full of lottery games to play. From daily games such as Daily 3 lotto, Daily 4 lotto and Luck 5 lottery to larger jackpot drawings such as Hoosier Lotto and PowerBall lotto. The Indiana Lottery also offers wide range of different Scratch Games and TV Bingo games. As you can see, Indiana is an exciting state to play the lottery.
Law requires persons to me a minimum of eighteen (18) years of age to participate in lotto play.
Indiana Daily Lotto Games
The Indiana Lottery offers three (3) different daily drawing lottery games. All of them are relatively the same. A series of numbers are drawn (between 3 and 5, depending on the game) and the object is to match as many, if not all of the winning numbers. Players must match the winning numbers in the exact order they were drawn in some cases. Daily 3 lottery and Daily 4 lotto have more ways to win, but the Lucky 5 lottery has larger cash prizes.
Lottery Results: The drawings for all three (3) daily games are held at 1:10 p.m. Eastern Standard Time. During the summer, the night drawing is held at 9:40 p.m. EST while in the winter, it is held at 10:40 p.m. EST.
All of the daily games offer the Multi-Draw option. Players who choose this option may select up to twenty-eight (28) advance drawings to play.
Players must claim any and all winnings within 180 days of the date of the drawing.
There are no Midday daily lotto drawings on Sundays.
Indiana Daily 3 Lotto Game
The Daily 3 lotto has seven (7) ways to win making it an exciting game to play and it's easy too. To play the Daily 3 lottery, players begin by selecting their play type. Daily 3 lotto players can choose between Straight, Box and Combo. In Straight play, the numbers must be matched in the exact order they were drawn. In Box play, the numbers can match in any order. Combo play is just like it sounds. Players can match the numbers exactly or in any order.
Next, lottery players choose the amount they would like to play. Wagers of one dollar ($1), two dollars ($2), five dollars ($5) or ten dollars ($10) may be made.
Now, Pick 3 lotto players pick three (3) numbers between zero and nine (0-9). If they would rather, players may mark the Quick Pick box on their playslip and their numbers will be randomly selected for them.
Pick 3 Daily Lotto Players who win on a Straight play can win up to five hundred dollars ($500) per dollar wagered.
Indiana Daily 4 Lottery Game
The Indiana Daily 4 lottery is similar to the Daily 3 lotto in that it has many ways to win. In the Daily 4 lotto, however, players have a total of thirteen (13) different ways to win cash prizes. The Daily 4 lottery also has two (2) interesting back door games attached to it called Front 3 and Back 3. Players begin by selecting on their playslip Daily 4, Front 3 or Back 3. Next they select the amount they would like to play. Players may wager the same amounts in Daily 4 as in Daily 3, which were one dollar ($1), two dollars ($2), five dollars ($5) or ten dollars ($10).
Now the player must select their numbers or have them selected at random by the computer. Players select four numbers (4) between zero and nine (0-9). Players' who are playing Front 3 or Back 3 would only select three (3) numbers.
Straight lotto players stand to win as much as five thousand dollars ($5,000) per dollar wagered. The odds of winning this jackpot are 1:10,000.
There are forty-six (46) different ways to win in the Daily 4 Box play and up to twelve hundred dollars ($1,200) in cash prizes. Players may match the numbers in any order. Combo play gives the player even more ways to win and even larger cash prizes.
The Front 3 and Back 3 have the same structure as Daily 3. Front 3 and Back 3 players may play Straight, Boxed or Combo. Winners can claim up to five hundred dollars ($500) per dollar wagered.
Indiana Lucky 5 Lottery Game
The Indiana Lucky 5 Lotto game is very simple, but players stand to win up to fifty thousand dollars ($50,000). For one dollar ($1) per play, players choose five (5) numbers between one and thirty-six (1-36) or opt for a Quick Pick. Again, there are two (2) drawings per day. Players must mark which drawing they are playing, Midday or Evening.
Matching all five (5) of the winning numbers will win fifty thousand dollars ($50,000). The odds of matching all the winning numbers are 1:376,992. Matching four (4) numbers wins two hundred dollars ($200) and matching three (3) pays three dollars ($3).
Cash prizes up to the fifty thousand dollar ($50,000) jackpot can be claimed at any of the Hoosier Lottery's Regional Offices.
Indiana's Hoosier Lotto Game
The Hoosier Lotto pays out even larger cash prizes. The Hoosier Lotto jackpot starts out at one million ($1 million) for the first two (2) drawings and then increases by approximately five hundred thousand dollars ($500,000) each drawing after that until someone wins. Drawings are held twice weekly on Wednesday and Saturday nights at 9:40 p.m. EST during the summer and 10:40 p.m. EST during the winter.
Hoosier Lotto players begin by selecting six (6) numbers between one and forty-eight (1-48). By matching all six (6) numbers, players will win the jackpot prize. The odds of hitting the jackpot are 1:12,271,512. Matching five (5) numbers will pay approximately nine hundred and fifty dollars ($950). It is approximate because it is pari-mutuel, meaning the amount is dependant on the number of players and the number of winners in that pay category. Players who match four (4) numbers are entitled to approximately forty dollars ($40), which is a pari-mutuel prize as well. Players who match three (3) numbers will win a three dollar ($3) cash prize and players who match two (2) numbers will win a free Quick Pick.
Each play only costs one dollar ($1) and players can play up to five (5) plays on each playslip. The Multi-Draw feature is available for up to ten (10) consecutive drawings.
Cash prizes under six hundred dollars ($600) may be claimed at any Hoosier Lotto retailer. Cash prizes above fifty thousand dollars ($50,000) must be claimed at the Hoosier Lottery Headquarters.
