text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 9, 1979
|Filing date
|Mar 31, 1978
|Priority date
|Mar 31, 1978
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Christine A. Lazarz, Edward H. Cook, Jr., Lesleigh V. Scripa
|Original Assignee
|Hooker Chemicals & Plastics Corp.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (24), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (47), Classifications (20), Legal Events (1)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Chlorine is produced almost entirely by electrolytic methods, primarily from aqueous solutions of alkali metal chlorides. In the electrolysis of brines, chlorine is produced at the anode and hydrogen, together with an alkali metal hydroxide, such as sodium or potassium hydroxide, at the cathode. As the anode and cathode products must be kept separate, many cell designs have been developed. These designs have generally utilized either a diaphragm, or a mercury intermediate electrode to separate the anolyte and catholyte products.
In the diaphragm process, brine is fed continuously into the electrolytic cell and flows from the anode compartment through an asbestos diaphragm into the catholyte compartment which contains, for example, an iron cathode. To minimize back-diffusion and migration, the flow rate is always such that only part of the salt is converted. The hydrogen ions are discharged from the solution at the cathode, forming hydrogen gas and leaving hydroxyl ions. This catholyte solution, which contains sodium hydroxide and unchanged sodium chloride, is evaporated to obtain the sodium hydroxide. In the course of the evaporation the sodium chloride precipitates, is separated, redissolved, and sent back into the electrolytic cell. The function of the diaphragm is to maintain the level of concentration of alkali, to minimize the diffusional migration of hydroxyl ions into the anolyte and to maintain separation of hydrogen and chlorine. The diaphragm should also have minimal electrical resistance.
In the mercury electrode process, the cation, after discharge, forms an alloy or analgam with mercury. The amalgam flows or is pumped to a separate chamber in which it is allowed to undergo galvanic reaction, most often with water, to form hydrogen and a comparatively strong sodium hydroxide solution containing almost no sodium chloride.
The diaphragm process is inherently cheaper than the mercury process, but as the former process does not provide chloride-free alkali, additional processing steps are necessary to purify and concentrate the alkali.
Substitution of an ion-exchange membrane material for the diaphragm has been proposed. Numerous membrane materials have been suggested. For example, membranes are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,636,851; 2,967,807; 3,017,338; and British Pat. Nos. 1,184,321 and 1,199,952.
Such membranes are substantially impervious to hydraulic flow. During operation, brine is introduced into the anolyte compartment wherein chlorine is liberated. Then, in the case of a cation permselective membrane, sodium ions are transported across the membrane into the catholyte compartment. The concentration of the relatively pure caustic produced in the catholyte compartment is determined by the amount of water added to this compartment from an external source, and by migration of water, in the cell, i.e. osmosis and/or electro-osmosis. While operation of a membrane cell has many theoretical advantages, its commercial application to the production of chlorine and caustic has been hindered owing to the often erratic operating characteristics of the cells. A number of disadvantages have been present when using these membranes, including a relatively high electrical resistance, poor permselectivity and oxidative degeneration, as well as relatively high cost.
As an alternative to asbestos diaphragms and impermeable ion exchange membranes, the industry has sought a suitable porous or microporous plastic diaphragm material. The principle involved consists of producing a thin electrically conductive chemically resistant plastic sheet material having the desired degree of porosity.
Numerous references may be found relating to such membrane materials. Mention may be made more particularly to the following patents which employ techniques of compression preforming followed by fritting, or sintering, or techniques of coagulation of the mixture or the deposition of this mixture on a support.
French Pat. No. 1,491,033, of Aug. 31, 1966, relates to a process for manufacturing porous diaphragms which consists of mixing a solid additive in particulate form into an aqueous dispersion of polytetrafluoroethylene in the presence of particulate inorganic fillers, coagulating the dispersion, placing the resultant coagulum in sheet form, and removing the solid particulate additive from the sheet. The removable particulate additive generally consists of starch or calcium carbonate, and is removable by immersion of the resultant sheet in hydrochloric acid. Alternatively, the additive may also be a plastic polymer which is soluble in an organic solvent, or depolymerizable, or evaporatable upon heating of the sheet. The particulate inorganic fillers which are suitable include barium sulfate, titanium dioxide, and asbestos.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,890,417, issued June 17, 1975, teaches a method of manufacturing a porous diaphragm comprising preparing an aqueous slurry or dispersion comprising polytetrafluoroethylene and a solid particulate additive, thickening of the aqueous slurry or dispersion to effect agglomeration of the solid particles therein, forming a dough-like material containing sufficient water to serve as a lubricant in a subsequent sheet forming operations, forming a sheet of desired thickness, and removing the solid particulate additive from the sheet. The solid particulate additive can be any which is substantially insoluble in water, but which is removable by a suitable chemical or physical means. Examples indicated are starch, and calcium carbonate. U.S. Pat. No. 3,281,511, issued Oct. 25, 1966, discloses preparing microporous polytetrafluoroethylene resin sheets by mixing fine polytetrafluoroethylene powder with a carrier and a readily removable filler material, rolling the thus made dough with intermediate reorientation, so the particles are biaxially oriented. The solvent is then evaporated and the polytetrafluoroethylene is sintered at above its melting temperature, followed by removal of the filler by an appropriate solvent. The carrier material is a readily vaporizable material such as a naphtha or petroleum distillate, such as Stoddard solvent, which is a standard petroleum distillate having a flash point not lower than 100° F., comprised largely of saturated hydrocarbons.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,556,161, issued Jan. 19, 1971, relates to polytetrafluoroethylene sheet materials formed by the "slip-forming" process, comprising mixing polytetrafluoroethylene powder with a liquid such as kerosene, and then sequentially working the resultant composition by the application of concurrent compressive stress and shear stress, the sequence of operations being directed so that the shear stress components are distributed substantially biaxially, resulting in planar orientation in the resulting article. As is the case with the material found by the process of U.S. Pat. No. 3,281,511, the sheet material formed is biaxially oriented, and of high tensile strength.
These and other well known techniques, in the case of membranes rich in polytetrafluoroethylene, have not been capable of producing membranes of satisfactory mechanical properties, i.e. proper porosity, and good wettability.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a novel and improved method of producing microporous separators suitable for electrolytic cells. It is also an object of the invention to provide an improved separator for use in chlor-alkali cells and fuel cells which has a low electrical resistance, and behaves like a porous medium, having a porosity greater than about 70 percent, permitting both the passage of the current and the uniform flow of electrolyte from one compartment of a cell to another.
This invention relates to novel polymeric membranes, or separators, the method of making such separators, and the use thereof in electrochemical cells such as a diaphragm type or membrane type chlor-alkali cell.
The electrochemical cells in which the separator described herein to be used are similar to previously used cells, subject to the modifications required for the use of the specific separator. Generally, an enclosure is provided which is divided into catholyte and anolyte compartments by the separator material. In a chlor-alkali diaphragm cell, the catholyte compartment contains an appropriate cathode, generally a metallic material, such as iron. The anolyte compartment contains a conductive electrolytically-active anode, such as graphite, or more desirably, a metallic anode having an valve metal substrate, such as titanium, bearing a coating which contains a precious metal, precious metal oxide or other electrocatalytically active corrosion-resistant material or mixtures thereof. The anolyte compartment may be provided with an outlet for generated chlorine gas, an inlet for brine solution, and an outlet for depleted brine. Similarly, the catholyte compartment may have outlets for liquid caustic and gaseous hydrogen products, and generally, an inlet through which water and/or sodium hydroxide solution may be initially fed. Multi compartment cells may be used which have one or more buffer compartments, and additional separator sheets. Cells may be of conventional diaphragm cell configuration, or, alternatively, may be of the filter-press form, utilizing a plurality of individual frames of suitable material and construction.
In operation, direct current is passed between the electrodes, causing the generation of chlorine at the anode and the selective transport of hydrated sodium ions across the separator into the cathode compartment where they combine with hydroxyl ions formed at the cathode by electrolysis of water.
The improved separator of this invention is a microporous polytetrafluoroethylene material. While other fluorocarbon materials may suitably be used, polytetrafluoroethylene has been found to have the most desired chemical inertness and electrical conductivity for the purpose of the present invention. Suitable fluorocarbon polymers include polytetrafluoroethylene, polytrifluoroethylene, polyvinylfluoride, polyvinylidenefluoride, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, polyfluoroethylenepropylene, polyperfluoroalkoxyethylene, and copolymers thereof. For simplicity of description, the specification will refer to the preferred fluorocarbon polymer, polytetrafluoroethylene.
According to the present invention, a method of manufacturing a microporous diaphragm comprises preparing a dry blend of polytetrafluoroethylene powder and a solid particulate additive. To this dry blend is added sufficient organic fluorosurfactant lubricant to aid in the blending of the polytetrafluoroethylene and the pore former, resulting in a heavy, wet feeling, lumpy powdery mass. This mixture is then put through a rolling mill, where the mixture is allowed to build up on one of the rolls, producing a single sheet having a doughy consistency. Alternatively, the mixture may be extruded, either in sheet form or as a cylinder, prior to milling. This sheet may then be further rolled to the desired thickness. The sheet material, after thinning, is sintered at a temperature above the crystalline melting point of the polytetrafluoroethylene, and after cooling, is subjected to leaching, during which the pore former is dissolved. This yields a microporous separator suitable for use in electrochemical cells.
