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The Great Republic by the Master Historians
National Defence
Bancroft, Hubert H.
The standing army of the Republic used to consist of 25,000 men. After the Spanish war it was increased to 65,000, and at the turn of the century it was enlarged to 100,000. The United States can call out a fighting force of regulars, militia, and reserves numbering over 10,000,000 men. Increased responsibilities and expansion of area involve extra means of defence. When the newly acquired territories lie far from the centre of power, those risks and duties are intensified.
The War Department expenditures for the fiscal year 1900 were $134,774,767.78, a reduction of $95,066,486.69 from those of 1899.
In the Navy Department the expenditures were $55,-953,077.72 for the year 1900, as against $63,942,104.25 for the preceding year, a decrease of $7,989,026.53.
In this connection it is interesting to note that at the end of the fiscal year there were on the pension roll 993,225 names, a net increase of 2,010 over the fiscal year 1899. The number added to the rolls during the year was 45,344.
The amount disbursed for army pensions during the year was $134,700,597.24 and for navy pension $3,761,-533.41, a total of $138,462,130.65, leaving an unexpended balance of $5,542,768.25 to be covered into the Treasury which shows an increase over the previous year's expenditure of $107,077.70. There were 684 names added to the rolls during the year by special acts passed at the first session of the Fifty-sixth Congress.
The ever-growing cost of wars makes it of vital importance to strike swiftly and mightily when the time comes. The cost in human life and suffering is thus kept at a minimum, as well as the money outlay, which is relatively so much greater when a country is found unprepared. It has been estimated that the average daily cost of the Civil War was at least $2,000,000; while it is believed to have been $3,000,000 daily for the hundred days preceding its close. According to Mulhall the wars of ninety years, down to 1880, involved an expenditure of $14,778,000,000, besides the loss of 4,470,000 lives. The cost of our Civil War is given at $3,589,000,000. "This evidently does not include expenditures since the close of that war for property destroyed, nor the pension roll of thirty- three years,-all the direct result of the war. The Treasury accounts for these items even so long ago as June 30, 1879, amounted to $2,500,000,000. No separate accounts of such expenditures have been kept since that date, except for pension payments, which alone aggregate, for that period, $1,800,000,000, making a grand known total of nearly $8,000,000,000 to the present year, while pension payments will not cease for many years to come." So states Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Vanderlip.
The eight months' war between Germany and France is said to have cost, in all, about $1,500,000,000. The military burden under which European nations groan may be understood by the following published statement: The annual war appropriations of Russia amount to about $148,000,000; of Germany, $141,000,000; of France, $123,000,000; of Great Britain, $88,000,000; of Austria, $86,000,000; of the United States, $51,000,000; of the Italy, $45,000,000; of Turkey, $20,000,000. The army of France costs yearly $3 per capita; of Germany, $2.70; of Austria, $2.05; of Russia, $1.15; of Turkey, 59 cents; of Italy, $1.52; of England, $2.32, and of the United States, 68 cents.
Our war with Spain cost an average of $1,250,000 a day, according to the above quoted authority.
The navy of the United States has always been comparatively small but exceptionally efficient. Its record in the war of 1898 was a proud one, as has been shown in preceding pages. It was deemed necessary to add to the number of the best ships that the navy of the Republic should be commensurate with its rank as a first-rate power. Congress appropriated $50,000,000 for the national defence immediately before the outbreak of the war with Spain, of which nearly $30,000,000 was allotted to the navy. Of this over $17,000,000 was spent in the purchase of the auxiliary navy, a motley assortment of yachts, tugs, cruisers, torpedo-boats, and carrying craft. This was independent of the hire of the City of New York, City of Paris, the St. Louis and St. Paul, Atlantic liners, each costing above $2,000 a day.
The great battle-ships are expensive necessities. The bill for the Oregon was $3,791,777. Secretary Long urged the need of new docks, declaring that the most decided weakness of the United States navy is at present its inferior docking facilities. A modern war-ship should be docked every few months; but of the eleven government docks, nine on the Atlantic and two on the Pacific coast only a few are capable of docking a full-size battle-ship, and one of these is at Puget Sound. For the year ending June, 1897, before the Spanish war was on the carpet, the cost of the navy reached seventeen and a half millions, an increase of about two millions over the preceding year. Since that date we have secured a splendid docking and coaling station in the Hawaiian Islands.
The necessity for an enlarged navy was urged by Secretary Herbert when the victory in Manila Bay was undreamt of. Anticipating future possibilities, he suggested that history may repeat itself:
"The gigantic naval preparations made and making in Europe sufficiently indicate, especially if Great Britain be involved in it, that the next great European maritime struggle will be as desperate as were the long wars of the Napoleonic era. Like those, it will be a war for national existence. Commerce will henceforth be even more essential to the British Isles than it was then; for with their increased population they could not long subsist without imported food. It is idle to say that the rules of international law are more humane, or that they are better understood, or that they are better protected by treaties than they were a hundred years ago. The rights of neutrals have depended in the past, and will depend in the future, in every life and death struggle between nations, whatever treaties may say, upon the exigencies of the hour.
When Great Britain and France were at war, each preying upon the commerce of the other, the carrying trade of Europe fell naturally into American hands.
All naval powers have now prepared themselves with commerce-destroyers. The moment these are turned loose, the commerce of all the warring nations will seek the protection of some great neutral power,-which means that it will come under our flag. To illustrate, the Confederate cruisers were few in number. They destroyed altogether only about 175 vessels, most of them sailing ships, and many of small value; and yet these few enemies drove more than seven hundred American ships to the British flag, many of them never to come back.
It is no sufficient answer to say that in 1810 we were seven millions, that now we are seventy millions, that our resources for the upbuilding of a great navy are second to none in the world, and that therefore our rights would be respected. Our naval and military prestige and our wonderful physical and material resources are no doubt quite sufficient to cause any statesman not under stress of some controlling necessity to think twice before provoking us to war; but who can believe, that, in the midst of a desperate struggle, any great naval power would, for fear of retribution at some future day, imperial its existence by taking account of the rights of a neutral power which was for the time being unable to maintain them? If America is to profit by the lessons of the past, she will always have on hand a navy which can, at the moment when it is needed, take care of itself and of all the commerce which may at any time be or desire to be under our flag. This does not mean that we need a maritime force as large as that of Great Britain, or even of France; but it does mean that our navy should always be so formidable that no power could ever deem it wise, even for the moment, to offend against the rights of our flag upon the seas."
Captain A. T. Mahan makes a powerful plea in his masterly book on "The Influence of Sea-Power Upon History," for a strengthened American navy. He is no dreamer of a faerie era when swords and battle-ships will be disused and the art of war be forgotten. His conviction is that strength, and the discreet display of it, is the best insurance against troubles of the international kind.
["Our only rivals in potential military strength are the great powers of Europe. These, however, while they have interests in the Western Hemisphere, to which a certain solidarity is imparted by their instinctive and avowed opposition to a policy to which the United States, by an inward compulsion apparently irresistible, becomes more and more committed, have elsewhere yet wider and more onerous demands upon their attention. Since 1884 Great Britain, France, and Germany have each acquired colonial possessions, varying in extent from one million to two and a half million square miles,-chiefly in Africa. This means, as is generally understood, not merely the acquisition of so much new territory, but the perpetuation of national rivalries and suspicions, maintaining in full vigor, in this age, the traditions of past animosities. It means uncertainties about boundaries,-that more fruitful source of disputes when running through unexplored wilderness,-jealousy of influence over native occupants of the soil, fear of encroachment, unperceived till too late, and so a constant, if silent, strife to insure national preponderance in these newly opened regions. The colonial expansion of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is being resumes under our eyes, bringing with it the same train of ambitions and feelings that were exhibited then, though these are qualified by the more orderly methods of modern days and by a well-defined mutual apprehension,-the result of a universal preparedness for war, the distinctive feature of our own time which most guarantees peace."]
To the argument that a navy for defence is all we shall ever need, Captain Mahan replies:
"In a certain sense we all want a navy for defence only. It is to be hoped that the United States will never seek war except for the defence of her rights, her obligations, or her necessary interests. In that sense our policy may always be defensive only, although it may compel us at times to steps justified rather by expediency-the choice of the lesser evil -- than by incontrovertible right. But if we have interests beyond sea which a navy may have to protect, it plainly follows that the navy has more to do, even in war, than to defend the coast; and it must be added, as a received military axiom, that war, however defensive in moral character, must be waged aggressively if it is to hope for success.
Another former Secretary of the Navy, Senator Chandler, ventures an imaginative glance at the navy of the twentieth century:
"According to my notion, it will be thought fifty years hence that six million dollars is too large a sum to risk in a single war-ship, and that it is better to build two or three of less size for the same money. I am strongly inclined to think, that, under twentieth-century conditions, two or three comparatively small fighting vessels, powerfully armed and very speedy, may do much more execution and accomplish more effective results than one huge floating fortress. One trouble about modern battle-ships is that they are apt to be obsolete by the time they are finished, and a few years hence we may find our boasted sea- fighters relegated to rust in the navy-yards, alongside of the old-time wooden frigates. It is the experience of foreign nations that any type of iron-clad vessel becomes so out of date in about ten years as to be almost useless.
"The use of the torpedo in naval warfare will be greatly developed in the course of the next fifty years. Of the employment of torpedo-boats I have always been a strong advocate; but the lessons of recent history point to the conclusion that small craft of this kind are too vulnerable to be of much practical service, unless for scouting duty, or to steal upon an unsuspecting foe at night. This latter move, indeed, is rendered almost impracticable by the detective search- light. Probably the torpedo-boat of the future will be of considerable size, and will carry a fair battery of rapid-fire guns, so as to be able to put up some sort of fight, while seeking a chance to deliver its more deadly and destructive missile.
"The ship of the future will possess an astonishing activity, traversing immense distances at a high rate of speed, and with a small consumption of fuel. A very notable point about our war-ships of the present day is their low fuel consumption on long voyages; but this has always implied slow going, the coal consumption running up with a startling multiple when speed is increased.
"If my theory be correct, the armored ship of the twentieth century will be regarded, like the mail-clad fighting man, as a relic of the past, and the war- vessel will take its chances in conflict, just as the soldier does to-day. Perhaps the war-ship may retain a light protective coat, very strong for its thickness, but the enormously heavy plates now in use will be dispensed with, simply for the reason that they interfere too much with the activity and serviceableness of the dirigible floating platform which carries the guns. Our new battle-ship, the Kearsarge, carries no less than twenty-seven hundred tons of armor, -- a weight so gigantic as to render her clumsy and sluggish.
"Already our own navy department has come to realize that armor has been overdone, and the thickness of the steel plates is to be much reduced in the newly ordered war-ships. This, unquestionably, is a step in the right direction.
"The increase of our navy depends wholly upon a determination to develop our merchant marine. If the latter is revived, our fighting force on the seas must be increased proportionately, and before the end of the twentieth century we are likely to find ourselves only second in rank among the nations of the world in respect to sea power, Great Britain still holding the first place. But commerce must come before a larger navy; for, lacking the pugnacity of Germany France, and Russia, we are not likely to build up a great fighting force on the ocean merely with a view to making ourselves formidable in a martial sense. Our first duty is to revive our carrying trade in ships suitable for naval service in time of war."
Senator Chandler's last remark suggests a recurrence, not strictly out of keeping with the subject in hand, to the keenly discussed question of paying bounties, to secure the growth of a merchant marine. Mr. Alexander R. Smith, writing in the Forum, in reply to a former Commissioner of Navigation, Captain Bates, closes his argument thus:
"The present Commissioner of Navigation estimates that the bill (before the Fifty-sixth Congress) will never involve payments from the national treasury exceeding nine millions of dollars, and that the average will be from five to six millions of dollars for twelve or fifteen years. This measure conformed to the recommendations in the President's annual message, and to those in the reports of Mr. Gage, the Secretary of the Treasury, and of Mr. Chamberlain, the Commissioner of Navigation. The bill had the support of members of both the great political parties in Congress. It was reported without opposition from the Senate Committee on Commerce, and was favorably reported by the House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. If it should become a law, and its provisions should be accepted by our ship-owners, present and prospective, these will be compelled to construct at least 600,000 tons of new shipping in American ship- yards within five years.
"The United States is now confronted with the fact that the ships of other nations are built more cheaply and operated for less money than are American ships. In addition, foreign nations pay to their merchant shipping subsidies, subventions, and bounties aggregating $25,000,000 a year. If American ships are to compete, their owners must be fortified to meet the unequal conditions against them; while the aid that will be given by future ships and seamen in the event of war makes compensation doubly justifiable. Such aid will give us, as Thomas Jefferson once said in a great state paper, the home-build ships and citizen seamen essential to the national defence. It will not lead us into any of those diplomatic tangles which are inevitable when the policy of discriminating duty is adopted; and the bounty system, being patterned after foreign policies, will necessarily estop foreign governments from offering objection to its adoption."
Terms Defined
Referenced Works


