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Light my greenhouse please
I am trying to run electricity to an 8x12 greenhouse that we built. I only need 1 outlet, maybe 2 if it stays simple. I have searched everywhere but this situation is a little different from what I'm trying to do. My greenhouse is literally 2-3 feet away from an outlet and switch inside my back garage door. I do not need to bury a line half way across my yard. I was hoping to piggyback a line into the greenhouse somehow. I really only need to run a fan and a light.
I have read many responses about burying a line 1.5 feet deep to the greenhouse, but the trench would be only 1 foot long before coming back up to the greenhouse. Is that really necessary? Everything I'm finding really seems like overkill for what I'm trying to achieve.
Help please?
To me it is not that bad to dig a one foot long trench 18 inches deep.
If you did dig a shallower trench and did not enclose the cable in rigid conduit, no one would be the wiser -- until someone did some digging for some other purpose and accidentally cut the cable.
Also the result of this corner cutting will be comparable doing nothing at all and stringing an extension cord from the receptacle in the garage out to the greenhouse, and unplugging that and putting it away when you are done using power.
Will you use the greenhouse year round or just seasonal? For that short of distance and for temporary use an extension cord would work with a GFCI.
If the distance between buildings is only a few feet you could run conduit between them above ground or overhead.
I'm in Colorado, does anyone know if that meets any code requirements?
Digging a short trench in this area actually would be a little difficult. There is a poured concrete patio next to the greenhouse from the back garage door. There is lots of large rock and gravel that are just underground in this area.
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text:
Come and join in the fun of a local NWTF wild turkey fund-raising banquet. The NWTF banquets are where you can buy exclusive merchandise and have a great time with friends. All the while, you will be raising vital funds for wild turkey conservation and important programs that introduce the outdoors to women, children and the disabled.
Golden Strip, SC
Event Date: 03/09/2005
Location: Scuffle Town USA
Simpsonville, SC 29681
Contact: Michael Campbell
Phone: 864/963-2239
Saluda Chapter, SC
Event Date: 03/10/2005
Location: Saluda National Guard Armory
Saluda, SC 29138
Contact: Ed Hallman
Phone: 803/532-9326
Spartanburg Local, SC
Event Date: 03/10/2005
Location: Piedmont Interstate Fairgrounds
Spartanburg, SC 29301
Contact: Wayne Fisher
Phone: 864/948-0490
Email: email@example.com
Gaffney Chapter, SC
Event Date: 03/11/2005
Location: Broad River Electric Co-Op
Gaffney, SC 29341
Contact: Terry White
Phone: 864/487-4807
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Pee Dee Local Chapter, SC
Event Date: 03/11/2005
Location: S.C. National Guard Armory
Florence, SC 29506
Contact: Dub Cameron
Phone: 843/665-0361
Mountain, SC
Event Date: 03/12/2005
Location: Seneca National Guard Armory
Seneca, SC 29678
Contact: Hubert Cox
Phone: 864/882-5222
Orangeburg, SC
Event Date: 03/12/2005
Location: The Cinema
Orangeburg, SC 29115
Contact: Joe Zeigler
Phone: 803/534-4325
Carolina Swamp Gobblers, SC
Event Date: 03/17/2005
Location: Mullins National Guard Armory
Mullins, SC 29574
Contact: Hamp Barnhill
Phone: 843 431 8643
Fairfield, SC
Event Date: 03/18/2005
Location: Old National Guard Armory
Winnsboro, SC 29180
Contact: Bobby Smith
Phone: 803 635 9660
Winyah, SC
Event Date: 03/18/2005
Location: Georgetown Armory
Georgetown, SC 29440
Contact: Kathy Goings
Phone: 843/527-6477
Laurens County, SC
Event Date: 03/24/2005
Location: Exchange Club Building
Laurens, SC 29360
Contact: James McNuer
Phone: 864/682-5317
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Event Date: 03/24/2005
Location: Baxter Hood Center
Rockhill, SC 29708
Contact: Larry Deas
Phone: 803/548-1067
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Foothills Chapter, SC
Event Date: 03/25/2005
Location: Anderson Civic Center
Anderson, SC 29625
Contact: Dave Napier
Phone: 864 224 2825
Lynches River, SC
Event Date: 03/25/2005
Location: Marshall's Marine
Lake City, SC 29560
Contact: T.J. Baxley
Phone: 843-389-0500
Keowee, SC
Event Date: 03/26/2005
Location: Easley National Guard Armory
Easley, SC 29640
Contact: Tim Roper
Phone: 864/843-6649
Long Bay, SC
Event Date: 03/26/2005
Location: Moose Lodge
Murrells Inlet, SC 29576
Contact: Larry Miller
Phone: 843 558 7856
Email: email@example.com
Greenville Wild Turkey, SC
Event Date: 03/30/2005
Location: St. George Hellenic Center
Greenville, SC 29606
Contact: John Walker
Phone: 864/836-8067
Email: email@example.com


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Teaching License: Grades PreK-12 Overview
At Bluefield College, a student whose passion is music, art, theatre or physical education works within that major to obtain a Virginia Professional Collegiate License for grades PreK-12. Public school field experiences take place in the elementary, middle, and high schools, and are strategically placed within the required education courses for students to explore a variety of grade levels and class settings with diverse populations. A strong academic major prepares students to pass Praxis II: Content Area Assessments. Completing requirements for the teaching license and the bachelor's degree within four years opens the door for graduates to obtain additional credentials through master's degrees in a number of areas.
Quick Links
- Licensure Areas
- Field Experiences
- Outcomes
- Clubs and Organizations
- Contact Information
- Meet the Faculty
Teaching License: Grades PreK-12 Licensure Areas
The following degrees combined with required education courses and field experiences lead to the teaching license:
- Bachelor of Science in Exercise and Sport Science (Health and Physical Education)
- Bachelor of Arts in Art and Design
- Bachelor of Arts in Music (Instrumental and/or Vocal)
- Bachelor of Arts in Theatre
Teaching License: Grades PreK-12 Field Experiences
Beginning early in the student's program, field placements in public schools are a major component of the Teacher Education Program. Some professional education courses require 15 or 20-hour field experiences. The student must also complete EDU 3801 (20 hours), EDU 3901 (25 hours), and EDU 4101 (30 hours), a sequence of field experiences and seminars during the semesters preceding student teaching. Pre-Student Teaching Field Experience II and III require admission to the Teacher Education Program as a prerequisite.
Student teaching is a semester of continuous full-time professional activities in a public school under the supervision of public school and college personnel. Student teaching takes place the last semester, usually spring of the senior year. To prepare students to work with different age levels, student teaching is organized into two placements: one at an elementary level, and one at the middle or high school level. Bluefield College faculty serve as the college supervisors for the student teachers and the student teachers meet weekly for seminars. Throughout the semester, the student teachers build a professional portfolio which is presented to a faculty and school personnel panel for review and practice with interviewing skills.
Common Sites for Field Experiences
Placements will be made at various locations in order for the student to have opportunities with diverse populations. To provide adequate supervision by college personnel, placements will be made in nearby school divisions with whom we have agreements: Tazewell County and Bland County, Virginia, and Mercer County, West Virginia. School personnel from these school systems are involved in the mentoring and assessment of our students. Students are responsible for their own transportation. Membership in the Student Virginia Education Association (SVEA) is required for students involved in all field experiences..
Teaching License: Grades PreK-12 Outcomes
Students are placed in public schools with diverse student populations providing them with the experience of working with children who have different backgrounds and needs. In addition, college coursework emphasizes the teacher's role in valuing diversity and maintaining high expectations that all students can learn.
Positions Held by Alumni
Bluefield College School of Education graduates currently hold positions as teachers, building administrators, and central office personnel throughout Virginia, the surrounding states and as far away as China. Bluefield College teacher education graduates have been recognized as outstanding teachers of the year and have received various awards, including Teacher of the Year Awards, Ashland Oil Teaching Awards, Presidential Awards for Excellence in Science and Mathematics, and Christa McAuliffe Fellowship Grant Awards. Bluefield College graduates have served in leadership positions, including Executive Secretary of the National Education Association, member of the Virginia State Board of Education, and as superintendents of school districts.
Graduate Schools
Many graduates have successfully completed master's degrees from various institutions, including Bluefield College, Virginia Tech, Radford University, University of Virginia, and Concord University. Beyond that level, other students have achieved a doctoral degree from Virginia Tech. They have received master's degrees in reading, guidance counseling, library science, educational psychology, curriculum and instruction, and leadership, as well as content areas.
Clubs and Organizations
Students belong to the Student Virginia Education Association (SVEA), which allows them to connect with the National Education Association and provides opportunities for leadership, service, professionalism and celebration of the profession.
Contact Information
Dr. Donna Watson
Professor and Dean, School of Education
Allison Deel
Class of 2012
"Without the teacher education program, I wouldn't be where I am today. The program helped prepare me for my first job as a band director, giving me the tools for everything from lesson plans to community building activities. Dr. Watson and Mrs. Owens made it feel like a second home, whether it was offering an encouraging word, helping with a lesson plan, providing amazing food, or just lending a listening ear. There was never any doubt that they loved teaching and wanted other future teachers to love it just as much!"