The preferred lubricant material specified for the present invention is a nonionic fluorosurfactant material having a fluorocarbon chain, F3 CCF2 CF2 . . . Such fluorocarbon surfactants are organic in nature, but due to the presence of the fluorocarbon molecules have a tendency to orient at interfaces, and to lower surface tensions of solutions more readily than hydrocarbon surfactants. Such materials consequently have extremely good wetting action, corresponding to low surface tensions. Further, as a result of the fluorocarbon nature of the material, these fluorosurfactants have a high degree of chemical and thermal stability.
A preferred example of a suitable fluorocarbon surfactant is that marketed under the trademark "Zonyl®" by DuPont. Zonyl® fluorosurfactants are available in a number of forms, including amphoteric and both anionic and cationic, as well as nonionic types, but the nonionic form has been found to be surprisingly superior. Such materials are provided in liquid form, with from 35 to 50% solids in an isopropyl/water diluent. The preferred specific material utilized in the present invention is Zonyl® FSN, a nonionic fluorosurfactant, identified as a fluoroalkyl poly (ethyleneoxy) ethanol. Surprisingly, other varieties of nonionic and cationic, anionic, or amphoteric fluorosurfactants of this nature have been found to be less effective. The fluorosurfactant is present in small concentration, and is utilized to enhance blending of the polytetrafluoroethylene and the solid particulate additive, such as calcium carbonate, to achieve uniformity of blend and to enable ready milling and rolling of the polytetrafluoroethylene composition.
Prior art has cited the use of kerosene as an organic lubricant for similar techniques. Further, the prior art has taught the use of water as the lubricant material. Kerosene has the disadvantage of being dispelled during milling, which introduces a hazard to the milling operation. It has also being found that the use of kerosene limits the amount of milling possible, since the sample becomes stiff and brittle after several passes. It has been found that kerosene does not wet polytetrafluoroethylene readily, which is also a negative factor relative to the use of water as a lubricant. The use of a nonionic organic fluorosurfactant lubricant, which wets polytetrafluoroethylene readily, gives the advantage of unlimited milling, enabling one to assure himself of total uniformity of the finished product. The fluorosurfactant, when used in correct proportions, is not dispelled during milling, and does not create the hazardous milling conditions encountered with kerosene. It has been found that while using keorsene, a static charge builds up during milling and rolling operations. A discharge or spark caused by this static build-up could result in an explosion or rapid burning of the volatile kerosene. In the present invention the lubricant is added as an isopropanol-water solution containing up to 50% by weight of the surfactant, as previously indicated. It is also noted that the amount of lubricant required is relatively low compared to techniques utilizing kerosene, comprising from 5 to 30 percent by weight of the total blend. Preferably, the lubricant comprises from 8 to 25 percent, and more preferably from 18 to 23. Lower percentages of lubricant may be utilized, but may result in more difficult working during subsequent rolling steps. Likewise, higher concentrations may be utilized, but may require provision for subsequent removal.
The solid particulate additive material may preferably be any which is substantially insoluble in water, but which can be removed by a suitable chemical or physical means which will not damage the polytetrafluoroethylene, such as leaching with a mineral acid, e.g. hydrochloric or nitric acids, or by sublimation. Exemplative are starch, for example, maize starch and/or potato starch, or a water insoluble inorganic base or carbonate, such as calcium carbonate, collodial alumina, metallic oxides, etc. Alternatively, water soluble additives may be utilized, such as sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium borate, etc. However, when using such materials the water content of the lubricant should be minimized. Such materials should have a well defined particle size. There is preferably employed a calcium carbonate, formed of particles of an average diameter of between 6.5 and 150 microns. Generally, the additive has particle diameters substantially all of which are within the range of from about 1 to about 500 microns. It has been found that lower average particle diameters will result in increased porosity. The amount of additive utilized will depend on permeability or porosity desired in the final separator. Thus, the weight ratio of pore former to polytetrafluoroethylene may be, for example, from about 10:1 to 1:1, and preferably from about 5:1 to 1:1. It is desired to obtain a porosity of greater than 70 percent, which with prior art techniques was difficult. However, with the present invention, it has been found, possible to readily obtain porosities greater than 70 percent, and even 80 percent without great difficulty.
The polytetrafluoroethylene may have a particle size range of from about 35 microns to about 500 microns or higher. Such material is available from E. I. DuPont de Nemours as, for example, Teflon® TFE-Fluorocarbon Resin 6A, or Teflon® TFE-Fluorocarbon 7A. Surprisingly, such low average particle sizes as 35 microns have been found suitable for the present calendering techniques, whereas such materials have previously been used only for molding processes.
In some cases, it may be desirable to incorporate other components in the blend which are not removed when the rolled sheet is treated to remove the particulate additive. Examples of such component could include particulate fillers, generally inorganic materials such as titanium dioxide, barium sulfate, asbestos, graphite, or alumina. Suitably, such fillers have a particle size of, for example, less than 10 microns, and preferably less than 1 micron. It has been found that when utilizing a nonionic fluorosurfactant, in place of kerosene, that the polytetrafluoroethylene/particulate filler blend is much more readily rolled, and will form a sheet relatively quickly. Further, such material is readily milled, blending to uniformity within a relatively low number of passes through a mixer, such as V-blade mixer. After rolling the polytetrafluoroethylene/particulate filler blend to a sheet material, it has been found possible to reduce the number of additional rollings required to obtain a desired thickness. Further, whereas the prior art has suggested multiple rerollings of the sheet material with reorientation of 90° between successive rollings, it has been found that such reorientation and re-rolling may be limited without undue loss of tensile strength. It has been found that excessive reorientation and re-rolling, when utilizing fluorosurfactant lubricants, yields a greater pore size distribution, thus increasing the number of smaller pores, which yields lower efficiency in chlor-alkali cell application due to increased back migration. While the total number of voids is not significantly effected, the relative sizes of the pores are varied. Accordingly, the number of reorientation steps (i.e. repositioning of the sheet at a 90° angle between successive passes through the rollers) should be limited, and in many instances one reorientation is sufficient to yield sufficient biaxial distribution of shear stresses to result in tensile strengths adequate for the proposed use of the sheet. Alternatively, tensile strengths may be improved by laminating or "sandwiching" a plurality of sheets together, in the manner of plywood.
Thus, in accordance with the present invention, it is possible to prepare a uniform blend of fluorocarbon resin and particulate filler in a limited number of blending operations, and to form such blend into a sheet of the desired thickness with a lower number of rolling operations than previously required. Further, the process of the present invention enables the production of successive separators of uniform characteristics and properties, each having similar permeabilities. This is very necessary when using separators for electrolytic cells.
The invention is illustrated in the following examples, in which all parts and percentages are by weight.
Fifty gram of polytetrafluoroethylene powder identified as Teflon® TFE Powder #6, from E. I. DuPont de Nemours, was blended with 247 grams of calcium carbonate, identified as Drycaflo 225 AB from Sylacauga Calcium Products. The teflon powder had an average diameter of 500 microns, while the calcium carbonate had a nominal size of 12.5 microns. These materials were mixed for one minute in a V-blender, after which the lubricant material was added. For Example 1, fifty milliliters of kerosene was added. For Example 2, twenty five milliliters of Zonyl® FSN fluorosurfactant was added. For Example 3, 50 milliliters of Zonyl® FSN fluorosurfactant was added. After addition of the nonionic fluorosurfactant, the blend was mixed for five minutes. The resulting mixture was then rolled between two rolls of a rubber mill. The material was rolled 23 times to achieve a final thickness of 26 to 27 mils thickness, in Example 1. For Example 2, the material was rolled 13 times to a thickness of 18 to 20 mils, while for Example 3 the material was rolled 25 times to a thickness of 11 mils. In Example 1, utilizing kerosene, sparks were observed during thinning operations. Such static charges were not observed using the fluorosurfactant of Examples 2 and 3.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________ Example 1 Example 2 Example 3__________________________________________________________________________ Lubricant Kerosene Zonyl FSN Zonyl FSN Amount 50 mls 25 mls 50 mls Reference N.B. NO. 4445 N.B. No. 4445 N.B. No. 4445 Pages 11-18 Pages 32-34 Pages 26-31 Sample Number 15-2 34-6 31-17 MILLING STAGE Prior to milling Dry blend, Semi-dry blend, Heavy, wet feeling, small lumps small lumps small lumps First pass: ability Low, sample Medium, sample High, material to form a sheet remains powdery mills in small transforms into and crumbly, needs pieces which a doughy sheet. much working to readily accept form a sheet sheet form Successive thining: Modest, some Modest, some tearing Excellent, mills ability to mill cracking noted noted readily Ability to cross mill Low, sample is stiff, Not cross milled Excellent, no difficult to mill as hesitation in rollers, rollers bind a uniform sheet results Ability to mill Very low, sample Medium, sample is Excellent, no successive thinning becomes stiff and flexible, with some resistance offered to passes brittle having a high tearing of sheet milling, a uniform tendency to break noted along with sheet results rough edges__________________________________________________________________________
The sheet materials, after thinning to the indicated thicknesses were dried in stepwise fashion at temperatures from 100° C. to 250° C. progressively, to remove all of the volatile components of the kerosene and fluorosurfactant material. After drying thoroughly, the temperature was gradually increased to a temperature of from 340° to 360° C. to sinter the polytetrafluoroethylene particles. The sintering temperature was maintained for a period of from 90 to 210 minutes. After cooling, the sintered polytetrafluoroethylene sheet was then leached successively with a hydrochloric acid solution and with nitric acid solution to remove the calcium carbonate. After rinsing, and a series of leaching and rinsing steps, the microporous polytetrafluoroethylene separator was tested for porosity by mercury intrusion. Porosities of 80.6, 80.3, and 86.3% were found for Examples 1 thru 3 respectively. These examples demonstrate that equivalent porosities may be obtained utilizing less fluorosurfactant than the kerosene of Example 1, and increased porosity when utilizing the same amount of fluorosurfactant as kerosene, as well as demonstrating improved processing capability.