Indiana PowerBall Lotto
The PowerBall lotto is a multi-state lottery with a starting jackpot of fifteen million dollars ($15 million). Currently there are twenty-seven other state lotteries participating, making it one of the largest lotteries in the world. To learn more about what makes so many people play their favorite numbers on Powerball, the winning odds and a better explanation of the prize structure refer to the Powerball Lottery article.
Indiana Scratch Games
The Hoosier Lottery offers Scratch Games to those who enjoy a little immediate gratification. There are Scratch Games for everyone. There are tickets that cost one dollar ($1), two dollars ($2), three dollars ($3), five dollars ($5), seven dollars ($7), ten dollars ($10) and twenty dollars ($20). Players can win anywhere between one dollar and millions ($1-$ millions).
Indiana Pull-Tab Games
The Hoosier Lottery also offers Pull-Tab Games, which are similar to Scratch Games in that you win cash money instantly. Players purchase Pull-Tab Games for twenty-five cents ($0.25), fifty cents ($0.50) or one dollar ($1) and can win up to two hundred dollars ($200) instantly. To play, players pull back a cardboard tab, revealing the prize amount. There are many games to choose from.
Indiana's TV Bingo Game
TV Bingo is the new craze. Players purchase their TV Bingo cards for two dollars ($2) each. There are five (5) columns on each Bingo card labeled B-I-N-G-O. Each letter is assigned a number…B1-B15, I16-I30, N31-N45, G46-G60 and O61-O75.
Bingo results: On Friday evenings at 8:59 p.m. EST in the summer and 9:59 p.m. EST in the winter, forty (40) numbers are drawn. Players have four (4) ways to win…Four Corners, Big X, Coverall and Pickle Ball.
To win Four Corners, players must match the four (4) numbers in the four (4) corners of their game board on or before the fortieth (40th) ball.
T win Big X, players must match the eight (8) numbers in a Big X pattern on their game board on or before the fortieth (40th) ball.
To win a Coverall win, players must match all twenty-four (24) numbers on their game board.
A Pickle Ball win is an immediate Coverall after the Pickle Jar ball is drawn. Winners will win the Pickle Jar jackpot and the Coverall prize.
TV Bingo players can win up to one thousand dollars ($1,000).


text: Well this helmet seems to want to fight me every step of the way. If you look at the pink in the above pic you can see some texture in the pink, that is two things, one it is the masking, and two the paint didn't go on smooth. So I went to take the masking off and for some reason it just would not come off, and the texture of the paint was really annoying me. So today I sanded off all the paint on the mandibles, repainted the silver, remasked it, and sprayed the pink on (last time I hand painted it). It came out much better this time around. I think this helmet will be done (barring any more stupid problems) tomorrow and I should have final pics up of the comeplete paint job on Thursday!


text:
- Sold for: Start Free Trial or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Item Category: Ceramics
- Source: eBay
- Sold Date: Mar 30, 2008
- Channel: Auction House
You are bidding on a very nice piece of Laurel of California "Life" pattern. It is speckled turquoise color. The set sits 2 1/2 inches tall, the butter dish is 8 1/2 inches from tip to tip, 3 7/8 wide, and the lid is 5 1/2 inches from end to end and 3 inches wide. It is in excellent condition.
Condition: The butter dish and lid have been thoroughly inspected and shows no evidence of chips, cracks, nicks, flea bites, or crazing and little evidence of use. I would consider it to be in very good condition.
Return Policy: We encourage questions prior to bidding. All sales are considered final. Returns accepted for "Money Back" only if the item is not as described. Items must be returned within 3 business days. Please email for return instructions. Thank you for your cooperation!
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text:
What's the current status of your take-off site?The take-off site was acquired from Kebbi State Government. It was a new secondary school that has not been used by government. The university will maintain the site even after moving to its permanent site. More classroom facilities and additional structures are being constructed. A new faculty is also under construction which comprises 50 office blocks and classrooms, four laboratories and four studios. This is in addition to the 100-seat capacity lecture theatre that is currently in use.
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What a really great day! Spent the day with 2 really nice women who had great hair! Jonathan did their hair from scratch in the booth in the morning and did touch ups at the end of the day.
Great tip: when reactivating CK in your hair for late day or 2nd day hair, put a puddle in your hand, (as opposed to spraying your hair) spray/add water to it, emulsify then run through hair (not raking but smoothing) upside down and presto! Boingy curls pop out!
Great people watching too!


text:
Higher Education:
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Trends and the Role of Federal Programs
GAO-06-702T: Published: May 3, 2006. Publicly Released: May 3, 2006.
Additional Materials:
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The United States is a world leader in scientific and technological innovation. To help maintain this advantage, the federal government has spent billions of dollars on education programs in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields for many years. However, concerns have been raised about the nation's ability to maintain its global technological competitive advantage in the future. This testimony is based on our October 2005 report and presents information on (1) trends in degree attainment in STEM- and non-STEM-related fields and factors that may influence these trends, (2) trends in the levels of employment in STEM- and non-STEM- related fields and factors that may influence these trends, and (3) federal education programs intended to support the study of and employment in STEM-related fields. For this report, we analyzed survey responses from 13 civilian federal departments and agencies; analyzed data from the Departments of Education and Labor; interviewed educators, federal agency officials, and representatives from education associations and organizations; and interviewed students.