text: I'm having difficulty turning on the windows defender. ever time I press on it, it takes me to the system 32 folder and then I'm guessing it wants me to do something? This could have come from me trying to adjust the security settings on the system 32 folder. I was trying to gain control over the folder so I could replace a DLL, so I could run one of my games. After trying to disable every possible security feature i could find, windows still wouldn't let me change the permissions. I am the only user on this computer so therefor I have a admin account. If someone could help me fix both problems I'm having it would be great! Alucard


text:
ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. – The Northern Arizona volleyball team responded from its first loss of the season with a three-set sweep of Abilene Christian in the opening match of the Lobo Invitational to improve to 6-1 this season. The Lumberjacks picked up their sixth sweep of the season, 25-19, 26-24, 25-11, and finished the match with authority with a .636 hitting percentage in the third set, the program's third-best hitting percentage in sets 1-4 since 2001.
"We had some pieces of our offense that weren't connecting quite right in the first two sets," said head coach Ken Murphy. "But we played really good defense in those first two sets and won by just outworking them. Abilene Christian did a really good job of defending us and making us work and it was a challenge for us to match that, but we did a great job of that."
The Lumberjacks broke open an early first set 5-5 tie by winning seven of the next nine points. With a comfortable five-point lead at 12-7, NAU would maintain its edge throughout the remainder of the set, eventually building it up to as much as seven, despite hitting just .122. In spite of its low percentage, the Lumberjacks were aided by 11 Wildcat attack errors as they utilized five of their eight team blocks for the match to force Abilene Christian to a -.083 clip.
Abilene Christian bounced back in the second set and held a steady lead throughout until a late Lumberjack rally turned the tide. NAU trailed 21-16 following an ACU kill, but strung together seven straight points after a kill by freshman Addy Lofstedt put her at the service line. With Lofstedt serving, NAU surged ahead 23-21 before the Wildcats evened the set at 23-all. After the teams alternated points forcing a win-by-two situation, junior Sydney Kemper put down a kill and then paired with junior Taylor Stephens to stuff Jennifer Loerch to put NAU up 2-0 in the match.
NAU's late momentum carried over into the third set and it could not be stopped offensively. The Lumberjacks totaled 14 kills on 22 swings without an error as a team led by sophomore Janae Vander Ploeg's four kills while hitting .667. NAU used an 8-0 run to take a 16-6 lead that would not get below 10 points the rest of the way as it was not only stellar offensively but it held Abilene Christian to .000 hitting in the final set. The .636 percentage only trails the .750 percentage that the Lumberjacks recorded in the third set against Montana in 2003 and the .652 clip in the first set against Montana last year. It was the program's 10th best single-set hitting percentage overall since 1987.
For the match, the Lumberjacks hit .228 and held the Wildcats to just .019, which is the third match this season that an NAU opponent has hit less than .100. Vander Ploeg led the team with a match-high 13 kills while sophomore Trianna Henry recorded a team-high 12 digs. Junior Erin Truett made her first career start at setter and handed out 32 assists in addition to seven digs and three blocks and was the driving force behind NAU's offensive show in the third set.
"Erin did great and she got better as the match went on," Murphy said. "She got into a good flow in the third set in terms of distributing the ball accurately and our offense really clicked and a lot of that had to do with Erin."
The Lumberjacks will play a doubleheader on Saturday to close out the Lobo Invitational beginning at 9:30 a.m. PST against Towson. NAU will then play host New Mexico in the tournament finale at 6:30 p.m.


text:
You're very welcome to explore our private website. But... as you are a professional, we have adapted solutions for your needs, on our professional website.
There are several ways to cancel your Internet, TV or fixed-line subscription:
Please always indicate a precise date of termination and, before terminating the subscription, check whether you will be charged an early termination penalty.
Are you cancelling someone else's subscription or your company's subscription?
Didn't find an answer? Join our community where customers and experts help each other (in French).


text:
Welcome Video
Hello and Welcome!
What Does Your Dream Life Look Like?
If money didn't matter, what would you do?
Where would you live or vacation?
How many more memories could you make with your family and friends?
"They" say money doesn't buy happiness and this is true.
But money DOES give you the opportunity to have more extraordinary experiences with the people you love.
When it's time to "leave" this life it's the number of those extraordinary moments you shared that will ultimately determine whether you feel like you lived your life to the fullest.
Now, you can either sit back and wait for these moments to happen OR you can create them!
So… are you ready to take your life to the next level?
Are you ready to live an amazing life?
Remember, life is not a dress rehearsal, success is a journey and you don't have to get it right – just get it going!
We are delighted to have you here and continue to add to the resources freely available to you here!
To keep "up-to-date" and informed on everything that's going on "subscribe" to our RSS feed – located on the upper right of this page.
Also, sign up for our mini course with FREE financial tips to your inbox – also on the upper right of this page
Now, sit back and be prepared to enjoy the reports, audios and videos that we have in store for you here…
May we be the beacon for you in creating the mindset and financial life that you have always dreamed of!
Latest posts by Mark Huber (see all)
- How To Be A Success In 21 Days - April 26, 2013
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- 21 Tips To Financial Freedom - July 5, 2010


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George Mason University
Nontenure-track assistant professor
The George Mason University, College of Health and Human Services, School of Nursing invites applications for a full-time, nine-month, Term Assistant Professor of Nursing position with an emphasis on nursing practice. We seek talented and innovative scholars who are actively engaged in clinical and evidence-based practice to teach across all levels of the nursing program with an emphasis on clinical practice.
Teaching in the nursing curriculum including undergraduate and graduate programs: bachelor's of science in nursing, master's of science in nursing, and doctorate in nursing practice; student advising; and service to the school, college, university, and community.
Required Qualifications
Registered nurse with a doctorate in nursing (DNP, DNS or Ph.D.) and demonstrated advanced practice experience.
Desired Qualifications
Five or more years of advanced practice experience; and practice and/or experience in acute/critical care, chronic illness and disability, or gerontology, are particularly desirable;
Clinical and academic experiences with underserved/vulnerable populations, interdisciplinary practice, and cultural competency; and
Experience in clinical simulation.
For full consideration, applicants must apply for position number F6777z at http://jobs.gmu.edu/; complete and submit the online application; and upload a cover letter, CV, and a list of three professional references with contact information.
posted july 2013


text:
Search Results
Keywords: World cup
Historical Items Showing 3 of 42 View All
Item 76157
1971 Sugarloaf World Cup Proclamation
Contributed by: Sugarloaf Mountain Ski Club through Ski Museum of Maine
Date: 1971-02-18
Location: Augusta
Media: photocopy of proclamation
Item 76174
Contributed by: Sugarloaf Mountain Ski Club through Ski Museum of Maine
Date: 1971
Location: Carrabassett Valley
Media: Black and White Photographic Image
Item 76154
Spectators at the Sugarloaf World Cup, 1971
Contributed by: Sugarloaf Mountain Ski Club through Ski Museum of Maine
Date: 1971
Location: Sugarloaf Township
Media: Black and White Photographic Image
Exhibits Showing 3 of 8 View All
World Alpine Ski Racing in Maine
Sugarloaf -- a small ski area by European standards -- entered ski racing history in 1971 by hosting an event that was part of the World Cup Alpine Ski Championships. The "Tall Timber Classic," as the event was known, had a decidedly Maine flavor.
The Life and Legacy of the George Tate Family
Captain George Tate, mast agent for the King of England from 1751 to the Revolutionary War, and his descendants helped shape the development of Portland (first known as Falmouth) through activities such as commerce, shipping, and real estate.
Summer Folk: The Postcard View
Vacationers, "rusticators," or tourists began flooding into Maine in the last quarter of the 19th century. Many arrived by train or steamer. Eventually, automobiles expanded and changed the tourist trade, and some vacationers bought their own "cottages."
Sites Showing 3 of 10 View All
The Downeast community's history as presented by a broad-based team of representatives from Surry Elementary School and Surry Historical Society. Topics covered include the Surry Opera House and Surry Playhouse, the Surry Village School and education over time in the community, sawmills, and early property owner Phebe Fowler. Students scanned and transcribed a large number of the items digitized for the project.
Western Maine Foothills Region
Eleven communities comprise the Western Foothills Region, all interconnected yet each with its own unique, rich history. This site is the beginning of the towns sharing their stories with the world, each other, and the next generation. Working closely with local schools, six historical societies came together to help the next generation understand the heritage of their area. We invite you to explore our exhibits that celebrate the individuals and events that formed our communities.
Strong, a Mussul Unsquit village
The history of a small western Maine community north of Farmington as told by a team consisting of Strong Historical Society, Strong Elementary School, and Strong Public Library. Exhibit topics include Strong's prominence in the wood products industry (it was once the "Toothpick Capital of the World"), the "Bridge that Changed the Map," schools and educational history, clubs and organizations, "Fly Rod" Crosby, the first Maine guide, and a rich student section related to the Civil War and post-Civil War era in the town.
My Maine Stories Showing 1 of 1 View All
by David Chessey


text:
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Fish Hook Bottle Opener - Chrome or Pewter (Randomly Selected)
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All-New All-Different Wine.Woot Details
Wine.Woot purchases now bypass your cart entirely! This means you gotta buy Wine.Woot items on their own, using your Amazon Payments account. You can't mix 'em up with stuff from our other sites. This cowboy's ridin' solo.
Be aware that anything in your cart from the other Woot sites is still out there and looking forward to your return. We'd hate for anything to sell out while you're reading this.


text:
The Takeaway
The Continuing Mystery of Air France Flight 447
Air France flight 447 crashed into the Atlantic Ocean 30 days ago, leaving its black box somewhere in the middle of the ocean. The device holds important flight data and signals its location, but only for 30 days. Will the mystery of the crash ever be solved? Joining The Takeaway is Todd Curtis, Aviation Safety Analyst and Director of the Airsafe.com Foundation. He is also a former air safety engineer for Boeing.