The sheet materials formed in accordance with Examples 1-3 were tested in a chlorine cell. The samples were used in a standard two compartment glass mini cell operated between 85° and 95° C. The anolyte was circulated with acidified brine at a pH of 4.0. The catholyte was 100 gram per liter sodium hydroxide. The initial voltage for the cell was determined at 1.5 ASI and the indicated caustic strengths. The cell was operated, and the cell voltage determined at various times, and current efficiency calculated. The results of this experiment are illustrated in Table 2.
TABLE 2______________________________________120 gpl. NaOH 150 gpl. NaOH% CCE Voltage % CCE Voltage______________________________________Ex. 1 82.5 3.95 69.0 3.80Ex. 2 80.5 3.47 68.0 3.42Ex. 3 63.5 3.26 43.0 3.27______________________________________
Fifty grams of polytetrafluoroethylene powder identified as Teflon® TFE-Fluorocarbon Resin 7A, from E. I. DuPont de Nemours, were blended with calcium carbonate and varying amounts of Zonyl® FSN-Fluorosurfactant. The calcium carbonate had a particle size range of from 61 to 74 microns, while the PTFE had an average particle size of 35 microns. Porosities were measured for Examples 5 and 6, and all samples were tested in a glass mini-cell as set forth by Example 4. The results of these tests are set forth in Table 3.
TABLE 3______________________________________ Example 5 Example 6 Example 7______________________________________Reference N.B. No 4445 N.B. No 4445 N.B. No 4445 pages 86-90 pages 52-56 pages 47-51Sample No. 90-16 56-30 51-20Zonyl® FSN 65 mls 75 mls 100 mlsCalcium Carbonate 309 g 247 g 247 gPTFE 50 g 50 g 50 gMilling Steps 23 19 21Thickness 15 mil 19 mil 8 milPorosity, % 86.95 84.6 --CCE at 120 81.5 87.0 73.5gpl NaOHVoltage at 120 3.70 4.05 3.45gpl NaOHCCE at 150 67.5 77.0 61.0gpl NaOHVoltage at 150 3.70 4.02 3.46gpl NaOH______________________________________
Additional membranes were prepared by the technique of Examples 1-3, utilizing a variety of different lubricants, as set forth in Table 4. Fifty grams of Teflon® TFE-Fluorocarbon Resin 6, were blended with 247 grams of Drycaflo 225 AB unscreened calcium carbonate. The lubricants utilized were:
Examples 8-9: Zonyl® FSB, an amphoteric fluorosurfactant identified as a fluoroalkyl substituted betaine;
Examples 10: Zonyl® FSC, a cationic tertiary amine identified as dimethyl sulfate quarternized fluoroalkyl substituted;
Example 11: Zonyl® FSP, an anionic fluorosurfactant, identified as fluoroalkyl phsophate, ammonium salt;
Example 12: Triton® X-100 phenoxy polyethoxy ethanol surfactant available from Rohm & Haas, Inc.
For comparison, the results are illustrated in Table 4, with previous Example 3, to demonstrate the unexpected improvement obtained by the use of the specific nonionic fluorosurfactant Zonyl® FSN.
TABLE 4__________________________________________________________________________ Example 8 Example 9 Example 10__________________________________________________________________________ Lubricant Zonyl® FSB Zonyl® FSB Zonyl® FSC Amount 50 mls 75 mls 50 mls Reference N.B. No. 4445 N.B. No. 4445 N.B. No. 4445 Pages 127-128 Pages 127-133 Pages 135-140 Sample Number 127-12 133-31 140-25 Number of Millings: 22 24 MILLING STAGE Prior to milling Heavy, damp feeling, Discolored, feels Discolored, cold, small lumps damp, small lumps small lumps, some powder, obnoxious fishy smell First pass: ability Extremely poor. Low. Sample remains Low. Tears readily to form a sheet Unable to form a powdery & crumbly, into strips that sheet, very powdery, needs much working won't adhere to one flaky, little cohe- to form a fragile another easily. Much sion sheet waste Successive thinning: Modest, tearing noted, Poor. Tears into strips, ability to mill puckering, build up raggy appearance bubbles Ability to cross mill Medium. Tearing, Medium, layering evi- bubbles, cracking dent, puckers & tears noted present Ability to mill Very low. Adheres Low, sample becomes successive thinning severly to rollers, stiff, tears, holes passes tearing, puckering, develop, rippling, stiff hesistation in rollers__________________________________________________________________________ Example 11 Example 12 Example 13__________________________________________________________________________ Lubricant Zonyl® FSP Triton® X-100 Zonyl® FSN Amount 50 mls 50 mls 50 mls Reference N.B. No. 4445 N.B. No. 4445 N.B. No. 4445 Pages 141-146 Pages 146-151 Pages 26-31 Sample Number 146-14 151-9 31-17 Number of Millings: 23 24 25 MILLING STAGE Prior to milling Damp, small lumps, Dry, grainy, small Heavy, wet feeling, much powder lumps small lumps First pass: ability Poor. Sample remains Medium. Sample mills High, material to form a sheet very powdery & crumbly, into small pieces transforms into needs much working to which can accept a doughy sheet form a very fragile fragile sheet form sheet Successive thinning: Poor, fractures Modest, longitudinal Excellent, mills ability to mill readily, delaminates cracking, some tear- readily ing & ripping on surface of sample Ability to cross mill Modest. Sample becomes Medium. Sample soft Excellent, no firmer, tearing and & flexible. Skin of hesitation in rollers cracking noted sample has a tendency a uniform sheet results to blister Ability to mill Poor. Sample becomes Medium. Sample is flex- Excellent, no resistance successive thinning brittle, cracking ible with some pucker- offered to milling, a passes noted, tearing along ing & holes developing. uniform sheet results edges Liquid is dispelled on to rollers__________________________________________________________________________
These examples clearly illustrate the specific nature of this invention, with a clear demonstration that not all fluorosurfactants, or all surfactants generally, yield satisfactory results. Example 3 demonstrates the superiority of the nonionic fluorosurfactant as compared to anionic, cationic, and amphoteric fluorosurfactants, and a conventional nonionic surfactant.
The invention has been described in terms of specific embodiments as set forth in detail. Alternative embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this disclosure, and accordingly such modifications are to be contemplated as within the spirit of the invention as disclosed and claimed herein.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
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|Jul 7, 1953
|Du Pont
|Tetrafluoroethylene polymer compositions containing polyorganosiloxane lubricants
|Feb 27, 1953
|Jun 26, 1956
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|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 19, 1979
|Feb 10, 1981
|Hooker Chemicals & Plastics Corp.
|Polymeric microporous separators for use in electrolytic processes and devices
|Dec 7, 1979
|Jun 30, 1981
|General Electric Company
|Cell having catalytic electrodes bonded to a membrane separator
|Aug 7, 1979
|Sep 29, 1981
|Hooker Chemicals & Plastics Corp.
|Porous polyfluoroalkylene sheet useful for separating anolyte from catholyte in electrolytic cells
|Mar 17, 1980
|Oct 27, 1981
|Hooker Chemicals & Plastics Corp.
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|Oct 31, 1980
|Jun 29, 1982
|Diamond Shamrock Corporation
|Strengthening of carbon black-teflon-containing electrodes
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|Jul 13, 1982
|Diamond Shamrock Corporation
|One pass process for forming electrode backing sheet
|Oct 31, 1980
|Oct 19, 1982
|Diamond Shamrock Corporation
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|Oct 31, 1980
|Nov 2, 1982
|Diamond Shamrock Corporation
|Electrode layer treating process
|Oct 31, 1980
|Jan 25, 1983
|Diamond Shamrock Corporation
|Non-bleeding electrode
|May 4, 1981
|Mar 22, 1983
|Diamond Shamrock Corporation
|Gas diffusion electrode and process
|Sep 22, 1980
|Apr 19, 1983
|The Dow Chemical Company
|Method to produce a polytetra-fluoroethylene diaphragm
|Oct 31, 1980
|May 10, 1983
|Diamond Shamrock Corporation
|Electrode backing layer and method of preparing
|Feb 16, 1982
|Sep 20, 1983
|Diamond Shamrock Corporation
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|Apr 3, 1984
|Diamond Shamrock Corporation
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|Jun 26, 1984
|Diamond Shamrock Corporation
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|The Dow Chemical Company
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|Mar 11, 1988
|Apr 25, 1989
|Porelon, Inc.
|Method for making an ink-impregnated material
|Feb 5, 1987
|Sep 5, 1989
|Parker-Hannifin Corporation
|Microporous asymmetric polyfluorocarbon membranes
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|Mar 30, 1993
|Scimat Limited
|Microporous films
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|Manufacturing method of a highly conductive polytetrafluoroethylene sheet
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|Stable composite material comprising supported porous gels
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|Natrix Separations Inc.