While postsecondary enrollment has increased over the past decade, the proportion of students obtaining degrees in STEM fields has fallen. In academic year 1994-1995, about 519,000 students (32 percent) obtained STEM degrees. About 578,000 students obtained STEM degrees in academic year 2003-2004, accounting for 27 percent of degrees awarded. Despite increases in enrollment and degree attainment by women and minorities at the graduate level, the number of graduate degrees conferred fell in several STEM-related fields from academic year 1994-1995 to academic year 2003-2004. College and university officials and students most often cited subpar teacher quality and poor high school preparation as factors that discouraged the pursuit of STEM degrees. Suggestions to encourage more enrollment in STEM fields include increased outreach and mentoring. The past decade has seen an increase in STEM employees, particularly in mathematics and computer science. From 1994 to 2003, employment in STEM fields increased by an estimated 23 percent, compared to 17 percent in non-STEM fields. Mathematics and computer science showed the highest increase in STEM-related employment, and employment in science-related fields increased as well. However, in certain STEM fields, including engineering, the number of employees did not increase significantly. Further, while the estimated number of women, African-Americans, and Hispanic-Americans employed in STEM fields increased, women and minorities remained underrepresented relative to their numbers in the civilian labor force. The number of foreign workers employed in the United States has fluctuated, experiencing declines in 2002 and 2003. Key factors affecting STEM employment decisions include mentoring for women and minorities and opportunities abroad for foreign employees. Thirteen federal civilian agencies spent approximately $2.8 billion in fiscal year 2004 to fund over 200 programs designed to increase the numbers of students in STEM fields and employees in STEM occupations and to improve related educational programs. The funding reported for individual STEM education programs varied significantly, and programs most commonly provided financial support to students or infrastructure support to institutions. However, only half of these programs had been evaluated or had evaluations underway, and coordination among STEM education programs was limited. It is important to know the extent to which existing STEM education programs target the right people and the right areas and make the best use of available resources. Since our report was issued in October 2005, Congress, in addition to establishing new grants to encourage students from low-income families to enroll in STEM fields, established an Academic Competitiveness Council to identify, evaluate, coordinate, and improve federal STEM programs.
May 24, 2017
Indian Affairs:Actions Needed to Better Manage Indian School Construction ProjectsGAO-17-447: Published: May 24, 2017. Publicly Released: May 24, 2017.
Indian Affairs:Further Actions Needed to Improve Oversight and Accountability for School Safety InspectionsGAO-17-421: Published: May 24, 2017. Publicly Released: May 24, 2017.
May 18, 2017
Discretionary Grants:Education Needs to Improve Its Oversight of Grants MonitoringGAO-17-266: Published: Apr 18, 2017. Publicly Released: May 18, 2017.
May 4, 2017
Youth with Autism:Federal Agencies Should Take Additional Action to Support Transition-Age YouthGAO-17-352: Published: May 4, 2017. Publicly Released: May 4, 2017.
Apr 26, 2017
K-12 Education:Education Needs to Improve Oversight of Its 21st Century ProgramGAO-17-400: Published: Apr 26, 2017. Publicly Released: Apr 26, 2017.
Feb 9, 2017
District of Columbia Charter Schools:Multi-Agency Plan Needed to Continue Progress Addressing High and Disproportionate Discipline RatesGAO-17-165: Published: Feb 9, 2017. Publicly Released: Feb 9, 2017.
Nov 30, 2016
Federal Student Loans:Education Needs to Improve Its Income-Driven Repayment Plan Budget EstimatesGAO-17-22: Published: Nov 15, 2016. Publicly Released: Nov 30, 2016.
Nov 18, 2016
Student Loans:Oversight of Servicemembers' Interest Rate Cap Could Be StrengthenedGAO-17-4: Published: Nov 15, 2016. Publicly Released: Nov 18, 2016.
Oct 14, 2016
Child Care:Information on Integrating Early Care and Education FundingGAO-16-775R: Published: Sep 14, 2016. Publicly Released: Oct 14, 2016.
Sep 12, 2016
School Choice:Private School Choice Programs Are Growing and Can Complicate Providing Certain Federally Funded Services to Eligible StudentsGAO-16-712: Published: Aug 11, 2016. Publicly Released: Sep 12, 2016.
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text:
Looking Beyond Shelter to Help Low-Income People
LISC president Michael Rubinger talked about the idea at a recent event launching a new think tank to address these issues.
"The essence is full-bore attention to all of a challenged neighborhood's problems. It's an approach pioneered in the South Bronx by super-CDC-leader Anita Miller, with key support from the Surdna Foundation, in the early 1990s. More recently, it's been expanded by LISC and supported significantly by the MacArthur Foundation, first in Chicago neighborhoods and more recently in 20 other cities across the country."


text:
Event Time and Date
Monday, October 1 2012, 10:00 AM to 11:00 AM
Full-time international students can apply for an Off Campus Work Permit if they have been registered full-time for at least 6 months out of the last 12 months and have maintained good academic standings. To continue to be eligible to hold an off campus work permit, you must maintain academic eligibility. However, in your final term (eg. Winter term) of studies you may be registered part-time and continue to use your Off Campus Work Permit.
More information can be found at our website.


text:
A hundred years ago today, thousands of German troops crossed the border of Belgium on their way towards Paris. Thus, began World War I, an experience in death that would take the lives of over twenty million people, including a few million civilians. It is not surprising that during the first month of war, hundreds of Belgium civilians were murdered by German troops because they resisted, rather than accepted the dictates of their invaders. Oh, these killings were carried out by Christian men, not Muslim militants. German artillery blasted away at cities, destroying churches and homes. Ironically, this was the first twentieth century murder of civilians. There were shouts of horror from neutral America, but the Germans argued, speed of their armed forces was necessary in order to quickly end the war. All military forces employ some form of excuse if they are set on murder of the innocent. In all honesty, throughout human history, civilians have been murdered. But, between 1815 ti 1914, Europe basically enjoyed a hundred years of peace without a major war, and without civilians dying.
