text:
Eastern wolf
|Eastern wolf
|Taxidermy exhibit of an eastern wolf killed on February 10, 1907 in Washtenaw County, MI.
|Scientific classification
|C. lycaon
|Binomial name
|Canis lycaon
Schreber, 1775
|Modern range of North American Canis
|Synonyms [2]
The eastern wolf (Canis lycaon or Canis lupus lycaon), also known as the eastern timber wolf, Algonquin wolf or deer wolf,[3][4] is a canid native to the northeastern side of North America's Great Lakes region.[5] It is a medium-sized canid which, like the red wolf, is intermediate in size between the coyote and the gray wolf. It primarily preys on white-tailed deer, but may occasionally attack moose and beaver.[6][7]
The eastern wolf's taxonomic classification has been under review beginning c. 2000, with various suggestions having been presented as to its derivation, including its being a subspecies of gray wolf,[2] its being conspecific with the red wolf,[8][9] gray wolf–coyote hybridization,[10][11] and classification as a separate species within Canis.[8][12] The eastern wolf is still recognized as a gray wolf subspecies by Mammal Species of the World (as of 2005[update]),[2] but in 2013, following a comprehensive review of several genetic studies, it has been classed as a distinct species by United States Fish and Wildlife Service.
The eastern wolf is currently listed as a threatened species under COSEWIC and with the Committee on the Status of Species at Risk in Ontario (COSSARO), because "new genetic analyses indicate that the eastern wolf is not a subspecies of grey wolf" versus earlier theories that it was a result of hybridization with both gray wolves and coyotes.[3] The eastern wolf is particularly susceptible to hybridization, due to its close relationship to the coyote and its ability to bridge gene flow between both coyotes and gray wolves. Furthermore, human persecution over a period of 400 years caused a population decline which reduced the number of suitable mates, thus facilitating coyote gene swamping into the eastern wolf population. Aside from posing a threat to a unique species, the resulting eastern wolf–coyote hybrids are too small in size to substitute pure eastern wolves as apex predators of moose and deer. The main nucleus of pure eastern wolves is currently concentrated within Algonquin Provincial Park, eastern Ontario and south central Quebec.[1] However, a 2016 study concluded that even these eastern wolves have about 32% coyote ancestry.[11][13]
Taxonomic history and evolution[edit]
Genetic studies have indicated that the eastern wolf evolved in North America, unlike the gray wolf, which originated in Eurasia, and diverged from a common ancestor with the coyote and red wolf 150,000–300,000 years ago.[12] However, in 2014, the research of Chambers et al. (2012) about the eastern wolf's status as a species became controversial, forcing the USF&WS to commission a peer review of it, known as NCAES (2014). This peer review concluded unanimously that "virtually all taxonomic conclusions from Chambers et al. are accepted uncritically."[14][15] Two subsequent reviews of updated research in 2013 and 2014, one commissioned to the Wildlife Management Institute by the USFWS, and one journal review, concluded that historically there were four unique canine species in North America, gray wolf, eastern wolf, coyote, and dog, and that "the red wolf may be conspecific with the eastern wolf".[16][17] This view consistent with the idea that the coyote and gray wolf did not historically range into the eastern United States.[16] These reviews and a 2015 genetics study, the most comprehensive to date,[18] led the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) in May, 2015 to change the designation of the eastern wolf to a distinct species, Canis species cf lycaon (Canis species believed to be lycaon).[19][20] However, the previous assertion that gray wolves did not occur in the eastern third of the United States is still ill-founded by the newer genetic study's lead author Dr. Linda Y. Rutledge who noted in the conclusions that "the recognition of the eastern wolf as a separate species does not exclude the possibility that a grey wolf × eastern wolf hybrid animal (previously identified as Canis lupus lycaon, boreal/Ontario-type), similar to a Great Lakes boreal wolf currently located in the Great Lakes states and across Manitoba, northern Ontario, and northern Quebec, historically inhabited the northeastern United States alongside eastern wolves, and there is some evidence to support the historical presence of both Canis types."
The eastern wolf was first recognized as a distinct species in 1775 by German naturalist Johann Schreber, who termed it loup noir (black wolf). His depiction of the animal however showed it with a black coat, an atypical coloration in eastern wolves. It was later reclassified as a subspecies of gray wolf by Edward Nelson and Goldman.[12] In 2000, the taxonomic status of the eastern wolf was once again brought into question when a genetic study on canids from Algonquin Provincial Park undertaken in Trent University showed that the local wolves bore similarities to red wolves, based on DNA profiles at eight microsatellite loci. Furthermore, sequences were found in both eastern and red wolves that diverged from those of coyotes by 150,000–300,000 years, and no specimens of either species from the 1960s bore any gray wolf mitochondrial DNA. The scientists involved in this study proposed that the eastern and red wolf were the same species, and that the two be combined under the earlier binomial name of C. lycaon.[8] However, this conclusion was disputed, with one study indicating that the eastern wolf is a gray wolf–coyote hybrid[10] and Mammal Species of the World[2] listed it in 2005 as a subspecies of gray wolf.
In May 2011, an analysis of eastern wolf, red wolf, gray wolf, and dog genomes suggested that the wolves of Algonquin Provincial Park are 58% gray wolf and 42% coyote, suggesting that the eastern wolf is a coywolf with more gray wolf content than the red wolf. This study analyzed 48,000 SNP and found no evidence for a unique eastern wolf species.[21] In 2012, re-analysis of the 2011 SNP study argued that the original SNP study suffered from insufficient sampling and noted that gray wolves do not mate with coyotes.[1] Another Y-chromosome genetic study in 2012 also argued that the eastern wolf and red wolf are not hybrids but rather are a distinct species from the gray wolf, although eastern and red wolves do intermix with coyotes.[22] The same authors have argued that the 2011 SNP study finding that eastern wolves are not an independent species is flawed and that historical hunting and culling of wolves, leading to invasion of coyotes into eastern North America, has led to introgression of coyote mitochondrial and nuclear DNA into fragmented, decimated eastern wolf packs.[1] They and other authors have postulated that large populations of eastern and red wolves with intact social/pack structures are less likely to interbreed with coyotes.[23] The controversy over the eastern wolf's species status was the subject of a comprehensive review of the 2011 and 2012 genetics studies, which concluded that there are four separate species of Canis in North America, the eastern wolf, red wolf, gray wolf and coyote.[12]
As of February 2014, an experiment which produced hybrids of coyotes and northwestern gray wolves in captivity using artificial insemination contributed more information to the controversy surrounding the eastern wolf. The six hybrids produced were weighed shortly after birth and were shown to be larger than western coyote pups born around the same time, despite being delivered by a female coyote. However, at six months of age they were weighed again with the two females weighing 17.6 and 21.8 kilograms respectively while the four males were varied between 20.1 and 26.0 kilograms which is close to the average weigh of adult eastern wolves who in turn are around 25 to 30 kilograms.[24] This research suggests that while the eastern wolves are not coywolves, they are still physically similar to such hybrids. Moreover, the FWS review became controversial, forcing the USF&WS to commission a peer review of it, known as NCAES (2014).[25] This peer review concluded unanimously that the review "is not accepted as consensus scientific opinion or best available science".
In 2015, the most comprehensive genetics study, using comprehensive mitochondrial DNA data, Y-chromosome data and genome-wide data from 127,235 SNP, concluded that "the most parsimonious explanation" is that eastern wolves in Algonquin Provincial Park are "a distinct remnant entity of a historical wolf that most likely existed throughout the eastern United States".[18]
The taxonomic reference Mammal Species of the World (2005) does not recognize Canis lycaon, however NCBI/GenBank does list it.[26]
Whole-genome analysis[edit]
In 2016, a whole-genome DNA study proposed, based on the assumptions made, that all of the North American wolves and coyotes diverged from a common ancestor less than 6,000–117,000 years ago. The study also indicated that all North America wolves have a significant amount of coyote ancestry and all coyotes some degree of wolf ancestry, and that the red wolf and Great Lakes region wolf are highly admixed with different proportions of gray wolf and coyote ancestry. One test indicated a wolf–coyote divergence time of 51,000 years before present that matched other studies indicating that the extant wolf came into being around this time. Another test indicated that the red wolf diverged from the coyote between 55,000-117,000 years before present and the Great Lakes region wolf 32,000 years before present. Other tests and modelling showed various divergence ranges and the conclusion was a range of less than 6,000 and 117,000 years before present. The study found that coyote ancestry was highest in red wolves from the southeast of the United States and lowest among the Great Lakes region wolves.
The theory proposed was that this pattern matched the south to north disappearance of the wolf due to European colonization and its resulting loss of habitat. Bounties led to the extirpation of wolves initially in the south east, and as the wolf population declined wolf–coyote admixture increased. Later, this process occurred in the Great Lakes region with the influx of coyotes replacing wolves, followed by the expansion of coyotes and their hybrids across the wider region.[27][28] The Great Lakes wolves largely reflect lineages that have descendants in the modern wolf and coyote populations, but also reflect a distinct gray wolf ecotype which may have descendants in the modern wolf populations.[27] The proposed timing of the wolf/coyote divergence conflicts with the finding of a coyote-like specimen in strata dated to 1 million years before present.[29]
Later that year, a study of mitochondrial DNA sequences confirmed the Eastern wolf as a coyote–wolf hybrid.[30]
In 2017 a group of canid researchers challenged the recent finding that the red wolf and the eastern wolf were the result of recent coyote–wolf hybridization. The group highlight that no testing had been undertaken to ascertain the time period that hybridization had occurred and that by the previous study's own figures the hybridization could not have occurred recently but supports a much more ancient hybridization. The group found deficiencies in the previous study's selection of specimens and the findings drawn from the different techniques used. Therefore, the group argues that both the red wolf and the eastern wolf remain genetically distinct North American taxa.[31]
Physical description and behavior[edit]
Charles Darwin described the eastern wolf as being a lightly-built, greyhound-like animal that pursued deer, as opposed to the bulkier, shorter-legged gray wolf.[32] The eastern wolf's fur is typically of a grizzled grayish-brown coloration mixed with cinnamon. The flanks and chest are rufous or creamy, while the nape, shoulder and tail region are a mix of black and gray. Unlike gray wolves, eastern wolves rarely produce melanistic individuals.[4] The first documentend all-black eastern wolf was found to have been an eastern wolf–gray wolf hybrid.[7] Like the red wolf, the eastern wolf is intermediate in size between the coyote and gray wolf, with females weighing 23.9 kilograms (53 lb) on average and males 30.3 kilograms (67 lb). Like the gray wolf, its average lifespan is 3–4 years, with a maximum of 15 years.[6] Their physical sizes that sets them intermediate between gray wolves and coyotes are actually believed to be more related to their adaptations to an environment with predominately medium-sized prey similar to the case with the Mexican wolves in the southern USA rather than their close relationship to red wolves and coyotes.[10]
The eastern wolf primarily targets small to medium-sized prey items like white-tailed deer and beaver, unlike the gray wolf which can effectively hunt large ungulates like caribou, elk, moose and bison.[7] The average territory ranges between 110–185 km²,[6] and the earliest age of dispersal for young eastern wolves is 15 weeks, much earlier than gray wolves.[7]
History, hybridization and conservation[edit]
Before the arrival of Europeans, eastern wolves may have numbered at 64,500–90,200 individuals.[1] The species ranged throughout the wooded and open areas of eastern North America, from the Maritime provinces and southern Quebec to approximately the southern United States and westward to the Great Plains. The region's indigenous human populations didn't fear eastern wolves, though they did occasionally catch them in traps, and their bones occur in native shell heaps.[33] The earliest written records of the eastern wolf were in the writings of Jacques Cartier in 1535 and in Marc Lescarbot's Histoire de la Nouvelle-France (1609), where he wrote that the animal was common in Acadia.[34]