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|Oct 14, 2008
|Jun 26, 2012
|Natrix Separations Inc.
|Composite materials comprising supported porous gels containing reactive functional groups
|Oct 3, 2008
|Jul 3, 2012
|Natrix Separations Inc.
|Composite material comprising supported porous gel containing functional groups and method of separating substances
|Jun 27, 2011
|Nov 20, 2012
|Natrix Separations Inc.
|Membrane stacks
|Oct 30, 2009
|Feb 5, 2013
|Natrix Separations Inc.
|Composite materials comprising supported porous gels containing reactive functional groups
|Oct 30, 2009
|Feb 26, 2013
|Natrix Separations Inc.
|Composite materials comprising supported porous gels
|Oct 14, 2008
|Feb 18, 2014
|Natrix Separations Inc.
|Method for separating a substance from a fluid
|Feb 2, 2004
|Oct 14, 2004
|Childs Ronald F.
|Composite materials comprising supported porous gels
|Aug 19, 2005
|Mar 16, 2006
|Aisen Seiki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Brush material for motor and manufacturing method thereof
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|Childs Ronald F
|Membrane Stacks
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|Nysa Membrane Technologies Inc.
|Composite Materials Comprising Supported Porous Gels
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|Dec 25, 2008
|Nysa Membrance Technologies Inc.
|Composite Materials Comprising Supported Porous Gels
|Sep 16, 2008
|Jan 8, 2009
|Natrix Separations Inc.
|Composite Materials Comprising Supported Porous Gels
|Oct 3, 2008
|Jan 29, 2009
|Childs Ronald F
|Composite materials comprising supported porous gels
|Oct 14, 2008
|Feb 5, 2009
|Childs Ronald F
|Composite materials comprising supported porous gels
|Oct 14, 2008
|Feb 5, 2009
|Childs Ronald F
|Composite materials comprising supported porous gels
|Oct 30, 2009
|Feb 25, 2010
|Childs Ronald F
|Composite materials comprising supported porous gels
|Oct 30, 2009
|Feb 25, 2010
|Childs Ronald F
|Composite materials comprising supported porous gels
|Sep 1, 2009
|Mar 11, 2010
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|Chromatography Membranes, Devices Containing Them, and Methods of Use Thereof
|Nov 15, 2010
|May 19, 2011
|Komkova Elena N
|Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography Membranes, and Methods of Use Thereof
|Feb 2, 1988
|Aug 11, 1988
|Parker Hannifin Corporation
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|U.S. Classification
|204/296, 264/49, 568/615, 264/127
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 28, 1982
Owner name: OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL CORPORATION
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:HOOKER CHEMICALS & PLASTICS CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004109/0487
Effective date: 19820330


text:
This audio edition of The Story of Jesus is a compelling, easy-to-follow presentation that is rooted in the clear, accessible language of the New International Version Bible. Revealing and insightful, this is the Jesus story in a concise, single narrative. Whether it's a gift, the basis for a small group, or just a keepsake you want for yourself, this is one powerful presentation you'll listen to again and again.
©2011 Zondervan (P)2011 Zondervan
"Well done! Very delightful learning experience.."
This was amazingly done in the most professional way. The different voices music and biblically correctness made this book successfully done. I will listen to it several more times.
Book Club
"Outstanding & Anointing"
This is clearly one of my top listens, the subject: Jesus and the delivery was fantastic. Clear concise and no divinity degree required.
It helped me to understand the book of John better than my reading it as self study. I have listened to this book 2 or 3 times since buying it.
Character? Umm not sure I guess listening to Jesus tell Peter 3 times he would deny him before the crow crows was outstanding but the narrator really kept the story moving.
Praise Him..
Even if you know the book of John experience this listen, you won't be disappointed.
"highly recomend"
The story of Jesus. The audio is very well read and the price is right too!!!!!!!!!
"sorry it ended"
my granddaughter and i loved it. I was sorry it ended so quickly.
It was such a wonderful rendering of the story of Jesus, whether you've known for years or never heard it before, I recommend this audio book to everyone!
Mark E. Bowser
"Life Changing! Experience the Greatest Story..."
Experience the greatest story ever told like you have never heard it before. Get touched by the Lord Jesus today!
Mark Bowser
Author of "Jesus, Take the Wheel"
"Great Book."
Excellent, inspirational it is straightforward Biblical story of Jesus. clear, easy to follow and understand.
"Praise the Lord!"
Jesus is the answer to everything. He will help you while here on Earth and provide an eternity of peace and love. Believe in Jesus!
Excellent quality! Makes the Bible come alive. And its reliable, because it is Scripture.
"Loved Listening!"
Really enjoyed this! Listened while doing mindless exercises do I could put my mind fully on the words. I have read the Bible many times, but hearing the story of Jesus" life and the early Church provided several new points to ponder and with which to re-evaluate my life.
Report Inappropriate Content
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Water Damage Boise Basement Flood Damage
Sewage Damage – Mold Remediation and Removal – Boise
You will need to have an expert whom you trust to promptly go to your home, take an exhaustive look all around your home – including your attic, basement, and crawl space – and provide you a free estimate with the goal that the work to get everything again to ordinary can start quickly. We can do water extraction Boise from wet carpet and do wood floor drying and hardwood floor drying to restore them to pre-disaster condition. We can also do complete flooded basements, mold, frozen pipes or sewage damage repair to any materials or structure which require it.
Mold – Sewage Removal – Repair Company Reviews – Boise
Crawl spaces are frequently utilized to store personal items of occasional use such as holiday decorations, seasonal clothing and other miscellaneous items. It often goes without notice but the crawl space is a very important part of a home's building structure. The concern of crawl spaces is that most of them are improperly installed and usually are vulnerable to natural elements. Basements and crawl spaces are surrounded by the earth's soil; which, depending on the climate, provides moist conditions. That's exactly what mold is looking for. Make sure that the steam from your shower has a place to go. If you have a fan in your bathroom, use it.
Flooded basements, mold, frozen pipes or sewage damage restoration company – Boise
Flooded basements, mold, frozen pipes or sewage damage services include the inspection of the affected area(s) with water sensing equipment such as probes and other infrared tools in order to determine the source of the damage and possible extent of area affected. Restoration services would then be rendered to the residence in order to dry the structure, sanitize any affected or cross contaminated areas, and deodorize all affected areas and materials. After the labor is completed, water damage equipment including, but not limited to, air movers, air scrubbers, dehumidifiers, wood floor drying systems, and sub floor drying equipment is left in the residence.
Local Disaster Repair Emergency Company – Boise
Moisture content readings are taken daily after required drying equipment is set up. The daily moisture readings are taken so if there is a certain area that might be dry then equipment can be removed or moved to an area that might not be drying as fast, this is also a way of keeping the charges under control. We use the appropriate tools for this purpose. The second stage involves evaporation of water by the use of fast air moving professional tools to increase the moisture in the air. The final two stages are dehumidification and temperature control to make sure that your structures are safe from other types of water damage.
Flooded basements, mold, frozen pipes or sewage damage repair – Boise
Whether the cause is a leaky or broken pipe, moisture damage, a refrigerator, a flooded basement, washing machine, dishwasher or water heater malfunction, a sewage damage from a sewage line break or back up, or an overflow of your sink or toilet, call REE-Construction.
Flood Damage Emergency Repair Company – Boise
Basements floods, if not dealt with quickly, can become an even bigger mess. As water sits in your basement, it seeps into every porous surface and begins eating away at your structure and your possessions. That's why responding quickly and diligently to a flooded basement emergency is so important…doing so will save you time, money, and heartache. We focus on providing a rapid response throughout Boise to any basement flood cleanup emergency and would be happy to offer a free, no obligation estimate for any work you need performed.
Flooded Basement Boise Emergency
Contrary to popular belief, pipes do not typically burst where the ice blockage is located. The expansion of the ice against the wall of the pipe does not cause it to break. Rather, after a complete ice blockage in a pipe occurs, the continued freezing and expansion inside the pipe causes pressure to increase downstream, between the ice blockage and a closed faucet at the end. Worse yet, you could end up with a burst pipe which can cause flooding and damage to your home. We can help you avoid frozen pipe disasters by reacting fast when you have a problem.
Frozen Pipe Burst Repair Company – Boise
We understand the importance to you and your family in having your home's flooded basements, mold, frozen pipes or sewage damage cleanup handled quickly and completely. And we know how much flooded basements, mold, frozen pipes or sewage damage can cost if your business is shut down. As leading water damage restoration company in Boise, Treasure Valley, Magic Valley, or Wood River Valley and Twin Falls. We can be trusted to handle all of your water restoration needs. During the extreme winter weather we experience in the Idaho, frozen water pipes can block the flow of water to your faucets and appliances. Water Damage – Flooded Basement {flood}
Disaster Damage Cleanup Emergency Repair Company – Boise
Confusion and misunderstanding surround the topic of mold and mold remediation. Some restoration businesses even make claims to remove all mold from a building. This is a fallacy. Mold spores occur naturally almost everywhere, both indoors and outdoors. These microscopic spores float along in the air and can enter a home or business through windows and HVAC systems.
Disaster Restoration Emergency Company – Boise
Flooded basements, mold, frozen pipes or sewage damage specialists – we have the experience and advanced training that enables us to restore your property quickly. We use scientific drying principles and provide validation and documentation that your property is dry and the job is complete. Anything that has been contaminated by sewage requires immediate attention to prevent the spread of bio-contaminants including bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites. In order to provide immediate service, we are available 24 hours a day, so that we can deploy our expert technician to assist you with sewage clean up.
Moisture and Basement Flood Cleanup Company – Boise
Once the structure has been tested by a water damage contractor to ensure that it is completely dry, you can begin repairing the moisture damage to get things back to normal. Typically, a flooded basement, mold, frozen pipes or sewage damage remediation company will have removed baseboards or cove base and drilled holes along the bottom of the walls to facilitate the dying of the wall cavities. A moist environment makes crawl spaces susceptible to mold and mildew growth. Mold starts to grow within a structure feeding on organic material such as wood and dirt.