Fast forward to 2014. Another Israel bomb exploded in a UN schools. ONLY ten civilians died. OH, a few dozen were wounded. But, we are living in the twenty first century, a time when we humans have advanced from the days of Hun warriors sweeping across the plains of Europe murdering all in their way. WE are modern humans. We do not send hordes of horsemen to murder, we remain far from the source of death and simply send in the missiles of destruction. Isn't is wonderful that we no longer are barbarians??


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text:
IFDP finalized the first step of it's Balkan tour
The Chairman of IFDP, Tuna Beklevic and the delegation with him have finalized their tour in the Balkans between 27-31 January 2014. The visits to Tirana, Skopje, Pristine, and Sofia have served the vision of 2014, Balkans Year of IFDP. In the short term Mr. Beklevic will be paying another field trip to other Balkan countries to realize the Balkan Summit this fall.
During the tour, Tuna Beklevic and the IFDP delegation were able to meet with the Speakers of Albanian and Kosovo Parliament's H.E. Ilir Meta and H.E. Jaqup Krasniqi respectively, the Minister of European Integration of Albania Ms. Klojda Gjosha, the Deputy Minister of Energy of Albania Mr. Dorian Ducka, the Mayor of Tirana Mr. Lulzim Basha, the Minister without Portfolio of Macedonia Mr. Nezdet Mustafa, the former Prime Minister and the leader of Positive Alliance for Macedonia Mr. Vlado Buckovski, the Deputy Mayor of Sofia Mr. Todor Chobanov, and the executive directors of leading think tanks in both countries and media representatives.
The select photos are available for your interest. Please kindly click.
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International Forum for Democracy and Peace
IFDP is visiting the Balkans
The International Forum for Democracy and Peace (IFDP) will be touring the Balkans between the dates of 27th-31th of January more…
Chairman's Speech at the British Parliament
IFDP has begun its 2013 activities with the country visit to UK on January 14th where the Tuna BEKLEVIC has addressed to the British Parliament.
IFDP Executive Committee Member entered the parliament
IFDP Member of Executive Committee Hilik Bar has entered the parliament in Israel according to the results of the elections.
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IFDP aims to form a network among NGOs from various countries to provide experience sharing within the scope of IFDP values.


text:
A pilot's new wings
By Patty Kruszewski, Citizen Managing Editor 04/20/06
Since 1967, he's been portrayed on the cover of both Life and Newsweek, and featured in Time Magazine as well as various Discovery Channel documentaries.
As a nationally recognized inspirational speaker, he's spoken to more than 1,300 audiences of schoolchildren, civic groups and professional associations, and was named by a national sales journal as one of twelve outstanding motivators in the U.S.
In the four decades since he led his U.S. Naval Academy class as president, he's served as president of the Virginia Aviation Foundation (VAF), the Science Museum of Virginia Foundation and the Nam-POWs.
As a former Navy pilot and a veteran of 97 combat missions, he's received the Silver Star and Bronze Star for heroism, the Meritorious Service Medal, Navy Commendation Medal, two Legions of Merit, nine Combat Air Medals and two Purple Hearts. He's a member of the Virginia Aviation Hall of Fame and a recipient of the Liberty Bell Award and the Outstanding Virginian Award.
And on April 29 in Henrico, Paul Galanti will add another honor to his long list, as the VAF unveils a replica of the A-4C Skyhawk he flew in combat – and donates it to the collection of the Virginia Aviation Museum.
Painted exactly like the aircraft in which Galanti was shot down and captured in Vietnam, the revamped A-4 "was literally a 40-year time machine for me," said Galanti following the restoration. "And the sentiment behind it watered my eyes.
"The young sailors who painted it," he marvels, "weren't born when I flew the original!"
For the "Festival of Wings" event, to be held at the Virginia Air National Guard facility, surviving members of Paul's squadron will gather in Richmond for a reunion, along with members of the Richmond Chapter of the USNA Alumni Association.
In the days leading up to the ceremony, Galanti will also address a University of Richmond audience that includes the USNAAA groups from Richmond,Charlottesville and Williamsburg, as well as members of the West Point Society of Richmond and the Navy League.
Full schedule
From his room at the Hilton Garden Inn in Washington, Galanti told the Citizen earlier this month, "I'm in DC for a meeting of the VA Secretary's advisory committee on former POWs. I just got back from dinner with four of my POW friends and a couple of our doctors. Mellow evening."
His not-so-mellow schedule for the upcoming weeks, said Galanti, would include (in addition to the the VAF event) "two full days of training for the Virginia Board of Veterans Services, a family reunion, and the Vietnam POW Reunion almost back to back.
"Those are followed immediately by a week-long trip to Pensacola for a NOMI physical and Naval Aviation Museum Symposium. That's followed immediately by the State POW Convention which is hosted this year by my chapter of which I'm commander."
As he prepared for his next series of speeches, Galanti noted that he had entitled his remarks for the dinner at UR (where he received his MBA in 1976), "Plebe Years Bravo - Hotel – for the seven years I was in Hanoi.
"[Fellow POW] James B. Stockdale thought the discipline instilled at USNA was what helped him endure the unimaginable pain and torture inflicted by the Communists.
"I do, too."