text:
Car recovered from Carmel retention pond
Carmel police pulled a car from a pond near Main St. and Towne Road Saturday morning. When officers arrived on the scene they found a gray vehicle submerged.
The Carmel Fire Department entered the water and did not find anyone inside of the vehicle. The vehicle was pulled from the pond and confirmed empty by the Fishers Fire Department and their Dive Team.
Carmel Police released a statement that said it appeared the vehicle lost control west of the roundabout where it drove over the curb and through the center area of the roundabout. After passing through the traffic circle, the vehicle continued east and went into the pond.
The driver of the vehicle was identified as Andrew D. Song, 19, and was located at a residence in Carmel a few hours later. He was transported to Riverview Hospital to be checked out, and from there he was taken to the Hamilton County Jail. Song is being held on a $2,500 bond for leaving the scene of a property damage accident.
A passenger was also located and identified as Samuel P. Victor, 19. Victor was found with a minor scrape on his left palm.


text:
<< Return to Comparison of GTD Software
Information was last updated 2015-08-23
Multi-platform, open source software supporting a unique GTD-like system.
DetailsAims to provide a more integrated approach to managing information through easy entry of ideas through the "Quick Entry" Bar, the use of Now-Later-Done triage list, Tickler Alarms, an integrated full-featured calendar, and some limited email integration.
Support for TRO and GTD
- NOT compatible with TRO
- Compatible with GTD
Version1.0.3 (Released 2008-10-25)
- Single context only
- No time boxing support
- 1 Dates
- 1 Reminders
- 1 Priority Levels
- Tasks can be scheduled directly in the calendar
Support for Teams
- Tasks can be assigned to others
- Tasks can be added to other people's lists


text:
U.S. Hispanic births overtake immigration: study
PHOENIX (Reuters) - For the first time births have overtaken immigration as the main driver of dynamic growth in the U.S. Hispanic population, according to a new study released on Thursday.
The Pew Hispanic Center survey found the new trend especially evident among Mexican-Americans, who account for almost two thirds of the U.S. Latino population.
Analysts said the study showed that the U.S. Latino population would continue to grow despite efforts to close the porous border with Mexico and stem illegal immigration, but that the trend would also likely lead to a diversification of Latinos, both culturally and politically.
The study, which drew on U.S. Census Bureau data and other government sources, noted the Mexican-American population grew by 7.2 million as a result of births in the decade to 2010, while new immigrants added 4.2 million people.
"For Mexican-Americans, births were more important for their population growth during the decade than immigration," said Mark Lopez, an associate director of the Pew Hispanic Center and a co-author of the report.
"That's actually a departure from what we saw in the previous two decades," he added.
The study found growth in the Mexican-American population in the 1990s was split equally between births and new immigration, which each added 4.7 million people.
A decade earlier in the 1980s, by contrast, the Mexican-American population gained 3.1 million people through new immigration, while births added another 2.7 million.
"You could close the border completely to anyone from abroad, and the Hispanic population is going to continue to comprise a larger and larger share of the U.S. population for the next 50 to 100 years," Mark Jones, a political scientist at Rice University in Texas, told Reuters. Continued...


text:
Toy Soldiers: The Best of Martika [CD]
- Artist: Martika
- Release Date: 12/01/2009
Best Buy is dedicated to always offering the best value to our customers. We will match the price, at the time of purchase, on a Price Match Guarantee product if you find the same item at a lower price at a Designated Major Online Retailer or at a local retail competitor's store.Here's how:
- If you find a qualifying lower price online, call 1-888-BEST BUY and direct a customer service agent to the web site with the lower price, or when visiting a Best Buy store, one of our employees will assist you.
- On qualifying products, Best Buy will then verify the current price to complete the price match.
Exclusions apply including, but not limited to, Competitors' service prices, special daily or hourly sales, and items for sale Thanksgiving Day through the Monday after Thanksgiving. See the list of Designated Major Online Retailers and full details.
Ratings & Reviews
- Toy Soldiers
- I Feel the Earth Move
- More Than You Know
- Water [Remix]
- Martika's Kitchen
- Love- Thy Will Be Done
- Coloured Kisses
- Cross My Heart
- Temptation
- Don't Say U Love Me
- Safe in the Arms of Love
- Quiero Entregarte Mi Amor
- I Feel the Earth Move [Club Mix]
- Toy Soldiers
- Love...Thy Will Be Done [Prince Mix]
0 out of 0 found this review helpful.
0 out of 0 found this review helpful.


text:
|Thread Tools
A boy and my (our) car
I just bought a 67 convertible. I always wanted
one. Got in the garage the other day to change
oil and my 14yr old helped, well he actually did
it as I told him how. Then we took it for a spin.
What a smile and since of pride I saw on his face
knowing that was his oil making the 302 purr..
I am so glad I bought this classic WE are going to have such a good time restmoding her...good thing to pass down I think...god bless america..
say a prayer for all those that have gone forward and will go..
Gotta LOVE this Hobby!
More power to ya 67. Growing up I always wished I had a father to do stuff with me. I ended up getting into cars by hanging out with my best friend and his father all the time. He owned a gas station/garage. I thought when I had three girls that I was going to miss out on all that stuff but I was mistaken. They love going to car shows and makin' trips to the local ice-cream shop in their favorite 'stang. My oldest girl has been going on bike runs with me since she was 6yrs old and says when she's old enough she wants her own Harley. Keep up the good work, your son will look back on this years from now.
Its great to hear about father/son or daughter hobbies or interests that are alike. My son(6yrs old) is a budding gearhead who kicks my butt on racing video games already, and my daughter(9yrs old) really enjoys going fishing with me. I too wish my dad was interested in the things I was when I was young. I can't really blame him though, he worked harder than anyone I've ever met, just to keep us living in decent neighbourhoods and having a decent life. I'm certainly going to make an effort to do what's important with my two.
I couldn't imagine what life would have been like with-out my dad being a car nut. Seems like thats all we have ever talked about or done, not including hockey (of course). Even when I was young we would travel for car shows, drag races and swap meets. He gave me my first car when I was 14 (a '75 TA). Still to this day (only 21 now) not that long. He builds my stock car, I race, or wreck it, depending on the weekend. We have been building my S-10, Caddy, and really slowly gathering parts for the '32. Me and my son will be the same, hes only 2 but hes car crazy already. Can't get him out of my S-10, when we go for a cruise. Got plans to build him a go cart, have the chassis, and motor just need to round up some small parts and put it together. I gotta agree cars bring people together. Love them Hot Rods.
Amen,get the kids hooked on cars not drugs.My son is 12 and people say I am crazy cause I bought him a 77 Mustang Cobra that he and I are building together.We have spent many a night out in the shop having some good times together.Plus I told him unless he is rich he will need to know how to work on his own car.By the time he is old enough to drive he should have a really nice ride.
Amen to that 77. My only advise, get him a beater car also when the licence arrives. Almost everyone wrecks their first car. Would be a shame to wreck the stang. I will do my best to put my daughters into something nice but it won't be the first thing they drive. Heck, I wrecked my first three cars, one being a totally original '68 CougarXR-7. What a waste.
My daughter loves Hot Rods. I always involve her in the hobby. When we are at the NATS she always helps work the gate, directing traffic, sticking the pass labels on the cars etc. She gets to wear an official yellow jacket!!
I let her remove bolts and refit bolts before I do the final tightening.
I let her drive my Ford Escort on private ground when she was Eight. Now at 11 she drives the Rod on private grounds.
This is her at Eight.
She wants a Ford (Harry Potter) Anglia for her first car. Thats a cheap, classic, car to run.
Thanks Deuce UK, it's nice to se I'm not the only father out there with his daughter in the garage . Nice girl you got there, should make you proud. Sorry the picture's a bit big but this is my 5yr old getting ready to head out with her old man, the 9yr old was MIA.
I know that growing up without a dad that having someone like greg (the guy who got me working on cars) has been great although I do feel bad sometimes cuz he has a son and a daughter yet he spends alot of time helpin me out... I have learned stuff I would never learned on my own.. and because of it I plan on one day getting some kid who doesn't have a father into cars too.. makes a big difference in that persons life..
Oh yeah to you guys who are getting your little girls into cars... good work.. There gunna make some car guy happy one day... Need more females who are into cars.
Hey puppy, my dad died of cancer when I was 4yrs old. Didn't have any older brothers so I was pretty much on my own while my mother worked two jobs so she wouldn't have to re-marry. What we did have were good neighbors that helped out and, like your friend Greg, I had my best friends father (not exactly a substitute for the real thing but it helped). Now at 37yrs old I do everything I can with my daughters hoping that, God forbid, something was to happen to me I did not waste any time in this life not doing for them what I always wanted a father to do for me when I was growing up. Some day when you grow older and settle down with kids you will do the same.
DOH! Don't even mention thier daughters and guys in the same sentence. That's gonna be a whole nother subject/headache someday. Guys, now's the time to start getting your intimidation routine perfected, so when the day comes that you'll need it for thier boyfriends. You can actually have FUN with the little bast$#ds.
dmorris that's my plan if I make it so long.. having someone else to help you out isn't the real thing but it helps... Damn if he hadn't got me into cars I would probably be in juvy by now since I have a tendancy to get in trouble and I need something to do...
hell before I had my car I would do alot more stuff even though I worked on cars with him occasionally and he taught me how to drive a stick which in turn lead me to go buy a car that had one cuz they are fun to drive...
me and my dad built my mustang like 3 years ago. Believe me...its definately a positive experience for the both of you
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Behemoth Argentine dinosaur Dreadnoughtus made T. rex look puny
By Will Dunham
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The word big does not do justice to a massive, long-necked dinosaur that shook the Earth in Argentina about 77 million years ago.
Try colossal, enormous, gargantuan and stupendous - and you might come close to an accurate description of this behemoth, known to scientists as Dreadnoughtus schrani.
Scientists on Thursday announced the discovery in southern Patagonia of remarkably complete and well-preserved fossil remains of the dinosaur, which weighed 65 tons (59,300 kg) and measured 85 feet long (26 meters) with a neck 37 feet long (11.3 meters) and a tail 30 feet long (8.7 meters).
Paleontologist Kenneth Lacovara of Drexel University in Philadelphia, who discovered the dinosaur and led the effort for its excavation and analysis, said the scientists calculated its weight on the basis of the bones in its upper arm and thigh.
Dreadnoughtus weighed more than an adult sperm whale or a herd of African elephants. Tipping the scales at seven times as much as the dinosaur T. rex, it made the North American menace that also lived during the Cretaceous Period look puny.
Dreadnoughtus had "the largest reliably calculable weight" of any known land animal - dinosaur or otherwise, Lacovara said.
Another giant Argentine dinosaur, Argentinosaurus, might have been larger, he said, but its scant remains do not allow a reliable weight estimate. Another group of scientists in May had cited Argentinosaurus, with an estimated weight of 90 tons (82,107 kg), as the largest dinosaur.
While strictly a vegetarian, Dreadnoughtus was no pansy. With its size and a tail that could have clobbered any predator foolish enough to attack it, it probably had nothing to fear from even the largest meat-eating dinosaurs. Continued...