Early European settlers often kept their livestock on eastern wolf-free outer islands, though animals kept in pasture on the mainland were vulnerable, to the point that a campaign against eastern wolves was launched in the early years of the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colonies, in which both settlers and natives participated. A bounty system was put into effect, offering higher rewards for adult wolves, with their heads exposed on hooks in meetinghouses. Nevertheless, eastern wolves were still plentiful enough by the early 18th century to warrant the settlers of Cape Cod discussing the building of a high fence between Sandwich and Wareham to keep eastern wolves out of grazing lands. The scheme failed, though the settlers continued to utilize wolf pits, a wolf trapping technique learned from the region's indigenous peoples. Eastern wolf numbers declined noticeably shortly before and after the American Revolution, particularly in Connecticut, where the wolf bounty was repealed in 1774. Eastern wolf numbers however were still high enough to cause concern in the more sparsely populated areas of southern New Hampshire and Maine, with wolf hunting becoming a regular occupation among settlers and natives alike. By the early 19th century, few eastern wolves remained in southern New Hampshire and Vermont.[33]
Prior to the establishment of Algonquin Provincial Park in 1893, the eastern wolf was common in central Ontario and the Algonquin Highlands. It continued to persist throughout the late 1800s, despite extensive logging and efforts by park rangers to eliminate it, largely due to the sustaining influence of plentiful prey items like deer and beaver. By the mid-1900s, there were as many as 55 eastern wolf packs in the Park,[35] with an average of 49 wolves being killed annually between 1909–1958, until they were given official protection by the Ontario government in 1959, by which time the eastern wolf population in and around the Park had been reduced to 500–1000 individuals.[1][35] Nevertheless, between 1964–1965, 36% of the Park's wolf population was culled by researchers trying to understand the reproduction and age structure of the population. This cull coincided with the expansion of coyotes into the park, and lead to an increase in eastern wolf–coyote hybridization.[1] Introgression of gray wolf genes into the eastern wolf population also occurred across northern and eastern Ontario, into Manitoba and Quebec, as well as into the western Great Lakes states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan.[7] Despite protection within the Park boundaries, there was a population decline in the east side of the Park between 1987–1999, with an estimated number of 30 packs by 2000. This decline exceeded annual recruitment, and was attributed to human-caused mortality, which mostly occurred when dispersing animals left the Park in search of deer during the winter months, and when pack ranges overlapped with Park boundaries.[35] By 2001, protection was extended to eastern wolves occurring in the outskirts of the Park. By 2012, the genetic composition of the Park's eastern wolves was roughly restored to what it was in the mid-1960s than in the 1980s-1990s, when the majority of wolves had large amounts of coyote DNA.[1]
Relationships with humans[edit]
In Algonquin folklore[edit]
The eastern wolf is prominently portrayed in Algonquin mythology, where it is referred to as ma-hei-gan or nah-poo-tee in the Algonquian languages. It is the spirit brother of the Algonquian folkhero Nanabozho, and assisted him in several of his adventures, including thwarting the plots of the malicious anamakqui spirits and assisting him in recreating the world after a worldwide flood.[36]
Since the discovery in 1963 that eastern wolves answered human imitations of their howls, Algonquin Provincial Park began its Public Wolf Howls attraction, where as many as 2,500 visitors are led on expeditions into areas where eastern wolves were sighted the night before and listen to them answering the Park staff's imitation howls. By 2000, 85 Public Wolf Howls had been held, with over 110,000 people having participated. The Park considers the attraction as the cornerstone of its wolf education program, and credits it with changing public attitudes towards wolves in Ontario.[35]
Attacks on humans[edit]
Since the early 1970s, there have been several incidents of bold or aggressive behavior towards humans in Algonquin Provincial Park. Between 1987 and 1996, there were four instances of wolves biting people. The most serious case occurred in 1998, when a male wolf that had been long noted to be unafraid of humans stalked a couple walking their four-year-old daughter in September that year, losing interest when the family took refuge in a trailer. Two days later, the wolf attacked a 19-month-old boy, causing several puncture wounds on his chest and back before being driven off by campers. After the animal was killed later that day, it was found to be non-rabid, and had a DNA profile typical of wolves of the area, thus indicating it was not a hybrid.[37]
Further reading[edit]
- Pimlott, D. H., Shannon, J. A. & Kolenosky, G. B. (1969). "The ecology of the timber wolf in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario", Research Report (Wildlife), no. 87. Ontario, Department of Lands and Forests, Toronto, Ontario
- Rutledge, L., The Eastern Wolf: What we do and do not know..., Wolf Steward (April 2010)
- Theberge, J. & Theberge, M. (2013). Wolf Country: Eleven Years Tracking the Algonquin Wolves, Random House LLC
- ^ a b c d e f g h Linda Y. Rutledge, Bradley N. White, Jeffrey R. Row & Brent R. Patterson (2012). "Intense harvesting of eastern wolves facilitated hybridization with coyotes". Ecology and Evolution. 2 (1): 19–33. PMC 3297175 . PMID 22408723. doi:10.1002/ece3.61. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
- ^ a b c d Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b Eastern wolf, Canis sp. cf. lycaon (Report). Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. May 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-23.
- ^ a b Thiel, R. P. & Wydeven, A. P. (2012). Eastern Wolf (Canis lycaon) Status Assessment Report: Covering East-Central North America, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service
- ^ Beeland, T. D. (2013). Secret World of Red Wolves: The Fight to Save North America's Other Wolf, UNC Press Books, ISBN 1469601990
- ^ a b c Theberge, J. B. & M. T. Theberge (2004). The wolves of Algonquin Park, a 12 Year Ecological Study, Department of Geography, Publication Series Number 56, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario
- ^ a b c d e L. Y. Rutledge (2010). Evolutionary origins, social structure, and hybridization of the eastern wolf (Canis lycaon) (Thesis). Peterborough, Ontario, Canada: Trent University.
- ^ a b c Wilson, P. J., Grewal, S., Lawford, I. D., Heal, J. N. M., Granacki, A.G., Pennock, D., Theberge, J. B., Theberge, M. T., Voigt, D.R ., Waddell, W., Chambers, R. E., Paquet, P. C., Goulet, G., Cluff, D., White, B. N. (2000). "DNA profiles of the eastern Canadian wolf and the red wolf provide evidence for a common evolutionary history independent of the gray wolf". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 78: 2156–2166. doi:10.1139/cjz-78-12-2156.
- ^ Kelly, B. T.; Beyer, A.; Phillips, M. K. (2008). "Canis rufus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
- ^ a b c Koblmüller, S., Nord, M., Wayne, R. K. & Leonard, J. A. (2009). "Origin and status of the Great Lakes wolf" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 18: 2313–2326. PMID 19366404. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04176.x.
- ^ a b vonHoldt, B. M.; Cahill, J. A.; Fan, Z.; Gronau, I.; Robinson, J.; Pollinger, J. P.; Shapiro, B.; Wall, J.; Wayne, R. K. (2016). "Whole-genome sequence analysis shows that two endemic species of North American wolf are admixtures of the coyote and gray wolf". Science Advances. 2 (7): e1501714–e1501714. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501714.
- ^ a b c d Chambers, S. M., Fain, S. R., Fazio, B., Amaral, M. (2012). "An account of the taxonomy of North American wolves from morphological and genetic analyses". North American Fauna. 77: 1–67. doi:10.3996/nafa.77.0001. Retrieved 2013-07-02.
- ^ Morell, V. (2016). "How do you save a wolf that's not really a wolf?". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aag0699.
- ^ Review of Proposed Rule Regarding Status of the Wolf Under the Endangered Species Act (PDF) (Report). Santa Barbara, California: National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCAES), University of California, Santa Barbara. January 2014. Retrieved 2015-08-23.
- ^ Cole, Ken (February 7, 2014). "Peer Review Panel: USFWS Didn't Use the "Best Available Science" in Proposed Rule to Delist Wolves". thewildlifenews.com.
- ^ a b Joseph W. Hinton, Michael J. Chamberlain, David R. Rabon Jr. (August 2013). "Red Wolf (Canis rufus) Recovery: A Review with Suggestions for Future Research". Animals. 3: 722–724. PMC 4494459 . PMID 26479530. doi:10.3390/ani3030722. Retrieved 2015-08-16.
- ^ A Comprehensive Review and Evaluation of the Red Wolf (Canis rufus) Recovery Program (PDF) (Report). Wildlife Management Institute. November 14, 2014. p. 171. Retrieved 2015-08-16.
- ^ a b L. Y. Rutledge, S. Devillard, J. Q. Boone, P. A. Hohenlohe, B. N. White (July 2015). "RAD sequencing and genomic simulations resolve hybrid origins within North American Canis". Biology Letters. 11: 1–4. PMC 4528444 . PMID 26156129. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0303. Retrieved 2015-08-16.
- ^ Government of Canada - COSEWIC (2015). "Eastern wolf".
- ^ Government of Canada - Species at Risk Public Registry (2015). "Eastern wolf".
- ^ Bridgett M. vonHoldt, John P. Pollinger, Dent A. Earl, James C. Knowles, Adam R. Boyko, Heidi Parker, Eli Geffen, Malgorzata Pilot, Wlodzimierz Jedrzejewski, Bogumila Jedrzejewska, Vadim Sidorovich, Claudia Greco, Ettore Randi, Marco Musiani, Roland Kays, Carlos D. Bustamante, Elaine A. Ostrander, John Novembre & Robert K. Wayne (12 May 2011). "A genome-wide perspective on the evolutionary history of enigmatic wolf-like canids". Genome Res. 21 (8): 1294–1305. PMC 3149496 . PMID 21566151. doi:10.1101/gr.116301.110.
- ^ Paul J. Wilson, Linda Y. Rutledge, Tyler J. Wheeldon, Brent R. Patterson & Bradley N. White (2012). "Y-chromosome evidence supports widespread signatures of three-species Canis hybridization in eastern North America". Ecology and Evolution. 2 (9): 2325–2332. PMC 3488682 . PMID 23139890. doi:10.1002/ece3.301. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
- ^ Astrid V. Stronen, Nathalie Tessier, Hélène Jolicoeur, Paul C. Paquet, Michel Hénault, Mario Villemure, Brent R. Patterson, Tim Sallows, Gloria Goulet and François-Joseph Lapointe (2012). "Canid hybridization: contemporary evolution in human-modified landscapes". Ecology and Evolution. 2 (9): 2128–2140. PMC 3488665 . PMID 23139873. doi:10.1002/ece3.335. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
- ^ Mech, L. D.; Christensen, B. W.; Asa, C. S.; Callahan, M.; Young, J. K. (2014). "Production of Hybrids between Western Gray Wolves and Western Coyotes". PLoS ONE. 9 (2): e88861. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...988861M. PMC 3934856 . PMID 24586418. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088861.
- ^ NCEAS (2014). Review of Proposed Rule Regarding Status of the Wolf Under the Endangered Species Act. National Cent. for Ecol. Anal. & Synth, Univ. Calif., Santa Barbara. Commissioned by USF&WS.
- ^ "Canis lycaon".
- ^ a b Vonholdt, B. M.; Cahill, J. A.; Fan, Z.; Gronau, I.; Robinson, J.; Pollinger, J. P.; Shapiro, B.; Wall, J.; Wayne, R. K. (2016). "Whole-genome sequence analysis shows that two endemic species of North American wolf are admixtures of the coyote and gray wolf". Science Advances. 2 (7): e1501714. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501714.
- ^ Morell, Virginia (2016). "How do you save a wolf that's not really a wolf?". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aag0699.
- ^ Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H. (2008). Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13528-3. OCLC 185095648.
- ^ Ersmark, Erik; Klütsch, Cornelya F. C.; Chan, Yvonne L.; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Fain, Steven R.; Illarionova, Natalia A.; Oskarsson, Mattias; Uhlén, Mathias; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Dalén, Love; Savolainen, Peter (2016). "From the Past to the Present: Wolf Phylogeography and Demographic History Based on the Mitochondrial Control Region". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 4. doi:10.3389/fevo.2016.00134.
- ^ Paul A. Hohenlohe, Linda Y. Rutledge, Lisette P. Waits, Kimberly R. Andrews, Jennifer R. Adams, Joseph W. Hinton, Ronald M. Nowak, Brent R. Patterson, Adrian P. Wydeven, Paul A. Wilson, Brad N. White (2017). "Comment on "Whole-genome sequence analysis shows two endemic species of North American wolf are admixtures of the coyote and gray wolf"". Science Advances. 3 (6): e1602250.
- ^ Darwin, Charles (1859). On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Nature. 5 (Full image view 1st ed.). London: John Murray. p. 92. Bibcode:1872Natur...5..318B. doi:10.1038/005318a0. Retrieved 2011-03-01.
- ^ a b Glover, A. (1942), Extinct and vanishing mammals of the western hemisphere, with the marine species of all the oceans, American Committee for International Wild Life Protection, pp. 210–217.
- ^ Ganong, W. F. (1910). The identity of the animals and plants mentioned by the early voyagers to Eastern Canada and Newfoundland, Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa, pp. 223
- ^ a b c d Algonquin Wolf Advisory Group (2000). The Wolves of Algonquin Provincial Park: A Report to the Minister of Natural Resources, Algonquin Wolf Advisory Group, Ontario
- ^ Young, E. R. (1903). Algonquin Indian Tales, New York : Eaton & Mains; Cincinnati, Jennings & Pye.
- ^ McNay, Mark E. (2002). A Case History of Wolf–Human Encounters in Alaska and Canada. Alaska Department of Fish and Game Wildlife Technical Bulletin. Retrieved on 2013-10-09.
External links[edit]
|Wikispecies has information related to: Canis lupus lycaon
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canis lupus lycaon.
- Eastern wolf, Wolf and Coyote DNA Bank @ Trent University
- Eastern wolf survey