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(Caption: The river Shannon in a Terrible Photo). Having never watched Conan's show before, one of my Irish acquaintances posted this video… Read more When in Chicago
Author: Quoide9euf
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Littleton observance salutes community members who made 'the ultimate sacrifice'
By JOHN KOZIOL
Union Leader Correspondent | May 26. 2014 8:49PM
A veteran helps a Cub Scout place a small wooden wreath on a plaque dedicated to one of the 50 Littleton residents who have died in conflicts from the Civil War to the war on terror. John Koziol (JOHN KOZIOL/Union Leader Correspondent)
"Tell them how they are missed/And say not to fear/It's gonna be alright/With us down here," the final stanza implores, "Let them in, Peter …"
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text: For sale is a brand new Palm T|X. I powered it on once and decided then and there that I won't be needing this. I bought it with full intentions for using it to get my life more organized but I'm going to have to accept the fact that I'm just ridiculously too busy right now. Otherwise this is a really cool device that allows you to check your e-mail, surf the web, listen to MP3s, view Office documents, view pictures and a lot more. Palm's software works great on OS X. It's in brand new condition, put a screen protector on it when I opened the box. Will come with all packaging and included accessories. Looking for $200. These are $300 new so this is a great deal. I have many MacRumors references and positive eBay feedback.


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R.I.P. Isidro Perez
By Boxing Bob Newman
Former WBO Flyweight champ Isidro "Sid" Perez has sadly passed away at the age of 48. Perez had been reported missing since September 2012. He had not claimed his pension check according to his sister Reyna Perez Jimenez. His body was eventually located at the Forensic Medical Service in Mexico City. Perez unsuccessfully challenged Hall of Famer Jung Koo Chang for the WBC Light Flyweight title in 1987 and Jose DeJesus for the WBO version of the same title in 1989. Perez moved up to Flyweight and annexed the vacant WBO belt in Puerto Rico in 1990 via TKO12 over Angel Rosario. Perez fought six more times thereafter, splitting those fights in alternating fashion. Along the way, he defended his crown twice, both times against Alli Galvez via unanimous and split decisions respectively. He lost the title to Scot Pat Clinton in Glasgow in 1992 via split decision. Perez took five years off and came back with a win and a loss in 1997, retiring for good with a record of 57-9-3, 41 KOs. Fightnews would like to extend it's condolences to Perez' family.


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Is Twitter a Financial Paper Tiger?
With over one million users posting 27.3 million tweets a day, one would expect Twitter to be a hugely profitable organization spread across the globe. But the truth is a little more nuanced than that. Twitter is a big company, one valued at over $1 billion by investors. But, by offering a free service to millions around the world, Twitter, like Facebook, has no immediately obvious way to actually make money.
So how does a company like Twitter stay in business? And what kind of business model can they employ to become profitable?
The Takeaway talks to BBC business correspondent Mark Gregory, who recently spoke with Biz Stone, one of Twitter's co-founders. Mark reports that Twitter does indeed have a plan or two to allow their company to turn a significant profit.


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The Michigan Wolverines added to its range and versatility today when Reading (MA)/New Hampton Prep (NH) PF Evan Smotrycz and Miami (FL) Palmetto high SG Tim Hardaway Jr. cemented their futures in the Maize & Blue. Both players were the subject of praise last summer thanks to their standout performances. Smotrycz was widely regarded as one of the fastest risers nationally during AAU season, vaulting up the rankings to the #71 prospect overall and the #17 PF in the country. Meanwhile, after sizzling the nets at Michigan's summer camp, Hardaway Jr. checks in as the #23 SG in the country.
"These are two multi-dimensional players that are very capable of playing several different positions," said Beilein. "They have good length. They are outstanding shooters. They have a good feel for the game with high basketball IQs. They have great court vision. What really impresses me is their ability to pass which will be valuable down the road."
Hardaway, Jr. is a do-everything player for Miami Palmetto Coach, Chris Brown. The 6-5 190-pounder isn't the cat quick floor general that his dad was, but he brings dangerous weapons to the fold in his own right. His length and shooting ability helped him fill up the stat sheet last season to the tune of 23.4 points, 11.0 rebounds, 5.2 assists and 1.8 steals. Brown feels his star pupil is just scratching the surface of what he can be.
"They are looking at him as a Manny Harris type," said Brown. "He's somebody who can come in right away and be a big guard who can rebound, run off some screens, and hit the three. I think the 1-3-1 (defense) fits him well too because he's so long."
"He can definitely flat out shoot it," he continued. "He is a 6-5 guard with unlimited range. Plus he is very versatile. He plays the one, the two, and even plays the five at times for us. He likes to get up, defend, and get after it. I think what stands out most is that he can put the ball on the floor and he sees the floor well. He can do it all as far as the one through three at the next level."
That versatility will put to good use in Ann Arbor, but early on it's likely that Hardaway's primary contribution will be as a big time shooter.
"The biggest thing about Tim is he has a pretty jump shot," said Beilein. "If you look at Manny's (Harris) jump shot right now, it is perfect, and Tim's is pretty close to that point early with his development. It's got great form, great spin and has a chance to go in every time. He is a very athletic player and like I said before his vision on the court in outstanding."
Smotrycz is similarly deadly from long range. That much was evident during a number of memorable showings on the AAU circuit last summer. Scout.com analyst followed the versatile youngster closely at the Pittsburgh Jam Fest and the NBA Players Association Top 100 camp.
"Smotrycz is the perfect prospect for John Beilein's system," wrote Daniels after watching Smotrycz in the Steel City. "At 6-foot-8, 200-pounds he's a guy that moves very well, has great touch in the paint, but most importantly is a terrific shooter. His form is flawless and he finishes it off with a high release. The New Hampton (H.H.) School standout, who showed use of both hands around the basket, is capable of putting it on the decks for a few bounces and pulling up for jumpers as well. Strength is a concern and an area for improvement, but there's no denying his ability to shoot the rock."
That much was evident at the NBA camp when on Day two he turned in one of the more memorable displays of long range marksmanship.
"(Smotrycyz's) big time outing during the morning session secured him a spot in the camp all-star game," said Daniels. "Smotrycz is a skilled four-man that can step out and shoot jumpers from long range. In this one he buried three three-pointers and had a handful of buckets at the rim. He's averaging 13 points a game, which is good enough for Top 10 in scoring at the camp."
A number of schools swarmed Smotrycz after his verbal to Michigan, but Beilein's early identification and courtship was too much for the late entering big timers to overcome.
"Evan can play three different positions for us," Michigan's headman said. "It is his versatility, great size and shooting ability which we like. Being 6-9, it is rare to see someone shoot it like he does. But what I really like is that he is an exceptional passer. His potential is outstanding."
For more details on the Wolverine's signees, click here.