text:
Four white South Africans charged with ANC bomb plot
By Jon Herskovitz
BLOEMFONTEIN, South Africa (Reuters) - Four white South Africans were charged with treason on Tuesday for plotting to bomb a conference of the ruling African National Congress (ANC) and kill President Jacob Zuma "execution style".
Prosecutor Shaun Abrahams said the men had planned to attack an ANC meeting, currently under way in the city of Bloemfontein, as a step towards carving an independent Boer republic out of Nelson Mandela's post-apartheid "Rainbow Nation".
The four, named as Mark Trollip, John Martin Keevy, Johan Prinsloo and Hein Boonzaaier, were brought into court surrounded by police and security guards armed with assault rifles.
Their lawyers did not enter a plea, and the men, aged between 40 and 50 and dressed in shirts and jeans, remained silent and impassive throughout the 20-minute hearing.
The vast majority of whites accepted the ANC victory in the 1994 election that brought Mandela to power and ended decades of white-minority rule. However, a tiny minority continues to oppose the historic political settlement.
The attack plan, which the plotters code-named "The Slaughter of Mangaung" - 'cheetah' in the local Sesotho language - included a mortar bomb attack on marquees housing ANC delegates.
That was to be followed by a ground assault targeting Zuma and cabinet ministers as they had dinner, Abrahams told the court. Zuma and others were to be shot "in execution style", he said.
The intention of the group, which had been trying to buy AK-47 assault rifles, was "directly aimed at eliminating the leadership of this country," Abrahams said. Continued...


text: Lord, that show was full of hotness and even Victor Garber is a handsome guy! Mmmmm..... I saw Access Hollywood earlier tonight and apparently it was REALLY close between the two of them. Ryan has his own page in the magazine because it was such a close vote. Allow me to cast my sexiest man vote towards my fave baseball player (and Canadian hottie), Cincinnati Red Joey Votto.


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Tip: Put a + in front of words that must be included. To search for Monster Hunter and only receive results with both words, use +Monster +Hunter
Nice shot. Great FX. Love the costume.
Sephy x
*Flex* Supercool!
Oh, blood on your scarf, too!!! *Grin* So supercool...
Woohoo BLOOD!!!
United States


text: JJJ October 28, 2013 2:25 PM Chilton is a muppet, both for crashing out vdG and for trying to acquit himself from the blame. He just cut straight across the front of Giedo's car after turn 1 while Giedo had nowhere to go with Pic on the edge of the track beside him. I think Chilton probably hadn't even noticed that they were three wide with Pic beside vdG and just tried to force vdG to bail out by squeezing him. Shame the stewards didn't take a good look at it. I guess Max is feeling the pressure from again qualifying 1.3 seconds behind his teammate. Reply Report abuse 11 agree 3 disagree


text:
November 12, 2010
enthusiasm, life coaching, selling, Success, Supervisor Training
Tweet Enthusiasm. The Magic of Thinking Success by Dr. David J Schwartz- a great book To make enthusiasm work miracles for you, remember: •Enthusiasm is your psychological ignition system. People succeed in direct proportion to their ability to turn on their enthusiasm. •Enthusiasm works "miracles in selling, in business, in sports, and in rearing […]