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swelling or puffiness of the face
trouble speaking, thinking, or walking
Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them:
More common
Change in hair color
change in taste
decreased weight
lack or loss of strength
loss of taste
thinning of the hair
Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional.
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.


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Best Small Work Radio
I'm looking for a small work radio. I've had some cheap crappy freebie ones that take 2 AAs but barely got the reception that a normal radio would get. So I'm looking for something similar that is compact, portable, and GOOD for listening to the radio while I'm working. Anyone have any suggestions?
P.S. An auxiliary audio input would be nice so that I can have my choice of either listening to the radio or plugging in my iPod.
P.P.S I'm also thinking that I'd like to have the option to be able to plug in the radio in case the batteries die.
I think you need to visit a Radio Shack, Best Buy, Target or whatever to explore your options. They range from $10 on up over $100. Your reception probably has as much to do with what antennae that are provided with the radio as the radio itself.
RCA makes some sort of expanded capability AM/FM portable radio but it retails for $70. A nice pawn shop near one of my haunts always has boombox/ghetto blaster type things for next to nothing on sale (you would not cry if you lost a decent one for like $20 from them).
I think I would look for a portable with a weather band and AM/FM if in the market. I worked alone alot along a tornado alley and valued knowing about the weather at times. You can get them to run on electricity, batteries and even with a hand crank generator. Again there is a significant price range.
Many/most radios now come with an auxiliary audio input. Some are dock specific so watch out for that. I just bought a little clock radio on sale for $9 at Bed Bath & Beyond to replace one I have had for decades. Won't run on batteries but has an input plug and gets decent reception.
DeWalt was clever in marketing a stereo boombox in combination with a tool battery charger. The concept was lost on those of us that did not have DeWalt tools though. But, since one had to drag chargers around why not with a radio?
I'm with sdster on this one.
I have yet to see a radio last for long on a job site.
It's going to end up with paint or drywall dust, someone's going to steal it, antennas get broken off in transporting, falls off a roof ECT.
I buy a cheap one at a yard sale, it breaks so what.
We've had good experiences with the Milwaukee line of jobsite radios. We even have one that is about 10 years old now, pretty beat-up, and still going.
I have this one set-up in my barn workshop and the sound is great: http://www.milwaukeetool.com/TOOLS/r...-radio/2590-20
I didn't see a price but that Milwaukee thing does look rather cool and robust. I guess one advantage to something new is you could take it back within its trial period if you did not like it or it could not tune in any stations. Assuming, as Joe mentioned, somebody has not already dropped it, filled it with drywall dust, or painted it.
And I forgot to mention. I have had super cheapo mini radios with headphone cable serving as the antenna that get better reception than any table top type portable. I don't like being cut-off from my surroundings when working though and dangling cords are not usually a good thing.
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627 Tasting Notes
Oh god I opened this package and I thought I had opened up a bag of hot chocolate by mistake. The really rich creamy hot chocolate that is. It's still really hot so I had a little sip and YUMMY CHOCOLATE!!! okay if this was still in stock I would have to buy more. Thank goodness it's out.
Okay I love this one but not as much as I love Yu Lu Yan Chai I think. I find the other chai perks me up more. Although I do still Love this one! Oh and I'm using the Tea Timer Pro app so I actually steep things the right amount of time without forgetting about them :D
Having a tasty cup right now as it's a perfect cup before bed.