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UFC teams up with Orbitz
Seeing an Ultimate Fighting Championship® event live is one of the greatest experiences in all of professional sports. Now, traveling to UFC events is easier than ever before. The UFC announced today that it selected the Orbitz Worldwide Distribution private label travel solution to power hotel, airfare, car rental and dynamic packaging capabilities on UFC.com. Beginning today, fans can log on to UFC.com and book international and domestic travel packages to UFC events all over the world.
"By teaming up with Orbitz Worldwide, UFC fans can now book great travel packages to attend UFC events," UFC President Dana White said. "There is nothing like the live UFC experience and this gives fans an easy way to book travel to UFC events around the world."
Almost 42 percent of fans attending a live UFC event travel from another state or country. Thus, UFC officials saw a growing need to team with a travel company that could provide comprehensive travel packages both domestically and internationally. By collaborating with Orbitz Worldwide, the UFC will be able to deliver a diverse array of travel products to its fans and allow them to book their entire trip package on UFC.com.
"We're excited to work with an organization like the UFC to allow their millions of fans to search and book hotels, flights and car rentals through UFC.com," Ronnie Gurion, President, Orbitz Worldwide Distribution, said. "The Orbitz Worldwide Distribution private label solution combines the strength of Orbitz technology with the breadth and depth of Orbitz supplier relationships to help fight fans save money when booking travel for UFC events."
Ultimate Fighting Championship® – www.ufc.com
Owned and operated by Zuffa, LLC, and headquartered in Las Vegas, Nev., UFC® produces over twelve UFC live Pay-Per-View events annually and 30 live arena events around the world. UFC programming is distributed in the United States on Viacom, Inc.'s Spike TV and on Comcast, Inc.'s Versus network. UFC content is distributed commercially through Joe Hand Promotions in the U.S. and Canadastar in Canada. Globally, UFC programming is broadcast in over 147 countries and territories, reaching 430 million homes worldwide, in 19 different languages. Ancillary businesses now include UFC.com with over 5 million unique visitors per month, the best-selling UFC "Undisputed" videogame franchise distributed by THQ, UFC Gym™, UFC Fight Club affinity program, UFC Fan Expo™ festivals, branded apparel, trading cards, articulated action figures and other media including best-selling DVDs and a U.S. bimonthly magazine.
Ultimate Fighting Championship®, Ultimate Fighting®, UFC®, The Ultimate Fighter®, Submission®, As Real As It Gets®, Zuffa®, The Octagon™ and the eight-sided competition mat and cage design are registered trademarks, registered service marks, trademarks, trade dress and/or service marks owned exclusively by Zuffa, LLC and licensed to its affiliated entities and other licensees in the United States and other jurisdictions. All other marks referenced herein may be the property of Zuffa, LLC, its affiliates or other respective owners.
About Orbitz Worldwide
Orbitz Worldwide is a leading global online travel company that uses innovative technology to enable leisure and business travelers to research, plan and book a broad range of travel products. Orbitz Worldwide owns a portfolio of consumer brands that includes Orbitz (www.orbitz.com), CheapTickets (www.cheaptickets.com), ebookers (www.ebookers.com), HotelClub (www.hotelclub.com), RatesToGo (www.ratestogo.com) and the Away Network (www.away.com). Also within the Orbitz Worldwide family, Orbitz Worldwide Distribution (http://corp.orbitz.com/partnerships/distribution) delivers private label travel solutions to a broad range of partners including many of the world's largest airlines, and Orbitz for Business (www.orbitzforbusiness.com) delivers managed corporate travel solutions for corporations. For more information on partnership opportunities with Orbitz Worldwide, visit corp.orbitz.com. Orbitz Worldwide uses its Investor Relations website to make information available to its investors and the public at http://www.orbitz-ir.com. You can sign up to receive email alerts whenever the company posts new information to the website.