The Basics of Moisture Restoration – Boise
Pad, and possibly carpet will have been removed. Damaged drywall in the ceiling that may have sagged and broken from retaining moisture will have to be repaired. And any items permanently damaged from moisture, such as; insulation, items damaged by moisture coming from the floor above, or wood floors that are beyond repair, will have to be replaced. Most moisture and flood damage contractors who perform the water removal and drying will also offer moisture repair. Before you know it, your crawl space with all your storage is destroyed. These type of conditions can extend into every part of your home if you don't take action and remedy the building environment.
Basement Flood Moisture Repair Company
A fast response is crucial to flooding and storm damage, because it reduces secondary damage and restoration costs. Storms don't wait for regular business hours and neither do we. Our technicians will respond immediately, day or night, to help Boise business owners and residents. Using state of the art machinery and equipment, we act quickly and promptly to remove sewage and repair leakage to prevent further damage and contamination. It is essential that all of the infected areas are treated immediately, whether it be floorboards, carpets, walls or furniture.
Disaster Repair – Restoration – Remediation
As part of our service, we handle the majority of the insurance paperwork and in some cases, can even direct bill the insurance carrier for you. So, you can rest easy knowing that your insurance billing and claim is handled just as expertly as the restoration process itself! If you are not planning to file a claim, you will be pleased to find that our services can be up to 30% less than other service providers.
Frozen Pipe Burst Emergency
If you have a frozen water blockage, your pipes need to be thawed as soon as possible. If you let it go for a while, thinking that morning sun may help thaw the blockage, you may end up with very costly problems to deal with. Our team of frozen pipe professionals can help you identify and quickly repair any pipe burst in your home. We will diagnose at-risk water pipes and help you insulate them after the repair to prevent future pipe bursts. This increase in water pressure is what causes the pipe to fail. Usually the pipe bursts where little or no ice has formed.
Flood Moisture Restoration Cost
In the event, you experience flooded basements, mold, frozen pipes or sewage damage due to a faulty septic system, sewer line leak or indoor plumbing problems resulting in sewage on your property, contact us immediately. Service technicians will quickly remove any unsanitary water build up in your home and contact appliance or plumbing repair services on your behalf. Having the cause addressed by a professional plumber should avoid future occurrences. In today's competitive business environment, you can't afford to loss production for lengthy repairs after a disaster – let our fully certified repair technicians help! Mold damage can be downright dangerous. Since it grows so quickly, you may not even realize there's a problem until it has spread over large areas of your home.
Flood Moisture Restoration Emergency Equipment
Whether there was a fire, flood, or other disaster, our experienced crew will repair, rebuild, and restore every inch of your building so you can get back to business as usual! Upstream from the ice blockage the water can always flow back towards its source, so there is no pressure build-up to cause a break. Water has to freeze for ice blockages to occur. Pipes that are adequately insulated along their entire length are usually safe from freezing.
Ceiling Repair Water Disaster
Having an emergency expert to call when water damage issues occur is important to evaluate quickly the problem and address the issue. You need an expert; you will have the benefits of professional emergency service company any time of the week 24/7. Trained disaster restoration specialists can evaluate the level of moisture in your property with best in industry equipment to detect the problem at its cause quickly.
Water Damage Restoration Boise Emergency
In the event you experience high water in your home or business due to a pipe leak, flash flood, flooded basement, or damaged roof, contact professional extraction services. Professional water damage restoration specialists address the issue with removal and extraction techniques designed to remove quickly and efficiently and extract the water. Contacting a professional to remedy water in your home is best to ensure water damage does not occur.
Frozen Pipe Repair Damage Restoration
If you have frozen pipes or if you've experienced water damage resulting from a frozen pipe, give us a call. We have the experience to identify the source of your frozen pipe, limit further damage, fix the problem area and insulate the pipe to prevent future problems. Attempting to address the moisture issue yourself may result in further structural damage and costly flooded basement water disaster restoration repairs. Leave the job to the professionals when it comes to water damage.
Flooded Basement Drywall Repair
As your home gets older the foundation eventually wears down. Sooner or later leaks will begin to develop in the cement or stone or block walls. The leaks will continue to grow worse and eventually become full-fledged basement flooding. The good news here is that basement flooding can be repaired quickly and effectively if you understand the source of the problem. We focus on foundation & waterproofing sealing any wall cracks and installing an interior drainage system attached to an energy-efficient sump pump. Our crack repair & waterproofing come with a lifetime, dry basement warranty. You get a dry basement and no fear of future basement flooding.


text:
View resources in:
tiếng Việt Nam
Richard Mattson - USA
Elinor Ben-Menachem - Sweden
David Chadwick - U.K.
Emilio Perucca - Italy
Roger Porter - USA
Philip Patsalos - U.K., Secretary
Reetta Kälviäinen - Finland
Blaise Bourgeois - USA
Santiago Arroyo - Spain/USA
Torbjörn Tomson - Sweden, Chair
Others to be appointed
Evidence-based Treatment Guidelines
Elinor Ben-Menachem, Chair
Reetta Kälviäinen
Richard Mattson
David Chadwick
Tracy Glauser
Methodological Issues Related to Monotherapy Trials
Michel Baulac, Chair
David Chadwick
Jacqueline French
Emilio Perucca
Long-term Efficacy and Tolerance of AEDs
Santiago Arroyo, Chair
Jacqueline French
Steven White
Elisabeth Tietz
Mike Rogawski
Richard Mattson
Ilo Leppik
Jose Serratosa
Andres Kanner
Tracy Glauser
Blaise Bourgeois
Thomas Hammeke
Sara Swanson
Pharmaceutical Drug Development of AEDs
Roger Porter, Chair
Bernd Schmidt
To advise the ILAE executive on issues related to the treatment
of epilepsy with emphasis on pharmacotherapy.
Summary of Activities for 2002
The full commission has had three meetings during 2002, the first
on 7 April in Taormina, Italy, at the Eilat Conference on New Antiepileptic
Drugs. The second meeting took place on October 6 in Madrid, Spain,
on the occasion of the European Congress on Epileptology. The third
meeting will be held in Seattle, WA, in conjunction with the annual
meeting of the American Epilepsy Society on 7 December.
The Subcommission on Evidence-based Treatment Guidelines met to
develop a guidelines manuscript in Gothenburg, Sweden in August.
The Subcommission on Monotherapy Trial Methodology will have its
first meeting on 9 December in Seattle, Washington, USA.
Interaction with Other Commissions
The Monotherapy Methodology Subcommission has been established
in collaboration with the Commission on European Affairs.
Other activities
The Commission has endorsed EURAP, an International Antiepileptic
Drugs and Pregnancy Registry, which subsequently has been presented
at all three Regional Epilepsy Congresses in 2002 (Latin American,
Asian-Oceanian and European). Information booths have been operational
at these meetings to supplement and reinforce the information presented
at the scientific sessions. As a consequence of these activities,
the registry has now been implemented in more than 30 countries
in four continents. The Evidence-based Treatment Guidelines have
also been presented and discussed by Richard Mattson at the Asian-Oceanian
Epilepsy Congress in Japan in September.
Planned Commission Activities for 2003
The Subcommission on Long-term Efficacy and Tolerance of AEDs is
organising a workshop entitled "Long-term efficacy and tolerance
of AEDs" to be held in Milwaukee, USA on 31 January. The result
of the workshop is expected to be summarized in a publication.
The Commission is in the process of organising a course on "Pharmacological
Management of the Epilepsies" 9-19 July in San Servolo, Venice,
Italy in collaboration with the Commission on European Affairs.
This will be the second course in the Venice Epilepsy Summer School
series and is part of the educational activities of the International
School of Neurological Sciences of Venice. The course is primarily
targeting physicians who are pursuing their training or are already
specialists in neurology or pediatrics and who wish to refine their
skills in the pharmacological management of the epilepsies. Subcommission
workshops are planned to take place during the San Servolo course.
The Subcommission on Evidence-based Treatment Guidelines is expected
to finalize a manuscript on recommendations on the optimal choice
of pharmacological treatment of children and adults with epilepsy,
which eventually is also intended for publication on the ILAE Website.
Date: 26 November 2002
Report by: Torbjörn Tomson, Chair


text:
Marburg, July 1st, 2009 – VI-grade GmbH, the leading provider of best-in-class products and services to bridge the gap between real world testing and technical simulation, today announced that a new business partnership has been signed with Multicorpos in São Carlos, Brasil. According to this partnership, Multicorpos will act as reseller for localized distribution and technical support of the solutions developed by VI-grade.
Multicorpos is a young and dynamic company that serves the market through the use of advanced technologies of engineering, aiming at the reduction of costs and time in the development of new products. The company's expertise ranges from multibody dynamics to finite elements and fluid-dynamics technologies. Multicorpos aims to be recognized for the customer as one of the main companies in the sector, being distinguished for the quality of its services and the excellence in its behavior. Multicorpos is located in São Carlos, 250 km from São Paulo. The city comprises two important universities, is responsible for the professional formation of a great number of Masters and Doctorates in exact sciences and accounts for many high technology companies.
"VI-grade is proud to partner with Multicorpos, efficient and respected provider of system-level engineering solutions, to bring our state-of-the-art simulation technology to their local market," said Guido Bairati, Sales Director, VI-grade. "Through Multicorpos, our customers will take advantage of direct sales and first-class technical support provided through a team of highly specialized employees in their own language, which will further expand and consolidate the VI-grade solutions in the Brasilian market."