From Jersey to Nam – and Virginia
Born in New Jersey into a military family, Galanti grew up living in Japan, France, Turkey and Germany as well as numerous states. After his 1962 graduation from the Naval Academy, he married his wife Phyllis, completed jet flight training and became a flight instructor in Pensacola -- until leaving for Southeast Asia in 1965.
He was shot down in flames in his A-4 Skyhawk the following year, while conducting an attack on a railroad siding in North Vietnam.
Decades later, in a column recounting events for the Richmond Times Dispatch, Galanti wrote, "I was ejected violently from the bird at almost 600 m.p.h., made my first parachute descent, was shot on the way down, and arrived in a country whose locals didn't exactly roll out the Welcome Wagon."
Of the seven years of torture, humiliation and inhumane treatment that followed, Galanti spent more than a year in solitary confinement – "the hours broken only by infrequent communications (tapping through concrete) with other Americans."
If caught in attempts to communicate, prisoners endured a month in leg irons with hands cuffed behind the back. Once, a guard saw Galanti throwing a package of Lifesavers (part of a package from Phyllis) to another cell. As punishment, he had to sit on a small stool, drugged and sleep-deprived, in a cold interrogation room for 10 days and nights.
When the POWs were moved to camps where groups shared cells, Galanti helped organize lessons in which prisoners taught each other French, Spanish, German, Russian, math, architecture, engineering drawing, and music.
"Classes taught without benefit of books, A-V equipment, or teaching certificates were so effective," he wrote later, "that three of our enlisted men who'd had no college training prior to capture passed more than 100 semester hours of college-level validation exams on their return."
After his release in 1973, Galanti says, "homecoming was a renaissance - literally and figuratively. My marriage was intact. Indeed, my formerly shy wife was a national leader who had addressed the joint session of the Virginia General Assembly and met with President Nixon, Henry Kissinger, and (in France) hundreds of Communists on behalf of all the prisoners of war."
Assigned to the Navy Recruiting District in Richmond, Galanti set new records during his tenure as chief recruiter in Virginia. His final assignment before retirement from the Navy was to the commandant's staff at the Naval Academy. In 1983, he became the first non-pharmacist executive director in the Virginia Pharmaceutical Association's 100-year history.
'Treasures in our midst'
As Academy grad Rich Polek told Richmond alumni in the VAF invitation, "Those who have attended USNA Richmond events over the years know Paul Galanti to be one of our most interesting, friendly, helpful, colorful, funny, active and dedicated alumni.
"We often forget the treasures within our own midst, [and] Paul is our treasure -- USNA Richmond's own certified war hero. I, for one, do not think I can be more proud of him."
To a former POW, who still savors the warm beds, hot meals, and freedoms that he dreamed of in confinement, everyday treasures are an easy concept to grasp. And in his speech to the USNA alumni, Galanti says, he plans to close by pointing that out.
"The three main things I learned [as a POW]," he recites:
"I was more resilient than I thought I could ever be.
"No matter how bad it got for me, somebody else always had it worse.
"Finally, and most importantly, There's no such thing as a bad day when there's a doorknob on the inside of the door."
For more about Galanti, visit nampows.org. For information on the VAF event, visit vaaf.org or call 249-9366. Visit the USNA alumni website at usna.com/Chapters/US/VA/Richmond.
Richmond Montessori School earns VAIS reaccreditation
Citizen Staff Reports 06/26/2017 EducationGeneral News
Richmond Montessori School, an independent Montessori school for children ages 2 to 14, recently earned reaccreditation from the Virginia Association of Independent Schools. The VAIS accreditation program is one of only a few recognized at the national level through the National Association of Independent School's Commission on Accreditation and is also recognized and approved by the Virginia Board of Education through the Virginia Council for Private Education. > Read more.
Business in brief
Citizen Staff Reports 06/26/2017 BusinessBusiness in BriefGeneral News
Neil Burton, the founder of Strangeways Brewing in Henrico, will serve on the 2017-18 Leadership Council of The Virginia Craft Brewers Guild (VCBG). Burton will share the chairmanship of the Marketing & Tourism Committee with Kevin Erskine of Coelacanth Brewing. Other local brewers in leadership positions include Eric McKay of Hardywood Park Craft Brewery (VCBG chair), Hunter Smith of Champion Brewing Company (co-chair of the Government Affairs Committee) and Kate Lee of Hardywood (co-chair of the Quality Committee). > Read more.
James River Juvenile Detention Center to graduate its largest class
Citizen Staff Reports 06/25/2017 General NewsGovernment
James River Juvenile Detention Center will celebrate its largest class of high school graduates June 27, as 13 residents receive their high school diploma or GED certificate.
The ceremony will be held at 10 a.m. at the detention center, 3650 Beaumont Road in Powhatan County. The graduates will mark their academic milestone by walking across a stage in a cap and gown before an audience of family members. A reception will follow. > Read more.
The ceremony will be held at 10 a.m. at the detention center, 3650 Beaumont Road in Powhatan County. The graduates will mark their academic milestone by walking across a stage in a cap and gown before an audience of family members. A reception will follow. > Read more.
Henrico School Board selects redistricting Option E
Citizen Staff Reports 06/23/2017 EducationGeneral News
JUNE 23, 10:30 A.M. – The Henrico County School Board Thursday concluded its latest redistricting process by selecting a plan for middle school redistricting that will impact a number of students in the western and northern parts of the county, as well as a few in Eastern Henrico.
The process sought to reduce overcrowding at Hungary Creek Middle School, create room at Wilder Middle School for a gifted academy and address the poverty level disparity among some middle schools. It will impact about 775 students, according to school system officials. > Read more.