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Effects of host age on susceptibility to infection and immune gene expression in honey bee queens (Apis mellifera) inoculated with Nosema ceranae
- First Online:
- Received:
- Revised:
- Accepted:
DOI: 10.1007/s13592-013-0258-x
- Cite this article as:
- Chaimanee, V., Chantawannakul, P., Chen, Y. et al. Apidologie (2014) 45: 451. doi:10.1007/s13592-013-0258-x
Nosema ceranae is a microsporidium parasite infecting honey bees worldwide. All colony members including workers, drones, and queens can become infected. In this study, we inoculated queens of age 1, 6, and 12 days post-adult emergence, with N. ceranae spores of different doses and allowed them to age an additional 12 days. The results indicated that younger queens were indeed more susceptible to N. ceranae inoculation than older queens. Moreover, this is the first report of the effects of N. ceranae inoculation on immune gene expression in queens of different ages. Our results demonstrated that the expression of genes related to the bee immunity apidaecin, eater, and vitellogenin in the gut and the remaining abdomen was different among queens of different ages when inoculated with N. ceranae. All three ages of queens inoculated by N. ceranae showed upregulation of apidaecin in gut tissue 6 days after inoculation, but only in queens aged 1 day post-emergence were the differences significant. However, transcript levels of eater were increased in all three ages of queens when sampled on day 12, and significant differences were obtained in queens inoculated at 6 and 12 days post-emergence. We clearly show that immune responses to N. ceranae changes as queen age and this knowledge may provide clues for understanding the ability of queens to resist infection by this gut parasite.
KeywordsNosema ceranae honey bee queen Apis mellifera supersedure immunity
1 Introduction
Two microsporidian parasites, Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae, have been reported to cause Nosema disease of honey bees. N. apis was first described in the European honey bee, Apis mellifera (Zander 1909) and N. ceranae was first known to infect the Asian cavity nesting honey bee, Apis cerana (Fries et al. 1996). However, recent studies have shown that N. ceranae is becoming the dominant species infecting A. mellifera worldwide and may be more virulent than N. apis (Fries et al. 2006; Higes et al. 2006; Chauzat et al. 2007; Cox-Foster et al. 2007; Huang et al. 2007; Klee et al. 2007; Paxton et al. 2007; Chen et al. 2008; Williams et al. 2008; Chaimanee et al. 2010). Nosema infection occurs when spores are ingested through contaminated food and water (Webster 1993). The spores can germinate and develop in the epithelial cells of the midgut of all colony members including workers, drones, and queens. Following N. ceranae infection, the epithelial ventricular cells of infected honeybees were degenerated (Higes et al. 2007). N. ceranae has been detected not only in the midgut tissue but also other tissues including Malpighian tubules, hypopharyngeal glands, salivary glands, and fat bodies using a PCR method (Chen et al. 2009). N. ceranae can change the physiology and behavior of honey bees (Dussaubat et al. 2013; Goblirsch et al. 2013). N. ceranae infection has been reported to suppress the honey bee immune response (Antúnez et al. 2009; Chaimanee et al. 2012) and to affect hormone production by increasing ethyl oleate content (Dussaubat et al. 2010). Moreover, N. ceranae induces an energetic stress (Mayack and Naug 2009; Alaux et al. 2010; Martín-Hernández et al. 2011) and oxidative stress in honey bees (Dussaubat et al. 2012) and decreases the carbohydrate level in honeybee forager hemolymph (Mayack and Naug 2010). Similar to N. apis infection, honey bees, when infected with N. ceranae, have a shorter life span (Malone et al. 1995; Goblirsch et al. 2013).
Since a honey bee queen is the primary reproductive of the colony and her pheromones and presence produce cohesion between colony members, Nosema infection in queens could cause serious problems for the colony. A honey bee queen is susceptible to N. apis infection. In commercial queen production, a queen may become infected in the mating nuc or colony via spore ingestion from infected attendants bees in shipment or upon placement in a new colony. Nosema-infected queens have smaller ovaries when compared to the non-infected queens (Farrar 1947). Eggs of infected queens show decreased hatching rates and queens are often rapidly superseded once they become infected (Farrar 1947). Similarly, N. ceranae can be transmitted horizontally from infected worker bees to queens and can affect the epithelial ventricular cells of queens (Higes et al. 2009). Low levels of N. ceranae were detected in tissues of the head, thorax, abdomen, and ovaries from naturally infected queens (Traver and Fell 2012). Recently, Alaux et al. (2011) explored the effects of N. ceranae on honey bee queen physiology. Their results demonstrated that N. ceranae infection affected the physiological functions and modified pheromone production of queens. This may explain the rapid replacement of infected queens.
In this study, to demonstrate the susceptibility of queens to N. ceranae infection, we determined the rate of N. ceranae infection in queens of different ages (queens aged for 1, 6 and 12 days post-adult emergence). We hypothesized that younger queens would be more susceptible to N. ceranae infection than older queens. The 12-day period was selected as it corresponds with the time that queens often spend in small nucleus colonies for mating before being shipped to the beekeeper. If queens are more susceptible during this initial period of adult life then infection-mitigation measures could improve queen health and queen longevity in colonies. Moreover, even though there are some published studies about the effects of N. ceranae on immune response of honey bees, little is known about molecular defense mechanisms of honey bee queens to defend themselves from pathogen infections. Hence, the immune responses of honey bee queens to N. ceranae infection were also investigated.
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Honey bee queens
The experiments were conducted in August 2010 in Beltsville, MD. Queen cells containing queens of mixed A. mellifera mellifera/A. mellifera ligustica stock were obtained from a single queen breeder in Georgia, USA. Queen cells were placed individually in new wooden Benton cages and held at 34 ± 2 °C. The queens emerged within 12 h and were held in individual new cages containing three newly emerged worker bees from a colony with no detectable Nosema. Queens aged 1, 6, and 12 days post-adult emergence were used in this study. Upon emergence, ten queens were randomly sampled and checked for the presence of microsporidian spores using light microscopy and diagnostic PCR amplification (Chen et al. 2008).
2.2 Inoculum preparation
On each day of inoculation, N. ceranae spores were isolated from a colony infected with N. ceranae obtained from an apiary at the Bee Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS in Maryland, USA. The midguts were removed and crushed in 1 ml of distilled water and N. ceranae was confirmed using PCR amplification following methods described by Chen et al. (2008). Additionally, the numbers of spores were estimated by counting spores with light microscopy after the method of Cantwell (1970). The inoculum was freshly prepared in various concentrations by mixing with 50 % sucrose solution to obtain a final concentration of 103, 104, 105, and 106 spores/ml and maintained at room temperature until used for inoculation on that day.
2.3 N. ceranae inoculation experiment
Queens of three ages: 1, 6, and 12 days post-adult emergence, were used in this study. Each age group of queens (n = 150 total) were held individually in new standard wooden queen cages with three newly emerged uninfected attendants. The top of each cage had a single hole that allowed for a 0.5-ml tube containing sucrose solution (500 μl) to serve as a food source. For each age group, 30 queens were fed with 50 % sucrose solution containing 103, 104, 105, and 106 spores/ml of N. ceranae for the first 2 days and the control group was fed with only 50 % (w/v) of sucrose solution. After exposure to N. ceranae, queens were fed ad libitum with a clean 50 % (w/v) of sucrose solution throughout the remainder of the experiment. Six queens in each group were collected at day 6 and 12 post-inoculation to be examined for N. ceranae infection. The individual queen guts were homogenized in 1 ml of distilled water and N. ceranae spores were estimated using a hemocytometer (Cantwell 1970).
2.4 Effects of N. ceranae inoculation on expression of genes related to the bee immunity
2.4.1 RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis
Total RNA was isolated from the rest of gut and remaining abdomen tissues of the individual queens (control queens and queens when the cage in which the queen was received a spore suspension with 105 and 106 spores/ml of N. ceranae) using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) according to the manufacturer's protocol. DNA was removed using DNAse I incubation at 37 °C for 1 h followed by 10 min at 75 °C. First-strand cDNA was generated from approximately 2 μg total RNA using a master mix containing 50 U Superscript II (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), 2 nmol dNTP mix, 2 nmol poly(dT)18, and 0.1 nmol poly(dT)(12–18). Synthesis was carried out at 42 °C for 50 min followed by 15 min at 70 °C as described in Evans (2006).
2.4.2 Quantitative PCR amplification
Oligonucleotide primers used in this study for real-time quantitative PCR (Simone et al. 2009).
Primer name
Sequence 5′ to 3′
The amplification results were expressed as the threshold cycle (Ct) value, which represented the number of cycles needed to generate a fluorescent signal greater than a predefined threshold. Threshold cycle numbers for the target gene were subtracted from the reference gene (β-actin) for each sample. The amplification efficiency for target and control products was established via serial dilutions of known templates (e.g., Chen et al. 2008; Simone et al. 2009; Cornman et al. 2012).
2.5 Expression levels of genes related to the bee immunity in gut and remaining abdomen of queens at different ages
Control queens from ages 6 (n = 6), 12 (n = 12), 18 (n = 12), and 24 (n = 6) days following adult emergence were analyzed. Total RNA was isolated from gut and remaining abdomen tissues of the individual queens using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) according to the manufacturer's protocol. cDNA synthesis and quantitative PCR amplification were described above (Sections 2.4.1 and 2.4.2).
2.6 Statistical analysis
Normality of data was checked using SPSS version 17.0 for Windows (SPSS, Inc.). Statistical significance was analyzed using ANOVA if they fitted a normal distribution. However, where the data were not normally distributed, the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis H and Mann–Whitney U test were applied.
3 Results
3.1 N. ceranae infection of queens aged 1, 6, and 12 days after emergence
When fed with N. ceranae spores at different doses, N. ceranae spores were quantified 6 and 12 days post-inoculation. No spores were detected in any of the control samples.
Percentage of N. ceranae infection in honey bee queen at different ages after inoculated with N. ceranae spore doses of 103–106 spores/ml.
Age of queen (days after emergence
Day of inoculation (days)
Percent of infection
103 spores/ml
104 spores/ml
105 spores/ml
106 spores/ml
Of the queens aged 6 days post-emergence and then fed N. ceranae, they became infected when receiving a spore suspension of 105 and 106 spores/ml, with an infection rate of 16.7 and 50 % at 6 days post-inoculation, respectively (Figure 1a), and a 100 % infection rate after 12 days post-inoculation (Table II). The average spore numbers were 6.64 × 106 spores/queen (SE = 3.99 × 106 spores/queen) and 1.352 × 107 spores/queen (SE = 5.87 × 106 spores/queen) at 12 days after inoculation when the cage was inoculated with 105 and 106 spores/ml, respectively (Figure 1b).
When queens were aged for 12 days post-emergence and then fed N. ceranae, no spores were observed in queens, 6 days post-inoculation (Figure 1a). By 12 days post-inoculation, the infection rates had increased to 16.7, 33.3, and 100 % when inoculated with 104, 105, and 106 spores/ml respectively, indicating decreased susceptibility with increasing queen age (Figure 1 and Table II).
3.2 Effects of N. ceranae infection on immune related gene expression in queen gut tissue
Expression of immune-related genes, apidaecin, eater, and vitellogenin of queens of different ages inoculated with N. ceranae at the spore dose of 105 and 106 spores/ml was analyzed at 6 and 12 days post-inoculation. The tissues of gut and remaining abdomen were investigated for transcript levels of these genes. We found that gene expression varies with queen age.
The expression of vitellogenin was varied in queens when inoculated with N. ceranae. In inoculated queens with 105 spores/ml, transcript levels of vitellogenin were significantly increased after 6 days of inoculation (ANOVA, P = 0.004; mean relative expression of −3.483 ± 1.086 s.e.); however, there was significantly elevated in inoculated queens with 106 spores/ml of N. ceranae at day 12 inoculation (mean relative expression of 1.912 ± 0.308 s.e.).
In queens inoculated at 6 days post-emergence, the gene expression of eater and vitellogenin in gut tissue was significantly lower in inoculated queens compared to control queens at 6 days post-inoculation (Kruskal–Wallis H, P = 0.05 and P = 0.03, respectively). Transcript levels of eater were about four times lower than control queens, with average relative expression of −14.968 ± 0.500 s.e. and −14.007 ± 1.631 s.e. for 105 and 106 spores/ml of N. ceranae-infected queens, respectively (Figure 2a). Also, vitellogenin expression in inoculated queens was about seven times lower than control queens (mean of −5.757 ± 0.265 s.e. and −4.217 ± 1.000 for 105 and 106 spores/ml of N. ceranae-inoculated queens, respectively; Figure 2c). At day 12 post-inoculation, queens inoculated with N. ceranae concentration of 106 spores/ml showed higher expression of eater (ANOVA, P = 0.036), with mean of −13.903 ± 0.306 s.e. (Figure 2d). Comparing inoculated and control queens, there were no significant differences in transcript levels of vitellogenin 12 days after inoculation (ANOVA, P > 0.05) (Figure 2f). For apidaecin, the mRNA levels were not significantly different between inoculated and control queens at 6 and 12 days after inoculation (Kruskal–Wallis H, P > 0.05 and ANOVA, P > 0.05, respectively; Figure 2b, e).
Gene expression of apidaecin and vitellogenin did not change in gut tissue of inoculated queens aged 12 days post-adult emergence after 6 and 12 days (ANOVA, P > 0.05) (Figure 2b, c, e, f). However, eater mRNA was significantly upregulated in inoculated queens with 105 spores/ml (ANOVA, P = 0.006; average of −7.271 ± 1.381 s.e.; Figure 2d).
3.3 Effects of N. ceranae infection on immune related gene expression in the remaining abdomen of queens
3.4 Expression levels in the gut and remaining abdomen of queens at different ages
4 Discussion
In this study, we examined the effect of both queen age and spore dose on the susceptibility of queen honey bees to N. ceranae infection. The 12-day period after emergence was selected as it corresponds with the time that queens often kept in small nucleus colonies for mating before being shipped to the beekeeper. We clearly show that queens become less susceptible as they age making their time spent in the mating nuclei critical for N. ceranae infection. Our results suggest that any measures that reduce the contamination of N. ceranae spores in food sources fed to the newly emerged queens would help to prevent queens from becoming infected with N. ceranae.
The results show that queens become infected when inoculated with a high dose of either 105–106 spores/ml of N. ceranae spores, 12 days post-inoculation, except for those queens aged for 12 days, when only those queens dosed with 106 spores/ml became 100 % infected. N. ceranae fed spores at lower dosages of 103 and 104 spores/ml did not infect all queens. Younger queens are more susceptible to N. ceranae infection than older queens. This age response could be interpreted as the young queen gut cells promoting the growth, development, and germination of N. ceranae (Keeling and Fast 2002). Nevertheless, Rinderer and Elliot (1977) indicated that the protein conditions of the host are critical for the development of N. apis. It is conceivable that younger queens are in better condition than older queens that have been exposed to periods of protein depletion. If queens are more susceptible during this initial period of adult life then mitigation measures could reduce N. ceranae infection and improve queen health and longevity in colonies. When considering the queens aged for 1 day post-emergence, surprisingly the average number of spores in inoculated queens with 105 spores/ml of N. ceranae was higher than those in queens when inoculated with 106 spores/ml. As all honey bee queens originated from the same queen breeder, we suggest that the susceptibility differences likely reflect the genetic variations of host at the individual queen level. The individual immune defense can be considered one of the benefits of genetic diversity in honey bees.
Honey bee queens of all three ages (1, 6, and 12 days) inoculated by N. ceranae showed downregulation of eater in gut tissue after 6 days inoculation. A significant downregulation of eater was especially evident in queens aged 6 days post-adult emergence. Eater transcripts after 12 days post-inoculation were upregulated in all queen ages when inoculated with N. ceranae. The results suggest that queens may have to produce more eater in this period to defend against N. ceranae infection. Since N. ceranae spores can rapidly develop and multiply during day 4 to 7 of infection. Thus, eater may play important role to eliminate this pathogen. Also eater has been shown to play a role in the phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens (Ertürk-Hasdemir and Silverman 2005; Kocks et al. 2005).
For apidaecin, the upregulation of this gene was observed in the gut of inoculated queens of all ages at 6 days post-inoculation. Our results revealed that N. ceranae induces apidaecin expression in queens in early periods of inoculation. However, apidaecin expression shows an opposing response between queens and workers after inoculated with N. ceranae. N. ceranae infection suppresses immune gene response in worker bees (Autúnez et al. 2009; Chaimanee et al. 2012). Queens might be better able to defend themselves from pathogen invasion since they produce more antimicrobial peptides. Nevertheless, different immune signaling between queens and workers following N. ceranae infection cannot be excluded.
Our study demonstrates great variation in vitellogenin expression between queens of different ages. Vitellogenin transcripts were increased in inoculated queens aged 1 and 12 days post-emergence in both of gut and remaining abdomen tissues. However, queens showed decreased expression when aged 6 days old. In a recent study, Alaux et al. (2011) reported that the vitellogenin titer increased about 58 % in honey bee queens when infected with N. ceranae. In contrast, Autúnez et al. (2009) demonstrated that the mRNA levels of vitellogenin in N. ceranae infected worker bees significantly decreased after 7 days of infection. Vitellogenin is a female-specific glucolipoprotein yolk precursor synthesized in the fat body of abdomen (Byrne et al. 1989). It plays an important function in immunity and longevity of worker honey bees (Amdam et al. 2004). Therefore, it is not conclusive that vitellogenin is affected by N. ceranae infection in queens. Other factors may contribute to the expression of the vitellogenin gene.
Differences in the transcript levels of genes were clearly observed between the gut and remaining abdomen. Our results showed that the expression of eater, apidaecin, and vitellogenin in the gut was lower than that from the remaining abdomen. Not surprisingly, since the fat body distributes throughout the abdomen and it is the site of antimicrobial peptides synthesis. The results showed that eater transcripts were decreased in the gut tissue and there were elevated in the abdomen part of older queens. Contrary to eater expression, the mRNA levels of apidaecin in the gut of queens were increased in older queens. This indicates that younger queens produce lower apidaecin levels than older queens and may help explain the increased susceptibility of younger queens to N. ceranae. In this study, we showed that vitellogenin expression in the gut and abdomen did not differ between queens aged 6, 18, and 24 days old post-emergence, except in queens aged 12 days where there was a significant vitellogenin production compared to the others. In honey bee queens, vitellogenin synthesis starts 60 h before adult emergence and vitellogenin titers stays high thereafter (Barchuk et al. 2002). Moreover, Corona et al. (2007) have reported that older queens have higher vitellogenin transcript levels than do young queens. Surprisingly, queens aged 12 days old had the highest vitellogenin expression in our study. We hypothesize that high vitellogenin level may result from immunity, hormone signaling, and/or oxidative stress. Taken together, we suggest that vitellogenin expression in queens does not vary greatly between ages 6 to 24 days of age.
V.C. was supported by a grant under the program of Strategic Scholarships for Frontier Research Network for the Joint Ph.D. Program Thai Doctoral degree from the Office of the Higher Education Commission, Thailand. We thank the Thailand Research Fund (BRG 5580013), National Research University, Office of Higher Education Commission, and the USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory for financial support. We thank M. Hamilton, D. Lopez, V. Levi, and N. Rice for their excellent technical help with the project.
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Hi i was wanting to hear some of your guys easy but delicious duck recipes. Ive got a lot of duck breast to cook up and want to try some different things with them. If you guys dont want to post your recipe on the forum, just shoot me a P.M.
Moderators: Indaswamp, brassass
Botiz630 wrote:Finally, I can compensate for my tiny wiener without breaking the bank.
bryons wrote:Here is my easy yet great recipe. I am mainly shooting Mallards but it has worked great so far.
Duck Breast (as many as you can eat)
Lawry's Caribbean Jerk marinade (enough to just cover the meat)
Jalapeno peppers (optional)
So I cut up the duck breast into bite sized chunks and put them in a bowl. Pour the marinade over it until it is covered completely. The bottle says it is a 30 min. marinade but I usually let it set in the fridge for an hour. I will then put a slice of jalapeno, if you like a little spice, on each chunk and wrap it in the bacon and put in on a skewer. I then grill each skewer till the bacon is as done as you like it. I am a charcoal user and it comes out great.
(BTW I also used this on squirrel and dove. But that is for a different forum I guess.)
Wrek EM wrote:I prefer the grill or crockpot... no skill required for either. Crockpot- you can throw in a can of cream of chicken and when it's done, throw some BBQ sauce on it and put the duck in a sandwich.
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key Photography Photographer
Sofia K-RModel Female Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
My MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/sofiakr1711
Mayhem # 476664
About Me
Thanks for taking a look at my profile. I was born and raised in Russia and have been modelling for just over a year.
I am currently looking to improve my portfolio, so if you are a photographer, MUA, Hairstylist or fellow model that has an interesting/unique idea, I am more than happy discussing it with you and of course, collaborating. Priority will be given to those that can help me to fill in the blanks of my portfolio (I need a couple of good full length shots, among many other things)
As I am currently based outside of London, I do ask that travel be paid for. However, I will not refuse a good opportunity with talented artists so don't let this put you off. Negotiation is always a good thing.
Currently signed non-exclusively with several London agencies. You do not, at this point, need to contact them to work with me.
If you are interested in working together, please do send me an email with as much information as you can provide me with about your ideas, and we can go from there. Speak soon x
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The lion is the emblem of Venice, but the common cat rules its narrow streets and alleyways. A prince among these feline rulers is Piccolo, and what a fine life he leads! Especially after dark- when the streets are full of possibilities!
Then one night, Piccolo makes a discovery that threatens his carefree life and his independence and starts him on a new and special kind of adventure.
In these pages, you will also meet Caesar- Piccolo's older and somewhat cynical friend, and Sophia- the shoe shop cat, to whom Piccolo turns for advice when his life takes its unexpected turn. And you will meet two irresistible kittens- one spotted and one striped- who need a home and who help Piccolo discover his own tender heart.
Illustrator Itoko Maeno, who first visited Venice in 1977, returned to that city- which many call the most beautiful in the world- to capture its watery magic for this story. Her enchanting renderings for the canals, markets, crooked byways, boats, and bridges of Venice and her wise and witty portraits of its two- and four-legged citizens will delight children and adults alike.
At a time when we are recognizing the need for boys as well as girls to develop nurturing skills, Piccolo appears as a welcome model for all children.
- Age Range:4 and up
- Grade Level:Preschool and up
- Hardcover: 30 pages
- Product Dimensions: 12 x 9
This book is being discontinued from our store.