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Very nice. You've got quite a talent for that.
This is a discussion on Fresh off the bench! within the Defensive Carry Holsters & Carry Options forums, part of the Defensive Carry Discussions category; The title says it all! Enjoy the leather porn!...
The title says it all! Enjoy the leather porn!
"Any intelligent fool can make things bigger, more complex, and more violent. It takes a touch of genius -- and a lot of courage -- to move in the opposite direction."-Einstein
Very nice. You've got quite a talent for that.
NRA Member
Glock 26 XD9sc
Ruger SR9c Ruger LCP
Sweet ! I like the inlays alot. You have done well grasshopper.
"Violence is seldom the answer, but when it is the answer it is the only answer".
"A nation of sheep breeds a government of wolves".
Hey bigo, some really nice work. You've really improved in a very short space of time. These are really beautiful!
You can educate ignorance, you can't fix stupid
Retired DE Trooper, SA XD40 SC, S&W 2" Airweight
dukalmighty & Pure Kustom Black Ops Pro "Trooper" Holsters, DE CCDW and LEOSA Permits, Vietnam Vet 68-69 Pleiku
Your work is getting much, much better!
My name is Frogman46 and I'm tougher than you.
Thanks everyone!
"Any intelligent fool can make things bigger, more complex, and more violent. It takes a touch of genius -- and a lot of courage -- to move in the opposite direction."-Einstein
The stiching looks very strong , but somehow doesn't detract from the beauty of the holster.
Very good.!
I would rather die with good men than hide with cowards
If you want to make God laugh, tell him your plans
Don't ever think that the reason I'm peaceful is because I don't know how to be violent
M&Pc .357SIG, 2340Sigpro .357SIG
That was very nice. Congrats!
"The Second Amendment: America's Original Homeland Security"
That is nice work. I have to ask, where can someone go and see pics of all of your work?
,=====o00o _
l_--- \___l---[]lllllll[]
(o)_)-o- (o)_)--o-)_)
Really gotten good in a very short period.
Friends don't let friends be MALL NINJAS.
I am just as nice as anyone lets me be and can be just as mean as anyone makes me. - Quoted from Terryger, New member to our forum.
Wow! I remember when you posted some of your first holsters. Lots of improvement. These holsters look great.
Man I can't believe how good you gotten your craft!
"Don't start none, won't be none!"
Wow bigo, you've done very well
Trust in God and keep your powder dry
"A heavily armed citizenry is not about overthrowing the government; it is about preventing the government from overthrowing liberty. A people stripped of their right of self defense is defenseless against their own government." -source
Dude, you've come a long way!!!! Sweet!!! I'll check out your site.
Looked at your site. How do you know the Burroughs? David is married to my sister. Small world.
Know Guns, Know Safety, Know Peace.
No Guns, No Safety, No Peace.


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Bad & Nasty'sNot My President's Day, Polybe + Seats edition!
Anna Asli Suriyah (I Come from Syria)
a solo performance by Sarah Badiyah Sakaan
directed by Jessica Silsby Brater
Tickets are going fast to RSVP asap!
Brooklyn Winery, 213 N 8th St, Brooklyn, NY 11211
6:30pm Doors. 7:00pm Performance
Brief post-performance discussion with representatives from Amnesty International, the Network of Arab American Professionals and the Arab American Association of New York
Fall 2016 News:
Polybe + Seats presents
a solo adaptation of our 2014 production
Anna Asli Suriyah (I Come from Syria)
at the Lady Liberty Festival
Urban Stages
259 W. 30th St., NYC
Friday, September 16, 2016 @ 8pm
directed by Jessica Brater
featuring Sarah Badiyah Sakaan
Anna Asli Suriyah (I Come from Syria) is a play about the political and humanitarian crisis facing Syria. Weaving together current events with personal history, interview-based monologues, and fantastical Syrian folklore and tradition, the play transports the audience from the United States to Syria and beyond as they peer into the personal anguish of a Syrian American woman trying to make sense of the politics and devastation enveloping her ancestral homeland.
"Longing for a way of life lost, for a sense of daily security destroyed, is deeply felt in Anna Asli Suriyah. . . . What's exciting about [Polybe + Seats's] approach is the reinventing and reimagining of performance modes and ways of creating new work." –The Brooklyn Rail
Spring 2016 News:
Our workshop production of The Art of Hijab, Kohl Black and the Right Way to Pray by associate artistic director Sarah Badiyah Sakaan was presented as part of LaGuardia Performing Arts Center's Rough Draft Festival in 2015.
Directed by artistic director Jessica Silsby Brater, our workshop will feature performances by Sakaan as well as Don Castro*, Marie-Lou Nahhas, Nuah Ozryel, Indika Senanayake*, and Lindsay Torrey* , stage management by Rachel Calter* and designs by Gavin Hecker, Karen Boyer, Natalie Robin and Leslie Smith.
Inspired by YouTube tutorials on make-up and hijab styling, The Art of Hijab, Kohl Black, and the Right Way to Pray engages with Muslim feminist identity and playwright Sarah Badiyah Sakaan's experience growing up in a Muslim household in the U.S. Bible Belt. The play explores the juxtaposition of American Muslim women living assimilated lives yet choosing to dress modestly. Following Polybe + Seats's 2014 Anna Asli Suriyah (I come from Syria), the project is a continuation of the company's interest in exploring Muslim-American identity.
Polybe was Gertrude Stein's dog. Seats are where you sit.
Polybe + Seats has been making theater together since 2001. We produce new plays and collaboratively developed work that experiments with images, language, structure, and storytelling. By presenting our stories from multiple perspectives, we invite our audiences to make their own connections with our work. Our work has been presented by The University of Michigan, Mabou Mines / Suite, Brooklyn Fire Proof, and the Waterfront Museum and Showboat Barge.
By choosing stories that we ourselves are curious about, we engage our audiences' curiosity and imaginations.
"Polybe + Seats launches Granada in a storytelling tour-de-force that sets the foundation for their future collaborative work to come." - Theater Online
"A promising young company bravely taking on the impossible Stein challenge." --Charles McNulty, The Village Voice


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kidd kraddick in the morning - Page 8
Big Al & Jenna Go Through A Football Combine [AUDIO/VIDEO]
Recently potential NFL players went to the NFL Combine where they were put through all kinds of drills and physical tests to catch the attention of coaches in hopes of playing for an NFL team someday.
Pharrell Williams Calls Into Kidd Kraddick In The Morning [AUDIO]
Pharrell Williams is one of the hottest music producers in music right now. He's a recent Grammy Award winner and could be an Academy Award winner at the end of this weekend thanks to his current #1 song on the Billboard Top 100 chart "Happy".
Kid Confessions During 'Open Lines' on Kidd Kraddick in the Morning [AUDIO]
Kellie Rasberry from Kidd Kraddick in the Morning received some news from her daughter's teacher, the news has to do with a secret that Emma Kelly has been holding on to for a while and it deals with another cast member!
Jenna from Kidd Kraddick in the Morning Makes Her Debut on Headline News [VIDEO]
First it was an appearance on 'Good Day LA' and now Jenna's moved on to the big time, HLN!
J-Si Interviews Imagine Dragons [VIDEO]
Imagine Dragons were at the American Airlines Center in Dallas last weekend and J-Si from Kidd Kraddick in the Morning had the chance to catch up with the band backstage
Big Al's Rock Paper Scissors Tournament Coming To Longview
Rock Paper Scissors, the simple game that has been used by many friends to decide a stalemate and unarguably has a clear outcome - rock beats scissors, scissors beats paper and paper beats rock. Once you know those simple rules, the game is easy! Playing the game with Big Al, from Kidd Kraddick in the Morning, could lead to some prizes!
Demi Lovato Sits Down To Talk Touring + More With Kidd Kraddick In The Morning – KKITM Best of the Day
Before becoming a household name, Demi Lovato appeared outside of the Kidd Kraddick in the Morning studio one morning in anticipation of singing for the cast. Well she got that shot, they were quite impressed with her and to say that she's a long time friend of the show would be an understatement!
Watch Jenna, J-Si and Big Al Chill Out with Cows
What happens when the Kidd Kraddick in the Morning crew visits with cows? The same thing that happens when anyone does: they get carried away by the cuteness and just want to pet them!
Jenna Goes On A Blind Date With A Listener
It all began with a contest and ended up with a listener going on a blind date (sort of) with Jenna from Kidd Kraddick in the Morning!
Listen to the Love Songs Fans Sent Kidd Kraddick in the Morning [Audio]
Kellie, J-Si, Big Al and Jenna asked Kidd Kraddick in the Morning listeners to record and submit love songs about them because they're so needy during Valentine's Day!
Is Valentine's Day the Right Day to Ask Someone to Be Your Girlfriend?
Certified (we think) Kidd Kraddick in the Morning Love Expert Kellie Rasberry got a tough love letter question from a listener who asked if Valentine's Day is the best time to ask a girl he likes to be his girlfriend.