'Senior Cool Care' program to help older adults in Metro Richmond
Citizen Staff Reports 06/22/2017 FeaturesGeneral News
For the 27th year, Senior Connections, The Capital Area Agency on Aging is helping older adults combat summer heat through a program now called "Senior Cool Care" (formerly the Fan Care program) that provides fan and air conditioning units for eligible senior citizens.
The program is available to low-income older adults age 60 and older who reside in the City of Richmond and the counties of Charles City, Chesterfield, Goochland, Hanover, Henrico, New Kent and Powhatan. > Read more.
'Senior Cool Care' program to help older adults in Metro Richmond
Cyclist killed in crash was 52-year-old man
Henrico man sentenced to 10 years in prison for dealing heroin
Glen Allen HS student earns playwriting residency
Missing Eastern Henrico man found dead
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Jun. 15, 2017Current edition | Archive
Henrico County, Lewis Ginter to host Fourth of July events
Weekend Top 10
'Taste of Virginia' returning to Innsbrook Pavilion July 1
Restaurant Watch
Weekend Top 10
- More Entertainment
Obituary – Hoyle S. "Chick" Walters
Obituary – Janet Sue Vest
Obituary – Barbara Jean (Chilton) Crider
- More Obituaries
Anthem LemonAid registration now open
YMCA to offer free weekend access for teens this summer
Henrico NAACP to host public safety forum June 10
- More Community
Growing a grown-up: Part II
How to grow an adult
Make 'em take the pledge: no more snuff boxes!
- More Opinions
Code Lacrosse joins Richmond Strikers
5 Henrico student-athletes win scholarships at awards dinner
RIR to host playoff race in 2018
- More Sports
|June 2017
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text:
Secrets of Hoodoo Honey and Sugar Spells
Missionary Independent Spiritual Church
Sunday, May 5, 2013 from 1:00 PM to 2:00 PM (PDT)
Who's Going
San Francisco, California
London, United Kingdom
Florence, Italy
Event Details
DEACON MILLETT will hold a dynamic workshop on the subject of Honey Jars, Sugar Boxes, and Powdered Sugar Spells for conjuring love, money, business, academic success, legal victories, and more. The Deacon specializes in Honey-Love and Honey Reconciliation, and will share the secrets that have made him famous world-wide for his Sweet Southern Conjuring. He will be presenting the debut of his brand-new book on Sugar and Honey Magic in the Hoodoo Tradition!
TAKE HOME: Your own personal sweetening conjure and a 96-page illustrated book by Deacon Millett on the Secrets of Hoodoo Honey and Sugar Spells.
When & Where
6632 Covey Road
Sunday, May 5, 2013 from 1:00 PM to 2:00 PM (PDT)
Add to my calendar
Missionary Independent Spiritual Church
Hoodoo Heritage Festival
2-Day Intensive
Hoodoo & Rootwork Training Workshops
Saturday and Sunday, May 13th and 14th
Forestville, California


text: INDIANAPOLIS, Sept. 23, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- At Delta Faucet Company, our philosophy is simple: conceptualize unique and beautiful products while maintaining – and even enhancing – the functionality they bring to consumers. For every new kitchen or bath product we bring to market, there are years of research, design work and development that must come first. To view the multimedia assets associated with this release, please visit: http://www.multivu.com/mnr/48211-delta-faucet-company-interior-design-trendspotting-report-2013 (Photo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20130923/MM83464) To stay ahead of the curve, our Industrial Design team is always looking to the future to identify the standout trends and styles that will influence home decor over the next several years. Everything, from international travel and fashion to non-industry events and the occasional walk around our neighborhood, plays a role in inspiring what's to come. There's a backstory for every Delta Faucet Company product suite; a specific piece of inspiration that helped shape the initial design of that product, be it a runway model's pose, a pair of simple sticks holding up a woman's hair, a swan's elegant neckline or a lighthouse beacon. It's through this process that we regularly identify the trends impacting home decor and interior design. From Mid-Century Modern to Casual Sensibility, the five style trends outlined in this report are influencing design in the world around us, from residential design to commercial and retail spaces. About Delta Faucet CompanyFounded by Masco Corporation in 1954 with the introduction of the single-handle faucet, Delta Faucet Company is proud to be America's faucet innovation leader, featuring Delta®, Brizo® and Peerless® products. A WaterSense ® partner of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Delta Faucet is a global organization that offers kitchen faucets, bath faucets, shower heads, shower systems, toilets and related accessories, selling products in more than 53 countries. For more information, visit www.deltafaucet.com. About MascoMasco Corporation (NYSE: MAS), parent company of Delta Faucet Company, is one of the world's largest manufacturers of brand-name consumer products for the home and family, including Behr® paint; Delta ® and Hansgrohe® kitchen and bath faucets and shower fixtures; KraftMaid® and Merillat® cabinets; and Milgard® windows and doors. Masco is also a leading provider of services that include the installation of insulation and other building products through Masco Contractor Services. Visit www.masco.com for more information on the Masco family of brands. Links to additional resources Delta Online Press Room About Masco Corporation SOURCE Delta Faucet Company


text:
Truckee, CA, USA < change city >
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Moonlight Mobile Dj, Inc.
Incline Village, NV, USA
3 ratings, 3 reviews, 3 weddings
Chad is the owner and DJ. His wife, Jaime helps with all the correspondence/ sche...