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Larry King lost his CNN show at the end of 2010, but he's still pitching liberal inanities. Media bias? King's never seen or heard of such a thing.
"Always annoyed me," he said. "I worked at CNN for almost 26 years. I worked in Mutual Radio for 20 years. I've been in the business 57 years. I have never seen a bias off the air or on," King told talk-show host Steve Malzberg on Wednesday. He's never seen a feeding frenzy (video below):
"I've never seen anyone say, let's go get this person today, let's really ram it into him. I've never seen it. If a Democrat or Republican commits some horrendous story, we will – the story will run, the networks will cover it. What the public doesn't understand is, what they [journalists] want, is news. They're not going to try to – I've never seen it."
He claimed he says "give me an example." Malzberg said "I could give you three days of examples." Then King said Fox News was slanted. "You think CBS, NBC and ABC are slanted?" Malzberg said "Absolutely." King shot back: "I'm telling you they're not. Give me an example. What was said by Brian Williams that was slanted?"
Malzberg suggested Ray Nagin's conviction would be reported with no party label. King replied,"First of all, Brian Williams is not on the air yet, so you're assuming he's not going to say he's a Democrat...He's not on the air yet. So you're putting words into his mouth before it's occurred."
Earth to Larry: On cue, Williams skipped a label for Nagin at conviction -- just as he did when Nagin was indicted.
Malzberg cited our Culture and Media Institute's finding that NBC had 13 times as many mentions of gay rights and the Olympics as they did of the persecution of Syrian Christians over the last six months. King replied: "Steve, Steve, I'm glad that you respect me. So respect me. I've been in the business 57 years. I have never seen an agenda meeting. I have never seen anyone at CNN ever say, 'Boy, here's how we're going to deal with this today to put this guy down and elevate this guy up. I've never seen it," King said Wednesday.
King says CNN's ratings have fallen because "They don't have a lot of appointment viewing. What television depends on, one thing 'Larry King Live' was — whether you liked it, didn't like it — it was appointment viewing," he claimed.
"People said, I'm going to watch 'Larry King Live,' it's 9 o'clock Eastern, I'm going to tune it on. I still hear from people now all the time how much it became a place. It was just – hey it was the longest-running show in the history of television, to be broadcast at the same time on the same network for almost 26 years. So it became part of the culture....there's a lot to be said for longevity."
He praised CNN's Wolf Blitzer as "a wonderful anchor" and added "young Cuomo in the morning is one of the great personalities on TV. They're probably using him in the wrong place in the morning. I'd have him on in prime time."
Let's guess. "Young Cuomo" could take the Piers Morgan spot. Call it "Young Cuomo Live."
King added that he loves Keith Olbermann's sports show on ESPN2. It's "one of the great shows on television. The guy is just a genius at what he does...that's appointment viewing for me!"
He said Fox and MSNBC each have some appointment-viewer shows, but aren't "great information" channels. "MSNBC is liberal, Fox is conservative, they both make no bones about it. I would not call them the place to get great information. You get information, but they're preaching to the choir," he said. "CNN is in the middle. When a big story breaks, CNN gets viewers, but you don't get a big story every day."