"We are excited by the collaboration with VI-grade, leading provider of solutions used to bridge the gap between real-world testing and technical simulation in complex engineering applications," said Daniel Pisano, Sales Director at Multicorpos Inc. "Besides to distributing the VI-grade solutions, we are looking forward to a fruitful technical collaboration, that will bring mutual benefits to our customers thanks to our established knowledge in real-time technology and our expertise in virtual product development solutions acquired through a long-lasting relationship with MSC.Software."
Multicorpos was initially established in the Parque de Alta Tecnologia of Sao Carlos (ParqTec), with infra-structure and counseling support in the business area. Since then it has moved to 2 new premises, one in Sao Carlos and another in Sao Paulo city, with larger areas to attend the growing demand of the engineering market. It relies on remarkably qualified human resources since it is near two important university centers (UFSCar and USP). Multicorpos enlarged its operation areas in 2005 for manufacturing, logistics and suppliers, counting on the skilled know-how of individuals from the automobile industry with extensive professional background, as for example the Manufacturing Directory and Management of Ford South America, and Purchasing Management of the Amazon program from Ford, also. In 2007 Multicorpos entered the software representation business, adding to its portfolio MSC Software, CD Adapco, Dassault, Intercim and now VI Grade. For additional information, please visit: http://www.multicorpos.com.br.
VI-grade GmbH is the leading provider of best-in-class software products and services for advanced applications in the field of system level simulation. VI-grade, established in 2005, delivers innovative solutions to streamline the development process from concept to sign-off in the transportation industry,mainly automotive, aerospace, motorcycle, motorsports and railways. With office locations in Germany, Italy, Japan, and the USA, VI-grade is a young and growing company with a highly skilled technical team.
The VI-grade Logo and all VI-grade product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of VI-grade GmbH.


text: Treat yourself and your loved ones to a wonderfully fragranced home, with this seven reed diffuser from Ecoya. Sweet pea and white jasmine notes are elegantly melded into a light, sweet floral blend, with uplifting notes of watermelon and cucumber adding extra freshness to perfect the composition. Designed for the long-lasting, delicate filling of small to medium spaces. Diffuses fragrance for up to six months. Founded in 2004, Ecoya is a leading eco-luxe fragrance and bodycare brand. Based in Australia, they use hand-poured natural waxes and lead-free cotton wicks to craft their signature paraffin-free scented candles, in keeping with a commitment to natural and environmentally-friendly products for the home and body. Ecoyas focus on pure ingredients and meticulously blended scents has led to them becoming popular in over 25 countries worldwide, where they feature in independent boutiques and luxury department stores alike.Check stock and price


text:
Glove box handle ripped off - now what?
View Single Post
Join Date: Jan 1970
Location: Miami
Posts: 2,297
My Ride: 323,330,M3,M3,M3
View My Garage
Not DIY enough!
Just spent WAY too long resetting the dip switch codes on our outer gate and then programming my roommate's E92 M homelink (took a while to figure out how to get two buttons programmed without resetting each time... and before that we realized far too late that the battery on the remote was too weak). But now I've fixed the outer fence, reset the gate and garage, added an auto-close to the gate, and set up the homelink. So all is actually improved, home security wise, and it's more convenient as well. And now I'm pouting about the fact that it would cost me a ton to get a proper homelink in my car so that I don't have to have an exposed remote in there. I miss my tinfoil-modded coupe Homelink.
Anyway, I guess now I can go back to focusing on the glove box.
At least the fact that the crackhead broke my right side plastic piece (the one that spring loads into place when the top goes down) meant I finally got around to supergluing the one on the left so I'm not driving around with a hole in my car anymore...
Perhaps you think multi-million dollar ad campaigns make a beer taste better. Perhaps you're mouthing your words as you read this.
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text:
'Brilliant Bravissimo' – a review from a happy customer
December 8th, 2010
It's always fantastic to hear that customers are having a great fitting experience in our shops. We've read Tor's blog and she says: "If you're bigger busted and you want a bra that fits properlyand looks amazing, it's definitely worth heading down to find out how great Bravissimo is for yourself."
Click here to read the full review of Tor's visit to our Oxford Circus shop.
Our Winter collection is available now – click here to take a peak.


text:
Cosplayer Jennifer Kairis has created a Link costume that is almost ethereal. Her make-up is soft and muted as are the colors of her tunic. Even the fabric has a weathered appearance that adds to the warm, earthy feel of the look.
Of her choice of Link, Jennifer says, "One of my favorite games of all time. But why be the damsel in distress when I could be the hero."
Photographed by Brad Hills.
See more pictures after the break…
Send your cosplay tips to email@example.com.
(via Geeks are Sexy)


text:
|Thread Tools
Fabricating fiberglass body?
Hello all,
I have a tough question. I would like to get a fiberglass body for my go-kart but I wanted a hot rod style and therefore I'd need to have one custom made. Too much money that would be. Well, now I wanna fabricate my own body fiberglass body or plastic or something like that. Does anyone know how I could do that? How much would it cost? Is it possible? Any comments?
First, get a manual on working with fiberglass. Then decide if you have the ability and money to work with this construction medium. It stinks and itches.
tough problem
This is a tough problem. You will have at least several hundred bucks in materials and one big big mess. In a few words...if you want a one off body you will need to make a mold that will accept layers of glass cloth and resin which will make a shell. You will have to be able to get the shell off the mold. Hopefully the mold release works...if not... welll start over. I make big model airplanes this way as well as special molded parts. I use a variety of materials for molds. Sometimes el cheapo foam bead board works for one off molds and I can use any strong solvent to disolve the foam. Otheres I make a male mold just like what I want. Then I pull off a shell and make a female mold from it. Add a pile of stiffening, shine it up and lay in a bunch of mold release. I then lay up the final product. As you can see you will make the thing at least twice...one male ond one female so you will use a ton of material. This is a gross simplification of the process however. There is a place in Delano Minnesota that makes go kart stuff fairly reasonable. You will have to ckeck the internet or street rod mags. CST and West Systems have the glass and resins as weoll as Aircraft Spruce. None is cheap. Some are unhealthy.
Re: Fabricating fiberglass body?
Here is what I came up with:
Aero F/G
I am sure that there are several others out there...remember to use that tool that I let you in on....
Thanks for all the replies but it seems I'll give up the fiberglass idea.
Weimer, thanks a lot for that tool....WoW!!!!!!!!! It works sooo good! I owe you one! LOL
The problem is I didnt want to spend that much money on a factory fiberglass body and most of them are way too small for my go-kart. I have a 340cc 2cyl engine so the engine alone takes up a lot of space. I thought maybe making my own would be cheaper but I was proven wrong.
I think I'll have to go with plywood.......or maybe sheet metal. I'm still deciding wether I want a cobra, 32 ford or a t-bucket. Any ideas?
Thanks for the input
You can also make a "plug" out of formica to make your mold off of and what you can do is wherever you have a seem or gap you can fill it with bondo this is how we do our molds on the 16' flat bottom boats we build. after the plug is done wax it about 10 times with mold release wax then spray it with a product called duratec or a tooling gelcoat we use Black so you can see the wax haze up better seems like a lot of work to build 1 body .
Hey 12second,
Can you bend that formica into compound complex curves or are you pretty much using squared off angles for your boats. Do you make a wood frame to attach the formica to?
Always learning...and sharing what I've learned.
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You can get the thin 1/16 or1/8 inch formica laminate to make your bends you can make a frame out of anything as long as the part that is going against the fiberglass is formica . If the bend is gonna be really tight thats where you could make the radius out of bondo and shape it to your desired shape.
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text: Looking to buy a drift sock in the next week for vacation. Curious what brands you guys use and if one is better than the other. Also what size do you use? I have a 17 mako that weights about 2600lbs with three guys and fuel etc...Let me know. thanks


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I dont drink much anymore, since I got that new addition attatched to my hip as much as possible. But when I do drink, I make it a Sammuel Adams. Always a good decision!
People here in Tennessee stare at me like Im an alien for drinking Sam Adams. No offense to y'all country folk but enjoy your water uhhh I mean Natural Ice, I like my beer strong and with taste.


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A good encounter. The way it should be.
This is a discussion on Positive first encounter with LEO while carrying within the Concealed Carry Issues & Discussions forums, part of the Defensive Carry Discussions category; The experience itsself wasn't all positive, but the encounter with the deputy was all good. I had to report a break in at a storage ...
The experience itsself wasn't all positive, but the encounter with the deputy was all good.
I had to report a break in at a storage unit I rent yesterday evening. My unit is on the back side of the building, out of sight from nearby homes and the highway, and I discovered my lock cut off and the contents of my unit in dissarray. I also noticed locks missing from several other nearby units.
First off, I called the storage facility owner and left a message detailing what I found. Then I headed home and armed myself and picked up the SO ( I stopped on my way home from work and am not permitted to carry while working). We went to the hardware store and picked up a new lock (a circular type lock) and headed back to the unit.
An hour had passed since I had called the owner by the time we arrived, and I had not heard back, so I called the local sheriffs office and reported the break in. While we waited for the responding officer, we did a quick inventory and discovered the only things missing were a few boxes of DVDs. My toolboxes were undisturbed, and most of the rest was just winter stuff and odds and ends.
I also did a thourough search of the surrounding area and found several cut locks, which I noted locations of to point out to the deputy.
When the deputy arrived, I met him at the car with my DL and CCW permit in hand, and informed him I was armed. His reply was "Good, thats what I like to hear."