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The NFL's new kickoff rule -- the ball is being teed up at the 35 instead of the 30 now -- is breeding all sorts of consequences and debates.
"As it was explained to me, what the league and the competition committee were trying to do is eliminate the kickoff returns, which I think they'll do," Patriots coach Bill Belichick said Tuesday. "They'll eliminate a lot of them, particularly early in the season when the weather is less of a factor."
He also noted it could eliminate a lot of jobs for players who are predominantly special teamers if their workload is drastically reduced.
On the flip side, kickers must now wrestle with alternative strategies.
"There may be games where we say, 'Hey, we can hang this ball up and try to get it to come down and the goal line and maybe we feel comfortable trying to get them inside the 20,' " says Chiefs K Ryan Succop. "And then there may be times -- obviously every returner is dangerous -- but there may be times where, 'You know what? We don't want to mess with this guy. Let's try to line drive it out of the end zone.' "
But could that give some kickers the yips?
"You can somewhat do that, but it's kind of a real rhythmical swing, like a golf swing," says Patriots K Stephen Gostkowski, who always aims for a high trajectory per Belichick's orders. "When you try to adjust, you're more prone to mishit it, so I try to do the same thing every time. I (do) make slight adjustments whether it's into the wind or something like that."
The league is trying to limit injuries, and kickoffs are plays that can turn into jailbreaks. But by season's end, touchbacks could start dwindling yet again.
"When you think about what the NFL is trying to do, and that is really reduce the number of injuries and the big-time collisions on kickoffs, I think they're getting what they wanted out of that," Succop said. "Right now a lot of people are thinking it's going to be touchbacks every single time you kick off, and I think early on you'll see a lot of that. As the weather turns and it gets cold and guys' legs wear out, it won't be a touchback every time."
The Bears were voluntarily kicking off from the 30 in their preseason opener last week -- they wanted to test their coverage units -- but were told to cease and desist by the league office.
And then there are elite returners like Josh Cribbs, who is unhappy with the new rule but plans to bring kickoffs back regardless.
"It will be different for each returner," he said. "But for me, 9 yards (deep in the end zone). Anything above 9 yards, I'll probably keep it in."
Maybe a wisecrack, but ...
"I'm not a big fair-catch guy," he said. "I just want to get positive yards. I'm going to be smart and help our team. They (coaches) are aware each time is a possibility. I'm going to decide if I'm going to keep it or not. Nobody is going to come back and say, 'Oh, oh, wait.' I'll make the decision."
And Cribbs still foresees plenty of excitement.
"There will be a lot of returns this year," he said. "(Coverage) teams will take it easy, thinking that the guys will have touchbacks and that's when good (returners) will take advantage.
"A lot of returners will get tired of taking a knee in the end zone and try to bring it out. That's where there will be a lot of inside-the-20 tackles. Guys are getting down there faster, and the kickers are hanging the ball up there. That's what you can look for, touchbacks and inside the 20 tackles."
At the end of the day, Cribbs is still unhappy about the rule change and doesn't believe there's data to support that more injuries occur on kickoffs.
"I don't see (injury) stats behind it, and that's what the issue was" said Cribbs, who believes the rule could eventually revert. "There's no stats to back it up. Their intentions are good, but the stats aren't there to back up the reasoning."
Nate Davis is a reporter, blogger and editor who's been at USA TODAY since 2000. He has covered the NFL since 2005. No, he did not play quarterback for Ball State. Davis' succession of our esteemed colleague Sean Leahy at The Huddle is considered a Brady-for-Bledsoe swap by most "insiders."More about Nate


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varnish wrote:So the amazon listing has one review where the case did not fit the 10 but only the 1010. Does the 8 and the 810 have the same external dimensions and layout?
stretch wrote:I purchased the hard shell style case (Far right in the picture from Dann).
Fits well, but it does partially obscure the Micro SD slot.
Needs a bit of breaking in before it stands reliably on its own, and the material is a very odd textured pattern that sends chills up my spine if I rub it the wrong way (oo-er.)
Purchased through Amazon, and expedited delivery (from France) took about 7 days (including the weekend)


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Yanez opponent named!
2008 U.S. Olympian, Luis Yanez, now knows who will be standing between himself and his first professional victory when he makes his pro boxing debut at the American Airlines Center in Dallas, on Friday, February 20th. Yanez will take on San Antonio's Julio Valadez (3-2), according to the event matchmaker, Wayne Harrison, who represents promoter — Mendelson Entertainment Group, LLC. The Yanez vs Valadez six-round Jr. Bantamweight main event, will headline a six-bout fight card, starting at 7:30 p.m. The remainder of the card is to be announced.
The event is being promoted by Barry Mendelson and his Mendelson Entertainment Group, LLC, in association with Media 13, Dallas businessman Ray Quintanilla and Brown Boy Media.
Mendelson has also confirmed that the Yanez' pro debut against Valadez will be telecast live on Fox Sports Net Southwest, starting at 9:00 p.m.
Tickets are priced at $25, $45, $60 and $125 and available at the American Airlines Center Box Office and all Ticketmaster outlets — including online at www.ticketmaster.com or by phone at 1-800-745-3000. For event info, fans may go to www.thelatinlegend.com or www.americanairlines center.com.
Now that the 20 year-old Yanez has confirmation on his opponent, one would think it would matter, but not with him. "To be honest, I don't care who they put in the ring with me," Yanez stated.
"Either way, I will train the same and fight just as hard. All I know is – whoever it is, they are about to find out about why they call me 'The Latin Legend.' And that's not good for them."
According to Harrison, Yanez will be facing a tough, determined young fighter in Valadez. "He's a very physical fighter that will stand there and slug it out with anyone," said Harrison of Valadez. "We were looking for someone with some experience and a fighter who would not be intimidated by Yanez' amateur background. Valadez is not the kind of fighter who can easily be intimidated."
So what does Valadez think about fighting the heralded Olympian, Yanez? "He's just another fight to me," said Valadez. "I know he's supposed to be this and that, but he's never fought without a headgear, never fought at 116 lbs. and most importantly, never fought me. I plan to take it to him and see what he's really got. My plan is to give him a rude welcome to professional boxing."
That suits Yanez just fine. "Bring it on," he smiled. "I like a challenge, especially from a guy who thinks less of me and more of himself. That will change after the fight, you wait and see."
As for the television broadcast on Fox Sports Net Southwest, Mendelson couldn't be happier that boxing fans around the Southwest will get to see Yanez' pro debut live.
"Luis' first fight being televised live on FSN Southwest is huge for us," said Mendelson, Yanez' promoter. "We couldn't ask for a better broadcast partner than FSN and this will give fight fans all over the Southwest an opportunity to see the start of what we feel will be a great career for Luis."
Equally thrilled to get Yanez on the airwaves is FSN Southwest General Manager, John Heidtke. "This is a terrific opportunity for us at FSN Southwest to showcase one of the best young boxers in the world," said Heidtke. "We're excited to have Luis on with us and look forward to a terrific event on February 20th.


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I couldn't help but get a chuckle out of this one.
Burned! Washington state woman shot by stove - Yahoo! News
SEKIU, Wash. - A woman in Washington state says her cast-iron stove shot her in the leg. Cory Davis tells the Peninsula Daily News that she had just stoked the heating stove in her home Sunday when she heard a loud bang and was struck in her left calf.
She says she initially thought "that was one fast hot coal flying at me."
In fact, she was hit by part of a 22-gauge shotgun shell that she had accidentally put into the stove with newspapers she used to light it. A box of shells had spilled nearby a few weeks before.
Davis says she removed the metal fragment herself Sunday and sought treatment for the shallow wound the next day.


text:
[Date Index]
[Thread Index]
[Author Index]
foreach loop
Is there a foreach loop statement in Mathematica? I need to loop through a
list of words, rather than numbers. I need the equivalent of Do[expr,
{n,0,10,1}], except I need to step through a list like so: foreach loop
[expr, {fall, winter, spring, summer}]. Can anyone help?


text: A FIRST AID training session will be held at the American Red Cross, 5297 Parkside Drive, Canandaigua, on Tuesday, December 18, from 6:00 pm - 9:00 pm. This course helps participants recognize and respond appropriately to first aid emergencies until more advanced medical personnel arrive and take over. Class Fee is $55, and students should register in advance by logging on to www.redcross.org or calling 1-800-RED CROSS (1-800-733-2767).