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The Sugar Nursery - Cake Shop & Imaginarium
... Mar 2013
Absolutely love her – the eyes are magical! Congrats.. Amanda and Maddie
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tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22406604.post2758419710170544691..comments2017-06-25T02:04:31.389-07:00Comments on John K Stuff: Barbary Coast Bunny 2JohnKhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-22406604.post-30577109902434262122010-05-05T11:09:14.504-07:002010-05-05T11:09:14.504-07:00Thank you, John. I referred one of my students to ...Thank you, John. I referred one of my students to this post and she's really getting a lot our of it:)

You're the best!

-AshantiSoleilSmilehttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-22406604.post-44325702599106975262010-05-04T21:09:40.534-07:002010-05-04T21:09:40.534-07:00Hey John! You might throw up at the new look of th...Hey John! You might throw up at the new look of the Looney Tunes cartoon.. idk, I would like to see what you think!

http://io9.com/5521277/first-look-at-the-brand-new-justice-league-and-moreCJhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-22406604.post-28182714223281233122010-05-03T21:48:40.373-07:002010-05-03T21:48:40.373-07:00So THAT"S where "Foster's Home for I...So THAT"S where "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends" came from!;) Amazing how quickly things have collapsed style-wise in the last few years.Bwanasonichttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-22406604.post-15332526890977131582010-05-03T11:41:38.144-07:002010-05-03T11:41:38.144-07:00"Just imagine a 7 min theatrical cartoon made..."Just imagine a 7 min theatrical cartoon made in america in place of those god awful commercials and previews. the movie experience would become a lot more fun. It must have been amazing to go to a movie and see a three stooges short, or a bugs bunny cartoon. Something like that now days.....well its a nice dream."

I think even if there was a market for theatrical cartoons Roberto Severinohttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-22406604.post-12667737531894487142010-05-02T21:38:49.813-07:002010-05-02T21:38:49.813-07:00I love the way you dissect these cartoons and poin...I love the way you dissect these cartoons and point out the details that made them so amazing. This really is an amazing cartoon.Shawn Dickinsonhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-22406604.post-7752809563008629422010-05-02T20:03:33.090-07:002010-05-02T20:03:33.090-07:00Just imagine a 7 min theatrical cartoon made in am...Just imagine a 7 min theatrical cartoon made in america in place of those god awful commercials and previews. the movie experience would become a lot more fun. It must have been amazing to go to a movie and see a three stooges short, or a bugs bunny cartoon. Something like that now days.....well its a nice dream.Sven Hoekhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-22406604.post-62422107825127751702010-05-02T18:56:57.443-07:002010-05-02T18:56:57.443-07:00These BGs, especially the wide interior of the cas...These BGs, especially the wide interior of the casino, show the kind of techniques that we are supposed to learn in those art schools.
The use of negative space, warm colors against cools, curves against straights; they all play to 3-D design, color theory, and graphic arts.Alexhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-22406604.post-32238228402914108042010-05-02T18:47:02.038-07:002010-05-02T18:47:02.038-07:00"Barbary Coast Bunny" was made as a thea..."Barbary Coast Bunny" was made as a theatrical cartoon. It was only shown on television later.Whithttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-22406604.post-47830335021419310542010-05-02T18:20:08.446-07:002010-05-02T18:20:08.446-07:00I think this is maybe my second favorite from Chuc...I think this is maybe my second favorite from Chuck. I like "The Rabbit of Seville" the most. I never knew why I liked this one but I like the other from all the singing. I hope you analyze "The Rabbit of Seville" tooNikihttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-22406604.post-1405887489184083692010-05-02T17:35:41.505-07:002010-05-02T17:35:41.505-07:00This comment has been removed by the author.Alessandrahttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-22406604.post-43862320766292611772010-05-02T17:12:02.247-07:002010-05-02T17:12:02.247-07:00This comment has been removed by the author.Alessandrahttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-22406604.post-54147140168330975662010-05-02T17:02:42.319-07:002010-05-02T17:02:42.319-07:00This comment has been removed by the author.Alessandrahttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-22406604.post-32879558309066114912010-05-02T16:54:02.010-07:002010-05-02T16:54:02.010-07:00Hey John. Fun post. This is one of my favorites as...Hey John. Fun post. This is one of my favorites as a kid growing up. I love the "bigger hand" gag later in the cartoon. I love the design of Canasta in this cartoon as more of a lummox but I did get confused as to why his character changed design and character to the Nasty Canasta from "Drip-A-Long Daffy" in 1951. He was more of a evil villain than a goof ball. Take care..Gavin Freitashttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-22406604.post-8966495388905611652010-05-02T16:06:43.138-07:002010-05-02T16:06:43.138-07:00I adjusted them a bit and took out some of the int...I adjusted them a bit and took out some of the intense saturation.

That's what I have to do when watching them on TV now. Turn down brightness and saturation.

Ah, this makes sense. Let's hope they will be given a more careful treatment when the Blu Ray issues come out.

Though I have a bad feeling when I see what they did to "How the Oliver_Ahttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-22406604.post-86787741557569639642010-05-02T15:07:21.149-07:002010-05-02T15:07:21.149-07:00Some of Gribbroeks backgrounds look a lot like Nob...Some of Gribbroeks backgrounds look a lot like Nobles.Tony DiStefanohttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-22406604.post-58222006513327047492010-05-02T14:54:11.145-07:002010-05-02T14:54:11.145-07:00Those layouts are a thing of beauty.Those layouts are a thing of beauty.RooniManhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-22406604.post-64256435224410440562010-05-02T14:47:24.901-07:002010-05-02T14:47:24.901-07:00I adjusted them a bit and took out some of the int...I adjusted them a bit and took out some of the intense saturation.

That's what I have to do when watching them on TV now. Turn down brightness and saturation.JohnKhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-22406604.post-5374955143722097392010-05-02T14:15:32.642-07:002010-05-02T14:15:32.642-07:00Btw, do you also think that the colours of this ca...Btw, do you also think that the colours of this cartoon were ruined for the DVD? I am asking this, because you posted frame grabs sourced from the DVD.Oliver_Ahttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-22406604.post-71344225170185077502010-05-02T14:13:36.557-07:002010-05-02T14:13:36.557-07:00This is very off topic, but there's no way els...This is very off topic, but there's no way else to reach you that I know of.