High Sierra Sounds
South Lake Tahoe, CA, USA
DJs, Bands/Live Entertainment
2 ratings, 2 reviews, 2 weddings
John Thorpe at High Sierra Sounds far exceeded our expectations. He was absolute...
Music Magic/ Bill Burns
South Lake Tahoe, CA, USA
2 ratings, 1 review, 2 weddings
Bill did a great job. I didn't have a wedding planner and the site didn't provide...
Matthew Allen Weddings &...
Sacramento, CA, United States
Bands/Live Entertainment, DJs
1 rating, 1 review, 2 weddings
to sum it all up in one word. AWESOME, Jared made our day very personal and was ...
Milestones DJ Entertainment
2280 Grass Valley Hwy.
Suite 239
Auburn, CA 95603, United States
(888) 612-6365
DJs, Bands/Live Entertainment
1 rating, 1 review, 1 wedding
Rick Tracewell was a great DJ! We didn't meet with him before the even in person...
PO Box 8592
South Lake Tahoe, California 96158, USA
530 577 3414
Bands/Live Entertainment, D...
1 rating, 1 review, 1 wedding
We would highly recommend this vendor. DJ Tarpey worked with his wife and provid...
North Shore Entertainmen...
Lake Tahoe, CA, USA
1 rating, 1 review, 1 wedding
Ty did such an amazing job as our DJ! I definitely recommend him! It was a tota...
Bill Mcclains Mobile Dj
241 Linehan Rd
Carson City, NV, United States
1 rating, 1 review, 1 wedding
So great, Bill is awesome but we had his wife who was so much fun and really kept...
In The Mix 916
Grass Valley, CA, USA
1 rating, 1 review, 1 wedding
Justin did a fantastic job with the music and his wife, Kisty, did a great job co...
Dj Posse
3702 So. Virginia St.
Reno, NV, United States
1 rating, 1 review, 1 wedding
Bob was awesome. He was on time, with all his equipment, did a great job at the ...


text:
Renewed success for Saarland University
The decision is expected to bring in around 45 million euros in research funding to the region, offering work opportunities for large numbers of highly qualified scientists. In addition to Saarland University, other institutions participating in the Cluster of Excellence and the Graduate School are the Max Planck Institute for Informatics, the Max Planck Institute for Software Systems and the German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence. One of the key areas of research for Saarbrücken's computer scientists is concerned with computer systems capable of communicating naturally with users.
The research being conducted at Saarland University's Cluster of Excellence is aimed at understanding the fundamental principles of computer systems that can respond autonomously to their environment and process language, images and gestures. "Humans are able to use their eyes, ears and their sense of touch to rapidly gather information about their surroundings. However, for a computer to be able to react appropriately to its environment, it first has to be 'taught' to correctly interpret its surroundings for purposes of a specific application. We call this complex interplay between man and machine 'multimodal interaction'. It requires not only a lot of computing power, but also a lot of very smart algorithms," explains Hans-Peter Seidel, Director of the Max Planck Institute for Informatics and Scientific Coordinator of the Cluster of Excellence in Saarbrücken. More than a hundred researchers, computer scientists and computer linguists from Saarland University and the computer and informatics research institutes on campus are cooperating closely within the Cluster on issues such as intelligent strategies for organizing, understanding and searching vast quantities of data. This work is helping to improve search engines and to enable meaningful information to be extracted from a variety of sources, such as images and videos. "Medical practitioners and biologists also profit from our work, as fast computer algorithms are enabling them to analyse complex cellular processes or the human genome," says Seidel.
"The relevance of our research today is far greater than we could ever have imagined when the Cluster of Excellence started five years ago. The amounts of data being transferred on websites such as YouTube, Flickr or Facebook are simply enormous. Millions of pictures, videos and texts can now be accessed via smartphones anytime and anywhere, opening up entirely new applications," points out Professor Seidel. However, as technical capabilities have advanced, so too have user expectations of, for instance, the quality of mobile data transmissions or 3D representations of virtual environments. Here, too, the Cluster of Excellence in Saarbrücken is actively engaged in research. "To enable people to move freely through three-dimensional worlds, computer graphics experts in Saarbrücken have developed a means of embedding and controlling lifelike avatars within video scenes," says Hans-Peter Seidel. In future, a simple browser add-on will allow anyone to include 3D content on their web pages. This opens up the possibility of a whole range of new applications for online shops, for museums or for research networks within the pharmaceutical industry.
"Language is a critical factor in communicating naturally with computer systems. Computer linguists and computer scientists are working together in the Cluster of Excellence on expressive avatars that can combine spoken language with realistic eye movements and gestures to enhance communication. The results of this work will not only improve computer games; industrial companies will also be able to use avatars in training videos designed, for instance, to brief and train new personnel who will be working with complex industrial plants. And the results of our research are also important for developing domestic robots to be used to assist the elderly," explains Seidel. A key aspect of practically all applications is data security and user privacy. Important work in this field is being driven by the collaborative research between the Cluster of Excellence and the recently established Centre for IT-Security, Privacy and Accountability (CISPA) in Saarbrücken.
Both CISPA and the Intel Visual Computing Institute at Saarland University were set up on the Saarbrücken campus during the first phase of funding of the Cluster of Excellence. "This proves that excellent surroundings stimulate the creation of new institutes and help to draw scientists from around the world. The Excellence Initiative wanted to create beacons within the research landscape whose lights were bright enough to be recognized internationally. And this objective has been fully realized in Saarland," affirms Saarland state premier Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer.