I assisted the officer in any way possible, and he seemed to appreciate the fact I was willing to stick around and give him a hand. I assume deputies in these large, primarily rural counties, who have to respond alone, probably do appreciate helpful citizens.
All in all, a very good experience, and it's good to know local LE likes people to take responsibility for their own safety.
A good encounter. The way it should be.
Helpful hints on pushing back and strengthening the 2A:
dvds= easy to sell at a pawn shop, hard to i.d., toolboxes=possible serial numbers, easy to i.d.
the thief obviously has done this before. i say you camp out in your storage unit for a few nights and see if he comes back. lol.
Sorry you had to go through that. At least there wasn't much taken. Sounds like it was probably some misfit kids. Someone who was trying to really get some money from the property would have also taken the tools. I had a surplus of tools a few years ago so I took a spare toolbox and filled it with the extra tools and took it to a pawn shop. I got a really good sum of money for them. Of course there is probably a good sum of money to be made from the boxes of DVDs as well.
Glad the experience with the LEO was positive.
Welcome to DC! Sorry to hear about your situation, but i'm always happy to hear about positive LEO encounters. Most LEO's share the same viewpoint.
It's good to hear about good encounters with law enforcement. I know it was your stuff, but the loss seems small compared to what it could have been. Good odds some things will turn up somewhere and be traceable back to the thieves. Hope they are caught.
I can't say that I've ever had any encounters or conversations with LEOs where they had any problems with legally armed and responsible citizens that carry for self defense. But for some reason I find that a lot of pro gun people have the perception that LEOs are against citizens legally carrying for self defense. When the LEO sees your CCP he knows that you are a law abiding citizen.
I'm glad that your LEO was such a good encounter. I'm also glad you shared it. Sorry about your DVDs 'tho.
Serve my country, swear an oath to protect it, pay my taxes, fly old glory in the front yard, love and protect my family, honor the vets before me and help fellow americans in need.
By definition my country now calls me a radical
The way things looked, and from the deputy's POV, the perp was probably grabbing a few things to make a quick buck, then planning on coming back with a buddy to load up the heavier stuff later. We've had a rash of storage unit robberies here lately, and they usually take tools and valuable scrap items.
If you think about it, most folks might not check on a unit for months and the theft might not be discovered for a while.
Stole DVD's and left the tools...sounds like someone had a bunch of micro wave popcorn and had the cable cut off for not paying the bill. I personally would have rifled through the tool box for a good torque wrench.


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Yup moving day is coming soon! I can tell because there's more stuff in boxes than not and everyone's so busy busy! In two weeks we'll be on the road and heading all the way across Canada to Nova Scotia. It's going to be quite the adventure. The three of us in our little car following Aunty Pam, Steph and their dog Disney in their car.
Today was a little cooler than yesterday. It was a wee bit too warm yesterday for my liking. I have to just take it easy when it's that hot because I get too hot otherwise. Olivia (my Chi) loves it hot.... she just comes to life and sits in the sun and bakes !! She still runs around and plays and acts like a maniac.
This morning we went for a nice long walk .... ahh a great walk, nice breeze, and I was such a good boy!! One of our neighbourhood bunnies was out too and I didn't act like a hooligan I just saw him and then looked at Mum and kept heeling. Mum said I was a VERY GOOD BOY!! And I got a great big hug and a treat !!
We saw a baby Robin that must have just left it's nest too ... he didn't have the flying thing down too well yet, so Mum kind of herded him into a nearby bush so that the cats wouldn't see him.
Mum made a point of taking some time to sit and enjoy the yard today so that was nice. We sat there together watching Olivia be busy busy busy !!
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text: Posted May 15, 2014 Link Here is just one of the several web sites I visit from time to time that follows the NFL, and I found it kind of interesting that they believe that some of the very players that we were at least reported to be possibly interested in making our first pick made their draft steals list. And, it's always nice to see your team's player on the list. Some say that nothing jumps out at them about Ealy, but you can't deny his production in college football's best conference I wonder if Kelvin Benjamin would have made this list hadn't we picked him up. I really don't believe that he would have. I can't say that he would have made it out the first round. 10. Aaron Murray 9. Carlos Hyde 8. David Yankey 7. Cody Latimer 6. Morgan Moses 5. Jordan Tripp 4. Derek Carr 3. Kony Ealy (DE | Carolina Panthers) Ealy is a big-time playmaker Playing on one of the best team's in college football, Ealy posted a monster 2013 season. In 14 games, he recorded 14.5 tackles for a loss and 9.5 sacks, while also forcing three fumbles and intercepting a pass. In other words, he's a disruptive presence on the field. But for some reason, that wasn't enough for most NFL teams, as the speed rusher fell all the way to No. 60, where the Panthers grabbed him late in the second round. 2. Marquise Lee 1. A.J. McCarron Hit on the link to see their remaining summaries. Like anything else, it's all guesswork, but it's not like there's much of anything else going on. Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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Ride Along with Bill Auberlen in the Turner M3 at the Circuit of the America's Trackby Mark Jurista on February 15, 2013 at 10:52:07 AM
Watch this amazing video showing off Bill Auberlen in a Turner M3 traversing the new Circuit of the America's F1 Track in Austin Texas.
Be sure to TUNE IN to watch the Grand-Am Rolex series race LIVE on SPEED March 2nd at 5:30PM EST.
Victories for BMW in Daytona Prototype, GT and Street Tuner Class - Grand-Am Racingby Tim Jones on June 25, 2012 at 06:20:01 PM
With seven races of the 13 race 2102 Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series complete, BMW Power is back on top of the Daytona Prototype class. It is familiar territory for 2010 and 2011 class champion Chip Ganassi Racing with Felix Sabates (CGRFS) drivers Scott Pruett and Memo Rojas, but this season has been very different than the domination shown in previous years where the duo won 14 of 24 races. A myriad...
Turner Motorsport Finishes Second in GT at Road America - Back to Back Podiumsby Tim Jones on June 25, 2012 at 02:56:39 PM
Bill Auberlen and Paul Dalla Lana, driving the No. 94 Turner Motorsport BMW M3, finished second in Saturday's two-hour Rolex 250 at Road America, in Elkhart Lake, Wis. The duo's second consecutive GT class podium finish - following a win at Mid-Ohio two weeks ago - moves the Turner Motorsport team to fourth in the GT point standings. Turner Motorsport now heads into the second half of the 2012 Grand Am...


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The Canisius College baseball team was chosen to repeat as champions of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference in the preseason coaches poll. Senior Jimmy Luppens was a unanimous selection as the MAAC Preseason Player of the Year.
The Golden Griffins, who won the program's first MAAC Championship in 2013, earned 117 points in the 11-team coaches poll. Behind Canisius was new MAAC member Monmouth (103), Rider (95), Siena (86), Marist (77) and Fairfield (69). The MAAC Championship will feature six teams for the first time and be played May 21-25 at FirstEnergy Park in Lakewood, N.J. Following Fairfield was Manhattan (57), Niagara (37), Saint Peter's (31), Iona (28) and Quinnipiac (26).
The Griffs were selected to finish in the top three of the MAAC standings for the seventh consecutive season and picked to finish first for the fourth time (2008, 2009 and 2012).
Luppens, a 2013 First-Team All-MAAC selection, is the first Golden Griffin to be named the MAAC Preseason Player of the Year since Kevin Mahoney in 2009. As a junior in 2013, Luppens tied for the team lead with a .360 batting average and led the MAAC in on-base percentage (.465). The Wading River, N.Y. native ranked third in the MAAC in batting average, home runs (five) and RBI (48) and was fifth in slugging percentage (.495). Following the season, Luppens earned ABCA All-Northeast Region Division I First-Team honors as well as ECAC Division I All-Star accolades.
Canisius went 42-17 in 2013, setting a program and MAAC record with the 42 victories. The Griffs won the MAAC Championship and advanced to the NCAA Tournament for the first time in program history, playing in the Chapel Hill Regional. The Griffs return seven position players in the starting lineup and 12 players who started at least 20 games. Canisius also returns three of its top four starting pitchers and five relievers who appeared in at least 10 games.
Canisius opens the 2014 season with four neutral-site games at the USA Baseball Complex in Cary, N.C. The Golden Griffins face Albany on Friday, Feb. 14, with first pitch set for 1 p.m.


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Boxing News
Arboledo injured: critical
Panamanian super bantamweight Jose "Maco" Arboleda fights for his life at Santo Tomas Hospital in Panama City. Two people died and 30 others (Including Arboleda) were Injured when the driver of a public transportation bus lost control of the vehicle and rolled out of the road, going over a cliff. It's still not clear if "Maco" was one of the passengers in the bus or was doing his morning jogging on the way to the community of Kuna Nega. Arboleda (23-4-2, 9 KOs) remains in critical condition at the intensive care unit of the Hospital.


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Pricing Door Panels/Headliner
I know that an interior job has many variables, but what I was wondering if anyone would be daring enough to give me a ballpark figure on what I should expect to pay someone to create a headliner and two doorpanels, with a very simple design like a half oval spanning most of the door and raised bowtie about 2inches across below the oval. I have armrests and doorpull kits already purchased and plan to cover the panels myself. Any estimate at all is appreciated and gravely needed.
Door panels
I think on the door panels if you are wanting to cover them yourself you might want to check out roddoors.com and see if they have something you can use. It might be hard for an upholster to design without covering themselves. But from past expericece it was around $280 each for custom door panels complete. On the headliner if its an original one you are looking for depending on the vehicle it should be no more than $125 but if you have it custom made you might figure $200 to $300 not installed. We had a custom made headliner for an old 38 Ford which was $260 done in cloth not installed.