I don't know if you know about this: http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1589686906/launch-an-all-cartoon-web-channel-called-kaboingtv

He wants it to be an independent online network that gives the show's creator and artists more control over content.Katie Reganhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-22406604.post-28184729949910450542010-05-02T13:21:55.952-07:002010-05-02T13:21:55.952-07:00Another beautiful choice John. I love this artwork...Another beautiful choice John. I love this artwork it is fantastic.Trevor G.http://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-22406604.post-37029933068444237742010-05-02T13:11:19.612-07:002010-05-02T13:11:19.612-07:00Wow, very well established indeed! These guys defi...Wow, very well established indeed! These guys definitely knew what they were doing.

I can totally see why they would make the doorway area appear in a more simplistic and ignorant sort of way, and how well it relates to Bugs' hick-like characteristics as he enters.

It contrasts real well with the previous shot and both shots connect to one another real well.

Pedro Vargashttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-22406604.post-19953717179131333732010-05-02T12:53:04.101-07:002010-05-02T12:53:04.101-07:00Chuck Jones is a God to me.Chuck Jones is a God to me.Mykal Bantahttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-22406604.post-18771893886940134942010-05-02T12:04:29.275-07:002010-05-02T12:04:29.275-07:00I also prefer Robert Gribbroek over Maurice Noble....I also prefer Robert Gribbroek over Maurice Noble. It's interesting that he still worked for Chuck after being replaced by Noble.Oliver_Ahttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-22406604.post-76988219943419660942010-05-02T12:01:53.966-07:002010-05-02T12:01:53.966-07:00The bgs are stunning.The bgs are stunning.Elana Pritchardhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-22406604.post-43053682438706391742010-05-02T11:36:57.289-07:002010-05-02T11:36:57.289-07:00I love how the layout artist, the director, and th...I love how the layout artist, the director, and the BG painter worked so well together to create all these very stylish, yet controlled compositions. I think something like this would definitely be impossible in the modern animation production system, especially since a huge chunk of it would be sent overseas out of pure laziness (a lot of these modern cartoons have so much money funded into themRoberto Severinohttp://email@example.com


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- 2 questions
Reviews & Stories
On a Mission to Be Back to Natural!! - Vancouver Canada
Hello everyone! As stated in my title, I'm on a mission!!! To get these things out of my body! I have had saline implants for almost 13 years now. I had the done under the muscle and through the nipple by a surgeon in Las Vegas Nevada who shortly after me, had retired. He did a wonderful job! They are wonderfully soft to touch and I have the natural feel, but I cant stand how big they are! I... READ MORE
Questions from Wantmyittiesback
Breast Implant Explantation under $1000 with local anesthesia in Canada or bordering states?
I have had my BA surgery almost 13 years ago done in Las Vegas, The surgeon had retired right after. They are saline and placed under the muscle through the nipple. No concerns... READ MORE
I'm traveling from Vancouver BC to California for an uncomplicated breast explant surgery.Should I be getting medical insurance?
I am travelling from Vancouver BC to California for an uncomplicated breast explant surgery. I planned to stay a couple days after surgery to rest. I am driving back (not... READ MORE
Recent comments from Wantmyittiesback
Haha it's not creepy at all! I'm actually honored :) Just don't any Dr. convince you to do a lift right away, wait the 6 months, and go from there, cause they really do change so much in 6 months and you'll get a better result that way.... READ COMMENT
You never know! ;) You might be very surprised. Don't be nervous! Easier said than done I know lol. I'm still so happy they're gone!! Feel so much better in every way. Nothing is forever, if you're not happy down the road, a lift is an... READ COMMENT
The removal looks wonderful! Your breasts are beautiful and exactly what I wanted from my explant, You look amazing! :)) READ COMMENT
Yes I did remove them haha!! I know I'm a bit crazy. I'm IN LOVE with my smaller breasts! I have no desire to wear push ups at all, really I wouldn't be upset if I was a B instead of the 34C that I am now. I never feel jealous or... READ COMMENT
You're very welcome! glad to help :) READ COMMENT


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Seattle Park, Seattle, WA
With the park's 277 glorious, woodsy acres jutting into Lake Washington, bike paths, and sandy beaches, Seward Park Audubon Center has always had a lot going for it. The center is within a historic landmark, a refurbished 1927 Tudor, with park trail maps, art and nature exhibits, educational birding programs, and a nature store.
Around The Web


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Tag Archives: Jose Reyes
Interview: Gene Anthony of Kiner's KornerJune 9, 2011
In the video below I catch up with Gene Anthony of the Mets blog Kiner's Korner. Watch as we discuss blogging, the roller coaster ride us Mets fans go through, Gary Carter, Jose Reyes and more. Be sure to check … Continue reading
Tagged Gary Carter, Gene Anthony, Interview, Jose Reyes, Kiners Korner
Interview With Mike Ganci of The Daily StacheJune 1, 2011
In the video below I catch up with Mike Ganci of The Daily Stache. Watch as we discuss blogging, Mike's take on 50 Reasons the Mets Aren't Contenders, Jose Reyes and more. Looks like we had a little technical difficulty … Continue reading
Tagged Interview, Jose Reyes, Justin Turner
Mets Player of The Month May 2011May 31, 2011
Tagged Jose Reyes, New York Mets Player Of The Month
Weekly Report: Bullpen, Offense & Jose ReyesMay 29, 2011
In my weekly chat with Dave Doyle of Mets Report we discuss the recent struggles of the bullpen, the lack of offensive production and Jose Reyes.
Tagged Jason Bay, Jose Reyes, Justin Turner, New York Mets Bullpen, New York Mets Weekly Report
Wilpon's Comments: My Thoughts On Each Player MentionedMay 23, 2011
Tagged Carlos Beltran, David Wright, Fred Wilpon, Ike Davis, Jose Reyes
Chat With Darren From The 7 LineMay 10, 2011
In this video I catch up with Darren Meenan of The 7 Line. Watch as Darren and I talk about how he started The 7 Line, social media, Jose Reyes and much more.
Tagged Darren Meenan, Interview, Jose Reyes, The7Line.com
Who's Hot Who's Not May 9, 2011May 9, 2011
Tagged Daniel Murphy, Jose Reyes
Weekly Report: Chris Young, Jason Pridie & MoreMay 8, 2011
In my weekly video chat with Dave Doyle of Mets Report we talk Doders series, Chris Young injuries, Jason Pridies good play and much more.
Tagged Carlos Beltran, Chris Young, Jason Pridie, Jose Reyes, New York Mets Weekly Report
Dodgers Series, Jose Reyes & Johan SantanaMay 6, 2011
In this video I chat with Brandon Butler of Mets Merized Online. Watch as we discuss the upcoming Dodgers series, the Jose Reyes trade rumors and whether or not Johan Santana should attempt to come back this season.
Tagged Interview, Johan Santana, Jose Reyes
RISP – A Look At Who's Been The Worst So Far This YearMay 4, 2011
For you fantasy baseball junkies, here is a recent press release from Bloomberg Sports: BLOOMBERG LAUNCHES PIONEERING FANTASY BASEBALL TRADE ANALYZER New Feature Joins Free Agent Finder and Lineup Manager Tools in Front Office 2011 Lineup New York, May 4 … Continue reading
Tagged Angel Pagan, Bloomberg Sports, Jose Reyes, Josh Thole, Scott Hairston


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Reviews & Stories
Real Estate Advisor- Done - New York New York
I am a college student in DC looking to get a brazillian butt lift this summer while classes are out. I am 5'6 and an apple shape, I love my boobs but my butt and hips have never been up to par. I have lost weight from everywhere BUT my stomach and it has just gotten ridiculous, so I decided this is the route I need to go I am looking at consultations with Dr. Salama and Dr. Jimerson but... READ MORE
Questions from trashtalk
Is a 24 Hour Plane Flight 6 Weeks After a BBL Safe?
Hi everyone! I am currently scheduling my time for my BBL and the time I have now is planned 6 weeks (6 weeks and 5 days) before a trip I have to Australia, I wanted to know if... READ MORE
Recent comments from trashtalk
Where did you see his vixen bodies? READ COMMENT
Thank you darlin! Right now I am feeling pretty good, a couple aches and pains here and there...sometimes I feel like ive been hit with a mack truck lmao but most of my pain and discomfort is coming from this ridiculously tight... READ COMMENT
Honestly I am positive he told me after surgery but I was so out of it I have no clue lmao. So I will ask him when I go in for one week post op READ COMMENT
Awww thank you! I am super happy with my results so far and I think they will only get better :) READ COMMENT
Thank you love! I sure can once I get out of my garment again, hopefully not tonight it is literal Hell getting in and out of this thing but I def can tomorrow READ COMMENT


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GRU Crews Hard At Work Restoring Power
Published May 1st, 2010
Yesterday's April showers may eventually bring May flowers, but for now they've brought broken fences, crushed houses, and down power lines.
And when that happens, GRU employees like Ken Simmons spring into action.
Simmons says GRU depends on customers letting them know when their lights are out. Nearly 14,000 customers lost power at some point, and will work all through the night and into tomorrow morning until everyone is back up.
Related Stories
- GRU working to fix power outages
- Fire crews work to contain 86 acre wildfire in Putnam County
- GRU Biomass Power Plant Contract Revealed
- GRU Holds 4th Annual "Camp EmPower"
- GRU switches to biomass plant to supply power
- GRU Officials working to clean 900 Thousand Gallons of Waste Water
- GRU employee burned working near Oaks Mall
- High School Football Teams Working Hard in the Summer
- Getting The Rock Through A Hard Place: Florida's Offensive Strategy Working Through 5 Games
- Trenton Football Working Hard for A Repeat District Title