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First Tuesday in March
03/05/07 12:00AM By Steve Delaney
| Download MP3
More than a century ago lawmakers designated the first Tuesday in March as a day for town meeting. Now changing times are threatening the health of this democratic institution. What is the future of town meeting day? This hour long documentary, narrated by VPR's Steve Delaney, explores the rich tradition of Town Meeting Day, its importance to Vermont life and the challenges to grassroots democracy during changing times.
We hear from all the experts: the voters, moderators, clerks, the governor, the secretary of state, the legislature and the political scientists. And we'll hear about the ideas that are being put forward to strengthen town meeting in the future.
Click "Listen" above to hear "First Tuesday in March"First Tuesday in March Transcript
A special VPR documentary on the institution of Town
[Sound from West Windsor hall]
(Moderator) "Those in favor of Matt signify by saying Aye."
"Aye" [chorus]
(Delaney) Town meeting is about group decision-making. The idea of Town Meeting is as old as human speech, as old as the gatherings around a fire to discuss and decide who should be the leader, or how to plan a hunt, or whether to build a wall around the village. It was then—and still is—the most successful formula ever invented for living in peace with the people around us. In Vermont, the tradition predates the American Revolution, by decades.
(Douglas) "It's been part of our tradition for centuries and really defines Vermont, and to some extent the other New England states as well."
(Delaney) Vermont Governor Jim Douglas.
(Douglas) "It's the envy of the country. I remember when I was Secretary of State, I invited some of my colleagues to come and observe Town Meeting, and to see the look on the faces of Secretaries of state from the Midwest and beyond, uh, was one of great interest and perhaps some puzzlement as well, to see if this direct democracy really works."
(Bryan) "You learn, and you can amend and adjust, and that's what's key."
(Delaney) Professor Frank Bryan says Town Meeting works, because you can affect the agenda, and the outcome.
(Bryan) "Look, most Vermonters—all Vermonters—if they want to participate in Town Meeting, can be a participant in the democratic process that 95% of Americans can only dream about. You can't do this in Pittsburgh, or Buffalo, or San Francisco even, you can't do it, you can be a legislator and amend from the floor, and change policy in real time."
(Delaney) Frank Bryan teaches political science at the University of Vermont, and is the leading authority on Town Meeting as a Vermont institution. His latest book on the subject is All Those in Favor, co-authored by Susan Clark.
(Clark) "I think when people come to Vermont they sense that Vermont is special, and it's not just the trees and the mountains. There is a sense of community that we have here, there's a fabric, a woven fabric that, when someone goes off the road into a snow bank, we stop and pull them out. That's how we are in Vermont. It's a culture, Town Meeting has created a culture; just the way Colorado has a cowboy culture, Vermont has a Town Meeting culture. And it's something that we need to recognize, and nurture, and feed. Otherwise, it will go away."
(Delaney) Part of the reason Town Meeting continues to be a force in Vermont's public life is the unique role of Moderator. In West Windsor, they're pretty happy with the way Matt Birmingham has been doing the job.
(Town Clerk) "Those in favor of Matt signify by saying Aye..."
"Aye" [chorus]
"Those opposed..."
"Nay" [single voice, laughter]
"Who said that?" [more laughter]
"I know who said that!" [more laughter]
"Good chance of getting recognized for the rest of the day." [more laughter]
(Delaney) Moderators tend to be perennials, if they can demonstrate fairness, a sense of humor, and the ability to keep debates on track.
(Douglas) "The legal voters of the Town of Middlebury in the County of Addison are hereby warned and notified..."
(Delaney) When Jim Douglas was elected Governor, he had been Middlebury's moderator for more than a decade. He still is.
(Douglas) "People of Middlebury are very respectful, and they're cordial and polite, and they listen to each other, and make decisions in a very thoughtful way."
(Delaney) "You're describing the virtue of civility."
(Douglas) "I am, and I know from talking to my colleagues that's not the case everywhere. It's far more spirited in some other communities, but traditions vary, and I'm very pleased that Middlebury is relatively peaceful compared to some other communities."
(Delaney) One of those other communities is Killington, where Red Glaze led his first Town Meeting in 1961. He says the occasion gives people a chance to vent.
(Glaze) "They can go to plenty of select board meetings, but they can't get as much done as they can at the town meeting. It's a controversial day. People are there to bring up questions and make noise. If they don't, they might as well go home and stay in the closet. I t's the democratic way—you get up there and say what you think. Whether anybody believes you, or cares, that's their problem. It gives you a chance as an individual to expound on whatever bothers you. And there are issues that you wouldn't dream of that come up sometimes."
(Delaney) At Killington's Town Meeting the controversial notion has come up before that Killington ought to secede from Vermont over high taxes, and join New Hampshire, which has low taxes. That set off some verbal fireworks.
[Citizen voices] "This is a sham... I'm tired of this town! ...Good-bye and don't come back! ...Who made you President of this town? ...Relax... I want you to know you'll be voting on whether or not to move the question... Everybody vote No! ...Everybody listen... You're out of order!"
(Delaney) The calmest voice in all that was Red Glaze's.
(Glaze) "I don't get involved in the discussion. I just try to keep it organized. I try to spread it around and don't get into it. Part of my job is not to get into the discussion. Sometimes it escapes me but most of the time I try not to say anything."
(Delaney) Sometimes Red's wife Taylor Glaze wishes the job could be done without the need to cut off debate.
(Glaze) "Then somebody's angry that they didn't get to speak, and they want to blame somebody so they blame the moderator who didn't call on them, I mean it's... And I'm sitting there, and my heart's throbbing, and my husband is a well-respected, amazing man who's devoted decades of his volunteer time to this town, and now somebody that doesn't really know what they're doing is taking potshots. It's a little bit painful."
(Delaney) Most Vermonters, including Taylor Glaze, believe that occasional ruffled feathers are a reasonable price to pay for the benefits Town Meeting brings. That doesn't mean they welcome rudeness or disruptive behavior.
Miriam Nelson was the Town Clerk in Norton, on the Canadian border, for fifty three years, and she never missed a Town Meeting. But when she retired, she said she never liked it when debate became divisive.
(Nelson) "Because I like to see everyone getting along and not to bring their grievances. Sometimes in a small town they don't mean it, but people will take it personally and then for a few weeks there's hard feelings."
(Delaney) Writer Susan Clark says there's more healing than hurting in the Town Meeting tradition.
(Clark) "Five of the six New England states—which are the only places where Town Meeting is fully practiced—rank among the top ten states for civil society, and in study after study Vermont ranks either first or in the top three, so I think there's some compelling evidence that the way we make decisions democratically, face to face, traditionally in our town meetings, there is a link between that and civil society."
(Delaney) To a great extent the moderators are responsible for maintaining that civil society, and the best of them even earn eulogies. Here's Vermont Public Radio commentator Edith Hunter on one of her favorites, Red Butterfield. He died in 2005 after moderating 35 Town Meetings in Weathersfield.
(Hunter) "He was someone you could always depend on, and when he said something it was correct. And if you wanted to know something, if you went to Red, he could tell you. I think we all felt that he presided as a real Gentleman. And he knew the rules. He'd taken a course in parliamentary procedure. He had led his union, he was Vice President of the CIO for the state, so his background and the work in the union helped him a lot in his work as moderator."
(Delaney) The best moderators know they don't really run the meetings. The energy—and the direction—comes from the floor, from people intent on making their points.
Many participants call Vermont Public Radio when their meetings end, to report to the larger Vermont community, what they did that day. The hot topics change over time. One year it was genetically modified seeds.
(Caller) "There was a lot of discussion about the genetically engineered foods, it was a very informational meeting that way. I thought people were talking to each other pretty directly, and it was nice to see people listening to each other and talking to each other—it's something you see around here more than most places I've been."
(Delaney) In every town, in every year, one issue guaranteed to stir the voters is the school budget. Here's what happened one year in Jericho.
(Caller) "We got a leaflet all around town promoting the defeat of the school budget, and we had an unprecedented attendance at the school board session. And the budget was passed almost unanimously, as a result, I believe, of the effort on the part of the people that want to defeat the school's budget, because we all came out to support it."
(Delaney) And sometimes it's just pure Vermont whimsy. In most towns the road crews are fair game every year, for playing mailbox bingo with their snowplows, or forgetting to scrape the roads, or fill the holes. But in Underhill one year, there were no complaints.
(Caller) "We had an interesting thing happen at town meeting this morning out here in Underhill. Many of the residents expressed that they felt our road crew's doing too good a job—that our roads were plowed too well, and sanded, salted too well—and that perhaps we didn't need to pave one of the roads in town because the frost heaves and potholes kept the speeders down."
(Delaney) It's not all budget numbers and Yankee self-expression. Almost without exception, where Town Meeting is practiced in its traditional form, there's a break for lunch or dinner, and the spectacular harvest of country kitchens.
(Dummerston woman) "...and those are yellow-eyed beans. We put them soaking Sunday night and we put them baking yesterday, and now we're finishing them in time for lunch."
(Delaney) Part community reunion after the forced isolation of winter, part food festival, part civics lesson, and all Vermont. That's Town Meeting.
(Dummerston woman) "There's a lot of good pie-makers in Dummerston, oh there are wonderful pie-makers! Everyone is so willing, you know..."
(Delaney) Marialisa Calta is among the Vermont writers who have been drawn to the uniqueness of Town Meeting. But as a cookbook author, her interest is somewhat off the agenda, though centered on the event itself.
(Calta) "Pundits who wax poetic about the democratic values inherent in Town Meeting are usually talking about the meeting itself. But for another look at democracy in action, I suggest they go to the Town Meeting Lunch. There, Vermont classics like Tuna Pea Wiggle cozy up to tofu-and-soba noodles. Brownies made from a mix find themselves on the same counter with homemade seven-layer cake. Nachos share plate time with baked beans.
And if politics makes strange bedfellows, it can also be said that it makes even stranger table mates. At Town Meeting Lunch, the rock-solid conservative might be heard agreeing with the tax-and-spend liberal about the superiority of Miracle Whip over Hellmans in the coleslaw. Members of the opposition may reach consensus on the issue of raisins in rice pudding. And nearly everyone—right, left or center—can find themselves in accord when it comes to pie.
Pie is a Town Meeting staple. In Calais, where I live, there is usually an array of the basics: apple, pumpkin and pecan, as if in Thanksgiving for Town Meeting Day. There may be a rogue pie—say, lemon meringue or coconut custard—but most lunch cooks stick to the basics.
Jane Grigson, a British food writer, wrote about Christmas: "...clever food is not appreciated. It makes the little ones cry and the old ones nervous." The same can be said about Town Meeting. At Town Meeting, we may find ourselves divided over issues large and small. But the meeting brings us, at least physically, together. And a good hot lunch with pie for dessert is something we can all agree on."
(Delaney) But is it a quaint anachronism, or a vibrant example of democracy at work? And most of all, what can we predict about the future of Town Meeting in Vermont? We'll examine the problems and potentials of Town Meeting after a testimonial to the institution by Vermont musician Jon Gailmor, a moderator himself in the town of Elmore.
(Gailmor) "Even before I became moderator, I really cherished Town Meeting—the concept—and really loved the day. It's a time to take stock of the community. You see everyone. I think it's a microcosm of what makes Vermont special, because you really have 'a say' on this day. So, I decided to write this song."
[Gailmor song]
Down from the mountains, up from the dales.
In from the woodlands, chock full of tales.
Check out the neighbors. Find out the news.
That whole floor was ours today. We got to choose.
(Delaney) Back in West Windsor, they're working their way patiently through the articles to be decided, and where they don't like the wording, or the numbers, they make changes.
(Moderator) "...61 voted yes, 40 voted no, you have approved the amendment. [Applause] But you're not done yet..."
(Delaney) Town Meeting is alive and well in West Windsor, in part because it's not a very big place. A thousand people live here, at the foot of a ski slope. And in the summer they still hold bean suppers at the old Grange Hall. As communities grow, so does the pressure to change the way Town Meeting is conducted—and change is the enemy of tradition.
(Douglas) "There's a lot of speculation that the loss of local control has eroded the level of interest in participation."
(Delaney) Governor Jim Douglas.
(Douglas) "I guess that makes sense when you think about it. So I suppose that as more things have moved to the level of regional or state decision-making, that cuts into the reason for participating in Town Meeting."
(Delaney) "Is that fixable?"
(Douglas) "Oh, I don't know, it's a tough one, because more and more seems to be centralized—especially in the school area, where the money now flows through a state education fund, and is redistributed through a complex formula—I think it's a trend that may be difficult to reverse."
(Delaney) Still, a librarian in Killington believes the chance for young people to have a say on such key questions as how much money to spend, must be preserved.
(Librarian) "It's an amazing thing. You have eighteen-year-old students in our high schools who are voting for their school budgets! I mean, that's pretty amazing, and pretty important."
(Delaney) The recent loss of full local control over school budgets is frequently cited as an example of the kind of change that diminishes Town Meeting. It's a factor that author Frank Bryan says is critical to town meeting attendance.
(Bryan) "Fundamentally we'll never get our good attendance back unless we give localities more important things to do. And it only makes sense—it's insulting to Vermonters to say, 'come to Town Meeting, although all we're gonna do is just chat'!"
(Delaney) One of the other commonly mentioned stress points is the occasional culture clash between "Old Vermont" and new neighbors. Taylor Glaze of Killington, who's not a native Vermonter, makes that case.
(Glaze) "There are people that have second homes—they're not here, they can't vote at Town Meeting if they're not residents—but there are also people who have made their second homes their primary homes. They are entitled to an opinion. But I believe that people coming in as newcomers should take a deep breath and talk to some of the older people. Be respectful. Talk to the people who have lived in this town for 30, 40, 50 years, who really know what's going on. And some of these attitudes of not realizing that we're a cohesive community of people with different attitudes, but you must be respectful and work together to accomplish things that need to be done, not come in here with an attitude: okay I'm here now, you're going to listen to me, I know better, I'm from the city, I'm going to tell you how it should be done."
(Delaney) The idea that there are many voices trying to make policy seems to be healthy for Town Meeting, even if some of those voices are discordant. In Newbury the meeting once heated up when somebody used the mildly pejorative term "Flatlander" to describe a town resident born outside Vermont.
[Newbury Town Meeting] "Because he's not a Flatlander, he was not accepted... That's what we bring in here... You mean the past... [Groans, gavel] Gentlemen, please... What, you don't want us to hear this? ...Can I please ask that you direct your remarks to the Moderator ...I was looking at you." [Laughter]
(Delaney) It's more common that the participants at Town Meeting try to find common ground. At a meeting in Rochester, a speaker tries to steer away from confrontation.
[Rochester Town Meeting] "We shouldn't get into a discussion of this now because we're going to divide the town into two parts, and it's going to be very divisive." [Applause]
(Delaney) Frank Bryan, who literally wrote the book on Town Meeting—in fact, wrote two of them—says the verbal jousting that leads to consensus is essential to the functioning of Town Meeting. And, says Bryan, it's a resilient institution.
(Bryan) "Well it's in pretty good shape when you compare it with other forms of democracy in America. In fact, it's a paragon of political virtue compared to the way most people participate in politics. In fact, worldwide it is! But on the other hand, like other institutions of political participation in the country, it's suffering."
(Delaney) Susan Clark was Bryan's co-author in writing All Those in Favor.
(Clark) "Well, democracy all over is suffering. Participation—civic participation—is down all across America. Town Meeting participation is going down, that is one of the ways it's suffering, although I would say a bigger threat is the fact that each year another Vermont town looks at moving to Australian ballot for some part of its decision-making."
(Delaney) "The Governor, among others, says that Australian ballot is simply a different way of conducting Town Meeting, and you think it's pretty insidious?"
(Clark) "I do. Town Meeting is different from any other form of democracy, because Town Meeting is a legislature. Everybody who attends Town Meeting is participating in direct democracy. So when I go to Town Meeting, I am making direct decisions. We debate, we change each others' minds, just like legislators, we amend budget, we pass budgets or we don't pass budgets. These are actions that we are taking; we don't represent anybody—we are doing it ourselves."
(Delaney) But population growth and dwindling attendance have increased the pressure to change Town Meeting. Most of the changes are designed to get more people to turn out and decide who sits on the Selectboard, and how much tax money gets spent. Increasingly those decisions are made by Australian ballot. Instead of standing up to be counted, after a chance to amend what's being voted on, Australian ballot limits voters to a yes-or-no choice.
What is the Australian ballot? It's an option that's been on the books in Vermont since 1892, but not widely used at Town Meeting until recent decades. It's a private vote, cast in a booth, on a pre-printed ballot that can't be modified, just like the vote in a Presidential election. Australian balloting is the solitary opposite of gathering in a Town Hall, shoulder to shoulder with neighbors to make decisions, where they can see how you voted. Its use is the most hotly debated question about the way Town Meeting is evolving, and it is detested by purists like Susan Clark because voting by Australian ballot means you can't adjust what's being voted on.
(Clark) "One of the biggest changes we've seen—and it's increasing over time—is the use of the Australian ballot. Towns may say: 'we're still going to have the Town Meeting form of government but we're going to vote by Australian ballot, instead of with the face-to-face deliberation.' We make the argument in the book that really, moving to Australian ballot is the death knell for a true Town Meeting."
(Delaney) Frank Bryan expands on that idea, and explains what the writers mean when they use the term "death knell."
(Bryan) "Now when she says it's the death knell, she's talking about Australian ballot for budgets and for regular issues that would ordinarily be on the warning, substantive issues. Like shall we purchase a town truck, or something like that. We've had Australian balloting for town officers for a long time, and that also hurt attendance, but nothing like putting the budget and all the policy issues and so on, on Australian ballot. When you do that, that's the end of it. Towns don't like to believe it, and they whistle in the dark about it, but that's what happens."
(Delaney) The difference between just voting, and attending Town Meeting, is so vivid to Frank Bryan that he makes the distinction in musical terms.
(Bryan) "I mean, there's a huge difference! It's like singing a song or having a song sung to you. Town Meeting is like singing the song, and Vermonters have gone to sing their songs. It isn't always good—it's not always in harmony, that's for sure—but it's real music, sung by real people instead of letting someone else do the singing. I mean, the difference between voting and Town Meeting is huge."
(Douglas) "I guess I don't regard Australian ballot as a departure from Town Meeting but as a different form of it. It still allows individuals to make decisions directly for themselves and not through the delegated power of local elected officials."
(Delaney) Governor Douglas is a former Vermont Secretary of State. His view is in sharp contrast to that of the current Secretary, Deborah Markowitz.
(Markowitz) "The argument against Australian ballot is that while you may have higher quantity of participation with Australian ballot, you have lesser quality of democracy. At floor meetings you can have conversations with each other, you can come up with compromise. With Australian ballot it's an up-down vote. You either say yes to the budget or no to the budget."
(Red Glaze) "Not in this town."
(Delaney) Killington moderator, Red Glaze.
(Glaze) "I've never heard anybody say... I don't know why you have it, you're wasting our time. I would hate to see it go to an Australian ballet, just have everybody go down and vote on something they don't know anything about, without any discussion. I think this is the way to do it. Have people come right there. If they're interested enough in the issues, they should come and talk about them or at least listen to others."