text:
Vintage Ozark Mountain Roadside Tourist Pottery Planter
- Sold for: Start Free Trial or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Item Category: Ceramics
- Source: eBay
- Sold Date: Jul 02, 2007
- Channel: Auction House
This planter is about 5" wide by 3 1/2" tall and is in good condition with no damage except for two 1" areas that have been repainted. It is not marked as to a maker. The colors are cream, green, red, orange, yellow, and black. I combine purchases to reduce shipping. I accept checks, money orders and PayPal. I will not be responsible for uninsured items that are lost or damaged in the mail. Louisiana buyers must pay sales tax.


text:
Have you ever purchased from PartSelect.com before?
Thank you for helping make our site better.
PartSelect Number PS2367522
This kit includes the dishrack, flip tines, clips, wheels and silverware basket.
This part works with the following brands: Maytag, Jenn-Air, Amana, Crosley, Admiral.
This part works with the following products: Dishwasher.
the new dishrack fit right in immediately with no tools needed. Delivery was prompt
Help other customers find the most helpful instructions.
Were these instructions helpful?
The repair was as easy as 1, 2, 3.. 1) Open box that the new dishrack was shipped in from PartSelect. 2) Take old and dry rotted dishrack out of my dishwasher. 3) Place new dishrack into my dishwasher.Less than 5 minutes.
Not being very computer literate, the most difficult part of the entire venture was navigating your web site. But I finally found the part I needed. I paid on line with a credit card, and received the part within a few days. I popped it in the dishwasher, and it took three days before my son noticed it.He was surprised and I was proud to say " I ordered it on line."All's well that end's well.I would difinately use your service again.
Basically took out of box and put in dishwasher.
You just remove the old unit and set in the new unit. the wheels were already connected.
We took out old racks and installed the new ones. On another note, after ordering (or trying to order) parts from appliances older than 10 years old several times, I think manufacturers stop making parts after 10 years. So if you're thinking of replacing a part on an older appliance, try to look for it sooner than later.
Pulled out the old one and put in the new one!
replaced rack
replaced racks easy, pulled dishwasher out to replace seal and used pro-apoxy to secure bracked to washer, as both brackets were lose and would not clip in location.
Take rack out of box, put in dishwasher. EasyPart arrived on time, would use this website again.
All brand logos are trademarks of their respective owners.
The PartSelect logo is a Registered Trademark of Atlantic Laundry Centres, Ltd.
Copyright © 1999-2017 , Eldis Group Partnership. All rights reserved.


text:
That's going to be a very personal decision. I'm comfortable with my Sig P938 and will potentially upgrade to a larger 9mm for EDC. My home defense is a Walther PPQ 9mm.
This is a discussion on My EDC dilemma.... within the Defensive Carry Holsters & Carry Options forums, part of the Defensive Carry Discussions category; I have been a CHP holder a short time now, and have been carrying what I had already: A S&W model 36 in a De ...
I have been a CHP holder a short time now, and have been carrying what I had already: A S&W model 36 in a De Santis "Insider" holster. After several weeks of daily carry, it is becoming clear that this setup is just a bit too heavy for my liking. Here's what I'm considering:
- Get a lighter wheel gun (442, 642)?
- Get a lighter pistol (Have looked at LC9, Shield, PM/CM9)?
- Just get a better carry solution?
Your suggestions are greatly appreciated.
That's going to be a very personal decision. I'm comfortable with my Sig P938 and will potentially upgrade to a larger 9mm for EDC. My home defense is a Walther PPQ 9mm.
You won't regret getting something lighter and more comfortable to carry, but like was said above its a personal decision on what that gun will be. I was in the same situation not too long ago and ended up with an HK p2000sk .40
If you consider the set up you currently have as "too heavy", then you need a better belt. A true gun belt. A&G Custom Gun Leather, Wilderness Frequent Flyer 5 stitch, etc....................take your pick. The 36 is only 19.5 oz unloaded. That isn't much.
Last edited by tmoore912; November 15th, 2012 at 08:48 PM.
Let Not My Last Thought Be, If Only I Had My Gun.
Other than an airweight Smith or maybe an LCR you aren't gonna find much of a lighter revolver. Take a critical look at how you carry your Smith. Start with your belt.
I will add another vote for a proper gun belt, get at least a double thickness 1 ¼ inch wide belt and you will note a world of difference in comfort. I currently carry a Springfield 3" 1911 that weighs 32 ounces with a Wild Bill's holster and belt and can wear it for 8-10 hours with no discomfort.
When you have to shoot, shoot. Don't talk.
"Don't forget, incoming fire has the right of way."
Hóka-héy! Crazy Horse
Your weapon is only one part of several in a carry system.
Gun, holster & belt are all equally important. With the correct holster and belt, nearly anyone can carry anything comfortably.
I use a Rock Steady belt from High Noon Holsters. I highly recommend it.
Sent from my Galaxy S2
Trust in God and keep your powder dry
"A heavily armed citizenry is not about overthrowing the government; it is about preventing the government from overthrowing liberty. A people stripped of their right of self defense is defenseless against their own government." -source
I struggled with IWB due to comfort. I hope to be able to work IWB into my EDC, but for now I bought a S&W Bodyguard 380 and pocket carry. I never have an excuse to carry. I still have my Ruger SR9c and hope to work it into IWB carry as time goes.
Carry an all-steel S&W N-frame for four or five years, then switch back to your tiny Model 36, which will then feel weightless.
OK, seriously, look at the belt you are using. If you are going to make a lifestyle of concealed carry, the decorative leather ribbons, that you thought were belts, will have to become a thing of the past. If the belt is a good gunbelt, that fits the slots on your holster well, and something still hurts, try different holster positions. Seriously, an all-steel J-frame is not a heavy weapon. The lightest handgun I wear on a belt is a Ruger SP101, which is heavier than your J-frame. With good rigs, I can wear an all-steel 5"-barrel Les Baer Thunder Ranch Special, all day long, in comfort. I recently acquired a Milt Sparks VM II, and I am not kidding when I say I can wear my Baer all day in comfort, with a Kramer or Sparks belt.
Back to my opening sentence: I actually did carry my 4" S&W Model 58, an N-frame revolver, from 1985 to the about 1990, in IWB and OWB holsters. I used G. Wm. Davis gun belts, so all was well, and comfortable. I believed in carrying my duty handgun on my own time, and did so. Yes, it was easier to do when I switched to a 1911 pistol, and then a SIG P220. Your J-snub is tiny, in comparison.
As for buying a 642 or 442, well, yes, such Airweight snubs can be very good to have. My 642-derived Performance Center snubbie, which is engraved as an M460, is good for times I need a pocket gun. It is a very rare event for me to wear it at belt level.
Keep your Model 36!
My EDC problem is I can't carry them all with me. When I pick one up and take it out with me, I feel like I picked one of my kids up from school and left the other one there outside waiting, watching me drive off and wondering why Daddy left him but took his brother.
"Rebellion against tyrants is obedience to God." - Benjamin Franklin
"Experience: that most brutal of teachers. But you learn, my God do you learn." - C.S. Lewis
A real gun belt first.
A better holster?
That is not a heavy gun. So you are probably doing it wrong.
Another vote for a GOOD belt! I carry a full size 1911 without a problem!
Live to ride, ride to live. Harley Road King And keep a .45 handy Kimber Custom TLE II
Thanks for the input. I'm guilty of not wearing a belt, let alone a proper gun belt. Get a new belt....check!
Now what type of belt are you going to get?
A real man loves his wife, and places his family as the most important thing in life. Nothing has brought me more peace and content in life than simply being a good husband and father.


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Effect of Maternal and Neonatal Oxygenation
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
Intraoperative supplemental oxygen has been given for most parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. However, evidences supporting the practice is not clear nowadays, especially for healthy parturients who are monitored continuously with pulse oximeter. Furthermore, hyperoxia may produce free radicles which could harm fetus and newborns.
Changing practice is not that easy. This study has been conducted to prove that supplemental oxygen is not necessary for healthy parturients during cesarean section.
|Peer Review, Research
|Drug: Supplemental 3LPM oxygen via canula
|Phase 3
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
|Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Open Label
Primary Purpose: Treatment
|Official Title:
|Effects of Neonate and Maternal Oxygenation in Low-dose Oxygen Supplement by Oxygen Cannula or Non- Supplement in Elective Cesarean Section: a Randomized Controlled Trial
- proportion of maternal desaturation [ Time Frame: intraoperative period ]Oxygen saturation < 94% once.
- neonatal outcomes [ Time Frame: intraoperative period ]Apgar score and parameters from umbilical cord gas
|Study Start Date:
|March 2012
|Study Completion Date:
|March 2013
|Primary Completion Date:
|March 2013 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
|Assigned Interventions
No Intervention: room air
no supplemental oxygen in intraoperative period
Experimental: Oxygen
Supplemental 3LPM oxygen via canula
Drug: Supplemental 3LPM oxygen via canula
Parturients will receive supplemental oxygen (3LPM) via nasal canula
Detailed Description:
Supplemental oxygen has been routinely given to parturients because doctors were concerned about desaturation. However, the evidences for giving oxygen was not strong, and the condition nowadays can be detected immediately with pulse oximeter which is a standard monitoring.
After this study finished, we will set a safety guideline for supplemental oxygen for healthy parturients undergoing elective cesarean section.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|19 Years and older (Adult, Senior)
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion Criteria:
- Aged > 18 years old.
- Term pregnancy (gestational age 37 -42 weeks).
- Singleton
- Elective cesarean section.
Exclusion Criteria:
- History of infertility
- Diabetes
- Hypertension or preeclampsia
- Heart disease
- Morbid obesity
- Premature rupture of membrane
- Placenta previa
- Preoperative oxygen saturation < 95%
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01530971
|Siriraj hospital
|Bangkok, Thailand, 10700
|Principal Investigator:
|Arunotai Siriussawakul, MD.
|Mahidol University
Additional Information:
|Responsible Party:
|Mahidol University
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT01530971 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|Study First Received:
|February 8, 2012
|Last Updated:
|July 1, 2013
Keywords provided by Mahidol University:
caesarean section
anesthetic techniques
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on June 22, 2017