The President of Saarland University, Volker Linneweber, points out that there has been a long tradition of close cooperation between the university and the computer science research institutes in Saarbrücken. "The Cluster of Excellence has, however, given an enormous impetus to this collaboration. The research results are of value not only in the field of informatics, but also in many other disciplines such as linguistics, medicine and biology. This work is therefore a very significant and very visible contribution to raising awareness of the region," explains Linneweber.
According to Hans-Peter Seidel, the key to the success of Saarland University's Cluster of Excellence lies in its structure, which is unique in Germany. "We have given twenty young scientists the opportunity to establish and lead their own independent research groups. They have selected their own research fields, but they also receive support from experienced scientists in Saarbrücken," explains Seidel. Some of the funding has also been used to set up research projects in which these young researchers are collaborating with other local scientists, who have also injected their own research grants and funding into the projects. This has attracted even more doctoral and post-graduate researchers from around the world to work on topics broadly connected to the work of the Cluster of Excellence.
"Over the last five years, 54 of the young researchers within the Cluster of Excellence have been offered professorships or junior professorships in Germany or abroad, with fifteen of these offers of professorial positions going to the heads of independent junior research groups within the Cluster of Excellence," says Hans-Peter Seidel. The conceptual structure that has proved so effective for the Cluster will be retained going into the new phase of funding, with financing available for another twenty independent junior research groups with around a hundred young researchers. A total of about 37 million euros have been awarded for the Cluster of Excellence. The participating institutions also plan to use their own funds to set up a further ten research groups that will also be working on Cluster topics.


text:
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The Grant County Braves football team were bounced from the first round of the playoffs after a 51-7 loss to Fern Creek Traditional High on Nov. 4 in Louisville.
The final game of the season was typical of the way things have gone for the Braves the last few games of the season.
Less than two minutes into the game, Fern Creek's Kyree Hawkins ran in the first score of the game and his team never looked back.
They would score 37 first half points.
WHS boys cross country, Kasey Hill moving on to state
By Tim Seevers
The Grant County High School boys' basketball team is looking for a new coach.
Brandon Grammer recently resigned from the head coaching position after three seasons with the Braves.
During his tenure, Grant County's record was 39-51 and the program won two district tournament championships. However, this season the team has its first losing record under Grammer at 8-22, including a heartbreaking one-point overtime loss against Walton-Verona in the districts.
By Kari Lakes
Copyright © 2017
The Grant County News is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Dry Ridge, KY and the surrounding area.


text:
Sora wo Kakeru Shoujo Redux
I just rewatched Sora wo Kakeru Shoujo, this time on the goodness of 1080P (but with bleh subs though), and I found myself liking it a lot more than I did; well I did quite like it enough to place it in my Awesome Tier of 2009 shows; but rewatching it again gave me higher level appreciation of the show.
I was quite right when I said this show was Sunrise' exploration of the random, but surprisingly the final arc of the show is well structured and thought-out once you peel the layers of gimmicks off. There should be a message here somewhere that it intends to say but I'm surprisingly at a loss as to which is it because there is so many different messages it can be sending out.
I'm feeling extreme melancholy on finishing the show this time however. Somehow it just feels cheating for Sunrise to end the show at it's happiest moment after the final battle, just like that. Too bad the picture dramas didn't supply an epilogue. But then, it just seems like the show to do it that way, anyways.


text:
As we reported yesterday, this week's Celebrity Big Brother shopping task has seen jockey Frankie Dettori taking over the house in his role as Dictator…
However, he'd be well within his rights to be shouting "Infamy, infamy! They've all got it infamy!" as several of the housemates are fighting against his oppression and plotting a revolt designed to overthrow him.
And leading that revolt is X Factor star Rylan Clark, who's on a secret mission to organise his subjugated fellow housemates into carrying out a coup de grâce that could see them landing a luxury shopping budget.
So to that end, Rylan had to insult Frankie last night in order to be thrown into the CBB jail. Maybe with words to the effect of "Don't you oppress me!" said Life of Brian styly, sure enough, Rylan's harsh words saw Frankie's guard Ryan Moloney carting the singer off to prison…
However, in the jail Rylan found a stick of dynamite, which it's expected will be used to good effect at some point today.
Meanwhile, Frankie was instructed to invite two of the housemates to dine with him, and he chose Claire Richards and Lacey Banghard, however, they too had a secret mission which saw them having to sneak a tapping device onto Frankie's phone, which is his hotline to BB.
The purpose of this became evident later when BB announced that the housemates were to enjoy a silent disco – a staple in the diet that is the BB experience – but instead of hearing banging choons, they instead eavesdropped on Frankie's chat with BB.
During the phone call, BB asked Frankie for his opinion on each of the housemates, and as he had only kind words to say about everyone, except Speidi duo Spencer Pratt and Heidi Montag, Frankie probably again insured himself against nominations this week.
However, of what he'd had to say about Speidi, Heidi muttered, "He's just a little hater."
We will hear what he said about them in tonight's highlights from the house during the live eviction show, but for now, here are a couple of clips of the house action…
Silent disco
Claire and Lacey's secret mission


text:
DREAMS 2 by PsychopulseWatch
©2009-2017 Psychopulse
Amazing set of walls
I love both parts. You should make PT: 3.
'M lovin' it!
Hi, i like the 2 parts!!
Ohhh man I love all these walls, you should do a part three!
But who made them? Who made the Childwood one? I really love it, and needs more
Aweosme release, love the other Dream pack also.
So cute!
I loved!
I loved!
This is great too!
Love them
You're da man!
Niceley done m8 once again .
i Love them thanks
very nice wall...
Damn nice job man, damn nice!
using one now, nice simple abstract wall pack
Great job!