(Delaney) Changing to Australian ballot is not a big issue in Killington, but it is in other towns—especially the ones that have grown to a size that makes the traditional floor meeting hard to manage. About 55 communities make their annual Town Meeting decisions from the floor with the traditional voice vote following the phrase, "all those in favor..." According to the Secretary of State, another 171 communities use some combination of floor voting and the private ballot booth. Still another 20 communities make all their decisions by Australian ballot, and it's becoming a more common way to vote on vital budget issues.
St. Johnsbury—with a population of more than 7,000—is one place where the Australian ballot question has divided the town. The issue was on the ballot there a couple of years ago. Ellie Dickson was the local newspaper editor, and she called into VPR's Switchboard program when the counting was done.
(Dixon) "It did get people talking, discussing, considering, arguing, yes. And here is our reporter—want to hear the results?"
(Bob Kinzel): Absolutely, this is thrilling!
(Reporter in distance) "Wait, it's not official...I can give you the unofficial: 509 opposed to Australian ballot, 504 in favor, and five contested ballots. How do you like that?!"
(Delaney) When the dust settled in St. Johnsbury the town had decided by a slender margin to continue voting its budgets from the floor on Monday night meetings. On Town Meeting Day the town decides on its officers and appropriations in the privacy of the voting booth.
The dust has not settled in nearby Cabot, where they make cheese, and where they have voted six times in 15 years on the Australian Ballot issue, including once when they rescinded a vote that approved the change. That last vote to keep the traditional floor meeting was upheld in the State Supreme Court in 2005, but Cabot Town Clerk Chris Caldor thinks his town is still split on the issue.
(Caldor) "I almost would have to say it's evenly divided—and clearly it's not, because the votes aren't that close—but there are people who like the traditional Town Meeting, and tradition is very important, I think that's true in every town. But there are also folks who feel there are voters that are disenfranchised—that they don't have the opportunity... if you're not allowed off work, if you have some physical...we've had people say, 'You know I just can't sit there that long.'"
(Delaney) Secretary Markowitz says new technology might allow Town Meeting to "visit" electronically in the homes of shut-ins.
(Caldor) "That would really be a tremendous opportunity, it seems to me. That would be great, and it seems like we are moving in that direction."
(Delaney) Political scientist Frank Bryan is among those who believe that Town Meeting is a building block for making stronger communities, especially if towns find ways to make it accessible to more people. And he finds another positive quality the institution brings to life in Vermont: the expectation of gender-equality in fashioning public decisions.
(Bryan) "For the last 30 years the American Republic has done everything possible to equalize women's share in political power, and we've failed miserably. In Congress, less than 20% of the Senators and Congressmen are women—heck, less than 15%! Even in the Vermont Legislature, which is a very progressive legislature and always has been, it's under 35%. And so in the last 30 years we haven't made great gains, but Town Meetings now are at 50% participation by women, or very, very close to it.
I think that's an eloquent testimonial to why small, community-based politics are more egalitarian and progressive, which is just the opposite of what the academic elites that came out of the 20th century thought. They believed that urban people were more cosmopolitan, less parochial, more progressive, less conservative, more willing to adapt to different ways of life—but now we find that very quietly, without any fanfare, the little towns of Vermont have equalized political power.
When you go to your Vermont Town Meeting in a little Vermont town this spring, the people making the laws, the people passing the budget, raising the taxes, will be just about 50% women and 50% men. You can't say that about any political institution, from city councils to state legislatures to national parliaments, anywhere on the planet. And I think that's just a profound and glorious testimony to how democratic we really are."
(Delaney) The recent trend in Vermont is for larger towns—and some smaller ones too—to move away from floor votes and toward the yes-or-no choices offered by the Australian ballot. Advocates for Town Meeting believe there is a better way for those larger towns, and we'll explore that in a moment.
[Gailmor song]
We are hereby warned: Got to show up in the morn,
First Tuesday, Town Hall, 10 or so.
Winter's on the wane. We've all gone insane.
Let's while away the weather, kids in tow.
Greet the old town folks. Hear the gossip and the jokes,
Dip a doughnut in a good, strong cup of joe.
(Delaney) There was once a law that specified the first Tuesday in March as Town Meeting Day. That's a working day unless you work for the state, and so some towns hold their meetings on Monday, or on the prior weekend. That has not reversed the slipping attendance and participation figures, but author Susan Clark is pushing an idea that might.
(Clark) "We should be treating Town Meeting participation the way we treat jury duty. It's a civic duty, and we should be able to get time off from work to do it."
(Delaney) Secretary of State Markowitz says that bill needs some changes, but is under active consideration. Another Susan Clark idea for strengthening Town Meeting requires conditioning the minds of lawmakers.
(Clark) "I think any time that decision-making is taken farther and farther away from citizens and from communities, people are going to lose interest in the process. I think decision-makers, when they're creating policy—you know we've heard of environmental impact statements, there should be a democratic impact statement! Legislators and policymakers should look at the impact of every decision they make on citizens' participation, and whether it's going to erode citizens' participation in democracy."
(Bryan) "The fundamental way to strengthen Town Meeting is for the Legislature to give the towns more to do."
(Delaney) Professor Frank Bryan:
(Bryan) "We really need a home rule, either by Constitutional change or by statute, so individual towns, without going through charter change, can do many more things on their own. If we could do that, that would help an awful lot. So that's key...if we don't do that, nothing else will help at all."
(Delaney) The erosion of participation in Vermont's larger towns is not inevitable. In Brattleboro, where the population is about 12,000, it's being countered with a formula called Representative Town Meeting: more involvement than Australian ballot, but less inclusive than a traditional floor-vote meeting.
Secretary of State Deb Markowitz:
(Markowitz) "The way the Representative Town Meeting works is that neighborhoods elect a representative who then goes to the Town Meeting and has the kind of rich discussion we see at our Town Meetings, and comes up with decisions that hopefully work for the entire community."
(Delaney) "So each neighborhood delegates one of its own members to go and represent them, and vote for them, and that brings the number of participants down to a manageable size?"
(Markowitz) "That's exactly right, and it really guarantees participation. What we see happen is a precipitous drop-off when a community gets to a particular size, and very few people end up coming if there is a floor meeting; this prevents that from happening. In the first instance it gives that rich quality of democracy that comes from conversation and debate and compromise—and it's been very successful there."
(Delaney) It will require legislative changes for other towns to use the Brattleboro form of Town Meeting. On this issue, Governor Jim Douglas is in agreement.
(Douglas) "I expect that as municipalities grow, there will be more interest in the Representative Town Meeting we have in Brattleboro. That's certainly a better option than delegating all authority to elected officials. But I think we'll find ways to increase participation—to get more people focused on the importance and value of this great institution. I hope we can encourage more young people to learn about it, because—as in so many fields—if they learn about it and become interested, the next generation will perhaps take it more seriously than we do today."
(Delaney) The sense of community that Vermonters express at Town Meeting is an intangible value that social scientists are now calling social capital, the force that binds individuals into villages and larger communities. Susan Clark says social capital is rare, and getting more so.
(Clark) "We see that we have less and less of it across America, but we also know how to build it. Some of the elements that are most important in building community—in building social capital—are bringing people who are diverse together. Bringing them together to work—not just to play and socialize, but to solve their common problems, and doing it over time. Repeatedly over time. You couldn't ask for a better recipe for building community than Town Meeting."
(Delaney) Secretary Markowitz is among those who believe that Town Meeting embodies community pride, direct democracy, civility and the Vermont mystique.
(Markowitz) "I think people do see Town Meeting as something special for Vermont, and something that we're proud of. When we think about what makes Vermont unique, Town Meeting is very often one of the things that we'll list. It's a treasured tradition, and I think that alone helps us get attention for the issue…"
(Delaney) Let me interrupt and ask you this: If it is a treasured tradition, what keeps it from being an anachronism that keeps slowly fading away until the only time it's practiced is at some theme park to an earlier America, where there's a performance?
(Markowitz) "Well, that's the argument now—that's the danger. As our population grows, as more people are working in communities that are not the ones they're living in, there is this slow erosion of Town Meeting. To the extent that we can keep pointing to this erosion, we will get some attention. Also, there's a cyclical nature to this. Every January and February as we're starting to draft warning for articles and petitions that are coming in, there is an attention across Vermont to this tradition."
(Delaney) For years, participants in Town Meeting have resisted attempts to put "foreign" items on the agenda—that is, issues that are fought outside the town lines: nuclear power, and foreign policy questions. Some of the tension between old and new Vermonters can be traced to whether those things are proper topics for Town Meeting.
The introduction of so-called "outside issues" is a fairly regular occurrence in Vermont.
In 1982 more than 150 towns voted to get the U.S. out of the business of deploying nuclear weapons.
Secretary Markowitz has come to believe that such issues can help revitalize Town Meeting.
(Markowitz) "We talked about Australian ballot. The other big thing with Town Meeting is whether it's appropriate to be talking about social, political and national issues. My feeling is, those questions are one way that we will get to revitalize our Town Meetings. That's sort of the hopeful piece—that people want to use this forum to talk about issues that they think are important. They're just not always the local issues anymore."
(Delaney) In 2005 the town of Calais debated the war issue, after a moment of silence for a fallen local boy. National Guard Sergeant Jamie Gray was killed in Iraq, seven generations after his family settled in Calais. Vermont's losses had reached double digits. Moderator Gus Seelig went off the agenda on their behalf.
(Seelig) "I would just like to ask if we might take a moment to reflect on them and the other folks we've lost."
(Delaney) There was a resolution asking the Legislature to study the role of the National Guard and its availability for homeland security missions. Resident Eric Oberg was part of the debate.
(Oberg) "This is a way that we as a community can have ourselves heard. I feel we have not been heard. And this is our chance, so let's make the most of it."
(Delaney) But John Russell, who fought in Vietnam more than 30 years ago, told the assembly the resolution would undermine the morale of the troops in Iraq today.
(Russell) "I can tell you what it's like to see bodies piled up like cords of wood. I can also tell you what it's like not to feel supported. I can tell you the complete desperation of total loneliness—like being in a tomb—when people say, 'we support you' but they don't, really."
(Delaney) One woman in Calais felt that the home front should stay united
(Calais woman) "The only ones benefiting by us criticizing the President of the United States and not supporting our troops over there is the war criminals and insurgency terrorists alone, because if you send a resolution to this, we're a divided nation. That's my opinion on this resolution. I don't like it, and I'd like to see it voted down. Thank you."
(Delaney) It was not voted down. In Calais and in 46 other towns, the resolution questioning the Guard's role and its availability for home duties passed. In the Legislature, it was sent to committee.
Resolutions on national issues continue to bubble up at Town Meetings, and sometimes draw national attention when the tiny state of Vermont speaks out. Former Moderator Peter Mallary is a VPR commentator who's been thinking about how Town Meeting fits into the larger view and the longer sweep of history.
(Mallary) "What does this annual exercise signify in an ever more complicated world, a world perched on the edge of conflict, a conflict very different from those of the past? In a search for context I dipped into Charles Cummings' "The Vermonter," the magazine published out of White River during the first half of the 20th century. In the issue of January 1937, Esther B. Stebbins wrote a piece about Town Meeting which really resonated.
'March Meeting is the most democratic institution on God's earth,' Stebbins wrote. 'In these days of dictatorships and near what-not, the näive independence and sturdy courage of speech of New England villagers is as refreshing as it is reassuring. To them Town Meeting is a serious—often a fighting—matter, but it is also a pleasant social duty. Much of what goes on may be a tempest in a teapot, but of many such tempests are Democracy made.'
She goes on to describe a meeting which would, in most of its particulars, be entirely recognizable to us. 'Certainly,' Stebbins concludes, 'until the Town Meeting is squelched, there will be freedom in the United States.'
Now I am not exactly sure what Esther B. Stebbins meant by 'near what-not,' but I feel certain we are living with some similar condition today. So I hope you had the chance to see your community in conversation, that 'sincere attempt to pull out the dead wood and get off to a fresh start,' as Stebbins put it back in 1937. It makes you proud to be a Vermonter. It makes you proud to be an American. That's a tonic we can all use a generous swig of just now."
(Delaney) At every Town Meeting the moderator finally reaches the last item on the agenda, and it always sounds about the way it does in West Windsor, where we started.
(Moderator) "Those persons who are in favor of the article as read to you, signify by saying Aye."
"Aye." [chorus]
(Moderator) "And those opposed, nay."
"Nay." [louder chorus]
(Moderator) "Look at it this way. You will leave the Fourth Estate with no ability to tell you what just happened. Can I have a motion and a second to adjourn this special meeting? ["So moved."] Second? ["Second."] Those in favor signify by saying Aye..."
"Aye" [chorus]
(Moderator) "You have adjourned this special meeting."
(Delaney) In a moment, some conclusions on the evolution of Town Meeting.
[Gailmor song]
Seniors and the poor; families, critters and lots more;
We'd better help them out, this Meeting Day.
We'll share a bit of wealth with the Earth and mental health
While passing generosity their way.
Keeping schools afloat lights a fire 'neath the vote;
It's kindled by the cash flow of the town.
Concern is in the cries, talk is mostly civilized.
More lively conversation can't be found.
(Delaney) Town meeting is part civic pride, part practical decision-making, part election, part forum for the airing of controversy, part community picnic...and all Vermont. There are centrifugal forces pulling it apart, and gravitational forces holding it together. Secretary of State Deb Markowitz believes the binding forces are stronger.
(Markowitz) "I'm optimistic about the future, because it is so central to Vermont's identity, that I do believe that Vermonters will rally and make sure that it's preserved in some meaningful way. I think we're at a point of transition. I believe that Vermont is not ready to get rid of this important institution."
(Delaney) Because it is an important institution, Town Meeting will adapt to change in those places that have outgrown the traditional floor meeting. There are a number of ideas on how to help Town Meeting make those changes: Should there be something like an environmental impact statement to measure the impact of decisions on the practice of democracy? Should we invest more in what's called social capital—the building of communities? Would the drift toward making vital decisions by Australian ballot be blunted if more towns go to the Brattleboro solution, a Representative Town Meeting?
Some of those questions are abstract, but some are political, requiring legislative action, and of the first two, neither is a cinch for passage. Here's Speaker of the House Gaye Symington on the Brattleboro variation of Town Meeting.
(Symington) "I don't think it would work for every community, but it would certainly make sense to allow every community that option."
(Delaney) On the prospects for treating Town Meeting Day like a day of jury duty, she's somewhat less enthusiastic.
(Symington) "I would encourage employers to do what they can to accommodate their employees who want to participate in Town Meeting, but I don't think Vermont is ready for that to be a requirement."
(Delaney) There may not be the political will in Vermont right now to make the kinds of adjustment to Town Meeting that would help it shift into a new era as an example of community-based decision-making. But Frank Bryan believes that as technology allows more and more people to work in the communities where they live, the time for such adjustments will come.
(Bryan) "In the long run—it won't happen in my lifetime, but in the long run—if we can hang onto the concept now, and practice it now, and keep it alive now, in the next 50 or 100 years it'll be stronger than ever. I said in one of my books that one of the great tragedies for Vermont—which has the strongest system of Town Meeting, really, in the world—would be to give it up just when it's coming back into vogue. And it is. Community decision-making is coming back. Networks are replacing hierarchies and democracy is replacing authority. It's happening in businesses; we know that. I mean, in all kinds of venues it's happening, and the Town Meeting is the most eloquent political expression of that."
(Delaney) Montpelier attorney Paul Gillies is a former assistant Secretary of State, and is still consulted on Town Meeting issues. He's also a Town Moderator, and he says the podium gives him a unique vantage point on the proceedings.
(Gillies) "What I see from behind the rostrum is the heart of the town. Sometimes that heart is hard, sometimes warm and generous, sometimes startlingly eloquent, and always, I think, wise. Wise in a way that is larger than any one of us, because the outcome is the result of people reasoning together.
Just listen to the debate. Hear the elders of the town remind us of how it used to be; hear the young parents, anxious for the future of their children; hear the cranky and the distressed; the comics and the sober; and together you hear what's in their hearts. This may be the only time all year that some people speak in public, but something in the discussion gives them the courage to state a position—and sometimes change the direction of the debate and the outcome of the vote.
Not everybody trusts everybody to make decisions. Throughout history, we have relied on the generosity of leaders to make decisions for us, and most of the laws and orders that rule us are made by elected or appointed individuals or representative groups. It's more efficient that way, at least in principle, and frees up our time so that we can earn money to pay taxes.
But then comes the first Tuesday in March. The tables turn. The leaders sit quietly while the voters decide the big questions of budgets and policy. What makes the air tingle with tension is the tantalizing possibility that any article might be turned down or amended. The people rule. No, it's not just a platitude or a politician's nostalgic reference—not on the first Tuesday of March, in towns that hold traditional Town Meetings. Town Meeting is the reason there is a Vermont as we know it. It brings out the best in us. It keeps our officials properly humble. And it is the best show in town."
(Delaney) As Vermont evolves, so does Town Meeting, in patterns that are still unclear. Public pressure can lead to strengthening...or indifference can lead to atrophy. But in whatever form Town Meeting evolves, one central element must be present: civility.
In Danville, every Town Meeting in recent years has begun with an eloquent invocation to civility. Toby Balivet wrote it, and recites it:
(Balivet) "We are gathered together in civil assembly. We gather as a community, in the oldest sense of the word. We gather to come together and try to make decisions; about what is right, about what is wrong. Let us advocate for our positions, but not at the expense of others. Let us remember that there is an immense gap between saying, 'I am right,' and saying, 'I believe I am right.' And that our neighbors with whom we disagree are good people 'with hopes and dreams as true and high as ours.' And let us always remember that, in the end, caring for each other in this community is of far greater importance than any differences we may have."
(Delaney) Toby Balivet says he really wouldn't mind if other towns begin their meetings with his civil prayer, on the first Tuesday in March. For Vermont Public Radio, I'm Steve Delaney.
[Credits] First Tuesday in March is a production of Vermont Public Radio. Our program was reported and written by Steve Delaney. The producer was Lynne McCrea. Chris Albertine was the technical director. We had additional reporting by Bob Kinzel, John Dillon, Betty Smith and Nina Keck. John Van Hoesen was the executive producer. The song A Town Meeting Tune was composed and performed by Jon Gailmor. This documentary was made possible by the listeners of Vermont Public Radio. You can learn more about Vermont Town Meetings at vpr.net.
[Gailmor song]
Down from the mountains, up from the dales;
In from the woodlands, chock full of tales;
Checked out the neighbors. Found out the news.
That whole floor was ours today, we got to choose.
No time to lose.