text:
BOOMSDAY: One of America's most hilarious novelists and bestselling author of Thank You For Smoking takes on the plight of aging Baby Boomers in this Swiftian comedy about generational warfare. SUPREME COURTSHIP: The President of the United State, ticked off at the Senate for rejecting his nominees, decides to get even by nominating America's most popular TV judge to the supreme court. (I'm just using the two book descriptions for ease).
Genre: Fiction
On Sale: April 16th 2012
Format: Electronic Book


text:
- Details
- Parent Category: Corporate
- Published on Wednesday, 24 September 2008 19:48
Continuent Tungsten clusters keep data available to applications 7x24 through hardware failures, maintenance, and software upgrades. It ensures business continuity and performance by keeping up-to-date data closer to the user, and increases application throughput and improves response time by load balancing SQL transactions across replicas.
The clustering by Continuent Tungsten provides high availability and disaster recovery, whereas Tungsten Replicator transfers events from one server to another. For full comparison, see Feature Matrix.
High Availability (HA), Disaster Recovery (DR), and Continuous Operations
- Continuent Tungsten handles data access from existing applications transparently for various cluster configurations, and maintains continuous connectivity during database maintenance or failover
- Continuent Tungsten provides automatic failover that can replace a failed local master within seconds
- Continuent Tungsten manages seamless integration of failed nodes when corrected and available
- Continuent Tungsten protects against a site failure with easy-to-manage DR configuration and failover capabilities
- Continuent Tungsten offers a true multi-master distributed solution supporting clusters across multiple data centers or cloud-computing regions with real-time updates and failure handling
Ease Of Use And Zero Down Time Operations
- Setup in minutes in cloud or on-premises environments
- Perform database maintenance and application upgrades without service interruptions
- Reduce ongoing DBA operations. Run large deployments with fewer DBA resources, resulting in significant cost savings
Load Balancing
- Continuent Tungsten increases throughput by automatically and transparently load balancing read operations across multiple slaves
- Read/Write splitting supported through packet inspection, and explicit port, host and connection string configuration
Improved Performance
- Continuent Tungsten improves database performance by transparently splitting reads to the slaves and writes to the master, thus reducing the master load
- Continuent Tungsten can increase transaction replication volume using the intelligent parallel apply feature
Supporting Cloud Operations
- Deploy Continuent Tungsten clusters in the Amazon cloud with a single command
- Augment your existing individual or clustered DBMS, in your local data center or a managed hosting facility, with a failover disaster recovery Continuent Tungsten cluster in the Amazon cloud
- Create multi-site, multi-master Continuent Tungsten clusters reaching over multiple Amazon Regions and Availability Zones
No Migration Deployments
- Continuent Tungsten works with off-the-shelf MySQL, MySQL Community and Enterprise versions (5.0 to 5.7), MariaDB (5.5 and 10.0) and Percona Server (5.5 to 5.7)
- Continuent Tungsten does not require any application changes for a default implementation. It may be beneficial to consider application changes to leverage all Continuent Tungsten clustering features


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Jake Gyllenhaal & Gwyneth Paltrow's "End of Watch" Night in East Hampton
Closing out the weekend with a special press function for his new film, Jake Gyllenhaal took over the spotlight at a private screening of "'End of Watch" in East Hampton, New York on Sunday (August 19).
The handsome 31-year-old actor suited up as he was joined by actress Gwyneth Paltrow for the Goose Creek held event sponsored by The Hollywood Reporter and Samsung Galaxy SIII .
Also turning up for the swanky east coast night of cinema were new mom Molly Sims, along with Katie Lee, Beth Ostrosky Stern and Jerry Seinfeld with his lovely wife, Jessica.
As for Jake's upcoming motion picture, an official synopsis describes it as "a powerful story of family, friendship, love, honor and courage." The writeup adds, "'End of Watch' stars Gyllenhaal and Peña as young Los Angeles police officers Taylor and Zavala as they patrol the city's meanest streets of south central Los Angeles. Giving the story a gripping, first-person immediacy, the action unfolds entirely through footage from the handheld HD cameras of the police officers, gang members, surveillance cameras, and citizens caught in the line of fire to create a riveting portrait of the city's most dangerous corners, the cops who risk their lives there every day, and the price they and their families are forced to pay."
The forthcoming flick is due to hit theaters on September 28th and also stars Michael Pena, Anna Kendrick, Frank Gillo and America Ferrera.


text:
Hang With Big Time Rush at a Hockey Game!
Cuties Logan, James, Kendall, and Carlos from Big Time Rush give you a special shout out from a New York Rangers game!
Advertisement - Continue Reading Below
So, would you ever go on a hockey date with a guy? What if it was with these guys? Tell us in the comments!
More from Seventeen:


text: Calderon has indeed completely changed this team, and in doing, completely changed my thoughts on the off-season.. #1) I think we should resign Calderon. Now that I've seen what a TRUE point guard can bring to this team, I can't live without one. Looking at the market and draft class, I don't really see any as TRUE as Calderon (CP3's not coming here; no college point is THAT ready). Sign him through his 35th birthday, a four-year deal. He might age a little on us, but he's a great team leader, and he can groom a young replacement. **Now, what do we have? It's sort of strange to look at now. We've got a great, TRUE point guard...and four really talented (at least solid), young, cheap starters - Drummond, Monroe, Singler, Knight. And a TON of cap space!! Even more if we amnesty Charlie-V (something I think we should do...regardless of how well he shoots, his defense and attitude is unacceptable). And even more if we can trade Stuckey (another thing I think we should do...hate his attitude). Here's what I'd like to see us add...in no particular order: A) A great third big man. An improvement over Max. Someone who brings a lot of energy. Gets a lot of boards and loose balls. Plays great post defense. And has some offensive skill to add as well. Max is limited in too many of these categories, I'd like to see an upgrade. B) An instant offense-wing off the bench. Someone who can come into the game and end a cold-streak. Someone who puts the ball in the basket. A 3, a 2, perhaps even a 4. Instant offense. Better D than Charlie. C) A defensive shut-down wing. Knight's small. Singler's limited. We need someone who can guard LeBron-types well. D) A young point for Calderon to groom. Burke in the draft I like. 2013/14 Detroit Pistons: C: A. Drummond, *?*FA*?*, Kravtsov PF: G. Monroe, Jerebko SF: K. Singler, *?*FA-Def Wing*?*, Middleton SG: B. Knight, *?*FA-Off Wing*?*, English PG: *J. Calderon, *?*Pick-Burke*?* *I'm hoping Villanueva is amnestied and Stuckey is traded. This could be a team that gets to the ECF if we make good decisions this off-season.


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Have you ever seen anyone with those fake long nails quilt or even sew?
We have a LQS that the owner has those ungodly long nails & says she can quilt just fine with them. I have watched her try to pick up something small in the shop or try to seperate the fabric when it is folded & she has such a hard time.
Was just wondering if anyone else has seen this. Don't mean to offend any of those of you who do where them, I just couldn't do nothing with my fingers. I have to feel what I am doing.
Donna, T


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Carolina Dog » Carolina Dog Forum
New Here - wanted to introduce myselfThis is a forum for bonding with your fellow Dogsters about the traits, quirks and idiosyncrasies of your favorite breed. Please remember that there are absolutely no animal sales or requests for studding or breeding allowed on our sites. All posts and interactions should be in the spirit of Dogster's Community Guidelines and should be fun, friendly and informational. Enjoy!