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German Shepherd Dog Forums (http://www.germanshepherds.com/forum/)
- Pictures! Pictures! Pictures! (http://www.germanshepherds.com/forum/pictures-pictures-pictures/)
- - Introducing new pupy! (http://www.germanshepherds.com/forum/pictures-pictures-pictures/450770-introducing-new-pupy.html)
Introducing new pupy!
3 Attachment(s)
Introducing our new puppy ""Amalfi von Schraederhaus."
This our new pure DDR from Schraederhaus K9. We call him Zeno.
Congrats! He's adorable. I have an Itty/Lux boy (17 months). I just visted at length with Jean last week. Enjoy him!
OMG OMG OMG!!!!! Hellooooooooo cutie-pie! :) Congratulations! :wub:
1 Attachment(s)
Hi can anyone tell me what color my gsd will be when he grows up or is he a bi color ? I'm so curious ??
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|Topic Review (Newest First)
|Thanks VA, I'll never forget. I lost a good friend there.
|5:20 PM - WTC 7 goes poof.
History & 9/11
I posted this in 2007 and have been thinking how the world has changed
7:59 a.m. American Airlines Flight 11 takes off from Boston's Logan Airport and I was up drinking coffee.
8:13 a.m. The last official communication between American Airlines Flight 11 and ground controllers occurs and the transponder stops transmitting. The hijacking occurs at about this point and I was in the shower.
8:43 a.m. United Airlines Flight 175 is hijacked and I was brushing my teeth.
8:46:26 a.m. American Airlines Flight 11 out of Boston, Massachusetts, crashes into the north tower of the World Trade Center with an estimated 10,000 gallons of fuel and traveling 470 mph, I was unaware until the news broke in. I sat in my chair in disbelief.
8:50 a.m. United Airlines Flight 175 begins heading towards New York City.
9:02:54 a.m. United Airlines Flight 175 hits the south tower of the World Trade Center and explodes and I was there in my house in my comfortable chair, watching and horrified.
9:38 a.m. American Airlines Flight 77 crashes into the Pentagon. My God who will be next, I thought.
10:05 a.m. The south tower of the World Trade Center collapses.
10:10 a.m. A portion of the Pentagon collapses.
10:10 a.m. United Airlines Flight 93 crashes in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, southeast of Pittsburgh.
10:28 a.m. The north tower of the World Trade Center collapses from the top down on. I cried for an hour in disbelief.
On 09 11 07, I will go to work at be at my desk at 8:46:26 ----SAFE , God willing.
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Brooklyn sludge-punk upstarts, Pampers, played Saturday in Williamsburg at Death by Audio to celebrate the release of their great self-titled debut album on In the Red Records. The night opened with a solid line-up of local rippers: Call Of The Wild, Degreaser and Foster Care. The crowd got rowdier with each band, culminating in a packed room for Pampers who played a wild set of all the songs off their record, before closing the night out with a Spits tune for the encore. They finish off a Midwest tour with the Men and Purling Hiss tonight at the Music Hall of Williamsburg.
Words and photos by Keith Marlowe.
[nggallery id=pampers_death-by-audio]


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Lesson 4: Deciding Theme
Lesson Plan
The Wizard of Oz (Puffin Classics) | 1000L
- Learning Goal
- Explain the theme of a story by analyzing the effects of a character's decision.
- Duration
- Approximately 2 Days (40-45 minutes for each class)
- Necessary Materials
- Provided: "The Lion and the Mouse", Deciding the Theme Chart, Deciding the Theme Worksheet (Student Packet, pages 20-21)
Not Provided: Chart paper, markers, The Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum
Before the Lesson
Read Chapters 19-24; Complete Student Packet Worksheets for Chapters 19-24
Activation & Motivation
Read aloud the classic fable, "The Lion and the Mouse" while students follow along. Have the class discuss the message of the story. Ask: "How does the lion's decision impact the meaning of the whole story? If the lion had made a different decision, would the message of the story change? How?"
Teacher Modeling
will explain that a character's choices and the effects of those choices give readers insight into the themes or messages of a story. An author tries to show readers how we ought to behave as human beings (or how we should not behave) based on how characters in the story choose to act and react. The effects of a character's decision provide a clue to the theme or author's message. For example, in "The Lion and the Mouse" since the Lion's decision to free the mouse had a positive result for him ( .e. the mouse returned to save him), the author might be trying to communicate that acts of kindness are always rewarded. We saw this happen in The Wizard of Oz as well. When the Tin Man saved the mouse, this kindness was rewarded.
To explain the theme of a story, I will examine an important decision made by a main character (or group of main characters), evaluate the effects of that decision (by judging whether they are positive or negative), and use that information to explain the message of a story. To explain one possible theme (deceit and honesty) in The Wizard of Oz, I will examine the Wizard's decision to lie to the people of Oz and pretend to be all-powerful. This seems like an important decision that, when revealed, changed the course of the story, so I want to probe it further to see what it means.
First, I will look at the effects of this decision. On chart paper, I will write that because the Wizard lied, he had to hide his true identity not only from the people of Oz, but also from the evil witches. He lived in fear that they would discover the truth and punish him. Additionally, Dorothy, the Lion, the Tin Man, and the Scarecrow all believed that with his purported powers, he could grant them their wishes. Based on this information, they put themselves at risk and sought to kill the Wicked Witch of the West. Note: See Deciding the Theme Chart for an example chart.
Next, I will determine whether this decision was a positive or negative decision in the story by evaluating the effects. The effects of Wizard's disguise were negative because he lived in fear with few friends to trust, he could not grant the group their wishes, and he unfairly put their lives in danger by sending them to do his dirty work (killing the Wicked Witch of the West). I think the author believes the Wizard's decision to let the people of Oz think he had powers was negative. He is a fraud and a "humbug," one that is revealed to be pathetic and useless in effect.
Finally, I will use this information to explain the theme. I can conclude that one possible theme of the story is that lying to people about who you really are, or making yourself seem more grand, is harmful and wrong. It hurts other people and yourself. Another theme might be that to be a good leader, one must be honest, rather than using deceit and trickery to rule the people. See the Deciding the Theme Chart for additional themes.
Think Check
Ask: "How can I explain a theme of The Wizard of Oz?" Students should respond that a theme of the story can be explained by examining important decisions made by one or more characters, evaluating the effects of those decisions, determining whether they were positive or negative, and using them to explain the message of the story.
Guided Practice
will explain the theme of "Not Giving Up" in The Wizard of Oz. We will examine the decision made by Dorothy and the group to seek out the Wicked Witch of the West. Note: See Deciding the Theme Chart for an example chart. First, we will describe and chart the characters' decision. On chart paper, we will write that Dorothy and the group decided to seek out the Wicked Witch of the West. Then, we will chart the effects of this decision. The Tin Man was dismembered by the monkeys and rusted and the Scarecrow was torn apart and scattered. Dorothy and the Lion were enslaved, yet they continued to stay and work. Next, we will determine whether it was a positive or negative decision in the story by evaluating the effects. The author must think this is the right thing to do because, in the end, Dorothy defeated the Wicked Witch of the West. The winged monkeys and Winkies were so grateful that they put the bodies of the Tin Man and Scarecrow back together. Finally, we will use this information to explain the theme. We will conclude that one possible theme of the story is that you must pursue your dreams and desires relentlessly, and in the face of grave danger, especially if they are dreams for good things (like brains, a heart, courage, and home).
Independent Practice
will examine Dorothy's decision to be sent home rather than stay in Oz. You will also examine the group's decision to ask Oz for a heart, a brain and courage. Ask, "What is the author's message about how to get what we want?" (See pages 20-21 in the Student Packet.)
Reflective Practice
will come together to discuss the messages in the novel. Can students think of other themes from the novel? What does the author think about friendship? The meaning of home? The battle between good and evil?
Build Student Vocabulary mourning
|Tier 2 Word: mourning
|Contextualize the word as it is used in the story
|"My greatest wish now," she added, "is to get back to Kansas, for Aunt Em will surely think something dreadful has happened to me, and that will make her put on mourning; and unless the crops are better this year than they were last I am sure Uncle Henry cannot afford it."
|Explain the meaning student-friendly definition)
|To mourn means to feel sadness because someone has died. Dorothy is worried that Aunt Em put on mourning because she thinks Dorothy has passed away.
|Students repeat the word
|Say the word mourning with me: mourning
|Teacher gives examples of the word in other contexts
|I mourned my grandfather's dog when she died last year. I couldn't stop crying whenever I thought about her. Whenever I see people dressed all in black, I wonder if they are in mourning for someone they loved who has passed away.
|Students provide examples
|Have you ever seen someone in mourning? Students should say, "I once saw someone in mourning when________."
|Students repeat the word again.
|What word are we talking about? mourning
|Additional Vocabulary Words
|briskly, limp, reproachful, whimpered, boisterously
Texts & Materials
Standards Alignment
(To see all of the ReadWorks lessons aligned to your standards, click here.)
User Comments
Thank you!! Your readings and assignments are so helpful. Thank you!