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I want to get a Kicks high flyer full choke... Im going to be shooting Kent fast-steel and blind side and some times Hevi-metal give me some opinions
Moderators: donell67, NV Guide, pennsyltucky
SCdcomnder wrote:HCK- is there any others with a special wad? Just to be safe
10gaOkie wrote:I tried the Kicks in my Benelli and my 92 Weatherby which uses Winchoke. My pattern results were just plain pitiful. I ended up going with a Terror in the Benelli and a Hastings in the Weatherby.
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text:
This how-to document will describe the steps necessary to update SBAdmin software to version 8.
With SBAdmin, it is possible to use a dedicated hard disk for full system backup and recovery (referred to as Local System Backup Disk or SBDIR). On the Linux x86 platform, it is becoming more common to use USB devices as local system backup disks.
The purpose of this how-to is to describe the steps necessary to migrate UFS filesystems on a Solaris system to ZFS filesystems. To accomplish this, you will use SBAdmin's Adaptable System Recovery (ASR) to alter the storage configuration of the system and restore the entire system onto the new configuration.


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In a time when TV shows are leaving no stone unturned to increase their TRP's, there is one show which is more concerned about social issues. Rajan Shahi's Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai has always been very keen on giving out social messages to its viewers. Be it usage of paper bags instead of plastic bags or treating people with disabilities with equal respect, this Star Plus weekday show has always educated the viewers. This time the show has gone ahead & focuses on a bigger issue, female foeticide.
In the serial, the central character, Akshara is shown pregnant & visits the doctor for her regular check up along with her mother. Due to some confusion, the two are believed to have come for a sex determination test, when in fact they visit the clinic for a sonography test. The police come into the picture & the mother daughter duo is questioned regarding the same.
What is commendable is that all the characters in the serial are shown to hate such tests and believe that daughters & sons are equal. In fact in the past when another character( read Varsha) was pregnant, there was no speculation regarding the gender of the unborn child and when a girl was born everyone was equally happy. In times when social messages aren't able to change people's mentality, such efforts from television serials are highly appreciated. Kudos to YRKKH for the effort!!!