text:
We'll help you find the right solution for your needs
Does this sound like your topic?
Posted by anonymous
Attorney Miller , is highly and exceptionally experienced in timely communication related to client concerns, he will communicate very effectively and seems to be reliable as far as getting back to you with your questions. This was very important to me as client wanting to find the right attorney to represent me in my case .
Posted by Craig Poulson
Lee is an excellent lawyer. He is very through, prepared and has a keen instinct for resolving tough issues. Our company has used Lee for many years and absolutely love and trust him with our business. He listens well and asks tough questions. He is not afraid of challenge you on difficult cases in order to provide the best defense.
Lee has been instrumental in helping us successfully navigate a class action lawsuit and settle several difficult employment practices cases. I have watched him work his "magic" with tough arbitrators and get cases settled for pennies on the dollar. We often refer to Lee as our quite pit bull. He can be very tough we he need to, yet nice and understanding when it counts the most.
I highly recommend Lee to handle any difficult case for you or your business. If you want an intelligent, hard working lawyer that is more concerned with solving the issue rather than running up a big bill then Lee is your attorney. I have found Lees honesty, integrity and attention to details second to none. I never worry about anything when I deal with Lee because he treats my business like his own. Excellent lawyer and friend.
Posted by Ralph
Lee has always succeeded in maintaining the highest integrity while winning my cases. The trust and confidence Lee inspires is a result of his character and legal skills and that combination is hard to beat. Top notch guy.
Posted by David
Lee Miller is a superb employee practices attorney. He has provided our practice with invaluable guidance in dealing with employee issues. He is always available and returns calls and emails promptly. I have also utilized his legal services in a professional association employee dispute which resulted in the association saving hundreds of thousands of dollars both in legal costs and settlement related costs because of his expertise dealing with our insurer. He is truly outstanding and a leader in his field. He has my highest recommendation.
Posted by anonymous
Lee Miller has been our large medical practice's labor attorney for over a decade. He is incredibly knowledgeable, accessible, honest, and appropriately tough. He has given us phenomenal advise throughout the years that has saved us from numerous lawsuits.
Posted by Margo
Our company has worked with Lee for close to ten years. During this time he has proven to be a most trustworthy and knowledgeable advisor. He replies to my questions and concerns in a timely manner, and lets me know that no problem is too small. His expertise in employment/labor law ensures we are compliant and protected at all times, and I feel confident in my position knowing that Lee is just a phone call away. I would highly recommend Lee without any hesitation.


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1989 Mark Bavaro -Starting Lineup -SLU -Sports Figurine -New York Giants - RARE
- Sold for: Start Free Trial or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Item Category: Toys, Dolls, Games & Puzzles
- Source: eBay
- Sold Date: Dec 09, 2011
- Channel: Auction House
This auction is for a 1989 Starting Lineup of Mark Bavaro in his new York Giants uniform. This is a rare figure and is very hard to find. The figure is sealed on original card, looks great and is in very nice condition (please see picture). FREE SHIPPING ! ! PAYMENT MUST BE RECEIVED WITHIN 7 DAYS OR ITEM WILL BE RELISTED AND APPROPRIATE ACTION WITH EBAY WILL BE TAKEN....GOOD LUCK TO ALL AND ! We have GREAT feedback so !! Also don't miss our eBay Store - MR WAG's COLLECTIBLES. THANK YOU FOR LOOKING!


text:
Weirsdale Man Dies, After Crashing Car Into Tree
Published February 14th, 2010
A Weirsdale man died after he lost control of his car and collided with a large tree early Sunday morning.
Christopher T. McCaskill, 31, was driving his 2004 Ford King Ranch westbound on SE 175th Street when he crossed the double yellow center line and continued to travel off onto the south shoulder of the road before colliding with a large tree.
McCaskill was pronounced dead at the scene by Marion County Fire Rescue.
Related Stories
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- Man dies after car crash in Marion County
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- Woman, 39, Dies After Crashing SUV Into Tree
- Self-driving car driver died after crash in Williston, a first
- Teen Dies After Crashing His Car
- Recent Chiefland star athlete dies after car crash
- Fort McCoy Man, 27, Dies In Early Morning Car Crash


text:
Cuba opens Hemingway archives to scholars
SAN FRANCISCO DE PAULA, Cuba (Reuters) - Cuba on Monday made the first of thousands of digitized documents, photographs and books that belonged to writer Ernest Hemingway available to scholars after the items languished for decades in the basement of his home outside of Havana.
Most of the papers have never been published and will give new insight into the 21 years Hemingway spent at Finca Vigia in San Francisco de Paula where he wrote some of his greatest works, said Ada Rosa Alfonso Rosales, director of Museo Ernest Hemingway.
Scholars "will be able to study important documents that shed light on the Cuban period of Hemingway, which was very important and not well known by his biographers," she said.
The material includes more than 2,000 documents ranging from manuscripts of some of his works to letters to store receipts, 3,500 photographs and 9,000 books, some 2,000 of which Hemingway was known to have read because he made notes in the margins, she said.
The documents included coded accounts by Hemingway of his exploits searching for German submarines off Cuba's coast during World War Two and letters about his love affair with Italian Countess Adriana Ivancich, believed to be the model for the heroine in his 1950 novel "Across the River and Into the Trees," Alfonso said.
So far, about half of the 2,000 documents have been preserved and digitized and are now available for perusal by scholars who make formal application to see them.
For now, they will have to go to Finca Vigia, or Lookout Farm, to see the archive, but later this month the documents will also be available at the Hemingway collection in the John F. Kennedy presidential library in Boston, Alfonso said.
The archive is not available on the Internet, but likely will be someday, she said.
The project is part of a joint effort by the Cuban National Cultural Heritage Council and the U.S. Social Science Research Council, working together under a 2002 agreement to preserve the archives that were stored in Hemingway's basement. Continued...


text:
Thank You for answring this the link of my template http://themeforest.net/item/rttheme-15-premium-joomla-theme/full_screen_preview/1555860 bu really it's to hard to install and there are much folder i chek all . please tell me how to install correctly because i install it after i change to zip but it make me problem and bad display
hi befor i buy this item i read that is available for joomla 1.5 16 nd 2.5 and i work in joomla 2.5 but it's not workin i paid 42$ for nothing ? please somone help me


text:
Welcome from Virginia.
This is a discussion on New Member From TN within the New Members Introduce Yourself forums, part of the Welcome To DefensiveCarry.com category; Hello from East TN. HCP turnaround times are good currently. 3 weeks 4 days from fingerprinting to arrival in my mailbox....
Hello from East TN.
HCP turnaround times are good currently. 3 weeks 4 days from fingerprinting to arrival in my mailbox.
Welcome from Virginia.
Freedom doesn't come free. It is bought and paid for by the lives and blood of our men and women in uniform.
USAF Retired
NRA Life Member
Welcome aboard!
I have a very strict gun control policy: if there's a gun around, I want to be in control of it.
Clint Eastwood
Welcome Aboard and Greetings from Tipton County Tennessee
When you accept mediocrity you sow the seeds for future failure.
One should never confuse good fortune with good training.
Illegitimus Non Carborundum. In God we trust.
Welcome from the Tri-Cities area of TN
Mors est libertas
Hi ZacMan, and welcome from Missouri to a great forum with LOADS of good info.
Geologist Bob
Navy P-3 pilot; Army Huey & Blackhawk pilot (ret.)
Welcome from South Carolina...
Sometimes in life you have to stand your ground. It's a hard lesson to learn and even most adults don't get it, but in the end only I can be responsible for my life. If faced with any type of adversity, only I can overcome it. Waiting for someone else to take responsibility is a long fruitless wait.
Welcome From Western Kentucky!
Vietnam Veteran - 1966-1970 USASA
Carry Pistol. FNS 9, 9mm.
Carry Pistol. FNX 40, .40 Cal.
Bersa Thunder 9 UC Pro, 9mm. Gave To Daughter To Carry.
Self Defense Stories
Give me a minute before I post again.
Welcome from Alabama
A real man loves his wife, and places his family as the most important thing in life. Nothing has brought me more peace and content in life than simply being a good husband and father.
Welcome aboard ZacMan1987 from the great state of Pennsylvania!
from Central Florida!
Proverbs 27:12 says: The prudent see danger and take refuge, but the simple keep going and suffer for it.
Certified Glock Armorer
NRA Life Member
Welcome from Michigan!
*WARNING - I may or may not know what I am talking about.


text:
Darrell P. Wheeler, PhD, MPH, ACSW, is Vice Provost for Public Engagement and Dean of Social Welfare of the University at Albany - SUNY. Previous academic positions held were at Loyola University Chicago, Hunter College, Columbia University, and the University of North Carolina – Greensboro. Dr. Wheeler earned his MSW from Howard University and his PhD and MPH from the University of Pittsburgh.
Since joining NASW in 1986, he has been active at the chapter and national levels. He has held positions as National Board Vice President, National Board Region II Representative; NASW NYC Chapter Board Member, Chair of the National Health Section Committee, Member of the National Finance Committee, and Co-chair of the National Committee on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues.
He is a member of the Council on Social Work Education, the American Public Health Association, the Association for Community Organization and Social Administration, and the New York Academy of Medicine.


text:
Product Description
Studio Black Office Chair FMI9255-BLACK by Fine Mod Imports
The Studio Office Chair offers unique design and comfort all in one package, making it a must-have for your contemporary office. Office Chair looks great in the modern office or home based workstation. This contemporary chair is perfect for any office environment.
- Sku: FMI9255-BLACK
- Manufacturer: Fine Mod Imports
- Category: Office Chair
- Finish: Black
- Seat Material: Leather / Faux Leather
- Seat Color: Black
- Style: Contemporary/Modern
- Shape: Rectangle
- Country Of Origion: China
- Assembly Required: Yes
- Arms: With Arm
- Chair Back Style: Full Back
- Chair Frame Finish: Chrome
- Weight: 45
- Dimensions: 35-38.5H X 25W X 24D
- Shipping Dimension: 25X25X25
Additional Information
Additional Information
|Free Shipping
|Delivery Type
|Fedex/UPS Drop off Delivery (If bought alone ) without Appointment / For large quantity, LTL Curbside Delivery with appointment
|Delivery Time
|2-3 Weeks
|Fine Mod Imports
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