Thanks Restore60s that is just what I was wanting to know. I kind of hate the thought of using Roddoors simply because their prices on most stuff is so expensive plus if i buy the model specific I might as well go with the orginal there will be so many people that have that same interior. I just would like to have mine with a little more of a custom flare on the interior. Does anyone know of another company that does panels ready to be covered? I assume there arent any because I have looked and all that seems to pop up is Roddoors. Anyways thanks for the help I now kind of have an idea on what I need to be saving! You were a big help Restore60s!
Door Panels
Your welcome. I talked to a guy that sells material & does some custom work. His suggestion was to buy some vinyl top padding (Foam) draw out your design on the foam, cut it out & glue it to your panel then cover your panel with a tweed or some cloth material. He suggested using 3M 8090 trim glue so you don't have to buy 5 gallons of upholsters glue.
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Trayvon and Lean/Purple Lean/Purple Drank
Posted in the Texas Forum
1 - 20 of 49 Comments Last updated Jan 17, 2014
United States
#1 Jun 8, 2012
This is a very interesting part of the TRAYVON MARTIN story that is not getting a lot of press. But it was widely reported that the young lad was simply buying "Arizona Ice Tea and Skittles" from the 7-Eleven store.
Turns out that we parents are unaware that there is a drug drink made from Arizona Watermelon drink and Skittles candy and then mixed with OVER THE COUNTER cough medicine (Robitussen and similar brands) that makes a very potent drug.
Not only is there now all sorts of evidence popping up that Trayvon Martin was abusing drugs, but it also is a warning to parents all over America that simple combinations of commonly available goods can be some serious drugs in the hands of our kids.
The drug is called LEAN or PURPLE LEAN or PURPLE DRANK. It is very likely that Trayvon Martin was on his way to make some more LEAN the night he was shot, the coroner's report shows that his liver was damaged in a way that is consistent with the use of LEAN/PURPLE LEAN/PURPLE DRANK. Martin also may have bought a blunt at the convenience store, they empty the tobacco out of the cigar and fill it with marijuana, and he may have smoked it before his encounter with Zimmerman. Marijuana and Purple Lean are a popular combination with rappers and thugs.
Keep an eye on your kids and grandkids. Those seemingly innocent items such as Arizona watermelon drink and Skittles the young people are toting around or buying at the store may be a lot more dangerous to them than you think.
You should have to be over 18 years old, and you should have to show ID, to be able to buy cough syrup, to prevent our kids from making Lean/Purple Lean/Purple Drank. You cannot prevent the kids from buying Arizona watermelon drink and Skittles.
Please send this info to every newspaper, everyone needs to know about Lean/Purple Lean/Purple Drank, and the parents especially need to know. The newspaper reporters need to do some research on Lean/Purple Lean/Purple Drank, and they need to report it to the people. Seriously!
All of the street rats know what Lean/Purple Lean/Purple Drank is, and this whole time they knew that Arizona watermelon drink and Skittles are used to make Lean/Purple Lean/Purple Drank. Some rappers even sing songs about Lean/Purple Lean/Purple Drank. But none of us parents had a clue. Parents need to know this info.
The newspaper reporters need to do some research on Lean/Purple Lean/Purple Drank, and they need to report it to the people. Seriously, please send this info to the newspapers so that they can investigate and report. People need to know about Lean/Purple Lean/Purple Drank.
#2 Jun 9, 2012
Please send this info to your favorite newspaper, and ask them to investigate and report.
Seriously! People need to know about this, and especially the parents need to know.
#3 Jun 19, 2012
How odd to post that "it was likely" that Trayvon Martin had purchased a blunt. THC can be detected in the system for weeks. You haven't the slightest reason to think that and the toxicology report states that the liver had none of these "damages consistent with" the use of "Purple Drank". If it is your intent to portray the murder victim in such a way that you and your ilk can feel he deserved to be killed, just say so instead of hiding behind what you have decided is fact and your being a concerned parent. I don't know all the facts but neither do you. The Zimmerman's have already been proven to have lied to the court about their funds and passport. Doesn't look like they're the model citizens you'd like to think they are either, but you don't seem to point any of this out. Instead you focus (or speculate)that Trayvon Martin was a bad guy. Why is this ? What is the real nature of your support for Zimmerman and your condemnation of Martin? Can you honestly say ? What about Zimmerman approaching Martin when he was told not to ? What about carrying a gun when the policy of the Watch group was not to carry one? What makes you think Zimmerman is to be celebrated for killing a person? You may have some soul-searching to do because there may be some deeper reasoning behind your opinion. You seem to have some ability to use your brain, but if you look at the actual facts of the case you may find a flaw or two in your view. Maybe you won't, but at least base your opinion on something real. We weren't there so we don't really know what happened,but let's not use conjecture to form an opinion and post it as fact. That doesn't seem like something an intelligent person would do.
United States
#4 Jun 21, 2012
George Zimmerman's re-enactment of Trayvon Martin shooting
(This video is on You Tube)
I fully believe that George Zimmerman is telling the truth, and I totally believe that it was self defense. Zimmerman should not be charged.
#5 Jun 30, 2012
Zimmerman will walk free. It was self defense.
#6 Jul 6, 2012
Go fkurself racist ahol, you're clearly the one with the "agenda" here. u shot your own credibility right up the poopchute.
#8 Sep 8, 2012
It is not proven, but speculation, that he approached Trayvon after he was asked not to. The policy to not carry a gun for the watch was while they were on duty, he was not. Take an objective look at it and you will see that we don't know what happened. It's possible that Trayvon attacked George and George defended himself, just like it's possible that George attacked Trayvon. Instead of asking the inflammatory speculation on the part of the black racists who support Trayvon for no other reason than he was black, maybe you should actually investigate what facts are available so you won't ask such inane questions that have already been answered in the future.
#9 May 26, 2013
So sad all of this. I read that Trayvon Martin had a bad record in school and also with the police. His e-mails showed he was violent and he, being black and of the minority class, could have been looking for a fight. Zimmerman was white and was available as an excuse to give vent to deep-seated anger. I feel Zimmerman was unwise to approach him but feel he had a right to defend himself. Maybe Martin was on drugs...the autopsy should show this. The report was his mom couldn't control him and he was to go live with his dad...he was kicked out of school at that time too. I feel he was aggressive when zimmerman had decided to go back to the car...all happened afterward.
#10 Jul 6, 2013
Who ever calls the cops for help and then commits murder. Zimmerman is innocent.
#11 Jul 6, 2013
Yeah, who ever calls the cops for them to show up and while waiting for them commits murder! Zimmerman is innocent.
#12 Jul 6, 2013
No gun, no incident. Without the weapon Zimmerman would have stayed in the car. Even if Treyvon got the best of him, it's still at least manslaughter because Zimmerman totally provoked the incident. Being a neighborhood watch member or CC holder gives him no rights. We'll see what the jury says.
#13 Jul 9, 2013
Guess how the toxicology report turned out in trial? Yes, THC in Trayvon's system. So your self-righteous post doesn't look so good now. The cops testified GZ was telling the truth. Black neighbors supported GZ's testimony about calling for help on the 911 call. Sorry to disappoint Al Sharpton.
#14 Jul 9, 2013
No, it's not manslaughter when the decedent decided to beat down the "cracker" who was suspicious about a stranger who was darting in and out of the houses (burglary prep?) and was not trying to avoid the rain. It's self-defense.
#15 Jul 10, 2013
Zimmerman didn't testify. If he's found innocent, that means that CC holders can be aggressors in deadly incidents.
#16 Jul 10, 2013
Or that the prosecutions arguement was weak which consisted of primarily circumstantial evidence. This shouldn't even have went to trial. If some people will look at the facts alone it is riddled with reasonable doubt. Face it. It's horrible that this 17yr old will never have the opportunity to become a man but it is what it is. I blame lack of parenting of Sabrina and tracee. If u talk like a thug, act like a thug, and look like a thug (gold teeth not bc of hoodies) then you're probably a thug.
#17 Jul 10, 2013
The evidence which was not circumstantial was that a self-styled "home guard" followed an unarmed black child and shot him. He had no good reason to follow the boy in the first place, and has no authority by virtue of owning a concealed carry license. No matter what happened in the end, Zimmerman clearly instigated the incident. Even if he was playing would be cop and got owned, he still had no right to shoot Martin. He was the instigator. Or are you really going to give CC holders a license to kill when their stupid investigations go wrong? A CC gives you no right to chase people around in the dark with a gun.
#18 Jul 11, 2013
Three blacks on the jury are going to vote guilty, that's a given. Will the remaining jurors have the guts to hang the jury?
#19 Jul 14, 2013
Last i checked, it is not illegal to follow someone. He followed a suspcious person, 6 foot 2, 170 pounds, would look like a grown man to most people. He didnt have xray vision so he didnt know if this other person was armed or not. He was attacked and after fighting for his life and screaming for help for 30 seconds and no help came, he defended himself with deadly force, self defense.
#20 Jul 14, 2013
Zimmerman IS NOT white. He is MEXICAN. HE is as white as Obama is black.
#21 Jul 14, 2013
This post is bs.
Nice way to morph purple drank/lean from cough syrup mixed with Sprite and Jolly Ranchers to cough syrup mixed with Arizona Watermelon tea and Skittles.
If the shoe don't fit, squeeze your stinky feet into them and call them perfect.
Your devious stretch is shameful, Nick.
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