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I haven't been to Kohl's but I'm glad I found out before I went
Printable View
I haven't been to Kohl's but I'm glad I found out before I went
Hahahahahahahaha!!!! I just busted out laughing!!! That's great!
this just brightened my day haha
No wonder my wife loves that place!
LOL! Took me a second to get it... Dang I'm getting slow. :bier:
LOL! good thing I wasn't drinking anything, or I would have been buying a new laptop!
Wonder how long it's going to take the little blonde manager to figure out what it says.
LMAO... hilarious
Sent from my palm device
Funny stuff
Now I know why my old lady tries to get me to go there with her. Trickery...and I'm not falling for it.
My wife goes to Kohl's, I wait in the car! :yup:
Lol, thats a good one.
Attachment 61400
Bad visual! Very bad visual! LOL


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Thank you for your interest in joining the community of secondary schools across the country that participates in the creative and engaging world of Meridian Stories.
Meridian Stories' mission is to prepare students for the 21st century workplace by providing opportunities to collaborate, create, problem solve and lead in the development and production of meaningful digital narratives that address curricular goals.
Please fill out the Registration form below. Once you press Submit, you will receive an email from the Executive Director who will provide you with the Invite Code. This code will allow you to Login and begin using the Meridian Stories resources.


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Dorians Challenge is a series of themed obstacle runs and races inspired from the ancient Dorian tribe, Greek mythology and history as well as leading international obstacle course events.
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Location: Range and Livestock ResearchTitle: Canopy gaps decrease microbial densities and disease risk for a shade-intolerant tree species Author
|Reinhart, Kurt
|Royo, A
|Kageyama, Stacie
|Clay, Keith
Submitted to: Acta Oecologica
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 7/28/2010
Publication Date: 9/1/2010
Citation: Reinhart, K.O., Royo, A.A., Kageyama, S.A., Clay, K. 2010. Canopy gaps decrease microbial densities and disease risk for a shade-intolerant tree species. Acta Oecologica 36(6):530-536. Interpretive Summary: • Forest disturbances appear to reduce the densities of some soil-borne pathogens and other soil microbes. • Reduced densities of soil-borne pathogens (Pythium) reduce disease expression of susceptible tree species but have no affect on those that appear resistant to disease. • Theoretical implications- Results suggest that forest disturbances create refuges from pathogens where susceptible (and likely shade-intolerant) species can recruit. Our results suggest that successional processes may be affected by shade tolerance adaptations and variation in and susceptibility to pest pressure. Results from this study suggest that shade tolerant species are less susceptible to soil-borne pathogens than shade intolerant species but more comparisons are needed to confirm this as a generalization. • Management implications- Black cherry (Prunus serotina) is a highly valuable timber species that is susceptible to soil-borne diseases caused by Pythium. Results from this study suggest that forest gaps reduce pathogen loads and create opportunities for this tree species to re-establish.
Technical Abstract: Canopy disturbances such as windthrow events have obvious impacts on forest structure and composition aboveground, but changes in soil microbial communities and the consequences of these changes are less understood. We characterized the densities of a soil-borne pathogenic oomycete (Pythium) and a common saprotrophic zygomycete (Mortierella) in nine pairs of forest gaps created by windthrows and adjacent forest understories. We determined the levels of Pythium necessary to cause disease by performing pathogenicity experiments using two Pythium species, a range of Pythium densities, and two common tree species (Acer rubrum and Prunus serotina) from the study sites. Three years post-disturbance, densities of Pythium and Mortierella remained suppressed in soil from forest gaps compared to levels in intact forest understories. Expression of disease symptoms increased with increasing inoculum density for seedlings of P. serotina with each Pythium spp. having a similar effect on this species. Conversely, A. rubrum appeared resistant to Pythium. These results suggest that Pythium densities in the field are sufficient to cause disease and have the potential to affect establishment of susceptible species like P. serotina. Because early seral environments have lower pathogen loads, susceptible species are more likely to become established in those settings than in late-seral forests. Forest disturbances that alter the disease landscape may provide an additional mechanism for explaining succession of temperate forests in addition to the shade-tolerance paradigm.